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York - wikipedia <H1> York </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the city in the United Kingdom . For other uses , see York ( disambiguation ) . `` City of York '' redirects here . For other uses , see City of York ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> York </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> City and Unitary authority </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> York city centre from above in February 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Flag </Td> <Td> Coat of arms </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Motto : ' Let the Banner of York Fly High ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> York unitary authority shown within North Yorkshire and England </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Coordinates : 53 ° 57 ′ 30 '' N 1 ° 4 ′ 49 '' W / 53.95833 ° N 1.08028 ° W / 53.95833 ; - 1.08028 Coordinates : 53 ° 57 ′ 30 '' N 1 ° 4 ′ 49 '' W / 53.95833 ° N 1.08028 ° W / 53.95833 ; - 1.08028 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sovereign state </Th> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Constituent country </Th> <Td> England </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Td> Yorkshire and the Humber </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ceremonial county </Th> <Td> North Yorkshire </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Admin HQ </Th> <Td> York City Centre </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> as Eboracum c. 71 AD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Government </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Unitary authority , City </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Governing body </Th> <Td> City of York Council </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Leadership </Th> <Td> Leader and cabinet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive </Th> <Td> Conservative </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Leader Lord Mayor </Th> <Td> David Carr Barbara Boyce </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MPs </Th> <Td> Rachael Maskell ( L ) Julian Sturdy ( C ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Area </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> 105.00 sq mi ( 271.94 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Population ( mid-2016 est . ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> 208,400 ( Ranked 83rd ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Density </Th> <Td> 1,780 / sq mi ( 687 / km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ethnicity ( 2009 Estimates ) </Th> <Td> 92.8 % White </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Time zone </Th> <Td> Greenwich Mean Time ( UTC + 0 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Summer ( DST ) </Th> <Td> British Summer Time ( UTC + 1 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Postcode </Th> <Td> YO </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area code ( s ) </Th> <Td> 01904 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ISO 3166 - 2 </Th> <Td> GB - YOR </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ONS code </Th> <Td> 00FF ( ONS ) E06000014 ( GSS ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> OS grid reference </Th> <Td> SE603517 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NUTS 3 </Th> <Td> UKE21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Primary Airport </Th> <Td> Leeds Bradford Airport ( Outside of York ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.york.gov.uk </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> York ( / ˈjɔːrk / ( listen ) ) is a historic walled city at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire , England . The municipality is the traditional county town of the historic county of Yorkshire to which it gives its name . The city has a rich heritage and has provided the backdrop to major political events in England throughout much of its two millennia of existence . The city offers a wealth of historic attractions , of which York Minster is the most prominent , and a variety of cultural and sporting activities making it a popular tourist destination for millions . </P> <P> The city was founded by the Romans as Eboracum in 71 AD . It became the capital of the Roman province of Britannia Inferior , and later of the kingdoms of Northumbria and Jórvík . In the Middle Ages , York grew as a major wool trading centre and became the capital of the northern ecclesiastical province of the Church of England , a role it has retained . </P> <P> In the 19th century , York became a hub of the railway network and a confectionery manufacturing centre . In recent decades , the economy of York has moved from being dominated by its confectionery and railway - related industries to one that provides services . The University of York and health services have become major employers , whilst tourism has become an important element of the local economy . </P> <P> From 1996 , the term ' City of York ' describes a local government district ( a unitary authority area ) which includes rural areas beyond the old city boundaries . In 2011 the urban area had a population of 153,717 , while in 2010 the entire unitary authority had an estimated population of 202,400 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Origin of the name </Li> <Li> 1.2 Early history </Li> <Li> 1.3 Post conquest </Li> <Li> 1.4 16th to 18th centuries </Li> <Li> 1.5 Modern history </Li> <Li> 1.6 Early photography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Governance <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Parliamentary constituencies </Li> <Li> 2.2 Local government </Li> <Li> 2.3 Ceremonial Governance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Geography <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Location </Li> <Li> 3.2 Architecture </Li> <Li> 3.3 Climate </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Demography <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Population change </Li> <Li> 4.2 Religion </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Economy <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Public services </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Transport <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Local Transport Plan 2006 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Education </Li> <Li> 8 Culture <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Theatre </Li> <Li> 8.2 Music </Li> <Li> 8.3 Gastronomy </Li> <Li> 8.4 Beer and pubs </Li> <Li> 8.5 UNESCO status bids </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Media </Li> <Li> 10 Sport </Li> <Li> 11 Geodesy </Li> <Li> 12 Twin cities </Li> <Li> 13 See also </Li> <Li> 14 Notes </Li> <Li> 15 References </Li> <Li> 16 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Main article : History of York <H3> Origin of the name ( edit ) </H3> <P> The word York ( Old Norse : Jórvík ) derives from the Latinised name for the city , variously rendered as Eboracum , Eburacum or Eburaci . The first mention of York by this name is dated to circa 95 -- 104 AD as an address on a wooden stylus tablet from the Roman fortress of Vindolanda in Northumberland . </P> <P> The toponymy of Eboracum is uncertain because the language of the pre-Roman indigenous population was never recorded . They are thought to have spoken a Celtic language related to modern Welsh . It is thought that Eboracum is derived from the Brythonic word Eborakon , a combination of eburos `` yew - tree '' ( cf. Old Irish ibar `` yew - tree '' , Welsh efwr `` alder buckthorn '' , Breton evor `` alder buckthorn '' ) and suffix * - āko ( n ) `` place '' ( cf . Welsh - og ) meaning either `` place of the yew trees '' ( cf . efrog in Welsh , eabhrac in Irish Gaelic and eabhraig in Scottish Gaelic , by which names the city is known in those languages ) ; or less probably , Eburos , ' property ' , which is a personal Celtic name mentioned in different documents as Eβουρος , Eburus and Eburius , and which , combined with the same suffix * - āko ( n ) , could denote a property . In his Historia Regum Britanniae the 12th century chronicler , Geoffrey of Monmouth , suggests the name derives from that of a pre-Roman city founded by the legendary king Ebraucus . </P> <P> The name Eboracum became the Anglian Eoforwic in the 7th century : a compound of Eofor - , from the old name , and - wic a village probably by conflation of the element Ebor - with a Germanic root * eburaz ( boar ) ; by the 7th century the Old English for ' boar ' had become eofor . Alternatively , the word eofor already existed as an Old English word for wild swine , which is a cognate of the current Low Saxon word eaver and Dutch ever . The Anglo - Saxon newcomers probably interpreted the ebor part as eofor , and - rac as ric ( meaning rich ) , while - um was ( and is ) a common abbreviation of the Saxon - heem , meaning home . To them , it sounded as a ' home rich in boar ' . As is common in Saxon place names , the - um part gradually faded ; eoforic . When the Danish army conquered the city in 866 , its name became Jórvík . </P> <P> The Old French and Norman name of the city following the Norman Conquest was recorded as `` Everwic '' ( modern Norman `` Évèroui '' ) in works such as Wace 's Roman de Rou . Jórvík , meanwhile , gradually reduced to York in the centuries after the Conquest , moving from the Middle English Yerk in the 14th century through Yourke in the 16th century to Yarke in the 17th century . The form York was first recorded in the 13th century . Many company and place names , such as the Ebor race meeting , refer to the Roman name . The Archbishop of York uses Ebor as his surname in his signature . </P> <H3> Early History ( edit ) </H3> Roman wall and the west corner tower of Eboracum . The top half is medieval . <P> Archaeological evidence suggests that Mesolithic people settled in the region of York between 8000 and 7000 BC , although it is not known whether their settlements were permanent or temporary . By the time of the Roman conquest of Britain , the area was occupied by a tribe known to the Romans as the Brigantes . The Brigantian tribal area initially became a Roman client state , but , later its leaders became more hostile and the Roman Ninth Legion was sent north of the Humber into Brigantian territory . </P> <P> The city was founded in 71 AD , when the Ninth Legion conquered the Brigantes and constructed a wooden military fortress on flat ground above the River Ouse close to its confluence with the River Foss . The fortress , whose walls were rebuilt in stone by the VI legion based there subsequent to the IX legion , covered an area of 50 acres ( 20 ha ) and was inhabited by 6,000 legionary soldiers . The site of the principia ( HQ ) of the fortress lies under the foundations of York Minster , and excavations in the undercroft have revealed part of the Roman structure and columns . </P> Roman Emperor Constantine the Great proclaimed Emperor at York in 306 AD . <P> The Emperors Hadrian , Septimius Severus and Constantius I all held court in York during their various campaigns . During his stay 207 -- 211 AD , the Emperor Severus proclaimed York capital of the province of Britannia Inferior , and it is likely that it was he who granted York the privileges of a colonia or city . Constantius I died in 306 AD during his stay in York , and his son Constantine the Great was proclaimed Emperor by the troops based in the fortress . In 311 AD a bishop from York attended the Council at Arles to represent Christians from the province . </P> <P> While the Roman colonia and fortress were located on high ground , by 400 AD the town was victim to occasional flooding from the Rivers Ouse and Foss and the population reduced . York declined in the post-Roman era , and was taken and settled by the Angles in the 5th century . </P> <P> Reclamation of parts of the town was initiated in the 7th century under King Edwin of Northumbria , and York became his chief city . The first wooden minster church was built in York for the baptism of Edwin in 627 , according to the Venerable Bede . Edwin ordered the small wooden church be rebuilt in stone but was killed in 633 and the task of completing the stone minster fell to his successor Oswald . In the following century Alcuin of York came to the cathedral school of York . He had a long career as a teacher and scholar , first at the school at York now known as St Peter 's School , founded in 627 AD , and later as Charlemagne 's leading advisor on ecclesiastical and educational affairs . </P> <P> In 866 , Northumbria was in the midst of internecine struggles when the Vikings raided and captured York . Under Viking rule the city became a major river port , part of the extensive Viking trading routes throughout northern Europe . The last ruler of an independent Jórvík , Eric Bloodaxe , was driven from the city in 954 AD by King Eadred in his successful attempt to complete the unification of England . </P> <H3> Post conquest ( edit ) </H3> Micklegate -- York is famous for its medieval city walls . <P> In 1068 , two years after the Norman conquest of England , the people of York rebelled . Initially the rebellion was successful but upon the arrival of William the Conqueror the rebellion was put down . William at once built a wooden fortress on a motte . In 1069 , after another rebellion , William built another timbered castle across the River Ouse . These were destroyed in 1069 and rebuilt by William about the time of his ravaging Northumbria in what is called the `` Harrying of the North '' where he destroyed everything from York to Durham . The remains of the rebuilt castles , now in stone , are visible on either side of the River Ouse . See Peter Rex 's The English Resistance , The Underground War Against the Normans , 2006 . </P> <P> The first stone minster church was badly damaged by fire in the uprising , and the Normans built a minster on a new site . Around the year 1080 Archbishop Thomas started building the cathedral that in time became the current Minster . In the 12th century York started to prosper . In 1190 , York Castle was the site of an infamous massacre of its Jewish inhabitants , in which at least 150 Jews died ( although some authorities put the figure as high as 500 ) . </P> The Shambles , a medieval street in York <P> The city , through its location on the River Ouse and its proximity to the Great North Road became a major trading centre . King John granted the city 's first charter in 1212 , confirming trading rights in England and Europe . During the later Middle Ages York merchants imported wine from France , cloth , wax , canvas , and oats from the Low Countries , timber and furs from the Baltic and exported grain to Gascony and grain and wool to the Low Countries . York became a major cloth manufacturing and trading centre . Edward I further stimulated the city 's economy by using the city as a base for his war in Scotland . The city was the location of significant unrest during the so - called Peasants ' Revolt in 1381 . The city acquired an increasing degree of autonomy from central government including the privileges granted by a charter of Richard II in 1396 . </P> <H3> 16th to 18th centuries ( edit ) </H3> A panorama of 15th - century York by E Ridsdale Tate , York Castle is on the right hand side of the river , opposite the abandoned motte of Baile Hill <P> The city underwent a period of economic decline during Tudor times . Under Henry VIII , the Dissolution of the Monasteries saw the end of York 's many monastic houses , including several orders of friars , the hospitals of St Nicholas and of St Leonard , the largest such institution in the north of England . This led to the Pilgrimage of Grace , an uprising of northern Catholics in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire opposed to religious reform . Henry VIII restored his authority by establishing the Council of the North in York in the dissolved St Mary 's Abbey . The city became a trading and service centre during this period . </P> <P> Guy Fawkes , who was born and educated in York , was a member of a group of Roman Catholic restorationists that planned the Gunpowder Plot . Its aim was to displace Protestant rule by blowing up the Houses of Parliament while King James I , the entire Protestant , and even most of the Catholic aristocracy and nobility were inside . </P> <P> In 1644 , during the Civil War , the Parliamentarians besieged York , and many medieval houses outside the city walls were lost . The barbican at Walmgate Bar was undermined and explosives laid , but , the plot was discovered . On the arrival of Prince Rupert , with an army of 15,000 men , the siege was lifted . The Parliamentarians retreated some 6 miles ( 10 km ) from York with Rupert in pursuit , before turning on his army and soundly defeating it at the Battle of Marston Moor . Of Rupert 's 15,000 troops , no fewer than 4,000 were killed and 1,500 captured . The siege was renewed and the city could not hold out for much longer , surrendering to Sir Thomas Fairfax on 15 July . </P> <P> Following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 , and the removal of the garrison from York in 1688 , the city was dominated by the gentry and merchants , although the clergy were still important . Competition from Leeds and Hull , together with silting of the River Ouse , resulted in York losing its pre-eminent position as a trading centre but the city 's role as the social and cultural centre for wealthy northerners was on the rise . York 's many elegant townhouses , such as the Lord Mayor 's Mansion House and Fairfax House date from this period , as do the Assembly Rooms , the Theatre Royal , and the racecourse . </P> <P> During this general time period , the American city of New York and the colony that contained it were renamed after the Duke of York ( later King James II ) . </P> <H3> Modern History ( edit ) </H3> The Minster as seen from the Station Road walls <P> mak all t'railways cum to York </P> -- George Hudson <P> The railway promoter George Hudson was responsible for bringing the railway to York in 1839 . Although Hudson 's career as a railway entrepreneur ended in disgrace and bankruptcy , his promotion of his own railway company , the York and North Midland Railway and of York over Leeds , helped establish York as a major railway centre by the late 19th century . </P> <P> The introduction of the railways established engineering in the city . At the turn of the 20th century , the railway accommodated the headquarters and works of the North Eastern Railway , which employed more than 5,500 people . The railway was instrumental in the expansion of Rowntree 's Cocoa Works . It was founded in 1862 by Henry Isaac Rowntree , who was joined in 1869 by his brother the philanthropist Joseph . Another chocolate manufacturer , Terry 's of York was a major employer . By 1900 the railways and confectionery had become the city 's two major industries . </P> <P> With the emergence of tourism , the historic core of York became one of the city 's major assets , and in 1968 it was designated a conservation area . The existing tourist attractions were supplemented by the establishment of the National Railway Museum in York in 1975 and the Jorvik Viking Centre in 1984 . The opening of the University of York in 1963 added to the prosperity of the city . </P> <P> In 2010 , the former headquarters on the North Eastern Railway were refurbished in class and opened as York 's first , and still only , 5 - star hotel -- currently known as The Grand Hotel & Spa . </P> <P> York was voted European Tourism City of the Year by European Cities Marketing in June 2007 beating 130 other European cities to gain first place , surpassing Gothenburg in Sweden ( second ) and Valencia in Spain ( third ) . York was also voted safest place to visit in the 2010 Condé Nast Traveller Readers ' Choice Awards . </P> <H3> Early photography ( edit ) </H3> <P> York was a centre of early photography as described by Hugh Murray in his 1986 book : Photographs and Photographers of York : The Early Years , 1844 -- 79 . Photographers who had studios in York included William Hayes , William Pumphrey , and Augustus Mahalski who operated on Davygate and Low Petergate in the 19th century having come to England as a refugee after serving as a Polish lancer in the Austro - Hungarian war . </P> <H2> Governance ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Parliamentary constituencies ( edit ) </H3> <P> From 1997 to 2010 the central part of the district was covered by the City of York constituency , while the remainder was split between the constituencies of Ryedale , Selby , and Vale of York . These constituencies were represented by Hugh Bayley , John Greenway , John Grogan , and Anne McIntosh respectively . </P> <P> Following their review in 2003 of parliamentary representation in North Yorkshire , the Boundary Commission for England recommended the creation of two new seats for the City of York , in time for the general election in 2010 . These are York Central , which covers the inner urban area , and is entirely surrounded by the York Outer constituency . </P> <P> The whole of the city and local council area lies within the Yorkshire and the Humber constituency of the European Parliament . </P> <H3> Local government ( edit ) </H3> The Guildhall where members of the City of York Council meet . <P> York is the traditional county town of Yorkshire , and therefore did not form part of any of its three historic ridings , or divisions . Its Mayor has had the status of Lord Mayor since 1370 . York is an ancient borough , and was reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 to form a municipal borough . It gained the status of a county borough in 1889 , under the Local Government Act 1888 , and existed so until 1974 , when , under the Local Government Act 1972 , it became a non-metropolitan district in the county of North Yorkshire , whilst retaining its Lord Mayor , its Sheriff and Aldermen . </P> <P> As a result of 1990s UK local government reform , York regained unitary status and saw a substantial alteration in its borders , taking in parts of Selby and Harrogate districts , and about half the population of the Ryedale district . The new boundary was imposed after central government rejected the former city council 's own proposal . </P> The Mansion House is home to the Lord Mayor of York <P> The City of York Council has 47 councillors . As a result of the 2015 local elections the Labour Party was reduced to 15 seats . The Liberal Democrats had twelve councillors . The Conservative Party had 14 councillors and the Greens had four with two Independents . </P> <P> City of York Council operates on a leader and Cabinet style of governance . Councillors are appointed to the cabinet by the full council of 47 members . Cabinet members make decisions on their portfolio areas individually . </P> <P> York 's Right Honourable Lord Mayor for 2016 -- 17 is Councillor Dave Taylor , the first Green Lord Mayor . The Sheriff is Jonathan Tyler , who stood for the Green Party for York in the last general election . Both appointments are made each May for a period of one year . Although York 's Sheriff office is the oldest in England it is now a purely ceremonial post . The Lord Mayor carries out civic and ceremonial duties in addition to chairing full meetings of the council . </P> <P> York Youth Council consists of several young people who negotiate with the councillors to get better facilities for York 's young people . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Party </Th> <Th> Seats </Th> <Th_colspan="26"> City of York Council ( 2015 election ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Labour </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Conservative </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="15"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Liberal Democrat </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="16"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Green </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="24"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Independent </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="24"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Ceremonial governance ( edit ) </H3> <P> York is within the ceremonial territorial jurisdiction of the Dukedom of York which is presently held by Prince Andrew , the incumbent Duke of York . </P> <H2> Geography ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Areas of the City of York <H3> Location ( edit ) </H3> <P> The city is 21 miles ( 34 km ) from Leeds . </P> <P> York lies in the Vale of York , a flat area of fertile arable land bordered by the Pennines , the North York Moors and the Yorkshire Wolds The city was built at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss on a terminal moraine left by the last Ice Age . </P> The city 's Lendal Bridge crosses the Ouse <P> During Roman times , the land surrounding the rivers Ouse and Foss was marshy , making the site easy to defend . The city is prone to flooding from the River Ouse , and has an extensive ( and until 2015 mostly effective ) network of flood defences with walls along the river , and a liftable barrier across the River Foss where it joins the Ouse at the ' Blue Bridge ' . In October and November 2000 York experienced the worst flooding in 375 years with more than 300 homes flooded . In December 2015 the flooding was more extensive and caused major disruption . The extreme impact led to a personal visit by Prime Minister David Cameron . Much land in and around the city is on flood plains too flood - prone for development other than agriculture . The ings are flood meadows along the Ouse , while the strays are open common grassland in various locations around the city . </P> <H3> Architecture ( edit ) </H3> See also : York sites of interest and Medieval parish churches of York <P> York Minster , a large Gothic cathedral , dominates the city . </P> Clifford 's Tower , part of York Castle <P> York Castle , a complex of buildings ranging from the medieval Clifford 's Tower to the 20th century entrance to the York Castle Museum ( formerly a prison ) has had a chequered history . </P> <P> York 's centre is enclosed by the city 's medieval walls , which are a popular walk . These defences are the most complete in England . They have the only walls set on high ramparts and they retain all their principal gateways . They incorporate part of the walls of the Roman fortress and some Norman and medieval work , as well as 19th - and 20th - century renovations . The entire circuit is approximately 2.5 miles ( 4 km ) , and encloses an area of 263 acres ( 106 ha ) . The north - east section includes a part where walls never existed , because the Norman moat of York Castle , formed by damming the River Foss , also created a lake which acted as a city defence . This lake was later called the King 's Fishpond , as the rights to fish belonged to the Crown . </P> Grand Hotel and Spa <P> A feature of central York is the Snickelways , narrow pedestrian routes , many of which led towards the former market - places in Pavement and St Sampson 's Square . The Shambles is a narrow medieval street , lined with shops , boutiques and tea rooms . Most of these premises were once butchers ' shops , and the hooks from which carcasses were hung and the shelves on which meat was laid out can still be seen outside some of them . The street also contains the Shrine of Margaret Clitherow , although it is not located in the house where she lived . Goodramgate has many medieval houses including the early 14th century Lady Row built to finance a Chantry , at the edge of the churchyard of Holy Trinity church . </P> <P> As well as the Castle Museum , the city contains numerous other museums and historic buildings such as the Yorkshire Museum and its Museum Gardens , Jorvik Viking Centre , York Art Gallery , the Richard III Museum , Merchant Adventurers ' Hall , the reconstructed medieval house Barley Hall ( owned by the York Archaeological Trust ) , the 18th century Fairfax House , the Mansion House ( the historic home of the Lord Mayor ) and the so - called Treasurer 's House ( owned by the National Trust ) . The National Railway Museum is situated just beyond the station , and is home to a vast range of transport material and the largest collection of railway locomotives in the world . Included in this collection are the world 's fastest steam locomotive LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard and the world - famous LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman , which has been overhauled in the Museum . Although noted for its Medieval history , visitors can also gain an understanding of the Cold War through visiting York Cold War Bunker , former headquarters of No 20 Group of the Royal Observer Corps . </P> <P> York is noted for its numerous churches and pubs . Most of the remaining churches in York are from the medieval period . St William 's College behind the Minster , and Bedern Hall , off Goodramgate , are former dwelling places of the canons of the York Minster . </P> <H3> Climate ( edit ) </H3> <P> York has a temperate climate with four distinct seasons . As with the rest of the Vale of York the city 's climate is drier and warmer than the rest of the Yorkshire and Humberside region . Because of its lowland location York is prone to frosts , fog , and cold winds during winter , spring and very early summer . Snow can fall in winter from December onwards to as late as April but quickly melts . From May to July , York experiences the most sunshine , an average of six hours per day . Extremes recorded at the University of York campus between 1998 and 2010 include a highest temperature of 34.5 ° C ( 94.1 ° F ) ( Monday 17 July 2006 ) and a lowest temperature of − 16.3 ° C ( 2.7 ° F ) ( Monday 6 December 2010 ) . The most rainfall in one day was 88.4 millimetres ( 3.5 in ) . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="14"> ( hide ) Climate data for Linton on Ouse , England </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Month </Th> <Th> Jan </Th> <Th> Feb </Th> <Th> Mar </Th> <Th> Apr </Th> <Th> May </Th> <Th> Jun </Th> <Th> Jul </Th> <Th> Aug </Th> <Th> Sep </Th> <Th> Oct </Th> <Th> Nov </Th> <Th> Dec </Th> <Th> Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record high ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 16 ( 61 ) </Td> <Td> 17 ( 63 ) </Td> <Td> 22 ( 72 ) </Td> <Td> 25 ( 77 ) </Td> <Td> 30 ( 86 ) </Td> <Td> 32 ( 90 ) </Td> <Td> 34 ( 93 ) </Td> <Td> 33 ( 91 ) </Td> <Td> 29 ( 84 ) </Td> <Td> 27 ( 81 ) </Td> <Td> 20 ( 68 ) </Td> <Td> 17 ( 63 ) </Td> <Td> 34 ( 93 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average high ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 6.9 ( 44.4 ) </Td> <Td> 7.5 ( 45.5 ) </Td> <Td> 10.0 ( 50 ) </Td> <Td> 12.6 ( 54.7 ) </Td> <Td> 16.0 ( 60.8 ) </Td> <Td> 18.8 ( 65.8 ) </Td> <Td> 21.2 ( 70.2 ) </Td> <Td> 20.8 ( 69.4 ) </Td> <Td> 18.0 ( 64.4 ) </Td> <Td> 13.9 ( 57 ) </Td> <Td> 9.7 ( 49.5 ) </Td> <Td> 6.9 ( 44.4 ) </Td> <Td> 13.6 ( 56.5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average low ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 0.8 ( 33.4 ) </Td> <Td> 0.9 ( 33.6 ) </Td> <Td> 2.4 ( 36.3 ) </Td> <Td> 3.9 ( 39 ) </Td> <Td> 6.7 ( 44.1 ) </Td> <Td> 9.7 ( 49.5 ) </Td> <Td> 11.8 ( 53.2 ) </Td> <Td> 11.6 ( 52.9 ) </Td> <Td> 9.5 ( 49.1 ) </Td> <Td> 6.6 ( 43.9 ) </Td> <Td> 3.3 ( 37.9 ) </Td> <Td> 0.9 ( 33.6 ) </Td> <Td> 5.7 ( 42.3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record low ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> − 16 ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> − 10 ( 14 ) </Td> <Td> − 13 ( 9 ) </Td> <Td> − 3 ( 27 ) </Td> <Td> ( 34 ) </Td> <Td> ( 36 ) </Td> <Td> 5 ( 41 ) </Td> <Td> 5 ( 41 ) </Td> <Td> − 1 ( 30 ) </Td> <Td> − 4 ( 25 ) </Td> <Td> − 8 ( 18 ) </Td> <Td> − 11 ( 12 ) </Td> <Td> − 16 ( 3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average precipitation mm ( inches ) </Th> <Td> 52.7 ( 2.075 ) </Td> <Td> 39.9 ( 1.571 ) </Td> <Td> 44.9 ( 1.768 ) </Td> <Td> 50.1 ( 1.972 ) </Td> <Td> 43.8 ( 1.724 ) </Td> <Td> 58.0 ( 2.283 ) </Td> <Td> 53.2 ( 2.094 ) </Td> <Td> 62.4 ( 2.457 ) </Td> <Td> 46.9 ( 1.846 ) </Td> <Td> 57.7 ( 2.272 ) </Td> <Td> 57.8 ( 2.276 ) </Td> <Td> 55.8 ( 2.197 ) </Td> <Td> 626.0 ( 24.646 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average precipitation days </Th> <Td> 11.1 </Td> <Td> 9.1 </Td> <Td> 9.5 </Td> <Td> 9.3 </Td> <Td> 9.1 </Td> <Td> 9.3 </Td> <Td> 8.9 </Td> <Td> 10.0 </Td> <Td> 8.6 </Td> <Td> 10.4 </Td> <Td> 11.3 </Td> <Td> 10.7 </Td> <Td> 117.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mean monthly sunshine hours </Th> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> 141 </Td> <Td> 190 </Td> <Td> 218 </Td> <Td> 229 </Td> <Td> 203 </Td> <Td> 156 </Td> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> 1,548 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="14"> Source # 1 : Met Office </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="14"> Source # 2 : BBC Weather </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Demography ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> York Compared in 2010 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 UK Population Estimates </Td> <Td> York </Td> <Td> Yorkshire and the Humber </Td> <Td> England </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total population </Td> <Td> 202,400 </Td> <Td> 5,301,300 </Td> <Td> 52,234,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> White </Td> <Td> 92.8 % </Td> <Td> 89.6 % </Td> <Td> 87.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mixed </Td> <Td> 1.3 % </Td> <Td> 1.5 % </Td> <Td> 1.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Asian </Td> <Td> 3.4 % </Td> <Td> 6.2 % </Td> <Td> 6.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Black </Td> <Td> 1.2 % </Td> <Td> 1.5 % </Td> <Td> 2.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chinese or other </Td> <Td> 1.4 % </Td> <Td> 1.3 % </Td> <Td> 1.6 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The York urban area had a population of 137,505 comprising 66,142 males and 71,363 females in 2001 . The urban area 's population increased to 153,717 by the time of the 2011 UK census . Also at the time of the 2001 UK census , the City of York had a total population of 181,094 of whom 93,957 were female and 87,137 were male . Of the 76,920 households in York , 36.0 % were married couples living together , 31.3 % were one - person households , 8.7 % were co-habiting couples and 8.0 % were lone parents . The figures for lone parent households were below the national average of 9.5 % , and the percentage of married couples was also close to the national average of 36.5 % ; the proportion of one person households was slightly higher than the national average of 30.1 % . </P> <P> In 2001 , the population density was 4,368 / km ( 11,310 / sq mi ) . Of those aged 16 -- 74 in York , 24.6 % had no academic qualifications , a little lower than 28.9 % in all of England . Of York 's residents , 5.1 % were born outside the United Kingdom , significantly lower than the national average of 9.2 % . White British form 95 % of the population ; the largest single minority group was recorded as Asian , at 1.9 % of the population . </P> <P> The number of theft - from - a-vehicle offences and theft of a vehicle per 1,000 of the population was 8.8 and 2.7 , compared to the English national average of 6.9 and 2.7 respectively . The number of sexual offences was 0.9 , in line with the national average . The national average of violence against another person was 16.2 compared to the York average of 17.5 . The figures for crime statistics were all recorded during the 2006 -- 07 financial year . </P> <P> At the time of the 2011 UK census the population of York was 198,051 and its ethnic composition was 94.3 % white , compared with the English average of 85.5 % . York 's population has a slightly higher elderly population than the national average . </P> <H3> Population change ( edit ) </H3> <P> The table below details the population change since 1801 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="24"> Population growth in York since 1801 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> 1801 </Th> <Th> 1811 </Th> <Th> 1821 </Th> <Th> 1831 </Th> <Th> 1841 </Th> <Th> 1851 </Th> <Th> 1861 </Th> <Th> 1871 </Th> <Th> 1881 </Th> <Th> 1891 </Th> <Th> 1901 </Th> <Th> 1911 </Th> <Th> 1921 </Th> <Th> 1931 </Th> <Th> 1941 </Th> <Th> 1951 </Th> <Th> 1961 </Th> <Th> 1971 </Th> <Th> 1981 </Th> <Th> 1991 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 2011 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Population </Th> <Td> 24,080 </Td> <Td> 27,486 </Td> <Td> 30,913 </Td> <Td> 36,340 </Td> <Td> 40,337 </Td> <Td> 49,899 </Td> <Td> 58,632 </Td> <Td> 67,364 </Td> <Td> 76,097 </Td> <Td> 81,802 </Td> <Td> 90,665 </Td> <Td> 100,487 </Td> <Td> 106,278 </Td> <Td> 112,402 </Td> <Td> 123,227 </Td> <Td> 135,093 </Td> <Td> 144,585 </Td> <Td> 154,749 </Td> <Td> 158,170 </Td> <Td> 172,847 </Td> <Td> 181,131 </Td> <Td> 202,400 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="24"> Source : Vision of Britain </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Religion ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Religion in York 2011 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK Census 2011 </Th> <Th> York </Th> <Th> Yorkshire and the Humber </Th> <Th> England </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Christian </Td> <Td> 59.5 % </Td> <Td> 59.5 % </Td> <Td> 59.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> No religion </Td> <Td> 30.1 % </Td> <Td> 25.9 % </Td> <Td> 24.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Muslim </Td> <Td> 1.0 % </Td> <Td> 6.2 % </Td> <Td> 5.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Buddhist </Td> <Td> 0.5 % </Td> <Td> 0.3 % </Td> <Td> 0.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hindu </Td> <Td> 0.5 % </Td> <Td> 0.5 % </Td> <Td> 1.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jewish </Td> <Td> 0.1 % </Td> <Td> 0.2 % </Td> <Td> 0.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sikh </Td> <Td> 0.1 % </Td> <Td> 0.4 % </Td> <Td> 0.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Other religions </Td> <Td> 0.4 % </Td> <Td> 0.3 % </Td> <Td> 0.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Religion not stated </Td> <Td> 7.8 % </Td> <Td> 6.8 % </Td> <Td> 7.2 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> Nave of York Minster . Main article : Religion in York <P> Christianity is the religion with the largest following in York , with 59.5 % residents reporting themselves as Christian in the 2011 census . The percentages following each non-Christian religion were all below the national average for England , but those responding as `` No Religion '' was higher than the national average . </P> <P> There are 33 active Anglican churches in York , which is home to the Archbishop of York and the Mother Church , York Minster , and administrative centre of the northern province of the Church of England and the Diocese of York . York is in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough , has eight Roman Catholic churches and a number of different Catholic religious orders . </P> <P> Leaders of different Christian denominations work together across the city forming a network of churches known as One Voice York . </P> <P> Other Christian denominations that are active in York include the Religious Society of Friends who have three meeting houses , Methodists within the York Circuit of The Methodist Church York and Hull District , and Unitarians . St Columba 's United Reformed Church in Priory Street , originally built for the Presbyterians , dates from 1879 . There is one mosque in York and the city also has a UK Islamic Mission Islamic centre . Various Buddhist traditions are represented in the city and around York . </P> <H2> Economy ( edit ) </H2> Yorkshire Museum is based in the city -- tourism is an important contributor to York 's economy <P> York 's economy is based on the service industry , which in 2000 was responsible for 88.7 % of employment in the city . The service industries include public sector employment , health , education , finance , information technology ( IT ) and tourism that accounts for 10.7 % of employment . Tourism has become an important element of the economy , with the city offering a wealth of historic attractions , of which York Minster is the most prominent , and a variety of cultural activities . In 2009 , York was the 7th most visited city by UK residents and the 13th most visited by overseas visitors . </P> <P> Unemployment in York was low at 4.2 % in 2008 compared to the United Kingdom national average of 5.3 % . The biggest employer in York is the City of York Council , with over 7,500 employees . Employers with more than 2,000 staff include Aviva ( formerly Norwich Union Life ) , Network Rail , Northern , York Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of York . Other major employers include British Telecom , CPP Group , Nestlé , NFU Mutual and a number of railway companies . </P> Commerce accounts for a large part of the city 's economy . <P> Today 's economic position is very different from the 1950s , when its prosperity was based on chocolate manufacturing and the railways . This position continued until the early 1980s when 30 % of the workforce were employed by just five employers and 75 % of manufacturing jobs were in four companies . Most industry around the railway has gone , including the carriage works ( known as Asea Brown Boveri or ABB at the time of closure ) , which at its height in the 1880s employed 5,500 people but closed in the mid-1990s . York is the headquarters of the confectionery manufacturer Nestlé York ( formerly Nestlé Rowntrees ) and home to the KitKat and eponymous Yorkie bar chocolate brands . Terry 's chocolate factory , makers of the Chocolate Orange , was located in the city ; but it closed on 30 September 2005 , when production was moved by its owners , Kraft Foods , to Poland . The historic factory building is situated next to the Knavesmire racecourse . </P> <P> Nestlé announced on 20 September 2006 that it would cut 645 jobs at the Rowntree 's chocolate factory in York . This came after a number of other job losses in the city at Aviva , British Sugar and Terry 's chocolate factory . Despite this , the employment situation in York remained fairly buoyant until the effects of the late 2000s recession began to be felt . </P> The Aviva Building -- York is home to the office of one major company . <P> Since the closure of the carriage - works , the site has been developed into offices . York 's economy has been developing in the areas of science , technology and the creative industries . The city has become a founding National Science City with the creation of a science park near the University of York . Between 1998 and 2008 York gained 80 new technology companies and 2,800 new jobs in the sector . </P> <P> Regional gross value added figures for York , at 2005 basic prices in pounds sterling , are : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Agriculture </Th> <Th> Industry </Th> <Th> Services </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 579 </Td> <Td> 1,443 </Td> <Td> 2,052 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 782 </Td> <Td> 2,168 </Td> <Td> 2,963 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 779 </Td> <Td> 2,505 </Td> <Td> 3,299 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Public services ( edit ) </H3> York 's Central Library is located in the city centre <P> Under the requirements of the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 , York City Council appointed a watch committee which established a police force and appointed a chief constable . On 1 June 1968 the York City , East Riding of Yorkshire and North Riding of Yorkshire police forces were amalgamated to form the York and North East Yorkshire Police . Since 1974 , Home Office policing in York has been provided by the North Yorkshire Police . The force 's central headquarters for policing York and nearby Selby in Fulford . Statutory emergency fire and rescue service is provided by the North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service , whose headquarters is at Northallerton . </P> York Hospital is the city 's primary medical facility . <P> The city 's first hospital , York County Hospital , opened in 1740 in Monkgate funded by public subscription . It closed in 1976 when it was replaced by York Hospital , which opened the same year and gained Foundation status in April 2007 . It has 524 adult inpatient beds and 127 special purpose beds providing general healthcare and some specialist inpatient , daycase and outpatient services . It is also known as York District Hospital and YDH . </P> <P> The Yorkshire Ambulance Service NHS Trust was formed on 1 July 2006 bringing together South Yorkshire Ambulance Service , West Yorkshire Metropolitan Ambulance Service and the North and East Yorkshire parts of Tees , East and North Yorkshire Ambulance Service to provide patient transport . Other forms of health care are provided for locally by clinics and surgeries . </P> <P> The city 's first subscription library opened in 1794 . In 1893 the first free public library , the York Library , was built to mark Queen Victoria 's jubilee . The library was on Clifford Street but a new building was erected on Museum Street in 1927 and is still the library today . The library was extended in 1934 and 1938 . </P> <P> Since 1998 waste management has been co-ordinated via the York and North Yorkshire Waste Partnership . York 's Distribution Network Operator for electricity is CE Electric UK ; there are no power stations in the city . Yorkshire Water , which has a local water extraction plant on the River Derwent at Elvington , manages York 's drinking and waste water . </P> York Crown Court <P> The city has a Magistrates ' Court , and a Crown Court and County Court too . The Crown Court House was designed by the architect John Carr , next to the then prison ( including execution area ) . </P> <P> Between 1773 and 1777 , the Grand Jury House was replaced by John Carr 's elegant Court House for the Assizes of the whole county . The Female Prison was built opposite and mirrors the court building positioned around a circular lawn which became known as the `` Eye of the Ridings '' , or the `` Eye of York '' . </P> <P> 1776 saw the last recorded instance of a wife hanged and burnt for poisoning her husband . Horse theft was a capital offence . The culprits of lesser crimes were brought to court by the city constables and would face a fine . The corporation employed a `` common informer '' whose task was to bring criminals to justice . </P> <P> The former prison is now the Castle Museum but still contains the cells . </P> <H2> Transport ( edit ) </H2> <P> York 's location on the River Ouse and in the centre of the Vale of York means that it has always had a significant position in the nation 's transport system . The city grew up as a river port at the confluence of the River Ouse and the River Foss . The Ouse was originally a tidal river , accessible to seagoing ships of the time . Today both of these rivers remain navigable , although the Foss is only navigable for a short distance above the confluence . A lock at Naburn on the Ouse to the south of York means that the river in York is no longer tidal . </P> <P> Until the end of the 20th century , the Ouse was used by barges to carry freight between York and the port of Hull . The last significant traffic was the supply of newsprint to the local newspaper 's Foss - side print works , which continued until 1997 . Today navigation is almost exclusively leisure - oriented . </P> Panorama of the River Ouse looking south from Lendal Bridge <P> Like most cities founded by the Romans , York is well served by long distance trunk roads . The city lies at the intersection of the A19 road from Doncaster to Tyneside , the A59 road from Liverpool to York , the A64 road from Leeds to Scarborough , and the A1079 road from York to Hull . The A64 road provides the principal link to the motorway network , linking York to both the A1 ( M ) and the M1 motorways at a distance of about 10 miles ( 15 km ) from the city . The transpennine M62 motorway is less than 20 miles ( 30 km ) away providing links to Manchester and Liverpool . </P> Stonegate is pedestrianised during the day <P> The city is surrounded on all sides by an outer ring road , at a distance of some 3 miles ( 5 km ) from the centre of the city , which allows through traffic to by - pass the city . The street plan of the historic core of the city dates from medieval times and is not suitable for modern traffic . As a consequence many of the routes inside the city walls are designated as car free during business hours or restrict traffic entirely . To alleviate this situation , five bus based park and ride sites operate in York . The sites are located towards the edge of the urban area , with easy access from the ring road , and allow out of town visitors to complete their journey into the city centre by bus . </P> York railway station <P> York has been a major railway centre since the first line arrived in 1839 at the beginning of the railway age . For many years the city hosted the headquarters and works of the North Eastern Railway . York railway station is a principal stop on the East Coast Main Line from London to Newcastle and Edinburgh . It takes less than two hours to get to York from London by rail , with at least 25 direct trains each weekday . The station is also served by long distance trains on CrossCountry services linking Edinburgh and Newcastle with destinations in south and west England via Birmingham . TransPennine Express provide a frequent service of semi-fast trains linking York to Newcastle , Scarborough , Leeds , Manchester , Manchester Airport , and Liverpool . Local stopping services by Northern connect York to Selby , Harrogate , Hull , Leeds , Sheffield and many intermediate points , as well as many other stations across Greater Manchester and Lancashire . </P> <P> York has an airfield at the former RAF Elvington , some 7 miles ( 11 km ) south - east of the city centre , which is the home of the Yorkshire Air Museum . Elvington is used for private aviation . Plans have been drafted to expand the site for business aviation or a full commercial service . </P> A York FTR bus <P> York is linked to Manchester Airport by an hourly direct TransPennine Express train , giving access to the principal airport serving the north of England , with connections to many destinations in Europe , North America , Africa , and Asia . Leeds Bradford Airport is closer to York but the hourly York Air Coach service operated by First York was withdrawn as of April 2009 . Leeds Bradford Airport provides connections to most major European and North African airports as well as Pakistan and New York City . </P> <P> Public transport within the city is largely bus based . First York operates the majority of the city 's local bus services , as well as the York park and ride services . York was the location of the first implementation of FirstGroup 's experimental , and controversial , ftr bus concept , which sought to confer the advantages of a modern tramway system at a lower cost . The service was withdrawn following an election manifesto pledge by the Labour Group at the 2011 local government election . Transdev York and also operate a large number of local bus services . Open top tourist and sightseeing buses are operated by Transdev York on behalf of City Sightseeing . </P> <P> Rural services , linking local towns and villages with York , are provided by a number of companies with Transdev York , EYMS , Reliance & Stephonsons of Easingwold Operating most of them . Longer distance bus services are provided by a number of operators including , Arriva Yorkshire services to Selby , East Yorkshire Motor Services on routes to Hull , Beverley , Pocklington , Harrogate Bus Company services to Knaresborough and Harrogate . Yorkshire Coastliner links Leeds via York with Scarborough , Filey , Bridlington and Whitby . </P> <H3> Local transport plan 2006 ( edit ) </H3> <P> English local authorities are required to produce Local Transport Plans ( LTPs ) , strategies for developing local integrated transport as part of a longer - term vision . LTPs are used by central government to allocate funding for transport schemes . The final Local Transport Plan 2006 -- 2011 for York was submitted to central government in March 2006 . The plan addresses the fact that traffic in York is predicted to grow considerably over the coming years . The key aims of the plan are to ease congestion and improve accessibility , air quality and safety . Major funding allocations earmarked for the first five years of the plan 's life span include outer ring road improvements , improved management of the highway network , improvements to the bus network including park and ride services , provision of off - road walking and cycling routes , air quality improvements and safety measures . </P> <H2> Education ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of schools in York Bootham School was established by Quakers in 1823 . <P> The University of York 's main campus is on the southern edge of the city at Heslington and is currently undergoing significant expansion with new buildings and departments including Management , Law , Theatre , Film , and Television at Heslington East . The Department of Archaeology and the graduate Centres for Eighteenth Century Studies and Medieval Studies are located in the historic King 's Manor in the city centre . It was York 's only institution with university status until 2006 , when the more centrally located York St John University , formerly an autonomous college of the University of Leeds , attained full university status . The city formerly hosted a branch of The University of Law before it moved to Leeds . The University of York also has a highly rated medical school , Hull York Medical School . </P> <P> The city has two major further education institutions . York College is an amalgamation of York Technical College and York Sixth Form College . Students there study a very wide range of academic and vocational courses , and range from school leavers and sixth formers to people training to make career moves . Askham Bryan College offers further education courses , foundation and honours degrees , specialising in more vocational subjects such as horticulture , agriculture , animal management and even golf course management . </P> University of York , view across the lake to Central Hall <P> There are 70 local council schools with over 24,000 pupils in the City of York Council area . The City of York Council manages most primary and secondary schools within the city . Primary schools cover education from ages 5 -- 11 , with some offering early years education from age 3 . From 11 -- 16 education is provided by 10 secondary schools , four of which offer additional education up to the age of 18 . In 2007 Oaklands Sports College and Lowfield Comprehensive School merged to become one school known as York High School . </P> <P> York also has several private schools . St Peter 's School was founded in 627 . The scholar Alcuin , who went on to serve Charlemagne , taught there . It was also the school attended by Guy Fawkes . Two schools have Quaker origins : Bootham School is co-educational and The Mount School is all - girls . On the outskirts of the city is Queen Margaret 's School . Pupils from The Minster School , York sing in York Minster choir . </P> <H2> Culture ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Theatre ( edit ) </H3> Theatre Royal <P> The Theatre Royal , which was established in 1744 , produces an annual pantomime which attracts loyal audiences from around the country to see its veteran star , Berwick Kaler . The Grand Opera House and Joseph Rowntree Theatre also offer a variety of productions . The city is home to the Riding Lights Theatre Company , which as well as operating a busy national touring department , also operates a busy youth theatre and educational departments . York is also home to a number of amateur dramatic groups . The Department of Theatre , Film and Television and Student Societies of the University of York put on public drama performances . </P> Interior of York 's Grand Opera House <P> The York Mystery Plays are performed in public at intervals , using texts based on the original medieval plays of this type that were performed by the guilds -- often with specific connections to the subject matter of each play . ( For instance the Shipwrights ' Play is the Building of Noah 's Ark and the fish - sellers and mariners the Landing of Noah 's Ark ) . The York Cycle of Mystery Plays or Pageants is the most complete in England . Originally performed from wagons at various locations around the city from the 14th century until 1570 , they were revived in 1951 during the Festival of Britain , when York was one of the cities with a regional festival . They became part of the York City Festival every three years and later four years . They were mostly produced in a temporary open - air theatre within the ruins of St. Mary 's Abbey , using some professional but mostly amateur actors . Lead actors have included Christopher Timothy and Robson Green ( in the role of Christ ) and Dame Judi Dench as a school girl , in 1951 , 1954 and 1957 . ( She remains a Patron of the plays ) . The cycle was presented in the Theatre Royal in 1992 and 1996 , within York Minster in 2000 and in 2002 , 2006 and 2010 by Guild groups from wagons in the squares , in the Dean 's Park , or at the Eye of York . They go around the streets , recreating the original productions . In 2012 , the York Mystery Plays were performed between 2 and 27 August at St. Mary 's Abbey in the York Museum Gardens . </P> <H3> Music ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Academy of St Olave 's , a chamber orchestra which gives concerts in St Olave 's Church , Marygate , is one of the music groups that perform regularly in York . A former church , St Margaret 's , Walmgate , is the National Centre for Early Music , which hosts concerts , broadcasts , competitions and events including the York Early Music Festival . Students , staff and visiting artists of York St John University music department regularly perform lunchtime concerts in the University chapel . The staff and students of the University of York also perform in the city . </P> <H3> Gastronomy ( edit ) </H3> Bettys Café Tea Rooms <P> Each September since 1997 , York holds an annual Festival of Food and Drink . The aim of the festival is to spotlight food culture in York and North Yorkshire by promoting local food production . The Festival attracts up to 150,000 visitors over 10 days , from all over the country . One of the notable local products is York ham , a mild - flavoured ham with delicate pink colouring . It is traditionally served with Madeira Sauce . As a lightly smoked , dry - cured ham , York ham is saltier but milder in flavour than other European dry - cured hams . Folklore has it that the oak construction for York Minster provided the sawdust for smoking the ham . Robert Burrow Atkinson 's butchery shop , in Blossom Street , is the birthplace of the original `` York Ham '' and the reason why the premises became famous . </P> <P> In the centre of York , in St Helen 's Square , there is the York branch of Bettys Café Tea Rooms . Bettys founder , Frederick Belmont , travelled on the maiden voyage of the Queen Mary in 1936 . He was so impressed by the splendour of the ship that he employed the Queen Mary 's designers and craftsmen to turn a dilapidated furniture store in York into an elegant café in St Helen 's Square . A few years after Bettys opened in York war broke out , and the basement ' Bettys Bar ' became a favourite haunt of the thousands of airmen stationed around York . ' Bettys Mirror ' , on which many of them engraved their signatures with a diamond pen , remains on display today as a tribute to them . </P> <H3> Beer and pubs ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Assize of Ale is an annual event in the city where people in medieval costume take part in a pub crawl to raise money for local charities . It has its origins in the 13th century , when an Assize of Bread and Ale was used to regulate the quality of goods . The current version was resurrected in the 1990s by the Sheriff of York and is led by the Guild of Scriveners . In June 2015 York CAMRA listed 101 pubs on its map of the city centre , some of which are hundreds of years old . These include the Golden Fleece , Ye Olde Starre Inne , noted for its sign which has spanned the street since 1733 , and The Kings Arms , often photographed during floods . On 18 June 2016 , York CAMRA undertook a `` Beer Census '' and found 328 unique real ales being served in over 200 pubs in York , reinforcing the city 's reputation as a top UK beer destination . </P> <P> The Knavesmire , home of York Racecourse , plays host to Yorkshire 's largest beer festival every September run by York CAMRA -- York Beer & Cider Festival . It is housed in a marquee opposite the grandstand of the racecourse in the enclosure and in 2016 will offer over 450 real ales and over 100 ciders . </P> <H3> UNESCO status bids ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2010 York 's city council and a number of heritage organisations submitted a bid for York 's entire city centre to become a UNESCO World Heritage Site . This nomination , to the UK 's Department for Culture , Media and Sport would have included York on a list of tentative sites to be reviewed by UNESCO itself . York 's bid failed , leading to ' disappointment ' from the team involved . This indirectly led to the city making a successful bid to be part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network as a city of Media Arts . It is the fourth of these cities , following Lyon , France ; Enghien - les - Bains , France ; and Sapporo , Japan . </P> <H2> Media ( edit ) </H2> <P> The York area is served by a local newspaper , The Press ( known as the Evening Press until April 2006 ) , The York Advertiser newspaper ( based at The Press on Walmgate ) , and three local radio stations Minster FM , Vale Radio and BBC Radio York . Local arts , culture news and events are covered by One&Other . Another digital news website is YorkMix run by former print journalists , that incorporates Local News ; What 's On ; Food & Drink ; Things To Do and Business sections with articles written by residents and local journalists . In August 2016 YorkMix was nominated in two categories in the O2 Media Awards for Yorkshire and The Humber . </P> <P> On 27 November 2013 , Ofcom awarded the 12 - year local TV licence for the York area to a consortium entitled The York Channel , with the channel due to be on air in spring 2015 . </P> <P> York St John University has a Film and Television Production department with links to many major industrial partners . The department hosts an annual festival of student work and a showcase of other regional films . </P> <P> The University of York has its own television station York Student Television ( YSTV ) and two campus newspapers Nouse and York Vision . Its radio station URY is the longest running legal independent radio station in the UK , and was voted BBC Radio 1 Student Radio Station of the Year 2005 . </P> <H2> Sport ( edit ) </H2> A view of the Stands at York Racecourse <P> The city 's football team is York City who are competing in National League North as of the 2017 -- 18 season . York have played as high as the old Second Division but are best known for their `` giant killing '' status in cup competitions , having reached the FA Cup semi-final in 1955 and beaten Manchester United 3 -- 0 during the 1995 -- 96 League Cup . Their matches are played at Bootham Crescent . </P> <P> York also has a strong rugby league history . York F.C. , later known as York Wasps , formed in 1901 , were one of the oldest rugby league clubs in the country but the effects of a move to the out of town Huntington Stadium , poor results and falling attendances led to their bankruptcy in 2002 . The supporters formed a new club , York City Knights , who now play at the same stadium in Championship 1 . There are three amateur rugby league teams in York , New Earswick All Blacks , York Acorn and Heworth . York International 9s is a rugby league nines tournament which takes place in York each year . Amateur side York Lokomotive compete in the Rugby League Conference . </P> <P> An open rowing club York City Rowing Club is located underneath Lendal Bridge . The rowing clubs of The University of York , York St John University Rowing Club and Leeds University Boat Club as well as York City RC use the Ouse for training . There are two sailing clubs close to York , both of which sail dinghies on the River Ouse . The York RI ( Railway Institute ) Sailing Club has a club bouse and boat park on the outskirts of Bishopthorpe , a village 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) to the south of York . The Yorkshire Ouse Sailing Club has a club house in the village of Naburn , 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) south of York . </P> Bootham Crescent is the home ground of York City <P> York Racecourse was established in 1731 and from 1990 has been awarded Northern Racecourse of the Year for 17 years running . This major horseracing venue is located on the Knavesmire and sees thousands flocking to the city every year for the 15 race meetings . The Knavesmire Racecourse also hosted Royal Ascot in 2005 . In August racing takes place over the four - day Ebor Festival that includes the Ebor Handicap dating from 1843 . </P> <P> Motorbike speedway once took place at York . The track in the Burnholme Estate was completed in 1930 and a demonstration event staged . In 1931 the track staged team and open events and the York team took part in the National Trophy . </P> <P> York hosts the UK Snooker Championship , which is the second biggest ranking tournament in the sport , at the York Barbican Centre . </P> <P> On 6 July 2014 , York hosted the start of Stage 2 of the 2014 Tour de France . Starting the Départ Fictif from York Racecourse , the riders travelled through the city centre to the Départ Actuel on the A59 just beyond the junction with the Outer Ring Road heading towards Knaresborough . In 2015 , the inaugural Tour de Yorkshire was held as a legacy event to build on the popularity of the previous year , with the Day 2 stage finishing in York . </P> <P> The most notable sportsmen to come from York in recent years are footballer Marco Gabbiadini and former England manager Steve McClaren , who both attended Nunthorpe Grammar School ( now called Millthorpe School ) . </P> <H2> Geodesy ( edit ) </H2> <P> York Minster was the origin ( meridian ) of the 6 inch and 1 : 2500 Ordnance Survey maps for Yorkshire . </P> <H2> Twin Cities ( edit ) </H2> <P> York is twinned with Dijon , France ( 1953 ) , Münster , Germany ( 1957 ) and on 22 October 2014 , it announced the first ' temporal twinning ' with Jórvík , the Viking city from 866 to 1066 . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Yorkshire portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of people from York </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dd> There was no census in 1941 : figures are from National Register . United Kingdom and Isle of Man . Statistics of Population on 29 September 1939 by Sex , Age and Marital Condition . </Dd> <Dd> There is a discrepancy of 37 between Office for National Statistics figures ( quoted before ) and those on the Vision of Britain website ( quoted here ) . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Key Figures for People and Society : Population and Migration '' . Office for National Statistics . 2010 . Retrieved 11 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline '' . Visit York . York Tourism Bureau . 2005 . Archived from the original on 8 January 2008 . Retrieved 25 October 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Census -- Built - up areas '' . ONS . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hall , Richard ( 1996 ) . English Heritage : Book of York ( 1st ed . ) . B.T. Batsford Ltd. p. 13 . ISBN 0 - 7134 - 7720 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schama , Simon ( 2003 ) . 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York Campaign for Real Ale. 18 June 2016 . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` York Beer & Cider Festival is back and in a new exciting location '' . York Beer & Cider Festival . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tickets go on sale for York Beer and Cider Festival '' . The Press . 23 July 2016 . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` York submits bid for World Heritage status '' . BBC News . BBC . 11 June 2010 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` York World Heritage Site bid fails '' . BBC News . BBC . 22 March 2011 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` City bids for Unesco Media Arts recognition '' . Yorkshire Post . Yorkshire Post . 22 November 2013 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` York celebrates securing UNESCO City of Media Arts accolade '' . UNESCO . UK National Commission for UNESCO . 1 December 2014 . 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Retrieved 12 June 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` York lose survival fight '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 20 March 2002 . Retrieved 15 June 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Official York City Knights website '' . York City Knights . Archived from the original on 22 May 2009 . Retrieved 12 June 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` York International Rugby 9s '' . York City of Festivals. 2005 . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 20 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` York City Rowing Club '' . York City Rowing Club . Retrieved 12 June 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Day One : Royal Ascot at York '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 14 June 2005 . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` York Racecourse History '' . York Racecourse . Archived from the original on 10 July 2009 . Retrieved 12 June 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` York Speedway '' . John Skinner . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tour de France Stage 1 '' . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stage 2 -- Selby to York 174 km '' . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Millthorpe School -- Steve McClaren -- Nunthorpe Grammar School '' . Millthorpe School . Archived from the original on 5 September 2008 . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Saturday Spotlight : McClaren makes his mark on Marco '' . The Northern Echo . Newsquest Media Group . 6 May 2006 . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 198 years and 153 meridians , 152 defunct '' ( PDF ) . p. . Retrieved 29 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Enquiry Y4537 : -- City of York Council '' . City of York Council . 30 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Portrait of Münster : Die Partnerstädte '' . Stadt Münster . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` York twinned with Viking city Jorvik '' . BBC News . BBC . 22 October 2014 . Retrieved 22 October 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to York . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikivoyage has a travel guide for York . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> Photos and images </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Imagine York : Historic Photographs Online Council Library Archive of historic photographs of York , searchable by keyword . </Li> <Li> Information on the Evelyn collection of pictures of York from the early 20th century </Li> <Li> Virtual Tour of York Panoramic views from 2000 to the present day . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Historical and genealogical sources </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> The ancient parish of York : historical and genealogical information at GENUKI . </Li> <Li> History of York Comprehensive site dedicated to the history of the city . </Li> <Li> Life in a Mediæval City Illustrated by York in the XVth Century </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Members of the Hanseatic League by Quarter </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Chief cities shown in smallcaps . </Li> <Li> Free Imperial Cities of the Holy Roman Empire shown in italics . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wendish </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Lübeck </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anklam </Li> <Li> Demmin </Li> <Li> Greifswald </Li> <Li> Hamburg </Li> <Li> Kolberg ( Kołobrzeg ) </Li> <Li> Lüneburg </Li> <Li> Rostock </Li> <Li> Rügenwalde ( Darłowo ) </Li> <Li> Stettin ( Szczecin ) </Li> <Li> Stolp ( Słupsk ) </Li> <Li> Stockholm </Li> <Li> Stralsund </Li> <Li> Visby </Li> <Li> Wismar </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Saxon </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Brunswick Magdeburg </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Berlin </Li> <Li> Bremen </Li> <Li> Erfurt </Li> <Li> Frankfurt an der Oder </Li> <Li> Goslar </Li> <Li> Mühlhausen </Li> <Li> Nordhausen </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Baltic </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Danzig ( Gdańsk ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Breslau ( Wrocław ) </Li> <Li> Dorpat ( Tartu ) </Li> <Li> Elbing ( Elbląg ) </Li> <Li> Königsberg ( Kaliningrad ) </Li> <Li> Cracow ( Kraków ) </Li> <Li> Reval ( Tallinn ) </Li> <Li> Riga ( Rīga ) </Li> <Li> Thorn ( Toruń ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Westphalian </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Cologne Dortmund </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Deventer </Li> <Li> Groningen </Li> <Li> Kampen </Li> <Li> Münster </Li> <Li> Osnabrück </Li> <Li> Soest </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kontore </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Principal </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bryggen ( Bergen ) </Li> <Li> Hanzekantoor <Ul> <Li> Bruges </Li> <Li> Antwerp </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Steelyard ( London ) </Li> <Li> Peterhof ( Novgorod ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Subsidiary </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bishop 's Lynn </Li> <Li> Falsterbo </Li> <Li> Ipswich </Li> <Li> Kaunas </Li> <Li> Malmö </Li> <Li> Polotsk </Li> <Li> Pskov </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other cities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bristol </Li> <Li> Boston </Li> <Li> Damme </Li> <Li> Leith </Li> <Li> Herford </Li> <Li> Hull </Li> <Li> Newcastle </Li> <Li> Stargard </Li> <Li> Yarmouth </Li> <Li> York </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Cologne and Dortmund were both capital of the Westphalian Quarter at different times . </Li> <Li> Antwerp gained importance once Bruges became inaccessible due to the silting of the Zwin channel . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Districts of Yorkshire and the Humber </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lincolnshire </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> North Lincolnshire </Li> <Li> North East Lincolnshire </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North Yorkshire </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Craven </Li> <Li> Hambleton </Li> <Li> Harrogate </Li> <Li> Richmondshire </Li> <Li> Ryedale </Li> <Li> Scarborough </Li> <Li> Selby </Li> <Li> York </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South Yorkshire </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Barnsley </Li> <Li> Doncaster </Li> <Li> Rotherham </Li> <Li> Sheffield </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West Yorkshire </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bradford </Li> <Li> Calderdale </Li> <Li> Kirklees </Li> <Li> Leeds </Li> <Li> Wakefield </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> East Riding of Yorkshire </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> East Riding of Yorkshire </Li> <Li> Kingston upon Hull </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Ceremonial county of North Yorkshire </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Yorkshire Portal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unitary authorities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Middlesbrough </Li> <Li> Redcar and Cleveland </Li> <Li> Stockton - 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in - Cleveland </Li> <Li> Skipton </Li> <Li> South Bank </Li> <Li> Stokesley </Li> <Li> Tadcaster </Li> <Li> Thirsk </Li> <Li> Thornaby - on - Tees </Li> <Li> Whitby </Li> <Li> Yarm </Li> <Li> York See also : List of civil parishes in North Yorkshire </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rivers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aire </Li> <Li> Derwent </Li> <Li> Esk </Li> <Li> Foss </Li> <Li> Leven </Li> <Li> Ouse </Li> <Li> Ribble </Li> <Li> Swale </Li> <Li> Tees </Li> <Li> Ure </Li> <Li> Wharfe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Parliamentary constituencies </Li> <Li> Country houses </Li> <Li> Grade I listed buildings </Li> <Li> Grade II * listed buildings </Li> <Li> Windmills </Li> <Li> Monastic houses </Li> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Rivers </Li> <Li> Schools </Li> <Li> Museums </Li> <Li> Lord Lieutenants </Li> <Li> High Sheriffs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Cities of the United Kingdom </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> England </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bath </Li> <Li> Birmingham </Li> <Li> Bradford </Li> <Li> Brighton and Hove </Li> <Li> Bristol </Li> <Li> Cambridge </Li> <Li> Canterbury </Li> <Li> Carlisle </Li> <Li> Chelmsford </Li> <Li> Chester </Li> <Li> Chichester </Li> <Li> Coventry </Li> <Li> Derby </Li> <Li> Durham </Li> <Li> Ely </Li> <Li> Exeter </Li> <Li> Gloucester </Li> <Li> Hereford </Li> <Li> Kingston upon Hull </Li> <Li> Lancaster </Li> <Li> Leeds </Li> <Li> Leicester </Li> <Li> Lichfield </Li> <Li> Lincoln </Li> <Li> Liverpool </Li> <Li> London </Li> <Li> Manchester </Li> <Li> Newcastle upon Tyne </Li> <Li> Norwich </Li> <Li> Nottingham </Li> <Li> Oxford </Li> <Li> Peterborough </Li> <Li> Plymouth </Li> <Li> Portsmouth </Li> <Li> Preston </Li> <Li> Ripon </Li> <Li> St Albans </Li> <Li> Salford </Li> <Li> Salisbury </Li> <Li> Sheffield </Li> <Li> Southampton </Li> <Li> Stoke - 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Philadelphia 76ers - wikipedia <H1> Philadelphia 76ers </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Philadelphia 76ers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2017 -- 18 Philadelphia 76ers season </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conference </Th> <Td> Eastern </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Division </Th> <Td> Atlantic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> 1946 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> Syracuse Nationals 1946 -- 1963 Philadelphia 76ers 1963 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arena </Th> <Td> Wells Fargo Center </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Team colors </Th> <Td> Red , blue , navy blue , silver , white </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> CEO </Th> <Td> Scott O'Neil </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> President </Th> <Td> Bryan Colangelo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General manager </Th> <Td> Bryan Colangelo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Head coach </Th> <Td> Brett Brown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ownership </Th> <Td> Joshua Harris </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Affiliation ( s ) </Th> <Td> Delaware 87ers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Championships </Th> <Td> 3 ( 1955 , 1967 , 1983 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conference titles </Th> <Td> 9 ( 1950 , 1954 , 1955 , 1967 , 1977 , 1980 , 1982 , 1983 , 2001 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Division titles </Th> <Td> 5 ( 1977 , 1978 , 1983 , 1990 , 2001 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Retired numbers </Th> <Td> 10 ( 3 , 4 , 6 , 10 , 13 , 15 , 24 , 32 , 34 , Microphone ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.nba.com/sixers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Uniforms </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Home </Td> <Td> Away </Td> <Td> Third </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Philadelphia 76ers ( also commonly known as the Sixers ) are an American professional basketball team based in the Philadelphia metropolitan area . The 76ers compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Atlantic Division and play at Wells Fargo Center . Founded in 1946 and originally known as the Syracuse Nationals , they are one of the oldest franchises in the NBA , and one of only eight ( out of 23 ) to survive the league 's first decade . </P> <P> The 76ers have had a rich history , with many of the greatest players in NBA history having played for the organization , including Wilt Chamberlain , Hal Greer , Billy Cunningham , Julius Erving , Moses Malone , Charles Barkley , and Allen Iverson . They have won three NBA championships , with their first coming as the Syracuse Nationals in 1955 . The second title came in the 1966 -- 67 season , a team which was led by Chamberlain . The third title came in the 1982 -- 83 season , won by a team led by Erving and Malone . The 76ers have only been back to the NBA Finals once since then : in 2001 , when they lost to the Los Angeles Lakers 4 games to 1 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Franchise history <Ul> <Li> 1.1 1946 -- 1963 : Syracuse Nationals <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Early NBA years : 1949 -- 1963 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 Relocation to Philadelphia </Li> <Li> 1.3 1964 -- 1967 : The Wilt Chamberlain era <Ul> <Li> 1.3. 1 1966 -- 67 season </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.4 1967 -- 1976 : Fall of the 76ers </Li> <Li> 1.5 1976 -- 1987 : The Julius Erving era <Ul> <Li> 1.5. 1 1982 -- 83 season </Li> <Li> 1.5. 2 Arrival of Charles Barkley </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.6 1987 -- 1992 : The Charles Barkley era </Li> <Li> 1.7 1992 -- 1996 : The dark ages </Li> <Li> 1.8 1996 -- 2006 : The Allen Iverson era <Ul> <Li> 1.8. 1 2000 -- 01 season </Li> <Li> 1.8. 2 Departure of Larry Brown </Li> <Li> 1.8. 3 Arrival of Andre Iguodala </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.9 2006 -- 2012 : The Andre Iguodala era <Ul> <Li> 1.9. 1 2008 -- 09 season </Li> <Li> 1.9. 2 2009 -- 10 season </Li> <Li> 1.9. 3 2010 -- 11 season </Li> <Li> 1.9. 4 2011 -- 12 season </Li> <Li> 1.9. 5 2012 -- 13 season </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.10 2013 -- present : The Process era <Ul> <Li> 1.10. 1 2013 -- 14 season </Li> <Li> 1.10. 2 2014 -- 15 season </Li> <Li> 1.10. 3 2015 -- 16 season </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Team logos and uniforms </Li> <Li> 3 Mascot <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Franklin the Dog </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Rivalries <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Boston Celtics </Li> <Li> 4.2 Los Angeles Lakers </Li> <Li> 4.3 New York Knicks </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Season - by - season records </Li> <Li> 6 Facilities <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Home arenas </Li> <Li> 6.2 Training facility </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Players <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Current roster </Li> <Li> 7.2 Retained draft rights </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Franchise leaders and records <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Retired numbers </Li> <Li> 8.2 Non-issued numbers </Li> <Li> 8.3 Basketball Hall of Famers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Coaches </Li> <Li> 10 eSports ventures </Li> <Li> 11 See also </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Franchise history ( edit ) </H2> Main article : History of the Philadelphia 76ers <H3> 1946 -- 1963 : Syracuse Nationals ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1946 , Italian immigrant Daniel Biasone sent a $5,000 check to the National Basketball League offices in Chicago , and the Syracuse Nationals became the largely Midwest - based league 's easternmost team , based in the Upstate New York city of Syracuse . The Syracuse Nationals began play in the NBL in the same year professional basketball was finally gaining some legitimacy with the rival Basketball Association of America that was based in large cities like New York and Philadelphia . While in the NBL with teams largely consisting of small Midwestern towns , the Nationals put together a 21 -- 23 record , finishing in 4th place . In the playoffs , the Nats would be beaten by the fellow upstate neighbor Rochester Royals in 4 games . </P> After a stellar career at Syracuse University , Billy Gabor joined the Nationals in 1948 and played with them for his entire six - year career ; he won a championship in 1955 . <P> In their second season , 1947 -- 48 , the Nationals would struggle , finishing in 5th place with a 24 -- 36 record . Despite their struggles , the Nats would make the playoffs , getting swept by the Anderson Duffey Packers in 3 straight games . </P> <P> Several teams began to leave the NBL for the BAA as the foundation for an absorption was laid . The Nationals `` recipe for success '' began by recruiting Leo Ferris . Staying in the NBL , Ferris signed Al Cervi to be player coach and outbid the New York Knicks for the services of Dolph Schayes who made his professional debut , leading the Nats to a winning record for the first time with a record of 41 -- 22 . In the playoffs the Nationals would make quick work of the Hammond Calumet Buccaneers , winning the series in 2 straight games . However , in the semifinals the Nats would fall to the Anderson Duffey Packers for the second straight season in 4 games . In 1949 , the Nationals were one of seven NBL teams that were absorbed by the Basketball Association of America to form the NBA . </P> Early NBA years : 1949 -- 1963 ( edit ) <P> The Nationals were an instant success in the NBA , winning the Eastern Division in the 1949 -- 1950 season , with a league best record of 51 -- 13 . In the playoffs the Nationals continued to play solid basketball , beating the Philadelphia Warriors in 2 straight . Moving on to the Eastern Finals , the Nationals battled the New York Knickerbockers , beating their big city rivals in a 3 - game series . In the NBA Finals , the Nationals faced fellow NBL alums the Minneapolis Lakers . In Game 1 of the Finals the Nats lost just their second home game of the season 68 -- 66 . The Nats did not recover , as they fell behind 3 games to 1 before falling in 6 games . </P> <P> Despite several teams leaving the NBA for the National Professional Basketball League before the 1950 -- 1951 season , the Nationals decided to stay put . In their second NBA season the Nationals played mediocre basketball all season , finishing in 4th place with a record of 32 -- 34 . However , in the playoffs the Nats played their best basketball of the season as they stunned the 1st place Philadelphia Warriors in 2 straight , taking Game 1 on the road in overtime 91 -- 89 . In the Eastern Finals the Nationals were beaten by the New York Knickerbockers in a hard - fought 5 - game series , losing the finale by just 2 points . </P> <P> Al Cervi , playing less and coaching more , emphasized a patient offense and a scrappy defense , which led the league in the 1951 -- 1952 season by yielding a stingy 79.5 points per game as the Nationals won the Eastern Division with a solid 40 -- 26 record . In the playoffs the Nats knocked off the Philadelphia Warriors again in a 3 - game series . However , in the Eastern Finals the Nats fell to the New York Knickerbockers again , dropping the series in 4 games . </P> <P> The Nationals would finish in 2nd place in a hard fought 3 - way battle for first place in the Eastern Division for the 1952 -- 1953 season , with a record of 47 -- 24 . In the playoffs the Nationals would face the Boston Celtics dropping Game 1 at home 87 -- 81 . Needing a win in Boston to keep their hopes alive , the Nationals would take the Celtics deep into overtime before losing in quadruple OT 111 -- 105 , in what remains the longest playoff game in NBA history . </P> <P> The Nationals acquired Alex Groza , and Ralph Beard as the Indianapolis Olympians folded leaving the NBA with just 9 teams for the 1953 -- 1954 season . Once again the Nationals would battle for the Division title falling 2 games short with a 42 -- 30 record . In the playoffs the Nats would win all 4 games of a round robin tournament involving the 3 playoff teams from the East . In the Eastern Finals the Nats would stay hot beating the Boston Celtics in 2 straight games . However , in the NBA Finals the Nationals would lose to the Minneapolis Lakers in a hard fought 7 - game series where the 2 teams alternated wins throughout . </P> Dolph Schayes joined the Syracuse Nationals in 1949 and played with them for his entire career ; he won a championship in 1955 . <P> With the NBA struggling financially and down to just 8 teams Nationals owner during the 1954 -- 1955 season Danny Biasone suggested the league limit the amount of time taken for a shot thus speeding up a game that often ended with long periods of teams just holding the ball and playing keep away . Biasone and Nats general manager Leo Ferris calculated a 24 - second shot clock would allow at least 30 shots per quarter speeding up the game and increasing scoring . The Shot Clock was an instant success as scoring was up 14 points per game league wide . In the first season of the shot clock the Nats would take first place in the East with a 43 -- 29 record . After a first round bye the Nats would beat the Boston Celtics in 4 games to reach the NBA Finals for the 2nd straight season . In the finals the Nats would get off to a fast start , lead by ( led by forward Dolph Schayes ) , and took the first 2 games at home against the Fort Wayne Pistons . However , as the series moved to Fort Wayne the Pistons would spark back to life taking all 3 games to take a 3 -- 2 series lead . Back in Syracuse for Game 6 on the Nats kept Championship hopes alive by beating the Pistons 109 -- 104 to force a 7th game at home . Game 7 would be as tight as the series as George King sank a free throw to give the Nats a 92 -- 91 lead in the final seconds . King would then steal the inbound pass to clinch the NBA Championship for the Nationals . </P> <P> Coming off their NBA Championship the Nationals struggled during the 1955 -- 1956 season , needing a tiebreaker over the New York Knickerbockers to avoid finishing in last place and make the playoffs with a 35 -- 37 record . However , in the playoffs the Nats would stun the Boston Celtics winning the first round series in 3 games by taking the final 2 games . In the Eastern Finals the Nationals played solid basketball again as they pushed the Philadelphia Warriors to a decisive 5th game . However , the Nationals ' reign as champions would end with a 109 -- 104 loss in Philadelphia . </P> <P> The Nationals would get off to a slow start as coach Al Cervi was fired and replaced by Paul Seymour . Under Seymour the Nats would rebound and finish the 1956 -- 1957 season in 2nd place with a record of 38 -- 34 . In the playoffs the Nats would have trouble knocking off the defending champion Philadelphia Warriors advancing to the Eastern Finals with 2 straight wins . However , the Nats would be swept in 3 straight games by the eventual champions , the Boston Celtics . </P> <P> Fort Wayne and Rochester had moved on to Detroit and Cincinnati for the 1957 -- 1958 season , leaving the Syracuse Nationals as the last small town team in the big city NBA . That would not matter on the court as the Nats held their own finishing in 2nd place with a 41 -- 31 record . However , in the playoffs the Nationals would fall in the first round as they lost a 3 - game series to the Philadelphia Warriors . </P> The 1958 -- 59 Syracuse Nationals <P> Despite a mediocre 35 -- 37 record for the 1958 -- 1959 season the Nationals would make the playoffs again by finishing in 3rd place . In the playoffs the Nationals would once again rise to the occasion sweeping the New York Knickerbockers in 2 straight to reach the Eastern Finals , where they gave the eventual champion Boston Celtics all they could handle , alternating wins before falling by 5 points in Game 7 . </P> Hal Greer joined the Nationals in 1958 and spent his entire 15 - season career with the franchise ; he won a championship with the team in 1967 . <P> Playing in a league now dominated by superstars like Bill Russell of the Boston Celtics , Wilt Chamberlain of the Philadelphia Warriors and Bob Pettit of the St. Louis Hawks , the Nationals held their own posting a solid 45 -- 30 record , while finishing in 3rd place after the 1959 -- 1960 regular season . However , in the playoffs the Nats would lose a 3 - game series to Chamberlain and the Warriors . </P> <P> With the Lakers relocating from Minneapolis to Los Angeles before the 1960 -- 1961 season , the Syracuse Nationals became the last old NBL team to still be playing in their original city in the NBA . The Nationals would go on to make the playoffs again by finishing in 3rd place with a 38 -- 41 record . The Nationals would prove to be dangerous in the playoffs as they stunned the Philadelphia Warriors in 3 straight games . However , in the Eastern Finals the Nats would be knocked off once again by the eventual champion Boston Celtics in 5 games . </P> <P> Dolph Schayes missed 24 games during the 1961 -- 1962 season and fails to lead the team in scoring for the first time in 14 years , as Hal Greer leads the way with 22.8 ppg . The Nats would go on to finish in 3rd place again with a 41 -- 39 record . In the playoffs the Nats would drop their first 2 games to the Philadelphia Warriors on the road . Facing elimination the Nats would win the next 2 games to force a 7th game in Philadelphia . However , in Game 5 the Warriors would prove to be too strong as they ended the Nats season with a 121 -- 104 victory . </P> <P> With an aging team the Nationals were expected to fade , however with the scrappy play of Johnny Kerr the Nationals remained a strong contender finishing in 2nd place for the 1962 -- 1963 season , with a record of 48 -- 32 . In the playoffs the Nationals would face the Cincinnati Royals , getting off to a 2 -- 1 series lead . However , needing a win to advance to the Eastern Finals again the Nationals would lose 2 straight dropping the decisive 5th game at home in overtime 131 -- 127 . </P> <H3> Relocation to Philadelphia ( edit ) </H3> Convention Hall , previous home of the Philadelphia Warriors from 1952 to 1962 ; home of the Sixers from 1963 to 1967 . <P> The playoff overtime loss on March 26 , 1963 , would prove to be the last game for the Syracuse Nationals , as investors Irv Kosloff and Ike Richman purchased the team from Danny Biasone and moved the team to Philadelphia , filling the void left by the Warriors . Syracuse was the last of the medium - sized cities housing an NBA team , but by then it was apparent that central New York was no longer large enough to support it . The NBA thus returned to Philadelphia one year after the Warriors had left for San Francisco . A contest was held to decide on a new name for the team . The winning name , chosen by Walter Stalberg , was the `` 76ers '' . The name comes from the signing of the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia in 1776 . Newspaper writers liked the name because it was easily shortened to `` Sixers '' in headlines . The shorter name was quickly accepted by the team for marketing purposes , and for most of the last half - century `` 76ers '' and `` Sixers '' have been officially interchangeable . </P> <P> For their first four years in Philadelphia , the 76ers played mostly at the Philadelphia Arena and Civic Center - Convention Hall , with an occasional game at The Palestra at the University of Pennsylvania . Schayes was named head coach , a post he held for four years ( the first as player - coach ) . </P> <H3> 1964 -- 1967 : the Wilt Chamberlain era ( edit ) </H3> Wilt Chamberlain joined the Sixers in 1965 and led the team to the NBA title in 1967 . <P> In the 1964 -- 65 season , the 76ers acquired the legendary Wilt Chamberlain from the Warriors ; Chamberlain had been a high school legend at Overbrook High School in Philadelphia and began his career with the Warriors while they still played in Philadelphia . The 76ers would push the Celtics to seven games in the semifinals , with the 76ers trailing 110 -- 109 in Game 7 . After Hal Greer 's pass was stolen by John Havlicek -- an infamous blow to 76ers fans , rubbed in by fabled Celtics announcer Johnny Most when he yelled into the microphone `` Havlicek stole the ball ! '' -- the Celtics went on to beat the Los Angeles Lakers and win the NBA Championship . On December 3 , 1965 , in the midst of a game at the Boston Garden , co-owner Ike Richman suffered a heart attack and died courtside . </P> 1966 -- 67 season ( edit ) <P> Led by head coach Alex Hannum , the 76ers had a dream season as they started 46 -- 4 , en route to a record of 68 -- 13 , the best record in league history at the time . Chamberlain , Billy Cunningham , and Hal Greer , along with all - stars Chet Walker , Lucious Jackson and Wali Jones led the team to the semifinals . This time the 76ers beat the Celtics in five games . In Game Five of that series , as the 76ers went to victory and the NBA Finals , Philadelphia fans chanted `` Boston is dead ! '' -- a symbol that the Celts ' eight - year reign as NBA champion had ended . The Finals were almost anticlimactic , with the Sixers ousting the Warriors in six games to give them their second NBA Championship . The 1966 -- 67 Sixers were voted the best team in league history during the NBA 's 35th anniversary celebration . </P> <H3> 1967 -- 1976 : fall of the 76ers ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the 1967 -- 68 season , with a new home court in the form of The Spectrum to defend their championship , once again the 76ers made it back to the NBA Playoffs and in the rematch of the previous year 's semifinals , the 76ers held a 3 -- 1 series lead over the Celtics , before the Celtics staged a dramatic comeback to beat the Sixers in seven games . </P> <P> At the end of the season , the 76ers dealt Chamberlain to the Los Angeles Lakers for Archie Clark , Darrall Imhoff and Jerry Chambers . At the time , the trade appeared to make some sense from the Sixers ' perspective . Chamberlain was making noises about jumping to the American Basketball Association , and GM Jack Ramsay did n't want to risk letting Chamberlain walk away for nothing . Nonetheless , the Sixers did n't get nearly enough in return . The man who was in position to take over as the center , Lucious Jackson , suffered a severe injury in 1969 and was never the same player after that . The Chamberlain trade sent the Sixers into a freefall , which Ramsay accelerated by subsequent divestiture of All Star forward Chet Walker to the Chicago Bulls . </P> <P> While the rapidly declining 76ers continued to contend for the next three seasons , they never got past the second round . In 1971 -- 72 , only five years after winning the title , the 76ers finished 30 -- 52 and missed postseason play for the first time in franchise history . </P> Billy Cunningham played nine seasons with the Sixers , and would later coach them for eight more seasons . <P> The bottom fell out in the 1972 -- 73 season . For all intents and purposes , the season ended when Cunningham bolted to the ABA , leaving the Sixers with a roster of Greer and little else . The 76ers lost their first 15 games of the season , and a few months later set a then - record 20 - game losing streak in a single season . Their record following the 20 - game losing streak was 4 -- 58 , and the team at that point had just lost 34 of 35 games . The 76ers finished the season with a 9 -- 73 record , leading the skeptical Philadelphia press to call them the `` Nine and 73 - ers '' . Under coach Roy Rubin the 76ers went 4 -- 47 . It was his first and , as it turned out , his last NBA coaching job . He was succeeded by player - coach Kevin Loughery , who went 5 -- 26 the rest of the way . The 76ers finished an NBA - record 59 games behind the Atlantic Division champion Boston Celtics . The nine wins by the 1972 -- 73 squad is the fourth fewest in NBA history , and remains the fewest for a full 82 game season . The 73 losses , although threatened several times , remains the all - time low - water mark for any NBA franchise . The 76ers ' 0.110 winning percentage was a record worst at the time , and is still the second lowest in NBA history , broken only by the 2011 -- 12 Charlotte Bobcats , who finished 7 -- 59 for a . 106 winning percentage in a season shortened due to a lockout . Only six seasons earlier , the 76ers had set the NBA record for most wins in a season . The 76ers of 1972 -- 73 are generally considered to be the worst team an NBA franchise has ever put on the court -- although NBA historian Kyle Wright argued in a 2007 study that owing to weaker schedules the 1992 -- 93 Mavericks and 1997 -- 98 Nuggets , both of whom won eleven games , plus the inaugural Cleveland Cavaliers who played an extremely weak schedule , were actually poorer teams . </P> <P> The next year , the 76ers would hire Gene Shue as their head coach and they slowly came back . In the 1975 -- 76 season , the 76ers acquired George McGinnis from the Indiana Pacers of the ABA ( after the Knicks tried to sign him , not knowing that the 76ers owned his rights ) . With him , the 76ers were back in the playoffs after a five - year absence , and even though they lost to the Buffalo Braves in three games , a `` Doctor '' would come along and get the team healthy enough to stay in perennial contention . During this period , however , one last personnel misjudgment had effects when the team used the fifth pick overall in the 1975 draft to select Darryl Dawkins directly from high school . The immensely talented and physically imposing Dawkins seldom , if ever , lived up to his great potential in part because of a perpetual adolescence . </P> <H3> 1976 -- 1987 : the Julius Erving era ( edit ) </H3> Julius Erving played 11 seasons with the 76ers ( 1976 -- 1987 ) , and played in four NBA Finals , ultimately winning in 1983 . <P> The Sixers finally came all the way back in 1976 -- 77 , in large part due to a byproduct of the ABA -- NBA merger . The ABA 's last champions , the New York Nets , were facing having to pay almost $5 million to the Knicks for `` invading '' the New York area on top of the $3.2 million expansion fee for joining the NBA . When the Sixers offered to buy the contract of the Nets ' franchise player , Julius Erving , for $3 million -- roughly the cost of NBA membership -- the Nets had little choice but to accept . A few months before that trade , Kosloff had sold the Sixers to local philanthropist Fitz Eugene Dixon Jr. , grandson of George Dunton Widener and heir to the Widener fortune . </P> <P> Led by Erving , the 76ers began an exciting ride for the fans of Philadelphia , beating their long - time rival from Boston in a seven - game playoff to advance to the Eastern Conference Finals . There , they defeated the Houston Rockets , led by future 76er Moses Malone , in six games to advance to the NBA Finals . In the Finals , they sprinted to a 2 -- 0 series lead over the Bill Walton - led Portland Trail Blazers -- who were coached by former Sixers coach / general manager Jack Ramsay -- only to drop the next four games in a row to give the Blazers the title . </P> <P> That led to the 1977 -- 78 motto of `` We owe you one '' , which would ultimately backfire when they lost in the conference finals that season to the Washington Bullets , who went on to win the NBA championship . In the next four seasons , the 76ers would fall short of the NBA Championship , even after Shue handed the coaching reins to former great Billy Cunningham . In the 1980 NBA Finals against the Los Angeles Lakers , they lost , four games to two . In Game Six , rookie Magic Johnson played center for the Lakers in place of Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ( who was out because of a sprained ankle sustained in Game Five ) and scored 42 points . In the 1981 Eastern Conference Finals , the 76ers opened a 3 -- 1 series lead over the Celtics only to see Boston come back and win the series in seven games . The following season , the 76ers again faced the Celtics in the Eastern Conference Finals , and again jumped to a 3 -- 1 series lead only to see Boston forge a 3 -- 3 series tie . The 76ers were given little chance of winning as they faced the Celtics in Game Seven at Boston Garden . This time , they played angry but inspired basketball , pulling away to a 120 -- 106 victory and becoming the 3rd NBA road team to win Game 7 after leading series 3 -- 1 . In the game 's closing moments , the Boston Garden fans began chanting `` Beat L.A. , Beat L.A. '' , as they realized their team would lose the playoff series to a hated opponent ( Philadelphia ) , nonetheless openly wished that opponent good luck in the next round against a more hated opponent ( Los Angeles ) . Although they lost in the NBA Finals , the 76ers began the 1982 -- 83 season with great momentum . </P> 1982 -- 83 season ( edit ) Moses Malone won MVP honors in 1983 , the same year he led the 76ers to their first title in 16 years . <P> Harold Katz bought the 76ers from Dixon in 1981 . On his watch , the final piece of the championship puzzle was completed before the 1982 -- 83 season when they acquired center Moses Malone from the Houston Rockets . Led by Hall of Famer Julius Erving and All - Stars Maurice Cheeks , Andrew Toney , and Bobby Jones they dominated the regular season , winning 65 games in what is still the second most winning year in franchise history . Malone was named League MVP , and when reporters asked how the playoffs would run , he answered , `` four , four , four '' -- in other words , saying that the 76ers needed to win four games in each of the 3 rounds . The media misinterpreted this and assumed Moses was predicting that the 76ers would sweep all three rounds to win the title , with the minimum 12 games . Malone 's accent made his boast sound like `` fo ' , fo ' , fo ' . '' </P> <P> However , the 76ers backed up Malone 's boast . They made a mockery of the Eastern Conference playoffs , first sweeping the New York Knicks and then beating the Milwaukee Bucks in five games . The 76ers went on to win their third NBA championship ( and second in Philadelphia ) with a four - game sweep of the Los Angeles Lakers , who had defeated them the season before . Malone was named the playoffs ' MVP . The 76ers did n't quite fulfill Malone 's prediction , as their run was actually `` fo ' , fi ' , fo '' ( `` four , five , four '' ) -- a loss to the Bucks in game four of the Eastern finals being the only blemish on their playoff run . Nonetheless , their 12 -- 1 playoff record is tied for the least number of losses in league history with the 2000 -- 01 Lakers , who went 15 -- 1 en route to the NBA Title , coincidentally beating the 76ers in the Finals ( after suffering their only defeat that postseason in Game 1 ) , and also with the 2016 - 2017 Golden State Warriors , who won the title with a 16 - 1 playoff record . The Philadelphia - based group Pieces Of A Dream had a minor hit in 1983 with the R&B song `` Fo - Fi - Fo '' , which title was prompted by Malone 's quip . This also marked the last championship in Philadelphia until the Phillies won the 2008 World Series . </P> Arrival of Charles Barkley ( edit ) <P> After a disappointing 1983 -- 84 season , which ended with a five - game loss to the upstart New Jersey Nets in the first round of the playoffs , Charles Barkley arrived in Philadelphia for the 1984 -- 85 season . For the next eight seasons , Barkley brought delight to the Philadelphia fans thanks to his humorous and sometimes controversial ways . The Sixers returned to the Eastern Conference Finals in Barkley 's rookie season , but lost to the Boston Celtics in five games . As it turned out , they would never again advance as far during Barkley 's tenure in Philadelphia . Following the ' 84 -- 85 season , Matt Guokas replaced Billy Cunningham as head coach . Guokas led the 76ers to a 54 -- 28 record and the second round of the playoffs in 1985 -- 86 , where they were defeated by the Milwaukee Bucks in seven games . </P> A ticket for a 1988 -- 89 game between the 76ers and the Hornets . <P> On June 16 , 1986 , Katz made two of the most controversial and highly criticized personnel moves in franchise history , trading Moses Malone to Washington and the first overall pick in the 1986 NBA draft ( which had been obtained from the San Diego Clippers in a 1979 trade for Joe Bryant ) to the Cleveland Cavaliers . In return , the 76ers received Roy Hinson , Jeff Ruland , and Cliff Robinson , none of whom played more than three seasons with the team . Cleveland , meanwhile , turned their acquired pick into future All - Star Brad Daugherty . </P> <P> On the night of the 1986 -- 87 season opener , Julius Erving announced he would retire after the season , which was subsequently filled with tributes in each arena the Sixers visited . On the court , the team suffered through an injury - plagued campaign , but still managed to make the playoffs with a 45 -- 37 record . Their season would end at the hands of the Bucks again , this time in a best - of - five first round series that went the distance . </P> <H3> 1987 -- 1992 : the Charles Barkley era ( edit ) </H3> Charles Barkley would spend eight seasons with the Sixers . <P> In 1987 -- 88 , with the team 's record at 20 -- 23 , Guokas was fired and replaced by assistant Jim Lynam . Lynam finished the season 16 -- 23 , to bring Philadelphia 's overall mark to 36 -- 46 . For the first time since the 1974 -- 75 season , the Sixers failed to reach the playoffs . Philadelphia selected Charles Smith with its first pick ( third overall ) in the 1988 NBA draft , then traded his rights to the Los Angeles Clippers for their first pick ( sixth overall ) , and Hersey Hawkins . In five seasons with the 76ers , Hawkins would average 19 points per game , and was the team 's all - time leader in three - point field goals attempted and made when he was traded to the Charlotte Hornets for Dana Barros , Sidney Green and draft picks in 1993 . </P> <P> In 1988 -- 89 , Philadelphia returned to the playoffs after a one - year absence , but was swept in the first round by the New York Knicks . In 1989 -- 90 , Barkley finished second in the league 's MVP voting , as the Sixers won the Atlantic Division title with a 53 -- 29 record . After defeating Cleveland in the first round of the playoffs , Philadelphia faced Michael Jordan and the Chicago Bulls in the second round . The 76ers fell to the Chicago Bulls in five games , and would do the same in 1991 after sweeping the Bucks in the first round . In 1991 -- 92 , the 76ers went 35 -- 47 and missed the playoffs for the just the second time during Barkley 's eight seasons in Philadelphia . On June 17 , 1992 , Barkley was traded to the Phoenix Suns for Jeff Hornacek , Tim Perry , and Andrew Lang , a deal that was met with harsh criticism . </P> <H3> 1992 -- 1996 : the Dark ages ( edit ) </H3> <P> Lynam relinquished his head coaching position to become general manager following the 1991 -- 92 season , and hired Doug Moe to fill the vacancy . Moe 's tenure lasted just 56 games , with the Sixers posting a 19 -- 37 record . Popular former player and longtime assistant coach Fred Carter succeeded Moe as head coach in March 1993 , but could only manage a 32 -- 76 record at the helm . Following the 1993 -- 94 season , the 76ers hired John Lucas in the dual role of head coach and general manager . The enthusiastic Lucas had been successful as a head coach for the San Antonio Spurs , and Philadelphia hoped he could breathe new life into the 76ers . It proved disastrous , as the team went 42 -- 122 in its two seasons under Lucas . The acquisition of unproductive free agents such as Scott Williams and Charles Shackleford , players at the end of their careers such as LaSalle Thompson , Orlando Woolridge , and Scott Skiles along with stunningly unwise high draft picks such as Shawn Bradley and Sharone Wright were also factors in the team 's decline . In fact , Wright would only play four seasons in the NBA while Temple product Eddie Jones -- drafted 4 slots below Wright in 1994 by the L.A. Lakers -- had 16 productive seasons as an NBA player . </P> Ed Snider purchased the 76ers in 1996 . <P> Starting with the 1990 -- 91 season , and ending with the 1995 -- 96 season , the 76ers had the dubious distinction of seeing their win total decrease each year . The nadir was the 1995 -- 96 season , when they finished with an 18 -- 64 record , the second - worst in franchise history at the time . It was also the second - worst record in the league that year , ahead of only the expansion Vancouver Grizzlies but behind the Toronto Raptors , who were also in their inaugural season . That season would turn out to be their last in The Spectrum . Katz , unpopular among fans since the 1986 trades , sold the team to Comcast Spectacor , a consortium of Philadelphia Flyers owner Ed Snider and Comcast Corporation , at the end of the 1995 -- 96 season . Snider had been the Sixers ' landlord since gaining control of the Spectrum in 1971 . Pat Croce , a former trainer for the Flyers and Sixers , took over as president . </P> <P> Many 76ers fans call these years `` The Dark Ages '' . However , after many years of misfortune , there was a bright spot . The team won the lottery for the top pick in the 1996 NBA draft . Questions remained , but with the first pick , the Sixers found their `` Answer '' : Allen Iverson . </P> <H3> 1996 -- 2006 : the Allen Iverson era ( edit ) </H3> <P> With new ownership , Iverson in place , and the 76ers moving into the CoreStates Center , things seemed to finally be heading in a positive direction . Croce fired Lucas as both coach and general manager . Johnny Davis was named head coach , while Brad Greenberg took over as general manager . Iverson was named Rookie of the Year , but Philadelphia 's overall improvement was minimal , as they finished with a 22 -- 60 record . Changes had to be made , and after the 1996 -- 97 season , Davis and Greenberg were both fired and the unveiling of a new 76ers team logo and jerseys marked a new era . To replace Davis , Larry Brown was hired as head coach . Known for a defense - first approach and transforming unsuccessful teams into winners by `` playing the right way '' , Brown faced perhaps his toughest coaching challenge . He often clashed with Iverson , but the 76ers improved to 31 wins in 1997 -- 98 . Early in the 1997 -- 98 season , the Sixers traded Jerry Stackhouse , who had been the third overall pick in the 1995 NBA draft , to the Detroit Pistons . In exchange , Philadelphia received Aaron McKie and Theo Ratliff , defensive standouts who would have an impact in the team 's resurgence . Another key figure in the team 's rise , Eric Snow , was added in a trade with the Seattle SuperSonics in January 1998 . </P> <P> Prior to the 1998 -- 99 season , the 76ers signed George Lynch and Matt Geiger , but a lockout delayed the start of the season , which was shortened to 50 games . During the season , Philadelphia acquired Tyrone Hill in a trade with Milwaukee . The team began its resurgence during this lockout - shortened season , finishing with a 28 -- 22 record and the sixth seed in the Eastern Conference playoffs , marking the first time since 1991 the team reached the postseason . In the first round , Philadelphia upset the Orlando Magic , three games to one , before being swept by the Indiana Pacers . The following season , the Sixers improved to 49 -- 33 , fifth in the East . Again , the Sixers won their first round series in four games , this time defeating the Charlotte Hornets . For the second straight year , they were defeated by Indiana in the second round , this time in six games . Though the team was moving in a positive direction , Iverson and Brown continued to clash , and their relationship deteriorated to the point where it seemed certain Iverson would be traded . A rumored trade to the Los Angeles Clippers fell through , but a complicated four - team deal that would 've seen Iverson sent to Detroit was agreed upon , only to see it dissolve due to salary cap problems . When it became clear Iverson was staying in Philadelphia , he and Brown worked to patch things up , and the team would reap the benefits in 2000 -- 01 . </P> 2000 -- 01 season ( edit ) Iverson won Most Valuable Player honors in 2001 while leading the 76ers to the NBA Finals . <P> During the 2000 -- 01 season , the 76ers got off to a hot start by winning their first ten games and were never seriously challenged in the Atlantic Division . Larry Brown coached the Eastern Conference All - Stars , and Allen Iverson was named MVP of the All - Star Game . Shortly before the All - Star break , Theo Ratliff was lost for the season with a wrist injury , one that would later prove to be devastating to his future career . Despite holding a 41 -- 14 record and a comfortable lead atop both the Atlantic Division and Eastern Conference standings at the time of the February 22 trade deadline , management felt the team needed an established center to advance deep into the playoffs . On that day , Philadelphia acquired Dikembe Mutombo from the Atlanta Hawks in a deal that sent the injured Ratliff along with Nazr Mohammed , Toni Kukoč , and Pepe Sánchez to Atlanta ( Sánchez was reacquired later in the season after the Hawks waived him ) . The 76ers went on to finish 56 -- 26 , good enough for their first Atlantic Division title since 1989 -- 90 and top seed in the Eastern Conference Playoffs . </P> <P> In the first round of the playoffs , Philadelphia faced Indiana yet again . In Game One , the 76ers wasted an 18 - point lead and lost , 79 -- 78 , when Reggie Miller hit a three - pointer in the closing seconds . Philadelphia fought back , however , and took the next three games to win the series . In the Eastern Conference Semifinals , the Sixers squared off against the Toronto Raptors and their superstar , Vince Carter . The teams alternated wins in the first four games , with Iverson scoring 54 points in Philadelphia 's Game Two victory . A Game Five win ( with Iverson scoring 52 in a 121 -- 88 rout ) and Game Six loss set up a decisive Game Seven , which the 76ers survived as Carter missed a long jump shot at the buzzer for an 88 -- 87 victory that sent the Sixers to the Eastern Conference Finals against the Milwaukee Bucks . After the teams split the first two games of the series in Philadelphia , it was learned Iverson would miss Game Three due to various nagging injuries that had plagued him late in the season . Though most predicted a Milwaukee cakewalk , the 76ers kept the game close before falling , 80 -- 74 . Philadelphia seemed to gain momentum despite the loss , and they would win Games Four and Five . Milwaukee put any Sixer celebration plans on hold by building up a 33 - point lead in the third quarter of Game Six , but the 76ers would make a furious fourth - quarter rally before falling 110 -- 100 . Struggling in the series up to that point , Iverson scored 26 points in the final quarter to finish with 46 on the night and appeared to have gotten a second wind . In Game Seven , the Bucks jumped out to a 34 -- 25 second quarter advantage before seldom - used reserve Raja Bell scored 10 points to spark a 23 -- 4 run that gave Philadelphia the lead for good . Iverson scored 44 points and the 76ers pulled away in the second half , winning by a 108 -- 91 score to put them in the NBA Finals for the first time since 1983 . As had been the case in their three previous Finals appearances , their opponent would be the Los Angeles Lakers , who had run up an 11 -- 0 record in the first three rounds of the playoffs and were expected by many to make quick work of a worn - down 76ers squad . Because of a seemingly meaningless loss to the lowly Chicago Bulls in the regular season finale ( both the Sixers and the Lakers finished with identical 56 -- 26 records , but Los Angeles was awarded a higher seed based on tiebreakers ) , the NBA Finals marked the first time in the 2001 playoffs in which the 76ers had to start a series on the road . </P> Larry Brown , who coached the 76ers from 1997 to 2003 , was named Coach of the Year in 2001 . <P> In Game One , the Lakers jumped out to an 18 -- 5 lead , but the 76ers stormed back to take a 15 - point lead in the second half . Los Angeles rallied to force a 94 -- 94 tie at the end of regulation before scoring the first five points of the overtime period , but the 76ers closed the game on a 13 -- 2 run for a 107 -- 101 triumph . Iverson hit a go - ahead three - pointer with 1 : 19 to go in the extra period , and followed that with a jump shot after which he infamously stepped over Tyronn Lue after making the basket . Eric Snow hit a running jump shot in the waning seconds with the shot clock expiring to clinch the stunning victory . The series would come back to Philadelphia even as Los Angeles took Game Two , 98 -- 89 . In Game Three , Shaquille O'Neal fouled out late in the fourth quarter , and the Sixers pulled to within a point with less than a minute to play after trailing by 12 earlier in the second half . Robert Horry , however , hit a clutch three - pointer in that final minute , and the Lakers prevailed , 96 -- 91 . Los Angeles wrapped up the second of what would be three consecutive NBA titles with a 100 -- 86 win in Game Four and a 108 -- 96 victory in Game Five . </P> <P> In addition to their Atlantic Division and Eastern Conference titles , the 2000 -- 01 76ers featured the NBA 's MVP ( Iverson ) , Coach of the Year ( Brown ) , Defensive Player of the Year ( Mutombo ) , and Sixth Man of the Year ( Aaron McKie ) . </P> Departure of Larry Brown ( edit ) <P> The 76ers went into the 2001 -- 02 season with high expectations , but were able to produce only a 43 -- 39 record , sixth in the Eastern Conference . In the first round of the playoffs , Philadelphia was defeated by the Boston Celtics , three games to two . In 2002 -- 03 , the 76ers sprinted to a 15 -- 4 start , but a 10 -- 20 swoon left them 25 -- 24 at the All - Star break . After the break , the 76ers caught fire , winning nine in a row at one point , and 23 of their last 33 to finish at 48 -- 34 , earning the fourth seed in the Eastern Conference playoffs . Iverson scored 55 points in the playoff opener against the New Orleans Hornets and the Sixers went on to win the series in six games . In the second round , the Detroit Pistons ended Philadelphia 's playoff run in a frustrating six - game series that saw the 76ers lose twice in overtime , and once on a last - second shot in regulation . It would be nine years before the Sixers won another playoff series . </P> <P> On Memorial Day , 2003 , Brown abruptly resigned as head coach , taking over the reins in Detroit a few days later . Brown 's Pistons would win the 2004 NBA Championship over the Los Angeles Lakers , in some ways avenging his loss to them in 2001 . After being turned down by Jeff Van Gundy and Eddie Jordan , the 76ers hired Randy Ayers , an assistant under Brown , as their new head coach . Ayers lasted only 52 games and was fired with the team 's record at 21 -- 31 . Chris Ford took over , but the 76ers finished the 2003 -- 04 season at 33 -- 49 , missing the playoffs for the first time in six years . Iverson , who was at odds with Ford throughout the interim coach 's tenure , played only 48 games in a stormy , injury - plagued season . </P> Arrival of Andre Iguodala ( edit ) Andre Iguodala was drafted by the 76ers in 2004 <P> For the 2004 -- 05 season , Philadelphia native Jim O'Brien was named head coach . Iverson was moved back to point guard and flourished , having arguably his finest season . He also impressed many with his willingness to get other players involved in the offense . During this season , Philadelphia acquired Chris Webber in a trade with the Sacramento Kings , with the hopes that the team had at long last found a consistent second scoring option to compliment Iverson . Andre Iguodala , Philadelphia 's first - round pick in the 2004 NBA draft , was named to the All - Rookie First Team , and the 76ers returned to the postseason with a 43 -- 39 record . In the first round , they were defeated in five games by the defending NBA Champion Pistons , coached by Larry Brown . </P> <P> Though the 2004 -- 05 76ers exceeded many on - court expectations , there was a great deal of behind - the - scenes tension between O'Brien , his players , and the front office . Shortly after the season ended , O'Brien was fired and replaced by the popular Maurice Cheeks , who played for the team from 1978 to 1989 , and was the starting point guard for the 1983 NBA Champions . However , the coaching change did not help team 's fortunes for the 2005 -- 06 season . A 2 -- 10 stretch in March doomed them to missing the playoffs for the second time in three years with a 38 -- 44 record . </P> <P> With the opening of the 2006 -- 07 season , the 76ers started out hot , going 3 -- 0 for the first time since making it to the Finals five years previously . However , they stumbled through the first half of the season and could n't quite recover , finishing 35 -- 47 , good for 3rd in the Atlantic Division , and 9th in the Eastern Conference ( tied with Indiana ) . </P> <P> On December 5 , 2006 , disappointed with the direction the team was headed , Allen Iverson gave the 76ers management an ultimatum : find players who will help support me or trade me . This was confirmed via an in - game interview with team owner , Ed Snider . </P> <H3> 2006 -- 2012 : the Andre Iguodala era ( edit ) </H3> <P> On December 19 , 2006 , Allen Iverson , along with Ivan McFarlin , were sent to the Denver Nuggets in exchange for guard Andre Miller , forward Joe Smith , and two first - round draft picks . Then , on January 11 , Sixers GM Billy King announced that the Sixers and aging forward Chris Webber had agreed to a buyout of the remainder of his contract . The Sixers would pay Webber $36 million over the next 11⁄2 seasons , which is $7 million less than he would have been paid to play . After the buyout , the Sixers waived Webber , making him a free agent . Webber signed with the Detroit Pistons shortly thereafter . </P> <P> The moves allowed the 76ers to make Iguodala the unquestioned leader of the team , and evaluate whether they saw him as a franchise player . The Sixers had started the year 3 -- 0 , then went 5 -- 10 before Iverson left the team . They would stumble out to an eight - game losing streak with Iverson deactivated ; however , they were able to finish the season on a high note , going 30 -- 29 for the remainder of the season . They finished the year 35 -- 47 . </P> Thaddeus Young was the 76ers ' first draft pick in the post-Iverson Era . <P> The Sixers drafted Georgia Tech SF Thaddeus Young with the 12th pick , traded with the Miami Heat for 21st pick Colorado State PF Jason Smith , traded with the Portland Trail Blazers for 42nd pick Vanderbilt SG / SF Derrick Byars , and then finally traded with the Utah Jazz for Providence PF Herbert Hill . </P> <P> On December 4 , 2007 , the Sixers fired Billy King and replaced him with Nets GM Ed Stefanski . </P> <P> With Iguodala , the Sixers clinched a playoff berth with a win over the Atlanta Hawks on April 4 , 2008 . It was their first postseason appearance since 2005 , as well as the first in the post-Iverson era . However , they were eliminated by the Pistons in six games , with Detroit winning the series 4 -- 2 . Even with this elimination , many fans considered this to be a successful season , considering that the Sixers were 12 games under . 500 in early February and went on to have a run that led them to the playoffs and a 40 -- 42 record . </P> 2008 -- 09 season ( edit ) Elton Brand signed for five years with the Sixers in 2008 <P> On July 9 , 2008 , the 76ers signed power forward Elton Brand to a five - year , $79.795 million contract , after trading Rodney Carney and renouncing their rights to all their unrestricted free agents . Brand had originally opted out of his contract with the Los Angeles Clippers , looking to re-sign with them . But the 76ers offered him more money ( he regarded their offer as the `` Philly - Max '' ) and a better chance at winning an NBA championship by playing in the Eastern Conference . This move has been the subject of controversy since there were rumors that he and Baron Davis had made a friendly agreement to play together for the Clippers . The team later signed free agent point guard Royal Ivey of the Milwaukee Bucks , Kareem Rush from the Indiana Pacers , and then signed former Sixer Theo Ratliff after Jason Smith 's injury . Donyell Marshall was signed on September 2 , 2008 , after he stated to his agent that he wanted to go back home and end his career in Philadelphia . Rush , Ivey , Ratliff and Marshall were all paid the veteran 's minimum salary , but they were to be contributors to a team on the rise . During the off - season , they also re-signed restricted free agents Lou Williams and Andre Iguodala for five years / $25 million and six years / $80 million , respectively . </P> <P> However , the Sixers could n't find the form that pushed them to the playoffs last year . The Sixers started the year with a 9 -- 14 record before firing head coach Maurice Cheeks on December 13 . Assistant GM Tony DiLeo took over and the Sixers gradually improved . They finished the season with a 41 -- 41 record , with a 32 -- 27 record under DiLeo . Brand 's first season with the Sixers ended early with a right shoulder injury that required surgery . Despite the loss of Brand , the Sixers earned a playoff berth with a 95 -- 90 win against the Detroit Pistons on April 4 , 2009 , at home . </P> <P> In the first round , they faced the Orlando Magic . Three of the first four games of the series provided late - game heroics . Iguodala and Thaddeus Young made game - winning shots in Games 1 and 3 , respectively , while Orlando 's Hedo Türkoğlu provided the game - winner in Game 4 . Just like in the previous year 's playoffs , the Sixers led 2 -- 1 after three games , but the Magic won three straight to eliminate the Sixers from the playoffs . </P> <P> It was also during the season that the Sixers played one home game at their old home , the Wachovia Spectrum . The Sixers won 104 -- 101 over the Chicago Bulls on March 13 , 2009 . The game was played to provide the final curtain call on the Spectrum , which was scheduled to be imploded on New Year 's Eve 2009 . </P> 2009 -- 10 season ( edit ) Iverson during his second stint <P> Following the playoff loss , Tony DiLeo returned to his front office job , creating a head coaching vacancy . Former Washington Wizards coach Eddie Jordan was introduced as the 76ers ' new coach on June 1 , 2009 . In the 2009 off - season , the Sixers drafted UCLA point guard Jrue Holiday with the 17th pick . The Sixers also traded power forward Reggie Evans to the Toronto Raptors for a three - point specialist , small forward Jason Kapono , who had won back - to - back three - point shootouts in 2007 and 2008 . The off - season also marked the return of the 1977 -- 97 76ers logo , along with a redesigned court and new uniforms updating the 1980s ones . </P> <P> On December 2 , 2009 , the Philadelphia 76ers announced that they had signed Allen Iverson to a one - year prorated $1.3 million non-guaranteed contract . The 76ers were 5 -- 13 at the time and had lost Lou Williams for at least 30 games to injury . Iverson made his `` re-debut '' for the 76ers against the team he was traded to , the Denver Nuggets , to a thunderous ovation from the sell - out crowd , scoring 11 points , with six assists and five rebounds . </P> <P> However , the euphoria that greeted Iverson 's return to the 76ers faded quickly . On February 22 , Iverson announced he was leaving the 76ers indefinitely to attend to his daughter 's illness , and a few weeks later the 76ers announced that Iverson would not be returning for the rest of the season . </P> <P> The 76ers finished the season with a record of 27 -- 55 , their first 50 - loss season since 1998 . Most cited the reason behind this as the players ' inability to play within Eddie Jordan 's Princeton offense , with several players unhappy with his system . Hours after the 76ers ' last game at Orlando on April 14 , the team fired Jordan after one season . He was the fourth coach to be fired after one season or less since Larry Brown left the team in 2003 . </P> 2010 -- 11 season ( edit ) <P> On May 20 , 2010 , TNT analyst Doug Collins was named head coach of the 76ers . Collins played for the Sixers for his entire NBA career after being the first overall pick in the 1973 draft , and had previously coached the Chicago Bulls , Detroit Pistons , and the Washington Wizards . The 76ers had the sixth - best odds at receiving the top pick in the 2010 draft , and they managed to land the second overall pick , beating out the Warriors , Kings , Timberwolves , and Nets , who all had better odds . They used that draft pick to select Ohio State University 's Evan Turner . </P> Doug Collins was hired by the 76ers as head coach in 2010 , after previously playing for the team in the 1970s . <P> The Sixers started the season with an uninspiring 3 -- 13 mark , but started turning things around , to finish with a 41 -- 41 record . They clinched a playoff berth on April 1 , 2011 , their third in the last four years . The 76ers faced the heavily favored Miami Heat in the first round , and ultimately fell to them in five games . Although they lost the series , Collins was praised for turning around a lottery team in his first season , as well as winning a playoff game when many pundits predicted that the Sixers would be swept . Collins also finished second in Coach of the Year voting . </P> 2011 -- 12 season ( edit ) <P> On July 13 , 2011 , Comcast - Spectacor reached an agreement to sell the 76ers to an investment group led by Apollo Global Management co-founder Joshua Harris . Harris ' group paid $280 million for the franchise . The sale did not include any ownership stake in the Flyers or in Comcast Sportsnet . The Sixers will continue to play their home games at the Wells Fargo Center for the foreseeable future . Actor Will Smith ( a Philadelphia native ) and his wife Jada Pinkett Smith are notable minority owners . The new ownership group decided to retain Head Coach Doug Collins and President of Basketball Operations Rod Thorn . Ed Stefanski , who served as the team 's General Manager since 2007 , was relieved of his duties . </P> <P> The 2011 -- 12 NBA season was delayed into December and the Sixers did not play their home opener until January 6 , 2012 . The home opener marked the debut of an improved in - game presentation at the Wells Fargo Center . </P> <P> The Sixers had their best start since the 2000 -- 01 season with a 20 -- 9 record , battling for the Eastern Conference 's best record and taking a firm division lead . The Sixers , however , finished the rest of the season 15 -- 22 , giving them a 35 -- 31 record . Attributed to their lack of a true go - to scorer , the 76ers lost hold of the top - three seed and division championship that they held for most of the season , by going on the losing steak . Nevertheless , they clinched their fourth playoff berth in the last five years on the penultimate play date of the season . </P> <P> Philadelphia earned the eighth seed in the 2012 NBA playoffs , facing the 1st - seeded Chicago Bulls . Philadelphia improved from their struggles in the second half of the regular season , beating Chicago 4 -- 2 to win their first series since 2003 . This was the fifth time in NBA history that an eight seed has beaten a one seed . They then faced their rival , the Boston Celtics , in the second round , and were eliminated 4 -- 3 . The Sixers once again faced criticism for their lack of a true scorer , as they were not able to keep pace with the Celtics ' scoring . They were , however , given credit for winning the regular - season series against Boston and forcing the playoff series to seven games against the Celtics , who had won the last four division championships . </P> 2012 -- 13 season ( edit ) <P> In an effort to re-tool for the upcoming season , The 76ers selected Maurice ' Mo ' Harkless , and Arnett Moultrie ( via trade with Miami ) in the 2012 NBA draft . The Sixers then used their amnesty clause on Elton Brand , traded for Dorell Wright , signed Nick Young , Kwame Brown , and Royal Ivey , and re-signed Spencer Hawes , while Lavoy Allen , Lou Williams , and Jodie Meeks left through free agency . </P> <P> On August 9 , 2012 , the 76ers agreed to a four - team trade with the Los Angeles Lakers , Orlando Magic and Denver Nuggets . In the trade that sent six - time All - Star Dwight Howard to the Lakers , Philadelphia agreed to send 2011 first - round pick Nikola Vučević , 2012 first - round draft pick Maurice Harkless , and a future first - round draft pick to Orlando , as well as All - Star swingman Andre Iguodala to Denver . In exchange , they received Jason Richardson from the Magic and All - Star center Andrew Bynum from the Los Angeles Lakers . </P> <P> The Sixers started the 2012 -- 13 NBA season with high expectations with the help of Andrew Bynum and the growth of the young Sixers . However , Bynum 's debut with the 76ers took a hit when he was sidelined for precautionary reasons , in relation to the Orthokine knee procedure he received during the off - season . At first it looked like Bynum would be out only shortly , but little success in healing and setbacks pushed Bynum 's return date further and further . As a result of many setbacks , on March 19 , the Sixers announced that Bynum would have season - ending surgery on both knees . Bynum was n't the only Sixer to suffer through injuries . On February 8 , Jason Richardson also went through a season - ending knee surgery . Jrue Holiday , Thaddeus Young , Nick Young , and Royal Ivey also had injuries that sidelined them for weeks . By the end of the season , Evan Turner and Spencer Hawes were the only Sixers to play in every game during the season . The Sixers started the season 12 -- 9 but stumbled through a tough stretch and could n't recover . The Sixers finished the season 34 -- 48 , missing the playoffs for the first time since Doug Collins had taken over as head coach . </P> <P> On April 18 , Collins resigned as 76ers coach , citing his declining health and need to spend time with his grandchildren . He stayed with the team as an adviser . Soon after , general manager Tony DiLeo had `` cut ties '' with the team . On May 11 , it was announced that Sam Hinkie , who had previously worked for the Houston Rockets , would replace DiLeo as general manager . On July 8 , it was announced that Adam Aron had stepped down as CEO , and was being replaced by Scott O'Neil . Aron maintained his position as co-owner of the team . </P> <H3> 2013 -- present : the Process era ( edit ) </H3> 2013 -- 14 season ( edit ) Brett Brown is the 76ers ' current head coach <P> Following the 2012 -- 13 season , the Sixers , led by Hinkie , chose to shift in the direction of rebuilding the franchise . In an interview , Sixers guard Tony Wroten would refer to the major rebuilding culture surrounding Philadelphia as `` The Process '' . The first move of this new plan was executed during the 2013 draft , when the Sixers agreed in principle to trade Jrue Holiday and the 42nd pick in the draft , Pierre Jackson , to the New Orleans Pelicans for Nerlens Noel and the Pelicans ' 2014 first - round pick . The trade was later made official on July 12 . The trade was seen by some as somewhat surprising , as Holiday had been the team 's marquee player and was coming off a season that saw him make his first NBA All - Star Game . Additionally , Noel was recovering from an anterior cruciate ligament injury suffered while in college , strongly indicating that he would not be able to make an immediate impact for the Sixers as he would be inactive to start the season . The Sixers used the 11th pick in the draft to select Michael Carter - Williams as Holiday 's replacement as the starting point guard . The Sixers chose Arsalan Kazemi with the 54th overall pick , making Kazemi the first Iranian chosen in the NBA draft . </P> <P> Following the Holiday trade , many of the team 's returning players were either waived or left the team in free agency , most notably Andrew Bynum ; of the 15 players on the team 's roster during their final game of the 2012 -- 13 season , only six remained with the team by January 1 , 2014 . In their place were a number of young prospects , many coming from the NBA Development League or signing with the Sixers after playing limited roles on other teams . Further moves at the trade deadline on February 20 , 2014 , saw the exits of veterans Spencer Hawes , Evan Turner , and Lavoy Allen , all of whom were key rotational players . </P> <P> The 76ers , predicted by many to finish with the worst record in the league , had a 3 -- 0 start that included wins over the two - time defending champion Miami Heat and a Chicago Bulls team with high expectations . However , the Sixers struggled mightily after that , at one point posting a 26 - game losing streak which set a franchise record and tied the all - time NBA record for most consecutive losses in a single - season . The Sixers finished the season with a 19 -- 63 record , the third - worst in franchise history . Despite that , the Sixers did not have the worst win / loss record in the overall NBA standings : the Bucks fared worse with a 15 -- 67 record . </P> <P> Carter - Williams led all rookies in points , rebounds , assists , and steals , joining Magic Johnson and Oscar Robertson as the only rookies to do such a feat . He also won the player of the week award in his first week , being the second rookie after Shaquille O'Neal to accomplish that . He went on to win the Rookie of the Year award , becoming the first rookie drafted 10th or later to win the award since Mark Jackson in 1987 for the Knicks . </P> 2014 -- 15 season ( edit ) Nerlens Noel was acquired during the 2013 NBA draft <P> In the 2014 NBA draft , the Sixers selected Joel Embiid with the third overall pick , and traded with Orlando for Croatian prospect Dario Šarić , the twelfth pick of the draft . Neither prospect was expected to make an immediate impact for the Sixers , as Embiid was recovering from a stress fracture in the navicular bone , while Šarić will likely spend one or more years playing in the Turkish League . In the second round , the Sixers selected K.J. McDaniels , Jerami Grant , Jordan McRae , and Serbian prospect Vasilije Micić . The Sixers also traded a second - round pick to re-acquire Pierre Jackson from the New Orleans Pelicans . </P> <P> In the 2014 off - season , the Sixers traded Thaddeus Young to Minnesota in the Kevin Love to Cleveland trade , and received the Heat 's 2015 first - round draft pick , Luc Mbah a Moute and Alexey Shved , leaving only two players with three years of experience on the Sixers remaining . </P> <P> In June 2014 the it was announced that the team would move their practice facility and home offices to the Camden Waterfront , across the Delaware River from Philadelphia in Camden , New Jersey . </P> <P> On November 29 , 2014 , the 76ers lost to the Dallas Mavericks 103 -- 110 and set a franchise record for losses to start the season , as they fell to a record of 0 -- 16 . After losing their next game against the San Antonio Spurs to make it 0 -- 17 , the 76ers were on the verge of tying the NBA record of 18 straight losses to start a season if they lost to the Minnesota Timberwolves on December 3 , but they broke their losing streak and won their first game of the 2014 -- 15 season with an 85 -- 77 victory at Minnesota . </P> <P> In three deals at the 2015 NBA trade deadline , the 76ers traded Carter - Williams and McDaniels for JaVale McGee , Isaiah Canaan , and three draft picks , including a protected 2015 first round pick originally owned by the Los Angeles Lakers . </P> <P> The Sixers finished the season with an 18 -- 64 record , tied with the second - worst in franchise history since 1995 -- 96 when Jerry Stackhouse drafted in Philly . Despite that , the Sixers did not have the worst win / loss record in the overall NBA standings : the Timberwolves fared worse with a 16 -- 66 record and Knicks fared second with 17 -- 65 record . </P> 2015 -- 16 season ( edit ) Jerry Colangelo joined the team 's front office in 2015 <P> On May 19 , the 76ers were awarded the third overall pick in the 2015 NBA draft , where they selected Duke center Jahlil Okafor with the third overall pick . The 76ers also signed J.P. Tokoto with the 58th overall pick . On November 27 , the 76ers lost to the Houston Rockets 116 -- 114 , giving them a 27 - game losing streak dating back to the previous season , which became the longest losing streak in professional sports . During the same game the Sixers set a franchise record of 16 three pointers made during the losing effort . On December 1 , the 76ers beat the Los Angeles Lakers at home by a score of 103 -- 91 , but not before setting a league record 28 consecutive losses dating to the 2014 -- 15 season . In doing so , the 76ers also managed to avoid setting a new NBA record of most losses to begin a season . They instead tied the old record of 18 losses set by the then - New Jersey Nets in the 2009 -- 10 season . </P> <P> On December 8 , the 76ers announced that they would hire Jerry Colangelo , Chairman of the Board of Directors for USA Basketball , as the Special Advisor to the Managing General Partner and Chairman of Basketball Operations . In the first move the team made after hiring Colangelo , they traded two second - round draft picks to the New Orleans Pelicans in return for point guard Ish Smith . After starting 1 -- 30 , the 76ers went 7 -- 25 following the trade . On March 1 , 2016 , the 76ers , at the time with a record of 8 -- 51 , missed the playoffs for the fourth straight season . The 76ers finished the season 10 -- 72 . </P> <P> On April 6 , 2016 , Sam Hinkie resigned by way of a 7,000 word letter of resignation . On April 10 , 2016 , Bryan Colangelo , the son of Jerry Colangelo , was named president of basketball operations . In the NBA Draft Lottery , the Philadelphia 76ers earned the first pick in the draft , after they had a 25 % chance of earning the spot . </P> <P> On June 23 , 2016 , following the 2015 -- 16 NBA season , and after the 76ers were awarded the first overall pick in the 2016 draft , the team selected LSU Point Forward Ben Simmons first overall . The Sixers also selected French basketball player Timothé Luwawu and Turkish basketball player Furkan Korkmaz with the 24th and 26th picks in the 2016 NBA draft respectively . Many consider the 2016 NBA Draft a turning point for the 76ers after their three seasons of not being competitive resulted in the franchise garnering the first overall pick , the first time the team owned the first since 1996 when the 76ers selected point guard Allen Iverson first overall . The Sixers subsequently traded for another number one pick in the 2017 NBA draft , choosing Markelle Fultz . </P> <H2> Team logos and uniforms ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Primary logo , 1963 -- 1997 </Li> <Li> Wordmark logo , 2015 -- present </Li> </Ul> <P> While team colors have changed somewhat over the years , with emphasis alternating between blue , white , red , and even black and gold , the 76ers have always been closely identified with the logo featuring the number 76 with 13 stars arranged in a circle above the number 7 to represent the original 13 American colonies . The logo portrays the patriotic nature of the United States , prominently featuring the colors red , blue and white , and Philadelphia 's reputation as the birthplace of American independence . The logo was used from 1963 to 1977 , after which it was slightly modified to feature the full team nickname and a basketball adorning the logo . This iteration was used from 1977 to 1997 . The 76ers also had an alternate logo with the ' 76 ' wordmark inside the silhouette of the Liberty Bell with ' Philadelphia ' on top . </P> <P> Uniforms during this era varied between blue and red . During much of the 1960s , the abbreviated city name ' PHILA ' adorned the uniforms , ranging from fancy and contemporary two - tone script to classic block lettering , the latter of which was used during their 1967 title run . Blue was the primary road color for most of the 1960s ( except the 1965 -- 66 season ) , but for the 1968 -- 69 season , red became the primary away color , with the away uniform featuring ' PHILA ' and the block numbers in white with blue trim ( later switching color designations in the 1970 -- 71 season ) . Player names were also added as part of the NBA mandate . A uniquely - designed home uniform was used in the second half of the 1971 season , featuring a script ' Seventy Sixers ' wordmark in red with blue trim , the only time the full team name was used on the uniform . </P> <P> From 1971 to 1978 they returned to blue as the primary road color , with the more popular moniker ' SIXERS ' written in Art Deco lettering . With various adjustments from block lettering to Bookman Old Style font , this version with stars in side stripes stayed until 1978 . The uniforms from 1978 to 1991 were a classic nod to their 1967 uniforms , except that the road color is red and the home lettering is blue with red trim . The name ' SIXERS ' was featured in block lettering . This uniform was used in their 1983 title run . From 1991 to 1994 , the Sixers followed other teams in designing more graphic - laden uniforms by featuring a streaking blue splash with tricolored stars heading up to the word ' SIXERS ' in Helvetica and in either red ( home ) or white ( away ) . In addition , the word ' PHILADELPHIA ' was added atop the team name . From 1994 to 1997 , the Sixers return to a more basic uniform design , featuring a more ornate lettering . The team name is in red ( home ) and white ( away ) , with numbers in blue . </P> <P> In the 1997 -- 98 NBA season , the Sixers drastically changed their logo and colors in an effort to appeal to a more youthful , hip - hop oriented culture . The iconic 76 logo was dropped , and a new logo was introduced , featuring a bigger 76ers script , with a single star behind the number 7 and a streaking basketball below . More controversially , gold and black were introduced to the color scheme , along with red , white and blue . Uniforms were primarily white ( home ) , and black ( away ) , with slight adjustments in the home logo lettering ( gold 1997 -- 2000 , black 2000 -- 09 ) , trim and piping . Until the 2006 -- 07 season , player names featured a red trim , before dropping it altogether and shrunk the font size in the 2007 -- 08 season ; the alternates adopted this design that season , with the regular uniforms following suit that same season . A blue alternate uniform was worn 1999 -- 2006 , while a red alternate uniform , featuring a return to the ' PHILA ' script in then - current lettering , was worn 2006 -- 09 . This logo and color scheme were used until the 2008 -- 09 NBA season . </P> <P> During the 2008 -- 09 season , while the previous logo was still in use , the original ' Stars and Stripes ' 76 logo was revived to coincide with the team 's 60th anniversary ( counting the Syracuse years ) . The previous 1977 -- 97 logo was reintroduced , with the addition of a red square and ' Philadelphia ' inside a blue rectangle below it , although the partial logo without the square , city name and rectangles was also used . Uniform colors for this anniversary edition were white only , using the 1978 -- 91 design . The anniversary uniforms proved so popular that they inspired the team to return to the old logo and color scheme full - time for the 2009 -- 10 season , with red away uniforms completing the ensemble . This variation featured different striping patterns , team name in blue and numbers in red on the home uniforms , and monotone script . This combination continues to represent the 76ers to the present . A blue alternate uniform , which mirrors that of the red away uniform , was unveiled before the 2012 -- 13 season . For the 2013 -- 14 season , the blue uniforms became the primary while the red uniforms became the alternate , marking the first season since 1977 -- 78 that the 76ers wore blue as a primary away uniform . The red uniform was retired prior to the 2014 -- 15 season . </P> <P> A new version of the classic 76ers logo was unveiled for the 2015 -- 16 season , featuring a slight tilt to the white basketball and a roundel featuring the city name and six stars . A secondary `` Dribbling Ben Franklin '' logo was also introduced . The home white , away blue and red alternate uniforms featured a mix of classic styles used in previous uniforms . The home white and away blue uniforms featured the ' PHILA ' wordmark as homage to the late 1960s uniforms , while the red alternates featured the ' SIXERS ' wordmark in tribute to the 1980s uniforms . Side stripes featuring seven stars on one side and six on the other pay homage to the 1970s uniforms , while the shoulder piping was a callback to the 1980s uniforms . The inscription ' PHILA TOUGH ' is sewed on the bottom of all uniforms . </P> <P> The switch to Nike saw the Sixers make some slight tweaks to their uniform set . The blue `` Icon '' uniform and the white `` Association '' uniform now feature a red drop shadow on the lettering , and the inscription ' Brotherly Love ' replaced ' PHILA TOUGH ' near the manufacturer 's tag . </P> <H2> Mascot ( edit ) </H2> Franklin the Dog with fan at 2015 NBA All - Star Weekend <H3> Franklin the Dog ( edit ) </H3> <P> On February 10 , 2015 , Franklin the Dog was introduced as the new Philadelphia 76ers mascot to 400 fans and media at The Franklin Institute . After spending the weekend in New York City for the 2015 NBA All - Star Game as the newest NBA mascot , he then was introduced at the Wells Fargo Center in his first game on February 19 , 2015 . In almost his first year as the new mascot he has had more than 100 appearances around the Delaware Valley area entertaining fans of all ages with his fantastic dance moves , his dunking skills on the trampoline and his cuddly and warm kid friendly , entertaining and amusing comedic antics . He most recently was invited to Johannesburg , South Africa for the first ever NBA Africa Game , played on August 1 , 2015 , at Ellis Park Arena and was nationally televised by ESPN , as the game was headlined by Chris Paul , Luol Deng , Pau Gasol , and many more NBA stars . </P> <H2> Rivalries ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Boston Celtics ( edit ) </H3> Main article : 76ers -- Celtics rivalry Wilt Chamberlain being defended by Bill Russell of the Boston Celtics . <P> The rivalry between the 76ers and Boston Celtics is the earliest dated rivalry in the NBA . The two teams have the most meetings in the NBA Playoffs , playing each other in nineteen series , of which the Celtics have won twelve . It is considered to be the 2nd greatest rivalry in the NBA next to the Celtics -- Lakers rivalry . The rivalry first peaked when Wilt Chamberlain and Bill Russell of the Celtics played each other from 1965 to 1968 . The 1966 -- 67 Sixers , voted the best team in league history during the NBA 's 35th anniversary , set a then - record by winning 68 games in the 81 game season ( a record since broken by the Lakers , Bulls and Warriors ) and ending Boston 's eight - year title reign which led to the infamous `` Boston 's Dead ! '' chants . </P> <P> The 76ers went through a rebuilding period through the early 1970s , however came back to relevance during the 1976 season in which they defeated the Celtics en route to a Finals appearance . Both teams would peak in the 1980s , with every single Eastern Conference Championship between 1980 and 1987 belonging to either the 76ers or Celtics . The Larry Bird - led Celtics won five of them , while the Julius Erving - led 76ers won the other three . The Charles Barkley - led Sixers of the later 1980s took the fight to the Celtics , however neither team experienced much playoff success in the late 1980s and both took steep nosedives in the Eastern Conference rankings throughout the 1990s . </P> <P> The rivalry was reborn in the new millennium . The first time , the Allen Iverson - led defending - Eastern Conference champions 76ers were defeated in the first round of the 2002 playoffs by the Paul Pierce - led Celtics 3 -- 2 . The second time , exactly ten years later , the Big Three Celtics ( Kevin Garnett , Paul Pierce and Ray Allen ) defeated the valiant eight seed 76ers team 4 -- 3 . In the ten years in between , the Sixers would experience limited success whereas the Celtics won a championship and contended for most of that span . In a memorable 2006 regular season meeting between the two , the 76ers defeated the Celtics 125 -- 124 in triple overtime , with Iverson leading the way with 33 points and 10 assists . </P> <H3> Los Angeles Lakers ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Los Angeles Lakers are the Sixers ' biggest rival from the Western Conference . The rivalry has been most intense during the late 1970s and early 1980s , when both teams were big title contenders with well - known NBA players such as Magic Johnson , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Julius Erving , and Moses Malone . During this period , the teams have met each other in the NBA Finals 3 times ; in 1980 , 1982 , and 1983 . The Lakers took the series in 1980 and 1982 , but the Sixers won the series in 1983 . </P> <P> The rivalry was dormant during the rest of the 1980s and the entire 1990s with the 76ers going through tough rebuilding times . However , the rivalry made a comeback in the 2001 NBA Finals , when the Allen Iverson and Dikembe Mutombo - led Sixers met the Kobe Bryant and Shaquille O'Neal - led Lakers . The Sixers shocked the world by beating the seemingly unbeatable Lakers in Game 1 at Los Angeles . The Lakers , however , would take the next four games to win the series . The rivalry has cooled since then with both the Sixers and Lakers going through rebuilding periods . </P> <H3> New York Knicks ( edit ) </H3> <P> The rivalry started due to the proximity of two cities , 2 hours by car , and the rivalries between two cities with sports teams was the stemming of the Mets -- Phillies rivalry of the Major League Baseball , the Eagles -- Giants rivalry of the National Football League , and the Flyers -- Rangers rivalry of the National Hockey League . </P> <H2> Season - by - season records ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Philadelphia 76ers seasons <H2> Facilities ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Home arenas ( edit ) </H3> The Spectrum , shown in 2005 , hosted the 76ers from 1967 to 1996 . Wells Fargo Center , known as the CoreStates ( 1996 -- 98 ) , First Union ( 1998 -- 2003 ) , and Wachovia Center ( 2003 -- 10 ) , is currently the home arena of the 76ers . <Ul> <Li> Convention Hall and Philadelphia Arena ( 1963 -- 1967 ) </Li> <Li> The Spectrum ( 1967 -- 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Wells Fargo Center ( 1996 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Training facility ( edit ) </H3> 76ers training complex <P> The 76ers ' training facility and headquarters for basketball operations are located at the Philadelphia 76ers Training Complex in Camden , New Jersey . In 2014 , the 76ers announced their plans to construct a new training complex , which was officially opened on September 23 , 2016 . </P> <P> The team previously practiced at the campus of the Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine . </P> <H2> Players ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Philadelphia 76ers all - time roster <H3> Current roster ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Philadelphia 76ers roster <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Players </Th> <Th> Coaches </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Pos . </Th> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Height </Th> <Th> Weight </Th> <Th> DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) </Th> <Th> From </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2.5 ! G / F </Td> <Td> 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 </Td> <Td> Anderson , Justin </Td> <Td> 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) </Td> <Td> 228 lb ( 103 kg ) </Td> <Td> 1993 - 11 - 19 </Td> <Td> Virginia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1.5 ! G </Td> <Td> 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 </Td> <Td> Bayless , Jerryd </Td> <Td> 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) </Td> <Td> 200 lb ( 91 kg ) </Td> <Td> 1988 - 08 - 20 </Td> <Td> Arizona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1.5 ! G </Td> <Td> 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 </Td> <Td> Blackmon Jr. , James </Td> <Td> 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) </Td> <Td> 200 lb ( 91 kg ) </Td> <Td> 1995 - 04 - 22 </Td> <Td> Indiana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4.0 ! F </Td> <Td> 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 </Td> <Td> Covington , Robert </Td> <Td> 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) </Td> <Td> 215 lb ( 98 kg ) </Td> <Td> 1990 - 12 - 14 </Td> <Td> Tennessee State </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6.0 ! C </Td> <Td> 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 </Td> <Td> Embiid , Joel ( C ) </Td> <Td> 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) </Td> <Td> 250 lb ( 113 kg ) </Td> <Td> 1994 - 03 - 16 </Td> <Td> Kansas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1.5 ! G </Td> <Td> 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 </Td> <Td> Fultz , Markelle </Td> <Td> 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) </Td> <Td> 195 lb ( 88 kg ) </Td> <Td> 1998 - 05 - 29 </Td> <Td> Washington </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4.0 ! F </Td> <Td> 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 </Td> <Td> Holmes , Richaun </Td> <Td> 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) </Td> <Td> 245 lb ( 111 kg ) </Td> <Td> 1993 - 10 - 15 </Td> <Td> Bowling Green </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4.0 ! F </Td> <Td> 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 </Td> <Td> Humphries , Kris </Td> <Td> 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) </Td> <Td> 235 lb ( 107 kg ) </Td> <Td> 1985 - 02 - 06 </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4.0 ! F </Td> <Td> 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 </Td> <Td> Johnson , Amir </Td> <Td> 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) </Td> <Td> 240 lb ( 109 kg ) </Td> <Td> 1987 - 05 - 01 </Td> <Td> Westchester HS ( CA ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2.5 ! G / F </Td> <Td> 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 </Td> <Td> Korkmaz , Furkan </Td> <Td> 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) </Td> <Td> 190 lb ( 86 kg ) </Td> <Td> 1997 - 07 - 24 </Td> <Td> Turkey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2.5 ! G / F </Td> <Td> 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 </Td> <Td> Luwawu - Cabarrot , Timothé </Td> <Td> 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) </Td> <Td> 205 lb ( 93 kg ) </Td> <Td> 1995 - 05 - 09 </Td> <Td> France </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4.0 ! F </Td> <Td> 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 </Td> <Td> McAdoo , James Michael ( TW ) </Td> <Td> 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) </Td> <Td> 240 lb ( 109 kg ) </Td> <Td> 1993 - 01 - 04 </Td> <Td> North Carolina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1.5 ! G </Td> <Td> 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 </Td> <Td> McConnell , T.J. </Td> <Td> 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) </Td> <Td> 200 lb ( 91 kg ) </Td> <Td> 1992 - 03 - 25 </Td> <Td> Arizona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6.0 ! C </Td> <Td> 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 </Td> <Td> Okafor , Emeka </Td> <Td> 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) </Td> <Td> 255 lb ( 116 kg ) </Td> <Td> 1982 - 09 - 28 </Td> <Td> Connecticut </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6.0 ! C </Td> <Td> 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 </Td> <Td> Okafor , Jahlil </Td> <Td> 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) </Td> <Td> 275 lb ( 125 kg ) </Td> <Td> 1995 - 12 - 15 </Td> <Td> Duke </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1.5 ! G </Td> <Td> 5000000000000000000 ♠ 00 </Td> <Td> Pullen , Jacob </Td> <Td> 7000185420000000000 ♠ 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) </Td> <Td> 200 lb ( 91 kg ) </Td> <Td> 1989 - 11 - 10 </Td> <Td> Kansas State </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1.5 ! G </Td> <Td> 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 </Td> <Td> Redick , J.J. </Td> <Td> 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) </Td> <Td> 190 lb ( 86 kg ) </Td> <Td> 1984 - 06 - 24 </Td> <Td> Duke </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4.0 ! F </Td> <Td> 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 </Td> <Td> Šarić , Dario </Td> <Td> 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) </Td> <Td> 223 lb ( 101 kg ) </Td> <Td> 1994 - 04 - 08 </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4.0 ! F </Td> <Td> 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 </Td> <Td> Simmons , Ben </Td> <Td> 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) </Td> <Td> 240 lb ( 109 kg ) </Td> <Td> 1996 - 07 - 20 </Td> <Td> LSU </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1.5 ! G </Td> <Td> 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 </Td> <Td> Stauskas , Nik </Td> <Td> 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) </Td> <Td> 205 lb ( 93 kg ) </Td> <Td> 1993 - 10 - 07 </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Head coach </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Brett Brown </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Assistant coach ( es ) </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Jim O'Brien </Li> <Li> Lloyd Pierce </Li> <Li> Kevin Young </Li> <Li> John Bryant ( player development ) </Li> <Li> John Townsend ( shooting coach ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Legend </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> ( C ) Team captain </Li> <Li> ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick </Li> <Li> ( FA ) Free agent </Li> <Li> ( S ) Suspended </Li> <Li> ( GL ) On assignment to G League affiliate </Li> <Li> ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player </Li> <Li> Injured </Li> </Ul> <P> Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2017 - 07 - 09 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Retained draft rights ( edit ) </H3> <P> The 76ers hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee who is n't signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the player 's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player 's contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Draft </Th> <Th> Round </Th> <Th> Pick </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Pos . </Th> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Th> Current team </Th> <Th> Note ( s ) </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Pasečņiks , Anžejs Anžejs Pasečņiks </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Latvia </Td> <Td> Gran Canaria ( Spain ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Bolden , Jonah Jonah Bolden </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Maccabi Tel Aviv ( Israel ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Lessort , Mathias Mathias Lessort </Td> <Td> PF </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Crvena zvezda mts ( Serbia ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> Micić , Vasilije Vasilije Micić </Td> <Td> PG </Td> <Td> Serbia </Td> <Td> Žalgiris Kaunas ( Lithuania ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Franchise leaders and records ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Philadelphia 76ers accomplishments and records <H3> Retired numbers ( edit ) </H3> <P> All of the Sixers retired numbers are hanging on the rafters in the Wells Fargo Center </P> Former Sixer public address announcer Dave Zinkoff See also : Squad number § Retired numbers <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Philadelphia 76ers retired numbers and honorees </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Tenure </Th> <Th> Date of Retirement </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Allen Iverson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1996 -- 2006 2009 -- 2010 </Td> <Td> March 1 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dolph Schayes </Td> <Td> F / C </Td> <Td> 1948 -- 1964 </Td> <Td> March 12 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Julius Erving </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1976 -- 1987 </Td> <Td> April 18 , 1988 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Maurice Cheeks </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1978 -- 1989 </Td> <Td> February 6 , 1995 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Wilt Chamberlain </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1965 -- 1968 </Td> <Td> March 18 , 1991 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Hal Greer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1963 -- 1973 </Td> <Td> November 19 , 1976 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Bobby Jones </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1978 -- 1986 </Td> <Td> November 7 , 1986 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Billy Cunningham </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1965 -- 1972 1974 -- 1976 </Td> <Td> December 17 , 1976 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Charles Barkley </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1984 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> March 30 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dave Zinkoff </Td> <Td> Public - address announcer </Td> <Td> 1963 -- 1985 </Td> <Td> March 25 , 1986 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> Notes : </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Also served as player - coach ( 1963 -- 1966 ) . </Li> <Li> Also served as head coach ( 2005 -- 2008 ) . </Li> <Li> Also Philadelphia native , and Philadelphia Warriors , 1959 -- 1962 . </Li> <Li> 1958 -- 1963 in Syracuse </Li> <Li> Also served as head coach ( 1977 -- 1985 ) . </Li> <Li> Also Philadelphia Warriors , ( 1946 -- 1962 ) . </Li> <Li> Nerlens Noel wore the number at the time of the announcement ( 2013 -- 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Non-issued numbers ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> 2 -- Moses Malone , C , 1982 -- 1986 and 1993 -- 1994 . On December 1 , 2015 , the 76ers announced that Malone 's No. 2 jersey would be retired in the future . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Basketball Hall of famers ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="5"> Philadelphia 76ers Basketball Hall of Famers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="5"> Players </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Tenure </Th> <Th> Inducted </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> Dolph Schayes </Td> <Td> F / C </Td> <Td> 1948 -- 1964 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Wilt Chamberlain </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1965 -- 1968 </Td> <Td> 1979 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Hal Greer </Td> <Td> G / F </Td> <Td> 1958 -- 1973 </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Al Cervi </Td> <Td> F / G </Td> <Td> 1948 -- 1953 </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Billy Cunningham </Td> <Td> F / C </Td> <Td> 1965 -- 1972 1974 -- 1976 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Julius Erving </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1976 -- 1987 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> George Yardley </Td> <Td> F / G </Td> <Td> 1959 -- 1960 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Bailey Howell </Td> <Td> F / G </Td> <Td> 1970 -- 1971 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Bob McAdoo </Td> <Td> F / C </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Moses Malone </Td> <Td> C / F </Td> <Td> 1982 -- 1986 1993 -- 1994 </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 34 </Td> <Td> Charles Barkley </Td> <Td> F / G </Td> <Td> 1984 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Chet Walker </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1962 -- 1969 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> Dikembe Mutombo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2001 -- 2002 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Allen Iverson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1996 -- 2006 2009 -- 2010 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> George McGinnis </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1975 -- 1978 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="5"> Coaches </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Tenure </Th> <Th> Inducted </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Bennie Borgmann </Td> <Td> Head coach </Td> <Td> 1946 -- 1948 </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Jack Ramsay </Td> <Td> Head coach </Td> <Td> 1968 -- 1972 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Alex Hannum </Td> <Td> Head coach </Td> <Td> 1960 -- 1963 1966 -- 1968 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Larry Brown </Td> <Td> Head coach </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 2003 </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="5"> Contributors </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Tenure </Th> <Th> Inducted </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Daniel Biasone </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Earl Lloyd </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> Notes : </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Started playing for the team when they were known as Syracuse Nationals . Inducted as a player . He also coached the 76ers ( 1963 -- 1966 ) . </Li> <Li> Started playing for the team when they were known as Syracuse Nationals . </Li> <Li> Played for the team when they were known as Syracuse Nationals . Inducted as player . He also coached the Nationals ( 1948 -- 1958 ) . </Li> <Li> Inducted as player . He later coached the 76ers ( 1977 -- 1985 ) . </Li> <Li> Played for the team when they were known as Syracuse Nationals . </Li> <Li> In total , Barkley was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice -- as player and as a member of the 1992 Olympic team . </Li> <Li> Inducted as player for his contributions in ABL . Never played for the Nationals / 76ers . Coached when the team was known as Syracuse Nationals . </Li> <Li> Coached the team twice : as Nationals ( 1960 -- 1963 ) and as 76ers ( 1966 -- 1968 ) . Inducted as coach . He also played for the Nationals ( 1949 -- 1951 ) . </Li> <Li> Inducted as contributor . He also played for the Nationals ( 1952 -- 1958 ) . </Li> <Li> Inducted posthumously . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Coaches ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of Philadelphia 76ers head coaches <H2> ESports ventures ( edit ) </H2> <P> In September 2016 , the 76ers acquired both Team Dignitas and Apex Gaming and merged them under the Dignitas brand , becoming the first North American professional sports team to own an eSports team . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> National Basketball Association portal </Li> <Li> Philadelphia portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> South Philadelphia Sports Complex </Li> <Li> Sports in Philadelphia </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History : Team by Team '' ( PDF ) . Official National Basketball Association Guide 2016 - 17 . National Basketball Association . September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NBA.com/Stats -- Philadelphia 76ers seasons '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` www.wellsfargocenterphilly.com/teams/detail/philadelphia-76ers '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sixers Quick Facts -- General Information '' ( PDF ) . 2016 -- 17 Philadelphia 76ers Media Guide . Philadelphia 76ers . November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 76ers Reproduction and Usage Guideline Sheet '' . NBA Properties , Inc . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Group led by Joshua Harris completes purchase of Sixers '' . Philadelphia 76ers . October 18 , 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ramsey , David ( 1995 ) . The Nats . Pine Tree Publishers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baker , Mark Allen ( 2010 - 10 - 25 ) . Basketball History in Syracuse : Hoops Roots . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 9781614236450 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Local legend : Schayes reflects on Hall of Fame career as face of Syracuse Nationals '' . dailyorange.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A March Marathon -- Flashback : 1953 's Four - OT Thriller -- Boston Celtics vs. Syracuse Nationals '' , Basketball Digest , March 2003 , archived from the original on 2006 - 03 - 30 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : Teams -- Legends profile : Dolph Schayes '' . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of the Name '' . Philadelphia 76ers . June 19 , 2015 . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2014 -- 15 Philadelphia 76ers Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Philadelphia 76ers . February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ phillyjewishsports.com . `` phillyjewishsports.com '' . phillyjewishsports.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ nba.com/history , Top 10 Teams in NBA History , accessed January 16 , 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sachare , Alex ( 2008 ) . `` NBA Encyclopedia Playoff Edition : The Best Team Ever '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Wright , Kyle ; The NBA from Top to Bottom : A History of the NBA from the No. 1 Team through No . 1,153 ; pp. 73 -- 87 ISBN 9780595697960 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Silva , Steve ( June 2 , 2008 ) . `` The origins of ' Beat LA ' '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . But that 's not when the chant took off in Boston . It actually started as a chant supporting the Philadelphia 76ers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sheridan , Phil ( October 30 , 2008 ) . `` WORLD CHAMPS ! ; 28 years later , Phillies again are baseball 's best '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . p . A1 . After 25 years of drought ... Philadelphia has its championship ... the Phillies really are World Series champions . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Most Controversial Men in Sports '' . Bezbrige.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CNNSI.com -- NBA Basketball -- Say It Ai n't So : Philadelphia 76ers '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gelston , Dan . `` Iverson 's Destination Remains Unknown '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DiTore , Larry ( 2007 - 12 - 04 ) . `` NBA 's 76ers Fire General Manager King , Hire Nets ' Stefanski '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abrams , Jonathan ( July 9 , 2008 ) . `` Clippers ' two big stars find the exit '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Former Tiger Rodney Carney just wants to fit in with Timberwolves '' . The Commercial Appeal. 2008 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived October 6 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Baron Davis to sign with Clippers ; Elton Brand also expected to stay in L.A. '' . Cleveland.com. 2008 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abrams , Jonathan ( July 4 , 2008 ) . `` Davis confident Brand will stay '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 76ers sign free agent guard Royal Ivey '' . NBA.com. 2008 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived October 2 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived January 15 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://nationalpost.pa-sportsticker.com/default.aspx?s=nba-news-display&nid=A17648201217888519A </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived January 14 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 5 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2008 Foot Locker Three - Point Shootout '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 76ers Unveil New Team Uniforms for 2009 -- 10 Season '' . NBA.com. 2009 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Allen Iverson accepts Philadelphia 76ers ' contract offer -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2009 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Source : Philadelphia 76ers offer Allen Iverson one - year deal -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2009 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets vs. Philadelphia 76ers -- Recap -- December 07 , 2009 -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com. 2009 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 76ers fire Eddie Jordan as coach -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2010 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SIXERS : Philadelphia 76ers Name Doug Collins Head Coach -- 5 / 21 / 2010 '' . NBA . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sources : Dwight Howard to Lakers '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spencer Hawes , Jrue Holiday lift 76ers past Trail Blazers '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sixers ' Jason Richardson needs surgery , out 9 -- 12 months '' . NJ.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dan Gelston , AP ( April 18 , 2013 ) . `` It 's official : Doug Collins resigns as 76ers coach '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tony DiLeo out as Sixers GM ; Rockets ' Sam Hinkie in '' . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aldridge , David ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` A process toward success : Joel Embiid era begins ( at last ) in Philly '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . He is actually introduced in the starting lineup as `` Joel , The Process , Embiid . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sixers Acquire Rights to Nerlens Noel and a 2014 First - round Pick in Trade With New Orleans '' . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NBA Draft : Sixers take Arsalan Kazemi , first Iranian NBA player drafted '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pacers send Sixers to team - record 21st straight loss '' . philly - archives . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ben Golliver . `` Sixers lose to Rockets , tie NBA record with 26th straight loss '' . SI.com . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2014 . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 76ers guard Carter - Williams wins Kia Rookie of the Year '' . NBA.com . May 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michael Carter - Williams Named Eastern Conference Player of the Week '' . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ford , Bob ( June 27 , 2014 ) . `` Hinkie 's playing a long game '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pompey , Keith ( June 27 , 2014 ) . `` Sixers draft Embiid , then trade for Croatian forward '' . Philly.com . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chandler leads Mavericks over 76ers 110 -- 103 '' . NBA.com . November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 76ers snap 0 -- 17 start with 85 -- 77 win over Wolves '' . NBA.com . December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Casey , Tim . `` Sixers get first win , ruin Kobe Bryant 's farewell in Philadelphia '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jerry Colangelo Joins Philadelphia 76ers Philadelphia 76ers '' . Nba.com. 2015 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Sixers close in on trade for Ish Smith '' . Espn.go.com. 2015 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ share ( 2016 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Sixers started the season 1 -- 30 ( − 13.6 NetRtg ) . In the Ish Smith Era : 4 -- 7 ( − 3.98 NetRtg ) : nba '' . Reddit.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sam Hinkie resigns and Twitter erupts with debate '' . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wire , SI . `` Bryan Colangelo named Sixers GM '' . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Youngmisuk , Ohm . `` Sixers take LSU 's Ben Simmons with No. 1 overall pick '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Draft Flashback : 76ers select Allen Iverson with the 1st pick in 1996 '' . 2015 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sixers relaunch brand with official change to primary logo '' ( Press release ) . Philadelphia 76ers . June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of the 76ers Uniform '' . Philadelphia 76ers . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 76ers Introduce Updated Brand Identity '' . Philadelphia 76ers . May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2015 -- 16 Sixers Uniforms '' . Philadelphia 76ers . June 18 , 2015 . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Photos : 2017 - 18 Sixers Nike Uniform Unveil '' . Philadelphia 76ers . August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NBA : Most frequent playoff matchups '' . McCubed.net . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maxwell Ogden . `` Most Heated Rivalries in the NBA '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sixers Announce Plans For State - of - the - art 120,000 Sq . Foot Training Center '' . NBA.com . June 10 , 2014 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seltzer , Brian ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Sixers Release Construction Update for New Training Complex '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seltzer , Brian ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` On the Beat : New Training Complex Brings Modern Feel , Promise '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rappaport , Max ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` Renovations Made At Sixers ' Practice Facility '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coon , Larry . `` NBA Salary Cap FAQ -- 2011 Collective Bargaining Agreement '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . If the player is already under contract to , or signs a contract with a non-NBA team , the team retains the player 's draft rights for one year after the player 's obligation to the non-NBA team ends . Essentially , the clock stops as long as the player plays pro ball outside the NBA . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sixers Select McDaniels , Grant , Micic in the Second Round of the 2014 NBA Draft '' . NBA.com . June 27 , 2014 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seltzer , Brian ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Sixers to Retire Dolph Schayes ' Number `` 4 '' `` . Philadelphia 76ers . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sixers to retire Moses Malone 's number next season '' . ProBasketballTalk . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` McGrady , Self , Lobo headline 2017 HOF class '' . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sixers Acquire , Merge , and Manage eSports Teams Dignitas , Apex '' . NBA.com . September 26 , 2016 . 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</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rugby league </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> USARL </Dt> <Dd> Bucks County Sharks </Dd> <Dd> Philadelphia Fight </Dd> <Dd> Pittsburgh Sledgehammers </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Soccer </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> MLS </Dt> <Dd> Philadelphia Union </Dd> <Dt> USL </Dt> <Dd> Bethlehem Steel FC </Dd> <Dd> Harrisburg City Islanders </Dd> <Dd> Pittsburgh Riverhounds </Dd> <Dt> NPSL </Dt> <Dd> Buxmont Torch FC </Dd> <Dd> Electric City Shock SC </Dd> <Dd> Erie Commodores FC </Dd> <Dd> Fort Pitt Regiment </Dd> <Dd> Hershey FC </Dd> <Dd> Junior Lone Star FC </Dd> <Dt> PDL </Dt> <Dd> Lehigh Valley United Sonic </Dd> <Dd> Pittsburgh Riverhounds U23 </Dd> <Dd> Reading United AC </Dd> <Dt> ASL </Dt> <Dd> AFC Lancaster Lions </Dd> <Dd> Philadelphia Fury </Dd> <Dt> WPSL </Dt> <Dd> Lancaster Torch FC </Dd> <Dd> FC Bucks </Dd> <Dd> Hershey FC </Dd> <Dd> Steel City FC </Dd> <Dt> UWS </Dt> <Dd> Lancaster Inferno </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Indoor soccer </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> MASL </Dt> <Dd> 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Soccer </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> MLS </Dt> <Dd> Philadelphia Union </Dd> <Dt> USL </Dt> <Dd> Bethlehem Steel FC </Dd> <Dt> NPSL </Dt> <Dd> Junior Lone Star FC </Dd> <Dt> PDL </Dt> <Dd> Lehigh Valley United Sonic </Dd> <Dd> Reading United A.C. </Dd> <Dt> ASL </Dt> <Dd> Philadelphia Fury </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tennis </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> WTT </Dt> <Dd> Philadelphia Freedoms </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lacrosse </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> NLL </Dt> <Dd> NLL Philadelphia ( 2018 ) </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> College athletics ( NCAA Div . 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Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend - wikipedia <H1> Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend </H1> <P> `` Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend '' is a jazz song introduced by Carol Channing in the original Broadway production of Gentlemen Prefer Blondes ( 1949 ) , which was written by Jule Styne and Leo Robin . It was based on a novel by Anita Loos . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Marilyn Monroe version </Li> <Li> 2 Moulin Rouge ! version </Li> <Li> 3 Other versions </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Marilyn Monroe version ( edit ) </H2> Monroe sings the song surrounded by well - dressed men . <P> The song is perhaps most famously performed by Marilyn Monroe in the 1953 film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes . Monroe 's character , Lorelei Lee , has been followed on a Transatlantic ocean liner by a detective hired by her fiancé 's father , who wants assurance that she is not marrying purely for money . He is informed of compromising pictures taken with a British diamond mine owner and cancels her letter of credit before she arrives in France , requiring her to work in a nightclub to survive . Her fiancé arrives at the cabaret to see her perform this song , about exploiting men for riches . Diamonds are an element in another story line in the film , in which Lorelei is given a diamond tiara by the mine owner , in gratitude for her recovering the photographs . In a later scene , Jane Russell , who played opposite Monroe , sang `` Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend '' in court , while pretending to be Lorelei . </P> <P> Most of the song in the film is Monroe 's own voice but she needed help in two phrases -- `` These rocks do n't lose their shape , diamonds are a girl 's best friend '' , and at the beginning with a series of high - pitched `` no 's '' , all of which were dubbed in by the soprano Marni Nixon . </P> <P> The number was later re-shot in CinemaScope , to be used as part of a CinemaScope demonstration held on the Fox lot in March 1953 . Producer Darryl F. Zanuck told Daily Variety that it only took 3 - 1 / 2 hours to shoot the number in CinemaScope versus four days for the original film version . The public finally saw the CinemaScope version ten years later when it closed Fox 's documentary tribute to Marilyn , however this has not been released on DVD or VHS . </P> <P> The song was listed as the 12th most important film song of all time by the American Film Institute . </P> <P> Monroe 's rendition of the song has been considered an iconic performance and has since been copied by other entertainers ranging from Madonna and Kylie Minogue to Geri Halliwell and Anna Nicole Smith . Madonna 's video `` Material Girl '' uses a similar set and costumes for the singer and her male dancers . </P> <H2> Moulin Rouge ! Version ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Moulin Rouge ! Music from Baz Luhrmann 's Film See also : Moulin Rouge ! <P> The song is also featured in the 2001 film Moulin Rouge ! , in which it is sung principally by Nicole Kidman in the role of Satine , the ( fictional ) star performer of the famous Moulin Rouge nightclub in Paris , at the turn of the 20th century . This film version is technically a musical adaptation that director Baz Luhrmann titled `` Sparkling Diamonds '' . Although it consists almost entirely of an adaptation of `` Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend '' , this version differs from the lyrics in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes in several ways . For example , it does not include the name Harry Winston in the chant of famous jewelers ; rather , Moulin Rouge founder Charles Zidler 's name was changed to Harold in the film , so his name replaces Winston 's in the song as `` Harry Zidler '' . Black Starr & Frost - Gorham was known by that name only after 1925 , but instead of using their 1875 - 1925 name of `` Black Starr & Frost '' , their name was replaced in the Luhrmann film by nonsense words ( understood by many listeners as `` Ross Cole ; '' in the 2002 DVD release , the words printed in the text captioning are `` Black Star , Roscor '' ) . And the potentially anachronistic line `` help you at the Automat '' was altered in the Luhrmann film to `` help you feed your pussycat . '' Additionally , a lyrical snippet from Madonna 's song `` Material Girl '' was worked into this adaptation of the song . </P> <H2> Other versions ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Ethel Merman recorded the song in 1950 . </Li> <Li> Jo Stafford recorded the song in 1950 . </Li> <Li> Lena Horne recorded the song in 1958 , for her album Give the Lady What She Wants . </Li> <Li> Della Reese recorded the song in 1960 , for her album Cha Cha Cha . </Li> <Li> Julie London recorded the song in 1961 . </Li> <Li> Eartha Kitt recorded the song in 1962 . </Li> <Li> Emmylou Harris recorded a country / rock version in 1983 , for her album White Shoes . </Li> <Li> Thalía performed this song in 1991 , on Spanish television . </Li> <Li> Jennifer Saunders and Dawn French , dressed as Marilyn Monroe and Jane Russell , respectively , parodied the number in their 1993 BBC special Gentlemen Prefer French & Saunders . </Li> <Li> Kylie Minogue performed this song in 1995 . She also performed the song in 1999 , dressed as Marilyn Monroe for the opening of 20th Century Fox 's Australian Studios . In 2007 , she recorded another version for her film White Diamond . </Li> <Li> Anna Nicole Smith recorded the song in 1998 . The single went on to reach the top 100 dance singles in France . </Li> <Li> In 2007 , Beyoncé did an updated version for Giorgio Armani 's new fragrance Emporio Armani Diamonds in an ad directed by Jake Nava and titled `` Can You Resist ? '' . </Li> <Li> Wendi Peters performed a version for BBC Children in Need on November 16 , 2007 , adding , `` I am a Material Girl '' halfway through , then returning to the normal song . </Li> <Li> Nicole Scherzinger performed a version for the 2007 CBS special , Movies Rock , which paid tribute to the strong relationship between films and music . </Li> <Li> T - Bone Burnett 's rock version of the song is both campy and cynical , while capturing the essence of the lyric . </Li> <Li> Nadine Coyle recorded a demo for this song . </Li> <Li> Deanna & The Downbeats , a cabaret - jazz quintet from Portland , Oregon , performs a traditional version of the song that segues into a lounge - swing version of Madonna 's `` Material Girl '' . </Li> <Li> In the cartoon Hey Arnold ! , Helga 's mother sang , `` Beepers Are a Girl 's Best Friend '' , for a commercial in the same manner as Marilyn Monroe 's performance . </Li> <Li> In the 100th episode of Gossip Girl , titled `` G.G. '' , Serena Van der Woodsen ( portrayed by Blake Lively ) has a dream in which she is Marilyn Monroe and sings `` Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend '' . </Li> <Li> In the music video for her single `` Material Girl '' ( 1985 ) , Madonna emulates the scene in which Marilyn Monroe sang the song . She also included a snippet of the song during selected shows of her Rebel Heart Tour ( 2015 - 2016 ) , following a cover of `` La Vie en rose '' . </Li> <Li> Christina Aguilera also did the song on her first featured film Burlesque ( 2010 ) . Kristen Bell and Julianne Hough first lip - synched Marilyn 's version , then Christina finished it with her own vocals . </Li> <Li> The Puppini Sisters sing a version on their 2011 album Hollywood </Li> <Li> The song is performed by the female Glee Cast in the TV show Glee , in the 2013 episode `` Girls ( and Boys ) On Film '' , as a mashup with Madonna 's `` Material Girl '' . </Li> <Li> Anne Ducros sings the song on her album Either way : from Marilyn to Ella ( Naïve , 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Shirley Bassey and Paloma Faith sing the song for Bassey 's album Hello Like Before ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Saara Aalto performed a mashup of the song with Diamonds Are Forever in Week 8 of the live shows on The X Factor ( UK series 13 ) </Li> <Li> The 1986 Herb Alpert single `` Diamonds '' , which features Janet Jackson on lead vocals , contains the `` Diamonds are a girl 's best friend '' refrain within the lyrics . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Prial , Frank J. ( March 6 , 2007 ) . `` Voice of the Many , but Rarely Herself '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 YEARS ... 100 SONGS '' . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Derschowitz , Jessica ( January 20 , 2012 ) . `` Blake Lively channels Marilyn Monroe on `` Gossip Girl '' `` . CBS News . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Video of `` Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend , '' Turner Classic Movies </Li> <Li> Recording of `` Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend '' by Ethel Merman from National Public Radio in Windows Media Audio format </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Marilyn Monroe </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Performances and awards </Li> <Li> Death </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Candle in the Wind '' </Li> <Li> `` Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend '' </Li> <Li> `` Happy Birthday , Mr. President '' </Li> <Li> `` Heat Wave '' </Li> <Li> `` My Heart Belongs to Daddy '' </Li> <Li> `` That Old Black Magic '' </Li> <Li> `` You 'd Be Surprised '' </Li> <Li> `` Photograph '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Clothes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pink dress </Li> <Li> White dress </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Popular culture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Marilyn ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> Marilyn : The Untold Story ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Norma Jean & Marilyn ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> My Week with Marilyn ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> John F. Kennedy document hoax </Li> <Li> Forever Marilyn </Li> <Li> Marilyn Diptych </Li> <Li> The Last Sitting </Li> <Li> 12305 Fifth Helena Drive </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Anita Loos ' Gentlemen Prefer Blondes ( 1925 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gentlemen Prefer Blondes ( 1928 film ) </Li> <Li> Gentlemen Prefer Blondes ( 1953 film ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Musicals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gentlemen Prefer Blondes ( 1949 musical ) </Li> <Li> Lorelei ( 1974 musical ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sequels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> But Gentlemen Marry Brunettes ( novel ) </Li> <Li> Gentlemen Marry Brunettes ( film ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gypsy Robe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diamonds_Are_a_Girl%27s_Best_Friend&oldid=849364859 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1949 songs </Li> <Li> Songs from musicals </Li> <Li> Marilyn Monroe songs </Li> <Li> Songs with music by Jule Styne </Li> <Li> Songs with lyrics by Leo Robin </Li> <Li> Eartha Kitt songs </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> 5 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 8 July 2018 , at 13 : 31 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Visa policy of Taiwan - wikipedia <H1> Visa policy of Taiwan </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article requires immediate attention for image dispute . After reading the talk page , if you can help , please edit this page . ( July 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Visa sample of Taiwan Entry and exit stamps issued to a national of Singapore at Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport . <P> Visitors to Taiwan must obtain a visa or authorization in advance , unless they come from one of the visa exempt countries or countries whose nationals are eligible for visa on arrival . All visitors must hold a passport valid for 6 months ( except the citizens of Japan who can hold a passport valid for 3 months , and citizens of United States who are only required to hold a passport valid for the entire duration of stay ) . </P> <P> Taiwan has special entry requirements to current or former nationals of China who reside or previously resided in Mainland China . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Right of abode </Li> <Li> 2 Visa policy map </Li> <Li> 3 Visa exemption </Li> <Li> 4 Visa on arrival </Li> <Li> 5 Permanent residents of Hong Kong and Macau </Li> <Li> 6 eVisa </Li> <Li> 7 APEC Business Travel Card </Li> <Li> 8 Online Travel Authorization Certificate </Li> <Li> 9 Nationals of the People 's Republic of China who are Mainland residents <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Restrictions for former nationals of People 's Republic of China who were Mainland residents </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Working Holiday Visa </Li> <Li> 11 Statistics </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 References </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Right of abode ( edit ) </H2> See also : National without household registration <P> Although the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) has only one type of nationality , not all ROC nationals have the right of abode in Taiwan . Under the Immigration Act , only those with household registration in Taiwan ( nationals with household registration , or NWHRs ) have the right of abode in Taiwan and can enter Taiwan without prior authorization . Holding one of the documents listed below is sufficient to demonstrate such status : </P> <Ul> <Li> A Taiwan passport with the individual 's National Identification Card number on biodata page ; </Li> <Li> Valid National Identification Card , household registration certificate , or household registration certificate transcript accompanied by a valid Taiwan passport . </Li> </Ul> <P> ROC nationals without household registration in Taiwan ( NWOHRs ) are ineligible to receive a National Identification Card . To enter Taiwan , one must , in addition to a Taiwan passport , hold one of the following documents : </P> <Ul> <Li> A valid or expired entry permit affixed on the passport ; or , </Li> <Li> A Taiwanese Resident Certificate . </Li> </Ul> <P> NWOHRs holding documentations listed below can obtain an entry permit on arrival : </P> <Ul> <Li> An added signing on the passport stating one 's overseas Chinese status , or a letter stating such status ; or </Li> <Li> A long - term residence ( type F - 2 ) or permanent residence ( type F - 5 ) Certificate of Alien Registration issued by South Korea . </Li> </Ul> <P> Alternatively , they may enter Taiwan with their non-ROC passports without prior authorization if also having nationalities of a visa exempt country . </P> <P> NWOHRs are subject to immigration control while in Taiwan , and can only remain in Taiwan for a limited time authorized by the entry permit or the immigration officer . Those without any of the above - listed documents will be denied entry to Taiwan . </P> <H2> Visa policy map ( edit ) </H2> Visa policy of Taiwan <H2> Visa exemption ( edit ) </H2> <P> Holders of passports of the following 60 jurisdictions do not require a visa to visit Taiwan for less than 90 days unless otherwise noted ( duration of stay starts from the next day of arrival ) . Extensions are not possible except for citizens of Canada and the United Kingdom , who may apply to extend the stay from 90 days to 180 days in accordance with the principle of reciprocity . </P> <P> The visa exemption does not apply for holders of emergency or temporary passports , except for citizens of United States . Other visa exempt nationals holding such passports , however , would still be able to apply for a visa on arrival . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All European Union citizens </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Andorra </Li> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Belize </Li> <Li> Brunei </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Chile </Li> <Li> Dominican Republic </Li> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> Guatemala </Li> <Li> Haiti </Li> <Li> Holy See </Li> <Li> Honduras </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Liechtenstein </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Malaysia </Li> <Li> Monaco </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> <Li> Nicaragua </Li> <Li> Norway </Li> <Li> Paraguay </Li> <Li> Philippines ( from 1 November 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Saint Kitts and Nevis </Li> <Li> Saint Lucia </Li> <Li> Saint Vincent and the Grenadines </Li> <Li> San Marino </Li> <Li> Singapore </Li> <Li> South Korea </Li> <Li> Thailand </Li> <Li> Switzerland </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <P> Stateless permanent residents of Brunei holding the Bruneian International Certificate of Identity ( ICI ) with a validity of at least 6 months are also exempt from visa requirement until 31 July 2018 . The duration of stay is 30 days . </P> <P> Holders of normal passports issued by Philippines will be eligible for visa - free access from 1 November 2017 to 31 July 2018 . The duration of stay will be 14 days per entry . </P> <P> In addition , holders of diplomatic or official / service passports of Belize , Burkina Faso , Dominican Republic , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Nauru , Nicaragua , Panama , Paraguay , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Swaziland do not require a visa for up to 90 days . </P> <H2> Visa on arrival ( edit ) </H2> <P> Nationals of the following countries can obtain a visa on arrival for a fee : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Macedonia ( 30 days , NT $2,400 ) </Li> <Li> Turkey ( 30 days , Free of Charge ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In addition , holders of emergency or temporary passports with validity of more than 6 months issued by visa - exempt countries are eligible for visa on arrival for a fee . The duration of stay is 30 days regardless of nationality and can not be extended . This measure does not apply to holders of emergency or temporary passports issued by the United States as they are visa exempt . </P> <P> Visa on arrival is only available at Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport . For passengers arriving at Taipei Songshan Airport , Kaohsiung International Airport or Taichung Airport , they would be issued a temporary entry permit and will have to apply for a visa at the Bureau of Consular Affairs office or one of the offices of Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Taiwan at their earliest convenience . Failure to comply may result in a derogatory record . Passengers arriving at ports of entry other than those listed above will be denied entry . </P> <H2> Permanent residents of Hong Kong and Macau ( edit ) </H2> <P> Permanent residents of Hong Kong and / or Macau , who are either Chinese nationals or British Nationals ( Overseas ) , may be eligible for an Exit & Entry Permit upon arrival for NT $ 300 or may apply for an Entry Permit online at no cost to visit Taiwan for less than 30 days . </P> <P> The requirements are : </P> <Ul> <Li> They were born in Hong Kong or Macau , or have entered Taiwan at least once as a permanent resident of Hong Kong or Macau and holding proofs of previous visits ; </Li> <Li> They hold one of the following travel documents : <Ul> <Li> Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport </Li> <Li> British National ( Overseas ) passport </Li> <Li> Macao Special Administrative Region passport ; </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> They do not hold passports issued by other nations or have additional nationalities ( including other classes of British nationality ) . If they do , they are required to comply with visa requirements of their additional nationalities , except for Hong Kong residents who are allowed to have dual Chinese nationality and British National ( Overseas ) status ( but not full British citizenship ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> First time applicants not born in Hong Kong or Macau are also able to apply for Exit and Entry Permit online from 8 February 2017 . Unlike those qualified for the no - fee Entry Permit or Entry and Exit Permit on arrival , the applicants are required to pay a processing fee of NT $600 . The processing time is 5 business days . These visitors are required to hold their Hong Kong Permanent Identity Cards or Macau Permanent Resident Identity Cards , as well as their proof of previous visits to Taiwan , when applying for Exit and Entry Permits on arrival or the no - fee Entry Permits for subsequent visits . </P> <P> Since 1 January 2017 , Hong Kong and Macau residents are able to apply for double - entry Entry Permits online , providing that they are entering Taiwan by cruise for at least one portion of their trip . </P> <H2> EVisa ( edit ) </H2> <P> Since 12 January 2016 , the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of ROC started to implement the eVisa Program . Citizens of the following countries can apply for a single - entry eVisa to visit Taiwan for less than 30 days . The fee for each application is NT $1,632 . On 7 October 2016 , the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of ROC further expanded the list of countries eligible to apply for eVisa . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bahrain </Li> <Li> Burkina Faso </Li> <Li> Colombia </Li> <Li> Dominica </Li> <Li> Ecuador </Li> <Li> Kiribati </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kuwait </Li> <Li> Macedonia </Li> <Li> Marshall Islands </Li> <Li> Montenegro </Li> <Li> Nauru </Li> <Li> Oman </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Palau </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> <Li> Peru </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Qatar </Li> <Li> Saudi Arabia </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Solomon Islands </Li> <Li> Swaziland </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> <Li> Tuvalu </Li> <Li> United Arab Emirates </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <P> Nationals of the following countries may apply for a single - entry eVisa for a maximum stay of 30 days if they are travelling with an approved tour group : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cambodia </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Indonesia </Li> <Li> Laos </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Myanmar </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Vietnam </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Also , all foreign nationals except Chinese nationals who are invited by the Taiwanese government to attend international conferences , sports events , trade fairs or other activities organized , co-organized or sponsored by Taiwanese government agencies or certain NGOs are also eligible for an eVisa . Such applicants must obtain an e-code from their host organizations in Taiwan prior to applying for an eVisa . </P> <P> Nationals of the following countries are eligible for business eVisas if they have obtained recommendations from the local Taiwan External Trade Development Council since 1 June 2017 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bangladesh </Li> <Li> Bhutan </Li> <Li> India </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nepal </Li> <Li> Pakistan </Li> <Li> Sri Lanka </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> APEC business Travel Card ( edit ) </H2> <P> Holders of passports issued by the following countries who possess an APEC Business Travel Card ( ABTC ) containing the code `` TWN '' on the back of the card can enter Taiwan visa - free for business trips for up to 90 days . ABTCs are issued to nationals of : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Brunei </Li> <Li> Chile </Li> <Li> Indonesia </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> South Korea </Li> <Li> Malaysia </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> New Zealand </Li> <Li> Papua New Guinea </Li> <Li> Peru </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> Singapore </Li> <Li> Thailand </Li> <Li> Vietnam </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ABTCs are also issued to nationals of China and permanent residents of Hong Kong , however Chinese nationals residing in Mainland China are subject to entry restrictions and can not use the card to enter Taiwan . Chinese nationals permanently residing in Hong Kong are also ineligible and are required to obtain an Exit and Entry Permit . </P> <H2> Online Travel authorization certificate ( edit ) </H2> <P> Nationals of the following countries can apply for a no - fee Travel Authorization Certificate online for multiple visits to Taiwan , for a duration of no more than 30 days each visit during the certificate 's 90 - day validity period , if they have never been employed as a guest worker to Taiwan and have met the additional requirements listed below : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cambodia </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Indonesia </Li> <Li> Laos </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Myanmar </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Vietnam </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <P> They are required to hold a residential or visitor visa ( including Visa Waiver Registration Certificates issued by Japan to Indonesian nationals , and e-Visas ) , or a residential certificate ( including permanent residency ) issued by the following countries . The visa can be either valid or expired , but it must not have expired for more than 10 years prior to the date of arrival in Taiwan . Holders of work permits as well as visas marked `` void '' , `` cancelled '' or `` cancelled without prejudice '' are not eligible . In addition , travelers utilizing the scheme must also hold a return or onward plane or ship ticket and will be required to present it to the immigration officer . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Ireland </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Countries of Schengen Area </Li> <Li> South Korea </Li> <Li> Taiwan </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <P> Frequent visitors to Taiwan from these countries can also receive multiple entry visas with validity of two to five years . </P> <P> From 1 June 2017 , nationals of these countries who have received a Taiwanese visa ( other than a work visa ) in the last 10 years are eligible for online registration . </P> <P> As all Filipino nationals will be exempt from visa requirements on 1 November 2017 , they will no longer be able to register for the certificate from that day onwards . All certificates will no longer be valid for entry after 31 October 2017 . Passengers entering Taiwan prior to 1 November 2017 are still allowed to stay for up to 30 days , while those entering Taiwan on or after that day can only stay for up to 14 days . </P> <H2> Nationals of the People 's Republic of China who are Mainland residents ( edit ) </H2> <P> Nationals of the People 's Republic of China with residency ( hukou ) in Mainland China ( including those who are non-permanent residents of Hong Kong or Macau and have relinquished their hukou in Mainland China ) require prior approvals from Taiwanese government and are required to hold an Exit and Entry Permit prior to travelling to Taiwan . As of August 2016 , Mainland residents can only visit Taiwan as a part of a pre-approved tour group unless they qualify for one of the exemptions : </P> <Ul> <Li> They have hukou in one of the 47 cities that are designated by the Taiwanese and Chinese authorities as eligible for individual tours ; </Li> <Li> They reside outside Mainland China and hold temporary or permanent residence status in Hong Kong , Macau or a third country ( prior approval from the Chinese authorities is not required when departing from a place other than Mainland China ) ; or , </Li> <Li> They only visit Quemoy , Matsu and Penghu Islands ( in which case a 15 - day Exit and Entry Permit Permit can be obtained on arrival provided holding certain travel documents ) and will not proceed to other parts of Taiwan . </Li> </Ul> <P> As of May 2016 , Mainland resident visitors applying from Mainland China are subject to a daily quota imposed by Taiwan of 14,600 persons per day , with half of the quota available to individual tour applicants . Those who applied from Hong Kong , Macau or a third country are not subject to a quota . It was reported that the Chinese authorities also has an unofficial `` soft cap '' on the numbers of individual and group tourists , ranging from 40 % to 50 % of the Taiwanese quota . </P> <P> All PRC nationals who are residents of Mainland China can not travel to Taiwan on their passports when departing from Mainland China and must hold a Travel Permit to and from Taiwan ( 往來 台灣 通行證 ) , colloquially known as Mainland Resident Travel Permit ( 大通 證 ) , issued by the Chinese authorities . The permit is a pink , passport - like travel document , and it must be used along with the appropriate exit endorsements ( similar to exit visas ) . Although travelling with the Mainland Resident Travel Permit is not mandatory when departing from Hong Kong , Macau or a third country , the Exit and Entry Permit itself is not a travel document but a de facto entry visa , and is usually tied to the document number of Mainland Resident Travel Permit or the Chinese passport , hence the travelers are still required to carry the travel document they used to apply for the Exit and Entry Permit when travelling to Taiwan . </P> <P> Since January 2016 , Mainland residents are no longer required to hold a Mainland Resident Travel Permit if they depart from airports in Chongqing , Kunming or Nanchang and are only in transit through Taiwan to a third country . Otherwise , the Mainland Resident Travel Permit with exit endorsement is also required for transit through Taiwan if departing from Mainland China , but the Exit and Entry Permit is not required if the passengers do not pass immigration control in Taiwan and only remain airside . </P> <P> From 28 March 2017 , Mainland Chinese residents are able to apply for the Exit and Entry Permit online if they are residing in a third country . </P> <H3> Restrictions for former nationals of People 's Republic of China who were Mainland residents ( edit ) </H3> <P> Although the aforementioned restrictions do not apply to former nationals of People 's Republic of China with Mainland residency , they also face entry restrictions and are required to apply for an Exit and Entry Permit unless they meet the following requirements : </P> <Ul> <Li> They have resided outside of PRC for more than 4 years ; </Li> <Li> They have obtained the nationality of the country in which they reside in ; and </Li> <Li> They have lost their PRC nationality in pursuant to Article 9 of the Chinese nationality law . </Li> </Ul> <P> If the requirements are met , they may enter Taiwan according to the visa requirements of the nationality they have acquired . However , documentations supporting the change in nationality , such as a naturalization certificate , is required . </P> <H2> Working holiday visa ( edit ) </H2> <P> Nationals of the following countries are eligible to apply for the Taiwanese working holiday visa ( named as `` Youth Mobility Scheme '' for British and Canadian citizens ) through Taiwanese diplomatic missions of their countries of nationality , if they are ordinary residents in their country of nationality and are within the age limits : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Austria </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Czech Republic </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ireland </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Slovakia </Li> <Li> South Korea </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H2> Statistics ( edit ) </H2> <P> Most visitors arriving to Taiwan on short term basis were from the following countries of residence : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) Country / Territory </Th> <Th> 2016 </Th> <Th> 2015 </Th> <Th> 2014 </Th> <Th> 2013 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 3,511,734 </Td> <Td> 4,184,102 </Td> <Td> 3,987,152 </Td> <Td> 2,874,702 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 1,895,702 </Td> <Td> 1,627,229 </Td> <Td> 1,634,790 </Td> <Td> 1,421,550 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hong Kong </Td> <Td> 1,474,521 </Td> <Td> 1,389,529 </Td> <Td> 1,276,039 </Td> <Td> 1,105,223 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> 884,397 </Td> <Td> 658,757 </Td> <Td> 527,684 </Td> <Td> 351,301 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 523,888 </Td> <Td> 479,452 </Td> <Td> 458,691 </Td> <Td> 414,060 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malaysia </Td> <Td> 474,420 </Td> <Td> 431,481 </Td> <Td> 439,240 </Td> <Td> 394,326 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Singapore </Td> <Td> 407,267 </Td> <Td> 393,037 </Td> <Td> 376,235 </Td> <Td> 364,733 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vietnam </Td> <Td> 196,636 </Td> <Td> 146,380 </Td> <Td> 137,177 </Td> <Td> 118,467 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thailand </Td> <Td> 195,640 </Td> <Td> 124,409 </Td> <Td> 104,812 </Td> <Td> 104,138 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> 188,720 </Td> <Td> 177,743 </Td> <Td> 182,704 </Td> <Td> 171,299 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total </Td> <Td> 10,690,279 </Td> <Td> 10,439,785 </Td> <Td> 9,910,204 </Td> <Td> 8,016,280 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Source : Tourism Bureau , Taiwan </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Republic of China portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Visa requirements for Taiwanese citizens </Li> <Li> Taiwan passport </Li> <Li> Exit & Entry Permit ( Republic of China ) </Li> <Li> Foreign relations of Taiwan </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Under the Laws and Regulations Regarding Hong Kong & Macao Affairs , BN ( O ) s , regardless of ethnicity , are not treated as British nationals , but permanent residents of Hong Kong and Macau . </Li> </Ol> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Information - Chinese Taipei ( TW ) '' . Tiamtic . IATA . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Immigration Reference Guide for Civil Carriers </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Visa - Exempt Entry '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Taiwan grants visa - free treatment for Andorra , San Marino citizens - Politics - FOCUS TAIWAN - CNA ENGLISH NEWS '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MOFA announces visa - free treatment for nationals of 10 Latin American and Caribbean allies effective July 12 '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Notice for British Passport Holders Who Entered Taiwan Visa - Free and Are Applying for an Extension of Stay Bureau of Consular Affairs , Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of China . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 12 月 1 日 起 可 停留 30 天 汶 永久 居民 赴 台 免 签证 '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` MOFA announces trial of visa - free treatment for Philippine nationals '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Bureau of Consular Affairs , Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Landing Visas '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Laws & Regulations Database and The Republic of China '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 香港 、 澳門 永久 居民 申請 入 出境 證 '' . Bureau of Hong Kong Affairs . 2 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 中央 網 路 報 - 兩岸 交流 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Consular Affairs , Ministry of Foreign Affairs - MOFA launches eVisa Program January 12 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Consular Affairs , Ministry of Foreign Affairs - eVisa '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Taiwan includes nine more countries in e-visa program - Politics - FOCUS TAIWAN - CNA ENGLISH NEWS '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` E-Visa online application will be no longer apply to Filipinos upon the implementation of the visa - free treatment as from Nov. 1 , 2017 '' . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 外交 部 進一步 放寬 東 協 國家 國民 來 臺 簽證 措施 - 外交 部 領事 事務 局 全球 資訊 網 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ R.O.C. ( Taiwan ) launches the eVisa Program on Jan. 12 , 2016 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 外交 部 宣布 針對 「 新 南 向 政策 」 目標 國家 實施 進一步 簽證 放寬 措施 '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs ( in Chinese ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ABTC Summary - APEC Business Travel Card '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Consular Affairs , Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Online Application for R.O.C. ( Taiwan ) Travel Authorization Certificate ( Applicable to citizens of India , Indonesia , Myanmar , the Philippines , Vietnam , Cambodia and Laos ) '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Consular Affairs , Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Amend Online Application for R.O.C. ( Taiwan ) Travel Authorization Certificate ( Applicable to citizens of India , Indonesia , Myanmar , the Philippines , Vietnam , Cambodia and Laos ) '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 中央 通訊社 . `` 行政 院 拍板 簡化 東 協 8 國 訪 台 簽證 - 重點 新聞 - 中央社 即時 新聞 CNA NEWS '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : 办理 台湾 自由 行 需 知 及 台湾 自由 行 个人 注意 事项 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 大陸 地區 人民 來 臺 從事 個人 旅遊 觀光 活動 線上 申請 須知 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 大陸 地區 人民 自 國 外 或 香港 澳門 來 臺 從事 觀光 活動 線上 申請 須知 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 內政 部 入 出國 及 移民 署 ( 16 December 2014 ) . `` 公告 大陸 地區 人民 以 旅行 事 由於 入境 金門 、 馬祖 、 澎湖 時 向 內政 部 入 出國 及 移民 署 申請 發 給 臨時 入境 停留 通知 單 , 其 適用 對象 、 限制 方式 、 人數 及 應 備 文件 , 自 中華 民國 104 年 1 月 1 日 生效 . '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 中 時 電子 報 . `` 陸 客 自由 行 少 65 % 打 趴 台 觀光 業 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 中 時 電子 報 . `` 急 凍 ! 農曆 年 後 陸 客 再 減 半 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 大陸 人士 - 申辦 「 觀光 」 須知 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 首 批 赴 台 中转 大陆 游客 今日 抵达 台湾 转机 '' . Sohu . Xinhua News Agency . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 我 要 申請 - 旅居 海外 大陸 地區 人民 申請 來 臺 觀光 '' . National Immigration Agency . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Consular Affairs , Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Working Holiday ( Youth Mobility ) Scheme '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Consular Affairs , Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Qualifications for Visa Applicants '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 中華 民國 國民 申請 其他 國家 「 度假 打工 ( 青年 交流 ) 簽證 」 參考 資料 - 外交 部 領事 事務 局 全球 資訊 網 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Consular Affairs , Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Youth Mobility ( The United Kingdom ) '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Visitor Arrivals , 2013 - 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tourism Bureau , M.O.T.C. Republic of China ( Taiwan ) Visitor Arrivals by Residence '' . admin.taiwan.net.tw . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bureau of Consular Affairs </Li> <Li> IATA visa information </Li> <Li> List of Taiwanese Diplomatic Missions </Li> <Li> National Immigration Agency English Website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Foreign relations of Taiwan </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Burkina Faso </Li> <Li> Chad </Li> <Li> Gambia </Li> <Li> Malawi </Li> <Li> São Tomé and Príncipe </Li> <Li> South Africa </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Americas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Belize </Li> <Li> Brazil </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Dominican Republic </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> <Li> Paraguay </Li> <Li> United States </Li> <Li> Venezuela </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bangladesh </Li> <Li> PR China </Li> <Li> Hong Kong </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Indonesia </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Malaysia </Li> <Li> Mongolia </Li> 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<Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Visa policy by country </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Visa </Li> <Li> Passport </Li> <Li> Travel document </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Africa </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Central </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Angola </Li> <Li> Cameroon </Li> <Li> Central African Republic </Li> <Li> Chad </Li> <Li> DR Congo </Li> <Li> R Congo </Li> <Li> Equatorial Guinea </Li> <Li> Gabon </Li> <Li> São Tomé and Príncipe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Eastern </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Burundi </Li> <Li> Comoros </Li> <Li> Djibouti </Li> <Li> Eritrea </Li> <Li> Ethiopia </Li> <Li> Kenya </Li> <Li> Madagascar </Li> <Li> Malawi </Li> <Li> Mauritius </Li> <Li> Mozambique </Li> <Li> Rwanda </Li> <Li> Seychelles </Li> <Li> Somalia ( Somaliland ) </Li> <Li> South Sudan </Li> <Li> Tanzania </Li> <Li> Uganda </Li> <Li> Zambia </Li> <Li> Zimbabwe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Northern </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Algeria </Li> <Li> Egypt </Li> <Li> Libya </Li> <Li> Morocco </Li> <Li> Sudan </Li> <Li> Tunisia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southern </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Botswana </Li> <Li> Lesotho </Li> <Li> Namibia </Li> <Li> Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha </Li> <Li> South Africa </Li> <Li> Swaziland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Western </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Benin </Li> <Li> Burkina Faso </Li> <Li> Cape Verde </Li> <Li> Gambia </Li> <Li> Ghana </Li> <Li> Guinea </Li> <Li> Guinea - Bissau </Li> <Li> Ivory Coast </Li> <Li> Liberia </Li> <Li> Mali </Li> <Li> Mauritania </Li> <Li> Niger </Li> <Li> Nigeria </Li> <Li> Senegal </Li> <Li> Sierra Leone </Li> <Li> Togo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Americas </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Caribbean </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) </Li> <Li> Anguilla </Li> <Li> Antigua and Barbuda </Li> <Li> Bahamas </Li> <Li> Barbados </Li> <Li> British Virgin Islands </Li> <Li> Cayman Islands </Li> <Li> Cuba </Li> <Li> Dominica </Li> <Li> Dominican Republic </Li> <Li> Grenada </Li> <Li> Haiti </Li> <Li> Jamaica </Li> <Li> Montserrat </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> St. Kitts and Nevis </Li> <Li> St. Lucia </Li> <Li> St. Vincent and the Grenadines </Li> <Li> Trinidad and Tobago </Li> <Li> Turks and Caicos Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Belize </Li> <Li> Costa Rica </Li> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> Guatemala </Li> <Li> Honduras </Li> <Li> Nicaragua </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bermuda </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Argentina </Li> <Li> Bolivia </Li> <Li> Brazil </Li> <Li> Chile </Li> <Li> Colombia </Li> <Li> Ecuador </Li> <Li> Falkland Islands </Li> <Li> Guyana </Li> <Li> Paraguay </Li> <Li> Peru </Li> <Li> South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands </Li> <Li> Suriname </Li> <Li> Uruguay </Li> <Li> Venezuela </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asia </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Central & North </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Afghanistan </Li> <Li> Kazakhstan </Li> <Li> Kyrgyzstan </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> Tajikistan </Li> <Li> Turkmenistan </Li> <Li> Uzbekistan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> East </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> China <Ul> <Li> Hong Kong </Li> <Li> Macau </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> North Korea </Li> <Li> South Korea </Li> <Li> Mongolia </Li> <Li> Taiwan ( Republic of China ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bangladesh </Li> <Li> Bhutan </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Maldives </Li> <Li> Nepal </Li> <Li> Pakistan </Li> <Li> Sri Lanka </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southeast </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brunei </Li> <Li> Cambodia </Li> <Li> East Timor </Li> <Li> Indonesia </Li> <Li> Laos </Li> <Li> Malaysia </Li> <Li> Myanmar </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Singapore </Li> <Li> Thailand </Li> <Li> Vietnam </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Western </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abkhazia </Li> <Li> Akrotiri and Dhekelia </Li> <Li> Armenia </Li> <Li> Artsakh </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Bahrain </Li> <Li> Cyprus </Li> <Li> Egypt </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Iran </Li> <Li> Iraq </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Jordan </Li> <Li> Kuwait </Li> <Li> Lebanon </Li> <Li> Northern Cyprus </Li> <Li> Oman </Li> <Li> Palestine </Li> <Li> Qatar </Li> <Li> Saudi Arabia </Li> <Li> South Ossetia </Li> <Li> Syria </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> <Li> United Arab Emirates </Li> <Li> Yemen </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> European Union / EFTA </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Austria </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Croatia </Li> <Li> Czech Republic </Li> <Li> Cyprus </Li> <Li> Denmark <Ul> <Li> Faroe Islands </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Estonia </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> France <Ul> <Li> Overseas </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Gibraltar </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> Ireland </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Latvia </Li> <Li> Liechtenstein </Li> <Li> Lithuania </Li> <Li> Luxembourg </Li> <Li> Malta </Li> <Li> Netherlands <Ul> <Li> Overseas </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Norway <Ul> <Li> Svalbard </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Slovakia </Li> <Li> Slovenia </Li> <Li> Spain </Li> <Li> Sweden </Li> <Li> Switzerland </Li> <Li> United Kingdom <Ul> <Li> Overseas </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other Europe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abkhazia </Li> <Li> Akrotiri and Dhekelia </Li> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Andorra </Li> <Li> Armenia </Li> <Li> Artsakh </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Belarus </Li> <Li> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Kazakhstan </Li> <Li> Kosovo </Li> <Li> Macedonia </Li> <Li> Moldova </Li> <Li> Monaco </Li> <Li> Montenegro </Li> <Li> Northern Cyprus </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> San Marino </Li> <Li> Serbia </Li> <Li> South Ossetia </Li> <Li> Transnistria </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> <Li> Vatican City </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oceania </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Samoa </Li> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Cook Islands </Li> <Li> Fiji </Li> <Li> Guam </Li> <Li> Kiribati </Li> <Li> Marshall Islands </Li> <Li> Micronesia </Li> <Li> Nauru </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> <Li> Niue </Li> <Li> Northern Mariana Islands </Li> <Li> Palau </Li> <Li> Papua New Guinea </Li> <Li> Pitcairn Islands </Li> <Li> Samoa </Li> <Li> Solomon Islands </Li> <Li> Tokelau </Li> <Li> Tonga </Li> <Li> Tuvalu </Li> <Li> Vanuatu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <P> British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Part of the Realm of New Zealand . Partially recognized . Unincorporated territory of the United States . 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Partially recognized . </P> Immigration law </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Visa policies and requirements in Greater China </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Policy / Requirements </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Policy / Requirements </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Policy / Requirements </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Policy / Requirements </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visa_policy_of_Taiwan&oldid=806381207 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Visa policy by country </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) </Li> <Li> All articles requiring attention </Li> <Li> Articles containing Chinese - language text </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 17 : 23 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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The Open Championship - wikipedia <H1> The Open Championship </H1> `` British Open '' and `` The Open '' redirect here . For other uses , see British Open ( disambiguation ) and The Open ( disambiguation ) . <P> </P> <Table> The Open Championship <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Tournament information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> United Kingdom , varies </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Established </Th> <Td> 17 October 1860 ( 1860 - 10 - 17 ) 158 years ago </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Course ( s ) </Th> <Td> Carnoustie Golf Links Championship Course Angus , Scotland ( in 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Par </Th> <Td> 71 ( in 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 7,402 yd ( 6,768 m ) ( in 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Organized by </Th> <Td> The R&A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tour ( s ) </Th> <Td> European Tour PGA Tour Japan Golf Tour </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> Stroke play </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Prize fund </Th> <Td> $ 10.5 million ( in 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Month played </Th> <Td> July </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Tournament record score </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aggregate </Th> <Td> 264 * Henrik Stenson ( 2016 ) * record for all majors </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> To par </Th> <Td> − 20 * Henrik Stenson ( 2016 ) * equals record for all majors </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Current champion </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Francesco Molinari </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 2018 Open Championship </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Open Championship , often referred to as The Open or the British Open , is an annual golf tournament conducted by The R&A . It is one of the four major championships in professional golf , and is the oldest of the four . The Open is traditionally played in mid-July ; beginning 2019 , with the rescheduling of the PGA Championship to May , the tournament will be the final major of the golf season . </P> <P> It was first played in 1860 at Prestwick Golf Club in Scotland . The Open has always been held in the United Kingdom and is the only major played outside the United States . </P> <P> The current champion is Francesco Molinari , who won the 147th Open at Carnoustie in 2018 with a score of 276 . The 2019 Open Championship will be held at Royal Portrush Golf Club in Northern Ireland . It was held at Portrush in 1951 , the only occasion that it has not been held in Scotland or England . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Format <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Timeline of format changes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Trophies and medals </Li> <Li> 4 Host courses <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Future venues </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Qualification <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Timeline of qualification changes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Tournament name </Li> <Li> 7 Tour status </Li> <Li> 8 Prize money </Li> <Li> 9 Records </Li> <Li> 10 Champions </Li> <Li> 11 Silver Medal winners </Li> <Li> 12 Broadcasting <Ul> <Li> 12.1 United Kingdom </Li> <Li> 12.2 United States </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 13 Notes and references </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Open was first played on 17 October 1860 at Prestwick Golf Club in Scotland . The inaugural tournament was restricted to professionals and attracted a field of eight golfers who played three rounds of Prestwick 's twelve - hole course in a single day . Willie Park Sr. won with a score of 174 , beating Old Tom Morris , by two strokes . The following year the tournament was opened to amateurs ; eight of them joined ten professionals in the field . </P> Prestwick Golf Club , site of the first Open Championship in 1860 Willie Park Sr. wearing the Challenge Belt , the winner 's prize at The Open from 1860 to 1870 <P> James Ogilvie Fairlie was the principal organiser of the first Open Championship held at Prestwick in 1860 . With the untimely death of Allan Robertson , aged 43 in 1859 , Prestwick members decided to conduct a challenge the following year that would determine the land 's greatest golfer . In a proposed competition for a `` Challenge Belt '' , Fairlie sent out a series of letters to Blackheath , Perth , Edinburgh , Musselburgh and St Andrews , inviting a player known as a `` respectable caddie '' to represent each of the clubs in a tournament to be held on 17 October 1860 . </P> <P> Originally , the trophy presented to the event 's winner was the Challenge Belt , a red leather belt with a silver buckle . The Challenge Belt was retired in 1870 , when Young Tom Morris was allowed to keep it for winning the tournament three consecutive times . Because no trophy was available , the tournament was cancelled in 1871 . In 1872 , after Young Tom Morris won again for a fourth time in a row , he was awarded a medal . The present trophy , The Golf Champion Trophy , better known by its popular name of the Claret Jug , was then created . </P> <P> Prestwick administered The Open from 1860 to 1870 . In 1871 , it agreed to organise it jointly with The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews and The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers . In 1892 the event was doubled in length from 36 to 72 holes , four rounds of what was by then the standard complement of 18 holes . The 1894 Open was the first held outside Scotland , at the Royal St George 's Golf Club in England . Because of an increasing number of entrants , a cut was introduced after two rounds in 1898 . In 1920 full responsibility for The Open Championship was handed over to The Royal & Ancient Golf Club . </P> <P> The early winners were all Scottish professionals , who in those days worked as greenkeepers , clubmakers , and caddies to supplement their modest winnings from championships and challenge matches . The Open has always been dominated by professionals , with only six victories by amateurs , all of which occurred between 1890 and 1930 . The last of these was Bobby Jones ' third Open and part of his celebrated Grand Slam . Jones was one of six Americans who won The Open between the First and Second World Wars , the first of whom had been Walter Hagen in 1922 . These Americans and the French winner of the 1907 Open , Arnaud Massy , were the only winners from outside Scotland and England up to 1939 . </P> <P> The first post-World War II winner was the American Sam Snead , in 1946 . In 1947 , Northern Ireland 's Fred Daly was victorious . While there have been many English and Scottish champions , Daly was the only winner from Ireland until the 2007 victory by Pádraig Harrington . There has never been a Welsh champion . In the early postwar years The Open was dominated by golfers from the Commonwealth , with South African Bobby Locke and Australian Peter Thomson winning the Claret Jug in eight of the 11 championships from 1948 and 1958 between them . During this period , The Open often had a schedule conflict with the match - play PGA Championship , which meant that Ben Hogan , the best American golfer at this time , competed in The Open just once , in 1953 at Carnoustie , a tournament he won . </P> <P> Another South African , Gary Player was Champion in 1959 . This was at the beginning of the `` Big Three '' era in professional golf , the three players in question being Player , Arnold Palmer , and Jack Nicklaus . Palmer first competed in 1960 , when he came second to the little - known Australian Kel Nagle , but he won the next two years . While he was far from being the first American to become Open Champion , he was the first that many Americans saw win the tournament on television , and his charismatic success is often credited with persuading leading American golfers to make The Open an integral part of their schedule , rather than an optional extra . The improvement of trans - Atlantic travel also increased American participation . </P> <P> Nicklaus ' victories came in 1966 , 1970 , and 1978 . Although his tally of three wins is the least of his majors , it greatly understates how prominent Nicklaus was at the Open throughout the 1960s and 1970s . He finished runner - up seven times , which is the record and had a total of sixteen top - 5 finishes , which is tied most in Open history with John Henry Taylor and easily the most in the postwar era . Nicklaus also holds the records for most rounds under par ( 61 ) and most aggregates under par ( 14 ) . At Turnberry in 1977 he was involved in one of the most celebrated contests in golf history , when his duel with Tom Watson went to the final shot before Watson emerged as the champion for the second time with a record score of 268 ( 12 under par ) . </P> <P> Watson won five Opens , more than anyone else has since the 1950s , but his final win in 1983 brought down the curtain on an era of U.S. domination . In the next 11 years there was only one American winner , with the others coming from Europe and the Commonwealth . The European winners of this era , Spaniard Seve Ballesteros , Sandy Lyle , who was the first Scottish winner in over half a century , and the Englishman Nick Faldo , were also leading lights among the group of players who began to get the better of the Americans in the Ryder Cup during this period . </P> Logo from 1995 through 2002 . Previously , the Open Championship did not have an official logo beyond the Claret Jug . <P> In 1995 , John Daly 's playoff win over Italian Costantino Rocca began another era of American domination . Tiger Woods won three Championships , two at St Andrews in 2000 and 2005 , and one at Hoylake in 2006 . There was a dramatic moment at St Andrews in 2000 , as the ageing Jack Nicklaus waved farewell to the crowds , while the young challenger to his crown watched from a nearby tee . Nicklaus later decided to play in The Open for one final time in 2005 , when the R&A announced St Andrews as the venue , giving his final farewell to the fans at the Home of Golf . </P> <P> There have also been wins by previously little known golfers , including Paul Lawrie 's playoff win after the 72nd - hole collapse of Jean van de Velde in 1999 , Ben Curtis in 2003 and Todd Hamilton in 2004 . </P> Logo for 2003 − 2014 <P> In 2007 , the Europeans finally broke an eight - year drought in the majors when Pádraig Harrington of Ireland defeated Sergio García by one stroke in a four - hole playoff at Carnoustie . Harrington retained the Championship in 2008 . </P> <P> In 2009 , 59 - year - old Tom Watson turned in one of the most remarkable performances ever seen at The Open . Leading the tournament through 71 holes and needing just a par on the last hole to become the oldest ever winner of a major championship , Watson bogeyed , setting up a four - hole playoff , which he would lose to Stewart Cink . </P> <P> In 2013 , Phil Mickelson won his first Open Championship at Muirfield . His victory meant that he had won 3 of the 4 majors in pursuit of the career grand slam , just needing the U.S. Open , where he has finished runner - up six times . </P> <P> In 2015 , Zach Johnson denied Jordan Spieth his chance of winning the Grand Slam by winning an aggregate playoff over Louis Oosthuizen and Marc Leishman at the Old Course at St Andrews . </P> <H2> Format ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Open is a 72 - hole stroke play tournament contested over four days , Thursday through Sunday . Since 1979 it has been played in the week which includes the 3rd Friday in July . Currently , 156 players are in the field , mostly made up of the world 's leading professionals , who are given exemptions , along with winners of the top amateur championships . Further places are given to players , amateurs and professionals , who are successful in a number of qualifying events . There is a cut after 36 holes after which only the leading 70 players ( and ties ) play in the final 36 holes on the weekend . In the event of a tie after 72 holes , a four - hole aggregate playoff is held ; if two or more players are still tied , it continues as sudden - death until there is a winner . </P> <H3> Timeline of format changes ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> 1860 : Contested over 36 holes , played on a single day </Li> <Li> 1892 : Extended to 72 holes , played over two days </Li> <Li> 1898 : Cut introduced after 36 holes . Those 20 or more strokes behind the leader were excluded </Li> <Li> 1904 : Extended to a third day with 18 holes on each of the first two days . Cut rule unchanged </Li> <Li> 1905 : Cut rule changed to exclude those 15 or more strokes behind the leader </Li> <Li> 1907 : Qualifying introduced , replacing the 36 - hole cut and the contest reduced again to two days </Li> <Li> 1910 : Cut reintroduced instead of qualifying , play being extended to three days again . Top 60 and ties made the cut . </Li> <Li> 1911 : With an increase in the number of entries , the first two rounds were spread over three days , with 36 holes on the fourth day </Li> <Li> 1912 : Qualifying reintroduced to replace the cut . Contest reduced again to two days </Li> <Li> 1926 : Cut reintroduced . First Open with both qualifying and a cut . Extended again to a third day with 18 holes on the first two days . Those 15 or more strokes behind the leader were excluded from the final day . Days standardised as Wednesday to Friday </Li> <Li> 1929 : Cut rule changed to ensure that at least 60 made the cut even if 15 or more strokes behind the leader </Li> <Li> 1930 : Cut rule changed to top 60 and ties </Li> <Li> 1937 : Cut rule changed to top 40 and ties </Li> <Li> 1938 : Cut rule changed to be a maximum of 40 players . Ties for 40th place did not make the cut </Li> <Li> 1939 : Cut rule changed to be a maximum of 44 players . Ties for 44th place did not make the cut </Li> <Li> 1946 : Cut rule changed to be a maximum of 40 players . Ties for 40th place did not make the cut </Li> <Li> 1951 : Cut rule changed to be a maximum of 50 players . Ties for 50th place did not make the cut </Li> <Li> 1957 : Leaders after 36 holes go off last , replacing the random draw </Li> <Li> 1963 : Cut rule changed to top 45 and ties </Li> <Li> 1964 : Playoff reduced from 36 holes to 18 , followed by sudden - death if still level </Li> <Li> 1966 : Play extended to four days , 18 holes per day from Wednesday to Saturday . Cut rule changed to top 55 and ties </Li> <Li> 1968 : Cut rule changed to top 70 and ties after 36 holes and then top 45 and ties after 54 holes </Li> <Li> 1970 : Cut rule changed to top 80 and ties after 36 holes and then top 55 and ties after 54 holes </Li> <Li> 1971 : Cut rule changed to top 80 and ties after 36 holes and then top 60 and ties after 54 holes </Li> <Li> 1973 : Play in groups of three introduced for the first two rounds </Li> <Li> 1974 : Use of `` bigger ball '' ( 1.68 in , 42.67 mm ) made compulsory </Li> <Li> 1978 : `` 10 - shot rule '' introduced so that players within 10 shots of the leader make the cut even if outside the top 80 / 60 </Li> <Li> 1980 : Play from Thursday to Sunday </Li> <Li> 1986 : 54 - hole cut discontinued . Cut rule changed to top 70 and ties after 36 holes . Four - hole playoff introduced </Li> <Li> 1996 : `` 10 - shot rule '' dropped </Li> </Ul> <H2> Trophies and medals ( edit ) </H2> The Claret Jug <P> There are a number of medals and trophies that are , or have been , given for various achievements during The Open . </P> <Ul> <Li> The Challenge Belt -- awarded to the winner from 1860 until 1870 , when Young Tom Morris won the belt outright by winning the Championship for the third year in a row . </Li> <Li> The Golf Champion Trophy ( commonly known as the Claret Jug ) -- replaced the Challenge Belt and has been awarded to the winner since 1873 although Young Tom Morris , the winner in 1872 , is the first name engraved on it . ( The Open was not held in 1871 . ) </Li> <Li> Gold medal -- awarded to the winner . First given out in 1872 when the Claret Jug was not yet ready , and since awarded to all champions . </Li> <Li> Silver medal -- awarded since 1949 to the leading amateur completing the final round . </Li> <Li> Bronze medal -- awarded since 1972 to all other amateurs completing the final round . </Li> </Ul> <P> The Professional Golfers ' Association ( of Great Britain and Ireland ) also mark the achievements of their own members in The Open . </P> <Ul> <Li> Ryle Memorial Medal -- awarded since 1901 to the winner if he is a PGA member . </Li> <Li> Braid Taylor Memorial Medal -- awarded since 1966 to the highest finishing PGA member . </Li> <Li> Tooting Bec Cup -- awarded since 1924 to the PGA member who records the lowest single round during the championship . </Li> </Ul> <P> The Braid Taylor Memorial Medal and the Tooting Bec Cup are restricted to members born in , or with a parent or parents born in , the UK or Republic of Ireland . </P> <H2> Host courses ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of The Open Championship venues Carnoustie St Andrews Muirfield Turnberry Royal Troon Active venues in Scotland The 2018 venue ( Carnoustie ) is shown in green Royal Birkdale Royal Liverpool ( Hoylake ) Royal St George 's Royal Lytham Active venues in England Royal Portrush Active venue in Northern Ireland <P> The common factor in the venues is links courses . The Open has always been played in Scotland , northwest England , and southeast England , along with one course in Northern Ireland which will again stage the competition in 2019 . </P> <P> From 1860 to 1870 The Open was organised by and played at Prestwick Golf Club . From its revival in 1872 until 1891 it was played on three courses in rotation : Prestwick , The Old Course at St Andrews , and Musselburgh Links . In 1892 the newly built Muirfield replaced Musselburgh in the rotation . In 1893 two English courses , Royal St George 's and Royal Liverpool Golf Club , Hoylake , were invited to join the rotation with Royal St George 's being allocated the 1894 Open and Royal Liverpool having the 1897 event . At a meeting in 1907 Royal Cinque Ports Golf Club became the sixth course on the rota , being allocated the 1909 Open . With three courses in both England and Scotland , the meeting also agreed that the Championship was to be played in England and Scotland alternately . The alternation of venues in England and Scotland continued until the Second World War . </P> <P> The rotation of the six courses was reinstated after the First World War with Royal Cinque Ports hosting the first post-war Open in 1920 . It had been chosen as the venue for the cancelled 1915 Open . In 1923 Troon was used instead of Muirfield when `` some doubts exists as to the Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers being desirous of their course being used for the event '' . Muirfield returned as the venue in 1929 . Serious overcrowding problems at Prestwick in 1925 meant that the course was never again used for the Open and was replaced by Carnoustie as the third Scottish course . While Royal St George 's and Royal Liverpool continued to be used at six - year intervals the third English course varied . After Royal Cinque Ports in 1920 , Royal Lytham was used in 1926 and then Prince 's in 1932 . Royal Cinque Ports was intended as the venue in 1938 but in February of that year abnormal high tides caused severe flooding to the course leaving it like `` an inland sea several feet deep '' and the venue was switched to Royal St George 's . Birkdale was chosen as the venue for 1940 , although the event was cancelled because of the Second World War . </P> <P> There are ten courses in the current rota , five in Scotland , four in England and one in Northern Ireland . In recent times the Old Course has hosted the Open every five years . The remaining courses host the Open roughly every 10 years but the gaps between hosting Opens may be longer or shorter than this . In 2014 , it was announced by The R&A that Royal Portrush was returning to the active rota and in October 2015 Portrush was confirmed as the venue for the 2019 Open . </P> <P> The most recent course to be removed from the active rota was Muirfield in May 2016 , following The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers refusal to permit female members to join their club . On 14 March 2017 , the members voted to admit females ; the R&A subsequently stated that Muirfield would be welcomed back to the Open rota . </P> <P> From 1894 ( when it was first played in England ) to 2018 , it has been played 63 times in Scotland , 50 times in England and once in Northern Ireland . It was not until 2011 and 2012 that England hosted consecutive Opens . </P> <H3> Future venues ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Edition </Th> <Th> Course </Th> <Th> Town </Th> <Th> County </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Dates </Th> <Th> Last hosted </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2019 </Td> <Td> 148th </Td> <Td> Royal Portrush Golf Club </Td> <Td> Portrush </Td> <Td> Antrim </Td> <Td> Northern Ireland </Td> <Td> 18 -- 21 July </Td> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2020 </Td> <Td> 149th </Td> <Td> Royal St George 's Golf Club </Td> <Td> Sandwich </Td> <Td> Kent </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> 16 -- 19 July </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2021 </Td> <Td> 150th </Td> <Td> Old Course at St Andrews </Td> <Td> St Andrews </Td> <Td> Fife </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> 15 -- 18 July </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Qualification ( edit ) </H2> See also : 2018 Open Championship <P> The field for the Open is 156 , and golfers gain a place in a number of ways . Most of the field is made up of leading players who are given exemptions . Further places are given to players who are successful in The Open Qualifying Series and in Final Qualifying . Any remaining places , and places made available because qualified players are not competing , are made available to the highest ranked players in the Official World Golf Ranking . </P> <P> There are currently 27 exemption categories . Among the more significant are : </P> <Ul> <Li> The top 50 on the Official World Golf Ranking . This category means that no member of the current elite of world golf will be excluded . </Li> <Li> The top 30 in the previous season 's European Tour Race to Dubai and the 30 qualifiers for Tour Championship . Most of these players will also be in the World top 50 . </Li> <Li> All previous Open Champions who will be age 60 or under on the final day of the tournament . Each year a number of past champions choose not to compete . </Li> <Li> All players who have won one of the other three majors in the previous five years . </Li> <Li> The top 10 from the previous year 's Open Championship . </Li> <Li> The winners of The Amateur Championship and the U.S. Amateur ( provided the winners maintain their amateur status prior to the tournament ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> International qualifying is through the `` Open Qualifying Series '' . About ten tournaments are selected each year . These currently consist of one event from the PGA Tour of Australasia , the Asian Tour , the Sunshine Tour , the Japan Golf Tour and the Korean Tour and three from the European Tour and the PGA Tour . A pre-allocated number of places are made available at these tournaments ( from 1 to 4 ) which are given to the leading players in those events who are not , at that point , qualified for the Open , provided they finish in a high - enough position . In 2018 a total of 34 places were available . </P> <P> Local qualifying was the traditional way for non-exempt players to win a place at The Open . In recent years it has comprised a number of `` Regional Qualifying '' competitions around Britain and Ireland with successful competitors , joined by those players exempt from regional qualifying , playing in 36 - hole `` Final Qualifying '' tournaments . In 2018 there were 12 places available through Final Qualifying , three at each of the four venues . </P> <H3> Timeline of qualification changes ( edit ) </H3> <P> Up to 1920 a variety of qualification systems were used . From 1921 to 1962 ( except 1926 ) local qualifying was used . All those who entered played 18 holes on one of two courses and then played 18 holes on the other course the following day . Qualifying took place immediately before the Championship itself . In 1963 a system of exemptions for the leading players was introduced with local qualifying continuing for the remaining players . Since then a large number of changes have been made to the exemption criteria and to the qualifying system for the remaining players . </P> <Ul> <Li> 1907 : Qualifying introduced for the first time . Players play 36 holes on one of two days . Top 30 and ties qualify on each day </Li> <Li> 1908 : Players play on either the first morning and second afternoon or the first afternoon and second morning . Top 30 and ties qualify from each group </Li> <Li> 1909 : Same but each of the two groups has to contain at least 30 professionals </Li> <Li> 1910 : Qualifying dropped </Li> <Li> 1912 : Qualifying reintroduced . Players play 36 holes on one of three days . Top 20 and ties qualify on each day </Li> <Li> 1914 . Qualifying over two days using two courses . Exactly 100 players qualify . 18 - hole playoff the following day for those tied for final places . This was the first occasion on which qualifying did not take place on the championship course . </Li> <Li> 1920 : Separate qualifying for amateurs and professionals . Amateurs qualify at the Open venue ( total of 8 places with the Amateur Champion receiving automatic entry ) . Professionals qualified using two courses in Surrey . Top 72 and ties qualify </Li> <Li> 1921 : Local qualifying reintroduced using two courses . Generally the Championship course is used together with a nearby course . Top 80 and ties qualify </Li> <Li> 1926 : Regional qualifying used . Total of 101 and ties qualify at one of three venues ( southern , central , northern ) </Li> <Li> 1927 : Local qualifying reintroduced . Top 100 and ties qualify </Li> <Li> 1937 : Top 140 and ties qualify </Li> <Li> 1938 : Maximum of 130 players qualify . Ties for 130th place did not qualify </Li> <Li> 1946 : Maximum of 100 players qualify . Ties for 100th place did not qualify </Li> <Li> 1961 : Maximum of 120 players qualify . Ties for 120th place did not qualify </Li> <Li> 1963 : Exemption from qualifying introduced for the leading players including past 10 Open champions . Local qualifying continues for the remainder of the field but now two separate competitions are held with a preallocated number of places available . Two courses near the Open venue are used but not the Open venue itself . Playoff for those tied for final places . Total of 120 qualify </Li> <Li> 1965 : Total of 130 qualify </Li> <Li> 1968 : Exemption extended to all previous Open champions </Li> <Li> 1971 : Total of 150 qualify </Li> <Li> 1984 : Exemption for previous Open champions aged under 65 </Li> <Li> 1995 : Exemption for previous Open champions extended to those aged 65 or under </Li> <Li> 2004 : International Final Qualifying introduced </Li> <Li> 2008 : Exemption for previous Open champions restricted to those aged 60 or under ( with transitional arrangement for those born between 1942 and 1948 ) </Li> <Li> 2014 : Open Qualifying Series introduced replacing International Final Qualifying </Li> </Ul> <H2> Tournament name ( edit ) </H2> <P> In Britain , the tournament is best known by its official title , The Open Championship , or simply the Open . Outside of the United Kingdom , the tournament is often referred to as the `` British Open '' to disambiguate the tournament from other national open golf tournaments , such as the U.S. Open . Likewise , the Masters and PGA Championship are often referred to as the `` U.S. Masters '' and `` U.S. PGA Championship '' outside of the United States , the latter being distinguished in the UK from the European Tour 's BMW PGA Championship . Although it is not the official title of the men 's championship , the Open 's women 's counterpart is officially titled the Women 's British Open . </P> <P> The R&A has contractually required its media rightsholders to refer to the event as The Open Championship ; NBC presenter Johnny Miller admitted that during the network 's first year as U.S. broadcaster , he sometimes had to correct himself on - air after accidentally referring to the event as the `` British Open '' . </P> <P> Some U.S. critics have argued that the insistence of referring to the tournament as `` The Open '' is an expression of exceptionalism for the event by the R&A in comparison to other open golf tournaments , albeit one that is justified due to its history . Alastair Johnston of IMG , who markets the tournament and its media rights internationally , remarked that negotiations in some regions had been complicated by local executives who did not believe it was appropriate to refer to the event as simply `` The Open Championship '' . </P> <H2> Tour status ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Open Championship has been an official event on the PGA Tour since 1995 . Because of this , the prize money won in The Open by PGA Tour members is included on the official money list . In addition , all Open Championships before 1995 have been retroactively classified as PGA Tour wins , and the list of players with the most wins on the PGA Tour has been adjusted to reflect this . The European Tour has recognised The Open as an official event since its first official season in 1972 , and it is also an official money event on the Japan Golf Tour . </P> <H2> Prize money ( edit ) </H2> <P> The 2015 edition had a total prize money fund of £ 6.3 million and a first prize of £ 1.15 million , which equated to about $ 9.8 million and $1.8 million , respectively . The other three major championships in 2015 had prize money of $10.0 million and first prizes of $1.8 million , so that all four majors had similar prize money . Prize money is given to all professionals who make the cut and , since the number of professionals making the cut changes from year to year , the total prize money varies somewhat from the advertised number . </P> <P> The prize fund in 2016 was £ 6.5 million , with a winner 's share of £ 1.175 million ; about $8.6 million and $1.55 million . The other majors had prize money of at least $10.0 million and first prizes of at least $1.8 million . The relative decline in prize money , in dollar terms , was attributable to a fall in the £ / $ exchange rate . </P> <P> For the first time in 2017 , the prize money was denominated in U.S. dollars . With total prize money of $10.25 million ( £ 7.89 million ) , it was somewhat lower than the other major championships , $11 million at the Masters , $12 million for the U.S. Open and $10.5 million at the PGA Championship . </P> <P> There was no prize money in the first three Opens . In 1863 , a prize fund of ten pounds was introduced , which was shared between the second - , third - , and fourth - placed professionals , with the champion keeping the belt for a year . Old Tom Morris won the first champion 's cash prize of six pounds in 1864 . </P> <P> Until the late 1990s , The Open prize fund was significantly lower than the other three majors ; by 2002 , it was the highest . </P> <H2> Records ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Oldest winner : Old Tom Morris ( 46 years , 102 days ) , 1867 . </Li> <Li> Youngest winner : Young Tom Morris ( 17 years , 156 days ) , 1868 . </Li> <Li> Most victories : 6 , Harry Vardon ( 1896 , 1898 , 1899 , 1903 , 1911 , 1914 ) . </Li> <Li> Most consecutive victories : 4 , Young Tom Morris ( 1868 , 1869 , 1870 , 1872 -- there was no championship in 1871 ) . </Li> <Li> Lowest score after 36 holes : 130 , Nick Faldo ( 66 - 64 ) , 1992 ; Brandt Snedeker ( 66 - 64 ) , 2012 </Li> <Li> Lowest score after 54 holes : 198 , Tom Lehman ( 67 - 67 - 64 ) , 1996 </Li> <Li> Lowest final score ( 72 holes ) : 264 , Henrik Stenson ( 68 - 65 - 68 - 63 , 264 ) , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Lowest final score ( 72 holes ) in relation to par : − 20 , Henrik Stenson ( 68 - 65 - 68 - 63 , 264 ) , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Greatest victory margin : 13 strokes , Old Tom Morris , 1862 . This remained a record for all majors until 2000 , when Woods won the U.S. Open by 15 strokes at Pebble Beach . Old Tom 's 13 - stroke margin was achieved over 36 holes . </Li> <Li> Lowest round : 62 , Branden Grace , 3rd round , 2017 ; a record for all majors . </Li> <Li> Lowest round in relation to par : − 9 , Paul Broadhurst , 3rd round , 1990 ; Rory McIlroy , 1st round , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Wire - to - wire winners ( after 72 holes with no ties after rounds ) : Ted Ray in 1912 , Bobby Jones in 1927 , Gene Sarazen in 1932 , Henry Cotton in 1934 , Tom Weiskopf in 1973 , Tiger Woods in 2005 , and Rory McIlroy in 2014 . </Li> <Li> Most runner - up finishes : 7 , Jack Nicklaus ( 1964 , 1967 , 1968 , 1972 , 1976 , 1977 , 1979 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Champions ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of The Open Championship champions <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Dates </Th> <Th> Champion </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Venue </Th> <Th> Winning score </Th> <Th> Winning margin </Th> <Th> Runner ( s ) - up </Th> <Th> Winner 's share ( £ ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> 19 -- 22 Jul </Td> <Td> Francesco Molinari </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> Carnoustie </Td> <Td> 276 ( − 8 ) </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Kevin Kisner Rory McIlroy Justin Rose Xander Schauffele </Td> <Td> 1,440,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> 20 -- 23 Jul </Td> <Td> Jordan Spieth </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Royal Birkdale </Td> <Td> 268 ( − 12 ) </Td> <Td> 3 strokes </Td> <Td> Matt Kuchar </Td> <Td> 1,420,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> 14 -- 17 Jul </Td> <Td> Henrik Stenson </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Royal Troon </Td> <Td> 264 ( − 20 ) </Td> <Td> 3 strokes </Td> <Td> Phil Mickelson </Td> <Td> 1,175,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 16 -- 20 Jul </Td> <Td> Zach Johnson </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> St Andrews </Td> <Td> 273 ( − 15 ) </Td> <Td> Playoff </Td> <Td> Marc Leishman Louis Oosthuizen </Td> <Td> 1,150,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 17 -- 20 Jul </Td> <Td> Rory McIlroy </Td> <Td> Northern Ireland </Td> <Td> Royal Liverpool </Td> <Td> 271 ( − 17 ) </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Rickie Fowler Sergio García </Td> <Td> 975,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 18 -- 21 Jul </Td> <Td> Phil Mickelson </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Muirfield </Td> <Td> 281 ( − 3 ) </Td> <Td> 3 strokes </Td> <Td> Henrik Stenson </Td> <Td> 945,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 19 -- 22 Jul </Td> <Td> Ernie Els ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Royal Lytham & St Annes </Td> <Td> 273 ( − 7 ) </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Adam Scott </Td> <Td> 900,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 14 -- 17 Jul </Td> <Td> Darren Clarke </Td> <Td> Northern Ireland </Td> <Td> Royal St George 's </Td> <Td> 275 ( − 5 ) </Td> <Td> 3 strokes </Td> <Td> Dustin Johnson Phil Mickelson </Td> <Td> 900,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 15 -- 18 Jul </Td> <Td> Louis Oosthuizen </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> St Andrews </Td> <Td> 272 ( − 16 ) </Td> <Td> 7 strokes </Td> <Td> Lee Westwood </Td> <Td> 850,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 16 -- 19 Jul </Td> <Td> Stewart Cink </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Turnberry </Td> <Td> 278 ( − 2 ) </Td> <Td> Playoff </Td> <Td> Tom Watson </Td> <Td> 750,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> 17 -- 20 Jul </Td> <Td> Pádraig Harrington ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Royal Birkdale </Td> <Td> 283 ( + 3 ) </Td> <Td> 4 strokes </Td> <Td> Ian Poulter </Td> <Td> 750,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 19 -- 22 Jul </Td> <Td> Pádraig Harrington </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Carnoustie </Td> <Td> 277 ( − 7 ) </Td> <Td> Playoff </Td> <Td> Sergio García </Td> <Td> 750,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 20 -- 23 Jul </Td> <Td> Tiger Woods ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Royal Liverpool </Td> <Td> 270 ( − 18 ) </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Chris DiMarco </Td> <Td> 720,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> 14 -- 17 Jul </Td> <Td> Tiger Woods ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> St Andrews </Td> <Td> 274 ( − 14 ) </Td> <Td> 5 strokes </Td> <Td> Colin Montgomerie </Td> <Td> 720,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 15 -- 18 Jul </Td> <Td> Todd Hamilton </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Royal Troon </Td> <Td> 274 ( − 10 ) </Td> <Td> Playoff </Td> <Td> Ernie Els </Td> <Td> 720,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> 17 -- 20 Jul </Td> <Td> Ben Curtis </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Royal St George 's </Td> <Td> 283 ( − 1 ) </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Thomas Bjørn Vijay Singh </Td> <Td> 700,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> 18 -- 21 Jul </Td> <Td> Ernie Els </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Muirfield </Td> <Td> 278 ( − 6 ) </Td> <Td> Playoff </Td> <Td> Stuart Appleby Steve Elkington Thomas Levet </Td> <Td> 700,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> 19 -- 22 Jul </Td> <Td> David Duval </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Royal Lytham & St Annes </Td> <Td> 274 ( − 10 ) </Td> <Td> 3 strokes </Td> <Td> Niclas Fasth </Td> <Td> 600,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> 20 -- 23 Jul </Td> <Td> Tiger Woods </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> St Andrews </Td> <Td> 269 ( − 19 ) </Td> <Td> 8 strokes </Td> <Td> Thomas Bjørn Ernie Els </Td> <Td> 500,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> 15 -- 18 Jul </Td> <Td> Paul Lawrie </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Carnoustie </Td> <Td> 290 ( + 6 ) </Td> <Td> Playoff </Td> <Td> Justin Leonard Jean van de Velde </Td> <Td> 350,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> 16 -- 19 Jul </Td> <Td> Mark O'Meara </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Royal Birkdale </Td> <Td> 280 ( E ) </Td> <Td> Playoff </Td> <Td> Brian Watts </Td> <Td> 300,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> 17 -- 20 Jul </Td> <Td> Justin Leonard </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Royal Troon </Td> <Td> 272 ( − 12 ) </Td> <Td> 3 strokes </Td> <Td> Darren Clarke Jesper Parnevik </Td> <Td> 250,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 18 -- 21 Jul </Td> <Td> Tom Lehman </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Royal Lytham & St Annes </Td> <Td> 271 ( − 13 ) </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Ernie Els Mark McCumber </Td> <Td> 200,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 20 -- 23 Jul </Td> <Td> John Daly </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> St Andrews </Td> <Td> 282 ( − 6 ) </Td> <Td> Playoff </Td> <Td> Costantino Rocca </Td> <Td> 125,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 14 -- 17 Jul </Td> <Td> Nick Price </Td> <Td> Zimbabwe </Td> <Td> Turnberry </Td> <Td> 268 ( − 12 ) </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Jesper Parnevik </Td> <Td> 110,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> 15 -- 18 Jul </Td> <Td> Greg Norman ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Royal St George 's </Td> <Td> 267 ( − 13 ) </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Nick Faldo </Td> <Td> 100,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> 16 -- 19 Jul </Td> <Td> Nick Faldo ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Muirfield </Td> <Td> 272 ( − 12 ) </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> John Cook </Td> <Td> 95,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> 18 -- 21 Jul </Td> <Td> Ian Baker - Finch </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Royal Birkdale </Td> <Td> 272 ( − 8 ) </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Mike Harwood </Td> <Td> 90,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> 19 -- 22 Jul </Td> <Td> Nick Faldo ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> St Andrews </Td> <Td> 270 ( − 18 ) </Td> <Td> 5 strokes </Td> <Td> Mark McNulty Payne Stewart </Td> <Td> 85,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> 20 -- 23 Jul </Td> <Td> Mark Calcavecchia </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Royal Troon </Td> <Td> 275 ( − 13 ) </Td> <Td> Playoff </Td> <Td> Wayne Grady Greg Norman </Td> <Td> 80,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> 14 -- 18 Jul </Td> <Td> Seve Ballesteros ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> Royal Lytham & St Annes </Td> <Td> 273 ( − 11 ) </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Nick Price </Td> <Td> 80,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16 -- 19 Jul </Td> <Td> Nick Faldo </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Muirfield </Td> <Td> 279 ( − 5 ) </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Paul Azinger Rodger Davis </Td> <Td> 75,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 17 -- 20 Jul </Td> <Td> Greg Norman </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Turnberry </Td> <Td> 280 ( E ) </Td> <Td> 5 strokes </Td> <Td> Gordon J. Brand </Td> <Td> 70,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> 18 -- 21 Jul </Td> <Td> Sandy Lyle </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Royal St George 's </Td> <Td> 282 ( + 2 ) </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Payne Stewart </Td> <Td> 65,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> 19 -- 22 Jul </Td> <Td> Seve Ballesteros ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> St Andrews </Td> <Td> 276 ( − 12 ) </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Bernhard Langer Tom Watson </Td> <Td> 55,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 -- 17 Jul </Td> <Td> Tom Watson ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Royal Birkdale </Td> <Td> 275 ( − 9 ) </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Andy Bean Hale Irwin </Td> <Td> 40,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> 15 -- 18 Jul </Td> <Td> Tom Watson ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Royal Troon </Td> <Td> 284 ( − 4 ) </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Peter Oosterhuis Nick Price </Td> <Td> 32,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> 16 -- 19 Jul </Td> <Td> Bill Rogers </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Royal St George 's </Td> <Td> 276 ( − 4 ) </Td> <Td> 4 strokes </Td> <Td> Bernhard Langer </Td> <Td> 25,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> 17 -- 20 Jul </Td> <Td> Tom Watson ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Muirfield </Td> <Td> 271 ( − 13 ) </Td> <Td> 4 strokes </Td> <Td> Lee Trevino </Td> <Td> 25,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> 18 -- 21 Jul </Td> <Td> Seve Ballesteros </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> Royal Lytham & St Annes </Td> <Td> 283 ( − 1 ) </Td> <Td> 3 strokes </Td> <Td> Ben Crenshaw Jack Nicklaus </Td> <Td> 15,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> 12 -- 15 Jul </Td> <Td> Jack Nicklaus ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> St Andrews </Td> <Td> 281 ( − 7 ) </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Ben Crenshaw Raymond Floyd Tom Kite Simon Owen </Td> <Td> 12,500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 9 Jul </Td> <Td> Tom Watson ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Turnberry </Td> <Td> 268 ( − 12 ) </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Jack Nicklaus </Td> <Td> 10,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 10 Jul </Td> <Td> Johnny Miller </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Royal Birkdale </Td> <Td> 279 ( − 9 ) </Td> <Td> 6 strokes </Td> <Td> Seve Ballesteros Jack Nicklaus </Td> <Td> 7,500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 -- 13 Jul </Td> <Td> Tom Watson </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Carnoustie </Td> <Td> 279 ( − 9 ) </Td> <Td> Playoff </Td> <Td> Jack Newton </Td> <Td> 7,500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 -- 13 Jul </Td> <Td> Gary Player ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Royal Lytham & St Annes </Td> <Td> 282 ( − 2 ) </Td> <Td> 4 strokes </Td> <Td> Peter Oosterhuis </Td> <Td> 5,500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 11 -- 14 Jul </Td> <Td> Tom Weiskopf </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Troon </Td> <Td> 276 ( − 12 ) </Td> <Td> 3 strokes </Td> <Td> Neil Coles Johnny Miller </Td> <Td> 5,500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> 12 -- 15 Jul </Td> <Td> Lee Trevino ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Muirfield </Td> <Td> 278 ( − 6 ) </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Jack Nicklaus </Td> <Td> 5,500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 10 Jul </Td> <Td> Lee Trevino </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Royal Birkdale </Td> <Td> 278 ( − 14 ) </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Lu Liang - Huan </Td> <Td> 5,500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 12 Jul </Td> <Td> Jack Nicklaus ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> St Andrews </Td> <Td> 283 ( − 5 ) </Td> <Td> Playoff </Td> <Td> Doug Sanders </Td> <Td> 5,250 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> 9 -- 12 Jul </Td> <Td> Tony Jacklin </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Royal Lytham & St Annes </Td> <Td> 280 ( − 4 ) </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Bob Charles </Td> <Td> 4,250 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> 10 -- 13 Jul </Td> <Td> Gary Player ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Carnoustie </Td> <Td> 289 ( + 1 ) </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Bob Charles Jack Nicklaus </Td> <Td> 3,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> 12 -- 15 Jul </Td> <Td> Roberto De Vicenzo </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> Royal Liverpool </Td> <Td> 278 ( − 10 ) </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Jack Nicklaus </Td> <Td> 2,100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 9 Jul </Td> <Td> Jack Nicklaus </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Muirfield </Td> <Td> 282 ( − 2 ) </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Doug Sanders Dave Thomas </Td> <Td> 2,100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 9 Jul </Td> <Td> Peter Thomson ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Royal Birkdale </Td> <Td> 285 ( − 7 ) </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Brian Huggett Christy O'Connor Snr </Td> <Td> 1,750 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 10 Jul </Td> <Td> Tony Lema </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> St Andrews </Td> <Td> 279 ( − 9 ) </Td> <Td> 5 strokes </Td> <Td> Jack Nicklaus </Td> <Td> 1,500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1963 </Td> <Td> 10 -- 13 Jul </Td> <Td> Bob Charles </Td> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> Royal Lytham & St Annes </Td> <Td> 277 ( − 3 ) </Td> <Td> Playoff </Td> <Td> Phil Rodgers </Td> <Td> 1,500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> 11 -- 13 Jul </Td> <Td> Arnold Palmer ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Troon </Td> <Td> 276 ( − 12 ) </Td> <Td> 6 strokes </Td> <Td> Kel Nagle </Td> <Td> 1,400 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> 12 -- 15 Jul </Td> <Td> Arnold Palmer </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Royal Birkdale </Td> <Td> 284 ( − 4 ) </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Dai Rees </Td> <Td> 1,400 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 9 Jul </Td> <Td> Kel Nagle </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> St Andrews </Td> <Td> 278 ( − 10 ) </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Arnold Palmer </Td> <Td> 1,250 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1959 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 3 Jul </Td> <Td> Gary Player </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Muirfield </Td> <Td> 284 ( − 4 ) </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Fred Bullock Flory Van Donck </Td> <Td> 1,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 5 Jul </Td> <Td> Peter Thomson ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Royal Lytham & St Annes </Td> <Td> 278 ( − 6 ) </Td> <Td> Playoff </Td> <Td> Dave Thomas </Td> <Td> 1,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 5 Jul </Td> <Td> Bobby Locke ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> St Andrews </Td> <Td> 279 ( − 9 ) </Td> <Td> 3 strokes </Td> <Td> Peter Thomson </Td> <Td> 1,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1956 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 6 Jul </Td> <Td> Peter Thomson ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Royal Liverpool </Td> <Td> 286 ( + 2 ) </Td> <Td> 3 strokes </Td> <Td> Flory Van Donck </Td> <Td> 1,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 8 Jul </Td> <Td> Peter Thomson ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> St Andrews </Td> <Td> 281 ( − 7 ) </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> John Fallon </Td> <Td> 1,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 9 Jul </Td> <Td> Peter Thomson </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Royal Birkdale </Td> <Td> 283 ( − 9 ) </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Bobby Locke Dai Rees Syd Scott </Td> <Td> 750 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 10 Jul </Td> <Td> Ben Hogan </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Carnoustie </Td> <Td> 282 ( − 6 ) </Td> <Td> 4 strokes </Td> <Td> Antonio Cerdá Dai Rees Frank Stranahan ( a ) Peter Thomson </Td> <Td> 500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> 9 -- 11 Jul </Td> <Td> Bobby Locke ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Royal Lytham & St Annes </Td> <Td> 287 ( − 1 ) </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Peter Thomson </Td> <Td> 300 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 6 Jul </Td> <Td> Max Faulkner </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Royal Portrush </Td> <Td> 285 ( − 3 ) </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Antonio Cerdá </Td> <Td> 300 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 7 Jul </Td> <Td> Bobby Locke ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Troon </Td> <Td> 279 ( − 1 ) </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Roberto de Vicenzo </Td> <Td> 300 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 9 Jul </Td> <Td> Bobby Locke </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Royal St George 's </Td> <Td> 283 ( − 5 ) </Td> <Td> Playoff </Td> <Td> Harry Bradshaw </Td> <Td> 300 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> 30 Jun -- 2 Jul </Td> <Td> Henry Cotton ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Muirfield </Td> <Td> 284 ( E ) </Td> <Td> 5 strokes </Td> <Td> Fred Daly </Td> <Td> 150 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1947 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 4 Jul </Td> <Td> Fred Daly </Td> <Td> Northern Ireland </Td> <Td> Royal Liverpool </Td> <Td> 293 ( + 21 ) </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Reg Horne Frank Stranahan ( a ) </Td> <Td> 150 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 5 Jul </Td> <Td> Sam Snead </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> St Andrews </Td> <Td> 290 ( − 2 ) </Td> <Td> 4 strokes </Td> <Td> Johnny Bulla Bobby Locke </Td> <Td> 150 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="9"> 1940 -- 1945 : No Championships because of World War II </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1939 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 7 Jul </Td> <Td> Dick Burton </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> St Andrews </Td> <Td> 290 ( − 2 ) </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Johnny Bulla </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1938 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 8 Jul </Td> <Td> Reg Whitcombe </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Royal St George 's </Td> <Td> 295 ( + 15 ) </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Jimmy Adams </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1937 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 9 Jul </Td> <Td> Henry Cotton ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Carnoustie </Td> <Td> 290 </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Reg Whitcombe </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1936 </Td> <Td> 25 -- 27 Jun </Td> <Td> Alf Padgham </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Royal Liverpool </Td> <Td> 287 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Jimmy Adams </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1935 </Td> <Td> 26 -- 28 Jun </Td> <Td> Alf Perry </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Muirfield </Td> <Td> 283 </Td> <Td> 4 strokes </Td> <Td> Alf Padgham </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1934 </Td> <Td> 27 -- 29 Jun </Td> <Td> Henry Cotton </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Royal St George 's </Td> <Td> 283 </Td> <Td> 5 strokes </Td> <Td> Sid Brews </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1933 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 8 Jul </Td> <Td> Denny Shute </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> St Andrews </Td> <Td> 292 </Td> <Td> Playoff </Td> <Td> Craig Wood </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1932 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 10 Jun </Td> <Td> Gene Sarazen </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Prince 's </Td> <Td> 283 </Td> <Td> 5 strokes </Td> <Td> Macdonald Smith </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1931 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 5 Jun </Td> <Td> Tommy Armour </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Carnoustie </Td> <Td> 296 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> José Jurado </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1930 </Td> <Td> 18 -- 20 Jun </Td> <Td> Bobby Jones ( a ) ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Royal Liverpool </Td> <Td> 291 </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Leo Diegel Macdonald Smith </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1929 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 10 May </Td> <Td> Walter Hagen ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Muirfield </Td> <Td> 292 </Td> <Td> 6 strokes </Td> <Td> Johnny Farrell </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1928 </Td> <Td> 9 -- 11 May </Td> <Td> Walter Hagen ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Royal St George 's </Td> <Td> 292 </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Gene Sarazen </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1927 </Td> <Td> 13 -- 15 Jul </Td> <Td> Bobby Jones ( a ) ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> St Andrews </Td> <Td> 285 </Td> <Td> 6 strokes </Td> <Td> Aubrey Boomer Fred Robson </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1926 </Td> <Td> 23 -- 25 Jun </Td> <Td> Bobby Jones ( a ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Royal Lytham & St Annes </Td> <Td> 291 </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Al Watrous </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1925 </Td> <Td> 25 -- 26 Jun </Td> <Td> Jim Barnes </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Prestwick </Td> <Td> 300 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Archie Compston Ted Ray </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1924 </Td> <Td> 26 -- 27 Jun </Td> <Td> Walter Hagen ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Royal Liverpool </Td> <Td> 301 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Ernest Whitcombe </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1923 </Td> <Td> 14 -- 15 Jun </Td> <Td> Arthur Havers </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Troon </Td> <Td> 295 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Walter Hagen </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1922 </Td> <Td> 22 -- 23 Jun </Td> <Td> Walter Hagen </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Royal St George 's </Td> <Td> 300 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Jim Barnes George Duncan </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1921 </Td> <Td> 23 -- 25 Jun </Td> <Td> Jock Hutchison </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> St Andrews </Td> <Td> 296 </Td> <Td> Playoff </Td> <Td> Roger Wethered ( a ) </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1920 </Td> <Td> 30 Jun -- 1 Jul </Td> <Td> George Duncan </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Royal Cinque Ports </Td> <Td> 303 </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Sandy Herd </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="9"> 1915 -- 1919 : No Championships because of World War I </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1914 </Td> <Td> 18 -- 19 Jun </Td> <Td> Harry Vardon ( 6 ) </Td> <Td> Jersey </Td> <Td> Prestwick </Td> <Td> 306 </Td> <Td> 3 strokes </Td> <Td> J.H. Taylor </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1913 </Td> <Td> 23 -- 24 Jun </Td> <Td> J.H. Taylor ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Royal Liverpool </Td> <Td> 304 </Td> <Td> 8 strokes </Td> <Td> Ted Ray </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1912 </Td> <Td> 24 -- 25 Jun </Td> <Td> Ted Ray </Td> <Td> Jersey </Td> <Td> Muirfield </Td> <Td> 295 </Td> <Td> 4 strokes </Td> <Td> Harry Vardon </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1911 </Td> <Td> 26 -- 30 Jun </Td> <Td> Harry Vardon ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> Jersey </Td> <Td> Royal St George 's </Td> <Td> 303 </Td> <Td> Playoff </Td> <Td> Arnaud Massy </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1910 </Td> <Td> 21 -- 24 Jun </Td> <Td> James Braid ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> St Andrews </Td> <Td> 299 </Td> <Td> 4 strokes </Td> <Td> Sandy Herd </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1909 </Td> <Td> 10 -- 11 Jun </Td> <Td> J.H. Taylor ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Royal Cinque Ports </Td> <Td> 291 </Td> <Td> 6 strokes </Td> <Td> Tom Ball James Braid </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1908 </Td> <Td> 18 -- 19 Jun </Td> <Td> James Braid ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Prestwick </Td> <Td> 291 </Td> <Td> 8 strokes </Td> <Td> Tom Ball </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1907 </Td> <Td> 20 -- 21 Jun </Td> <Td> Arnaud Massy </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Royal Liverpool </Td> <Td> 312 </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> J.H. Taylor </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1906 </Td> <Td> 13 -- 15 Jun </Td> <Td> James Braid ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Muirfield </Td> <Td> 300 </Td> <Td> 4 strokes </Td> <Td> J.H. Taylor </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1905 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 9 Jun </Td> <Td> James Braid ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> St Andrews </Td> <Td> 318 </Td> <Td> 5 strokes </Td> <Td> Rowland Jones J.H. Taylor </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1904 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 10 Jun </Td> <Td> Jack White </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Royal St George 's </Td> <Td> 296 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> James Braid J.H. Taylor </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1903 </Td> <Td> 10 -- 11 Jun </Td> <Td> Harry Vardon ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> Jersey </Td> <Td> Prestwick </Td> <Td> 300 </Td> <Td> 6 strokes </Td> <Td> Tom Vardon </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1902 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 5 Jun </Td> <Td> Sandy Herd </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Royal Liverpool </Td> <Td> 307 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> James Braid Harry Vardon </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1901 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 6 Jun </Td> <Td> James Braid </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Muirfield </Td> <Td> 309 </Td> <Td> 3 strokes </Td> <Td> Harry Vardon </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1900 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 7 Jun </Td> <Td> J.H. Taylor ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> St Andrews </Td> <Td> 309 </Td> <Td> 8 strokes </Td> <Td> Harry Vardon </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1899 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 8 Jun </Td> <Td> Harry Vardon ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> Jersey </Td> <Td> St George 's </Td> <Td> 310 </Td> <Td> 5 strokes </Td> <Td> Jack White </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1898 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 9 Jun </Td> <Td> Harry Vardon ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Jersey </Td> <Td> Prestwick </Td> <Td> 307 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Willie Park Jr . </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1897 </Td> <Td> 19 -- 20 May </Td> <Td> Harold Hilton ( a ) ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Royal Liverpool </Td> <Td> 314 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> James Braid </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1896 </Td> <Td> 10 -- 11 , 13 Jun </Td> <Td> Harry Vardon </Td> <Td> Jersey </Td> <Td> Muirfield </Td> <Td> 316 </Td> <Td> Playoff </Td> <Td> J.H. Taylor </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1895 </Td> <Td> 12 -- 13 Jun </Td> <Td> J.H. Taylor ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> St Andrews </Td> <Td> 322 </Td> <Td> 4 strokes </Td> <Td> Sandy Herd </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1894 </Td> <Td> 11 -- 12 Jun </Td> <Td> J.H. Taylor </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> St George 's </Td> <Td> 326 </Td> <Td> 5 strokes </Td> <Td> Douglas Rolland </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1893 </Td> <Td> 31 Aug -- 1 Sep </Td> <Td> William Auchterlonie </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Prestwick </Td> <Td> 322 </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Johnny Laidlay ( a ) </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1892 </Td> <Td> 22 -- 23 Sep </Td> <Td> Harold Hilton ( a ) </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Muirfield </Td> <Td> 305 </Td> <Td> 3 strokes </Td> <Td> John Ball ( a ) Sandy Herd Hugh Kirkaldy </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1891 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 7 Oct </Td> <Td> Hugh Kirkaldy </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> St Andrews </Td> <Td> 166 </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Willie Fernie Andrew Kirkaldy </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1890 </Td> <Td> 11 Sep </Td> <Td> John Ball ( a ) </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Prestwick </Td> <Td> 164 </Td> <Td> 3 strokes </Td> <Td> Willie Fernie Archie Simpson </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1889 </Td> <Td> 8 , 11 Nov </Td> <Td> Willie Park Jr. ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Musselburgh </Td> <Td> 155 </Td> <Td> Playoff </Td> <Td> Andrew Kirkaldy </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1888 </Td> <Td> 6 , 8 Oct </Td> <Td> Jack Burns </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> St Andrews </Td> <Td> 171 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> David Anderson Jr . Ben Sayers </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1887 </Td> <Td> 16 Sep </Td> <Td> Willie Park Jr . </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Prestwick </Td> <Td> 161 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Bob Martin </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1886 </Td> <Td> 5 Nov </Td> <Td> David Brown </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Musselburgh </Td> <Td> 157 </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Willie Campbell </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1885 </Td> <Td> 3 Oct </Td> <Td> Bob Martin ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> St Andrews </Td> <Td> 171 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Archie Simpson </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1884 </Td> <Td> 3 Oct </Td> <Td> Jack Simpson </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Prestwick </Td> <Td> 160 </Td> <Td> 4 strokes </Td> <Td> Willie Fernie Douglas Rolland </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1883 </Td> <Td> 16 -- 17 Nov </Td> <Td> Willie Fernie </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Musselburgh </Td> <Td> 159 </Td> <Td> Playoff </Td> <Td> Bob Ferguson </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1882 </Td> <Td> 30 Sep </Td> <Td> Bob Ferguson ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> St Andrews </Td> <Td> 171 </Td> <Td> 3 strokes </Td> <Td> Willie Fernie </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1881 </Td> <Td> 14 Oct </Td> <Td> Bob Ferguson ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Prestwick </Td> <Td> 170 </Td> <Td> 3 strokes </Td> <Td> Jamie Anderson </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1880 </Td> <Td> 9 Apr </Td> <Td> Bob Ferguson </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Musselburgh </Td> <Td> 162 </Td> <Td> 5 strokes </Td> <Td> Peter Paxton </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1879 </Td> <Td> 27 , 29 Sep </Td> <Td> Jamie Anderson ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> St Andrews </Td> <Td> 169 </Td> <Td> 3 strokes </Td> <Td> Jamie Allan Andrew Kirkaldy </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1878 </Td> <Td> 4 Oct </Td> <Td> Jamie Anderson ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Prestwick </Td> <Td> 157 </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Bob Kirk </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1877 </Td> <Td> 6 Apr </Td> <Td> Jamie Anderson </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Musselburgh </Td> <Td> 160 </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Bob Pringle </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1876 </Td> <Td> 30 Sep , 2 Oct </Td> <Td> Bob Martin </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> St Andrews </Td> <Td> 176 </Td> <Td> Playoff </Td> <Td> Davie Strath </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1875 </Td> <Td> 10 Sep </Td> <Td> Willie Park Sr. ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Prestwick </Td> <Td> 166 </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Bob Martin </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1874 </Td> <Td> 10 Apr </Td> <Td> Mungo Park </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Musselburgh </Td> <Td> 159 </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Tom Morris Jr . </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1873 </Td> <Td> 4 Oct </Td> <Td> Tom Kidd </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> St Andrews </Td> <Td> 179 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Jamie Anderson </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1872 </Td> <Td> 13 Sep </Td> <Td> Tom Morris Jr. ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Prestwick </Td> <Td> 166 </Td> <Td> 3 strokes </Td> <Td> Davie Strath </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1871 </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Championship cancelled as no trophy available </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1870 </Td> <Td> 15 Sep </Td> <Td> Tom Morris Jr. ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Prestwick </Td> <Td> 149 </Td> <Td> 12 strokes </Td> <Td> Bob Kirk Davie Strath </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1869 </Td> <Td> 16 Sep </Td> <Td> Tom Morris Jr. ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Prestwick </Td> <Td> 157 </Td> <Td> 11 strokes </Td> <Td> Bob Kirk </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1868 </Td> <Td> 23 Sep </Td> <Td> Tom Morris Jr . </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Prestwick </Td> <Td> 154 </Td> <Td> 3 strokes </Td> <Td> Tom Morris Sr . </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1867 </Td> <Td> 26 Sep </Td> <Td> Tom Morris Sr. ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Prestwick </Td> <Td> 170 </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Willie Park Sr . </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1866 </Td> <Td> 13 Sep </Td> <Td> Willie Park Sr. ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Prestwick </Td> <Td> 169 </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Davie Park </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1865 </Td> <Td> 14 Sep </Td> <Td> Andrew Strath </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Prestwick </Td> <Td> 162 </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Willie Park Sr . </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1864 </Td> <Td> 16 Sep </Td> <Td> Tom Morris Sr. ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Prestwick </Td> <Td> 167 </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Andrew Strath </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1863 </Td> <Td> 18 Sep </Td> <Td> Willie Park Sr. ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Prestwick </Td> <Td> 168 </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Tom Morris Sr . </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1862 </Td> <Td> 11 Sep </Td> <Td> Tom Morris Sr. ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Prestwick </Td> <Td> 163 </Td> <Td> 13 strokes </Td> <Td> Willie Park Sr . </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1861 </Td> <Td> 26 Sep </Td> <Td> Tom Morris Sr . </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Prestwick </Td> <Td> 163 </Td> <Td> 4 strokes </Td> <Td> Willie Park Sr . </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1860 </Td> <Td> 17 Oct </Td> <Td> Willie Park Sr . </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Prestwick </Td> <Td> 174 </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Tom Morris Sr . </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ( a ) denotes amateur `` Dates '' column includes all days on which play took place or was planned to take place , including any playoffs </P> <P> The Open began paying in U.S. dollars in 2017 , subsequent figures in pounds are rounded estimates . </P> <H2> Silver Medal winners ( edit ) </H2> <P> Since 1949 , the Silver Medal is awarded to the leading amateur , provided that the player completes all 72 holes . In the 70 Championships from 1949 to 2018 , it has been won by 45 players on 51 occasions . Frank Stranahan won it four times in the first five years ( and was also the low amateur in 1947 ) , while Joe Carr , Michael Bonallack and Peter McEvoy each won it twice . The medal has gone unawarded 19 times . </P> <Ul> <Li> 1949 -- Frank Stranahan </Li> <Li> 1950 -- Frank Stranahan ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> 1951 -- Frank Stranahan ( 3 ) </Li> <Li> 1952 -- Jackie Jones </Li> <Li> 1953 -- Frank Stranahan ( 4 ) </Li> <Li> 1954 -- Peter Toogood </Li> <Li> 1955 -- Joe Conrad </Li> <Li> 1956 -- Joe Carr </Li> <Li> 1957 -- Dickson Smith </Li> <Li> 1958 -- Joe Carr ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> 1959 -- Reid Jack </Li> <Li> 1960 -- Guy Wolstenholme </Li> <Li> 1961 -- Ronnie White </Li> <Li> 1962 -- Charlie Green </Li> <Li> 1963 -- none </Li> <Li> 1964 -- none </Li> <Li> 1965 -- Michael Burgess </Li> <Li> 1966 -- Ronnie Shade </Li> <Li> 1967 -- none </Li> <Li> 1968 -- Michael Bonallack </Li> <Li> 1969 -- Peter Tupling </Li> <Li> 1970 -- Steve Melnyk </Li> <Li> 1971 -- Michael Bonallack ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> 1972 -- none </Li> <Li> 1973 -- Danny Edwards </Li> <Li> 1974 -- none </Li> <Li> 1975 -- none </Li> <Li> 1976 -- none </Li> <Li> 1977 -- none </Li> <Li> 1978 -- Peter McEvoy </Li> <Li> 1979 -- Peter McEvoy ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> 1980 -- Jay Sigel </Li> <Li> 1981 -- Hal Sutton </Li> <Li> 1982 -- Malcolm Lewis </Li> <Li> 1983 -- none </Li> <Li> 1984 -- none </Li> <Li> 1985 -- José María Olazábal </Li> <Li> 1986 -- none </Li> <Li> 1987 -- Paul Mayo </Li> <Li> 1988 -- Paul Broadhurst </Li> <Li> 1989 -- Russell Claydon </Li> <Li> 1990 -- none </Li> <Li> 1991 -- Jim Payne </Li> <Li> 1992 -- Daren Lee </Li> <Li> 1993 -- Iain Pyman </Li> <Li> 1994 -- Warren Bennett </Li> <Li> 1995 -- Steve Webster </Li> <Li> 1996 -- Tiger Woods </Li> <Li> 1997 -- Barclay Howard </Li> <Li> 1998 -- Justin Rose </Li> <Li> 1999 -- none </Li> <Li> 2000 -- none </Li> <Li> 2001 -- David Dixon </Li> <Li> 2002 -- none </Li> <Li> 2003 -- none </Li> <Li> 2004 -- Stuart Wilson </Li> <Li> 2005 -- Lloyd Saltman </Li> <Li> 2006 -- Marius Thorp </Li> <Li> 2007 -- Rory McIlroy </Li> <Li> 2008 -- Chris Wood </Li> <Li> 2009 -- Matteo Manassero </Li> <Li> 2010 -- Jin Jeong </Li> <Li> 2011 -- Tom Lewis </Li> <Li> 2012 -- none </Li> <Li> 2013 -- Matthew Fitzpatrick </Li> <Li> 2014 -- none </Li> <Li> 2015 -- Jordan Niebrugge </Li> <Li> 2016 -- none </Li> <Li> 2017 -- Alfie Plant </Li> <Li> 2018 -- Sam Locke </Li> </Ul> <H2> Broadcasting ( edit ) </H2> <P> As of 2016 , European Tour Productions serves as the host broadcaster for the Open Championship . The host broadcaster , as well as British and American broadcasters Sky Sports and NBC Sports , utilized a total of 175 cameras during the 2016 tournament . </P> Further information : List of The Open Championship broadcasters <H3> United Kingdom ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the United Kingdom , the Open Championship was historically broadcast by the BBC -- a relationship which lasted from 1955 to 2015 . The BBC 's rights to the Open had been threatened by the event 's removal from Category A of Ofcom 's `` listed '' events , a status which legally mandated that the Open be broadcast in its entirety by a terrestrial broadcaster . It had since been moved to Category B , meaning that television rights to the tournament could now be acquired by a pay television outlet , such as BT Sport or Sky Sports , as long as rights to broadcast a highlights programme or otherwise delayed coverage are sub-licensed to either the BBC , ITV , Channel 4 , or Channel 5 . </P> <P> Former R&A chief executive Peter Dawson had become critical of the quality of the BBC 's television coverage , stating alongside its final renewal in 2010 that `` They know we 've got our eye on them . You have to stay in practice and keep up with advances in technology . '' The Guardian felt that the R&A was being `` pressured '' to negotiate a more lucrative broadcast deal , as the other three majors have in the United States , but also argued that viewer interest in golf could face further declines in the UK without widely available coverage . </P> <P> On 3 February 2015 , the R&A announced that Sky Sports had acquired broadcast rights to the Open beginning in 2017 , under a five - year contract valued at £ 15 million per - year , doubling the value of the previous BBC contract . As required by broadcasting regulations , rights to broadcast a nightly highlights programme were also sold : the BBC acquired this highlights package . Dawson praised Sky Sports ' past involvement with televised golf , explaining that `` the way people consume live sport is changing significantly and this new agreement ensures fans have a range of options for enjoying the championship on television and through digital channels '' . The BBC chose to opt out of the final year of its existing contract , making Sky Sports ' broadcast rights begin one year early , in 2016 . </P> <H3> United States ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the United States , ABC had historically held rights to the Open . Beginning in 2010 under an eight - year agreement , the Open moved exclusively to ABC 's sister pay television channel ESPN , with only tape - delayed highlights shown on ABC . In June 2015 , it was announced that NBC Sports would acquire rights to the Open Championship under a 12 - year deal beginning in 2017 ; early round coverage airs on Golf Channel , with the main NBC network broadcasting live weekend coverage . The R&A cited NBC 's successful broadcasts of Premier League football , which also primarily airs on weekend mornings in U.S. time zones , as an advantage of NBC 's acquisition of The Open . Similarly to the BBC , ESPN chose to opt out of its final year of Open rights , causing NBC 's rights to begin in 2016 instead . </P> <P> The 2018 edition of the Open Championship had a total of 49.5 hours of coverage in the United States , with 29 hours being on Thursday and Friday , and 20.5 hours being on Saturday and Sunday ; the Golf Channel cable network had a total of 34 hours of coverage , with 29 hours on Thursday and Friday , and 5 hours on Saturday and Sunday . The NBC broadcast network had a total of 15.5 hours of coverage on the weekend , with 8 hours Saturday , and 7.5 hours Sunday . The 49.5 total hours of coverage on Golf Channel and NBC remained unchanged from 2017 , with the difference being that Golf Channel 's total coverage went down thirty minutes from 34.5 hours to 34 hours , and NBC 's total coverage went up thirty minutes from 15 hours to 15.5 hours . </P> <H2> Notes and references ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Prestwick Golf Club details '' . theopen.com . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joy , David ( June 2003 ) . `` Prestwick Golf Club '' . Links Magazine . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Claret Jug '' . theopen.com . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ryle Memorial Medal '' ( PDF ) . Professional Golfers ' Association . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Braid Taylor Memorial Medal '' ( PDF ) . Professional Golfers ' Association . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tooting Bec Cup '' ( PDF ) . Professional Golfers ' Association . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Open Golf Championship '' . The Times . 10 July 1893 . p. 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Open Championship '' . The Times . 18 November 1907 . p. 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Golf Championship - Official announcement '' . The Times . 14 April 1915 . p. 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Championships '' . The Times . 22 May 1922 . p. 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gales and snow - Damage on east coast - Widespread flooding '' . The Times . 14 February 1938 . p. 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Golf - The Open and Amateur Championships - New Conditions '' . The Times . 12 February 1938 . p. 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Golf Championships for 1940 '' . The Times . 21 January 1939 . p. 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Open : Press conference confirms Royal Portrush '' . BBC News . 16 June 2014 . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Royal Portrush to host The 148th Open in 2019 '' . theopen.com . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Muirfield to lose right to host Open after vote against allowing women members '' . BBC Sport. 19 May 2016 . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Royal Portrush '' . theopen.com . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Royal St George 's '' . theopen.com . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 150th Open '' . theopen.com . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Open Championship -- Entry Form '' ( PDF ) . theopen.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 March 2015 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Qualification '' . theopen.com . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Costa , Brian ( 18 July 2017 ) . `` Dear American Twits , This Golf Event Is Properly Called ' The Open ' '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . ( subscription required ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Shane ( 14 July 2015 ) . `` Americans : It 's okay to call this major `` The British Open , '' and do n't let anyone tell you otherwise `` . Golf Digest . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bacon , Shane ( 16 July 2012 ) . `` British Open or Open Championship ? The debate stops now '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Open Championship : Royal Birkdale prize money to be paid in US dollars , not sterling '' . BBC.com. 5 July 2017 . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Notes : Young Tom Morris gets 20 days older '' . PGA Tour . 1 August 2006 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Did you know number 50 '' . The Open Championship . Archived from the original on 25 November 2013 . Retrieved 21 June 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` GBP / USD - Pound to Dollar '' . FX Empire . 24 July 2017 . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Live From The Open Championship : A New Era Begins for the R&A '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CTV Takes Axon 's Cerebrum Back To The Open Golf Championship '' . TV Technology . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Code on Sports and Other Listed and Designated Events '' ( PDF ) . Ofcom . March 2008 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 25 January 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` BBC could lose exclusive Open coverage rights as R&A ponders new deal '' . The Guardian . 8 January 2015 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Murray , Ewan ( 14 January 2015 ) . `` What would it mean for golf if the BBC lost the Open Championship ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 3 February 2015 ) . `` Sky Sports wins rights to show Open Championship golf live from 2017 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Open Championship : Sky wins rights ; BBC to show highlights '' . BBC Sport. 3 February 2015 . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ourand , John ( 12 October 2015 ) . `` NBC getting British Open a year early '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stewart , Larry ( 21 July 1995 ) . `` ABC getting a major chance with British Open coverage '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` All four rounds of British Open shown live on ESPN beginning in ' 10 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ourand , John ; Lombardo , John ( 8 June 2015 ) . `` NBC , Golf Channel ending ABC / ESPN British Open reign '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Open Championship ( golf ) . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Book : Men 's major professional golf championships </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Coverage on European Tour.com </Li> <Li> Coverage on the PGA Tour 's official site </Li> <Li> Coverage on PGA.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Open Championship </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1860 </Li> <Li> 1861 </Li> <Li> 1862 </Li> <Li> 1863 </Li> <Li> 1864 </Li> <Li> 1865 </Li> <Li> 1866 </Li> <Li> 1867 </Li> <Li> 1868 </Li> <Li> 1869 </Li> <Li> 1870 </Li> <Li> 1871 </Li> <Li> 1872 </Li> <Li> 1873 </Li> <Li> 1874 </Li> <Li> 1875 </Li> <Li> 1876 </Li> <Li> 1877 </Li> <Li> 1878 </Li> <Li> 1879 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1880 </Li> <Li> 1881 </Li> <Li> 1882 </Li> <Li> 1883 </Li> <Li> 1884 </Li> <Li> 1885 </Li> <Li> 1886 </Li> <Li> 1887 </Li> <Li> 1888 </Li> <Li> 1889 </Li> <Li> 1890 </Li> <Li> 1891 </Li> <Li> 1892 </Li> <Li> 1893 </Li> <Li> 1894 </Li> <Li> 1895 </Li> <Li> 1896 </Li> <Li> 1897 </Li> <Li> 1898 </Li> <Li> 1899 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1900 </Li> <Li> 1901 </Li> <Li> 1902 </Li> <Li> 1903 </Li> <Li> 1904 </Li> <Li> 1905 </Li> <Li> 1906 </Li> <Li> 1907 </Li> <Li> 1908 </Li> <Li> 1909 </Li> <Li> 1910 </Li> <Li> 1911 </Li> <Li> 1912 </Li> <Li> 1913 </Li> <Li> 1914 </Li> <Li> 1915 </Li> <Li> 1916 </Li> <Li> 1917 </Li> <Li> 1918 </Li> <Li> 1919 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1920 </Li> <Li> 1921 </Li> <Li> 1922 </Li> <Li> 1923 </Li> <Li> 1924 </Li> <Li> 1925 </Li> <Li> 1926 </Li> <Li> 1927 </Li> <Li> 1928 </Li> <Li> 1929 </Li> <Li> 1930 </Li> <Li> 1931 </Li> <Li> 1932 </Li> <Li> 1933 </Li> <Li> 1934 </Li> <Li> 1935 </Li> <Li> 1936 </Li> <Li> 1937 </Li> <Li> 1938 </Li> <Li> 1939 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1940 </Li> <Li> 1941 </Li> <Li> 1942 </Li> <Li> 1943 </Li> <Li> 1944 </Li> <Li> 1945 </Li> <Li> 1946 </Li> <Li> 1947 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1949 </Li> <Li> 1950 </Li> <Li> 1951 </Li> <Li> 1952 </Li> <Li> 1953 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1955 </Li> <Li> 1956 </Li> <Li> 1957 </Li> <Li> 1958 </Li> <Li> 1959 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1961 </Li> <Li> 1962 </Li> <Li> 1963 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1965 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1967 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1969 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1973 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> <Li> 2019 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Open Championship rota courses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current rota courses </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> St Andrews </Li> <Li> Carnoustie </Li> <Li> Muirfield </Li> <Li> Turnberry </Li> <Li> Royal Troon </Li> <Li> Royal St George 's ( Sandwich ) </Li> <Li> Royal Birkdale </Li> <Li> Royal Lytham & St Annes </Li> <Li> Royal Liverpool ( Hoylake ) </Li> <Li> Royal Portrush </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former rota courses </Th> <Td> <Ul> 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four - ball </Li> <Li> alternate shot </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Golf course <Ul> <Li> links </Li> <Li> teeing ground </Li> <Li> hazards </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Equipment <Ul> <Li> golf clubs </Li> <Li> golf ball </Li> <Li> tee </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Technical </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Golf stroke mechanics </Li> <Li> Instruction </Li> <Li> Drive </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Golfers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Professional golfer <Ul> <Li> tours </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Male golfers </Li> <Li> Female golfers </Li> <Li> Men 's major winners </Li> <Li> Women 's major winners </Li> <Li> Senior major winners </Li> <Li> Olympic medalists </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Most wins </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Asian Tour </Li> <Li> Australasia Tour </Li> <Li> Challenge Tour </Li> <Li> European Tour </Li> <Li> European Senior Tour </Li> <Li> Japan Golf Tour </Li> <Li> Ladies European Tour </Li> <Li> LPGA Tour </Li> <Li> PGA Tour </Li> <Li> PGA Tour Champions </Li> <Li> Sunshine Tour </Li> 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Multi-sport event </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Asian Games </Li> <Li> Inter-Allied Games </Li> <Li> Island Games </Li> <Li> Pacific Games </Li> <Li> Pan American Games </Li> <Li> Summer Olympics </Li> <Li> Summer Universiade </Li> <Li> Youth Olympic Games </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Team </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Curtis Cup </Li> <Li> EurAsia Cup </Li> <Li> International Crown </Li> <Li> PGA Cup </Li> <Li> Presidents Cup </Li> <Li> Ryder Cup </Li> <Li> Solheim Cup </Li> <Li> Walker Cup </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rankings </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Men </Li> <Li> Women </Li> <Li> Amateur </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Countries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> China </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Ireland </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> Scotland </Li> <Li> Thailand </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Venues </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Driving range </Li> <Li> Lists of golf courses <Ul> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Hawaii </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> North Dakota </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> links courses </Li> <Li> designed by Jack Nicklaus </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1353 -- 1850 </Li> <Li> 1851 -- 1945 </Li> <Li> 1945 -- 1999 </Li> <Li> 2000 -- 2005 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Governing bodies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> International Golf Federation </Li> <Li> The R&A </Li> <Li> United States Golf Association </Li> <Li> Professional Golfers ' Association ( Great Britain and Ireland ) </Li> <Li> Professional Golfers ' Association of America </Li> <Li> LPGA </Li> <Li> PGA Tour </Li> <Li> PGA European Tour </Li> <Li> American Society of Golf Course Architects </Li> <Li> World Golf Teachers Federation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Variations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beach golf </Li> <Li> GolfCross </Li> <Li> Hickory golf </Li> <Li> Indoor golf </Li> <Li> Long drive </Li> <Li> Miniature golf </Li> <Li> Park golf </Li> <Li> Pitch and putt </Li> <Li> Shotgun start </Li> <Li> Skins game </Li> <Li> Snow golf </Li> <Li> Speed golf </Li> <Li> Urban golf </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Miscellaneous </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Awards </Li> <Li> Architects </Li> <Li> Caddie </Li> <Li> Greenskeeper </Li> <Li> World Golf Hall of Fame </Li> <Li> British Golf Museum </Li> <Li> USGA Museum </Li> <Li> Jack Nicklaus Museum </Li> <Li> Caddie Hall of Fame </Li> <Li> Evans Scholars Foundation </Li> <Li> Triple Crown </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Golf Channel <Ul> <Li> personalities </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Golf Digest </Li> <Li> Golf Magazine </Li> <Li> Golf World </Li> <Li> Golfweek </Li> <Li> Links </Li> <Li> Travel + Leisure Golf </Li> <Li> Video games </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Commons </Li> <Li> WikiProject </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> European Tour events </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Major championships </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Masters Tournament </Li> <Li> U.S. Open </Li> <Li> The Open Championship </Li> <Li> PGA Championship </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other Race to Dubai tournaments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> UBS Hong Kong Open </Li> <Li> Australian PGA Championship </Li> <Li> AfrAsia Bank Mauritius Open </Li> <Li> Joburg Open </Li> <Li> BMW SA Open </Li> <Li> Abu Dhabi HSBC Golf Championship </Li> <Li> Omega Dubai Desert Classic </Li> <Li> Maybank Championship </Li> <Li> ISPS Handa World Super 6 Perth </Li> <Li> NBO Oman Open </Li> <Li> Commercial Bank Qatar Masters </Li> <Li> WGC - Mexico Championship </Li> <Li> Tshwane Open </Li> <Li> Hero Indian Open </Li> <Li> WGC - Dell Technologies Match Play Championship 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List of last of the Summer Wine characters - Wikipedia <H1> List of last of the Summer Wine characters </H1> A collage illustrating the different compositions of the main characters during Last of the Summer Wine 's 37 - year run . From left to right : Series 1 -- 2 , Series 3 -- 8 & 12 -- 18 , Series 9 -- 11 , Series 19 -- 21 , Series 21 , Series 22 -- 24 , Series 25 -- 27 , Series 28 -- 29 , Series 30 -- 31 . <P> The following is a list of characters in the BBC sitcom Last of the Summer Wine . The series focused primarily on a trio of old men and their interaction with other characters in the town . Due to the longevity of the series it was often necessary to replace key characters due to an actor 's death , illness , or unavailability for other reasons . Many characters were first seen in `` one - off '' appearances and were popular enough or felt to have enough potential for them to be brought back as regulars , in some instances replacing previous members of the cast . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Summer Wine trio <Ul> <Li> 1.1 William `` Compo '' Simmonite ( Bill Owen ) </Li> <Li> 1.2 Norman `` Cleggy '' Clegg ( Peter Sallis ) </Li> <Li> 1.3 Cyril Blamire ( Michael Bates ) </Li> <Li> 1.4 Walter C. `` Foggy '' Dewhurst ( Brian Wilde ) </Li> <Li> 1.5 Seymour Utterthwaite ( Michael Aldridge ) </Li> <Li> 1.6 Herbert `` Truly of the Yard '' Truelove ( Frank Thornton ) </Li> <Li> 1.7 Billy Hardcastle ( Keith Clifford ) </Li> <Li> 1.8 Alvin Smedley ( Brian Murphy ) </Li> <Li> 1.9 ' Electrical ' Entwistle ( Burt Kwouk ) </Li> <Li> 1.10 Luther ' Hobbo ' Hobdyke ( Russ Abbot ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Other regular characters <Ul> <Li> 2.1 The Battys ( Compo 's neighbours ) <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 Nora Batty ( Kathy Staff ) </Li> <Li> 2.1. 2 Walter ' Wally ' Batty ( Joe Gladwin ) </Li> <Li> 2.1. 3 Stella ( Barbara Young ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.2 The Cafe <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 Ivy ( Jane Freeman ) </Li> <Li> 2.2. 2 Sid ( John Comer ) </Li> <Li> 2.2. 3 Milburn , aka `` Crusher '' ( Jonathan Linsley ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.3 Compo 's Family <Ul> <Li> 2.3. 1 Chip Simmonite </Li> <Li> 2.3. 2 Big Malcolm Simmonite </Li> <Li> 2.3. 3 Gordon Simmonite </Li> <Li> 2.3. 4 Josie Simmonite </Li> <Li> 2.3. 5 Dolly Simmonite </Li> <Li> 2.3. 6 Eric Simmonite </Li> <Li> 2.3. 7 Tom Simmonite </Li> <Li> 2.3. 8 Mrs ( Lolly Minerva ) Avery </Li> <Li> 2.3. 9 Babs Avery </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.4 The Pegdens , Utterthwaites and Wilkinsons <Ul> <Li> 2.4. 1 Wesley Pegden ( Gordon Wharmby ) </Li> <Li> 2.4. 2 Edith `` Edie '' Pegden ( Dame Thora Hird ) </Li> <Li> 2.4. 3 Glenda Wilkinson ( Sarah Thomas ) </Li> <Li> 2.4. 4 Barry Wilkinson ( Mike Grady ) </Li> <Li> 2.4. 5 Ros Utterthwaite ( Dora Bryan ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.5 The Sibshaws and Marina <Ul> <Li> 2.5. 1 Howard Sibshaw ( Robert Fyfe ) </Li> <Li> 2.5. 2 Pearl Sibshaw ( Juliette Kaplan ) </Li> <Li> 2.5. 3 Marina ( Jean Fergusson ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.6 Auntie Wainwright 's Shop <Ul> <Li> 2.6. 1 Auntie Wainwright ( Jean Alexander ) </Li> <Li> 2.6. 2 Clem `` Smiler '' Hemmingway ( Stephen Lewis ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.7 The Library <Ul> <Li> 2.7. 1 Mr Wainwright </Li> <Li> 2.7. 2 Mrs Partridge </Li> <Li> 2.7. 3 Miss Probert </Li> <Li> 2.7. 4 Miss Jones </Li> <Li> 2.7. 5 Miss Moody </Li> <Li> 2.7. 6 Miss Lucinda Davenport </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.8 Around Town <Ul> <Li> 2.8. 1 Elijah `` Eli '' Duckett ( Danny O'Dea ) </Li> <Li> 2.8. 2 Nelly ( Dame June Whitfield ) </Li> <Li> 2.8. 3 Morton Beemish ( Christopher Beeny ) </Li> <Li> 2.8. 4 Toby Mulberry Smith ( Trevor Bannister ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.9 Special guests and minor recurring characters <Ul> <Li> 2.9. 1 Billy Ingleton ( Sir Norman Wisdom ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.10 Policemen <Ul> <Li> 2.10. 1 PC Cooper ( aka 1st Policeman ) ( Ken Kitson ) </Li> <Li> 2.10. 2 PC Walsh ( aka 2nd Policeman ) ( Louis Emerick ) </Li> <Li> 2.10. 3 2nd Policeman ( Tony Capstick ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Notes </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Summer Wine trio ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="32"> Series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 11 </Th> <Th> 12 </Th> <Th> 13 </Th> <Th> 14 </Th> <Th> 15 </Th> <Th> 16 </Th> <Th> 17 </Th> <Th> 18 </Th> <Th> 19 </Th> <Th> 20 </Th> <Th> 21 </Th> <Th> 22 </Th> <Th> 23 </Th> <Th> 24 </Th> <Th> 25 </Th> <Th> 26 </Th> <Th> 27 </Th> <Th> 28 </Th> <Th> 29 </Th> <Th> 30 </Th> <Th> 31 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="29"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> <Td_colspan="23"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="20"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="11"> </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> <Td_colspan="13"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="18"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="21"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="24"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="27"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="29"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="8"> Summer Wine ' trios ' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> B & D </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Peter Sallis </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Burt Kwouk </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Bill Owen </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Keith Clifford </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Brian Murphy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> Michael Bates </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Brian Wilde </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Michael Alridge </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Frank Thornton </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Russ Abbot </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> William `` Compo '' Simmonite ( Bill Owen ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Compo Simmonite <H3> Norman `` Cleggy '' Clegg ( Peter Sallis ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Norman Clegg <H3> Cyril Blamire ( Michael bates ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> ( 1973 -- 1975 ) The first `` third man '' , and the most childishly argumentative and snobbish , Blamire was the contrast to Compo . Blamire was fired up by displays of youthful enthusiasm , energetic gusto , or any sign of the British spirit . He served as a corporal in the British Army in the Royal Signals regiment during `` The Great Fight for Freedom '' as a `` supply wallah '' ( a storeman ) in India and retains his military bearing . He was a Tory and a self - important know - it - all with upper - class aspirations , who often dissociated himself from the other two , especially Compo , as he considered himself superior to them . Because of his sophisticated interests and insistence on table manners , Compo liked to refer to him as a `` poof '' ( in turn , Cyril would often use insults such as `` grotty little herbert '' to Compo ) . Cyril would often reprimand Compo whenever he addressed him by his given name , as he preferred the `` more rounded tone of Mr. Blamire '' and would say that Compo had to touch his `` tatty cap '' whenever he did so . Out of all of the third men , Blamire tolerated Compo 's antics the least ( though sometimes when he got caught up in them he would join in , such as backchatting Miss Probert on one occasion ) . In spite of this , Compo and Blamire were close , as shown by Compo 's misery in the episodes immediately after he left . Despite his snobby nature Blamire had more commonsense than most of his successors . Bates left the cast in 1975 due to cancer that left him too ill to perform in any long - term projects aside from It Ai n't Half Hot Mum . So Blamire was written out of the series ; it was said that he had left to get married . The last we hear of him is a very organised letter , instructing Clegg and Compo to meet their old classmate , Foggy Dewhurst . </P> <H3> Walter C `` Foggy '' Dewhurst ( Brian Wilde ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> ( 1976 -- 1985 , 1990 -- 1997 ) The successor to Blamire , Foggy was a former soldier who liked to boast of his military exploits in Burma during the Second World War . In fact , he was a signwriter ; and unlike Blamire , many of his old military stories were untrue . </P> <P> Although he considered himself very regimental and heroic , when confronted Foggy was generally meek and incompetent . Like the previous third man -- and all subsequent third men -- he considered himself the leader of the trio , and frequently took charge of Compo and Clegg . Foggy was infamous for trying to figure out a solution to the trio 's everyday problems , only to make them much worse . In earlier years Foggy wore a scarf with regimental colours on it . When Wilde left the series in 1985 to star in his own sitcom and to pursue other TV work , it was explained that Foggy had moved to Bridlington to take over his family 's egg - painting business . </P> <P> Returning in 1990 after the sudden departure of Michael Aldridge , he claimed he had tired of egg painting , and wanted to return to his old life . A regular skit from this period included Foggy crossing paths with a stranger and then rambling about his supposed military career , typically boring each stranger to death . At other times he would try and recreate scenarios from his military days which also confused and bored passing strangers . He would often explain that he was a trained killer , which would inevitably lead to him getting into trouble and on the odd occasion being arrested ( stupidly , he could never understand why people always found this explanation strange ) . During his second stint Foggy was shown to have mellowed somewhat and he did not argue with Compo as much as he had done previously . In 1997 , when Wilde 's illness stopped him taking part , he was written out of the series in the Special , `` There Goes the Groom '' , in which the character was only seen in brief , non-face shots , played by a double ; this episode also introduced his successor , Truly . </P> <P> An unconscious , hung - over Foggy was swept off to Blackpool by the local postmistress . There he inadvertently proposed to her in a verbal slip - up over the wedding rings of which he had taken charge `` for safe keeping '' ( out of the dubious care of Best Man , Barry ) . But he must have at least liked her , as he was never heard from again after that . Foggy 's real first name was revealed to be Walter ( with the middle initial `` C '' ) ; `` Foggy '' is a nickname , derived from the traditional song `` The Foggy Foggy Dew '' ; perhaps also because , in his earlier episodes , he would occasionally `` blank out '' everything around him to help him concentrate , particularly when he was thinking up new ideas or finding solutions to problems . This is particularly noticeable in the episode `` The Man from Oswestry '' . In one of his earlier episodes , his name is hinted to be Oliver when Clegg finds one of his old army trunks with the initials ' COD ' . ( Because he was a corporal in the army ) . Due to his dislike of Compo 's attire and nature he was often seen making insults of disgust to Clegg and often addressed Compo as `` him '' or `` that man '' . </P> <P> Foggy was played by Colin Harris in ' There Goes The Groom ' . </P> <H3> Seymour Utterthwaite ( Michael Aldridge ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> ( 1986 -- 1990 ) The first successor to Foggy . A snobbish inventor , Edie 's and Ros 's brother Seymour always felt it was his duty to educate the masses , and in particular , Compo and Clegg , to whom he was reintroduced by his brother - in - law , Wesley Pegden ( who often called him a pillock ) , shortly before the wedding of Wesley 's daughter . Seymour went to school with Clegg and Compo but lost touch when he went to grammar school . Whereas Cyril and Foggy tried to solve the problems of the residents of Holmfirth , when Seymour was around he always liked to invent , but the resulting inventions invariably led to disaster -- especially for Compo , who was always the reluctant test subject and called him a twit whenever anything went disastrously wrong . Despite this , he was well - liked by the other two and was more willing to play along with their childish antics than his predecessors . He did have occasional bouts of bravery : in one episode he contradicted Pearl , Ivy and Nora Batty in one sitting for which Clegg , Compo and a random passer - by heartily congratulated him . </P> <P> Seymour usually blamed the failure of his inventions on divine punishment for his once having had an affair with a barmaid . Seymour 's house , outside the town , was modified into a laboratory , filled with new devices and contraptions that seldom , if ever , worked properly . His sister Edie always spoke very highly of him and how he was ' educated ' , refusing to take into account his continual failed inventions ( though she would secretly be embarrassed by his involvement in the antics of the other two ) . Because Seymour 's inventions were always built poorly he would normally get Wesley to fix them ( or he would just get Wesley to build them in the first place , much to the latter 's annoyance ) . Seymour had previously been the headmaster of a school , although it is not entirely clear how successful he was in running it . When Compo and Clegg were in his home Seymour would often put on his old headmaster 's gown and treat the two of them like schoolchildren when trying to explain a new invention . He sometimes appeared to take an unhealthy delight in corporal punishment , and was appalled to hear that it has been prohibited . </P> <P> When Aldridge left the series in 1990 for personal reasons , Seymour was last seen leaving on a bus to take up a new job as interim headmaster at a private school -- just as previous third man Foggy returned . </P> <P> There were allegedly plans for Seymour to make a comeback , but Michael Aldridge died in 1994 . The character was never alluded to again . </P> <H3> Herbert `` Truly of the Yard '' Truelove ( Frank Thornton ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> ( 1997 -- 2010 ) The second ( and last ) successor to Foggy . A retired policeman , Truly was initially played with a pompous self - importance in all things criminal . However , this aspect of the character was fairly quickly softened , and Truly is more relaxed and fun - loving , and can be more of an equal match at the local pub than his predecessors as third man . He can also be a bit more devious with practical jokes or witty schemes . Likewise , he can be equally sly in getting people out of a scrape or just helping out a friend . He is divorced , and makes disparaging comments about `` the former Mrs. Truelove '' ( who evidently feels the same way about him , judging by the reaction of her new husband , who appears in one episode , to Truly ) . The former Mrs Truelove is an unseen character . Because of his previous job in the police , Truly refers to himself as `` Truly of the Yard '' , he was also once misheard and thought to have said he was `` Trudy '' ( of the Yard ) . In early appearances he was initially shown as snobbish and pompous , like his predecessors ( sometimes taking out his police notebook in unnecessary situations ) but he gradually became a more likeable character and made less snide remarks over Compo 's attire . He also appeared to be more respected than his predecessors by the other regular characters such as Wesley and Howard as well as the local ladies . In the two final series he is demoted to a secondary character along with Norman Clegg , so his role as third man was filled by Hobbo . </P> <H3> Billy Hardcastle ( Keith Clifford ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> ( 1999 , 2000 , 2001 -- 2006 ) Billy Hardcastle was first introduced in the 1999 series as a guest star and also appeared in the 2000 New Year 's special and a guest role in the 2000 series . Because of his popularity , he was made a regular character in the 2001 series . </P> <P> Billy believes he is a direct descendant of Robin Hood . His first appearance on the show showed him attempting to recruit a band of Merry Men to go with him while he robs from the rich to give to the poor . At the end of the 21st series , Billy moves next door to Truly and is teamed as the third member of the trio . When Billy joined with Clegg and Truly , much of the humour Compo previously brought to the series returned in Billy 's childlike demeanour , although an element of physical humour was still lacking in the series . On his first appearance , Nora was shown to be attracted to him dressed in his Robin Hood costume , which made Compo extremely jealous and decided to dress up as Robin Hood himself . Much of his dialogue bemoaned the domestic presence of `` the wife '' or `` the wife 's sister '' ( two other characters who are never seen , only referred to ) . Billy was last seen at the end of the 27th series following the departure of Keith Clifford from the show and the character was never alluded to again . </P> <H3> Alvin Smedley ( Brian murphy ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> ( 2003 -- 2010 ) Alvin Smedley was introduced in the 2003 series as Nora Batty 's new next door neighbour following the death of Compo . When Tom 's former acquaintance , Mrs. Avery , gives up the lease she owns on Compo 's old house , Alvin purchases it . Although he publicly claims to hate Nora Batty , he feels it is his duty to try to bring some joy to her life , often in the form of practical jokes similar to those Compo once played on her . In the 2005 series he joined the main trio thus making them a quartet ( this was largely to compensate for Clegg 's decreasing role ) but after the 2006 series following Billy Hardcastle 's departure the quartet once again became a trio although in the 2007 and 2008 series he was mostly teamed up with Entwistle . His arrival to the main trio brought a sense physical humour that had been missing since Compo 's death . Despite his childlike personality , he was shown to be more level headed than his predecessors . In the final two series he and Entwistle teamed up with Hobbo , thus making a new trio . </P> <H3> ' Electrical ' Entwistle ( burt kwouk ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> ( 2002 -- 2010 ) Electrician and fortune - teller from the land of eastern wisdom , Hull . His original surname was McIntyre , but he changed it so that people would n't mistake him for a Scotsman . When Wesley died , Entwistle took over his job of shuttling the others across the countryside , in a battered red Toyota Hilux pick - up truck , and occasionally constructing the various contraptions the main trio produce . He also seemed to be taking over a character version of Auntie Wainwright , although he mainly sold second - hand washing machines . </P> <P> Following the departure of Billy Hardcastle in series 28 , Entwistle was often paired with Alvin , with many stories revolving around their dealings with Howard or Barry . During this period his role increased and he often hung around with the main trio ( sometimes to compensate for Clegg 's decreasing role . ) In series 30 and 31 , Entwistle became the second man ( officially taking over from Clegg ) in a new trio when Hobbo arrived and recruited Alvin and Entwistle to form a band of volunteers to respond to emergencies in the village . </P> <H3> Luther ' Hobbo ' hobdyke ( russ abbot ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Hobbo is a former milkman with ties to MI5 who was first introduced in the 2008 New Years special , to set up his role in the 30th series . He is Clegg 's new next door neighbour . Upon first arriving in the village , Hobbo recruits Alvin and Entwistle to form a small band of volunteers who will react to any emergency that arises in the village , thus forming a new trio ( with Hobbo taking Truly 's role in the trio ) . Hobbo is incredibly cautious , and always on the lookout for enemy attack . He fondly remembers his time spent with MI5 , when he used to leap from aeroplanes ( `` Holding crates of milk ? '' asks Entwistle ) and dive for cover from enemy fire . Throughout his time on the show Hobbo is convinced that Nelly is his mother and he frequently bothers her ( or uses other people ) for attention , much to her annoyance . Clegg and Truly recall that Hobbo was never much of a milkman but was exemplary at needlework . He was also one of the last new characters to be introduced to the series . </P> <H2> Other regular characters ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th_colspan="32"> Series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 11 </Th> <Th> 12 </Th> <Th> 13 </Th> <Th> 14 </Th> <Th> 15 </Th> <Th> 16 </Th> <Th> 17 </Th> <Th> 18 </Th> <Th> 19 </Th> <Th> 20 </Th> <Th> 21 </Th> <Th> 22 </Th> <Th> 23 </Th> <Th> 24 </Th> <Th> 25 </Th> <Th> 26 </Th> <Th> 27 </Th> <Th> 28 </Th> <Th> 29 </Th> <Th> 30 </Th> <Th> 31 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nora Batty </Th> <Td_colspan="23"> Kathy Staff </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Kathy Staff </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ivy </Th> <Td_colspan="31"> Jane Freeman </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> The battys ( Compo 's neighbours ) ( edit ) </H3> Nora Batty ( Kathy Staff ) ( edit ) Main article : Nora Batty Walter ' Wally ' Batty ( Joe Gladwin ) ( edit ) <P> ( 1975 , 1976 , 1977 -- 1987 ) Nora 's perennially shell - shocked husband and Compo 's next - door neighbour , Wally Batty was a short quiet man , kept on a short leash by his wife . His relationship with Nora stood in stark contrast to Compo 's unrequited lust after her ; in fact , he often welcomed the prospect of Compo running off with her . Initially mentioned but not seen , he first appeared on screen in 1975 . He was generally seen doing chores or stealing a quick moment away from Nora at the pub . Despite being dominated by his wife , Wally had an acerbic wit ( like that of Norman Clegg ) and was often quick to reply with a sharp - tongued comment when Nora told him off ( though this often caused more trouble for him from Nora ) . Wally had a passion for racing pigeons and owned a motorbike and sidecar , occasionally taking Nora for a spin around the countryside . When Joe Gladwin died in 1987 , Wally died off screen , but he is still occasionally mentioned . ( Note : in the pilot episode of the series , which was part of the Comedy Playhouse strand , Nora referred to her unseen husband as Harold , not Wally . ) Joe Gladwin last appeared in series 9 . He died just days before the broadcast of his final appearance . </P> Stella ( barbara young ) ( edit ) <P> ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Stella is Nora 's sister , she first appeared in the 2008 New Years Special , I Was A Hitman for Primrose Dairies as a replacement for and to compensate for the absence of actress Kathy Staff , ( who was unable to continue her role as Nora owing to ill health and subsequent death ) . </P> <P> With Nora having departed for Australia , Stella moved in to house - sit for her sister , and had become a new member of the elder women 's talking circle . She is a former pub landlady and appears to take a more free - spirited approach to life than Nora , as evidenced by her brighter wardrobe and hair . The storyline in her first episode saw her trying to give up smoking , and her yearning for a cigarette has continued unabated into subsequent episodes . Despite this she was equally annoyed as Nora by the pranks that Alvin played on her . </P> <P> Stella has four siblings : Madge , Billy , Clara and Nora ( See Nora Batty ) . </P> <P> In the episode `` Get Out of That , Then '' Young wore a brown wig and played the part of Florrie , wife of Barry 's cousin Lenny ( Bobby Ball ) . </P> <H3> The cafe ( edit ) </H3> Ivy ( Jane Freeman ) ( edit ) <P> ( 1973 -- 2010 ) joint owner of tea - shop with husband Sid , with whom she would often have blazing rows in the kitchen , until his death . She later ran it alone . Physically formidable , she viciously scolded anyone who dared misbehave or criticize the food by throwing them out the cafe or often hitting them on the head with a tray . Generally the wisest and most level - headed of the show 's female social circle , she was also on occasion a target of Compo 's ( unwanted ) affection , who often said that if it was n't for Nora Batty , he 'd be all over her . This regularly resulted in Compo along with the others ( sometimes including Sid ) being thrown out or being on the receiving end of her anger in other ways . In earlier episodes she was shown to tolerate the main trio more when they visited the cafe . Eventually she became more strict with them ( especially after Sid 's death ) , although after Compo 's death she became kinder to the trio . When taking into account Kathy Staff 's brief exit from the show in 2001 and later absence from series 30 to series 31 ( see above ) , Jane Freeman as Ivy is the only character other than Clegg ( Peter Sallis ) to have been present throughout the course of the series ( 274 episodes , although Clegg is the only one to have appeared in every single episode ) . In some of the episodes she seemed to have a sort of rivalry with Nora participating in what Nora once called a `` slanging match '' Ivy would often criticize Nora 's taste in hats and Nora in turn once said Ivy 's pastry was n't light enough which succeeded in bringing Ivy to the verge of tears . On the other hand , Nora and Ivy are normally best friends with each other like their husbands and the two were regularly seen to be having a coffee together chatting about the downsides of men and life in general . Nora would also sometimes help Ivy and Sid with the café ( on one occasion Wally was also shown helping them ) . </P> Sid ( John Comer ) ( edit ) <P> ( 1973 -- 1983 ) , bluff tea - shop owner , who featured prominently for the first ten years , before Comer 's death in 1984 . Ivy remembers him fondly , and often mentions him in conversation . Sid was one of the few characters who actually seemed to enjoy getting involved in the misadventures of the three central characters , and often saw them as an excuse to get out of the cafe for a few hours . However , occasionally he was shown to be extremely irritated by some of their schemes and antics ( most notably in the episode `` Getting on Sidney 's wire '' where he gets angry with Foggy for ruining his attempts to fit a new doorbell to the cafe and subsequently throws him out ) . Like Wally Batty he often welcomed Compo 's affection for his wife . In one episode he remarks that he `` ca n't help admiring ( Compo 's ) nerve '' . </P> <P> Ivy and Sid often shouted and argued with each other ( and Ivy was never shy about bringing up Sid 's infidelity ) , but , as with many of the show 's couples , there was little doubt that they loved each other . Throughout his time in the series Sid and Wally were shown to be best friends and the two of them often joined each other in trying to sneak away from their wives to the pub or any other activity ( often involving the main trio ) . Another long running gag during his time on the show were ongoing rumours of his supposed affair with a local unseen bus conductress ( likely to be an early structure for Howard and Marina ) . Ivy was aware of this and often accused him of being unfaithful . Although Sid once admitted to the trio he was friends with the conductress , he always flatly denied the rumours and despite the odd verbal hint very little evidence of this was ever seen onscreen . </P> <P> For John Comer 's last ever appearance , in the 1983 feature - length Christmas special , ' Getting Sam Home ' , illness caused by cancer affected his speech , and so his lines were dubbed over by another actor , Tony Melody . Comer died two months later in February 1984 . Sid 's death was not referred to until `` Uncle of the Bride '' on New Year 's Day 1986 . It is hinted ( after his death ) by Ivy that Sid was a supporter of Manchester United ( though this was not mentioned when he was alive ) . </P> <P> In the 2000 episode `` Just a Small Funeral '' as Ivy is getting ready for Compo 's funeral , she finds a photo of Sid in her handbag . </P> Milburn , aka `` Crusher '' ( Jonathan Linsley ) ( edit ) <P> ( 1984 , 1985 -- 1987 ) Sid and Ivy 's giant , lumbering and very strong nephew , who looked like a younger version of his own late uncle . </P> <P> The character was first introduced in 1984 , following the death of John Comer ( who played Sid in the series ) . Crusher helped his widowed auntie Ivy out in the cafe for 31⁄2 years . His real name was Milburn , but he insisted on being called `` Crusher '' . He was influenced by the Rock and Rollers of the 1950s and was into heavy metal music . Well - meaning but not overly bright , he was rather easily led . Crusher was first seen in the touring stage show around 1984 before being introduced into the 8th series . In the 1988 Christmas Special `` Crums '' he was shown to have a girlfriend ( though Crusher himself did not appear in this episode as Jonathan Linsley had left the show by then ) named Fran ( played by Yvette Fielding ) who , according to Ivy , was as daft as he is . In his early episodes , he seemed to have a crush on Marina much to Ivy 's displeasure . This stemmed from the fact that Ivy told him to find `` some poor lass that 's had a hard time '' . </P> <P> However Crusher did not return in the tenth series , as Jonathan Linsley left the show to work on other TV projects : most of the character 's humour came from the contrast between his menacing size and his total harmlessness . Following his departure in early 1988 ( after the 1987 Christmas special ) , Ivy ran the cafe alone ( with occasional help from Nora Batty ) . </P> <H3> Compo 's family ( edit ) </H3> Chip Simmonite ( edit ) <P> ( Tony Haygarth , 1973 ) A forgotten character , Chip was Compo 's nephew from the first series episode 3 Pate and Chips . Chip and his wife Connie , played by Margaret Nolan , with their children and dog , take the Yorkshire trio to a large country home for a ' bit of culture ' in a cramped van for transport ( much to Cyril 's disgust ) . When they arrive at the country home Cyril points out that Chip has n't renewed his Road Fund License since 1967 . </P> Big Malcolm Simmonite ( edit ) <P> ( Paul Luty , 1976 ) Big Malcolm is revealed to be , in `` The Man From Oswestry '' Compo 's cousin and he appeared in just two 1976 episodes . Within hours of his arrival in `` The Man from Oswestry '' , Foggy is unfortunate enough to let Big Malcolm overhear him in a pub , saying he will fight to the death anyone who mocks his regimental scarf . Foggy is taken outdoors by Big Malcolm and returns the worse for wear . Several episodes later , Malcolm is one of the family guests in `` Going to Gordon 's Wedding '' . </P> Gordon Simmonite ( edit ) <P> ( Philip Jackson , 1976 ) An oft - forgotten character , Gordon was Compo 's gormless fishing - obsessed nephew , and appeared in a few 1976 episodes , joining the trio on a Bank Holiday trip to Scarborough . He became friendly with a young woman named Josie whilst in Scarborough , and married her in a later episode . In some ways he was a prototype of Barry , who was introduced in the mid-1980s . When he is married , it is revealed he has a sister , Julie . In the same episode his mother states to him that he 's `` queer '' , much to his annoyance , as he reveals that he knows there 's been some rumors to that effect . </P> Josie Simmonite ( edit ) <P> ( Liz Goulding , 1976 ) Another forgotten character , Josie met Compo 's nephew Gordon in the trio 's Bank Holiday trip to Scarborough . She and Gordon go back to Gordon 's room at the Guest House at which they are staying , and start a game of chess . In a later episode , she and Gordon marry , but as the wedding turns more and more disastrous , she turns more and more into her rather foreboding and complaining mother , Madge ( Joan Scott ) . It is unknown what became of her and Gordon after the wedding . </P> Dolly Simmonite ( edit ) <P> ( Margaret Burton , 1976 ) Compo 's sister - in - law , and mother of Gordon and his sister Julie . She is flamboyent in her dress , and screeches instead of shouts . She is the object of Big Malcolm and Eric 's , affections , and hits both Malcolm and Eric with her handbag when they attempt to drag her to two different seats at once . It is revealed her husband , Compo 's brother , left her with Julie and Gordon a few years back . Like Gordon and Josie , it is unknown what happened to her after Gordon 's wedding . </P> Eric Simmonite ( edit ) <P> ( Barry Hart , 1976 ) Eric 's exact relationship to Compo is unknown , and he only appears in one episode , but he is shown to have feelings for Gordon 's mother Dolly , and that he drinks a lot , and almost gets in a fight with Big Malcolm . In his only appearance , he is a guest at Gordon 's wedding . Eric is also referred to , but not seen , in the episode of the first series , `` Short Back and Palais Glide . '' When the trio are in the police station whilst looking for Mr Wainwright , the desk sergeant asks Compo , `` How 's your Eric ? '' </P> Tom Simmonite ( edit ) <P> ( Tom Owen , 2000 -- 2010 ) Compo 's long - lost son , arriving just after his father 's death , Tom is played by Bill Owen 's real - life son . Tom is a layabout like Compo but seems a bit more enterprising in his attempts to maintain his slothful lifestyle . Originally it was planned that Tom would fill the gap in the three - man line - up left by his father , but it was soon felt that this line - up did not quite work . For most of his time in the series , he was paired with Smiler working for Auntie Wainwright , and also , in one episode , goes to live with Smiler ( though it 's not clear if this continued ) . Of the duo , he designates himself the ' leader ' and the planner ( often leaving Smiler to struggle with Auntie Wainwright 's antiquated hand - cart while he strolls on ahead ) , although in truth , he is not particularly bright himself . After Smiler was written out of the series , Tom continued to work for Aunty Wainwright until the conclusion of the show 's run . Clegg and Truly often take advantage of his desire to live up to his father 's reputation in order to convince him to do rather stupid things . After the death of Compo , Nora feels somewhat maternal towards Tom , and often showers him with affection -- much to the embarrassment of Tom . He also has a scruffy puppet dog called Waldo which he aspires to use in an unconvincing ventriloquist act . When not working for Auntie Wainwright , Tom can usually be found in his allotment shed , avoiding the repo man ( he rarely , if ever used his allotment to grow vegetables ) . When he first arrived in the series , Tom also had a tatty old yellow Renault van , but this was seen in only a couple of his early appearances . ( Note : For some years before joining the series as Tom Simmonite , Tom Owen sometimes appeared in small walk - on parts on the show ( for instance appearing on the 1991 Christmas special ) , sometimes with no dialogue , and not always credited . ) </P> Mrs. ( lolly minerva ) Avery ( edit ) <P> ( Julie T. Wallace , 2000 -- 2001 ) Tom 's live - in `` associate '' ; much larger than him , and something of a battle - axe , yet rather easily manipulated . Although Tom always insisted that she was merely an acquaintance , Mrs Avery always wanted more , and was under the impression that Tom had promised to marry her . After a brief spell of living in the pair 's bus , they moved into the deceased Compo 's home , next - door to Nora Batty . During her stay at Compo 's home , she began a rivalry with Nora , often copying each other ( cleaning their windows or vacuuming their rugs ) . This was not to last ; she threw him out and disappeared from the series after only a year on the show . </P> Babs Avery ( edit ) <P> ( Helen Turaya , 2000 ) Along with Tom Simmonite was Babs , Mrs. Avery 's niece , involved in a couple of schemes . The character was so unpopular that she was axed after just three episodes without explanation . </P> <H3> The pegdens , utterthwaites and wilkinsons ( edit ) </H3> <P> Seymour Utterthwaite was the third man of the trio from 1986 to 1990 . He left the series in 1990 when Foggy Dewhurst returned to the show , but his family had gained so much popularity themselves that they remained on the show . </P> Wesley Pegden ( Gordon Wharmby ) ( edit ) <P> ( 1982 , 1984 , 1985 -- 2002 ) Edie 's husband , who spent all his time in his workshop / garage . </P> <P> In one of the most popular and often reused scenes in the series , Edie would call Wesley in from his garage ( after much shouting , first in gentle ' posh ' tones , before ending up in harsh yelling ) and would lay down a trail of newspaper for him to stand on -- often putting one on the wall just in time as he leaned against it . Wesley generally kept out of Edie 's way in his garage , restoring old motors . </P> <P> The character first appeared in the 1982 episode ' Car and Garter ' in a cameo role . The writer and producers liked him so much they brought him back for the 1984 Christmas Special ' The Loxley Lozenge ' and again twice in the 1985 episode ' Who 's Looking After The Cafe Then ? ' . He reappeared in the 1985 feature - length Christmas special ' Uncle Of The Bride ' , in which he was established as Edie 's husband , at which point both became regulars from this special thereafter . </P> <P> Mechanic Wesley was often called upon by the main trio to construct the many bizarre creations they came up with , and to drive them into the hills for test runs . One recurring theme is the occasional explosion caused by projects in Wesley 's shed accompanied by billows of white smoke . On some occasions , Wesley 's hat is also smouldering and smoking . In his early years in the series , Wesley seemed to have a love of loud rock music , which led to the trio desperately trying to call over it to get his attention on a number of occasions . Though he was clearly a very skilled builder and mechanic , much of his projects were poorly and hastily built and he would get easily embarrassed and annoyed by anyone managing to fix something he ca n't ( notably , Compo once managed to rewire Edie 's car correctly , much to Wesley 's annoyance ) . Unlike Edie , Wesley did not speak highly of Seymour ( Wesley calling him a pillock ) and was often annoyed by Seymour 's requests to construct the latter 's ridiculous inventions as well as Seymour 's pompous school headmaster nature . His attitude towards Foggy was similar to that of Seymour but during later years when Truly was introduced on the show he was shown to be more willing to help the trio out in their schemes . Sometimes Wesley would be extremely secretive about his inventions ( largely down to his fear of other people copying them ) but they were often exposed by the main trio or Edie and would go to extreme lengths to hide what he was building ( on one occasion he kept a guard dog in his shed that chased Barry away ) . </P> <P> When Gordon Wharmby died in 2002 , the character is said to have also died . Although he was not formally written out , subsequent references to him were in the past tense . </P> Edith `` Edie '' Pegden ( dame Thora Hird ) ( edit ) <P> ( 1986 , 1987 , 1988 -- 2003 ) , a highly opinionated older woman , sister of Seymour Utterthwaite ( who called her Edith ) and Wesley 's wife , she was the house - proud hostess of the women 's coffee mornings . She was introduced , along with Seymour , daughter Glenda and son - in - law Barry in the 1986 New Years Day special episode `` Uncle of the Bride '' ( husband Wesley had been introduced in 1982 , 4 years before ) . </P> <P> The ladies ' tea parties , where they would sit and discuss life ( particularly the shortcomings of men ) , became a popular staple of the show from the 1990s onwards ; they were usually held in Edie 's front room . Wesley restored a convertible car for her to drive , although she was a terrible driver , and was always accusing Wesley of moving things ( particularly the gear lever ) around . The other ladies ( including Glenda ) often accompanied her on the roads and as a result of Edie 's poor driving , they would be fearing for their lives . Another running gag was Edie making a big performance of locking the front door , repeatedly pushing it to check that it was locked properly . When her brother Seymour was around Edie would speak very highly of him and his inventions ( refusing to count his numerous failed ones ) despite the other ladies thinking he is just as daft as the rest of the trio ( although when Seymour 's antics became extreme she would secretly be annoyed and embarrassed ) . </P> <P> In later years Hird , who was still in the series at the age of 90 , suffered poor health , which affected her ability to stand . To cover this , she was often seen sitting down , or , when standing , had something to hold on to ( often out of camera shot ) . For driving and distance shots , her double , Amy Shaw , was used . </P> <P> When Thora Hird died in 2003 , Edie was also said to have died . As with her husband Wesley previously , it was not immediately made obvious , but later references to the character indicated that she had died . In the final three series , a framed photo of Edie can be seen on Barry and Glenda 's mantelpiece . </P> <P> In one episode Barry talks about ghosts and Glenda asks if he had seen her mother . Barry 's response in the negative includes immense gladness , in that she scared him enough alive . </P> <P> For the first few series in which she appeared , Edie was extremely concerned with her reputation in the neighbourhood : whenever there was company , Edie would try to put on a posh , educated voice -- which would suddenly vanish when she was shouting for ( or at ) Wesley . This aspect of Edie 's character was a prototype for Hyacinth Bucket in Keeping Up Appearances ( also written by Roy Clarke ) . Once the latter series was created , this aspect of Edie 's personality was toned down a bit ( although not completely ) in order to differentiate the two characters . </P> Glenda wilkinson ( sarah Thomas ) ( edit ) <P> ( Sarah Thomas : 1986 , 1987 , 1988 -- 1990 , 1991 -- 2010 ) daughter of Edie and Wesley . The other women in the group consider that she is somewhat naive , despite her being middle - aged . When her mother was alive , if she attempted to join in a mature conversation , Edie would snap `` Drink your coffee ! '' She speaks glowingly of her husband Barry , but is often insecure and unsatisfied with him at home , often because of the pressure of her mother and other ladies in the group . She often comes to the defence of men when other women in the group speak the worst about them and does not believe that all men are evil , as they do . Likewise she is generally shown to be kinder to the main trio than the other ladies ( particularly when her uncle Seymour was with them and notably in the episode `` The McDonaghs of Jamieson Street '' she lends Billy a skirt after his trousers are mauled by a vicious dog ) . She appears , like her husband , to have a very meek demeanour , but under duress she has proven to be quite a force to be reckoned with . In the very last episode of the programme , Glenda clearly seems to have joined the bossy Yorkshire women 's brigade in her suggestions to Barry and Morton that are , in Barry 's words `` not optional '' . Although the rest of the ladies ( particularly Pearl ) disliked the flirtatious Marina , Glenda was seen to strike up friendship with her on a number of occasions ( although this role was generally taken by Miss Davenport in the later series ) . </P> Barry wilkinson ( Mike Grady ) ( edit ) <P> ( 1986 -- 1990 , 1996 -- 2010 ) meek and mild husband of Glenda . Dull and ineffectual , accountant Barry strives for adventure but seems destined for paperwork and domesticity . His one pride is his shiny new car , which he was always trying to keep away from father - in - law Wesley , who could not resist tinkering under the bonnet ( although in one episode , he did completely dismantle the engine ) . </P> <P> Barry is often trying out new hobbies in an attempt to stop his life being humdrum ; and in more recent years , has made a number of attempts to fit in at a local golf club , often upsetting the golf captain `` the Major '' . Though he clearly loved his wife he was afraid to kiss her in public , out of fear of being judged by the neighbors . He was also afraid of his mother in law Edie , largely because she ( along with the other ladies ) would often judge Barry or accuse him of being guilty . In later series Barry became more regularly involved in the schemes of the main trio and in series 28 -- 29 was often involved in schemes with Alvin , Entwistle and Howard . After being introduced in the feature - length `` Uncle of the Bride '' in 1986 , which centres around Barry and Glenda 's wedding , Barry was much - mentioned but not seen for around six years when Mike Grady originally left to pursue several other television projects , before returning as a regular from 1996 thereafter . He is one of the few characters to have left the series but returned in later series . </P> Ros Utterthwaite ( Dora Bryan ) ( edit ) <P> ( 2000 , 2001 -- 2005 ) Edie 's and Seymour 's sister , who has always been more romantically adventurous , to Edie 's unending shame . She often speaks of past flings , frequently with married men . She was often paired with Pearl Sibshaw . Ros was last seen at the end of the 26th series following the departure of Dora Bryan owing to ill health . Her role of being paired with Pearl was replaced by June Whitfield 's character Nelly . </P> <P> Before Ros actually appeared in the series , she had never been mentioned and it was not known that Edie and Seymour even had a sister . </P> <H3> The sibshaws and Marina ( edit ) </H3> Howard Sibshaw ( Robert fyfe ) ( edit ) <P> ( 1985 , 1986 -- 2010 ) Howard is the shy , beady - eyed , constantly conniving , simpering , henpecked husband of Pearl . Doubtless owing to his wife 's domineering nature , Howard often tries to escape from her . Most episodes involve Howard dating peroxide blonde , Marina , behind his wife 's back . In most episodes , Marina would simper , `` Oh Howard . '' , followed by Howard 's `` Oh Marina . '' - sometimes the order was reversed , He is a creative but unconvincing liar . He and Pearl live next door to Clegg , and , much to the annoyance of the latter , Howard is always pestering him for aid in his various schemes to escape Pearl and be with Marina . Over the years he has come up with countless disguises , cover stories and hideaways to allow him to see Marina , all of which have ultimately been doomed or exposed by Pearl . In their earlier appearances , they were frequently shown in disguise with Howard saying , `` I think we 've really cracked it this time '' . However , he tends to ignore Marina when he 's out with her , partly out of fear of his wife Pearl , and partly because he gets so deeply caught up in fabricating charades to cover up his affair . As a result , their relationship does not appear to have gone beyond hand - holding and gazing into each other 's eyes ( much to the annoyance of Marina ) , and the occasional kiss in a field , haystack , or mobile hut somewhere , and it is hinted that if Howard ever did get the chance , he would be too cowardly to go through with it anyway . It has also been suggested that Howard loves Pearl underneath it all . In later series Howard was shown to be out of the house more regularly ( despite Pearl knowing about his attempted affair with Marina ) and eventually became more involved in the schemes of the main trio . Howard first appeared in the Bournemouth summer season show of the series , and was popular enough and felt to have enough potential that he was soon made a regular character . At first , he , Pearl and Marina were used semi-regularly , but as time passed and their popularity grew , they appeared in every episode ( particularly after Wally Batty died ) . Howard and Pearl 's surname was given as Sibshaw in Roy Clarke 's novel ' The Moonbather ' in 1987 , but only mentioned once in the entire TV series , in one of the last episodes , when Glenda refers to Howard as Mr. Sibshaw . </P> Pearl Sibshaw ( juliette kaplan ) ( edit ) <P> ( 1985 , 1986 -- 2010 ) Howard 's wife , a bit of a shrew and always one step ahead of his crafty schemes , she is often shown to know about his ( attempted ) affair with Marina , but is almost gleefully obsessed with exposing Howard 's philandering and generally tormenting him . Although she has a fearsome reputation , she , like Nora , occasionally surprises Norman Clegg and others ( not including Howard ) with displays of kindness , especially after Compo died . She also showed shock when , after seeing Howard in the appropriate uniform , believed he had joined the French foreign legion and outright fainted in a Christmas Special when Compo casually remarked that Howard was in Wesley 's hearse . </P> <P> When she was first introduced on the show , Pearl was somewhat naive , especially towards Howard 's affair with Marina . When introduced to the ladies ' tea group , Nora , Ivy , and Edie integrated her into the group and , over time , her demeanour has hardened . </P> Marina ( jean fergusson ) ( edit ) <P> ( 1985 , 1986 -- 2010 ) Busty but over-age , Howard 's love interest Marina works in the local supermarket . Despite her carefree appearance , Marina is a long - suffering type , having to deal with the disapproval of the prominent village women , the indirect wrath of Pearl , and timorous and neglectful romancing by Howard . She is often thought of as a `` tart '' , and not without reason . She seems to have a soft spot for Clegg ( often referring to him as `` Norman Clegg that was '' implying that they have a past ) , and occasionally briefly leaves Howard for other men . In the episode `` A Double For Howard '' , she is also content for Eli to kiss her when he impersonates Howard . Marina works as a check - out girl at the local Co-op ( although in more recent series , the store 's name has been seen as Lodges ) ; Howard often sneaks there to pass or receive notes from her ( or more often sends Norman Clegg in his place ; leading on several occasions for Marina to believe mistakenly that Clegg is interested in her romantically ) . In A Sidecar Named Desire Clegg reveals that he was once trapped in a lift with Marina and she cuddled him for warmth , much to Howard 's ire and jealousy . Though she perceived it to be a romantic incident , it left Clegg terrified of her . Clegg always strongly denies any romantic interest in her . Marina first appeared in the spin - off 1984 Eastbourne summer season show , and soon became a regular character . </P> <H3> Auntie Wainwright 's shop ( edit ) </H3> See also : Tom Simmonite Auntie Wainwright ( jean alexander ) ( edit ) <P> ( 1988 , 1989 , 1992 -- 2010 ) Howard 's aunt . A sly and grasping bric - a-brac shop owner . Whilst she and her nephew both have a general predisposition towards sneakiness , Auntie Wainwright is much more adept at applying it . </P> <P> Clegg is reluctant to go into her shop , since she always sells him something he does n't want , but she usually finds ways to trick him into entering . She is extremely mean , and pretends to be cheated when she gives the slightest discount . At Compo 's funeral , she grabbed Eli by the arm and pretended to be blind in order to avoid giving money to a collection outside the church . Whenever customers entered the shop she would surprise them by talking through a loudspeaker , saying things like `` Stay where you are ! '' , `` Do n't touch anything or you will be electrocuted '' , ( or things of that nature ) . Though she is largely based in her usual junk shop , she was occasionally shown to own ( or she was the tenant of ) other shops and even junkyards ( which comes to the shock of the trio and other characters ) . She was also extremely security conscious ( even pointing a shotgun at the trio on one occasion ) . </P> <P> As with several other characters , she was originally seen in a `` one - off '' appearance in the 1988 Christmas Special Crums . However she became so popular that she was brought back for a second appearance at Christmas 1989 , eventually becoming a regular from 1992 thereafter . </P> <P> She may have had a sister called Elsie -- this is the name of Howard 's mother . </P> <P> Note : Auntie Wainwright is no relation to Mr Wainwright from the library . ( See Below ) </P> Clem `` Smiler '' hemmingway ( stephen Lewis ) ( edit ) <P> ( Stephen Lewis : 1988 , 1990 , 1991 -- 2007 ) eternally miserable and none - too - bright comic foil , similar to Lewis ' character Inspector Cyril `` Blakey '' Blake in LWT 's hit comedy On The Buses ( some episodes of which he co-wrote ) from 1969 to 1973 . Smiler was first seen as a one - off character in 1988 's ' That Certain Smile ' , in which the trio had to sneak a hospitalised Smiler 's beloved dog Bess in to see him . During his first appearance he was almost entirely referred to by everyone else as his real name `` Clem '' . The character was popular enough to be brought back on a semi-regular basis , and was a regular throughout the 1990s and most of the 2000s ( although his dog died between his first and second appearances ) . In some early appearances , he was a lollipop man , but for much of his time on the show worked for Auntie Wainwright , with whom he seems to be suffering some sort of indentured servitude . In early appearances , Smiler was also a lodger with Nora Batty , which enraged the jealous Compo . Smiler once described that working for Nora Batty was like being in the Army again , and always on Jankers . He also described it akin to jail at Stalag 14 . Smiler also owned a big , but rather beaten up and poorly maintained , white convertible 1972 Chevrolet Impala , in which he sometimes drove around with Tom , and which on occasion has been used in various promotions for Auntie Wainwright . The trio would often cross paths with Smiler and use him for whatever scheme or activity they were doing ( largely because of his tall height and gormless nature ) . Smiler was last seen in the series 28 episode `` Sinclair and the Wormley Witches '' . Lewis left the show at the end of series 28 because of ill health . He was last mentioned in the series 29 episode `` Of Passion and Pizza '' by Tom 's saying that Smiler had disappeared . </P> <H3> The library ( edit ) </H3> Mr. Wainwright ( edit ) <P> ( Blake Butler , 1973 , 1976 ) The rather timid head of the local library , which the trio visited a lot in the show 's early days -- Compo nicknamed him ' Old Shagnasty ' . Mr Wainwright left at the same time as Mrs Partridge 's departure ( see below ) , but was `` transferred back '' to the area in the third series , featuring in two episodes where he was once again romancing his new assistant , Miss Moody . It is shown in Series 1 he , unlike Miss Probert , approves of the books with four - letter words . ( Note : Mr Wainwright is not related to Auntie Wainwright . ) </P> Mrs. Partridge ( edit ) <P> ( Rosemary Martin : 1973 ) , a librarian at the same library , and who was engaged in an affair with Mr Wainwright which they mistakenly believed was secret . The characters were never really felt to catch on , and disappeared as the library was written out as a favourite haunt of the main trio . However , a few years later , the storyline was resurrected and occasionally used for Howard and Marina . The library was also brought back for Foggy to get thrown out of all the time . She has twelve - year - old son , as of Short Back and Palais Glide . </P> Miss Probert ( edit ) <P> ( June Watson , 1975 ) One of the librarians who briefly replaced Wainwright and Partridge during the second series . Miss Probert is a radical `` feminist '' , who is always railing against men to the more timid Miss Jones . Miss Probert has two missions in life ; one is discouraging the lending out of books she considers `` filthy '' ; the other is making a misandrist out of Miss Jones , in whom she seems to take a more than professional interest . Her disappearance from the series is unexplained , and it is presumed she went back to wherever she worked before . </P> Miss Jones ( edit ) <P> ( Janet Davies : , 1975 ) The other librarian who replaced Mr. Wainwright and Mrs. Partridge in the second series . Miss Jones is a quiet , timid female who is overshadowed by Miss Probert . She previously worked in a children 's library , which she frequently says she wants to return to . She has a pair of pink fly - away glasses that are on a chain around her neck . She does n't like working at the Holmfirth library , because of the four - letter words . She always does what Miss Probert asks her , always without question or protest . Like Miss Probert , her disappearance is unexplained , and it is believed she returned to the children 's library . This is most likely due to the remark she made to Miss Probert about wanting to go back where `` Puss in Boots means just that and not like that awful magazine '' . </P> Miss Moody ( edit ) <P> ( Kate Brown , 1976 ) The librarian who replaced Mrs. Partridge on Mr. Wainwright 's return . She only appeared in two episodes , and it is shown she shares Mr. Wainwrights dreams about revolution . She is the first woman to suffer the sight of Compo 's matchbox . Although middle - aged , she is attractive and she and Mr. Wainwright are believed to one of the original structures for Howard and Marina . </P> Miss Lucinda Davenport ( edit ) <P> ( Josephine Tewson , 2003 -- 2010 ) After many years of the library setting seldom being used , Miss Davenport was introduced as the new librarian in 2003 . A very emotional woman haunted by a string of past rejections , she first appeared as a guest , driving Gavin Hinchcliff around while he skied on the van roof . Originally , Glenda took up the cause of socializing her and tried to fit her in with the coffee - drinker circle of Nora , Ivy , Pearl , and co . They did not take too well to each other ; in more recent episodes , she 's bonded with Marina instead , with the pair of them both longing for love in their individual ways . In the episode : `` In Which Howard Remembers Where He Left His Bicycle Pump '' , it is revealed that Miss Davenport 's first name is `` Lucinda '' . </P> <H3> Around town ( edit ) </H3> Elijah `` Eli '' duckett ( danny O'Dea ) ( edit ) <P> ( 1987 -- 2002 ) An extremely long - sighted bumbler , Eli maintained a highly cheerful , friendly attitude despite not having a clue what was going on around him . He generally made only brief cameo appearances , walking into a scene and commenting on his long - sighted misinterpretation of the action , and then walking off again . He was occasionally seen on a bicycle . </P> <P> On occasion , his long - sightedness caused him to walk into slapstick ( and carefully choreographed ) mishaps such as walking into the back of a lorry and over the tops of cars , or falling into a skip . For much of his time in the series , Eli also had a Jack Russell dog ( which once disappeared , leading Eli to mistake a sheep for the dog ) . Despite his long - sightedness , Eli is eternally cheerful and optimistic , and glad to see anyone who stops to talk to him . In one episode , a passing comment by Compo seemed to suggest that Eli was a sniper during the Second World War . </P> <P> In the 1995 New Year Special episode featuring Sir Norman Wisdom , ' The Man Who Nearly Knew Pavarotti ' , Eli is the conductor of the Holme Silver Band . Originally brought in as a friend of Wally Batty , the character was so popular that Eli remained on the show after the death of actor Joe Gladwin . Eli and Wally appeared together in the series 9 episode , `` Jaws '' , in 1987 . </P> <P> Eli never appeared again following the death of O'Dea , though the character was not explicitly killed off . He was replaced by two drunks ( who were also in earlier episodes of the series , sometimes credited as Villagers ) , but appeared in only a few episodes . </P> <P> In the 1988 episode `` The Pig Man Cometh '' of All Creatures Great and Small O'Dea played the character Rupe who , like Eli , had defective vision , clearly alluding to his role in Last of the Summer Wine . </P> Nelly ( dame June Whitfield ) ( edit ) <P> ( 2005 , 2006 -- 2010 ) A more recent addition to the ladies ' coffee - drinking set , and Pearl 's comrade - in - arms . Nelly 's never - seen husband Travis needs constant attention , which Nelly generally administers over her mobile phone . Nelly occasionally provides more `` sophisticated '' viewpoints as a result of having lived further south for some time , but even she regards them with some befuddlement . June Whitfield previously made a `` one off '' appearance in the series as a different character , Delphi Potts , in the 2001 Christmas Special , ' Potts in Pole Position ' , married to Lother , the character of Warren Mitchell , a couple of years before she became a regular as Nelly . In Series 30 , she became the object of Hobbo 's obsession when he became convinced that she was his long - lost mother , much to her annoyance . She was one of the only two regular characters ( the other being Ivy ) not to appear in the final episode . </P> Morton Beemish ( christopher beeny ) ( edit ) <P> ( 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 -- 2005 , 2007 , 2008 -- 2010 ) He first appeared as Herman Teesdale , `` the Repo man '' , who is always pursuing Tom Simmonite , claiming that he owes money . ( May be related to character Jack Harry Teesdale , who appeared in two episodes . ) </P> <P> He is determined but gullible , and Tom always evades him . From 2005 on , he has not only been mentioned by name , but also calls on Barry for social visits , with Barry not being too thrilled at this newfound friendship . In certain episodes in 2005 , it is clear that he still repossesses belongings , which Glenda suggests is the reason none of his friendships lasted : he kept repossessing his friends ' goods . </P> <P> The character returned in a 2007 episode of the show ; and again in the 2008 New Year special , saying that he has retired from debt collecting and changed his name to Morton Beemish in order to start a new life for himself . He seeks out the friendship of his former nemesis , Tom ( though Tom was still suspicious of him and would often hide from him when he saw sight of him ) . </P> <P> In the final two seasons 30 -- 31 the character practically lives next door to Barry and Glenda as a near - lodger with Toby Mulberry , ( aka The Captain ) . </P> Toby Mulberry smith ( trevor Bannister ) ( edit ) <P> ( 1992 , 2001 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 , 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 2010 ) The Captain of the local golf club where Barry is often trying to fit in as a member ; but , despite his best efforts to impress him , Barry always manages to annoy or offend the Captain , either by becoming involved with some escapade with the main trio , or by some other social faux pas . </P> <P> Trevor Bannister is best known for playing Mr Lucas in another comedy favourite , Are You Being Served ? , with Frank Thornton from 1972 to 1979 , and also starred with Brian Wilde in the short - lived Wyatt 's Watchdogs in 1988 . </P> <P> He had previously played a tailor in the 1992 episode ' Who 's Got Rhythm ? ' . The Captain returned for the 2008 New Years Special I Was A Hitman For Primrose Dairies , where he received a name , Toby , for the first time . In series 30 he moves in next door to Barry and Glenda and shortly after gains Morton Beemish ( aka Herman Teesdale ) , the former repo man , as a near - lodger , since he 's always there doing tasks around the house . During this time his relationship with Barry appeared to improve and the two ( along with Glenda ) would often bond over their annoyance of Morton . </P> <H3> Special guests and minor recurring characters ( edit ) </H3> Billy Ingleton ( Sir Norman Wisdom ) ( edit ) <P> ( 1995 , 1996 , 2001 , 2002 and 2004 ) Like a number of other characters , Norman Wisdom was originally intended to make one guest appearance in the show , and ended up as a recurring character . He originally played the hapless Billy Ingleton in the 1995 New Year special ' The Man Who Nearly Knew Pavarotti ' . He proved so popular that like Auntie Wainwright before him , he was asked to appear in the following year 's special ( ' Extra ! Extra ! ' ) . From then on , much - loved comedian Norman Wisdom occasionally pops up , sometimes for the storyline of an episode , at other times in smaller appearances . He is not always credited for smaller appearances . </P> <H3> Policemen ( edit ) </H3> <P> Local policemen often witness the bizarre goings on , usually related to the main trio , and watch in bemusement . They are generally seen parked up around the moors and trying not to get involved with anything , instead eating ( they have even been seen to have a roadside barbecue on occasion ) or drinking tea . They would often be in deep conversation speculating bizarre scenarios and whether or not they would come true , only for them to become true largely down to the main trio along with other characters . </P> PC Cooper ( aka 1st policeman ) ( ken Kitson ) ( edit ) <P> ( 1983 , 1988 -- 2010 ) Kitson first appeared in the 1983 Christmas special ' Getting Sam Home ' and made 2 further guest appearances before becoming a semi-regular character from series 12 onwards . In series 29 he was finally given the name PC Cooper . Cooper tends to be the bigger - headed of the two , but he has many ingenious ways of dealing with petty crimes with minimal disruption to his relaxation . In his first episode he is shown to be a friend of Sid 's ( which was the latter 's last appearance on the show before his death ) . </P> PC Walsh ( aka 2nd policeman ) ( louis Emerick ) ( edit ) <P> ( 1988 , 1989 , 2004 -- 2010 ) Emerick first appeared alongside Kitson in ' Downhill Racer ' . He made one more appearance in the next series , in the episode ' Three Men and a Mangle ' , and later reappeared in 2004 to partner Kitson after Tony Capstick 's death . In series 29 he was finally given the name PC Walsh . Walsh is more level - headed than Cooper and enjoys `` taking the mickey '' , but he tends to be a little more naïve . </P> 2nd policeman ( Tony Capstick ) ( edit ) <P> ( 1987 , 1990 -- 2004 ) Capstick made his first appearance in the 1987 special ' Big Day at Dream Acres ' , before becoming a semi-regular alongside Kitson from series 12 in 1990 , up to his death in late 2003 . His last appearance was the episode ' Yours Truly -- If You 're Not Careful ' . Capstick 's character was spacey and less intelligent even than the often - oblivious Cooper . </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 56 -- 57 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & James Gilbert ( director ) ( unknown ) . `` Last of the Summer Wine : The New Mobile Trio '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Season 1 . Episode 5 . BBC One . Check date values in : = ( help ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Roy Clarke ( writer ) & James Gilbert ( director ) ( 1973 - 01 - 04 ) . `` Last of the Summer Wine : Of Funerals and Fish '' . Comedy Playhouse . Season 14 . Episode 1 . BBC One . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Series 1 , Episode 0 -- pilot </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Sydney Lotterby ( director ) ( 1976 - 10 - 27 ) . `` The Man from Oswestry '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Season 3 . Episode 1 . BBC One . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 1986 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Uncle of the Bride '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Season 8 . BBC One . New Year Special . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 1990 - 09 - 02 ) . `` Return of the Warrior '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Season 12 . Episode 1 . BBC One . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 1997 - 12 - 29 ) . `` There Goes the Groom '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Season 18 . BBC One . Christmas Special . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Odd Dog Men '' . Season 6 . 1982 - 01 - 18 . Missing or empty series = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ As indicated in the prequel series ' First of the Summer Wine ' and the ninth series episode ' When you take a good bite , Yorkshire tastes terrible ' , </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 71 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 2003 - 03 - 09 ) . `` The Second Husband and the Showgirls '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Season 24 . Episode 9 . BBC One . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 1999 - 04 - 25 ) . `` How Errol Flynn Discovered the Secret Scar of Nora Batty '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Season 20 . Episode 2 . BBC One . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 2000 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Last Post and Pigeon '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Season 20 . BBC One . Millennium Special . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 2000 - 06 - 04 ) . `` I Did n't Know Barry Could Play '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Season 21 . Episode 10 . BBC One . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 2001 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Getting Barry 's Goat '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Season 22 . Episode 1 . BBC One . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 140 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 2003 - 01 - 05 ) . `` The Lair of the Cat Creature '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Season 24 . Episode 1 . BBC One . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 2008 - 12 - 31 ) . `` I Was A Hitman for Primrose Dairies '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Series 30 . BBC One . New Years Special . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Series 9 , Episode 1 -- Uncle of the Bride </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Last of the Summer Wine -- Sunday 06 July '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 4 July 2008 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <P> Bright , Morris ; Ross , Robert ( 6 April 2000 ) . Last of the Summer Wine : The Finest Vintage . London : BBC Worldwide . ISBN 0 - 563 - 55151 - 8 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> hide <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Last of the Summer Wine </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 9 </Li> <Li> 10 </Li> <Li> 11 </Li> <Li> 12 </Li> <Li> 13 </Li> <Li> 14 </Li> <Li> 15 </Li> <Li> 16 </Li> <Li> 17 </Li> <Li> 18 </Li> <Li> 19 </Li> <Li> 20 </Li> <Li> 21 </Li> <Li> 22 </Li> <Li> 23 </Li> <Li> 24 </Li> <Li> 25 </Li> <Li> 26 </Li> <Li> 27 </Li> <Li> 28 </Li> <Li> 29 </Li> <Li> 30 </Li> <Li> 31 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nora Batty </Li> <Li> Norman Clegg </Li> <Li> Compo Simmonite </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> First of the Summer Wine </Li> <Li> Home video releases </Li> <Li> `` Of Funerals and Fish '' </Li> <Li> `` There Goes the Groom '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Last_of_the_Summer_Wine_characters&oldid=839910991 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lists of sitcom television characters </Li> <Li> Last of the Summer Wine </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 errors : dates </Li> <Li> Pages with citations lacking titles </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles needing clarification </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2013 </Li> <Li> Use British English from April 2013 </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from February 2013 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 May 2018 , at 14 : 26 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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] | who has died in last of the summer wine | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_Last_of_the_Summer_Wine_characters&oldid=839910991 | 8,724,061,480,389,948,000 |
New Girl ( season 1 ) - wikipedia <H1> New Girl ( season 1 ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> New Girl ( season 1 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> DVD cover </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> Fox </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> September 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 20 ) -- May 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 08 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Next → Season 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> List of New Girl episodes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The first season of the American comedy series New Girl premiered on September 20 , 2011 on Fox and concluded on May 8 , 2012 . Season one consists of 24 episodes . Developed by Elizabeth Meriwether under the working title Chicks & Dicks , the series revolves around offbeat teacher Jess ( Zooey Deschanel ) after her moving into an LA loft with three men , Nick ( Jake Johnson ) , Schmidt ( Max Greenfield ) , and Winston ( Lamorne Morris ) ; Jess 's best friend Cece ( Hannah Simone ) also appears regularly . The show combines comedy and drama elements as the characters , who are around 30 years old , deal with maturing relationships and career choices . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Cast <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Main </Li> <Li> 1.2 Recurring </Li> <Li> 1.3 Guest </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Episodes </Li> <Li> 3 Home media release </Li> <Li> 4 Notes </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Zooey Deschanel as Jessica `` Jess '' Day </Li> <Li> Jake Johnson as Nick Miller </Li> <Li> Max Greenfield as Schmidt </Li> <Li> Damon Wayans , Jr. as Coach </Li> <Li> Lamorne Morris as Winston Bishop </Li> <Li> Hannah Simone as Cece </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recurring ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Mary Elizabeth Ellis as Caroline </Li> <Li> Justin Long as Paul </Li> <Li> Michaela Watkins as Gina </Li> <Li> Gillian Vigman as Kim </Li> <Li> Rachael Harris as Tanya Lamontagne </Li> <Li> Lizzy Caplan as Julia </Li> <Li> Kali Hawk as Shelby </Li> <Li> Dermot Mulroney as Russell </Li> <Li> Phil Hendrie as Joe Napoli </Li> <Li> Rebecca Reid as Nadia </Li> </Ul> <H3> Guest ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Natasha Lyonne as Gretchen </Li> <Li> Katie Cassidy as Brooke </Li> <Li> Lake Bell as Amanda </Li> <Li> Eva Amurri as Beth </Li> <Li> Stephen Amell as Kyle </Li> <Li> Jeff Kober as Remy </Li> <Li> Clark Duke as Cliff </Li> <Li> Ryan Kwanten as Oliver </Li> <Li> Joey King as Brianna </Li> <Li> June Diane Raphael as Sadie </Li> <Li> Martin Starr as Dirk </Li> <Li> Kareem Abdul - Jabbar as Himself </Li> <Li> Jeanne Tripplehorn as Ouli </Li> <Li> Thomas Lennon as Neil </Li> </Ul> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of New Girl episodes <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Pilot '' </Td> <Td> Jake Kasdan </Td> <Td> Elizabeth Meriwether </Td> <Td> September 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 1ATM79 </Td> <Td> 10.28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Jessica `` Jess '' Day ( Zooey Deschanel ) comes home to find her partner cheating on her with another woman . Heartbroken over it , she splits up with him and moves in with three single men , Schmidt ( Max Greenfield ) , Nick ( Jake Johnson ) and Coach ( Damon Wayans , Jr . ) - whom she meets though an Internet ad . The guys try their best to get her out of the apartment and back into the dating life with the help of Jess ' best friend Cece ( Hannah Simone ) . They end up with more than they expect when they find themselves truly caring for her as a friend . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Kryptonite '' </Td> <Td> Jake Kasdan </Td> <Td> Elizabeth Meriwether </Td> <Td> September 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 1ATM01 </Td> <Td> 9.28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Jess accidentally breaks the television in the living room by throwing a basketball at it . Nick and Schmidt try to convince Jess to retrieve her TV ( to replace the one she broke ) and personal belongings from the house she had shared with her now ex-boyfriend . After Coach leaves , the original fourth roommate Winston ( Lamorne Morris ) returns and attempts to manipulate Schmidt into switching rooms since Schmidt now occupies Winston 's original and larger bedroom . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Wedding '' </Td> <Td> Jason Winer </Td> <Td> Donick Cary </Td> <Td> October 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 1ATM04 </Td> <Td> 8.65 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Nick is worried that he will run into Caroline ( Mary Elizabeth Ellis ) , his ex-girlfriend , at a mutual friend 's wedding the guys were invited to , and he asks Jess to be his date and pretend to be his girlfriend . At the wedding , Winston takes his job as usher far too seriously . Schmidt attempts to woo Brooke ( Katie Cassidy ) , a former crush , but also catches the eye of his sexually abusive `` frenemy , '' Gretchen ( Natasha Lyonne ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Naked '' </Td> <Td> Jake Kasdan </Td> <Td> J.J. Philbin </Td> <Td> November 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 1ATM02 </Td> <Td> 7.42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Jess walks in on Nick in his bedroom , not realising that he would be naked - and laughs , ruining his self - confidence with Amanda ( Lake Bell ) , a new co-worker that he is dating . Jess later interrupts Nick and Amanda in his bedroom as they are undressing . To ace a job interview Winston tries to brush up on pop culture within the past two years . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Cece Crashes '' </Td> <Td> John Hamburg </Td> <Td> Rachel Axler </Td> <Td> November 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 1ATM03 </Td> <Td> 6.84 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Cece convinces Jess that Nick may like her as more than a friend , while Schmidt tries to finally get together with Cece . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Thanksgiving '' </Td> <Td> Miguel Arteta </Td> <Td> Berkley Johnson </Td> <Td> November 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 1ATM06 </Td> <Td> 6.91 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Jess invites Paul ( Justin Long ) , a fellow teacher on whom she has a crush , for Thanksgiving dinner at the apartment . Everyone warms to Paul , except for Nick . Cece becomes attracted to Schmidt while he is cooking the dinner . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Bells '' </Td> <Td> Peyton Reed </Td> <Td> Luvh Rakhe </Td> <Td> November 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> 1ATM05 </Td> <Td> 7.59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Winston joins Jess ' handbell team which she has formed for local delinquents , and he gets carried away with being the best . Nick and Schmidt argue over money . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Bad in Bed '' </Td> <Td> Jesse Peretz </Td> <Td> Josh Malmuth </Td> <Td> December 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 1ATM07 </Td> <Td> 6.79 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Jess and Paul undress to have sex , but Jess decides against it . Jess feels she might not be good enough for sex after being monogamous for years and asks the guys for sex advice . Their second attempt to have sex also fails due to inept attempts at dirty talk , Jess ' complex underwear and her trying to choke him . They finally have sex on their third attempt . Schmidt competes with a female co-worker ( Eva Amurri ) at his boss ' ( Michaela Watkins ) baby shower . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` The 23rd '' </Td> <Td> Jason Winer </Td> <Td> Donick Cary </Td> <Td> December 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 1ATM10 </Td> <Td> 6.82 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Schmidt brings the gang along with him to his office Christmas party . Paul tells Jess that he loves her , but her feelings are not mutual . Schmidt makes Cece a special fragrance while Winston becomes friendly with the son of Schmidt 's boss . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` The Story of the 50 '' </Td> <Td> Troy Miller </Td> <Td> Luvh Rakhe </Td> <Td> January 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 1ATM08 </Td> <Td> 6.97 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Jess agrees to throw Schmidt 's 29th birthday party , using a school bus as a party bus . She also invites her boss Tanya ( Rachael Harris ) to the party . Jess hires a stripper for the party , but due to a misunderstanding the stripper is male . Nick introduces his new girlfriend Julia ( Lizzy Caplan ) to the gang . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Jess and Julia '' </Td> <Td> Jake Kasdan </Td> <Td> Story by : Luvh Rakhe Teleplay by : Elizabeth Meriwether & Luvh Rakhe </Td> <Td> January 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 31 ) </Td> <Td> 1ATM12 </Td> <Td> 7.29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Nick 's new lawyer girlfriend , Julia , helps Jess fight a traffic ticket , but it results in a fight between the two girls . Meanwhile , Winston reunites with Shelby ( Kali Hawk ) , an ex-lover of his . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` The Landlord '' </Td> <Td> Peyton Reed </Td> <Td> Story by : Joe Port & Joe Wiseman Teleplay by : Berkley Johnson & Josh Malmuth </Td> <Td> February 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 1ATM11 </Td> <Td> 6.83 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Jess puts the gang 's living arrangements in jeopardy when she befriends the quirky landlord ( Jeff Kober ) against Nick 's wishes . Nick tells her that the landlord wants to have sex with her , but she insists that he 's just being friendly . The landlord assumes that they 're going to have a devil 's threesome , but Jess backs out of it . Schmidt struggles with how to respond to his boss ' ( Gillian Vigman ) advances . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Valentine 's Day '' </Td> <Td> Tucker Gates </Td> <Td> Lesley Wake Webster </Td> <Td> February 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 1ATM13 </Td> <Td> 6.47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> It 's Valentine 's Day , and Jess recruits Schmidt to go out and help her find a guy ( Ryan Kwanten ) to have a one - night stand with . Meanwhile , Winston pays a visit to his hopeful girlfriend , Shelby , who is having a girls ' night in . Nick spends the evening with a very busy Julia and her intern , Cliff ( Clark Duke ) , who fancies her . At the end , Jess almost hooks up with Schmidt but does n't because of Nick discovering her ; Schmidt does n't know what almost happened because he hooked up with Cece . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Bully '' </Td> <Td> Dan Attias </Td> <Td> David Walpert </Td> <Td> February 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 1ATM15 </Td> <Td> 6.27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Jess intervenes when a student of hers is being bullied . She later becomes the target of the bully , Brianna ( Joey King ) , and but accidentally breaks her science project . Schmidt and Cece continue their sex meetings , but Cece does not want their friends to know about it . Nick is flustered when Julia gives him a cactus as a gift , and he tries to figure out what it means about their relationship . Julia breaks it off with Nick because of the all the voicemails that he left her . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Injured '' </Td> <Td> Lynn Shelton </Td> <Td> Story by : Joe Port & Joe Wiseman and J.J. Philbin Teleplay by : J.J. Philbin </Td> <Td> March 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 1ATM09 </Td> <Td> 6.00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Nick injures himself after a game of football in the park and refuses to see a doctor because of his lack of insurance . Jess takes him to see her OB / GYN friend , Sadie ( June Diane Raphael ) , for treatment . However , the diagnosis is much more serious than anyone expects , and it causes him to evaluate his life and friends . Meanwhile , Winston must make a decision about his car , and Schmidt and Cece 's relationship opens up to a more emotional side . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Control '' </Td> <Td> Jesse Peretz </Td> <Td> Brett Baer & Dave Finkel </Td> <Td> March 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 1ATM14 </Td> <Td> 5.74 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Jess learns firsthand about Schmidt 's phobia regarding clean surroundings . Winston pesters Nick about owing him money from a poker game . Schmidt and Cece continue their sexual relationship , with Cece being the dominant partner , showing up in the middle of the night . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` Fancyman '' ( Part 1 ) </Td> <Td> Peyton Reed </Td> <Td> J.J. Philbin & Nick Adams </Td> <Td> March 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 1ATM16 </Td> <Td> 5.18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Jess disagrees with a student 's father , Russell ( Dermot Mulroney ) , on the child 's priorities . When she goes to confront him about it , she ends up falling for him instead . Nick decides that he does n't need a cell phone . Winston tries to impress Shelby by proving that he knows more trivia than Schmidt does . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` Fancyman '' ( Part 2 ) </Td> <Td> Matt Shakman </Td> <Td> Berkley Johnson & Kim Rosenstock </Td> <Td> March 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 1ATM17 </Td> <Td> 4.96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Jess and Russell go on their first date , but Jess feels uncomfortable afterward when Russell seems insufficiently interested in her . Nick 's old college roommate , Dirk ( Martin Starr ) , visits and encourages Nick to date younger female college students . Winston finally decides to tell Shelby how he feels about her . He borrows Schimdt 's car and drives to Mexico , where he thinks she is . He finds out that Schmidt and Cece are sex buddies after a United States Border Patrol officer finds them naked in the back of the car when Winston is driving back into the U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` Secrets '' </Td> <Td> David Wain </Td> <Td> Josh Malmuth </Td> <Td> April 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 1ATM18 </Td> <Td> 4.59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Winston spills the beans about Schmidt and Cece 's casual sexual relationship and the news finally spreads to Jess who does not take it well . Jess decides the roommates should be free with their secrets and is horrified at the secrets Cece reveals to her . Nick goes to Schmidt for dating advice . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` Normal '' </Td> <Td> Jesse Peretz </Td> <Td> Luvh Rakhe </Td> <Td> April 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 1ATM19 </Td> <Td> 5.23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> After spending an entire week at Russell 's place , Jess returns the favor by having Russell stay over at the apartment with the guys for a weekend . The weekend however does not turn out as planned . Winston gets his dream job , when he is hired to work for his favorite sports radio host ( Phil Hendrie ) , who turns out to be a short - tempered jerk . Kareem Abdul - Jabbar makes a cameo appearance . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> `` Kids '' </Td> <Td> Tristram Shapeero </Td> <Td> Donick Cary & Lesley Wake Webster </Td> <Td> April 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 1ATM20 </Td> <Td> 5.22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Jess meets Russell 's ex-wife Ouli ( Jeanne Tripplehorn ) and agrees to watch their daughter Sara ( Annalise Basso ) , who develops a crush on Nick . Cece is scared that she is pregnant with Schmidt 's child . Nick dates an artsy college student Chloe ( Chloe Bridges ) , who is a lot younger than Nick thinks . Winston tries to get his boss on the set of a talk show hosted by Michael Strahan . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> `` Tomatoes '' </Td> <Td> Michael Spiller </Td> <Td> David Walpert & Kim Rosenstock </Td> <Td> April 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> 1ATM21 </Td> <Td> 5.20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Jess assumes that there is still irritating sexual tension between Russell and his ex-wife Ouli , so she attempts to get the same kind of feelings from him , which does n't go as planned . Nick attempts to grow tomatoes and temporarily give up on dating , but fails to do so . Cece admits her feelings to Schmidt after he is hospitalized in a sexual incident with her roommate Nadia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 23 </Th> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> `` Backslide '' </Td> <Td> Nanette Burstein </Td> <Td> David Quandt </Td> <Td> May 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 1ATM22 </Td> <Td> 4.40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Jess , still heartbroken over her breakup with Russell , spends the night with Paul , who later reveals that he has a girlfriend , Jenn ( Melissa Tang ) - who she describes as an Asian version of her . Nick , who is now back together with Caroline , decides to move in with her . Cece introduces Schmidt to her grandmother ( Madhur Jaffrey ) and Winston gets his ear pierced during a wild night out with his boss . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 24 </Th> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> `` See Ya '' </Td> <Td> Michael Spiller </Td> <Td> Story by : Elizabeth Meriwether Teleplay by : Brett Baer & Dave Finkel </Td> <Td> May 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 1ATM23 </Td> <Td> 5.61 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Nick freaks out about moving in with Caroline , and he , the roommates and Cece end up in the desert with no car keys to drive home , as Nick has thrown them into the sand . Schmidt becomes jealous of Cece , and they argue over the men she sees at her job . Nick and Jess run into a coyote while searching for the keys to the moving van . Nick ultimately decides not to move in with Caroline , and returns to the loft . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Home media release ( edit ) </H2> <P> Fox Home Entertainment released season 1 on DVD in region 1 on October 2 , 2012 a week after the second season premiere . The three disc set includes deleted & extended scenes , audio commentary for three episodes , a gag reel , three featurettes and alternate jokes . A sneak peek to Ben and Kate is also included in the DVD . </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Damon Wayans Jr. was billed as starring for the first episode `` Pilot '' only . He does not reappear for the rest of the first season . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lamorne Morris was billed as starring as of the second episode `` Kryptonite '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hannah Simone was billed last in the opening credits among the stars for the first season . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Finals : New Girl , Glee , NCIS , DWTS Results Adjusted Up ; Body of Proof Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : Glee , New Girl , NCIS : LA , DWTS , Biggest Loser Adjusted Up ; Body of Proof Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : NCIS , Glee , Unforgettable , 90210 , Others Adjusted Up ; Body of Proof Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 2 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Last Man Standing , ' ' Glee , ' ' New Girl ' Adjusted Up ; ' Body Of Proof ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 9 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' New Girl ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 16 , 2011 ) . `` Full Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Glee , ' ' NCIS : LA , ' ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Up ; ' Body Of Proof ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 30 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Glee , ' ' Last Man Standing ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 14 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS , ' ' Glee , ' ' Unforgettable ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Glee ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Glee ' Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 8 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS , ' ' Glee , ' ' The Biggest Loser Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Ringer , ' ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Up ; ' New Girl ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 23 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Glee , ' ' Unforgettable , ' ' Body of Proof ' Adjusted Up ' NCIS , ' ' NCIS : LA , ' ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 7 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 14 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Biggest Loser ' ' I Hate My Teenage Daughter ' ' New Girl ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 21 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS , ' ' New Girl ' and ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 28 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Biggest Loser ' , ' DWTS ' ' NCIS : LA ' , ' New Girl ' , & ' Unforgettable ' Adjusted Up ; ' Body of Proof ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars Results ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 11 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' , ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' , ' Last Man Standing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope ' , ' Ringer ' , ' Biggest Loser ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 18 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Biggest Loser ' & ' DWTS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 25 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Fashion Star ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' , ' NCIS ' , ' Glee ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' Biggest Loser ' , ' Last Man Standing ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Voice ' , ' Glee ' , ' DWTS ' + ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' LA Complex ' , + ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grabert , Jessica ( 2011 ) . `` New Girl Season 1 DVD Promises Plenty Of Extra Jokes '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : New Girl ( season 1 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> New Girl on IMDb </Li> <Li> New Girl at TV.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> New Girl </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Season 1 <Ul> <Li> `` Pilot '' </Li> <Li> `` Normal '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> `` Prince '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jessica Day </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Girl_(season_1)&oldid=813996197 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> New Girl </Li> <Li> 2011 American television seasons </Li> <Li> 2012 American television seasons </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from May 2015 </Li> <Li> Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 09 : 47 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Iron ore - wikipedia <H1> Iron ore </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Hematite : the main iron ore in Brazilian mines This stockpile of iron ore pellets will be used in steel production . <P> Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted . The ores are usually rich in iron oxides and vary in colour from dark grey , bright yellow , or deep purple to rusty red . The iron itself is usually found in the form of magnetite ( Fe O , 72.4 % Fe ) , hematite ( Fe O , 69.9 % Fe ) , goethite ( FeO ( OH ) , 62.9 % Fe ) , limonite ( FeO ( OH ) n ( H O ) , 55 % Fe ) or siderite ( FeCO , 48.2 % Fe ) . </P> <P> Ores containing very high quantities of hematite or magnetite ( greater than about 60 % iron ) are known as `` natural ore '' or `` direct shipping ore '' , meaning they can be fed directly into iron - making blast furnaces . Iron ore is the raw material used to make pig iron , which is one of the main raw materials to make steel -- 98 % of the mined iron ore is used to make steel . Indeed , it has been argued that iron ore is `` more integral to the global economy than any other commodity , except perhaps oil '' . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Sources <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Banded iron formations </Li> <Li> 1.2 Magnetite ores </Li> <Li> 1.3 Direct - shipping ( hematite ) ores </Li> <Li> 1.4 Magmatic magnetite ore deposits </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Beneficiation <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Magnetite </Li> <Li> 2.2 Hematite </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Production and consumption <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Iron ore market </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Available iron ore resources <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Available world iron ore resources </Li> <Li> 4.2 Australia <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 1 Pilbara deposit </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Smelting <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Trace elements <Ul> <Li> 5.1. 1 Silicon </Li> <Li> 5.1. 2 Phosphorus </Li> <Li> 5.1. 3 Aluminium </Li> <Li> 5.1. 4 Sulfur </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 Notes </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Sources ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Metallic iron is virtually unknown on the surface of the Earth except as iron - nickel alloys from meteorites and very rare forms of deep mantle xenoliths . Although iron is the fourth most abundant element in the Earth 's crust , comprising about 5 % , the vast majority is bound in silicate or more rarely carbonate minerals . The thermodynamic barriers to separating pure iron from these minerals are formidable and energy intensive , therefore all sources of iron used by human industry exploit comparatively rarer iron oxide minerals , primarily hematite . </P> <P> Prior to the industrial revolution , most iron was obtained from widely available goethite or bog ore , for example during the American Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars . Prehistoric societies used laterite as a source of iron ore . Historically , much of the iron ore utilized by industrialized societies has been mined from predominantly hematite deposits with grades of around 70 % Fe . These deposits are commonly referred to as `` direct shipping ores '' or `` natural ores '' . Increasing iron ore demand , coupled with the depletion of high - grade hematite ores in the United States , after World War II led to development of lower - grade iron ore sources , principally the utilization of magnetite and taconite . </P> <P> Iron - ore mining methods vary by the type of ore being mined . There are four main types of iron - ore deposits worked currently , depending on the mineralogy and geology of the ore deposits . These are magnetite , titanomagnetite , massive hematite and pisolitic ironstone deposits . </P> <H3> Banded iron formations ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Banded iron formation 2.1 billion year old rock showing banded iron formation . Processed taconite pellets with reddish surface oxidation as used in the steelmaking industry , with a US Quarter ( diameter : 24 mm ( 0.96 in ) ) shown for scale . <P> Banded iron formations ( BIFs ) are sedimentary rocks containing more than 15 % iron composed predominantly of thinly bedded iron minerals and silica ( as quartz ) . Banded iron formations occur exclusively in Precambrian rocks , and are commonly weakly to intensely metamorphosed . Banded iron formations may contain iron in carbonates ( siderite or ankerite ) or silicates ( minnesotaite , greenalite , or grunerite ) , but in those mined as iron ores , oxides ( magnetite or hematite ) are the principal iron mineral . Banded iron formations are known as taconite within North America . </P> <P> The mining involves moving tremendous amounts of ore and waste . The waste comes in two forms , non-ore bedrock in the mine ( overburden or interburden locally known as mullock ) , and unwanted minerals which are an intrinsic part of the ore rock itself ( gangue ) . The mullock is mined and piled in waste dumps , and the gangue is separated during the beneficiation process and is removed as tailings . Taconite tailings are mostly the mineral quartz , which is chemically inert . This material is stored in large , regulated water settling ponds . </P> <H3> Magnetite ores ( edit ) </H3> <P> The key economic parameters for magnetite ore being economic are the crystallinity of the magnetite , the grade of the iron within the banded iron formation host rock , and the contaminant elements which exist within the magnetite concentrate . The size and strip ratio of most magnetite resources is irrelevant as a banded iron formation can be hundreds of meters thick , extend hundreds of kilometers along strike , and can easily come to more than three billion or more tonnes of contained ore . </P> <P> The typical grade of iron at which a magnetite - bearing banded iron formation becomes economic is roughly 25 % iron , which can generally yield a 33 % to 40 % recovery of magnetite by weight , to produce a concentrate grading in excess of 64 % iron by weight . The typical magnetite iron - ore concentrate has less than 0.1 % phosphorus , 3 -- 7 % silica and less than 3 % aluminium . </P> <P> Currently magnetite iron ore is mined in Minnesota and Michigan in the U.S. , Eastern Canada and Northern Sweden . Magnetite bearing banded iron formation is currently mined extensively in Brazil , which exports significant quantities to Asia , and there is a nascent and large magnetite iron - ore industry in Australia . </P> <H3> Direct - shipping ( hematite ) ores ( edit ) </H3> <P> Direct - shipping iron - ore ( DSO ) deposits ( typically composed of hematite ) are currently exploited on all continents except Antarctica , with the largest intensity in South America , Australia and Asia . Most large hematite iron - ore deposits are sourced from altered banded iron formations and rarely igneous accumulations . </P> <P> DSO deposits are typically rarer than the magnetite - bearing BIF or other rocks which form its main source or protolith rock , but are considerably cheaper to mine and process as they require less beneficiation due to the higher iron content . However , DSO ores can contain significantly higher concentrations of penalty elements , typically being higher in phosphorus , water content ( especially pisolite sedimentary accumulations ) and aluminum ( clays within pisolites ) . Export grade DSO ores are generally in the 62 -- 64 % Fe range . </P> <H3> Magmatic magnetite ore deposits ( edit ) </H3> <P> Occasionally granite and ultrapotassic igneous rocks segregate magnetite crystals and form masses of magnetite suitable for economic concentration . A few iron ore deposits , notably in Chile , are formed from volcanic flows containing significant accumulations of magnetite phenocrysts . Chilean magnetite iron ore deposits within the Atacama Desert have also formed alluvial accumulations of magnetite in streams leading from these volcanic formations . </P> <P> Some magnetite skarn and hydrothermal deposits have been worked in the past as high - grade iron ore deposits requiring little beneficiation . There are several granite - associated deposits of this nature in Malaysia and Indonesia . </P> <P> Other sources of magnetite iron ore include metamorphic accumulations of massive magnetite ore such as at Savage River , Tasmania , formed by shearing of ophiolite ultramafics . </P> <P> Another , minor , source of iron ores are magmatic accumulations in layered intrusions which contain a typically titanium - bearing magnetite often with vanadium . These ores form a niche market , with specialty smelters used to recover the iron , titanium and vanadium . These ores are beneficiated essentially similar to banded iron formation ores , but usually are more easily upgraded via crushing and screening . The typical titanomagnetite concentrate grades 57 % Fe , 12 % Ti and 0.5 % V O . </P> <H2> Beneficiation ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> See also : Mineral processing See also : Environmental impact of iron ore mining <P> Lower - grade sources of iron ore generally require beneficiation , using techniques like crushing , milling , gravity or heavy media separation , screening , and silica froth flotation to improve the concentration of the ore and remove impurities . The results , high quality fine ore powders , are known as fines . </P> <H3> Magnetite ( edit ) </H3> <P> Magnetite is magnetic , and hence easily separated from the gangue minerals and capable of producing a high - grade concentrate with very low levels of impurities . </P> <P> The grain size of the magnetite and its degree of commingling with the silica groundmass determine the grind size to which the rock must be comminuted to enable efficient magnetic separation to provide a high purity magnetite concentrate . This determines the energy inputs required to run a milling operation . </P> <P> Mining of banded iron formations involves coarse crushing and screening , followed by rough crushing and fine grinding to comminute the ore to the point where the crystallized magnetite and quartz are fine enough that the quartz is left behind when the resultant powder is passed under a magnetic separator . </P> <P> Generally most magnetite banded iron formation deposits must be ground to between 32 and 45 micrometers in order to produce a low - silica magnetite concentrate . Magnetite concentrate grades are generally in excess of 70 % iron by weight and usually are low phosphorus , low aluminium , low titanium and low silica and demand a premium price . </P> <H3> Hematite ( edit ) </H3> <P> Due to the high density of hematite relative to associated silicate gangue , hematite beneficiation usually involves a combination of beneficiation techniques . </P> <P> One method relies on passing the finely crushed ore over a slurry containing magnetite or other agent such as ferrosilicon which increases its density . When the density of the slurry is properly calibrated , the hematite will sink and the silicate mineral fragments will float and can be removed . </P> <H2> Production and consumption ( edit ) </H2> Evolution of the extracted iron ore grade in different countries ( Canada , China , Australia , Brazil , United States , Sweden , USSR - Russia , world ) . The recent drop in world ore grade is due to the big consumption of low grade Chinese ores . The American ore is upgraded between 61 % to 64 % before being sold . For a more comprehensive list , see list of countries by iron ore production . <Table> Usable iron ore production in million metric tons for 2015 The mine production estimates for China are estimated from the National Bureau of Statistics China 's crude ore statistics , rather than usable ore as reported for the other countries . <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 817 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 397 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 375 * </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 156 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> 101 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iran </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kazakhstan </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Other countries </Td> <Td> 132 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total world </Td> <Td> 2,280 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Iron is the world 's most commonly used metal - steel , of which iron ore is the key ingredient , representing almost 95 % of all metal used per year . It is used primarily in structural engineering applications and in maritime purposes , automobiles , and general industrial applications ( machinery ) . </P> <P> Iron - rich rocks are common worldwide , but ore - grade commercial mining operations are dominated by the countries listed in the table aside . The major constraint to economics for iron ore deposits is not necessarily the grade or size of the deposits , because it is not particularly hard to geologically prove enough tonnage of the rocks exist . The main constraint is the position of the iron ore relative to market , the cost of rail infrastructure to get it to market and the energy cost required to do so . </P> <P> Mining iron ore is a high volume low margin business , as the value of iron is significantly lower than base metals . It is highly capital intensive , and requires significant investment in infrastructure such as rail in order to transport the ore from the mine to a freight ship . For these reasons , iron ore production is concentrated in the hands of a few major players . </P> <P> World production averages two billion metric tons of raw ore annually . The world 's largest producer of iron ore is the Brazilian mining corporation Vale , followed by Anglo - Australian companies Rio Tinto Group and then BHP Billiton . A further Australian supplier , Fortescue Metals Group Ltd , has helped bring Australia 's production to first in the world . </P> <P> The seaborne trade in iron ore , that is , iron ore to be shipped to other countries , was 849m tonnes in 2004 . Australia and Brazil dominate the seaborne trade , with 72 % of the market . BHP , Rio and Vale control 66 % of this market between them . </P> <P> In Australia iron ore is won from three main sources : pisolite `` channel iron deposit '' ore derived by mechanical erosion of primary banded - iron formations and accumulated in alluvial channels such as at Pannawonica , Western Australia ; and the dominant metasomatically - altered banded iron formation related ores such as at Newman , the Chichester Range , the Hamersley Range and Koolyanobbing , Western Australia . Other types of ore are coming to the fore recently , such as oxidised ferruginous hardcaps , for instance laterite iron ore deposits near Lake Argyle in Western Australia . </P> <P> The total recoverable reserves of iron ore in India are about 9,602 million tonnes of hematite and 3,408 million tonnes of magnetite . Chhattisgarh , Madhya Pradesh , Karnataka , Jharkhand , Odisha , Goa , Maharashtra , Andhra Pradesh , Kerala , Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu are the principal Indian producers of iron ore . World consumption of iron ore grows 10 % per annum on average with the main consumers being China , Japan , Korea , the United States and the European Union . </P> <P> China is currently the largest consumer of iron ore , which translates to be the world 's largest steel producing country . It is also the largest importer , buying 52 % of the seaborne trade in iron ore in 2004 . China is followed by Japan and Korea , which consume a significant amount of raw iron ore and metallurgical coal . In 2006 , China produced 588 million tons of iron ore , with an annual growth of 38 % . </P> <H3> Iron ore market ( edit ) </H3> <P> Over the last 40 years , iron ore prices have been decided in closed - door negotiations between the small handful of miners and steelmakers which dominate both spot and contract markets . Traditionally , the first deal reached between these two groups sets a benchmark to be followed by the rest of the industry . </P> <P> In recent years , however , this benchmark system has begun to break down , with participants along both demand and supply chains calling for a shift to short term pricing . Given that most other commodities already have a mature market - based pricing system , it is natural for iron ore to follow suit . To answer increasing market demands for more transparent pricing , a number of financial exchanges and / or clearing houses around the world have offered iron ore swaps clearing . The CME group , SGX ( Singapore Exchange ) , London Clearing House ( LCH. Clearnet ) , NOS Group and ICEX ( Indian Commodities Exchange ) all offer cleared swaps based on The Steel Index 's ( TSI ) iron ore transaction data . The CME also offers a Platts - based swap , in addition to their TSI swap clearing . The ICE ( Intercontinental Exchange ) offers a Platts - based swap clearing service also . The swaps market has grown quickly , with liquidity clustering around TSI 's pricing . By April 2011 , over US $5.5 billion worth of iron ore swaps have been cleared basis TSI prices . By August 2012 , in excess of one million tonnes of swaps trading per day was taking place regularly , basis TSI . </P> <P> A relatively new development has also been the introduction of iron ore options , in addition to swaps . The CME group has been the venue most utilised for clearing of options written against TSI , with open interest at over 12,000 lots in August 2012 . </P> <P> Singapore Mercantile Exchange ( SMX ) has launched the world first global iron ore futures contract , based on the Metal Bulletin Iron Ore Index ( MBIOI ) which utilizes daily price data from a broad spectrum of industry participants and independent Chinese steel consultancy and data provider Shanghai Steelhome 's widespread contact base of steel producers and iron ore traders across China . The futures contract has seen monthly volumes over 1.5 million tonnes after eight months of trading . </P> <P> This move follows a switch to index - based quarterly pricing by the world 's three largest iron ore miners - Vale , Rio Tinto and BHP - in early 2010 , breaking a 40 - year tradition of benchmark annual pricing . </P> <H2> Available iron ore resources ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Available world iron ore resources ( edit ) </H3> <P> The iron ore reserves at present seem quite vast , but some are starting to suggest that the math of continual exponential increase in consumption can even make this resource seem quite finite . For instance , Lester Brown of the Worldwatch Institute has suggested iron ore could run out within 64 years based on an extremely conservative extrapolation of 2 % growth per year . </P> <H3> Australia ( edit ) </H3> <P> Geoscience Australia calculates that the country 's `` economic demonstrated resources '' of iron currently amount to 24 gigatonnes , or 24 billion tonnes . The current production rate from the Pilbara region of Western Australia is approximately 430 million tonnes a year and rising . Gavin Mudd ( Monash University ) and Jonathon Law ( CSIRO ) expect it to be gone within 30 to 50 years ( Mudd ) and 56 years ( Law ) . These estimates require on - going review to take into account shifting demand for lower grade iron ore and improving mining and recovery techniques ( allowing deeper mining below the groundwater table ) . </P> Pilbara deposit ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 2011 , leading Pilbara - based iron ore miners -- Rio Tinto , BHP Billiton and Fortescue Metals Group ( FMG ) -- all announced significant capital investment in the development of existing and new mines and associated infrastructure ( rail and port ) . Collectively this would amount to the production of 1,000 million tonnes per year ( Mt / y ) by 2020 . Practically that would require a doubling of production capacity from a current production level of 470 Mt / y to 1,000 Mt / y ( an increase of 530 Mt / y ) . These figures are based on the current production rates of Rio 300 Mt / y , BHP 240 Mt / y , FMG 55 Mt / y and Other 15 Mt / y increasing to Rio 360 Mt / y , BHP 356 Mt / y , FMG 155 Mt / y and Other 140 Mt / y ( the latter 140 Mt / y is based on planned production from recent industry entrants Hancock , Atlas and Brockman through Port Hedland and API and others through the proposed Port of Anketell ) . In March 2014 , Fortescue officially opened its 40 million - tonne per annum ( mtpa ) Kings Valley project , marking the completion of a US $9.2 billion expansion that increased its production capacity to 155 mtpa . The expansion included the construction of the greenfields Solomon Hub in the Hamersley Ranges , one of the world 's largest iron ore developments comprising Kings Valley and the nearby 20 mtpa Firetail mine ; an expansion of the Christmas Creek mine to 50 mtpa ; and major extensions of Fortescue 's world - class port and rail facilities . </P> <P> A production rate of 1,000 Mt / y would require a significant increase in production from existing mines and the opening of a significant number of new mines . Further , a significant increase in the capacity of rail and port infrastructure would also be required . For example , Rio would be required to expand its port operations at Dampier and Cape Lambert by 140 Mt / y ( from 220 Mt / y to 360 Mt / y ) . BHP would be required to expand its Port Hedland port operations by 180 Mt / y ( from 180 Mt / y to 360 Mt / y ) . FMG would be required to expand its port operations at Port Hedland by 100 Mt / y ( from 55 Mt / y to 155 Mt / y ) . That is an increase of 420 Mt / y in port capacity by the three majors Rio , BHP and FMG and about at least 110 Mt / y from the non-major producers . Based on the rule - of - thumb of 50 Mt / y per car dumper , reclaimer and ship - loader the new production would require approximately 10 new car dumpers , reclaimers and ship - loaders . </P> <P> New rail capacity would also be required . Based on the rule - of - thumb of 100 Mt / y per rail line , increasing production by approximately 500 Mt / y would require five new single rail lines . One scenario is an extra rail line for all the majors : BHP ( from double to triple track ) , Rio ( double to triple track ) , FMG ( single to double track ) and at least two new lines . Hancock Prospecting has recently started production from its Roy Hill Iron Ore Mine located north of Newman . This project included the development of the Roy Hill deposit , the construction of a 344 km railway and a port facility with an annual throughput of 55 Mt and QR National to service non-major producers , as of December 2015 due to the falling iron ore price these plans have been suspended indefinitely . </P> <P> A 1,000 Mt / y production rate needs to be further considered by proponents and government . Areas of further consideration include new port space at Anketell to service the West Pilbara mines , growth at Port Hedland ( BHP has announced the development of an outer harbour at Port Hedland ) , rail rationalisation and the regulatory approval requirements for opening and maintaining a ground disturbance footprint that supports 1,000 Mt / y of production including , amongst other things , native title , aboriginal heritage and environmental protection outcomes . </P> <H2> Smelting ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : blast furnace and bloomery <P> Iron ores consist of oxygen and iron atoms bonded together into molecules . To convert it to metallic iron it must be smelted or sent through a direct reduction process to remove the oxygen . Oxygen - iron bonds are strong , and to remove the iron from the oxygen , a stronger elemental bond must be presented to attach to the oxygen . Carbon is used because the strength of a carbon - oxygen bond is greater than that of the iron - oxygen bond , at high temperatures . Thus , the iron ore must be powdered and mixed with coke , to be burnt in the smelting process . </P> <P> However , it is not entirely as simple as that . Carbon monoxide is the primary ingredient of chemically stripping oxygen from iron . Thus , the iron and carbon smelting must be kept at an oxygen deficient ( reducing ) state to promote burning of carbon to produce CO not CO . </P> <Ul> <Li> Air blast and charcoal ( coke ) : 2 C + O → 2 CO </Li> <Li> Carbon monoxide ( CO ) is the principal reduction agent . <Ul> <Li> Stage One : 3 Fe O + CO → 2 Fe O + CO </Li> <Li> Stage Two : Fe O + CO → 3 FeO + CO </Li> <Li> Stage Three : FeO + CO → Fe + CO </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Limestone calcining : CaCO → CaO + CO </Li> <Li> Lime acting as flux : CaO + SiO → CaSiO </Li> </Ul> <H3> Trace elements ( edit ) </H3> <P> The inclusion of even small amounts of some elements can have profound effects on the behavioral characteristics of a batch of iron or the operation of a smelter . These effects can be both good and bad , some catastrophically bad . Some chemicals are deliberately added such as flux which makes a blast furnace more efficient . Others are added because they make the iron more fluid , harder , or give it some other desirable quality . The choice of ore , fuel , and flux determine how the slag behaves and the operational characteristics of the iron produced . Ideally iron ore contains only iron and oxygen . In reality this is rarely the case . Typically , iron ore contains a host of elements which are often unwanted in modern steel . </P> Silicon ( edit ) <P> Silica ( SiO ) is almost always present in iron ore . Most of it is slagged off during the smelting process . At temperatures above 1300 ° C some will be reduced and form an alloy with the iron . The hotter the furnace , the more silicon will be present in the iron . It is not uncommon to find up to 1.5 % Si in European cast iron from the 16th to 18th centuries . </P> <P> The major effect of silicon is to promote the formation of grey iron . Grey iron is less brittle and easier to finish than white iron . It is preferred for casting purposes for this reason . Turner ( 1900 , pp. 192 -- 197 ) reported that silicon also reduces shrinkage and the formation of blowholes , lowering the number of bad castings . </P> Phosphorus ( edit ) <P> Phosphorus ( P ) has four major effects on iron : increased hardness and strength , lower solidus temperature , increased fluidity , and cold shortness . Depending on the use intended for the iron , these effects are either good or bad . Bog ore often has a high phosphorus content ( Gordon 1996 , p. 57 ) . </P> <P> The strength and hardness of iron increases with the concentration of phosphorus . 0.05 % phosphorus in wrought iron makes it as hard as medium carbon steel . High phosphorus iron can also be hardened by cold hammering . The hardening effect is true for any concentration of phosphorus . The more phosphorus , the harder the iron becomes and the more it can be hardened by hammering . Modern steel makers can increase hardness by as much as 30 % , without sacrificing shock resistance by maintaining phosphorus levels between 0.07 and 0.12 % . It also increases the depth of hardening due to quenching , but at the same time also decreases the solubility of carbon in iron at high temperatures . This would decrease its usefulness in making blister steel ( cementation ) , where the speed and amount of carbon absorption is the overriding consideration . </P> <P> The addition of phosphorus has a down side . At concentrations higher than 0.2 % iron becomes increasingly cold short , or brittle at low temperatures . Cold short is especially important for bar iron . Although bar iron is usually worked hot , its uses often require it to be tough , bendable , and resistant to shock at room temperature . A nail that shattered when hit with a hammer or a carriage wheel that broke when it hit a rock would not sell well . High enough concentrations of phosphorus render any iron unusable ( Rostoker & Bronson 1990 , p. 22 ) . The effects of cold shortness are magnified by temperature . Thus , a piece of iron that is perfectly serviceable in summer , might become extremely brittle in winter . There is some evidence that during the Middle Ages the very wealthy may have had a high phosphorus sword for summer and a low phosphorus sword for winter ( Rostoker & Bronson 1990 , p. 22 ) . </P> <P> Careful control of phosphorus can be of great benefit in casting operations . Phosphorus depresses the liquidus temperature , allowing the iron to remain molten for longer and increases fluidity . The addition of 1 % can double the distance molten iron will flow ( Rostoker & Bronson 1990 , p. 22 ) . The maximum effect , about 500 ° C , is achieved at a concentration of 10.2 % ( Rostocker & Bronson 1990 , p. 194 ) . For foundry work Turner felt the ideal iron had 0.2 -- 0.55 % phosphorus . The resulting iron filled molds with fewer voids and also shrank less . In the 19th century some producers of decorative cast iron used iron with up to 5 % phosphorus . The extreme fluidity allowed them to make very complex and delicate castings . But , they could not be weight bearing , as they had no strength ( Turner 1900 , pp. 202 -- 204 ) . </P> <P> There are two remedies for high phosphorus iron . The oldest , and easiest , is avoidance . If the iron that the ore produced was cold short , one would search for a new source of iron ore . The second method involves oxidizing the phosphorus during the fining process by adding iron oxide . This technique is usually associated with puddling in the 19th century , and may not have been understood earlier . For instance Isaac Zane , the owner of Marlboro Iron Works did not appear to know about it in 1772 . Given Zane 's reputation for keeping abreast of the latest developments , the technique was probably unknown to the ironmasters of Virginia and Pennsylvania . </P> <P> Phosphorus is a deleterious contaminant because it makes steel brittle , even at concentrations of as little as 0.6 % . Phosphorus can not be easily removed by fluxing or smelting , and so iron ores must generally be low in phosphorus to begin with . </P> Aluminium ( edit ) <P> Small amounts of aluminium ( Al ) are present in many ores including iron ore , sand and some limestones . The former can be removed by washing the ore prior to smelting . Until the introduction of brick lined furnaces , the amount of aluminum contamination was small enough that it did not have an effect on either the iron or slag . However , when brick began to be used for hearths and the interior of blast furnaces , the amount of aluminium contamination increased dramatically . This was due to the erosion of the furnace lining by the liquid slag . </P> <P> Aluminium is difficult to reduce . As a result , aluminium contamination of the iron is not a problem . However , it does increase the viscosity of the slag ( Kato & Minowa 1969 , p. 37 and Rosenqvist 1983 , p. 311 ) . This will have a number of adverse effects on furnace operation . The thicker slag will slow the descent of the charge , prolonging the process . High aluminium will also make it more difficult to tap off the liquid slag . At the extreme this could lead to a frozen furnace . </P> <P> There are a number of solutions to a high aluminium slag . The first is avoidance ; do n't use ore or a lime source with a high aluminium content . Increasing the ratio of lime flux will decrease the viscosity ( Rosenqvist 1983 , p. 311 ) . </P> Sulfur ( edit ) <P> Sulfur ( S ) is a frequent contaminant in coal . It is also present in small quantities in many ores , but can be removed by calcining . Sulfur dissolves readily in both liquid and solid iron at the temperatures present in iron smelting . The effects of even small amounts of sulfur are immediate and serious . They were one of the first worked out by iron makers . Sulfur causes iron to be red or hot short ( Gordon 1996 , p. 7 ) . </P> <P> Hot short iron is brittle when hot . This was a serious problem as most iron used during the 17th and 18th century was bar or wrought iron . Wrought iron is shaped by repeated blows with a hammer while hot . A piece of hot short iron will crack if worked with a hammer . When a piece of hot iron or steel cracks the exposed surface immediately oxidizes . This layer of oxide prevents the mending of the crack by welding . Large cracks cause the iron or steel to break up . Smaller cracks can cause the object to fail during use . The degree of hot shortness is in direct proportion to the amount of sulfur present . Today iron with over 0.03 % sulfur is avoided . </P> <P> Hot short iron can be worked , but it has to be worked at low temperatures . Working at lower temperatures requires more physical effort from the smith or forgeman . The metal must be struck more often and harder to achieve the same result . A mildly sulfur contaminated bar can be worked , but it requires a great deal more time and effort . </P> <P> In cast iron sulfur promotes the formation of white iron . As little as 0.5 % can counteract the effects of slow cooling and a high silicon content ( Rostoker & Bronson 1990 , p. 21 ) . White cast iron is more brittle , but also harder . It is generally avoided , because it is difficult to work , except in China where high sulfur cast iron , some as high as 0.57 % , made with coal and coke , was used to make bells and chimes ( Rostoker , Bronson & Dvorak 1984 , p. 760 ) . According to Turner ( 1900 , pp. 200 ) , good foundry iron should have less than 0.15 % sulfur . In the rest of the world a high sulfur cast iron can be used for making castings , but will make poor wrought iron . </P> <P> There are a number of remedies for sulfur contamination . The first , and the one most used in historic and prehistoric operations , is avoidance . Coal was not used in Europe ( unlike China ) as a fuel for smelting because it contains sulfur and therefore causes hot short iron . If an ore resulted in hot short metal , ironmasters looked for another ore . When mineral coal was first used in European blast furnaces in 1709 ( or perhaps earlier ) , it was coked . Only with the introduction of hot blast from 1829 was raw coal used . </P> <P> Sulfur can be removed from ores by roasting and washing . Roasting oxidizes sulfur to form sulfur dioxide which either escapes into the atmosphere or can be washed out . In warm climates it is possible to leave pyritic ore out in the rain . The combined action of rain , bacteria , and heat oxidize the sulfides to sulfuric acid and sulfates , which are water - soluble and leached out ( Turner 1900 , pp. 77 ) . However , historically ( at least ) , iron sulfide ( iron pyrite FeS ) , though a common iron mineral , has not been used as an ore for the production of iron metal . Natural weathering was also used in Sweden . The same process , at geological speed , results in the gossan limonite ores . </P> <P> The importance attached to low sulfur iron is demonstrated by the consistently higher prices paid for the iron of Sweden , Russia , and Spain from the 16th to 18th centuries . Today sulfur is no longer a problem . The modern remedy is the addition of manganese . But , the operator must know how much sulfur is in the iron because at least five times as much manganese must be added to neutralize it . Some historic irons display manganese levels , but most are well below the level needed to neutralize sulfur ( Rostoker & Bronson 1990 , p. 21 ) . </P> <P> Sulfide inclusion as manganese sulfide ( MnS ) can also be the cause of severe pitting corrosion problems in low - grade stainless steel such as AISI 304 steel . Under oxidizing conditions and in the presence of moisture , when sulfide oxidizes it produces thiosulfate anions as intermediate species and because thiosulfate anion has a higher equivalent electromobility than chloride anion due to its double negative electrical charge , it promotes the pit growth . Indeed , the positive electrical charges born by Fe cations released in solution by Fe oxidation on the anodic zone inside the pit must be quickly compensated / neutralised by negative charges brought by the electrokinetic migration of anions in the capillary pit . Some of the electrochemical processes occurring in a capillary pit are the same than these encountered in capillary electrophoresis . Higher the anion electrokinetic migration rate , higher the rate of pitting corrosion . Electrokinetic transport of ions inside the pit can be the rate limiting step in the pit growth rate . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Mining portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Iron ore in Africa </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Ramanaidou and Wells , 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IRON ORE - Hematite , Magnetite & Taconite '' . Mineral Information Institute . Archived from the original on 17 April 2006 . Retrieved 7 April 2006 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Iron ore pricing emerges from stone age , Financial Times , October 26 , 2009 Archived 2011 - 03 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harry Klemic , Harold L. James , and G. Donald Eberlein , ( 1973 ) `` Iron , '' in United States Mineral Resources , US Geological Survey , Professional Paper 820 , p. 298 - 299 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guijón , R. , Henríquez , F. and Naranjo , J.A. ( 2011 ) . `` Geological , Geographical and Legal Considerations for the Conservation of Unique Iron Oxide and Sulphur Flows at El Laco and Lastarria Volcanic Complexes , Central Andes , Northern Chile '' . Geoheritage. 3 : 99 -- 315 . doi : 10.1007 / s12371 - 011 - 0045 - x . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gaudin , A.M , Principles of Mineral Dressing , 1937 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Graphic from The `` Limits to Growth '' and ' Finite ' Mineral Resources , p. 5 , Gavin M. Mudd </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mineral Commodity Summaries 2017 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Global iron ore production data ; Clarification of reporting from the USGS '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 21 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Iron ore pricing war , Financial Times , October 14 , 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Qazi , Shabir Ahmad ; Qazi , Navaid Shabir ( 1 January 2008 ) . `` Natural Resource Conservation and Environment Management '' . APH Publishing . Retrieved 12 November 2016 -- via Google Books . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Steel Index > News & Events > Press Studio > 2 February 2011 : Record volume of iron ore swaps cleared in January '' . Archived from the original on 22 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SMX to list world 's first index based iron ore futures '' . 29 September 2010 . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ICE Futures Singapore - Futures Exchange '' . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ mbironoreindex </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brown , Lester Plan B 2.0 , New York : W.W. Norton , 2006 . p. 109 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pincock , Stephen ( July 14 , 2010 ) . `` Iron Ore Country '' . ABC Science . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fortescue opens Kings Valley project and celebrates completion of 155 MTPA expansion '' ( PDF ) . FMG . March 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` QR National evaluates independent rail line for Pilbara '' . QR National . April 26 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stockwell , Stephen ( November 22 , 2012 ) . `` QR 's Pilbara rail plan on track '' . ABC Rural News . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stewart , J. ; Williams , D.E. ( 1992 ) . `` The initiation of pitting corrosion on austenitic stainless steel : on the role and importance of sulphide inclusions '' . Corrosion Science . 33 ( 3 ) : 457 -- 474 . doi : 10.1016 / 0010 - 938X ( 92 ) 90074 - D. ISSN 0010 - 938X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Williams , David E. ; Kilburn , Matt R. ; Cliff , John ; Waterhouse , Geoffrey I.N. ( 2010 ) . `` Composition changes around sulphide inclusions in stainless steels , and implications for the initiation of pitting corrosion '' . Corrosion Science . 52 ( 11 ) : 3702 -- 3716 . doi : 10.1016 / j. corsci. 2010.07. 021 . ISSN 0010 - 938X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Newman , R.C. ; Isaacs , H.S. ; Alman , B. ( 1982 ) . `` Effects of sulfur compounds on the pitting behavior of type 304 stainless steel in near - neutral chloride solutions '' . Corrosion. 38 ( 5 ) : 261 -- 265 . doi : 10.5006 / 1.3577348 . ISSN 0010 - 9312 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Gordon , Robert B. ( 1996 ) , American Iron 1607 - 1900 , The Johns Hopkins University Press </Li> <Li> Kato , Makoto and Susumu Minowa ( 1969 ) , `` Viscosity Measurement of Molten Slag - Properties of Slag at Elevated Temperature ( Part 1 ) '' , Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan , Tokyo : Nihon Tekko Kyokai , 9 , pp. 31 -- 38 </Li> <Li> Ramanaidou , E.R. and Wells , M.A. ( 2014 ) . 13.13 - Sedimentary Hosted Iron Ores . In : Holland , H.D. and Turekian , K.K. Eds. , Treatise on Geochemistry ( Second Edition ) . Oxford : Elsevier . 313 - 355 . doi : 10.1016 / B978 - 0 - 08 - 095975 - 7.01115 - 3 </Li> <Li> Rosenqvist , Terkel ( 1983 ) , Principles of Extractive Metallurgy , McGraw - Hill Book Company </Li> <Li> Rostoker , William ; Bronson , Bennet ( 1990 ) , Pre-Industrial Iron : Its Technology and Ethnology , Archeomaterials Monograph No. 1 </Li> <Li> Rostoker , William ; Bronson , Bennet ; Dvorak , James ( 1984 ) , `` The Cast - Iron Bells of China '' , Technology and Culture , The Society for the History of Technology , 25 ( 4 ) , pp. 750 -- 767 , doi : 10.2307 / 3104621 , JSTOR 3104621 </Li> <Li> Turner , Thomas ( 1900 ) , The Metallurgy of Iron ( 2nd ed . ) , Charles Griffin & Company , Limited </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> History of the Iron Ore Trade on the Great Lakes </Li> <Li> `` Pioneers of the Cleveland iron trade '' by J.S. Jeans 1875 </Li> <Li> Iron Ore Price and Historical Chart </Li> <Li> Iron Mines of NY / NJ </Li> <Li> Iron ore capacity by major world producer </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GND : 4014063 - 5 </Li> <Li> NDL : 00572806 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iron_ore&oldid=837165028 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Economic geology </Li> <Li> Iron ores </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from October 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from February 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles with vague or ambiguous time </Li> <Li> Vague or ambiguous time from November 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 </Li> <Li> All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases </Li> <Li> Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2018 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Articles containing video clips </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> ગુજરાતી </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Ирон </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ಕನ್ನಡ </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Lëtzebuergesch </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Nedersaksies </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча </Li> <Li> ਪੰਜਾਬੀ </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Тыва дыл </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 粵語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 38 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 03 : 32 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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] | iron ore can be found in which state | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Iron_ore&oldid=837165028 | -4,174,714,409,691,485,700 |
United States Secretary of State - Wikipedia <H1> United States Secretary of State </H1> <P> </P> Not to be confused with Secretary of state ( U.S. state government ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Secretary of State of the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Seal of the Secretary of State </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Flag of the Secretary of State </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Incumbent Mike Pompeo since April 26 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Department of State </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Style </Th> <Td> Mr. Secretary </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Member of </Th> <Td> Cabinet , National Security Council </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reports to </Th> <Td> The President </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seat </Th> <Td> Washington , D.C. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Appointer </Th> <Td> The President with Senate advice and consent </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Term length </Th> <Td> Appointed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Constituting instrument </Th> <Td> 22 U.S.C. § 2651 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Precursor </Th> <Td> United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Formation </Th> <Td> July 27 , 1789 ; 229 years ago ( 1789 - 07 - 27 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First holder </Th> <Td> John Jay ( acting ) Thomas Jefferson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Succession </Th> <Td> Fourth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Deputy </Th> <Td> Deputy Secretary of State </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Salary </Th> <Td> $210,700 annually ( Executive Schedule I ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.state.gov </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Secretary of State is a senior official of the federal government of the United States of America , and as head of the United States Department of State , is principally concerned with foreign policy and is considered to be the U.S. government 's equivalent of a Minister for Foreign Affairs . </P> <P> The Secretary of State is nominated by the President of the United States and , following a confirmation hearing before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations , is confirmed by the United States Senate . The Secretary of State , along with the Secretary of the Treasury , Secretary of Defense , and Attorney General , are generally regarded as the four most important Cabinet members because of the importance of their respective departments . Secretary of State is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule and thus earns the salary prescribed for that level ( currently $205,700 ) . </P> <P> The current Secretary of State is Mike Pompeo . On March 13 , 2018 , President Donald Trump dismissed Rex Tillerson and nominated Pompeo , then Director of the Central Intelligence Agency , to replace Tillerson . Tillerson announced later that day that his last day at the State Department would be March 31 , 2018 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Duties and responsibilities </Li> <Li> 2 List of Secretaries of State </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Duties and responsibilities ( edit ) </H2> <P> The stated duties of the Secretary of State are as follows : </P> <Ul> <Li> `` Supervises the United States Foreign Service '' and `` administers the Department of State '' </Li> <Li> Advises the President on matters relating to U.S. foreign policy including the appointment of diplomatic representatives to other nations and on the acceptance , recall , or dismissal of representatives from other nations </Li> <Li> `` Negotiates , interprets , or terminates treaties and agreements '' and `` conducts negotiations relating to U.S. foreign affairs '' </Li> <Li> `` Personally participates in or directs U.S. representatives to international conferences , organizations , and agencies '' </Li> <Li> Provides information and services to U.S. citizens living or traveling abroad such as providing credentials in the form of passports </Li> <Li> `` Ensures the protection of the U.S. Government to American citizens , property , and interests in foreign countries '' </Li> <Li> `` Supervises the administration of the U.S. immigration policy abroad '' </Li> <Li> Communicates issues relating the U.S. foreign policy to Congress and to U.S. citizens </Li> <Li> `` Promotes beneficial economic intercourse between the U.S. and other countries '' </Li> </Ul> <P> The original duties of the Secretary of State include some domestic duties such as : </P> <Ul> <Li> Receipt , publication , distribution , and preservation of the laws of the United States </Li> <Li> Preparation , sealing , and recording of the commissions of Presidential appointees </Li> <Li> Preparation and authentication of copies of records and authentication of copies under the Department 's seal </Li> <Li> Custody of the Great Seal of the United States </Li> <Li> Custody of the records of former Secretary of the Continental Congress except for those of the Treasury and War departments </Li> </Ul> <P> Most of the domestic functions of the Department of State have been transferred to other agencies . Those that remain include storage and use of the Great Seal of the United States , performance of protocol functions for the White House , and the drafting of certain proclamations . The Secretary also negotiates with the individual States over the extradition of fugitives to foreign countries . Under Federal Law , the resignation of a president or of a vice president is only valid if declared in writing , in an instrument delivered to the office of the secretary of state . Accordingly , the resignations of President Nixon and of Vice-President Spiro Agnew , domestic issues , were formalized in instruments delivered to the secretary of state , Henry Kissinger . </P> <P> As the highest - ranking member of the cabinet , the secretary of state is the third - highest official of the executive branch of the Federal Government of the United States , after the president and vice president , and is fourth in line to succeed the presidency , coming after the vice president , the Speaker of the House of Representatives , and the President pro tempore of the Senate . Six secretaries of state have gone on to be elected president . Others , including Henry Clay , William Seward , James Blaine , William Jennings Bryan , John Kerry , and Hillary Clinton have been unsuccessful presidential candidates , either before or after their term of office as Secretary of State . </P> <P> The nature of the position means that Secretaries of State engage in travel around the world . The record for most countries visited in a secretary 's tenure is 112 by Hillary Clinton . Second is Madeleine Albright with 96 . The record for most air miles traveled in a secretary 's tenure is 1.380 million miles by John Kerry . Second is Condoleezza Rice 's 1.059 million miles , and third is Clinton 's 956,733 miles . </P> What are the Qualifications of a Secretary of State ? He ought to be a Man of universal Reading in Laws , Governments , History . Our whole terrestrial Universe ought to be summarily comprehended in his Mind . <P> -- John Adams </P> <H2> List of Secretaries of State ( edit ) </H2> Further information : List of Secretaries of State of the United States <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 3 U.S. Code § 19 - Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' . Cornell Law School . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pay & Leave : Salaries & Wages '' . Salary Table No. 2018 - EX . United States Office of Personnel Management . January 1 , 2018 . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : 5 U.S.C. § 5312 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Heads of State , Heads of Government , Ministers for Foreign Affairs '' , Protocol and Liaison Service , United Nations . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NATO Member Countries , NATO . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cabinets and Counselors : The President and the Executive Branch ( 1997 ) . Congressional Quarterly . p. 87 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Haaretz ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Meet Mike Pompeo , Trump 's Reported New Hardliner Secretary of State '' . Haaretz . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rex Tillerson out as secretary of state ; CIA Director Mike Pompeo will replace him '' . PBS NewsHour . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Trump fires Rex Tillerson as secretary of state '' . March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Duties of the Secretary of State '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Duties of the Secretary of State of the United States '' . www.state.gov . United States Department of State . January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 3 U.S. Code § 20 - Resignation or refusal of office '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mark Landler ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Scare Adds to Fears That Clinton 's Work Has Taken Toll '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lee , Matthew ( June 28 , 2012 ) . `` Frequent flier Hillary Clinton hits 100 - country mark '' . Detroit Free Press . Associated Press . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Associated Press ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Kerry breaks record for miles traveled by secretary of state '' . Fox News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ford , Worthington C. , ed. ( 1927 ) . Statesman and Friend : Correspondence of John Adams with Benjamin Waterhouse , 1784 -- 1822 . Boston , MA : Little , Brown , and Company . p. 57 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Secretaries of State of the United States . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : United States Secretary of State </Td> </Tr> </Table> Listen to this article ( info / dl ) <P> </P> This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` United States Secretary of State '' dated 2010 - 02 - 23 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Current U.S. order of precedence ( ceremonial ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Ambassadors from the United States ( while at their posts ) </Td> <Td> Order of Precedence of the United States as Secretary of State </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Ambassadors to the United States ( in order of tenure ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Otherwise Barack Obama as Former President </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Otherwise António Guterres as Secretary - General of the United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Current U.S. presidential line of succession </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by President pro tempore of the Senate Orrin Hatch </Td> <Td> 4th in line </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Secretary of the Treasury Steve Mnuchin </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> United States Secretaries of State </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Secretary of Foreign Affairs 1781 -- 89 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> R. Livingston </Li> <Li> Jay </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Secretary of State 1789 -- present </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jefferson </Li> <Li> Randolph </Li> <Li> Pickering </Li> <Li> J. Marshall </Li> <Li> Madison </Li> <Li> Smith </Li> <Li> Monroe </Li> <Li> Adams </Li> <Li> Clay </Li> <Li> Van Buren </Li> <Li> E. Livingston </Li> <Li> McLane </Li> <Li> Forsyth </Li> <Li> Webster </Li> <Li> Upshur </Li> <Li> Calhoun </Li> <Li> Buchanan </Li> <Li> Clayton </Li> <Li> Webster </Li> <Li> Everett </Li> <Li> Marcy </Li> <Li> Cass </Li> <Li> Black </Li> <Li> Seward </Li> <Li> Washburne </Li> <Li> Fish </Li> <Li> Evarts </Li> <Li> Blaine </Li> <Li> Frelinghuysen </Li> <Li> Bayard </Li> <Li> Blaine </Li> <Li> Foster </Li> <Li> Gresham </Li> <Li> Olney </Li> <Li> Sherman </Li> <Li> Day </Li> <Li> Hay </Li> <Li> Root </Li> <Li> Bacon </Li> <Li> Knox </Li> <Li> Bryan </Li> <Li> Lansing </Li> <Li> Colby </Li> <Li> Hughes </Li> <Li> Kellogg </Li> <Li> Stimson </Li> <Li> Hull </Li> <Li> Stettinius </Li> <Li> Byrnes </Li> <Li> G. Marshall </Li> <Li> Acheson </Li> <Li> Dulles </Li> <Li> Herter </Li> <Li> Rusk </Li> <Li> Rogers </Li> <Li> Kissinger </Li> <Li> Vance </Li> <Li> Muskie </Li> <Li> Haig </Li> <Li> Shultz </Li> <Li> Baker </Li> <Li> Eagleburger </Li> <Li> Christopher </Li> <Li> Albright </Li> <Li> Powell </Li> <Li> Rice ( tenure ) </Li> <Li> Clinton ( tenure ) </Li> <Li> Kerry ( tenure ) </Li> <Li> Tillerson </Li> <Li> Pompeo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Agencies under the United States Department of State </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Headquarters : Harry S Truman Building </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Mike Pompeo , Secretary of State </Li> <Li> John Sullivan , Deputy Secretary of State and Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources </Li> <Li> Stephen Mull , Acting Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Deputy Secretary of State and Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Counselor of the Department </Li> <Li> Executive Secretariat </Li> <Li> Office of U.S. Foreign Assistance Resources </Li> <Li> Operations Center </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Under Secretary for Political Affairs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bureau of African Affairs </Li> <Li> Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs </Li> <Li> Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs </Li> <Li> Bureau of International Organization Affairs </Li> <Li> Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs </Li> <Li> Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs </Li> <Li> Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Under Secretary for Economic Growth , Energy , and the Environment </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs </Li> <Li> Bureau of Energy Resources </Li> <Li> Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs </Li> <Li> Office of the Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary </Li> <Li> Office of the Chief Economist </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security Affairs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bureau of Arms Control , Verification and Compliance </Li> <Li> Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation </Li> <Li> Bureau of Political - Military Affairs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs </Li> <Li> Bureau of Public Affairs </Li> <Li> Bureau of International Information Programs </Li> <Li> Department Spokesperson </Li> <Li> Office of the Historian </Li> <Li> Office of Policy , Planning , and Resources for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs </Li> <Li> United States Diplomacy Center </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Under Secretary for Management </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bureau of Administration </Li> <Li> Bureau of Budget and Planning </Li> <Li> Bureau of Consular Affairs </Li> <Li> Bureau of Diplomatic Security </Li> <Li> Bureau of Human Resources </Li> <Li> Bureau of Information Resource Management </Li> <Li> Bureau of Overseas Buildings Operations </Li> <Li> Diplomatic Reception Rooms </Li> <Li> Foreign Service Institute </Li> <Li> Office of Children 's Issues </Li> <Li> Office of eDiplomacy </Li> <Li> Office of Foreign Missions </Li> <Li> Office of Management Policy , Rightsizing , and Innovation </Li> <Li> Office of Medical Services </Li> <Li> Office of White House Liaison </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Under Secretary for Civilian Security , Democracy , and Human Rights </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bureau of Conflict and Stabilization Operations </Li> <Li> Bureau of Counterterrorism and Countering Violent Extremism </Li> <Li> Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor </Li> <Li> Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs </Li> <Li> Bureau of Population , Refugees , and Migration </Li> <Li> Office of Global Criminal Justice </Li> <Li> Office of Global Youth Issues </Li> <Li> Office to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism </Li> <Li> Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bureaus / Offices reporting directly to the Secretary </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bureau of Intelligence and Research </Li> <Li> Bureau of Legislative Affairs </Li> <Li> Office of Civil Rights </Li> <Li> Office of Inspector General </Li> <Li> Office of the Legal Adviser </Li> <Li> Office of Policy Planning Staff </Li> <Li> Office of the Chief of Protocol </Li> <Li> Office of Global Food Security </Li> <Li> Office of Global Women 's Issues </Li> <Li> Office of the United States Global AIDS Coordinator </Li> <Li> Office of Global Partnerships </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Leaders of the United States federal executive departments </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agriculture </Li> <Li> Commerce </Li> <Li> Defense </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Energy </Li> <Li> Health and Human Services </Li> <Li> Homeland Security </Li> <Li> Housing and Urban Development </Li> <Li> Interior </Li> <Li> Justice </Li> <Li> Labor </Li> <Li> State </Li> <Li> Transportation </Li> <Li> Treasury </Li> <Li> Veterans Affairs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Past </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Commerce and Labor </Li> <Li> Health , Education , and Welfare </Li> <Li> Navy </Li> <Li> Post Office </Li> <Li> War </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Presidential line of succession in the United States of America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Vice President ( Mike Pence ) </Li> <Li> Speaker of the House of Representatives ( Paul Ryan ) </Li> <Li> President pro tempore of the Senate ( Orrin Hatch ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of State ( Mike Pompeo ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of the Treasury ( Steven Mnuchin ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of Defense ( Jim Mattis ) </Li> <Li> Attorney General ( Jeff Sessions ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of the Interior ( Ryan Zinke ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of Agriculture ( Sonny Perdue ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of Commerce ( Wilbur Ross ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of Labor ( Alex Acosta ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of Health and Human Services ( Alex Azar ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( Ben Carson ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of Transportation ( Elaine Chao * ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of Energy ( Rick Perry ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of Education ( Betsy DeVos ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of Veterans Affairs ( Robert Wilkie ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of Homeland Security ( Kirstjen Nielsen ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> * Ineligible to act as president </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Secretary_of_State&oldid=854686140 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> United States Department of State </Li> <Li> United States Secretaries of State </Li> <Li> Cabinet of the United States </Li> <Li> Foreign ministers </Li> </Ul> Hidden 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List of Naruto : Shippuden episodes - wikipedia <H1> List of Naruto : Shippuden episodes </H1> This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 22 December 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the episodes in the Naruto : Shippuden series . For the list of episodes from the original Naruto series , see List of Naruto episodes . The cover of the first DVD compilation released by Studio Pierrot and Aniplex . <P> Naruto : Shippuden is an anime series adapted from Part II of Masashi Kishimoto 's manga series , with exactly 500 episodes . It is set two and a half years after Part I in the Naruto universe , following the ninja teenager Naruto Uzumaki and his allies . The series is directed by Hayato Date , and produced by Studio Pierrot and TV Tokyo . It began broadcasting on February 15 , 2007 on TV Tokyo , and concluded on March 23 , 2017 . </P> <P> On January 2 , 2009 , Viz Media and Crunchyroll provided eight uncut English subtitled Naruto : Shippuden episodes on the official Naruto website . Later on January 15 , Viz began providing subtitled versions of the latest Naruto : Shippuden episodes a week after they first air in Japan , with a new episode being added to the Naruto website each subsequent Thursday . The English dub of Naruto : Shippuden made its US premiere on Disney XD on October 28 , 2009 . On July 24 , 2009 , Viz Media announced that the series would be released on the iTunes Store . The first DVD release of the series in North America was released on September 29 , 2009 . </P> <P> While Naruto : Shippuden was cancelled on Disney XD on November 5 , 2011 after 98 episodes , DVD box sets generally containing thirteen dubbed episodes from episode 1 onward are being released quarterly in their uncut format . The English dub was streamed on Neon Alley from its launch in October 2012 and , beginning December 29 , 2012 with episode 98 , new episodes were released every week uncut until September 26 , 2015 . Toonami began airing the series from the beginning on January 4 , 2014 in an uncut format . </P> <P> In four regions , episodes from the series have been released on DVD and Blu - ray by single volumes and box sets . In North America , twelve single volumes and thirty box sets have been released . In the United Kingdom , twenty eight single volumes and six box sets have been released . In Japan , twenty six sets of volumes have been released based on which arc it represents . In Australia and New Zealand , twenty - eight collections have been released . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <P> Seasons : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 DVD releases Notes References Bibliography </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H2> Series overview </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> February 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> October 25 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 25 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> November 8 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> April 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 03 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> April 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> August 14 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 14 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> August 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> December 11 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 11 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> December 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> June 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 04 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> June 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> January 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 14 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> January 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> March 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 11 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> March 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> August 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 26 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> September 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> January 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 27 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> February 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> July 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 28 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> July 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> December 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 28 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> January 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> August 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 16 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> August 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> January 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 10 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> January 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> July 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 04 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> July 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> January 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 30 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> February 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> May 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 08 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> August 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 14 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> August 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> December 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 25 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> January 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> May 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 21 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> May 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> October 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> October 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> March 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 23 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Episode listing </H2> <H3> Season 1 ( 2007 ) </H3> Main article : Naruto : Shippuden ( season 1 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> English air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Homecoming '' `` Kikyō '' ( 帰郷 ) </Td> <Td> February 15 , 2007 </Td> <Td> October 28 , 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` The Akatsuki Makes Its Move '' `` Akatsuki , Shidō '' ( 暁 , 始動 ) </Td> <Td> February 15 , 2007 </Td> <Td> October 28 , 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` The Results of Training '' `` Shugyō no Seika '' ( 修業 の 成果 ) </Td> <Td> February 22 , 2007 </Td> <Td> October 28 , 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` The Jinchuriki of the Sand '' `` Suna no Jinchūriki '' ( 砂 の 人柱 力 ) </Td> <Td> March 1 , 2007 </Td> <Td> October 28 , 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> `` The Kazekage Stands Tall '' `` Kazekage to shite ... ! '' ( 風 影 として ... ! ) </Td> <Td> March 15 , 2007 </Td> <Td> November 4 , 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> `` Mission Cleared '' `` Norumakuriā '' ( ノルマ クリアー ) </Td> <Td> March 29 , 2007 </Td> <Td> November 11 , 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> `` Run , Kankuro '' `` Hashire Kankurō '' ( 疾走 れ カンクロウ ) </Td> <Td> March 29 , 2007 </Td> <Td> November 18 , 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> `` Team Kakashi , Deployed '' `` Shutsugeki , Kakashi - han '' ( 出撃 , カカシ 班 ) </Td> <Td> April 12 , 2007 </Td> <Td> December 2 , 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> `` The Jinchuriki 's Tears '' `` Jinchūriki no Namida '' ( 人柱 力 の 涙 ) </Td> <Td> April 12 , 2007 </Td> <Td> December 9 , 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> `` Sealing Jutsu : Nine Phantom Dragons '' `` Fūin Jutsu : Genryū Kyū Fūjin '' ( 封印 術 幻 龍 九 封 尽 ) </Td> <Td> April 19 , 2007 </Td> <Td> December 16 , 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> `` The Medical Ninja 's Student '' `` Iryō Ninja no Deshi '' ( 医療 忍者 の 弟子 ) </Td> <Td> April 26 , 2007 </Td> <Td> December 23 , 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> `` The Retired Granny 's Determination '' `` Inkyo Babā no Ketsui '' ( 隠居 ババア の 決意 ) </Td> <Td> May 3 , 2007 </Td> <Td> December 31 , 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> `` A Meeting With Destiny '' `` Innen Aimamieru '' ( 因縁 あい まみえる ) </Td> <Td> May 10 , 2007 </Td> <Td> December 31 , 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> `` Naruto 's Growth '' `` Naruto no Seichō '' ( ナルト の 成長 ) </Td> <Td> May 17 , 2007 </Td> <Td> December 31 , 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> `` The Secret Weapon is Called ... '' `` Kakushidama Nazukete '' ( 隠し 玉 名付け て ... ! ) </Td> <Td> May 24 , 2007 </Td> <Td> December 31 , 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> `` The Secret of Jinchuriki '' `` Jinchūriki no Himitsu '' ( 人柱 力 の 秘密 ) </Td> <Td> May 31 , 2007 </Td> <Td> January 6 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> `` The Death of Gaara ! '' `` Gaara Shisu ! '' ( 我 愛 羅 死す ! ) </Td> <Td> June 7 , 2007 </Td> <Td> January 13 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> `` Charge Tactic ! Button Hook Entry ! ! '' `` Totsunyū ! Botan Fukku Entorī '' ( 突入 ! ボタン フック エントリー ) </Td> <Td> June 21 , 2007 </Td> <Td> January 20 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> `` Traps Activate ! Team Guy 's Enemy '' `` Torappu Sadō ! Gai - han no Teki '' ( 罠 作動 ! ガイ 班 の 敵 ) </Td> <Td> July 5 , 2007 </Td> <Td> January 27 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> `` Hiruko vs. Two Kunoichi ! '' `` Hiruko vs. Futari no Kunoichi '' ( ヒルコ VS 二 人 の 女 忍者 ) </Td> <Td> July 19 , 2007 </Td> <Td> February 3 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 </Th> <Td> `` Sasori 's Real Face '' `` Sasori no Sugao '' ( サソリ の 素顔 ) </Td> <Td> July 26 , 2007 </Td> <Td> February 10 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> `` Chiyo 's Secret Skills '' `` Chiyo no Oku no Te '' ( チヨ の 奥の手 ) </Td> <Td> August 2 , 2007 </Td> <Td> February 17 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 23 </Th> <Td> `` Father and Mother '' `` '' Chichi '' to `` Haha '' '' ( 「 父 」 と 「 母 」 ) </Td> <Td> August 2 , 2007 </Td> <Td> February 24 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 24 </Th> <Td> `` The Third Kazekage '' `` Sandaime Kazekage '' ( 三代目 風 影 ) </Td> <Td> August 9 , 2007 </Td> <Td> February 24 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 25 </Th> <Td> `` Three Minutes Between Life and Death '' `` Sei to Shi no Sanpunkan '' ( 生 と 死 の 三 分間 ) </Td> <Td> August 16 , 2007 </Td> <Td> March 3 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 26 </Th> <Td> `` Puppet Fight : 10 vs. 100 ! '' `` Jukki vs Hyakki '' ( 十 機 vs 百 機 ) </Td> <Td> August 23 , 2007 </Td> <Td> March 10 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 27 </Th> <Td> `` Impossible Dream '' `` Kanawanu Yume '' ( 叶わ ぬ 夢 ) </Td> <Td> August 30 , 2007 </Td> <Td> March 17 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 28 </Th> <Td> `` Beasts : Alive Again ! '' `` Yomigaeru Kemono - tachi '' ( 蘇る 獣 たち ) </Td> <Td> September 13 , 2007 </Td> <Td> March 24 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 29 </Th> <Td> `` Kakashi Enlightened ! '' `` Kakashi Kaigan ! '' ( カカシ 開眼 ! ) </Td> <Td> September 27 , 2007 </Td> <Td> March 31 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 30 </Th> <Td> `` Aesthetics of an Instant '' `` Shunkan no Bigaku '' ( 瞬間 の 美学 ) </Td> <Td> September 27 , 2007 </Td> <Td> April 7 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 31 </Th> <Td> `` The Legacy '' `` Tsugareyukumono '' ( 継が れ ゆく もの ) </Td> <Td> October 18 , 2007 </Td> <Td> April 14 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 32 </Th> <Td> `` Return of the Kazekage '' `` Kazekage no Kikan '' ( 風 影 の 帰還 ) </Td> <Td> October 25 , 2007 </Td> <Td> April 21 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 2 ( 2007 -- 08 ) </H3> Main article : Naruto : Shippuden ( season 2 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> English air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 33 </Th> <Td> `` The New Target '' `` Aratanaru tāgetto '' ( 新た なる 目標 ) </Td> <Td> November 8 , 2007 </Td> <Td> April 28 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 34 </Th> <Td> `` Formation ! New Team Kakashi ! '' `` Kessei ! Shin Kakashi han '' ( 結成 ! 新 カカシ 班 ) </Td> <Td> November 15 , 2007 </Td> <Td> May 5 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 35 </Th> <Td> `` An Unnecessary Addition '' `` Gadatensoku '' ( 画蛇添足 ) </Td> <Td> November 22 , 2007 </Td> <Td> May 12 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 36 </Th> <Td> `` The Fake Smile '' `` Itsuwari no egao '' ( 偽り の 笑顔 ) </Td> <Td> November 29 , 2007 </Td> <Td> May 19 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 37 </Th> <Td> `` Untitled '' `` Mudai '' ( 無題 ) </Td> <Td> November 29 , 2007 </Td> <Td> May 26 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 38 </Th> <Td> `` Simulation '' `` Shimyurēshon '' ( 模擬 戦闘 訓練 ) </Td> <Td> December 6 , 2007 </Td> <Td> June 2 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 39 </Th> <Td> `` The Tenchi Bridge '' `` Tenchikyō '' ( 天地 橋 ) </Td> <Td> December 13 , 2007 </Td> <Td> June 16 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 40 </Th> <Td> `` The Nine - Tails Unleashed '' `` Kyūbi kaihō ! ! '' ( 九 尾 解放 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> December 20 , 2007 </Td> <Td> June 23 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 41 </Th> <Td> `` The Top - Secret Mission Begins '' `` Gokuhi ninmu sutāto '' ( 極秘 任務 スタート ) </Td> <Td> December 20 , 2007 </Td> <Td> June 30 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 42 </Th> <Td> `` Orochimaru vs. Jinchuriki '' `` Orochimaru tai Jinchūriki '' ( 大蛇 丸 VS 人柱 力 ) </Td> <Td> January 10 , 2008 </Td> <Td> July 7 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 43 </Th> <Td> `` Sakura 's Tears '' `` Sakura no namida '' ( サクラ の 涙 ) </Td> <Td> January 17 , 2008 </Td> <Td> July 14 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 44 </Th> <Td> `` The Secret of the Battle ! '' `` Tatakai no tenmatsu '' ( 戦い の 顛末 ) </Td> <Td> January 24 , 2008 </Td> <Td> July 21 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 45 </Th> <Td> `` The Consequences of Betrayal '' `` Uragiri no hate '' ( 裏切り の 果て ) </Td> <Td> January 31 , 2008 </Td> <Td> July 28 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 46 </Th> <Td> `` The Unfinished Page '' `` Mikan no pēji '' ( 未完 の 頁 ) </Td> <Td> February 7 , 2008 </Td> <Td> August 4 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 47 </Th> <Td> `` Infiltration : The Den of the Snake ! '' `` Sennyū ! Dokuhebi no ajito '' ( 潜入 ! 毒蛇 の 巣窟 ) </Td> <Td> February 14 , 2008 </Td> <Td> August 11 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 48 </Th> <Td> `` Bonds '' `` Tsunagari '' ( つながり ) </Td> <Td> February 28 , 2008 </Td> <Td> August 18 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 49 </Th> <Td> `` Something Important ... '' `` Taisetsu na mono '' ( 大切 な モノ ) </Td> <Td> March 6 , 2008 </Td> <Td> August 25 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 50 </Th> <Td> `` The Picture Book 's Story '' `` Ehon ga kataru sutōri '' ( 絵本 が 語る 物語 ) </Td> <Td> March 13 , 2008 </Td> <Td> September 1 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 51 </Th> <Td> `` Reunion '' `` Saikai '' ( 再会 ) </Td> <Td> March 20 , 2008 </Td> <Td> September 8 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 52 </Th> <Td> `` The Power of Uchiha '' `` Uchiha no chikara '' ( うち は の 力 ) </Td> <Td> March 20 , 2008 </Td> <Td> September 15 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 53 </Th> <Td> `` Title '' `` Taitoru '' ( 題名 ) </Td> <Td> April 3 , 2008 </Td> <Td> October 27 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 3 ( 2008 ) </H3> Main article : Naruto : Shippuden ( season 3 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> English air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 54 </Th> <Td> `` Nightmare '' `` Akumu '' ( 悪夢 ) </Td> <Td> April 3 , 2008 </Td> <Td> November 3 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 55 </Th> <Td> `` Wind '' `` Kaze '' ( 旋風 ) </Td> <Td> April 17 , 2008 </Td> <Td> November 10 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 56 </Th> <Td> `` Writhe '' `` Ugomeku '' ( うごめく ) </Td> <Td> April 24 , 2008 </Td> <Td> November 17 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 57 </Th> <Td> `` Deprived of Eternal Sleep '' `` Ubawareta nemuri '' ( 奪 われ た 永 眠り ) </Td> <Td> May 8 , 2008 </Td> <Td> December 1 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 58 </Th> <Td> `` Loneliness '' `` Kodoku '' ( 孤独 ) </Td> <Td> May 8 , 2008 </Td> <Td> December 8 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 59 </Th> <Td> `` A New Enemy '' `` Aratana teki '' ( 新た な 敵 ) </Td> <Td> May 15 , 2008 </Td> <Td> December 15 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 60 </Th> <Td> `` Impermanence '' `` Uitenpen '' ( 有 為 転変 ) </Td> <Td> May 22 , 2008 </Td> <Td> December 22 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 61 </Th> <Td> `` Contact '' `` Sesshoku '' ( 接触 ) </Td> <Td> May 29 , 2008 </Td> <Td> December 29 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 62 </Th> <Td> `` Teammate '' `` Chīmumeito '' ( チーム メイト ) </Td> <Td> June 5 , 2008 </Td> <Td> January 5 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 63 </Th> <Td> `` The Two Kings '' `` Futatsu no gyoku '' ( 二 つの 玉 ) </Td> <Td> June 19 , 2008 </Td> <Td> January 12 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 64 </Th> <Td> `` Jet Black Signal Fire '' `` Shikkoku no noroshi '' ( 漆黒 の 狼煙 ) </Td> <Td> July 3 , 2008 </Td> <Td> January 19 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 65 </Th> <Td> `` Lockdown of Darkness '' `` Ankoku no sejō '' ( 暗黒 の 施錠 ) </Td> <Td> July 3 , 2008 </Td> <Td> January 26 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 66 </Th> <Td> `` Revived Souls '' `` Yomigaeru tamashii '' ( 黄泉 が える 魂 ) </Td> <Td> July 10 , 2008 </Td> <Td> February 2 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 67 </Th> <Td> `` Everyone 's Struggle to the Death '' `` Sorezore no shitō '' ( それぞれ の 死闘 ) </Td> <Td> July 24 , 2008 </Td> <Td> February 9 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 68 </Th> <Td> `` Moment of Awakening '' `` Mezame no toki '' ( 目覚め の 刻 ) </Td> <Td> July 31 , 2008 </Td> <Td> February 16 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 69 </Th> <Td> `` Despair '' `` Zetsubō '' ( 絶望 ) </Td> <Td> July 31 , 2008 </Td> <Td> February 23 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 70 </Th> <Td> `` Resonance '' `` Kyōmei '' ( 共鳴 ) </Td> <Td> August 7 , 2008 </Td> <Td> March 2 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 71 </Th> <Td> `` My Friend '' `` Tomo yo '' ( 友よ ) </Td> <Td> August 14 , 2008 </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 4 ( 2008 ) </H3> Main article : Naruto : Shippuden ( season 4 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> English air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 72 </Th> <Td> `` The Quietly Approaching Threat '' `` Shinobiyoru kyōi '' ( 忍び寄る 脅威 ) </Td> <Td> August 21 , 2008 </Td> <Td> March 16 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 73 </Th> <Td> `` Akatsuki 's Invasion '' `` Akatsuki shinkō '' ( `` 暁 '' 侵攻 ) </Td> <Td> August 28 , 2008 </Td> <Td> March 23 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 74 </Th> <Td> `` Under the Starry Sky '' `` Hoshizora no moto de '' ( 星空 の 下 で ) </Td> <Td> September 4 , 2008 </Td> <Td> March 30 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 75 </Th> <Td> `` The Old Monk 's Prayer '' `` Rōsō no inori '' ( 老 僧 の 祈り ) </Td> <Td> September 11 , 2008 </Td> <Td> April 6 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 76 </Th> <Td> `` The Next Step '' `` Tsuginaru suteppu '' ( 次 なる 段階 ) </Td> <Td> September 25 , 2008 </Td> <Td> April 13 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 77 </Th> <Td> `` Climbing Silver '' `` Bōgin '' ( 棒 銀 ) </Td> <Td> September 25 , 2008 </Td> <Td> April 20 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 78 </Th> <Td> `` The Judgment '' `` Kudasareta sabaki '' ( 下 され た 裁き ) </Td> <Td> October 2 , 2008 </Td> <Td> April 27 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 79 </Th> <Td> `` Unfulfilled Scream '' `` Todokanu zekkyō '' ( 届か ぬ 絶叫 ) </Td> <Td> October 2 , 2008 </Td> <Td> May 4 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 80 </Th> <Td> `` Last Words '' `` Saigo no kotoba '' ( 最期 の 言葉 ) </Td> <Td> October 16 , 2008 </Td> <Td> May 11 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 81 </Th> <Td> `` Sad News '' `` Kanashiki shirase '' ( 悲しき 報せ ) </Td> <Td> October 23 , 2008 </Td> <Td> May 18 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 82 </Th> <Td> `` Team Ten '' `` Daijuppan '' ( 第 十 班 ) </Td> <Td> October 30 , 2008 </Td> <Td> May 25 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 83 </Th> <Td> `` Target : Locked On '' `` Tāgetto Rokkuon '' ( 標的 捕捉 ) </Td> <Td> November 6 , 2008 </Td> <Td> June 1 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 84 </Th> <Td> `` Kakuzu 's Abilities '' `` Kakuzu no nōryoku '' ( 角 都 の 能力 ) </Td> <Td> November 13 , 2008 </Td> <Td> June 8 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 85 </Th> <Td> `` The Terrifying Secret '' `` Osorubeki himitsu '' ( 恐る べき 秘密 ) </Td> <Td> November 20 , 2008 </Td> <Td> June 15 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 86 </Th> <Td> `` Shikamaru 's Genius '' `` Shikamaru no Sai '' ( シカマル の 才 ) </Td> <Td> December 4 , 2008 </Td> <Td> June 22 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 87 </Th> <Td> `` When You Curse Someone , You Dig Your Own Grave '' `` Hito o norowaba ana futatsu '' ( 人 を 呪わ ば 穴 二 つ ) </Td> <Td> December 4 , 2008 </Td> <Td> June 29 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 88 </Th> <Td> `` Wind Style : Rasen Shuriken ! '' `` Fūton : Rasenshuriken ! '' ( 風 遁 螺旋 手裏剣 ! ) </Td> <Td> December 11 , 2008 </Td> <Td> July 6 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 5 ( 2008 -- 09 ) </H3> Main article : Naruto : Shippuden ( season 5 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> English air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 89 </Th> <Td> `` The Price of Power '' `` Chikara no daishō '' ( 力 の 代償 ) </Td> <Td> December 18 , 2008 </Td> <Td> July 30 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 90 </Th> <Td> `` A Shinobi 's Determination '' `` Shinobi no ketsui '' ( 忍 の 決意 ) </Td> <Td> December 25 , 2008 </Td> <Td> August 6 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 91 </Th> <Td> `` Orochimaru 's Hideout Discovered '' `` Hakken -- Orochimaru no ajito '' ( 発見 大蛇 丸 の アジト ) </Td> <Td> January 8 , 2009 </Td> <Td> August 20 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 92 </Th> <Td> `` Encounter '' `` Deai '' ( 遭遇 ) </Td> <Td> January 15 , 2009 </Td> <Td> August 27 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 93 </Th> <Td> `` Connecting Hearts '' `` Kayoiau kokoro '' ( 通い 合う 心 ) </Td> <Td> January 22 , 2009 </Td> <Td> September 3 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 94 </Th> <Td> `` A Night of Rain '' `` Ame hitoyo '' ( 雨 一夜 ) </Td> <Td> January 29 , 2009 </Td> <Td> September 10 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 95 </Th> <Td> `` The Two Charms '' `` Futatsu no omamori '' ( ふたつ の お守り ) </Td> <Td> February 5 , 2009 </Td> <Td> September 17 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 96 </Th> <Td> `` The Unseeing Enemy '' `` Miezaru teki '' ( 見え ざる 敵 ) </Td> <Td> February 12 , 2009 </Td> <Td> October 1 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 97 </Th> <Td> `` The Labyrinth of Distorted Reflection '' `` Ranhansha no meikyū '' ( 乱反射 の 迷宮 ) </Td> <Td> February 19 , 2009 </Td> <Td> October 8 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 98 </Th> <Td> `` The Target Appears '' `` Arawareta hyōteki '' ( 現れ た 標的 ) </Td> <Td> February 26 , 2009 </Td> <Td> November 5 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 99 </Th> <Td> `` The Rampaging Tailed Beast '' `` Arekurū Bijū '' ( 荒れ狂う 尾 獣 ) </Td> <Td> March 5 , 2009 </Td> <Td> December 29 , 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 100 </Th> <Td> `` Inside the Mist '' `` Kiri no naka de '' ( 霧 の 中 で ) </Td> <Td> March 12 , 2009 </Td> <Td> December 29 , 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 101 </Th> <Td> `` Everyone 's Feelings '' `` Sorezore no omoi '' ( それぞれ の 想い ) </Td> <Td> March 26 , 2009 </Td> <Td> December 31 , 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 102 </Th> <Td> `` Regroup ! '' `` Saihensei ! '' ( 再 編成 ! ) </Td> <Td> March 26 , 2009 </Td> <Td> December 31 , 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 103 </Th> <Td> `` The Four - Corner Sealing Barrier '' `` Kekkai Shihō Fūjin '' ( 結界 四方 封 陣 ) </Td> <Td> April 9 , 2009 </Td> <Td> December 31 , 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 104 </Th> <Td> `` Breaking the Crystal Style '' `` Shōton kuzushi '' ( 晶 遁 崩し ) </Td> <Td> April 9 , 2009 </Td> <Td> December 31 , 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 105 </Th> <Td> `` The Battle Over the Barrier '' `` Kekkai kōbōsen '' ( 結界 攻防 戦 ) </Td> <Td> April 16 , 2009 </Td> <Td> January 5 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 106 </Th> <Td> `` Red Camellia '' `` Akai tsubaki '' ( 赤い 椿 ) </Td> <Td> April 23 , 2009 </Td> <Td> January 5 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 107 </Th> <Td> `` Strange Bedfellows '' `` Goetsudōshū '' ( 呉 越 同舟 ) </Td> <Td> April 30 , 2009 </Td> <Td> January 5 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 108 </Th> <Td> `` Guidepost of the Camellia '' `` Tsubaki no michishirube '' ( 椿 の 道標 ) </Td> <Td> May 7 , 2009 </Td> <Td> January 5 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 109 </Th> <Td> `` Counterattack of the Curse Mark '' `` Juin no gyakushū '' ( 呪 印 の 逆襲 ) </Td> <Td> May 14 , 2009 </Td> <Td> January 7 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 110 </Th> <Td> `` Memory of Guilt '' `` Tsumi no kioku '' ( 罪 の 記憶 ) </Td> <Td> May 21 , 2009 </Td> <Td> January 7 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 111 </Th> <Td> `` Shattered Promise '' `` Kudakareta yakusoku '' ( 砕 かれ た 約束 ) </Td> <Td> May 28 , 2009 </Td> <Td> January 7 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 112 </Th> <Td> `` A Place to Return To '' `` Kaerubeki basho '' ( 帰る べき 場所 ) </Td> <Td> June 4 , 2009 </Td> <Td> January 7 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 6 ( 2009 -- 10 ) </H3> Main article : Naruto : Shippuden ( season 6 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> English air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 113 </Th> <Td> `` The Serpent 's Pupil '' `` Daija no dōkō '' ( 大蛇 の 瞳孔 ) </Td> <Td> June 11 , 2009 </Td> <Td> January 12 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 114 </Th> <Td> `` Eye of the Hawk '' `` Taka no hitomi '' ( 鷹 の 瞳 ) </Td> <Td> June 18 , 2009 </Td> <Td> January 12 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 115 </Th> <Td> `` Zabuza 's Blade '' `` Zabuza no daitō '' ( 再不 斬 の 大刀 ) </Td> <Td> June 25 , 2009 </Td> <Td> January 12 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 116 </Th> <Td> `` Guardian of the Iron Wall '' `` Teppeki no bannin '' ( 鉄壁 の 番 人 ) </Td> <Td> July 2 , 2009 </Td> <Td> January 12 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 117 </Th> <Td> `` Jugo of the North Hideout '' `` Kita ajito no Jūgo '' ( 北 アジト の 重吾 ) </Td> <Td> July 9 , 2009 </Td> <Td> January 14 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 118 </Th> <Td> `` Formation ! '' `` Kessei ! '' ( 結成 ! ) </Td> <Td> July 23 , 2009 </Td> <Td> January 14 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 119 </Th> <Td> `` Kakashi Chronicles ~ Boys ' Life on the Battlefield ~ Part 1 '' `` Kakashi Gaiden ~ Senjō no bōizuraifu ~ Zenpen '' ( カカシ 外伝 ~ 戦場 の ボーイズ ライフ ~ 前編 ) </Td> <Td> July 30 , 2009 </Td> <Td> January 14 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 120 </Th> <Td> `` Kakashi Chronicles ~ Boys ' Life on the Battlefield ~ Part 2 '' `` Kakashi Gaiden ~ Senjō no bōizuraifu ~ Kōhen '' ( カカシ 外伝 ~ 戦場 の ボーイズ ライフ ~ 後編 ) </Td> <Td> July 30 , 2009 </Td> <Td> January 14 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 121 </Th> <Td> `` Assemble '' `` Ugokidasumono - tachi '' ( 動き出す もの たち ) </Td> <Td> August 6 , 2009 </Td> <Td> January 19 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 122 </Th> <Td> `` The Hunt '' `` Tansaku '' ( 探索 ) </Td> <Td> August 13 , 2009 </Td> <Td> January 19 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 123 </Th> <Td> `` Clash ! '' `` Gekitotsu ! '' ( 激突 ! ) </Td> <Td> August 20 , 2009 </Td> <Td> January 19 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 124 </Th> <Td> `` Art '' `` Geijutsu '' ( 芸術 ) </Td> <Td> August 27 , 2009 </Td> <Td> January 19 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 125 </Th> <Td> `` Disappearance '' `` Shōshitsu '' ( 消失 ) </Td> <Td> September 3 , 2009 </Td> <Td> January 21 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 126 </Th> <Td> `` Twilight '' `` Tasogare '' ( 黄昏 ) </Td> <Td> September 10 , 2009 </Td> <Td> January 21 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 127 </Th> <Td> `` Tales of a Gutsy Ninja ~ Jiraiya Ninja Scroll ~ Part 1 '' `` Dokonjō ninden ~ Jiraiya ninpōchō ~ Zenpen '' ( ド 根性 忍 伝 ~ 自 来 也 忍法 帖 ~ 前編 ) </Td> <Td> September 24 , 2009 </Td> <Td> January 21 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 128 </Th> <Td> `` Tales of a Gutsy Ninja ~ Jiraiya Ninja Scroll ~ Part 2 '' `` Dokonjō ninden ~ Jiraiya ninpōchō ~ Kōhen '' ( ド 根性 忍 伝 ~ 自 来 也 忍法 帖 ~ 後編 ) </Td> <Td> September 24 , 2009 </Td> <Td> January 21 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 129 </Th> <Td> `` Infiltrate ! The Village Hidden in the Rain '' `` Sennyū ! Amegakure no Sato '' ( 潜入 ! 雨 隠れ の 里 ) </Td> <Td> October 8 , 2009 </Td> <Td> January 26 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 130 </Th> <Td> `` The Man Who Became God '' `` Kami to natta Otoko '' ( 神 と なっ た 男 ) </Td> <Td> October 8 , 2009 </Td> <Td> January 26 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 131 </Th> <Td> `` Honored Sage Mode ! '' `` Hatsudō ! Sennin Mōdo '' ( 発動 ! 仙人 モード ) </Td> <Td> October 15 , 2009 </Td> <Td> January 26 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 132 </Th> <Td> `` In Attendance , the Six Paths of Pain '' `` Pein Rikudō , kenzan '' ( ペイン 六道 、 見参 ) </Td> <Td> October 22 , 2009 </Td> <Td> January 26 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 133 </Th> <Td> `` The Tale of Jiraiya the Gallant '' `` Jiraiya gōketsu monogatari '' ( 自 来 也 豪傑 物語 ) </Td> <Td> October 29 , 2009 </Td> <Td> January 28 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 134 </Th> <Td> `` Banquet Invitation '' `` Utage e no izanai '' ( 宴 へ の 誘い ) </Td> <Td> November 5 , 2009 </Td> <Td> January 28 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 135 </Th> <Td> `` The Longest Moment '' `` Nagaki toki no naka de ... '' ( 長き 瞬間 の 中 で ... ) </Td> <Td> November 19 , 2009 </Td> <Td> January 28 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 136 </Th> <Td> `` The Light & Dark of the Mangekyo Sharingan '' `` Mangekyō Sharingan no hikari to yami '' ( 万華鏡 写 輪 眼 の 光 と 闇 ) </Td> <Td> November 19 , 2009 </Td> <Td> January 28 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 137 </Th> <Td> `` Amaterasu ! '' `` Amaterasu '' ( 天 照 ) </Td> <Td> November 26 , 2009 </Td> <Td> February 2 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 138 </Th> <Td> `` The End '' `` Shūen '' ( 終焉 ) </Td> <Td> December 3 , 2009 </Td> <Td> February 2 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 139 </Th> <Td> `` The Mystery of Tobi '' `` Tobi no nazo '' ( トビ の 謎 ) </Td> <Td> December 10 , 2009 </Td> <Td> February 2 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 140 </Th> <Td> `` Fate '' `` Innen '' ( 因縁 ) </Td> <Td> December 17 , 2009 </Td> <Td> February 2 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 141 </Th> <Td> `` Truth '' `` Shinjitsu '' ( 真実 ) </Td> <Td> December 24 , 2009 </Td> <Td> February 4 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 142 </Th> <Td> `` Battle of Unraikyo '' `` Unraikyō no tatakai '' ( 雲 雷 峡 の 闘い ) </Td> <Td> January 7 , 2010 </Td> <Td> February 4 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 143 </Th> <Td> `` The Eight - Tails vs. Sasuke '' `` ' Hachibi ' tai ' Sasuke ' '' ( 「 八尾 」 対 「 サスケ 」 ) </Td> <Td> January 14 , 2010 </Td> <Td> February 4 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 7 ( 2010 ) </H3> Main article : Naruto : Shippuden ( season 7 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> English air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 144 </Th> <Td> `` Wanderer '' `` Fūraibō '' ( 風来坊 ) </Td> <Td> January 21 , 2010 </Td> <Td> February 4 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 145 </Th> <Td> `` Successor of the Forbidden Jutsu '' `` Kinjutsu no keishōsha '' ( 禁 術 の 継承 者 ) </Td> <Td> January 28 , 2010 </Td> <Td> February 9 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 146 </Th> <Td> `` The Successor 's Wish '' `` Keishōsha no omoi '' ( 継承 者 の 想い ) </Td> <Td> February 4 , 2010 </Td> <Td> February 9 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 147 </Th> <Td> `` Rogue Ninja 's Past '' `` Nukenin no kako '' ( 抜け 忍 の 過去 ) </Td> <Td> February 11 , 2010 </Td> <Td> February 9 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 148 </Th> <Td> `` Heir to Darkness '' `` Yami no kōkeisha '' ( 闇 の 後継 者 ) </Td> <Td> February 18 , 2010 </Td> <Td> February 9 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 149 </Th> <Td> `` Parting '' `` Betsuri '' ( 別離 ) </Td> <Td> February 25 , 2010 </Td> <Td> February 16 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 150 </Th> <Td> `` The Forbidden Jutsu Released '' `` Kinjutsu hatsudō '' ( 禁 術 発動 ) </Td> <Td> March 4 , 2010 </Td> <Td> February 16 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 151 </Th> <Td> `` Master and Student '' `` Shitei '' ( 師弟 ) </Td> <Td> March 11 , 2010 </Td> <Td> February 16 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 8 ( 2010 ) </H3> Main article : Naruto : Shippuden ( season 8 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> English air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 152 </Th> <Td> `` Somber News '' `` Hihō '' ( 悲報 ) </Td> <Td> March 25 , 2010 </Td> <Td> February 16 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 153 </Th> <Td> `` Following the Master 's Shadow '' `` Shi no Kage o Otte '' ( 師 の 影 を 追って ) </Td> <Td> March 25 , 2010 </Td> <Td> February 23 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 154 </Th> <Td> `` Decryption '' `` Angō Kaidoku '' ( 暗号 解読 ) </Td> <Td> April 8 , 2010 </Td> <Td> February 23 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 155 </Th> <Td> `` The First Challenge '' `` Daiichi no Kadai '' ( 第 一 の 課題 ) </Td> <Td> April 8 , 2010 </Td> <Td> February 23 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 156 </Th> <Td> `` Surpassing the Master '' `` Shi o Koeru Toki '' ( 師 を 超える とき ) </Td> <Td> April 15 , 2010 </Td> <Td> February 23 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 157 </Th> <Td> `` Assault on the Leaf Village ! '' `` Konoha Shūgeki ! '' ( 木ノ葉 襲撃 ! ) </Td> <Td> April 22 , 2010 </Td> <Td> March 2 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 158 </Th> <Td> `` Power to Believe '' `` Shinjiru Chikara '' ( 信じる 力 ) </Td> <Td> April 29 , 2010 </Td> <Td> March 2 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 159 </Th> <Td> `` Pain vs. Kakashi '' `` Pein vs Kakashi '' ( ペイン vs カカシ ) </Td> <Td> May 6 , 2010 </Td> <Td> March 2 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 160 </Th> <Td> `` Mystery of Pain '' `` Pein no Nazo '' ( ペイン の 謎 ) </Td> <Td> May 13 , 2010 </Td> <Td> March 2 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 161 </Th> <Td> `` Surname Is Sarutobi . Given Name , Konohamaru ! '' `` Sei wa Sarutobi , Na wa Konohamaru ! '' ( 姓 は 猿 飛 、 名 は 木ノ葉 丸 ! ) </Td> <Td> May 20 , 2010 </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 162 </Th> <Td> `` Pain to the World '' `` Sekai ni Itami o '' ( 世界 に 痛み を ) </Td> <Td> May 27 , 2010 </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 163 </Th> <Td> `` Explode ! Sage Mode '' `` Bakuhatsu ! Sennin Mōdo '' ( 爆発 ! 仙人 モード ) </Td> <Td> June 3 , 2010 </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 164 </Th> <Td> `` Danger ! Sage Mode Limit Reached '' `` Pinchi ! Kieta Sennin Mōdo '' ( 危機 ! 消え た 仙人 モード ) </Td> <Td> June 10 , 2010 </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 165 </Th> <Td> `` Nine - Tails , Captured ! '' `` Kyūbi Hokaku Kanryō '' ( 九 尾 捕獲 完了 ) </Td> <Td> June 17 , 2010 </Td> <Td> March 16 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 166 </Th> <Td> `` Confessions '' `` Kokuhaku '' ( 告白 ) </Td> <Td> June 24 , 2010 </Td> <Td> March 16 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 167 </Th> <Td> `` Planetary Devastation '' `` Chibaku Tensei '' ( 地 爆 天星 ) </Td> <Td> July 1 , 2010 </Td> <Td> March 16 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 168 </Th> <Td> `` The Fourth Hokage '' `` Yondaime Hokage '' ( 四 代目 火影 ) </Td> <Td> July 15 , 2010 </Td> <Td> March 16 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 169 </Th> <Td> `` The Two Students '' `` Futari no Deshi '' ( ふたり の 弟子 ) </Td> <Td> July 22 , 2010 </Td> <Td> March 23 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 170 </Th> <Td> `` Big Adventure ! The Quest for the Fourth Hokage 's Legacy - Part 1 '' `` Daibōken ! Yondaime no Isan o Sagase - Zenpen '' ( 大 冒険 ! 四 代目 の 遺産 を 探せ ・ 前編 ) </Td> <Td> July 29 , 2010 </Td> <Td> March 23 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 171 </Th> <Td> `` Big Adventure ! The Quest for the Fourth Hokage 's Legacy - Part 2 '' `` Daibōken ! Yondaime no Isan o Sagase - Kōhen '' ( 大 冒険 ! 四 代目 の 遺産 を 探せ ・ 後編 ) </Td> <Td> July 29 , 2010 </Td> <Td> March 23 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 172 </Th> <Td> `` Meeting '' `` Deai '' ( 出逢い ) </Td> <Td> August 5 , 2010 </Td> <Td> March 23 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 173 </Th> <Td> `` Origin of Pain '' `` Pein Tanjō '' ( ペイン 誕生 ) </Td> <Td> August 12 , 2010 </Td> <Td> March 30 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 174 </Th> <Td> `` Tale of Naruto Uzumaki '' `` Uzumaki Naruto Monogatari '' ( うずまき ナルト 物語 ) </Td> <Td> August 19 , 2010 </Td> <Td> March 30 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 175 </Th> <Td> `` Hero of the Hidden Leaf '' `` Konoha no Eiyū '' ( 木ノ葉 の 英雄 ) </Td> <Td> August 26 , 2010 </Td> <Td> March 30 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 9 ( 2010 -- 11 ) </H3> Main article : Naruto : Shippuden ( season 9 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> English air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 176 </Th> <Td> `` Rookie Instructor Iruka '' `` Shinmai Kyōshi Iruka '' ( 新米 教師 イルカ ) </Td> <Td> September 2 , 2010 </Td> <Td> March 30 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 177 </Th> <Td> `` Iruka 's Ordeal '' `` Iruka no Shiren '' ( イルカ の 試練 ) </Td> <Td> September 9 , 2010 </Td> <Td> April 6 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 178 </Th> <Td> `` Iruka 's Decision '' `` Iruka no Ketsui '' ( イルカ の 決意 ) </Td> <Td> September 16 , 2010 </Td> <Td> April 6 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 179 </Th> <Td> `` Kakashi Hatake , The Jonin in Charge '' `` Tantō Jōnin Hatake Kakashi '' ( 担当 上 忍 はたけ カカシ ) </Td> <Td> September 30 , 2010 </Td> <Td> April 6 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 180 </Th> <Td> `` Inari 's Courage Put to the Test '' `` Inari , Tamesareru Yūki '' ( イナリ 、 試さ れる 勇気 ) </Td> <Td> October 7 , 2010 </Td> <Td> April 6 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 181 </Th> <Td> `` Naruto 's School of Revenge '' `` Naruto , Adauchi Shinanjuku '' ( ナルト 、 仇討 ち 指南 塾 ) </Td> <Td> October 14 , 2010 </Td> <Td> April 13 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 182 </Th> <Td> `` Gaara 's Bond '' `` Gaara ' Kizuna ' '' ( 我 愛 羅 『 絆 』 ) </Td> <Td> October 21 , 2010 </Td> <Td> April 13 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 183 </Th> <Td> `` Naruto : Outbreak '' `` Naruto Autobureiku '' ( ナルト ・ アウトブレイク ) </Td> <Td> October 28 , 2010 </Td> <Td> April 13 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 184 </Th> <Td> `` Deploy ! Team Tenten '' `` Shutsugeki ! Tenten - han '' ( 出撃 ! テンテン 班 ) </Td> <Td> November 4 , 2010 </Td> <Td> April 13 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 185 </Th> <Td> `` Animal District '' `` Animaru Bangaichi '' ( アニマル 番外 地 ) </Td> <Td> November 11 , 2010 </Td> <Td> April 20 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 186 </Th> <Td> `` Ah , the Medicine of Youth '' `` Aa , Seishun no Kanpōgan '' ( ああ 、 青春 の 漢方 丸 ) </Td> <Td> November 18 , 2010 </Td> <Td> April 27 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 187 </Th> <Td> `` Gutsy Master and Student : The Training '' `` Dokonjō Shitei Shugyōhen '' ( ド 根性 師弟 修業 編 ) </Td> <Td> November 25 , 2010 </Td> <Td> May 4 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 188 </Th> <Td> `` Record of the Ninja Gutsy Master and Student '' `` Dokonjō Shitei Ninpūroku '' ( ド 根性 師弟 忍 風 録 ) </Td> <Td> November 25 , 2010 </Td> <Td> May 11 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 189 </Th> <Td> `` Sasuke 's Paw Encyclopedia '' `` Sasuke no Nikukyū Taizen '' ( サスケ の 肉 球 大全 ) </Td> <Td> December 2 , 2010 </Td> <Td> May 18 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 190 </Th> <Td> `` Naruto and the Old Soldier '' `` Naruto to Rōhei '' ( ナルト と 老兵 ) </Td> <Td> December 9 , 2010 </Td> <Td> May 25 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 191 </Th> <Td> `` Kakashi Love Song '' `` Kakashi Koiuta '' ( カカシ 恋歌 ) </Td> <Td> December 16 , 2010 </Td> <Td> June 1 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 192 </Th> <Td> `` Neji Chronicles '' `` Neji Gaiden '' ( ネジ 外伝 ) </Td> <Td> December 23 , 2010 </Td> <Td> June 8 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 193 </Th> <Td> `` The Man Who Died Twice '' `` Nido Shinda Otoko '' ( 二 度 死ん だ 男 ) </Td> <Td> January 6 , 2011 </Td> <Td> June 15 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 194 </Th> <Td> `` The Worst Three - Legged Race '' `` Saiaku no Nininsankyaku '' ( 最悪 の 二人三脚 ) </Td> <Td> January 13 , 2011 </Td> <Td> June 22 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 195 </Th> <Td> `` Team 10 's Teamwork '' `` Renkei , Daijuppan '' ( 連携 、 第 十 班 ) </Td> <Td> January 20 , 2011 </Td> <Td> June 29 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 196 </Th> <Td> `` Drive Towards Darkness '' `` Yami e no Shissō '' ( 闇 へ の 疾走 ) </Td> <Td> January 27 , 2011 </Td> <Td> July 6 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 10 ( 2011 ) </H3> Main article : Naruto : Shippuden ( season 10 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> English air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 197 </Th> <Td> `` The Sixth Hokage Danzo '' `` Rokudaime Hokage Danzō '' ( 六 代目 火影 ダンゾウ ) </Td> <Td> February 10 , 2011 </Td> <Td> July 13 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 198 </Th> <Td> `` Five Kage Summit 's Eve '' `` Gokage Kaidan Zen'ya '' ( 五 影 会談 前夜 ) </Td> <Td> February 10 , 2011 </Td> <Td> July 20 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 199 </Th> <Td> `` Enter the Five Kage ! '' `` Gokage Tōjō ! '' ( 五 影 登場 ! ) </Td> <Td> February 17 , 2011 </Td> <Td> July 27 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 200 </Th> <Td> `` Naruto 's Plea '' `` Naruto no Tangan '' ( ナルト の 嘆願 ) </Td> <Td> February 24 , 2011 </Td> <Td> August 3 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 201 </Th> <Td> `` Painful Decision '' `` Kujū no Ketsudan '' ( 苦渋 の 決断 ) </Td> <Td> March 3 , 2011 </Td> <Td> August 10 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 202 </Th> <Td> `` Racing Lightning '' `` Hashiru Ikazuchi '' ( 疾走 る 雷 ) </Td> <Td> March 10 , 2011 </Td> <Td> August 17 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 203 </Th> <Td> `` Sasuke 's Ninja Way '' `` Sasuke no Nindō '' ( サスケ の 忍 道 ) </Td> <Td> March 17 , 2011 </Td> <Td> August 24 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 204 </Th> <Td> `` Power of the Five Kage '' `` Gokage no Chikara '' ( 五 影 の 実力 ) </Td> <Td> March 24 , 2011 </Td> <Td> August 31 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 205 </Th> <Td> `` Declaration of War '' `` Sensenfukoku '' ( 宣戦 布告 ) </Td> <Td> March 31 , 2011 </Td> <Td> September 7 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 206 </Th> <Td> `` Sakura 's Feelings '' `` Sakura no Omoi '' ( サクラ の 想い ) </Td> <Td> April 7 , 2011 </Td> <Td> September 14 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 207 </Th> <Td> `` The Tailed Beast vs. The Tailless Tailed Beast '' `` Bijū VS O no nai Bijū '' ( 尾 獣 VS 尾 の ない 尾 獣 ) </Td> <Td> April 14 , 2011 </Td> <Td> September 21 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 208 </Th> <Td> `` As One 's Friend '' `` Tomo to shite '' ( 親友 として ) </Td> <Td> April 21 , 2011 </Td> <Td> September 28 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 209 </Th> <Td> `` Danzo 's Right Arm '' `` Danzō no Migiude '' ( ダンゾウ の 右腕 ) </Td> <Td> April 28 , 2011 </Td> <Td> October 5 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 210 </Th> <Td> `` The Forbidden Visual Jutsu '' `` Kinjirareta Dōjutsu '' ( 禁じ られ た 瞳 術 ) </Td> <Td> May 5 , 2011 </Td> <Td> October 12 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 211 </Th> <Td> `` Danzo Shimura '' `` Shimura Danzō '' ( 志村 ダンゾウ ) </Td> <Td> May 12 , 2011 </Td> <Td> October 19 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 212 </Th> <Td> `` Sakura 's Resolve '' `` Sakura no Kakugo '' ( サクラ の 覚悟 ) </Td> <Td> May 19 , 2011 </Td> <Td> October 19 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 213 </Th> <Td> `` Lost Bonds '' `` Ushinawareta Kizuna '' ( 失 われ た 絆 ) </Td> <Td> May 26 , 2011 </Td> <Td> October 26 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 214 </Th> <Td> `` The Burden '' `` Seōbeki Omoni '' ( 背負う べき 重荷 ) </Td> <Td> June 2 , 2011 </Td> <Td> November 2 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 215 </Th> <Td> `` Two Fates '' `` Shukumei no Futari '' ( 宿命 の ふたり ) </Td> <Td> June 9 , 2011 </Td> <Td> November 9 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 216 </Th> <Td> `` High - Level Shinobi '' `` Ichiryū no Shinobi '' ( 一流 の 忍 ) </Td> <Td> June 16 , 2011 </Td> <Td> November 16 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 217 </Th> <Td> `` The Infiltrator '' `` Sennyūsha '' ( 潜入 者 ) </Td> <Td> June 23 , 2011 </Td> <Td> November 23 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 218 </Th> <Td> `` The Five Great Nations Mobilize '' `` Ugokidasu Taikoku '' ( 動き出す 大国 ) </Td> <Td> June 30 , 2011 </Td> <Td> November 30 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 219 </Th> <Td> `` Kakashi Hatake , the Hokage '' `` Hokage Hatake Kakashi '' ( 火影 はたけ カカシ ) </Td> <Td> July 7 , 2011 </Td> <Td> December 7 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 220 </Th> <Td> `` Prophecy of the Great Lord Elder '' `` Ōgama Sennin no Yogen '' ( 大 ガマ 仙人 の 予言 ) </Td> <Td> July 21 , 2011 </Td> <Td> December 14 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 221 </Th> <Td> `` Storage '' `` Kurairi '' ( 蔵 入り ) </Td> <Td> July 28 , 2011 </Td> <Td> December 21 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 11 ( 2011 ) </H3> Main article : Naruto : Shippuden ( season 11 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> English air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 222 </Th> <Td> `` The Five Kage 's Decision '' `` Gokage no Ketsudan '' ( 五 影 の 決断 ) </Td> <Td> July 28 , 2011 </Td> <Td> December 28 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 223 </Th> <Td> `` The Young Man and the Sea '' `` Seinen to Umi '' ( 青年 と 海 ) </Td> <Td> August 4 , 2011 </Td> <Td> January 4 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 224 </Th> <Td> `` The Ninja of Benisu '' `` Benisu no Shōnin '' ( 紅 州 の 商 忍 ) </Td> <Td> August 11 , 2011 </Td> <Td> January 11 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 225 </Th> <Td> `` The Cursed Ghost Ship '' `` Norowareta Yūreisen '' ( 呪 われ た 幽霊 船 ) </Td> <Td> August 18 , 2011 </Td> <Td> January 18 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 226 </Th> <Td> `` Battleship Island '' `` Senkan no Shima '' ( 戦艦 の 島 ) </Td> <Td> August 25 , 2011 </Td> <Td> January 25 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 227 </Th> <Td> `` The Forgotten Island '' `` Bōkyaku no Shima '' ( 忘却 の 島 ) </Td> <Td> September 1 , 2011 </Td> <Td> February 1 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 228 </Th> <Td> `` Fight ! Rock Lee ! '' `` Tatakae Rokku Rī ! '' ( 闘え ロック ・ リー ! ) </Td> <Td> September 8 , 2011 </Td> <Td> February 8 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 229 </Th> <Td> `` Eat or Die ! Mushrooms from Hell ! '' `` Kuu ka Kuwareru ka ! Odoru Kinoko Jigoku '' ( 食 うか 食 われる か ! 踊る キノコ 地獄 ) </Td> <Td> September 22 , 2011 </Td> <Td> February 15 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 230 </Th> <Td> `` Revenge of the Shadow Clones '' `` Kage no Gyakushū '' ( 影 の 逆襲 ) </Td> <Td> September 29 , 2011 </Td> <Td> February 22 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 231 </Th> <Td> `` The Closed Route '' `` Tozasareta Kōro '' ( 閉ざさ れ た 航路 ) </Td> <Td> October 6 , 2011 </Td> <Td> March 1 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 232 </Th> <Td> `` The Girls ' Get - Together '' `` Konoha no Joshikai '' ( 木ノ葉 の 女子 会 ) </Td> <Td> October 13 , 2011 </Td> <Td> March 8 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 233 </Th> <Td> `` Naruto 's Imposter '' `` Sanjō , Nise ? Naruto '' ( 参上 、 偽 ? ナルト ) </Td> <Td> October 20 , 2011 </Td> <Td> March 15 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 234 </Th> <Td> `` Naruto 's Favorite Pupil '' `` Naruto no Manadeshi '' ( ナルト の 愛 弟子 ) </Td> <Td> October 27 , 2011 </Td> <Td> March 22 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 235 </Th> <Td> `` The Kunoichi of Nadeshiko Village '' `` Nadeshiko no Kunoichi '' ( 撫子 の く ノ 一 ) </Td> <Td> November 3 , 2011 </Td> <Td> March 29 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 236 </Th> <Td> `` Friends You Can Count On '' `` Nakama no Senaka '' ( 仲間 の 背中 ) </Td> <Td> November 10 , 2011 </Td> <Td> April 5 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 237 </Th> <Td> `` Ah , My Hero Lady Tsunade ! '' `` Aa , Akogare no Tsunade - sama '' ( ああ 、 憧れ の 綱手 様 ) </Td> <Td> November 24 , 2011 </Td> <Td> April 12 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 238 </Th> <Td> `` Sai 's rest '' `` Sai no Kyūsoku '' ( サイ の 休息 ) </Td> <Td> December 1 , 2011 </Td> <Td> April 19 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 239 </Th> <Td> `` The Legendary Ino - Shika - Cho '' `` Densetsu no Inoshikachō '' ( 伝説 の 猪 鹿 蝶 ) </Td> <Td> December 8 , 2011 </Td> <Td> April 26 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 240 </Th> <Td> `` Kiba 's Determination '' `` Kiba no Ketsui '' ( キバ の 決意 ) </Td> <Td> December 15 , 2011 </Td> <Td> May 3 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 241 </Th> <Td> `` Kakashi , My Eternal Rival ! '' `` Kakashi , Waga Eien no Raibaru yo '' ( カカシ 、 我 が 永遠 の ライバル よ ) </Td> <Td> December 22 , 2011 </Td> <Td> May 10 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 242 </Th> <Td> `` Naruto 's Vow '' `` Naruto no Chikai '' ( ナルト の 誓い ) </Td> <Td> December 28 , 2011 </Td> <Td> May 17 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 12 ( 2012 ) </H3> Main article : Naruto : Shippuden ( season 12 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> English air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 243 </Th> <Td> `` Land Ahoy ! Is this the Paradise Island ? '' `` Jōriku ! Rakuen no Shima ? '' ( 上陸 ! 楽園 の 島 ? ) </Td> <Td> January 5 , 2012 </Td> <Td> May 24 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 244 </Th> <Td> `` Killer Bee and Motoi '' `` Kirābī to Motoi '' ( キラービー と モトイ ) </Td> <Td> January 12 , 2012 </Td> <Td> May 31 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 245 </Th> <Td> `` The Next Challenge ! Naruto vs. The Nine Tails '' `` Saranaru Shiren ! Naruto VS Kyūbi ! ! '' ( さらなる 試練 ! ナルト VS 九 尾 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> January 19 , 2012 </Td> <Td> May 31 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 246 </Th> <Td> `` The Orange Spark '' `` Orenji - iro no Kagayaki '' ( オレンジ 色 の 輝き ) </Td> <Td> January 26 , 2012 </Td> <Td> June 14 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 247 </Th> <Td> `` Target : Nine Tails '' `` Nerawareta Kyūbi '' ( 狙 われ た 九 尾 ) </Td> <Td> February 2 , 2012 </Td> <Td> June 21 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 248 </Th> <Td> `` The Fourth Hokage 's Death Match ! '' `` Yondaime no Shitō ! ! '' ( 四 代目 の 死闘 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> February 9 , 2012 </Td> <Td> June 28 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 249 </Th> <Td> `` Thank You '' `` ' Arigatō ' '' ( 「 ありがとう 」 ) </Td> <Td> February 9 , 2012 </Td> <Td> June 28 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 250 </Th> <Td> `` Battle in Paradise ! Odd Beast vs. The Monster ! '' `` Chinjū VS Kaijin ! Rakuen no Tatakai ! '' ( 珍獣 VS 怪人 ! 楽園 の 戦い ! ) </Td> <Td> February 16 , 2012 </Td> <Td> July 12 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 251 </Th> <Td> `` The Man Named Kisame '' `` Kisame to Iu Otoko '' ( 鬼 鮫 という 男 ) </Td> <Td> February 23 , 2012 </Td> <Td> July 19 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 252 </Th> <Td> `` The Angelic Herald of Death '' `` Shi e Izanau Tenshi '' ( 死 へ いざなう 天使 ) </Td> <Td> March 1 , 2012 </Td> <Td> July 26 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 253 </Th> <Td> `` The Bridge to Peace '' `` Heiwa e no Kakehashi '' ( 平和 へ の 懸け橋 ) </Td> <Td> March 8 , 2012 </Td> <Td> July 26 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 254 </Th> <Td> `` The Super Secret S - Rank Mission '' `` Doesu - kyū Gokuhi Ninmu '' ( ド S 級 極秘 任務 ) </Td> <Td> March 15 , 2012 </Td> <Td> August 9 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 255 </Th> <Td> `` The Artist Returns '' `` Geijutsuka Futatabi '' ( 芸術 家 再び ) </Td> <Td> March 22 , 2012 </Td> <Td> August 16 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 256 </Th> <Td> `` Assemble ! Allied Shinobi Forces ! '' `` Shūketsu ! Shinobi Rengōgun ! '' ( 集結 ! 忍 連合 軍 ! ) </Td> <Td> March 29 , 2012 </Td> <Td> August 23 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 257 </Th> <Td> `` Meeting '' `` Deai '' ( 出会い ) </Td> <Td> April 5 , 2012 </Td> <Td> August 30 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 258 </Th> <Td> `` Rivals '' `` Raibaru '' ( ライバル ) </Td> <Td> April 12 , 2012 </Td> <Td> September 6 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 259 </Th> <Td> `` Rift '' `` Kiretsu '' ( 亀裂 ) </Td> <Td> April 19 , 2012 </Td> <Td> September 13 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 260 </Th> <Td> `` Parting '' `` Ribetsu '' ( 離別 ) </Td> <Td> April 26 , 2012 </Td> <Td> September 20 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 261 </Th> <Td> `` For My Friend '' `` Tomo no Tame ni '' ( 友 の ため に ) </Td> <Td> May 3 , 2012 </Td> <Td> September 27 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 262 </Th> <Td> `` War Begins '' `` Kaisen ! '' ( 開戦 ! ) </Td> <Td> May 10 , 2012 </Td> <Td> October 4 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 263 </Th> <Td> `` Sai and Shin '' `` Sai to Shin '' ( サイ と シン ) </Td> <Td> May 17 , 2012 </Td> <Td> October 11 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 264 </Th> <Td> `` Secrets of the Reanimation Jutsu '' `` Edo Tensei no Himitsu '' ( 穢土 転生 の 秘密 ) </Td> <Td> May 24 , 2012 </Td> <Td> October 18 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 265 </Th> <Td> `` An Old Nemesis Returns '' `` Shukuteki to no Saikai '' ( 宿敵 と の 再会 ) </Td> <Td> May 31 , 2012 </Td> <Td> October 25 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 266 </Th> <Td> `` The First and Last Opponent '' `` Saisho no Teki , Saigo no Teki '' ( 最初 の 敵 , 最後 の 敵 ) </Td> <Td> June 7 , 2012 </Td> <Td> November 1 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 267 </Th> <Td> `` The Brilliant Military Advisor of the Hidden Leaf '' `` Konoha no Tensai Gunshi '' ( 木ノ葉 の 天才 軍師 ) </Td> <Td> June 21 , 2012 </Td> <Td> November 8 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 268 </Th> <Td> `` Battleground ! '' `` Sorezore no Gekisen ! ! '' ( それぞれ の 激戦 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> June 28 , 2012 </Td> <Td> November 15 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 269 </Th> <Td> `` Forbidden Words '' `` Enu Jī Wādo '' ( NG ワード ) </Td> <Td> July 5 , 2012 </Td> <Td> November 22 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 270 </Th> <Td> `` Golden Bonds '' `` Konjiki no Kizuna '' ( 金色 の 絆 ) </Td> <Td> July 19 , 2012 </Td> <Td> November 29 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 271 </Th> <Td> `` Road to Sakura '' </Td> <Td> July 26 , 2012 </Td> <Td> December 6 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 272 </Th> <Td> `` Mifune vs. Hanzo '' `` Mifune vs Hanzō '' ( ミフネ VS 半蔵 ) </Td> <Td> August 2 , 2012 </Td> <Td> December 13 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 273 </Th> <Td> `` True Kindness '' `` Hontō no Yasashisa '' ( 本当 の 優し さ ) </Td> <Td> August 9 , 2012 </Td> <Td> December 20 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 274 </Th> <Td> `` The Complete Ino - Shika - Cho Formation ! '' `` Kanpeki na Inoshikachō ! ! '' ( 完璧 な 猪 鹿 蝶 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> August 9 , 2012 </Td> <Td> December 27 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 275 </Th> <Td> `` A Message from the Heart '' `` Kokoro no Naka no Tegami '' ( 心 の 中 の 手紙 ) </Td> <Td> August 16 , 2012 </Td> <Td> January 3 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 13 ( 2012 -- 13 ) </H3> Main article : Naruto : Shippuden ( season 13 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> English air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 276 </Th> <Td> `` Attack of the Gedo Statue '' `` Gedō Mazō no Shūrai '' ( 外道 魔 像 の 襲来 ) </Td> <Td> August 23 , 2012 </Td> <Td> January 10 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 277 </Th> <Td> `` Unison Sign '' `` Wakai no In '' ( 和解 の 印 ) </Td> <Td> August 30 , 2012 </Td> <Td> January 17 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 278 </Th> <Td> `` Medic Ninja in Danger '' `` Nerawareta Iryō Ninja '' ( 狙 われ た 医療 忍者 ) </Td> <Td> September 6 , 2012 </Td> <Td> January 24 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 279 </Th> <Td> `` White Zetsu 's Trap '' `` Shiro Zetsu no Torappu '' ( 白 ゼツ の 罠 ) </Td> <Td> September 13 , 2012 </Td> <Td> January 31 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 280 </Th> <Td> `` Aesthetics of an Artist '' `` Geijutsuka no Bigaku '' ( 芸術 家 の 美学 ) </Td> <Td> September 20 , 2012 </Td> <Td> February 7 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 281 </Th> <Td> `` The Allied Mom Force ! ! '' `` Kā - chan Rengōgun ! ! '' ( 母ちゃん 連合 軍 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> September 27 , 2012 </Td> <Td> February 14 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 282 </Th> <Td> `` The Secret Origin of the Ultimate Tag Team ! '' `` Hiwa : Saikyō Taggu ! ! '' ( 秘話 ・ 最強 タッグ ! ! ) </Td> <Td> October 4 , 2012 </Td> <Td> February 21 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 283 </Th> <Td> `` Two Suns '' `` Futatsu no Taiyō ! ! '' ( 二 つの 太陽 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> October 11 , 2012 </Td> <Td> February 28 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 284 </Th> <Td> `` The Helmet Splitter : Jinin Akebino ! '' `` Kabutowari ! Akebino Jinin '' ( 兜 割 ! 通 草野 餌 人 ) </Td> <Td> October 18 , 2012 </Td> <Td> March 7 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 285 </Th> <Td> `` User of the Scorch Style : Pakura of the Sand ! '' `` Shakuton Tsukai ! Sunagakure no Pakura '' ( 灼 遁 使い ! 砂 隠れ の パクラ ) </Td> <Td> October 25 , 2012 </Td> <Td> March 14 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 286 </Th> <Td> `` Things You Ca n't Get Back '' `` Torimodosenai mono '' ( 取り戻せ ない もの ) </Td> <Td> November 1 , 2012 </Td> <Td> March 21 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 287 </Th> <Td> `` One Worth Betting On '' `` Kakeru ni Ataisuru mono '' ( 賭ける に 値する 者 ) </Td> <Td> November 1 , 2012 </Td> <Td> March 28 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 288 </Th> <Td> `` Danger : Jinpachi and Kushimaru ! '' `` Kyōi , Jinpachi - Kushimaru Konbi ! ! '' ( 脅威 、 甚八 ・ 串 丸 コンビ ! ! ) </Td> <Td> November 8 , 2012 </Td> <Td> April 4 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 289 </Th> <Td> `` The Lightning Blade : Ameyuri Ringo ! '' `` Raitō ! ! Ringo Ameyuri '' ( 雷 刀 ! ! 林檎 雨 由利 ) </Td> <Td> November 15 , 2012 </Td> <Td> April 11 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 290 </Th> <Td> `` Power - Episode 1 '' ( 「 力 - Chikara - 」 episode1 ) </Td> <Td> November 22 , 2012 </Td> <Td> April 18 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 291 </Th> <Td> `` Power - Episode 2 '' ( 「 力 - Chikara - 」 episode2 ) </Td> <Td> November 29 , 2012 </Td> <Td> April 25 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 292 </Th> <Td> `` Power - Episode 3 '' ( 「 力 - Chikara - 」 episode3 ) </Td> <Td> December 6 , 2012 </Td> <Td> May 2 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 293 </Th> <Td> `` Power - Episode 4 '' ( 「 力 - Chikara - 」 episode4 ) </Td> <Td> December 13 , 2012 </Td> <Td> May 9 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 294 </Th> <Td> `` Power - Episode 5 '' ( 「 力 - Chikara - 」 episode5 ) </Td> <Td> December 20 , 2012 </Td> <Td> May 16 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 295 </Th> <Td> `` Power - Final Episode '' ( 「 力 - Chikara - 」 episode Final ) </Td> <Td> January 10 , 2013 </Td> <Td> May 23 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 14 ( 2013 ) </H3> Main article : Naruto : Shippuden ( season 14 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> English air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 296 </Th> <Td> `` Naruto Enters the Battle ! '' `` Naruto , Sansen ! ! '' ( ナルト , 参戦 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> January 17 , 2013 </Td> <Td> May 30 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 297 </Th> <Td> `` A Father 's Hope , A Mother 's Love '' `` Chichi no Omoi , Haha no Ai '' ( 父 の 想い , 母 の 愛 ) </Td> <Td> January 24 , 2013 </Td> <Td> June 6 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 298 </Th> <Td> `` Contact ! Naruto vs. Itachi '' `` Tsuini Sesshoku ! ! Naruto VS Itachi '' ( ついに 接触 ! ! ナルト VS イタチ ) </Td> <Td> January 31 , 2013 </Td> <Td> June 13 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 299 </Th> <Td> `` The Acknowledged One '' `` Mitomerareshi Mono '' ( 認め られ し 者 ) </Td> <Td> February 7 , 2013 </Td> <Td> June 20 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 300 </Th> <Td> `` The Mizukage , the Giant Clam , and the Mirage '' `` Mizukage to Ōhamaguri to Shinkirō '' ( 水 影 と 蜃 と 蜃気楼 ) </Td> <Td> February 14 , 2013 </Td> <Td> June 27 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 301 </Th> <Td> `` Paradox '' `` Mujun '' ( 矛盾 ) </Td> <Td> February 21 , 2013 </Td> <Td> July 4 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 302 </Th> <Td> `` Terror : The Steam Imp '' `` Kyōfu -- Jōki Bōi '' ( 恐怖 ・ 蒸 危 暴威 ) </Td> <Td> February 28 , 2013 </Td> <Td> July 11 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 303 </Th> <Td> `` Ghosts from the Past '' `` Kako no Bōrei '' ( 過去 の 亡霊 ) </Td> <Td> March 7 , 2013 </Td> <Td> July 18 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 304 </Th> <Td> `` The Underworld Transfer Jutsu '' `` Yomi Tenshin no Jutsu '' ( 黄泉 転身 の 術 ) </Td> <Td> March 14 , 2013 </Td> <Td> July 25 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 305 </Th> <Td> `` The Vengeful '' `` Fukushūsha '' ( 復讐 者 ) </Td> <Td> March 21 , 2013 </Td> <Td> August 8 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 306 </Th> <Td> `` The Heart 's Eye '' `` Kokoro no Me '' ( 心 の 目 ) </Td> <Td> March 28 , 2013 </Td> <Td> August 15 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 307 </Th> <Td> `` Fade into the Moonlight '' `` Gekkō ni Kiyu '' ( 月光 に 消 ゆ ) </Td> <Td> April 4 , 2013 </Td> <Td> August 22 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 308 </Th> <Td> `` Crescent Moonlight '' `` Mikazuki no Yoru '' ( 三日月 の 夜 ) </Td> <Td> April 11 , 2013 </Td> <Td> August 29 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 309 </Th> <Td> `` The A-Rank Mission : Food Fight '' `` Ē - Ranku Ninmu : Gozen Jiai '' ( A 級 任務 ・ 御膳 試合 ) </Td> <Td> April 18 , 2013 </Td> <Td> September 5 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 310 </Th> <Td> `` The Fallen Castle '' `` Rakujō '' ( 落城 ) </Td> <Td> April 25 , 2013 </Td> <Td> September 12 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 311 </Th> <Td> `` Prologue of Road to Ninja '' </Td> <Td> May 2 , 2013 </Td> <Td> September 19 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 312 </Th> <Td> `` The Old Master and the Dragon 's Eye '' `` Rōjin to Ryū no Me '' ( 老人 と 龍 の 目 ) </Td> <Td> May 9 , 2013 </Td> <Td> September 26 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 313 </Th> <Td> `` Rain Followed by Snow , with Some Lightning '' `` Ame Nochi Yuki , Tokidoki Kaminari '' ( 雨 のち 雪 , ときどき 雷 ) </Td> <Td> May 16 , 2013 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 314 </Th> <Td> `` The Sad Sun Shower '' `` Kanashī Tenkiame '' ( 悲しい 天気 雨 ) </Td> <Td> May 23 , 2013 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 315 </Th> <Td> `` Lingering Snow '' `` Nagoriyuki '' ( 名 残雪 ) </Td> <Td> May 30 , 2013 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 316 </Th> <Td> `` The Reanimated Allied Forces '' `` Edo Tensei Rengōgun ! ! '' ( 穢土 転生 連合 軍 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> June 6 , 2013 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 317 </Th> <Td> `` Shino vs. Torune ! '' `` Shino VS Torune ! ! '' ( シノ VS トルネ ! ! ) </Td> <Td> June 13 , 2013 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 318 </Th> <Td> `` A Hole in the Heart : The Other Jinchuriki '' `` Kokoro no Ana - Mō Hitori no Jinchūriki '' ( 心 の 穴 もう 一人 の 人柱 力 ) </Td> <Td> June 20 , 2013 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 319 </Th> <Td> `` The Soul Living Inside the Puppet '' `` Kugutsu ni Yadoru Tamashī '' ( 傀儡 に 宿る 魂 ) </Td> <Td> June 27 , 2013 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 320 </Th> <Td> `` Run , Omoi ! '' `` Hashire Omoi '' ( 走れ オモイ ) </Td> <Td> July 4 , 2013 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 15 ( 2013 -- 14 ) </H3> Main article : Naruto : Shippuden ( season 15 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 321 </Th> <Td> `` Reinforcements Arrive '' `` Zōen tōchaku '' ( 増援 到着 ) </Td> <Td> July 18 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 322 </Th> <Td> `` Madara Uchiha '' `` Uchiha Madara '' ( うち は マダラ ) </Td> <Td> July 25 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 323 </Th> <Td> `` The Five Kage Assemble '' `` Gokage Shūketsu ... ! ! '' ( 五 影 集結 ... ! ! ) </Td> <Td> August 1 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 324 </Th> <Td> `` The Unbreakable Mask and the Shattered Bubble '' `` Warenai Kamen -- Wareta Shabondama '' ( 割れ ない 仮面 ・ 割れ た シャボン 玉 ) </Td> <Td> August 8 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 325 </Th> <Td> `` Jinchūriki vs. Jinchūriki ! ! '' `` Jinchūriki VS Jinchūriki ! ! '' ( 人柱 力 VS 人柱 力 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> August 15 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 326 </Th> <Td> `` Four Tails , the King of Sage Monkeys '' `` Yonbi -- Sen'en no Ō '' ( 四 尾 ・ 仙 猿 の 王 ) </Td> <Td> August 22 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 327 </Th> <Td> `` Nine Tails '' `` Kyūbi '' ( 九 尾 ) </Td> <Td> August 29 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 328 </Th> <Td> `` Kurama '' `` Kurama '' ( 九 喇嘛 ) </Td> <Td> August 29 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 329 </Th> <Td> `` Two - Man Team '' `` Tsū Man Seru '' ( ツー マンセル ) </Td> <Td> September 5 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 330 </Th> <Td> `` The Promise of Victory '' `` Shōri e no Yogen '' ( 勝利 へ の 予言 ) </Td> <Td> September 12 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 331 </Th> <Td> `` Eyes That See in the Dark '' `` Yami o Miru Me '' ( 闇 を 見る 眼 ) </Td> <Td> September 19 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 332 </Th> <Td> `` A Will of Stone '' `` Ishi no Ishi '' ( 石 の 意志 ) </Td> <Td> September 26 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 333 </Th> <Td> `` The Risks of the Reanimation Jutsu '' `` Edo Tensei no Risuku '' ( 穢土 転生 の リスク ) </Td> <Td> October 3 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 334 </Th> <Td> `` Sibling Tag Team '' `` Kyōdai Taggu ! ! '' ( 兄弟 , 共闘 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> October 10 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 335 </Th> <Td> `` To Each Their Own Leaf '' `` Tagai no Konoha '' ( 互い の 木ノ葉 ) </Td> <Td> October 24 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 336 </Th> <Td> `` Kabuto Yakushi '' `` Yakushi Kabuto '' ( 薬師 カブト ) </Td> <Td> October 31 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 337 </Th> <Td> `` The Izanami Activated '' `` Hatsudō : Izanami '' ( 発動 ・ イザナミ ) </Td> <Td> November 7 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 338 </Th> <Td> `` Izanagi and Izanami '' `` Izanagi to Izanami '' ( イザナギ と イザナミ ) </Td> <Td> November 14 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 339 </Th> <Td> `` I Will Love You Always '' `` Omae o Zutto Aishiteiru '' ( お前 を ずっと 愛し て いる ) </Td> <Td> November 21 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 340 </Th> <Td> `` Reanimation Jutsu : Release ! '' `` Edo Tensei : Kai '' ( 穢土 転生 ・ 解 ) </Td> <Td> November 28 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 341 </Th> <Td> `` Orochimaru 's Return '' `` Fukkatsu ! ! Orochimaru '' ( 復活 ! ! 大蛇 丸 ) </Td> <Td> December 5 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 342 </Th> <Td> `` The Secret of the Transportation Technique '' `` Jikūkan Ninjutsu no Himitsu '' ( 時 空間 忍術 の 秘密 ) </Td> <Td> December 12 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 343 </Th> <Td> `` Who Are You ? '' `` Temē wa Dare da ! ! '' ( て め ー は 誰 だ ! ! ) </Td> <Td> December 19 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 344 </Th> <Td> `` Obito and Madara '' `` Obito to Madara '' ( オビト と マダラ ) </Td> <Td> January 9 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 345 </Th> <Td> `` I 'm in Hell '' `` Ore wa Jigoku ni Iru '' ( オレ は 地獄 に 居る ) </Td> <Td> January 16 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 346 </Th> <Td> `` World of Dreams '' `` Yume no Sekai '' ( 夢 の 世界 ) </Td> <Td> January 23 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 347 </Th> <Td> `` Creeping Shadow '' `` Shinobiyoru Kage '' ( 忍び寄る 影 ) </Td> <Td> January 23 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 348 </Th> <Td> `` The New Akatsuki '' `` Shinsei : Akatsuki '' ( 新生 ・ `` 暁 '' ) </Td> <Td> January 30 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 16 ( 2014 ) </H3> Main article : Naruto : Shippuden ( season 16 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 349 </Th> <Td> `` A Mask That Hides The Heart '' `` Kokoro o Kakusu Men '' ( 心 を 隠す 面 ) </Td> <Td> February 6 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 350 </Th> <Td> `` Minato 's Death '' `` Minato no Shi '' ( ミナト の 死 ) </Td> <Td> February 13 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 351 </Th> <Td> `` Hashirama 's Cells '' `` Hashirama Saibō '' ( 柱 間 細胞 ) </Td> <Td> February 20 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 352 </Th> <Td> `` The Rogue Ninja Orochimaru '' `` Nukenin : Orochimaru '' ( 抜け 忍 ・ 大蛇 丸 ) </Td> <Td> February 27 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 353 </Th> <Td> `` Orochimaru 's Test Subject '' `` Orochimaru no Jikkentai '' ( 大蛇 丸 の 実験 体 ) </Td> <Td> March 6 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 354 </Th> <Td> `` Their Own Paths '' `` Sorezore no Michi '' ( それぞれ の 道 ) </Td> <Td> March 6 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 355 </Th> <Td> `` The Targeted Sharingan '' `` Nerawareta Sharingan '' ( 狙 われ た 写 輪 眼 ) </Td> <Td> March 13 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 356 </Th> <Td> `` A Shinobi of the Leaf '' `` Konoha no Shinobi '' ( 木ノ葉 の 忍 ) </Td> <Td> March 20 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 357 </Th> <Td> `` An Uchiha ANBU '' `` Anbu no Uchiha '' ( 暗部 の うち は ) </Td> <Td> April 3 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 358 </Th> <Td> `` Coup d'État '' `` Kūdetā '' ( クーデター ) </Td> <Td> April 10 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 359 </Th> <Td> `` The Night of the Tragedy '' `` Sangeki no Yoru '' ( 惨劇 の 夜 ) </Td> <Td> April 17 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 360 </Th> <Td> `` Jōnin Leader '' `` Tantō Jōnin '' ( 担当 上 忍 ) </Td> <Td> April 24 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 361 </Th> <Td> `` Team 7 '' `` Dainanahan '' ( 第 七 班 ) </Td> <Td> May 8 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 17 ( 2014 ) </H3> Main article : Naruto : Shippuden ( season 17 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 362 </Th> <Td> `` Kakashi 's Resolve '' `` Kakashi no Ketsui '' ( カカシ の 決意 ) </Td> <Td> May 15 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 363 </Th> <Td> `` The Allied Shinobi Forces Jutsu '' `` Shinobi Rengōgun no Jutsu ! '' ( 忍 連合 軍 の 術 ! ) </Td> <Td> May 22 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 364 </Th> <Td> `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Tsunagareru Mono '' ( 繋が れる もの ) </Td> <Td> June 5 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 365 </Th> <Td> `` Those Who Dance in the Shadows '' `` Shinobimau Mono - tachi '' ( 忍び 舞う 者 たち ) </Td> <Td> June 12 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 366 </Th> <Td> `` The All - Knowing '' `` Subete o Shiru Mono - tachi '' ( 全て を 知る 者 たち ) </Td> <Td> June 19 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 367 </Th> <Td> `` Hashirama and Madara '' `` Hashirama to Madara '' ( 柱 間 と マダラ ) </Td> <Td> July 3 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 368 </Th> <Td> `` The Era of Warring States '' `` Sengoku Jidai '' ( 戦国 時代 ) </Td> <Td> July 10 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 369 </Th> <Td> `` My True Dream '' `` Hontō no Yume '' ( 本当 の 夢 ) </Td> <Td> July 24 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 370 </Th> <Td> `` Sasuke 's Answer '' `` Sasuke no Kotae '' ( サスケ の 答え ) </Td> <Td> July 31 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 371 </Th> <Td> `` Hole '' `` Kazaana '' ( 風穴 ) </Td> <Td> August 7 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 372 </Th> <Td> `` Something to Fill the Hole '' `` Umeru Mono '' ( 埋める もの ) </Td> <Td> August 14 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 18 ( 2014 ) </H3> Main article : Naruto : Shippuden ( season 18 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 373 </Th> <Td> `` Team 7 Assemble ! '' `` Dainanahan , Shūketsu ! ! '' ( 第 七 班 、 集結 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> August 21 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 374 </Th> <Td> `` The New Three - Way Deadlock '' `` Aratanaru Sansukumi '' ( 新た なる 三 竦 み ) </Td> <Td> August 28 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 375 </Th> <Td> `` Kakashi vs. Obito '' `` Kakashi VS Obito '' ( カカシ VS オビト ) </Td> <Td> September 4 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 376 </Th> <Td> `` The Directive to Take the Nine - Tails ! '' `` Kyūbi Gōdatsu Shirei '' ( 九 尾 強奪 指令 ) </Td> <Td> September 11 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 377 </Th> <Td> `` Naruto vs. Mecha Naruto '' `` Naruto tai Meka Naruto '' ( ナルト 対 メカナルト ) </Td> <Td> September 11 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 378 </Th> <Td> `` The Ten Tails ' Jinchuriki '' `` Jūbi no Jinchūriki '' ( 十 尾 の 人柱 力 ) </Td> <Td> September 18 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 379 </Th> <Td> `` An Opening '' `` Toppakō '' ( 突破口 ) </Td> <Td> September 25 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 380 </Th> <Td> `` The Day Naruto Was Born '' `` Naruto ga Umareta Hi '' ( ナルト が 生まれ た 日 ) </Td> <Td> October 2 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 381 </Th> <Td> `` The Divine Tree '' `` Shinju '' ( 神 樹 ) </Td> <Td> October 9 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 382 </Th> <Td> `` A Shinobi 's Dream '' `` Shinobi no Yume '' ( 忍 の 夢 ) </Td> <Td> October 16 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 383 </Th> <Td> `` Pursuing Hope '' `` Saki o Ou '' ( 希望 を 追う ) </Td> <Td> October 23 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 384 </Th> <Td> `` A Heart Filled With Comrades '' `` Nakama de Michita Kokoro '' ( 仲間 で 満ち た 心 ) </Td> <Td> October 30 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 385 </Th> <Td> `` Obito Uchiha '' `` Uchiha Obito '' ( うち は オビト ) </Td> <Td> November 6 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 386 </Th> <Td> `` I 'm Always Watching '' `` Chanto Miteru '' ( ちゃんと 見 てる ) </Td> <Td> November 13 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 387 </Th> <Td> `` The Promise That Was Kept '' `` Mamorareta Yakusoku '' ( 守 られ た 約束 ) </Td> <Td> November 20 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 388 </Th> <Td> `` My First Friend '' `` Saisho no Tomo '' ( 最初 の 友 ) </Td> <Td> November 27 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 389 </Th> <Td> `` The Adored Elder Sister '' `` Akogare no Nē - sama '' ( 憧れ の 姉 さま ) </Td> <Td> December 4 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 390 </Th> <Td> `` Hanabi 's Decision '' `` Hanabi no Ketsui '' ( ハナビ の 決意 ) </Td> <Td> December 4 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 391 </Th> <Td> `` Madara Uchiha Arises '' `` Uchiha Madara , Tatsu '' ( うち は マダラ 、 立つ ) </Td> <Td> December 11 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 392 </Th> <Td> `` The Hidden Heart '' `` Ura no Kokoro '' ( 裏 の 心 ) </Td> <Td> December 18 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 393 </Th> <Td> `` A True Ending '' `` Hontō no Owari '' ( 本当 の 終わり ) </Td> <Td> December 25 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 19 ( 2015 ) </H3> Main article : Naruto : Shippuden ( season 19 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 394 </Th> <Td> `` The New Chunin Exams '' `` Aratanaru Chūnin Shiken '' ( 新た なる 中 忍 試験 ) </Td> <Td> January 8 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 395 </Th> <Td> `` The Chunin Exams Begin '' `` Chūnin Shiken , Kaishi ! '' ( 中 忍 試験 、 開始 ! ) </Td> <Td> January 15 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 396 </Th> <Td> `` The Three Questions '' `` Mittsu no Mondai '' ( 三 つの 問題 ) </Td> <Td> January 22 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 397 </Th> <Td> `` One Worthy As A Leader '' `` Rīdā ni Fusawashī Mono '' ( リーダー に 相応しい 者 ) </Td> <Td> January 29 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 398 </Th> <Td> `` The Night Before the Second Exam '' `` Niji Shiken , Zen'ya '' ( 二 次 試験 、 前夜 ) </Td> <Td> February 5 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 399 </Th> <Td> `` Demon Desert Survival '' `` Ma no Sabaku no Sabaibaru '' ( 魔 の 砂漠 の サバイバル ) </Td> <Td> February 12 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 400 </Th> <Td> `` As a Taijutsu User '' `` Taijutsu Tsukai to shite ... '' ( 体 術 使い として ... ) </Td> <Td> February 19 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 401 </Th> <Td> `` The Ultimate '' `` Kiwameshi mono '' ( 極め し 者 ) </Td> <Td> February 26 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 402 </Th> <Td> `` Escape vs. Pursuit '' `` Tōsō VS Tsuigeki '' ( 逃走 VS 追跡 ) </Td> <Td> March 5 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 403 </Th> <Td> `` Unwavering Gutsiness '' `` Akiramenai Dokonjō '' ( 諦め ない ド 根性 ) </Td> <Td> March 12 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 404 </Th> <Td> `` Tenten 's Troubles '' `` Tenten no Nayami '' ( テンテン の 悩み ) </Td> <Td> March 19 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 405 </Th> <Td> `` The Imprisoned Pair '' `` Tojikomerareta Futari '' ( 閉じ込め られ た 二 人 ) </Td> <Td> March 26 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 406 </Th> <Td> `` The Place Where I Belong '' `` Jibun no Ibasho '' ( 自分 の 居場所 ) </Td> <Td> April 2 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 407 </Th> <Td> `` The Yamanaka Clan : Secret Ninjutsu '' `` Yamanaka Ichizoku -- Hiden Ninjutsu '' ( 山中 一族 ・ 秘伝 忍術 ) </Td> <Td> April 9 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 408 </Th> <Td> `` The Cursed Puppet '' `` Noroi no Ningyō '' ( 呪い の 人形 ) </Td> <Td> April 16 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 409 </Th> <Td> `` Their Backs '' `` Futari no Senaka '' ( 二 人 の 背中 ) </Td> <Td> April 23 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 410 </Th> <Td> `` The Hidden Plot Set Into Motion '' `` Ugokidashita Inbō '' ( 動き出し た 陰謀 ) </Td> <Td> April 30 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 411 </Th> <Td> `` The Targeted Tailed Beast '' `` Nerawareta Bijū '' ( 狙 われ た 尾 獣 ) </Td> <Td> May 7 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 412 </Th> <Td> `` Neji 's Judgment '' `` Neji no Handan '' ( ネジ の 判断 ) </Td> <Td> May 14 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 413 </Th> <Td> `` Hopes Entrusted to the Future '' `` Mirai ni Takusu Omoi '' ( 未来 に 託す 思い ) </Td> <Td> May 21 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 20 ( 2015 -- 16 ) </H3> Main article : Naruto : Shippuden ( season 20 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 414 </Th> <Td> `` On the Brink of Death '' `` Shi no Kiwa '' ( 死 の 際 ) </Td> <Td> May 28 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 415 </Th> <Td> `` The Two Mangekyo '' `` Futatsu no Mangekyō '' ( 二 つの 万華鏡 ) </Td> <Td> June 4 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 416 </Th> <Td> `` The Formation of Team Minato '' `` Kessei : Minato Han '' ( 結成 ・ ミナト 班 ) </Td> <Td> June 11 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 417 </Th> <Td> `` You 'll Be My Backup '' `` Omae wa Bakkuappu da '' ( お前 は バックアップ だ ) </Td> <Td> June 25 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 418 </Th> <Td> `` The Blue Beast vs. Six Paths Madara '' `` Aoki Mōjū VS Rikudō Madara '' ( 碧 き 猛獣 VS 六道 マダラ ) </Td> <Td> July 2 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 419 </Th> <Td> `` Papa 's Youth '' `` Papa no Seishun '' ( パパ の 青春 ) </Td> <Td> July 9 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 420 </Th> <Td> `` The Eight Inner Gates Formation '' `` Hachimon Tonkō no Jin '' ( 八 門 遁甲 の 陣 ) </Td> <Td> July 23 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 421 </Th> <Td> `` The Sage of the Six Paths '' `` Rikudō Sennin '' ( 六道 仙人 ) </Td> <Td> July 30 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 422 </Th> <Td> `` The Ones Who Will Inherit '' `` Uketsugareru Mono '' ( 受け継が れる もの ) </Td> <Td> August 6 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 423 </Th> <Td> `` Naruto 's Rival '' `` Naruto no Raibaru '' ( ナルト の ライバル ) </Td> <Td> August 6 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 424 </Th> <Td> `` To Rise Up '' `` Tatsu '' ( 立つ ) </Td> <Td> August 13 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 425 </Th> <Td> `` The Infinite Dream '' `` Mugen no Yume '' ( 無限 の 夢 ) </Td> <Td> August 20 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 426 </Th> <Td> `` The Infinite Tsukuyomi '' `` Mugen Tsukuyomi '' ( 無限 月読 ) </Td> <Td> August 27 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 427 </Th> <Td> `` To the Dream World '' `` Yume no Sekai e '' ( 夢 の 世界 へ ) </Td> <Td> September 3 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 428 </Th> <Td> `` Where Tenten Belongs '' `` Tenten no Ibasho '' ( テンテン の 居場所 ) </Td> <Td> September 3 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 429 </Th> <Td> `` Killer Bee Rappuden Part 1 '' `` Kirābī Rappūden - Ten no Maki '' ( キラービー 落 風 伝 ・ 天 の 巻 ) </Td> <Td> September 10 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 430 </Th> <Td> `` Killer Bee Rappuden Part 2 '' `` Kirābī Rappūden - Chi no Maki '' ( キラービー 落 風 伝 ・ 地 の 巻 ) </Td> <Td> September 17 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 431 </Th> <Td> `` To See That Smile , Just One More Time '' `` Ano Egao o Mōichido '' ( あの 笑顔 を もう一度 ) </Td> <Td> September 24 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 432 </Th> <Td> `` The Loser Ninja '' `` Ochikobore Shinobi '' ( 落ちこぼれ 忍者 ) </Td> <Td> October 1 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 433 </Th> <Td> `` The Search Mission '' `` Shutsugeki : Tansaku Ninmu '' ( 出撃 ・ 探索 任務 ) </Td> <Td> October 8 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 434 </Th> <Td> `` Team Jiraiya '' `` Chīmu Jiraiya '' ( チーム ・ ジライヤ ) </Td> <Td> October 15 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 435 </Th> <Td> `` Order of Priority '' `` Yūsen Jun'i '' ( 優先 順位 ) </Td> <Td> October 22 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 436 </Th> <Td> `` The Masked Man '' `` Kamen no Otoko '' ( 仮面 の 男 ) </Td> <Td> November 5 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 437 </Th> <Td> `` The Sealed Power '' `` Fūin Sareshi Chikara '' ( 封印 され し 力 ) </Td> <Td> November 12 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 438 </Th> <Td> `` The Rules or a Comrade '' `` Okite ka , Nakama ka '' ( 掟 か 、 仲間 か ) </Td> <Td> November 19 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 439 </Th> <Td> `` The Child of Prophecy '' `` Yogen no Ko '' ( 予言 の 子 ) </Td> <Td> November 26 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 440 </Th> <Td> `` The Caged Bird '' `` Kago no Tori '' ( 籠 の 鳥 ) </Td> <Td> December 3 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 441 </Th> <Td> `` Returning Home '' `` Kikan '' ( 帰還 ) </Td> <Td> December 10 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 442 </Th> <Td> `` The Mutual Path '' `` Tagai no Michi '' ( 互い の 道 ) </Td> <Td> December 17 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 443 </Th> <Td> `` The Difference in Power '' `` Chikara no Sa '' ( 力 の 差 ) </Td> <Td> December 24 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 444 </Th> <Td> `` Leaving the Village '' `` Sato Nuke '' ( 里 抜け ) </Td> <Td> January 14 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 445 </Th> <Td> `` Pursuers '' `` Otte '' ( 追手 ) </Td> <Td> January 21 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 446 </Th> <Td> `` Collision '' `` Shōtotsu '' ( 衝突 ) </Td> <Td> January 28 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 447 </Th> <Td> `` Another Moon '' `` Mōhitotsu no Tsuki '' ( もう 一 つの 月 ) </Td> <Td> February 4 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 448 </Th> <Td> `` Comrade '' `` Nakama '' ( 仲間 ) </Td> <Td> February 11 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 449 </Th> <Td> `` The Shinobi Unite '' `` Shinobitachi no Kyōen '' ( 忍 達 の 共演 ) </Td> <Td> February 18 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 450 </Th> <Td> `` Rival '' `` Raibaru '' ( 好敵手 ) </Td> <Td> February 25 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 451 </Th> <Td> `` Birth and Death '' `` Umareru Inochi , Shinu Inochi '' ( 生まれる 命 、 死ぬ 命 ) </Td> <Td> March 3 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 452 </Th> <Td> `` The Genius '' `` Isai '' ( 異才 ) </Td> <Td> March 10 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 453 </Th> <Td> `` The Pain of Living '' `` Inochi no Itami '' ( 命 の 痛み ) </Td> <Td> March 17 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 454 </Th> <Td> `` Shisui 's Request '' `` Shisui no Irai '' ( シスイ の 依頼 ) </Td> <Td> March 24 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 455 </Th> <Td> `` Moonlit Night '' `` Tsukiyo '' ( 月夜 ) </Td> <Td> April 7 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 456 </Th> <Td> `` The Darkness of the Akatsuki '' `` Akatsuki no Yami '' ( 暁 の 闇 ) </Td> <Td> April 14 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 457 </Th> <Td> `` Partner '' `` Aibō '' ( 相棒 ) </Td> <Td> April 21 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 458 </Th> <Td> `` Truth '' `` Makoto '' ( 真 ) </Td> <Td> April 28 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 459 </Th> <Td> `` She of the Beginning '' `` Hajimari no Mono '' ( はじまり の もの ) </Td> <Td> May 5 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 460 </Th> <Td> `` Kaguya Ōtsutsuki '' `` Ōtsutsuki Kaguya '' ( 大筒 木 カグヤ ) </Td> <Td> May 12 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 461 </Th> <Td> `` Hagoromo and Hamura '' `` Hagoromo to Hamura '' ( ハゴロモ と ハムラ ) </Td> <Td> May 19 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 462 </Th> <Td> `` A Fabricated Past '' `` Tsukurareta Kako '' ( 造 られ た 過去 ) </Td> <Td> May 26 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 463 </Th> <Td> `` The No. 1 Most Unpredictable Ninja '' `` Igai - sei Nanbāwan ! '' ( 意外 性 ナンバー ワン ! ) </Td> <Td> June 2 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 464 </Th> <Td> `` Ninshu : The Ninja Creed '' `` Ninshū '' ( 忍 宗 ) </Td> <Td> June 9 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 465 </Th> <Td> `` Asura and Indra '' `` Ashura to Indora '' ( アシュラ と インドラ ) </Td> <Td> June 16 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 466 </Th> <Td> `` The Tumultuous Journey '' `` Shiren no Tabi '' ( 試練 の 旅 ) </Td> <Td> June 30 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 467 </Th> <Td> `` Asura 's Decision '' `` Ashura no Ketsui '' ( アシュラ の 決意 ) </Td> <Td> July 7 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 468 </Th> <Td> `` The Successor '' `` Kōkeisha '' ( 後継 者 ) </Td> <Td> July 21 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 469 </Th> <Td> `` A Special Mission '' `` Tokubetsu Ninmu '' ( 特別 任務 ) </Td> <Td> July 28 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 470 </Th> <Td> `` Connecting Thoughts '' `` Tsunagaru Omoi '' ( 繋がる 想い ) </Td> <Td> August 4 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 471 </Th> <Td> `` The Two of Them ... Always '' `` Futari o Chanto '' ( 二 人 を ちゃんと ) </Td> <Td> August 11 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 472 </Th> <Td> `` You Better ... '' `` Omae wa Kanarazu '' ( お前 は 必ず ) </Td> <Td> August 18 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 473 </Th> <Td> `` Sharingan Again '' `` Sharingan , Futatabi '' ( 写 輪 眼 、 再び ) </Td> <Td> August 25 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 474 </Th> <Td> `` Congratulations '' `` Omedetō '' ( おめでとう ) </Td> <Td> September 1 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 475 </Th> <Td> `` The Final Valley '' `` Shūmatsu no Tani '' ( 終末 の 谷 ) </Td> <Td> September 8 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 476 </Th> <Td> `` The Final Battle '' `` Saigo no Tatakai '' ( 最後 の 戦い ) </Td> <Td> September 29 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 477 </Th> <Td> `` Naruto and Sasuke '' `` Naruto to Sasuke '' ( ナルト と サスケ ) </Td> <Td> September 29 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 478 </Th> <Td> `` The Unison Sign '' `` Wakai no In '' ( 和解 の 印 ) </Td> <Td> October 6 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 479 </Th> <Td> `` Naruto Uzumaki ! '' `` Uzumaki Naruto ! ! '' ( うずまき ナルト ! ! ) </Td> <Td> October 13 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 21 ( 2016 -- 17 ) </H3> Main article : Naruto : Shippuden ( season 21 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 480 </Th> <Td> `` Naruto and Hinata '' ( NARUTO ・ HINATA ) </Td> <Td> October 20 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 481 </Th> <Td> `` Sasuke and Sakura '' ( SASUKE ・ SAKURA ) </Td> <Td> October 27 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 482 </Th> <Td> `` Gaara and Shikamaru '' ( GAARA ・ SHIKAMARU ) </Td> <Td> November 3 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 483 </Th> <Td> `` Jiraiya and Kakashi '' ( JIRAIYA ・ KAKASHI ) </Td> <Td> November 10 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 484 </Th> <Td> `` The Exploding Human '' `` Kibaku Ningen '' ( 起爆 人間 ) </Td> <Td> December 1 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 485 </Th> <Td> `` Coliseum '' `` Koroshiamu '' ( 闘技 場 ) </Td> <Td> December 8 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 486 </Th> <Td> `` Fūshin '' `` Fūshin '' ( 風 心 ) </Td> <Td> December 15 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 487 </Th> <Td> `` The Ketsuryūgan '' `` Ketsuryūgan '' ( 血 龍眼 ) </Td> <Td> December 22 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 488 </Th> <Td> `` The Last One '' `` Saigo no Hitori '' ( 最後 の 一人 ) </Td> <Td> January 5 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 489 </Th> <Td> `` The State of Affairs '' `` Fūun '' ( 風雲 ) </Td> <Td> January 12 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 490 </Th> <Td> `` Dark Clouds '' `` An'un '' ( 暗雲 ) </Td> <Td> January 19 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 491 </Th> <Td> `` Recklessness '' `` Yamikumo '' ( 闇雲 ) </Td> <Td> January 26 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 492 </Th> <Td> `` Cloud of Suspicion '' `` Giun '' ( 疑雲 ) </Td> <Td> February 2 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 493 </Th> <Td> `` Dawn '' `` Shinonome '' ( 東雲 ) </Td> <Td> February 9 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 494 </Th> <Td> `` Naruto 's Wedding '' `` Naruto no Kekkon '' ( ナルト の 結婚 ) </Td> <Td> February 16 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 495 </Th> <Td> `` A Full - Powered Wedding Gift '' `` Furupawā Kekkon Iwai '' ( フル パワー 結婚 祝い ) </Td> <Td> February 16 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 496 </Th> <Td> `` Steam and Food Pills '' `` Yukemuri to Hyōrōgan '' ( 湯けむり と 兵糧 丸 ) </Td> <Td> February 23 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 497 </Th> <Td> `` The Kazekage 's Wedding Gift '' `` Kazekage no Oiwai '' ( 風 影 の 御 祝 ) </Td> <Td> March 2 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 498 </Th> <Td> `` The Last Mission '' `` Saigo no Ninmu '' ( 最後 の 任務 ) </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 499 </Th> <Td> `` The Outcome of the Secret Mission '' `` Gokuhi Ninmu no Yukue '' ( 極秘 任務 の 行方 ) </Td> <Td> March 16 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 500 </Th> <Td> `` The Message '' `` Iwai no Kotoba '' ( 祝い の 言葉 ) </Td> <Td> March 23 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> DVD releases </H2> <H3> Region 1 ( North America ) </H3> Single volumes <Table> <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> September 29 , 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 -- 4 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> October 27 , 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 -- 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> November 24 , 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 -- 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> December 8 , 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 -- 17 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> January 12 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 18 -- 21 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> February 9 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 22 -- 26 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> March 9 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 27 -- 30 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> April 6 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 31 -- 34 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> May 18 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 35 -- 39 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> June 1 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 40 -- 43 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> July 13 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 44 -- 48 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> August 10 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 49 -- 53 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Box sets <Table> <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> January 26 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 -- 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> April 20 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 -- 26 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> August 3 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 27 -- 39 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> October 19 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 40 -- 53 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> January 25 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 54 -- 65 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> April 26 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 66 -- 77 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> July 12 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 78 -- 88 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> October 11 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 89 -- 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> January 24 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 101 -- 112 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> April 10 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 113 -- 126 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> July 10 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 127 -- 140 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> October 9 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 141 -- 153 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> January 29 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 154 -- 166 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> April 23 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 167 -- 179 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> July 16 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 180 -- 192 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> October 8 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 193 -- 205 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> January 14 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 206 -- 218 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> April 8 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 219 -- 231 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> July 8 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 232 -- 244 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> October 14 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 245 -- 257 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 </Th> <Td> January 20 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 258 -- 270 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> April 21 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 271 -- 283 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 23 </Th> <Td> July 28 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 284 -- 296 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 24 </Th> <Td> November 10 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 297 -- 309 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 25 </Th> <Td> January 26 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 310 -- 322 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 26 </Th> <Td> April 5 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 323 -- 335 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 27 </Th> <Td> July 5 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 336 -- 348 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 28 </Th> <Td> October 4 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 349 -- 361 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 29 </Th> <Td> January 17 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 362 -- 374 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 30 </Th> <Td> April 4 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 375 -- 388 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 31 </Th> <Td> June 27 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 389 - 402 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 32 </Th> <Td> October 10 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 403 - 416 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 33 </Th> <Td> January 9 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 417 - 430 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Region 2 ( UK ) </H3> Box sets <Table> <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> June 14 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 -- 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> August 9 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 -- 26 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> October 10 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 27 -- 39 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> December 27 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 40 -- 52 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> May 16 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 53 -- 65 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> July 11 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 66 -- 77 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> November 7 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 78 -- 88 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> February 24 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 89 -- 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> June 4 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 101 -- 112 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> September 10 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 113 -- 126 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> November 26 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 127 -- 140 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> March 18 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 141 -- 153 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> June 24 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 154 -- 166 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> September 23 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 167 -- 179 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> December 9 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 180 -- 192 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> February 24 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 193 -- 205 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> April 7 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 206 -- 218 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> July 21 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 219 -- 231 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> October 13 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 232 -- 244 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> February 9 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 245 -- 257 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 </Th> <Td> August 10 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 258 -- 270 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> September 14 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 271 -- 283 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 23 </Th> <Td> February 8 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 284 -- 296 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 24 </Th> <Td> April 4 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 297 -- 309 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 25 </Th> <Td> August 15 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 310 -- 322 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 26 </Th> <Td> October 17 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 323 -- 335 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 27 </Th> <Td> February 6 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 336 -- 348 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 28 </Th> <Td> May 15 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 349 -- 361 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 29 </Th> <Td> July 24 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 362 -- 374 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 30 </Th> <Td> November 27 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 375 -- 387 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 31 </Th> <Td> February 26 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 388 -- 401 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Series sets <Table> <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> March 7 , 2011 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 52 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> June 4 , 2012 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 53 -- 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> June 3 , 2013 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 101 -- 153 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> February 10 , 2014 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 154 -- 192 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> April 13 , 2015 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 193 -- 244 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> April 4 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 245 -- 296 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> September 4 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 297 -- 348 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Region 3 ( Japan ) </H3> <Table> Kazekage Rescue <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> August 1 , 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 -- 4 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> September 5 , 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 -- 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> October 3 , 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 -- 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> November 7 , 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13 -- 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> December 5 , 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 17 -- 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> January 1 , 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 21 -- 24 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> February 6 , 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 25 -- 28 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> March 5 , 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 29 -- 32 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Long - Awaited Reunion <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> April 2 , 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 33 -- 36 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> May 9 , 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 37 -- 40 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> June 4 , 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 41 -- 44 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> July 2 , 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 45 -- 48 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> August 6 , 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 49 -- 53 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Twelve Guardian Ninja <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> September 3 , 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 54 -- 57 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> October 1 , 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 58 -- 61 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> November 5 , 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 62 -- 66 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> December 3 , 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 67 -- 71 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Immortal Devastators -- Hidan and Kakuzu <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> January 14 , 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 72 -- 75 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> February 4 , 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 76 -- 79 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> March 4 , 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 80 -- 83 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> May 13 , 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 84 -- 88 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> The Three - Tailed Demon Turtle <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> June 3 , 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 89 -- 92 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> July 1 , 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 93 -- 96 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> August 5 , 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 97 -- 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> September 2 , 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 101 -- 104 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> October 7 , 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 105 -- 108 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> November 4 , 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 109 -- 112 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Kakashi Chronicles ~ Boys ' Life on the Battlefield ~ <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> December 16 , 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 119 -- 120 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Master 's Prophecy and Vengeance <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> January 13 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 113 -- 116 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> February 3 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 117 -- 118 , 121 -- 122 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> March 3 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 123 -- 126 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> April 7 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 127 -- 130 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> May 12 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 131 -- 134 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> June 2 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 135 -- 138 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> July 7 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 139 -- 143 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> The Six - Tailed Demon Slug <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> August 4 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 144 -- 147 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> September 1 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 148 -- 151 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Two Saviors <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> October 6 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 152 -- 155 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> November 3 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 156 -- 159 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> December 1 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 160 -- 163 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> January 12 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 164 -- 167 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> February 2 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 168 -- 171 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> March 2 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 172 -- 175 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Past Arc ~ The Locus of Konoha ~ <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> April 6 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 176 -- 179 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> May 11 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 180 -- 183 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> June 1 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 184 -- 189 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> July 6 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 190 -- 193 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> August 3 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 194 -- 196 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Gathering of the Five Kage <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> September 7 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 197 -- 200 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> October 5 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 201 -- 204 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> November 2 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 205 -- 208 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> December 7 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 209 -- 212 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> January 11 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 213 -- 216 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> February 1 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 217 -- 221 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Paradise on the Ship <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> March 7 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 222 -- 225 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> April 4 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 226 -- 229 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> May 2 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 230 -- 233 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> June 6 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 234 -- 237 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> July 4 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 238 -- 242 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Special Edition ~ The Birth of Naruto ~ <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> August 1 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 248 -- 249 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Special Edition ~ The Fated Pair ~ <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> September 5 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 257 -- 260 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Nine - tailed Fox Taming and Karmic Encounters <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> October 3 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 243 -- 247 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> November 7 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 250 -- 253 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> December 5 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 254 -- 256 , 261 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> January 9 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 262 -- 265 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> February 6 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 266 -- 270 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> March 6 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 271 -- 275 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> The Seven Shinobi Swordsmen <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> April 3 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 276 -- 280 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> May 1 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 281 -- 284 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> June 5 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 285 -- 289 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Special Edition ( Power - Chikara - ) <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Black </Th> <Td> July 3 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 290 -- 292 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> White </Th> <Td> August 7 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 293 -- 295 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> The Fourth Great Ninja War - Assailants From Afar <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> September 4 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 296 -- 299 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> October 2 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 300 -- 303 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> November 6 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 304 -- 307 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> December 4 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 308 -- 311 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> January 8 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 312 -- 315 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> February 5 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 316 -- 320 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> The Fourth Great Ninja War - Sasuke & Itachi <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> March 4 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 321 -- 324 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> April 2 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 325 -- 328 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> May 7 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 329 -- 332 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> July 2 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 333 -- 336 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> July 2 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 337 -- 340 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> August 6 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 341 -- 344 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> September 3 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 345 -- 348 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Kakashi : Shadow of the ANBU Black Ops <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> October 1 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 349 -- 352 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> November 5 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 353 -- 356 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> December 3 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 357 -- 361 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> The Fourth Great Ninja War - The Return of Squad Seven <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> January 7 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 362 -- 365 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> February 4 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 366 -- 369 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> March 4 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 370 -- 372 , 376 -- 377 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> The Fourth Great Ninja War - Obito Uchiha <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> April 1 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 373 -- 375 , 378 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> May 13 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 379 -- 382 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> June 3 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 383 -- 386 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> July 1 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 387 -- 390 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> August 5 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 391 -- 393 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> In Naruto 's Footsteps - The Path Traveled - <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> September 2 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 394 -- 397 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> October 7 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 398 -- 401 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> November 4 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 402 -- 405 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> December 2 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 406 -- 409 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> January 6 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 410 -- 413 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Infinite Tsukuyomi : The Invocation <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> February 3 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 414 -- 417 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> March 2 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 418 -- 421 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> April 6 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 422 -- 426 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> May 11 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 427 -- 431 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Jiraiya Shinobi Handbook : The Tale of Naruto the Hero <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> June 8 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 432 -- 435 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> July 6 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 436 -- 439 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> August 3 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 440 -- 443 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> September 7 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 444 -- 447 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> October 5 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 448 -- 450 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Itachi 's Story ~ Light and Darkness <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> November 2 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 451 -- 454 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> December 7 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 455 -- 458 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> The Origins of Ninshu ~ The Two Souls , Indra and Ashura <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> January 11 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 459 -- 462 , 466 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> February 8 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 463 -- 465 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> March 1 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 467 -- 469 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> The Chapter of Naruto and Sasuke <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> April 5 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 470 -- 473 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> May 10 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 474 -- 477 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> June 7 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 478 -- 479 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Nostalgic Days <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> July 5 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 480 -- 483 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Sasuke Shinden <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> August 2 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 484 - 488 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Shikamaru 's Story : Secret Clouds in the Silence of the Dark <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> September 6 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 489 -- 493 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Konoha 's Story : Marriage Ceremony Day <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> October 4 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 494 - 496 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> November 1 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 497 - 500 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Region 4 ( Australia / NZ ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Collection </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> March 17 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 -- 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> June 16 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 -- 26 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> September 1 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 27 -- 39 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> November 3 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 40 -- 52 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> February 16 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 53 -- 65 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> July 20 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 66 -- 77 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> November 16 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 78 -- 88 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> February 15 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 89 -- 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> May 23 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 101 -- 112 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> July 4 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 113 -- 126 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> October 24 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 127 -- 140 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> January 9 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 141 -- 153 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> March 20 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 154 -- 166 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> June 19 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 167 -- 179 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> October 16 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 180 -- 192 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> February 19 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 193 -- 205 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> March 19 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 206 -- 218 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> June 18 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 219 -- 231 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> August 20 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 232 -- 244 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> January 7 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 245 -- 257 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 </Th> <Td> March 11 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 258 -- 270 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> June 10 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 271 -- 283 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 23 </Th> <Td> September 16 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 284 -- 296 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 24 </Th> <Td> January 13 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 297 -- 309 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 25 </Th> <Td> April 6 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 310 -- 322 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 26 </Th> <Td> September 7 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 323 -- 335 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 27 </Th> <Td> October 5 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 336 -- 348 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 28 </Th> <Td> December 7 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 349 -- 361 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 29 </Th> <Td> March 8 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 362 -- 374 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 30 </Th> <Td> June 7 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 375 -- 387 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 31 </Th> <Td> September 6 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 388 -- 401 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Hokage Box Sets <Table> <Tr> <Th> Box Set </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> May 25 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> May 25 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 101 - 205 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Notes </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ ( of the eye ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ NARUTO 疾風 伝 . Media Arts Database ( in Japanese ) . Agency for Cultural Affairs . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippūden Anime 's Ending on 500th Episode Confirmed '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` A New Generation , A New Destiny '' . Viz Media . November 17 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Viz Confirms Plans to Present New Dubbed Naruto '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippūden 's Main English Dubbing Cast Announced '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` It 's Official -- Naruto Shippuden to Air on Disney XD Channel '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Viz Media Brings the latest Naruto : Shippuden Story Arc to iTunes For Digital Download '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Naruto Shippuden , Vol. 1 '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Disney XD schedule '' . toonzone.com . December 11 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Box Set 9 ( 2012 ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden : Set Ten ( 2012 ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Toonami to Run Naruto Shippūden in January in U.S '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Reminder : Naruto Shippūden to Debut on Disney XD Tonight '' . Anime News Network . 2009 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 24 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Naruto Shippuden Disney XD schedule '' . toonzone.com . December 11 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Neon Alley Schedule '' ( PDF ) . Neon Alley . January 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 : テレビ 東京 '' . Tokyo TV . Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden , Vol. 2 '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto : Shippuden DVD 3 ( Hyb ) Uncut '' . rightstuf.com . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden , Vol. 4 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden , Vol. 5 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden , Vol. 6 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden , Vol. 7 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden , Vol. 8 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden , Vol. 9 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden , Vol. 10 ( DVD ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden , Vol. 11 ( DVD ) '' . Barnes & Noble . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden , Vol. 12 ( DVD ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden , Box Set 1 ( DVD ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden , Box Set 2 ( DVD ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Uncut , Vol. 3 ( DVD Box Set ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Uncut , Vol. 4 ( DVD Box Set ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Uncut , Vol. 5 ( DVD Box Set ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Uncut , Vol. 6 ( DVD Box Set ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Uncut , Vol. 7 ( DVD Box Set ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Uncut , Vol. 8 ( DVD Box Set ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Uncut , Vol. 9 ( DVD Box Set ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Uncut , Vol. 10 ( DVD Box Set ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Uncut , Vol 11 ( DVD Box Set ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Uncut , Vol 12 ( DVD Box Set ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Uncut , Vol 13 ( DVD Box Set ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Uncut , Vol 14 ( DVD Box Set ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Uncut , Vol 15 ( DVD Box Set ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Uncut , Vol 16 ( DVD Box Set ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Uncut , Vol 17 ( DVD Box Set ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Uncut , Vol 18 ( DVD Box Set ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Uncut , Vol 19 ( DVD Box Set ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Uncut , Vol 20 ( DVD Box Set ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Uncut , Vol 21 ( DVD Box Set ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Uncut , Vol 22 ( DVD Box Set ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Uncut , Vol 23 ( DVD Box Set ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Uncut Set 24 ( DVD ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Uncut Set 25 ( DVD ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Uncut Set 26 ( DVD ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Uncut Set 27 ( DVD ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Uncut Set 28 ( DVD ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Uncut Set 29 ( DVD ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Uncut Set 30 ( DVD ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Uncut Set 31 ( DVD ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Uncut Set 32 ( DVD ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Set 33 DVD Uncut '' . Right Stuf . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Collection - Volume 1 - DVD '' . Xtra - vision . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Collection - Volume 2 - DVD '' . Xtra - vision . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Collection - Volume 3 - DVD '' . Xtra - vision . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Collection - Volume 4 - DVD '' . Xtra - vision . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Collection - Volume 5 - DVD '' . Xtra - vision . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Collection - Volume 6 - DVD '' . Xtra - vision . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Collection - Volume 7 - DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Collection - Volume 8 - DVD '' . Xtra - vision . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Collection - Volume 9 - DVD '' . Xtra - vision . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Collection - Volume 10 - DVD '' . Xtra - vision . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Collection - Volume 11 - DVD '' . Xtra - vision . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Collection - Volume 12 - DVD '' . Xtra - vision . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Collection - Volume 13 - DVD '' . Xtra - vision . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Collection - Volume 14 - DVD '' . Xtra - vision . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Collection - Volume 15 - DVD '' . Xtra - vision . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Collection - Volume 16 - DVD '' . Xtra - vision . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Collection - Volume 17 - DVD '' . Xtra - vision . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Collection - Volume 18 - DVD '' . Xtra - vision . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Collection - Volume 19 - DVD '' . Xtra - vision . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Collection - Volume 20 - DVD '' . Xtra - vision . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Collection - Volume 21 - DVD '' . Xtra - vision . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Collection - Volume 22 - DVD '' . Xtra - vision . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Collection - Volume 23 - DVD '' . Xtra - vision . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Collection - Volume 24 - DVD '' . Xtra - vision . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Collection - Volume 25 - DVD '' . Xtra - vision . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Collection - Volume 26 - DVD '' . Xtra - vision . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Collection - Volume 27 - DVD '' . Xtra - vision . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Collection - Volume 28 - DVD '' . Xtra - vision . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Collection - Volume 29 - DVD '' . Xtra - vision . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.co.uk/Naruto-Shippuden-Box-Episodes-375-387/dp/B0722L6CR3/ref=sr_1_1?s=dvd&ie=UTF8&qid=1513938656&sr=1-1&keywords=naruto+shippuden+box+set+30 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.co.uk/Naruto-Shippuden-Box-Episodes-388-401/dp/B077MT96BF/ref=pd_cp_74_3?_encoding=UTF8&psc=1&refRID=RWJFC8FYN7BFC9551NAN </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden - Series 1 ( DVD ) ( 2007 ) '' . Amazon.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden - Series 2 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Complete Series 3 Box Set ( Episodes 101 - 153 ) ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Complete Series 4 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Complete Series 5 Box Set ( Episodes 193 - 244 ) ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Complete Series 6 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Complete Series 7 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto : Shippuden DVD Series One title '' ( in Japanese ) . Play - Asia . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 風 影 奪還 の 章 - TV DVD - NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 - アニプレックス '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto : Shippuden DVD Series Two title '' ( in Japanese ) . Play - Asia . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 遥か なる 再会 の 章 - TV DVD - NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 - アニプレックス '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto : Shippuden DVD Series Three title '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 守護 忍 十 二 士 の 章 - TV DVD - NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 - アニプレックス '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto : Shippuden DVD Series Four title '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 不死 の 破壊 者 、 飛 段 ・ 角 都 の 章 - TV DVD - NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 - アニプレックス '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto : Shippuden DVD Series Five title '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 三尾 出現 の 章 - TV DVD - NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 - アニプレックス '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto : Shippuden DVD title '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto : Shippuden DVD title '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 師 の 予言 と 復讐 の 章 - TV DVD - NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 - アニプレックス '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto : Shippuden DVD Series Seven title '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Naruto : Shippuden Season Seven DVDs '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 六 尾 発動 の 章 - TV DVD - NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 - アニプレックス '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto : Shippuden DVD Series Eight title '' ( in Japanese ) . Animateworks . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 二 人 の 救世主 の 章 - TV DVD - NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 - アニプレックス '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto : Shippuden DVD Series Nine title '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 過去 篇 ~ 木ノ葉 の 軌跡 ~ - TV DVD - NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 - アニプレックス '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 五 影 集結 の 章 - TV DVD - NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 - アニプレックス '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 船上 の パラダイス ライフ - TV DVD - NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 - アニプレックス '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` スペシャル 版 - TV DVD - NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 - アニプレックス '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 九 尾 掌握 と 因果 なる 邂逅 の 章 - TV DVD - NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 - アニプレックス '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 九 尾 掌握 と 因果 なる 邂逅 の 章 - TV DVD - NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 - アニプレックス '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` スペシャル 版 - TV DVD - NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 - アニプレックス '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 九 尾 掌握 と 因果 なる 邂逅 の 章 - TV DVD - NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 - アニプレックス '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 忍 界 大戦 ・ サスケ と イタチ - TV DVD - NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 - アニプレックス '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` カカシ 暗部 篇 ~ 闇 を 生きる 忍 ~ - TV DVD - NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 - アニプレックス '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 忍 界 大戦 ・ 第 七 班 再び - TV DVD - NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 - アニプレックス '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 忍 界 大戦 ・ うち は オビト - TV DVD - NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 - アニプレックス '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 ナルト の 背中 ~ 仲間 の 軌跡 ~ 1 アニメ DVD '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 ナルト の 背中 ~ 仲間 の 軌跡 ~ 2 アニメ DVD '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 ナルト の 背中 ~ 仲間 の 軌跡 ~ 3 アニメ DVD '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 ナルト の 背中 ~ 仲間 の 軌跡 ~ 4 アニメ DVD '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 ナルト の 背中 ~ 仲間 の 軌跡 ~ 5 アニメ DVD '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 無限 月読 ・ 発動 の 章 1 アニメ DVD '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 無限 月読 ・ 発動 の 章 2 アニメ DVD '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 無限 月読 ・ 発動 の 章 3 アニメ DVD '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 無限 月読 ・ 発動 の 章 4 アニメ DVD '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 自 来 也 忍法 帳 ~ ナルト 豪傑 物語 ~ 1 アニメ DVD '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 自 来 也 忍法 帳 ~ ナルト 豪傑 物語 ~ 2 アニメ DVD '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 自 来 也 忍法 帳 ~ ナルト 豪傑 物語 ~ 3 アニメ DVD '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 自 来 也 忍法 帳 ~ ナルト 豪傑 物語 ~ 4 アニメ DVD '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 自 来 也 忍法 帳 ~ ナルト 豪傑 物語 ~ アニメ DVD '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 イタチ 真伝 篇 ~ 光 と 闇 ~ 1 アニメ DVD '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 イタチ 真伝 篇 ~ 光 と 闇 ~ 2 アニメ DVD '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 忍 宗 の 起源 ~ 二 つの 魂 インドラ ・ アシュラ ~ 1 アニメ DVD '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 忍 宗 の 起源 ~ 二 つの 魂 インドラ ・ アシュラ ~ 2 アニメ DVD '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 忍 宗 の 起源 ~ 二 つの 魂 インドラ ・ アシュラ ~ 3 アニメ DVD '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 ナルト と サスケ の 章 1 アニメ DVD '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 ナルト と サスケ の 章 2 アニメ DVD '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 ナルト と サスケ の 章 3 アニメ DVD '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NARUTO ― ナルト ― 疾風 伝 Nostalgic Days アニメ DVD '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 サスケ 真伝 来 光 篇 DVD '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 シカマル 秘伝 闇 の 黙 に 浮ぶ 雲 DVD '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 木ノ葉 秘伝 祝言 日 和 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . June 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 木ノ葉 秘伝 祝言 日 和 2 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection ( Eps 1 - 13 ) '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection ( Eps 14 - 26 ) '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection ( Eps 27 - 39 ) '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection 04 ( Eps 40 - 52 ) - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection 05 ( Eps 53 - 65 ) - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection 06 ( Eps 66 - 77 ) - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection 07 ( Eps 78 - 88 ) - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection 08 ( Eps 89 - 100 ) - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection 09 ( Eps 101 - 112 ) - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection 10 ( Eps 113 - 126 ) - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection 11 ( Eps 127 - 140 ) - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection 12 ( Eps 141 - 153 ) - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection 13 ( Eps 154 - 166 ) - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection 14 ( Eps 167 - 179 ) - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection 15 ( Eps 180 - 192 ) - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection 16 ( Eps 193 - 205 ) - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection 17 ( Eps 206 - 218 ) - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection 18 ( Eps 219 - 231 ) - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection 19 ( Eps 232 - 244 ) - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection 20 ( Eps 245 - 257 ) - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection 21 ( Eps 258 - 270 ) - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection 22 ( Eps 271 - 283 ) - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection 23 ( Eps 284 - 296 ) - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection 24 ( Eps 297 - 309 ) - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection 25 ( Eps 310 - 322 ) - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection 26 ( Eps 323 - 335 ) - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection 27 ( Eps 336 - 348 ) - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection 28 ( Eps 349 - 361 ) - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection 29 ( Eps 362 - 374 ) - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection 30 ( Eps 375 - 387 ) - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection 31 ( Eps 388 - 401 ) - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Hokage Box 1 ( Eps 1 - 100 ) - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Hokage Box 2 ( Eps 101 - 205 ) - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Bibliography </H3> <Ul> <Li> `` Naruto : Shippuden episodes from 2007 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> `` Naruto : Shippuden episodes from 2008 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> `` Naruto : Shippuden episodes from 2009 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> `` Naruto : Shippuden episodes from 2010 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> `` Naruto : Shippuden episodes from 2011 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> NARUTO 疾風 伝 . Media Arts Database ( in Japanese ) . Agency for Cultural Affairs . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> `` List of Naruto : Shippuden episode titles '' . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> `` Naruto : Shippuden '' . Toonzone . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2012 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Naruto by Masashi Kishimoto </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Volumes <Ul> <Li> Part I </Li> <Li> Part II , volumes 28 -- 48 </Li> <Li> Part II , volumes 49 -- 72 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Naruto episodes <Ul> <Li> Season 1 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Shippuden episodes <Ul> <Li> Season 1 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 9 </Li> <Li> 10 </Li> <Li> 11 </Li> <Li> 12 </Li> <Li> 13 </Li> <Li> 14 </Li> <Li> 15 </Li> <Li> 16 </Li> <Li> 17 </Li> <Li> 18 </Li> <Li> 19 </Li> <Li> 20 </Li> <Li> 21 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Rock Lee & His Ninja Pals episodes </Li> <Li> Boruto : Naruto Next Generations <Ul> <Li> Boruto episodes </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow </Li> <Li> Legend of the Stone of Gelel </Li> <Li> Guardians of the Crescent Moon Kingdom </Li> <Li> Shippuden </Li> <Li> Bonds </Li> <Li> The Will of Fire </Li> <Li> The Lost Tower </Li> <Li> Blood Prison </Li> <Li> Road to Ninja </Li> <Li> The Last </Li> <Li> Boruto </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Clash of Ninja series <Ul> <Li> Clash of Ninja </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ninja Council series <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> The New Era </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ultimate Ninja series <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Generations </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Revolution </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Rise of a Ninja </Li> <Li> The Broken Bond </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Naruto Uzumaki </Li> <Li> Sasuke Uchiha </Li> <Li> Sakura Haruno </Li> <Li> Kakashi Hatake </Li> <Li> Gaara </Li> <Li> Rock Lee </Li> <Li> Shikamaru Nara </Li> <Li> Hinata Hyuga </Li> <Li> Orochimaru </Li> <Li> Jiraiya </Li> <Li> Itachi Uchiha </Li> <Li> Boruto Uzumaki </Li> <Li> Sarada Uchiha </Li> <Li> Mitsuki </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jutsu </Li> <Li> Ninja World </Li> <Li> Jump Super Stars </Li> <Li> Jump Ultimate Stars </Li> <Li> Battle Stadium D.O.N </Li> <Li> J - Stars Victory VS </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Naruto:_Shippuden_episodes&oldid=816594437 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) </Li> <Li> Naruto episodes </Li> <Li> Toonami </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) </Li> <Li> All articles with failed verification </Li> <Li> Articles with failed verification from July 2013 </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from August 2017 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia semi-protected pages </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from March 2017 </Li> <Li> Featured lists </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 22 December 2017 , at 10 : 33 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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British and French Declaration of war on Germany - wikipedia <H1> British and French Declaration of war on Germany </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This page is a candidate to be copied to Wikisource . If the page can be edited into an encyclopedic article , rather than merely a copy of the source text , please do so and remove this message . Otherwise , you can help by formatting it per the Wikisource guidelines in preparation for being imported to Wikisource by a Wikisource admin . Note that if this source text is not in English , it will have to be copied using the transwiki process . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Declaration of war by France and the United Kingdom was given on 3 September 1939 , after German forces invaded Poland . Despite the speech being the official announcement of both France and the United Kingdom , the speech was given by the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain , in Westminster , London . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 The Speech </Li> <Li> 2 Historical Context </Li> <Li> 3 In Popular Culture </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> The speech ( edit ) </H2> <P> Below is the speech , given by Neville Chamberlain . </P> British and French Declaration of War <P> I am speaking to you from the Cabinet Room at 10 , Downing Street . </P> <P> This morning the British Ambassador in Berlin Nevile Henderson handed the German Government a final note stating that unless we heard from them by 11 o'clock , that they were prepared at once to withdraw their troops from Poland , that a state of war would exist between us . </P> <P> I have to tell you now that no such undertaking has been received , and that consequently this country is at war with Germany . </P> <P> You can imagine what a bitter blow it is to me that all my long struggle to win peace has failed . Yet I can not believe that there is anything more or anything different that I could have done and that would have been more successful . </P> <P> Up to the very last it would have been quite possible to have arranged a peaceful and honourable settlement between Germany and Poland , but Hitler would not have it . </P> <P> He had evidently made up his mind to attack Poland whatever happened ; and although he now says he put forward reasonable proposals which were rejected by the Poles , that is not a true statement . </P> <P> The proposals were never shown to the Poles nor to us ; and though they were announced in a German broadcast on Thursday night , Hitler did not wait to hear comments on them , but ordered his troops to cross the Polish frontier the next morning . </P> <P> His action shows convincingly that there is no chance of expecting that this man will ever give up his practice of using force to gain his will . He can only be stopped by force , and we and France are today , in fulfilment of our obligations , going to the aid of Poland , who is so bravely resisting this wicked and unprovoked attack upon her people . We have a clear conscience . We have done all that any country could do to establish peace . The situation in which no word given by Germany 's ruler could be trusted and no people or country could feel itself safe has become intolerable . </P> <P> And now that we have resolved to finish it , I know that you will all play your part with calmness and courage . </P> <P> At such a moment as this the assurances of support that we have received from the Empire are a source of profound encouragement to us . </P> <P> When I have finished speaking certain detailed announcements will be made on behalf of the Government . Give these your closest attention . </P> <P> The Government have made plans under which it will be possible to carry on the work of the nation in the days of stress and strain that may be ahead . But these plans need your help . </P> <P> You may be taking part in the fighting Services or as a volunteer in one of the branches of civil defence . If so you will report for duty in accordance with the instructions you have received . </P> <P> You may be engaged in work essential to the prosecution of war for the maintenance of the life of the people -- in factories , in transport , in public utility concerns or in the supply of other necessaries of life . If so , it is of vital importance that you should carry on with your jobs . </P> <P> Now may God bless you all . May He defend the right . It is the evil things that we shall be fighting against -- brute force , bad faith , injustice , oppression and persecution -- and against them I am certain that the right will prevail . </P> <H2> Historical context ( edit ) </H2> See also : Events preceding World War II in Europe <P> At the conclusion of the First World War , the German Empire signed the First Armistice at Compiègne on 11 November 1918 as an end to hostilities with France , the British Empire , and the United States during the convoluted German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 , which began 29 October 1918 . </P> <P> Negotiations between the Allied powers regarding post-war Europe started on 18 January 1919 in the Salle de l'Horloge at the French Foreign Ministry on the Quai d'Orsay in Paris . Seventy delegates from 27 nations participated in the negotiations . The opposing nations of the German Empire and the Austro - Hungarian Empire were excluded from the negotiations . At first a `` Council of Ten '' comprising two delegates each from Britain , France , the United States , Italy and Japan met officially to decide the peace terms . It became the `` Big Four '' when Japan dropped out and the top person from each of the other four nations met in 145 closed sessions to make all the major decisions to be ratified by the entire assembly . In June 1919 , the Allies declared that war would resume if the German government did not sign the treaty they had agreed to among themselves . The government headed by Philipp Scheidemann was unable to agree on a common position , and Scheidemann himself resigned rather than agree to sign the treaty . Gustav Bauer , the head of the new government , sent a telegram stating his intention to sign the treaty if certain articles were withdrawn , including articles 227 , 230 and 231 . In response , the Allies issued an ultimatum stating that Germany would have to accept the treaty or face an invasion of Allied forces across the Rhine within 24 hours . On 23 June 1919 , Bauer capitulated and sent a second telegram with a confirmation that a German delegation would arrive shortly to sign the treaty . </P> <P> On 28 June 1919 , Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles , a peace treaty which ended the formal state of war and imposed various punitive measures upon Germany , including military restriction , loss of territory and colonies , war debt , and effective acceptance of blame for the initiation of hostilities in World War I . At the time of the armistice , an attempted Communist revolution transpired ( October 1918 - August 1919 ) , resulting in the abdication of the Emperor of Germany in November 1918 , and what became known as the Weimar Republic was subsequently established in the wake of the uprising . The transition from monarchy to republic was difficult , and many in the new government were not supportive of the democratic system of government . The officer class gave little support to the Republic , and Germany was forced to borrow money from the United States and others to pay its war debt , imposed by the Treaty of Versailles . In the early 1920s a period of hyperinflation made the Reichsmark almost worthless . In January 1922 , one US dollar was worth 191 Marks , but by November of the same year it was equal to 4,200,000,000 Marks . </P> <P> In 1933 , Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of the Reich following a contentious election . Under Hitler 's leadership , the Reichstag turned the government into an effective dictatorship under Hitler 's oversight on 21 March 1933 with the passage of the Enabling Act of 1933 , and the economic hardships were significantly diminished via implementation of new economic and social policies . After five years in power , Hitler annexed Austria , former component of the Austro - Hungarian Empire ( allies of the former German Empire ) , into Germany , despite such an act ( specifically , `` prohibition on the merging of Austria with Germany without the consent of the League of Nations '' ) being banned by both the Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye and the Treaty of Versailles . In early November 1938 , the First Vienna Award was signed , allowing Germany to seize the Sudetenland , a German - speaking area of Czechoslovakia which had been a part of the German Empire - allied Austro - Hungarian Empire . Soon after , Germany invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia and also gained Memelland ( part of the former German Empire from 1871 - 1920 ) through the 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania . </P> <P> While some sources claim Hitler still wanted more , to create Lebensraum , or `` living space '' , for Germany , other sources claim evidence of hostility on behalf of Polish partisans toward ethnic Germans in the Danzig Corridor ( territory lost to Germany as a result of the Treaty of Versailles ) which may have served as a motivating factor for the German invasion ( often portrayed as propaganda to justify German expansionism ) . </P> <P> Two Western powers , the United Kingdom and France , gave guarantees to Poland that they would declare war if Polish independence came under threat , as presented in a statement to the House of Commons by British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain 31 March 1939 ( formalized by the British 6 April 1939 ; not ratified until 4 September 1939 by the French ) : </P> <P> ... in the event of any action which clearly threatened Polish independence , and which the Polish Government accordingly considered it vital to resist with their national forces , His Majesty 's Government would feel themselves bound at once to lend the Polish Government all support in their power . They have given the Polish Government an assurance to this effect . </P> <P> I may add that the French Government have authorised me to make it plain that they stand in the same position in this matter as do His Majesty 's Government . </P> <P> Although they honoured these guarantees by declaring war soon after Germany 's Invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 , and although the dominions of the British Empire quickly followed suit , so little practical assistance was given to Poland , which was soon defeated , that in its early stages the war declared by Britain and France was described as a `` Phoney War '' . </P> <P> Further , neither the British Empire , nor the French , ever declared war upon the Soviet Union , which invaded Poland on 17 September 1939 ( 17 days after Nazi Germany invaded from the West ) and held sway over the former - Polish territory at the war 's conclusion , having become a part of the Allied front in the course of World War II . At the insistence of Joseph Stalin , the post-war Yalta Conference in 1945 sanctioned the formation of a new provisional pro-Communist coalition government in Moscow , which ignored the Polish government - in - exile based in London . </P> <H2> In popular culture ( edit ) </H2> <P> The following excerpts of the speech were sampled by the drum and bass artist S.P.Y. in his remix of Black Sun Empire 's track `` Potemkin '' : - `` that they were prepared at once to withdraw their troops from Poland , a state of war would exist between us '' - `` I have to tell you now that no such undertaking has been received , and that consequently this country is at war with Germany '' , </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Britain and France declare war on Germany '' . The History Channel . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kalfus , Richard . `` Weimar Republic 1919 - 1923 '' ( PDF ) . St. Luis Community College . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Statement by the Prime Minister in the House of Commons on March 31 , 1939 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rapten , Pema Dechen . `` Political Disorder : The Weimar Republic and Revolt 1918 - 23 '' . Mount Holyoke College . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KPNwrpwygCc%7CBlack Sun Empire - Potemkin ( S.P.Y. Remix ) on their official YouTube channel </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_and_French_declaration_of_war_on_Germany&oldid=845582860 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Declarations of war </Li> <Li> France in World War II </Li> <Li> United Kingdom in World War II </Li> <Li> British Empire in World War II </Li> <Li> September 1939 events </Li> <Li> France -- Germany military relations </Li> <Li> Germany -- United Kingdom military relations </Li> <Li> France -- United Kingdom military relations </Li> <Li> 1939 documents </Li> <Li> Germany in World War II </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Copy to Wikisource </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 12 June 2018 , at 18 : 51 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Brunost - wikipedia <H1> Brunost </H1> <Table> Brunost <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Brunost is usually sliced very thinly using a metal cheese slicer . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alternative names </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mysost </Li> <Li> Fløtemysost </Li> <Li> Geitost </Li> <Li> Gjetost </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Whey cheese </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Place of origin </Th> <Td> Norway </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Region or state </Th> <Td> Scandinavia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Main ingredients </Th> <Td> Whey , milk and / or cream </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Variations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mysost </Li> <Li> fløtemysost </Li> <Li> geitost </Li> <Li> prim </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other information </Th> <Td> Typically served as a sandwich , crispbread , or biscuit topping , or in sauces . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Cookbook : Brunost Media : Brunost </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Brunost ( `` brown cheese '' ) is a common , Norwegian name for mysost ( `` whey cheese '' ; Danish : myseost ; Swedish : mesost ; Finnish : meesjuusto ; Icelandic : mysuostur ) , a family of cheese - related foods made with whey , milk , and / or cream . It is often used to just refer to the Gudbrandsdalsost ( `` Gudbrand Valley Cheese '' ) type , which is the most popular variety . Brunost is primarily produced and consumed in Norway . It is regarded as one of the country 's most iconic foodstuffs , and is considered an important part of Norwegian gastronomical and cultural identity and heritage . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Description </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Varieties </Li> <Li> 5 Usage </Li> <Li> 6 Nutrition </Li> <Li> 7 Accidents </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Further reading </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Boiling down whey to create a soft , brown spread ( such as the Norwegian prim and Swedish messmör ) probably has been common in the Scandinavian countries since time immemorial . An archeological find from September 2016 in central Jutland has determined that a cheese residue on pottery from circa 650 B.C. is a type of cheese probably brunost . </P> <P> However , the creation of the modern , firm , fatty brunost is commonly attributed to the milkmaid Anne Hov from the rural valley of Gudbrandsdalen . In the second half of the 1800s , Gudbrandsdalen was suffering economically due to falling profits from grain and butter sales . While working at the Valseter mountain farm near Gålå in 1863 , Anne Hov ( sometimes named Anne Haav ) came up with the idea of adding cream to the whey when boiling , and to boil it down in an iron pot until the fluid content was reduced to less than 80 percent , creating a firmer , fattier , more cheese - like product . She originally called it feitost ( `` fat cheese '' ) . The name later changed into fløtemysost ( `` cream whey cheese '' ) . The product immediately caught on , and was soon commonly produced and consumed in the area . This variety is currently the second most popular type in Norway . </P> <P> When Anne Hov married and moved to Rusthågå farm in Nord - Fron , she started larger - scale production and invented a variety where she added goat 's milk to the mix for a more pronounced taste . The local trader Ole Kongsli liked it so much he thought there might be a market for the product in the capital , Oslo . He started exporting it to his business contacts in Oslo under the name Gudbrandsdalsost ( `` Gudbrand Valley Cheese '' ) , and it became so successful that it contributed significantly to the economy of the region , thus helping Gudbrandsdalen out of recession . In 1933 , aged 87 , Anne Hov received the King 's Medal of Merit ( Kongens fortjenstmedalje ) for her contributions to Norwegian cuisine and economy . </P> <P> In modern times , the world 's largest producer of brunost is the Norwegian dairy co-operative Tine , who market a total of 13 varieties , as well as three types of prim and three types of pultost . The second - largest is Norwegian dairy company Synnøve Finden , which market two varieties of brunost , as well as two varieties of prim . There are also a number of smaller , artisanal producers , mainly in Norway and in the US . </P> Brunost with crispbread and cheese slicer <H2> Description ( edit ) </H2> <P> Mysost are a family of cheese - related foods made with whey and milk and / or cream . Because the main ingredient , whey , is a byproduct of the cheese making process , brunost is not technically cheese , and it does not taste like cheese . However , it is produced by cheese makers , and is sold , handled and consumed in the same way as cheese . Therefore it is generally regarded as a cheese . The texture is firm , but slightly softer than Gouda cheese , for example , and lends itself well to cutting and shaping . It does not crumble like hard cheeses . The taste is sweet , and best described as caramel - like , but with a tang that is more noticeable in the variants that contain goat 's milk . The variant Ekte Geitost ( `` true goat 's cheese '' ) contains only whey and goat 's milk , and has an intense , Chèvre - like taste that cuts the sweetness . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> Brunost is made by boiling a mixture of milk , cream , and whey carefully for several hours so that the water evaporates . The heat turns the milk sugars into caramel , which gives the cheese its characteristic brown colour and sweetness . It is ready for consumption as soon as it is packed and refrigerated . Low - fat varieties are made by increasing the proportion of whey to milk and cream . </P> <H2> Varieties ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of goat milk cheeses <P> In Norway , Brunost is commonly divided into two types : those that contain only cow 's cream and / or milk , and the ones that contain some proportion of goat 's milk . The latter type is commonly called Geitost or Gjetost ( `` goat 's cheese '' ) . Varieties that do not contain any cow 's milk are called Ekte Geitost ( `` true goat 's cheese '' ) . Technically , the name `` true goat 's cheese '' is misleading , since goat cheese ( such as the French chèvre ) is relatively uncommon in Norway , and is commonly called Hvit geitost ( `` white goat 's cheese '' ) to avoid confusion . </P> <P> By far the most popular variety is the Gudbrandsdalsost , which contains a mixture of cow and goat milk , cream , and whey . Heidal cheese is a type of Gudbrandsdalsost . In Norway it is so common that people just refer to it as `` Brunost '' or `` Geitost '' , assuming that unless otherwise specified , Gudbrandsdalsost will be provided . This variety is also the most popular internationally , and in the US it is commonly referred to just as `` Gjetost '' . The second most popular variety is the Fløtemysost , which has a milder taste due to the lack of goat 's milk . The third most popular type is the Ekte geitost . </P> <P> Related to brunost are prim ( in Norwegian ) or messmör ( in Swedish ) , which is a soft , sweet spread commonly sold in tubes all across the Nordic countries . This is the original , ancient product made by boiling whey for a shorter period of time than brunost , and not adding milk or cream . Also , in Norway , pultost is traditionally made from byproducts of the brunost - making process , and has a very distinctive flavour . </P> Messmör <H2> Usage ( edit ) </H2> <P> Brunost is mostly used as a topping for sandwiches , crispbread , and biscuits . It is very common in the traditional Norwegian matpakke ( literally `` food pack '' ) , which is a common Norwegian lunch -- sandwiches are packed in a lunch box in the morning , and carried to work for consumption in the 30 minute lunch break commonly afforded to Norwegian workers . One advantage of brunost for this purpose is that although its texture changes if not refrigerated , its taste does not . Brunost is also popular on Norwegian waffles , and as an ingredient in cooking , particularly in sauces for game meat . </P> <H2> Nutrition ( edit ) </H2> <P> To what extent brunost is healthy has been the subject of some controversy in Norway . Brunost contains high amounts of calcium , proteins and vitamin B , as well as Iodine , which is beneficial . It also does not , as other cheeses do , contain salt . It used to contain significant amounts of iron because it was traditionally made in iron pots . In fact , when modern production methods with aluminium pans were introduced by the Norwegian dairy co-operative , the government was worried that it would significantly reduce iron intake in the general population , and ordered iron to be added to the cheese . Modern brunost does not contain significant amounts of iron . </P> <P> However , the ( natural ) sugar content of Brunost is quite high , and also the fat content is significant , causing some to warn against it , and even likening it to milk chocolate . Some tests have shown major nutritional differences between different varieties of brunost . Also , it has been pointed out that the fat content of most brunost is significantly lower than in numerous other cheeses , such as soft cheeses . </P> <H2> Accidents ( edit ) </H2> <P> In January 2013 , a lorry carrying 27 tonnes of brunost caught fire in the 3.5 km ( 2.2 mi ) long Bratli tunnel in Tysfjord . The temperature increased so much that the Brunost caught fire , the fats and sugars in the cheese fuelling the blaze , making firefighters unable to approach it until four days later , when most of it had burned out . The tunnel was severely damaged , and was closed for repair for several months afterwards . The accident was widely publicized in international media , and was dubbed `` the goat cheese fire '' . It was likened to the 1999 Mont Blanc Tunnel fire , when a truck carrying margarine and flour caught fire . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of cheeses </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Johansen , Signe ( 24 January 2013 ) . `` Brunost : the Norwegian cheese that 's a hot topic '' . The Guardian . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Now that 's a ruined meal : 3,000 - year - old cooking pot is found with burned CHEESE welded to the bottom '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gudbrandsdalsosten og Anne Hov '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kongens fortjenstmedalje '' . lokalhistoriewiki . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ost '' . Tine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.fondazioneslowfood.com/en/slow-food-presidia/sognefjord-artisan-geitost/ Slow Food Foundation : Sognefjord Artisanal Geitost ( Accessed Jan 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Terri Dunbar - Curran , `` Whey to go : Choose cheese '' , Cape Times , 26 April 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Ekspertenes dom over brunosten '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ole Bjørner Loe Welde and Ulf André Andersen , `` Advarer mot brunost '' Archived October 8 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , Dagbladet , 15 August 2003 ( in Norwegian ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gunn Helene Arsky , `` Sunne og usunne brunoster : Vi har testet 18 brunoster - det ernæringsmessige spriket er stort '' , Dagbladet , 4 March 2011 ( in Norwegian ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Norway goat cheese fire closes tunnel '' , BBC News Europe , 22 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Korva Coleman , `` Burning Cheese Closes Norwegian Road For Days '' , The Two - Way , NPR , 23 January 2013 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brunost . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Arne Espelund ( 1998 ) Brunosten , historien til et godt næringsemne gjennom 300 år ( Trondheim : Arketype forlag ) ISBN 82 - 992430 - 2 - 5 ( in Norwegian ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Preben S. Ottesen , `` Brunost '' , Store norske leksikon ( in Norwegian ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Whey cheeses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Anari </Li> <Li> Anthotyros </Li> <Li> Brunost </Li> <Li> Manouri </Li> <Li> Mizithra </Li> <Li> Ricotta </Li> <Li> Urdă </Li> <Li> Xynomizithra </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Norwegian cheeses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Brunost </Li> <Li> Fløtemysost </Li> <Li> Gamalost </Li> <Li> Heidal cheese </Li> <Li> Jarlsberg cheese </Li> <Li> Kraftkar </Li> <Li> Norvegia </Li> <Li> Nøkkelost </Li> <Li> Primost </Li> <Li> Pultost </Li> <Li> Snøfrisk </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brunost&oldid=853407320 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Norwegian cuisine </Li> <Li> Norwegian cheeses </Li> <Li> Goat 's - milk cheeses </Li> <Li> Spreads ( food ) </Li> <Li> Whey cheeses </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Articles with Norwegian - language external links </Li> <Li> Articles containing Danish - language text </Li> <Li> Articles containing Swedish - language text </Li> <Li> Articles containing Finnish - language text </Li> <Li> Articles containing Icelandic - language text </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 9 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 15 : 40 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Nature of the Beast ( NCIS ) - wikipedia <H1> Nature of the Beast ( NCIS ) </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Nature of the Beast '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> NCIS episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episode no . </Th> <Td> Season 9 Episode 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Tony Wharmby </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Gary Glasberg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Td> September 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 20 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Guest appearance ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Brian Dietzen as Jimmy Palmer </Li> <Li> Sarah Jane Morris as NCIS Special Agent Erica Jane `` E.J '' Barrett </Li> <Li> Wendy Makkena as Dr. Rachel Cranston </Li> <Li> Philip Casnoff as Sean Latham </Li> <Li> Matthew Willig as NCIS Special Agent Simon Cade </Li> <Li> Scott Wolf as FBI Agent Casey Stratton </Li> <Li> Matt Craven as Secretary of the Navy Clayton Jarvis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Episode chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> ← Previous `` Pyramid '' </Td> <Td> Next → `` Restless '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> NCIS ( season 9 ) List of NCIS episodes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Nature of the Beast '' is the first episode of the ninth season of the American police procedural drama NCIS , and the 187th episode overall . It originally aired on CBS in the United States on September 20 , 2011 . The episode is written by Gary Glasberg and directed by Tony Wharmby , and was seen by 19.96 million viewers . </P> <P> In the episode , Special agent Tony DiNozzo is shot and unable to remember what it all was about . He must work together with Special agent Leroy Jethro Gibbs and Dr. Rachel Cranston to identify the attacker . </P> <P> Scott Wolf is introduced as FBI agent Stratton , while Matthew Willig 's NCIS Special agent Simon Cade is shot dead . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Production </Li> <Li> 3 Reception </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Set over the course of several months , the episode follows a series of events surrounding the investigation given to Special agent Tony DiNozzo by SECNAV Clayton Jarvis ( Matt Craven ) in `` Pyramid '' , culminating in the death of an NCIS agent . Secretary Jarvis assigned Tony to the investigation after a dead Navy Captain was found with an incision in his arm . After Dr. Donald `` Ducky '' Mallard discovers security footage of Special agent Erica Jane `` EJ '' Barrett removing a microchip from the body of Special agent Gayne Levin , suspicion falls on her . </P> <P> The Major Case Response Team begin to suspect EJ is the target of Tony 's investigation , but EJ confides to Tony that Levin asked her to remove the microchip . The team learns that the microchips provide access to a classified Navy fleet , known as the ' Watchers ' . Tony is lured to a meeting with EJ and her buyer , revealed to be Barrett 's other team member and the target of Tony 's investigation , Special Agent Simon Cade , although he claims that he was framed . During the meeting , all three are shot . Cade is killed , Tony is knocked unconscious and Barrett is missing . As Tony recalls the meeting , he realizes they were set up by the shooter , an FBI agent in league with the Office of Naval Intelligence 's Director of Special Operations , who places the microchips up for auction . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Nature of the Beast '' is written by Gary Glasberg and directed by Tony Wharmby . Glasberg thought about the main storyline at a hotel in Las Vegas , ending up with the idea involving Special agents Simon Cade , Gayne Levin , Erica Jane `` EJ '' Barrett and Tony DiNozzo : `` Cade is the one in the picture , but he did n't do it . The audience needs to think EJ is the one in the photo , but she is n't the traitor either . Yes , she took the microchip from Levin , but what if she did it for well - intentioned reasons ? What if the whole thing was a set - up ? '' About how to make Tony remember , `` why not bring Dr. Rachel Cranston back ? She could help Tony remember what he 'd done . She and Gibbs could help him put the pieces together '' , Glasberg say . `` I knew ( ... ) Tony , EJ and Cade needed to all be innocent pawns in someone else 's larger plan . And that 's how Stratton and Latham ( Scott Wolf and Phil Casnoff ) were born . New villains for an exciting new season '' . </P> <P> The episode includes a lot of recurring characters , some for the first time and some for the last time . Jimmy Palmer ( Brian Dietzen ) , E.J. Barrett ( Sarah Jane Morris ) , Rachel Cranston ( Wendy Makkena ) and Clayton Jarvis ( Matt Craven ) continue their participation on NCIS , while Scott Wolf 's Casey Stratton is shown for the first time . Matthew Willig ends his recurring role as Special agent Simon Cade . </P> <P> The arc between FBI agent Stratton , EJ Barrett and Tony DiNozzo continues in the episode `` Housekeeping '' . </P> <P> It is worth noting that Tony 's reference to Angels with Dirty Faces is incorrect . He attributes the Priest 's ( Pat O'Brien ) role to Humphrey Bogart , who portrayed the crooked lawyer in that film . This may have been a deliberate error due to Tony 's mental state in the episode . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Nature of the Beast '' was seen by 19.96 million live viewers following its broadcast on September 20 , 2011 , with a 4.3 / 12 share among adults aged 18 to 49 . A rating point represents one percent of the total number of television sets in American households , a share means the percentage of television sets in use tuned to the program . In total viewers , `` Nature of the Beast '' easily won NCIS and CBS the night , while the spin - off NCIS : Los Angeles drew second and was seen by 16.11 million viewers . Compared to the last episode `` Pyramid '' , `` Nature of the Beast '' was up a bit in both viewers and adults 18 - 49 . </P> <P> Steve Marsi from TV Fanatic gave the episode 4.5 ( out of 5 ) and stated that `` the ninth season premiere of NCIS was slower - paced and more complicated than expected , but provided a compelling conclusion to Tony 's mole hunt while setting up a new foil , and a new enemy , for Gibbs '' . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Finals : ' New Girl , ' ' Glee , ' ' NCIS , ' DWTS Results Adjusted Up ; ' Body of Proof ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Glasberg , Gary ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` Season Nine : `` Nature of the Beast '' `` . CBS . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2011 . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Breaking In , ' ' The Good Wife , ' ' Body of Proof ' Adjusted Down ; ' NCIS , ' ' NCIS : LA , ' ' Glee , ' ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` NCIS Season Premiere Review : His Navy , My Team '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> hide <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> NCIS franchise </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NCIS </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Leroy Jethro Gibbs </Li> <Li> Caitlin `` Kate '' Todd </Li> <Li> Anthony `` Tony '' DiNozzo </Li> <Li> Abigail `` Abby '' Sciuto </Li> <Li> Timothy `` Tim '' McGee </Li> <Li> Ziva David </Li> <Li> Cast list </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Introductory </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Ice Queen '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 1 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Yankee White '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 2 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Twilight '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 3 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Kill Ari ( Parts I & II ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Under Covers '' </Li> <Li> `` Hiatus ( Parts I & II ) '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 4 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Grace Period '' </Li> <Li> `` Angel of Death '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 5 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Requiem '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 6 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Last Man Standing '' </Li> <Li> `` Aliyah '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 7 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Truth or Consequences '' </Li> <Li> `` Good Cop , Bad Cop '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 8 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Enemies Foreign '' </Li> <Li> `` Freedom '' </Li> <Li> `` A Man Walks Into a Bar ... 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Callen </Li> <Li> Kensi Blye </Li> <Li> Sam Hanna </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Introductory <Ul> <Li> Season 1 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 9 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notable episodes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Identity '' </Li> <Li> `` Blye , K. , Part 2 '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Home video releases </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NCIS : New Orleans </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Characters </Li> <Li> Episodes <Ul> <Li> Season 1 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Boom Boom '' ( theme song ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> JAG </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nature_of_the_Beast_(NCIS)&oldid=833476135 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2011 American television episodes </Li> <Li> NCIS ( TV series ) episodes </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from March 2012 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 19 : 53 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Main Rahoon Ya Na Rahoon - Wikipedia <H1> Main Rahoon Ya Na Rahoon </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Main Rahoon Ya Na Rahoon '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Armaan Malik </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 24 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 24 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> Digital download </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> pop </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 5 : 10 ( Single ) 6 : 47 ( Music video ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> T - Series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Rashmi Virag </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Bhushan Kumar Amaal Mallik ( composer ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Main Rahoon Ya Na Rahoon '' is a 2015 song by Indian recording artist Armaan Malik composed by Amaal Mallik . The accompanying music video has been shot in Goa , India and features Bollywood actors Emraan Hashmi and Esha Gupta . It was released on YouTube by T - Series on 23 November 2015 . The song has been well received crossing over 138 million views as of 28 October 2018 . </P> <H2> Accolades ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song won the award for Best Indie Pop Song at the 2016 Mirchi Music Awards . It was also awarded the Best Music Video at the sixth Global Indian Music Academy Awards . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : T - Series ( 23 November 2015 ) . `` Main Rahoon Ya Na Rahoon Full Video Emraan Hashmi , Esha Gupta Amaal Mallik , Armaan Malik '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 13 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gaikwad , Pramod ( 25 November 2015 ) . `` Emraan Hashmi , Esha Gupta 's new single is heart touching , watch video '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bhattacharya , Ananya ( 25 November 2015 ) . `` Main Rahoon Ya Na Rahoon video out : Watch AMIT KUMAR , Esha Gupta tell you why love stories dont end '' . India Today . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maheshwari , Neha ( 4 March 2016 ) . `` The Maliks almost broke down after Armaan Malik 's win at the Mirchi Music Awards '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sen , Sushmita ( 7 April 2016 ) . `` GiMA Awards 2016 : ' Bajirao Mastani ' bags maximum awards ; Yo Yo Honey Singh , Sonakshi Sinha , Arijit Singh perform live '' . International Business Times , India Edition . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 11 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This 2010s song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Main_Rahoon_Ya_Na_Rahoon&oldid=866129328 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2015 songs </Li> <Li> 2015 singles </Li> <Li> Hindi songs </Li> <Li> Indian songs </Li> <Li> Hindi film songs </Li> <Li> Songs with music by Amaal Mallik </Li> <Li> 2010s song stubs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from December 2017 </Li> <Li> Use Indian English from December 2017 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> All stub articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> বাংলা </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 13 : 02 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Mother Nature 's Son - wikipedia <H1> Mother Nature 's Son </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Mother Nature 's Son ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Mother Nature 's Son '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Song by the Beatles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album The Beatles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 22 November 1968 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 9 & 20 August 1968 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Folk </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 2 : 48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Apple Records </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Lennon -- McCartney </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> George Martin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Audio sample </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> file </Li> <Li> help </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Mother Nature 's Son '' is a song written primarily by Paul McCartney ( credited to Lennon -- McCartney ) and released by the Beatles on The Beatles ( `` the White Album '' ) . It was inspired by a lecture given by the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi while the Beatles were in India . The same lecture inspired Lennon 's unreleased song `` Child of Nature '' , the tune of which he later re-used for `` Jealous Guy '' . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Recording </Li> <Li> 2 Personnel </Li> <Li> 3 Covers and mashups </Li> <Li> 4 Notes </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Recording ( edit ) </H2> <P> McCartney recorded the song during the height of the tensions that marred the sessions for the White Album . On 9 August 1968 , he recorded 25 takes singing and playing acoustic guitar simultaneously . Take 24 was perceived to be the best ( take 2 later appeared on Anthology 3 ) . McCartney recorded overdubs of timpani , another guitar , and drums on 20 August , when George Martin 's orchestral contributions were also added . The drums were put halfway down an uncarpeted corridor with the microphones at the far end , resulting in a bongo - like staccato sound . Lennon did not play on the recording , but McCartney said he contributed some words to the song in India . When Lennon and Ringo Starr walked into the studio after McCartney had finished , `` you could have cut the atmosphere with a knife '' , recalled engineer Ken Scott . </P> <H2> Personnel ( edit ) </H2> <P> Personnel per Ian MacDonald </P> <Ul> <Li> Paul McCartney -- double - tracked vocal , acoustic guitars , timpani , bass drum </Li> <Li> George Martin -- brass arrangement </Li> </Ul> <H2> Covers and mashups ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Jack White covered the song at the White House when McCartney was being given the Gershwin Prize on 2 June 2010 . </Li> <Li> Ramsey Lewis covered the song and used it as the title of his 1968 album Mother Nature 's Son . The album includes other songs from The Beatles . </Li> <Li> Harry Nilsson covered the song in 1969 for his album Harry . </Li> <Li> John Denver covered the song on his Grammy winning `` An Evening with John Denver '' album , it was also on his 1972 album Rocky Mountain High , and after his death it became the title of a biography of Denver by John Collis . </Li> <Li> Gryphon covered the song in 1974 on the album Raindance . </Li> <Li> Sheryl Crow covered it for the movie I Am Sam . </Li> <Li> Danger Mouse included a sample of the song in his `` mashup '' version of the Jay - Z song `` December 4th '' for his The Grey Album . </Li> <Li> DJ Reset used it along with Slick Rick 's `` La - Di - Da - Di '' for the `` mashup '' song `` Mother Nature 's Rick '' . </Li> <Li> Glay covered the song on their 2007 single `` Ashes '' . </Li> <Li> Brad Mehldau covered the song in a medley on his album Largo and also on the album Do n't Explain with tenor saxophonist Joel Frahm . </Li> <Li> Chihiro Onitsuka covered the song in her 2012 cover album FAMOUS MICROPHONE . </Li> <Li> On Angel Heart , a music storybook . Arranged by David Sanford and performed by countertenor Daniel Taylor , baritone Sanford Sylvan , mandolinist Mike Marshall , and cellist Matt Haimovitz and his all - cello ensemble Uccello . </Li> <Li> Phish covered the song on October 31 , 1994 as part of a full set covering the entire White Album . It can be found on Live Phish Volume 13 . </Li> <Li> Hirini `` Sidney '' Melbourne , a New Zealand Māori , used some of the melody for his song `` Nga Pipi O Te Pipiwharauroa ( Chicks of the Shining Cuckoo ) '' on the 1979 album Children of Tāne . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Carlin 2009 , p. 172 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Miles 1997 , pp. 423 , 490 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sheff 2000 , p. 200 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Beatles Bible 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morin 1998 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 80 - ' Mother Nature 's Son ' '' . 100 Greatest Beatles Songs . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 305 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Live Phish , Vol. 13 : 10 / 31 / 94 , Glens Falls Civic Center , Glens Falls , NY - Phish '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Children of Tāne at Discogs '' . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` Mother Nature 's Son '' . The Beatles Bible . 2009 . Retrieved 14 April 2009 . </Li> <Li> Miles , Barry ( 1997 ) . Paul McCartney : Many Years From Now . New York : Henry Holt & Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5249 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Morin , Cari ( 1998 ) . The Evolution of Beatles ' Recording Technology . </Li> <Li> Sheff , David ( 2000 ) . All We Are Saying : The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 25464 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Carlin , Peter ( 2009 ) . Paul McCartney : A Life . ISBN 1 - 4165 - 6209 - 5 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Alan W. Pollack 's Notes on `` Mother Nature 's Son '' </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Beatles ( White Album ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songs </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Side one </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' </Li> <Li> `` Dear Prudence '' </Li> <Li> `` Glass Onion '' </Li> <Li> `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' </Li> <Li> `` Wild Honey Pie '' </Li> <Li> `` The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill '' </Li> <Li> `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' </Li> <Li> `` Happiness Is a Warm Gun '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Side two </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Martha My Dear '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'm So Tired '' </Li> <Li> `` Blackbird '' </Li> <Li> `` Piggies '' </Li> <Li> `` Rocky Raccoon '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Pass Me By '' </Li> <Li> `` Why Do n't We Do It in the Road ? '' </Li> <Li> `` I Will '' </Li> <Li> `` Julia '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Side three </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Birthday '' </Li> <Li> `` Yer Blues '' </Li> <Li> `` Mother Nature 's Son '' </Li> <Li> `` Everybody 's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey '' </Li> <Li> `` Sexy Sadie '' </Li> <Li> `` Helter Skelter '' </Li> <Li> `` Long , Long , Long '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Side four </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Revolution 1 '' </Li> <Li> `` Honey Pie '' </Li> <Li> `` Savoy Truffle '' </Li> <Li> `` Cry Baby Cry '' </Li> <Li> `` Revolution 9 '' </Li> <Li> `` Good Night '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Outtakes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` A Beginning '' </Li> <Li> `` Child of Nature '' </Li> <Li> `` Circles '' </Li> <Li> `` Etcetera '' </Li> <Li> `` Junk '' </Li> <Li> `` Not Guilty '' </Li> <Li> `` Sour Milk Sea '' </Li> <Li> `` What 's the New Mary Jane '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Non-album single </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Beatles discography </Li> <Li> The Beatles in India </Li> <Li> Mother Nature 's Son </Li> <Li> The Grey Album </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Please Please Me </Li> <Li> With the Beatles </Li> <Li> A Hard Day 's Night </Li> <Li> Beatles for Sale </Li> <Li> Help ! </Li> <Li> Rubber Soul </Li> <Li> Revolver </Li> <Li> Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band </Li> <Li> Magical Mystery Tour </Li> <Li> The Beatles ( White Album ) </Li> <Li> Yellow Submarine </Li> <Li> Abbey Road </Li> <Li> Let It Be </Li> <Li> Past Masters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mother_Nature%27s_Son&oldid=799347067 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> The Beatles songs </Li> <Li> John Denver songs </Li> <Li> Song recordings produced by George Martin </Li> <Li> 1968 songs </Li> <Li> Songs written by Lennon -- McCartney </Li> <Li> Harry Nilsson songs </Li> <Li> Songs published by Northern Songs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use British English from July 2011 </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from July 2011 </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 04 : 04 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Michael Scofield - wikipedia <H1> Michael Scofield </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Michael Scofield </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Prison Break character </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> Wentworth Miller Dylan Minnette ( Young Scofield ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> `` Pilot '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Profile </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other names </Th> <Td> Fish ( in Fox River ) Uncle Mike ( by L.J. ) Papi ( by Sucre ) Snowflake ( by C - Note ) Pretty ( by T - Bag ) College Boy ( by Bellick ) Path ( by Haywire ) Phineas McClintock ( S2E01 ) Tattoo ( S2E08 ) by T - Bag Wayne Merrick ( S2E09 ) Michael Crane ( S2E15 ) Michael Angelo ( S2E21 ) Superstar ( S3E01 ) Waterboy ( S3E04 ) Blanco ( In Sona by Sami ) Engineer ( S3E11 ) Officer Mathers ( S4E04 ) Kevin Freeling ( Hospital ; Season 4 ) Kaniel Outis ( In Ogygia ; Season 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Structural Engineer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Family </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Father </Th> <Td> Aldo Burrows </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mother </Th> <Td> Christina Rose Scofield </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Siblings </Th> <Td> Lincoln Burrows </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wife </Th> <Td> Sara Tancredi Nika Volek ( ex-wife by Vegas marriage ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> Mike Scofield </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nephews </Th> <Td> L.J. Burrows </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Michael J. Scofield , portrayed by Wentworth Miller , is a fictional character and one of the two protagonists of the American television series Prison Break . The character first appeared in the series pilot , in which he deliberately sends himself to prison so as to break his elder brother , Lincoln Burrows ( Dominic Purcell ) , out before his execution for a crime he did not commit . The storyline of the first season revolves around the two brothers and Michael 's plan to help Lincoln escape his death sentence . Later seasons detail their life on the run and their quest for the truth behind Lincoln 's imprisonment . As the principal character , Michael has been featured in every episode of the series . Although both Lincoln and Michael are the main protagonists of the series , Michael has been featured more extensively than Lincoln , especially in the first season and the third . </P> <P> Various flashbacks from subsequent episodes provide further insight into the relationship between Michael and his brother , and the reasons behind Michael 's determination in helping Lincoln to escape his death sentence . In the episode flashbacks , the younger Michael is played by Dylan Minnette . </P> <P> It is later revealed that Michael has low latent inhibition , a psychological condition in which one sees the world as pieces , rather than mere objects . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Appearances <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Season 1 </Li> <Li> 1.2 Season 2 </Li> <Li> 1.3 Season 3 </Li> <Li> 1.4 Season 4 </Li> <Li> 1.5 The Final Break </Li> <Li> 1.6 Season 5 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Concept and creation <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Character creation </Li> <Li> 2.2 Portrayal </Li> <Li> 2.3 Tattoo </Li> <Li> 2.4 Other </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Characteristics </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Appearances ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Season 1 ( edit ) </H3> <P> The opening scene of the series shows Michael 's final preparation of his plan to infiltrate Fox River State Penitentiary ; a tattooist is applying the finishing touches to Michael 's tattoo , which is prominently featured in the first season . In order to get into Fox River , Michael robs a bank at gun point and pleads no contest at his trial , and requests that he be sent to the prison nearest to his home . Michael begins his sentence on April 11 , exactly a month before Lincoln is set to be executed . Once there , he scrutinizes every detail regarding the prison and its inhabitants . </P> <P> Given Scofield 's educational background , inmates and correctional officers alike would often wonder why a man of Michael 's credentials would have thrown such a privileged life away to end up in a state penitentiary . Even more intriguing are his weird `` habits '' ; he is often seen conversing discreetly with his brother during Prison Industry time and Chapel time ; and the fact that he tends to execute a highly defined stare around Fox River 's boundaries immediately from the point he got incarcerated as well as being called personally on command by the prison 's warden himself , Henry Pope . </P> <P> The season follows Michael as he puts his plan into action while overcoming various obstacles . In the first 13 episodes , Michael is seen to have a specific objective in each episode that he must accomplish in order to build an escape route out of the prison . On the way , he recruits a number of people to aid in the escape : his cellmate Fernando Sucre ( Amaury Nolasco ) to help him dig , mob boss John Abruzzi ( Peter Stormare ) to get him on PI ( Prison Industries ) and provide air transport once they escape , and Charles Westmoreland ( Muse Watson ) , who he believes to be D.B. Cooper and can help finance their lives as fugitives . </P> <P> Michael feigns type 1 diabetes , giving him daily access to the infirmary ( the escapees ' exit point from the prison ) and allowing him to build a relationship with Dr. Sara Tancredi ( Sarah Wayne Callies ) , who happens to be the daughter of Frank Tancredi ( John Heard ) , the Governor of Illinois . After agreeing to help Warden Henry Pope ( Stacy Keach ) finish his Taj Mahal replica in his office , Michael also forms a friendship with Pope . He also later stages `` brief insanity '' to gain access to the penitentiary 's premises to gain contact with one of its insane inhabitants gifted with photographic memory , in order to re-acquire the portion of the tattooed blueprint that he lost after coming into contact with a steaming hot piece of metal . </P> <P> Michael 's relationship with Sara is featured prominently in the nineteenth episode , `` The Key '' , where he fails to steal the key to the infirmary from her . Although she finds out about his motive for being in the infirmary in the following episode , Sara decides to help Michael by leaving the infirmary door unlocked on the night of the escape . Towards the end of the season , Michael finally succeeds in helping his brother escape from Fox River State Penitentiary through the window of the infirmary , but also aids the escape of six other prisoners . </P> <H3> Season 2 ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the second season of the series , the story continues to follow Michael , his brother and other escapees as they try to evade the authorities pursuing them . Away from the prison setting , Michael and Lincoln are frequently featured in scenes together in the first seven episodes . Michael and Lincoln travel together , after the fugitives separate to accomplish each of their individual goals . When they fail to retrieve L.J. Burrows before his trial , they decide to head to Utah to find Westmoreland 's hidden money . There , they reunite with four of the other escapees : Sucre , C - Note ( Rockmond Dunbar ) , T - Bag ( Robert Knepper ) and Tweener ( Lane Garrison ) . </P> <P> The seventh episode of the season , `` Buried '' marks the first time Lincoln and Michael separate , when Lincoln decides to go after his son , L.J. , who has been released from prison . Michael fails to retrieve the money after being fooled by T - Bag . Nevertheless , Michael continues to execute his plan in order to meet the coyote at the ' Bolshoi Booze ' location . Prior to leaving for ' Bolshoi Booze ' , Michael meets Sara at the location which he encoded in his messages to her inside the origami cranes . Thinking that she had declined his invitation to Panama , Michael goes to meet the coyote , who has the location of an escape plane to Mexico . There , Michael is reunited with Lincoln , Sucre and the brothers ' father , Aldo Burrows ( Anthony Denison ) . </P> <P> When Aldo is killed by Agent Alexander Mahone ( William Fichtner ) , Michael and Lincoln decide to confront `` The Company '' and the conspiracy , and bid farewell to Sucre , who alights the getaway plane to Mexico . After a brief capture by Mahone , Michael and Lincoln are aided in their escape by Paul Kellerman ( Paul Adelstein ) , who turns against The Company in an act of self - preservation . Kellerman takes them to Terrence Steadman , the man Lincoln is accused of murdering . Steadman 's suicide forces Michael , Lincoln and Kellerman to find Sara since she holds the key to unlocking information that can expose the conspiracy . After Sara joins them , Michael , Lincoln and Kellerman head to Chicago , where Sara 's father has hidden the information . On the way , Sara tells Michael that she has fallen in love with him and later in the same episode Michael reveals that he feels the same . </P> <P> With the help of former Fox River warden Henry Pope , Michael and Sara succeed in getting the USB drive in Frank Tancredi 's private locker . After leaving Kellerman behind , Lincoln , Michael and Sara soon find that the recorded conversation on the USB flash drive could not be used as evidence due to its modified time - stamp , and decide to blackmail Reynolds instead . When this also fails , Michael and Lincoln are forced to escape to Panama ; they are also forced to leave Sara behind after she is arrested . Upon discovering that T - Bag is in Panama City , Michael decides to capture him , which he successfully does . When Michael returns his boat with Westmoreland 's money to find Lincoln missing , he receives a call from Mahone , who demands the boat and the money in exchange for Lincoln 's life . Michael outsmarts Mahone and escapes with Lincoln . At his new boat , Michael and Lincoln are reunited with Sara , who tells them that Lincoln has been exonerated after Kellerman 's testimony . </P> <P> Their happiness is short - lived when Agent Kim ( Reggie Lee ) arrives and threatens to kill Lincoln and take Michael to Sona , which causes Sara to shoot him . As the three flee from the scene with the police pursuing them , Michael and Sara separate from Lincoln and end up surrounded in a small isolated shack . After expressing their love for each other , they leave the shack . Unbeknownst to Sara , Michael confesses to Kim 's killing and is arrested in her place . Michael is imprisoned at the Penitenciaría Federal de Sona ( Sona Federal Penitentiary ) . Michael is the fifth member of the Fox River Eight to be arrested by the authorities , and the second not to die upon interception . </P> <H3> Season 3 ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the season premiere , Michael witnesses a brutal duel between inmates , the usual manner of settling disputes at Sona . He unintentionally makes an enemy of a convicted influential drug lord in the penitentiary , Lechero . Lincoln informs Michael that The Company needs him to break somebody out of Sona ( James Whistler ) , and that they have taken Sara and LJ hostage to ensure his cooperation . He began to look for Whistler , only to find that he has a bounty on his head : whoever kills him can receive exoneration from the mayor of Panama City . As a result , Whistler had gone into hiding in the sewers . Eventually , he found him and successfully persuades Lechero to remove the bounty on his head . </P> <P> With seven days to bust Whistler out of prison , Michael tried to take matters into his own hands and uses it to contact Sara and receive a coded message about her location . He relays this information to Linc , who unsuccessfully attempts to rescue Sara and LJ ; Sara is apparently killed as a result . Michael then purposely shorts out the power , causing Lechero to call on Michael to fix it . Michael restores power to the prison and also manages to restore power to a previously broken electric fence . It is revealed that Michael fixed the fence so that the electricity will superheat a chemical that Sucre ( who was hired as the new grave digger ) sprays on it , as the heated chemical is able to melt steel . </P> <P> Michael spies on the Sona tower guards but is seen by the second one , due to the lens glare . He observed that at 3 : 13 p.m. , there would be a glare which causes one of the guards to look over to the other side . After a small raid takes place , the prisoners are rounded up in the yard . Captain Hurtado questions Michael to the point that he unholsters his pistol and puts it to Michael 's head . Whistler manages to intervene on Michael 's behalf . With the help of Mahone , Michael concluded that by drugging one of the guard 's coffee , they could distract that guard . As the escape plan continues Michael finally learns of Sara 's death , which has a devastating impact on him . In a moment of weakness he seems to challenge Whistler to a duel death but this reveals to be only a diversion for the escape . This escape ultimately fails . </P> <P> When The Company decided to rescue Whistler themselves , Michael foils their plans but he was suspected of such an operation . At the end of the episode he is being escorted out of Sona and is kept in solitary , being interrogated . He evenly relented and told them about Whistler , who then revealed that Gretchen Morgan is in charge of the operation . Later Michael finds out the officers that were with Gretchen have been killed . Michael and Whistler are returned to Sona . It was then when they turned to a new escape plan , with the help of Lechero , and that is through an underground tunnel . </P> <P> Later in the tunnels with Mahone , Whistler and Lechero , he says they need braces to hold up the escape tunnel . Then , when part of the tunnel is about to fall , Michael puts a little piece of metal in to hold it up . Their escape plan was jeopardized with Sammy taking over Sona prison and investigating their escape , but Sammy was killed after the tunnel fell upon him . It is then revealed that Michael killed Sammy by taking out that little metal piece . McGrady joined the team in the escape . Later Michael , Whistler , Mahone , and McGrady escape from Sona , with Lechero , T - Bag and Bellick caught during the escape . </P> <P> Michael successfully tricks Gretchen into giving LJ and Sofia back safely . When a shootout begins out a museum in Panama , Michael grabs the gun from Linc 's car and has Gretchen in his sights , but she escapes when police start to shoot at her . Later on outside the hospital , LJ gave him the same origami rose that Michael had given to Sara on her birthday . Fueled by revenge , he bids farewell to his family as he goes on a solo mission to hunt down Gretchen . </P> <H3> Season 4 ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the season premiere , Michael has tracked down Gretchen and Whistler to Los Angeles as he prepares to avenge Sara 's death . When Michael has both Gretchen and Whistler at gunpoint , Gretchen reveals to him that she had lied about killing Sara Tancredi . Unsure whether or not to believe her , Michael contacts Lincoln and then Bruce . When both Michael and Lincoln get arrested , Don Self tells them that they can either bring down The Company and get Scylla ( A key card that stores every bit of information about The Company -- essentially their `` little black book '' ) or go to jail . They refuse and are bailed out by Bruce . Bruce takes them to Sara where Michael and she joyfully reunite . A hired assassin named Wyatt eventually hunts them down and tries to assassinate them at Sara 's safe house . It is then that Michael and everyone decide to take Self 's offer . They are joined by Mahone , Sucre , and Bellick in their mission . To blend in with the crowds , Michael gets his tattoos removed via laser surgery . Throughout further episodes , Michael is seen to be experiencing health problems , getting nosebleeds and suddenly clutching his head in pain . He hides these from Lincoln and Sara , but in the episode `` Safe and Sound '' Michael experiences a bloody nose that he could not hide from Lincoln . Michael tells his brother `` It 's not a big deal . '' and Lincoln replies `` It was a big deal when you were thirteen ... '' It appears that Michael shared the condition with his mother ; she during her childhood had frequent nosebleeds that stopped but resumed shortly before she died at the age of 31 of a brain aneurysm . This death was a discrepancy that was never directly explained when she turned out to be alive later in the season , however based on a statement by the General regarding prior results of a surgery , and later information revealed about Michael 's mother , the explanation of the discrepancy is subtly implied . Michael is experiencing nosebleeds for the first time since 13 and is about to turn 31 . In the episode `` The Legend '' , Michael is no longer able to hide his sickness as he collapses in the warehouse . Sara takes Michael to the hospital where the doctors diagnoses him with a hypothalamic hamartoma , advising that emergency surgery is required or he might die . </P> <P> Unwilling to go into surgery until they get Scylla , Michael receives temporary treatment from Sara and goes onwards with their plans to break into The Company . Although the group eventually succeeds in getting Scylla , Self betrays them and takes it for himself to try to sell it . Michael , however , had taken a small piece of Scylla and Self needs that piece to make Scylla complete . Self goes back to find Michael and shoots the warehouse and a gas tanker to try to force them out . Fortunately , Lincoln was not in the warehouse at the time , and upon discovering Self 's car outside , he finds Self at the top of a building and knocks him unconscious . They bring Self in and are about to get Scylla when Gretchen holds the group at gunpoint , allowing Self and herself to escape . Everyone except Mahone head to the hotel Self and Gretchen are staying at . Michael tampers with the ladder outside so that when Self tries to escape , it comes loose and Self falls to the ground . Michael takes this opportunity to grab Scylla from an unconscious Self , but as he is running away his nose starts to bleed profusely . He begins losing his balance and blacks out , falling to the ground . Self then catches up and takes back Scylla . As he is preparing to shoot Michael , Company agents appear and start shooting at Self . Self jumps into Gretchen 's van and they escape . The Company agents lift an unconscious Michael into their van and drive away , with Lincoln running after them . </P> <P> Michael is then shown in a hospital bed , connected to many machines . A hand rests on his , and it is revealed that this is General Krantz . Lincoln visits The Company 's headquarters and asks General Krantz to allow him to see his brother . The General leads Lincoln to Michael , assuring him that Michael is under the best medical care and that The Company 's technology is years ahead of those currently provided to the general public . He also tells Lincoln that the only way they will operate and save Michael is if Lincoln brings Scylla back . In addition , General Krantz gives Lincoln a folder labeled `` TOMBSTONE II '' , telling him that it is `` added incentive . '' With Mahone arrested by Agent Lang and Agent Wheeler , it is now up to Lincoln , Sucre , and Sara to retrieve Scylla from Don Self and Gretchen and to save Michael . </P> <P> With Sara by his side , Michael wakes up disoriented and weak . He asks her which hospital he is in , but Sara merely assures him he does not need to worry about it and that there are good doctors here to treat him . While Lincoln and Sucre go after Scylla , Sara stays with Michael and watches over him while he undergoes surgery . The procedure that The Company doctors use on Michael is nothing like anything Sara has seen before . General Krantz tells her that while the procedure is experimental , it has been used once before on a patient who ended up living a long and happy life . Because of the surgery , all of Michael 's senses become active at the same time , causing him to have his life flash before his eyes . He suddenly sees himself back in his old cell at Fox River , with Charles Westmoreland greeting him . While conversing with Westmoreland and trying to figure out the truth behind Scylla in his subconscious , the Michael in surgery is dying and begins to flatline . The Company doctor injects an unknown serum into Michael as Sara panics and rushes to Michael 's side , telling him not to give up . After finally realizing what Scylla really is and hearing Sara 's voice , Michael wakes up . </P> <P> Later on , Michael tells Sara that he had a dream about Scylla , and he explains that Scylla is not actually The Company 's little black book , but knowledge regarding a chemical combination that can produce energy equivalent to that of the sun 's . Lincoln visits Michael shortly after , who is shocked to find out that Lincoln is willing to work with The Company to retrieve Scylla . He attempts to convince Lincoln to stop what he is doing and that The Company can not be trusted , but Lincoln gives Michael the `` TOMBSTONE II '' folder and reveals to him that their mother used to work for The Company before she died , and that he is just `` following the family business . '' A preview after the season 4 finale shows Lincoln on the phone with Michael and says he will stop at nothing to get Scylla . Michael replies saying he will stop at nothing to stop Lincoln from succeeding . </P> <P> Michael and Sara are seen exiting a pizza restaurant when a Company assassin tries to kill them . They escape . They then bribe a truck driver to let them hitchhike with him , fearing police . He calls Lincoln and tells him he will stop him from getting Scylla and reveals that their mother is alive . The truck is eventually pulled over and searched for Michael and Sara , by an unidentified man . He pretends he does not see anything and he murders the truck driver , placing a phone call stating that he has them . Michael and Sara try to call Lincoln , but they lose the signal and the back lifter is stuck so they smash a vending machine to open the side door and they escape with the guy chasing after them . Michael kills him and takes a note from him asking who sent him . The guy 's last words were , `` Not Krantz . '' He then dies . </P> <P> Michael and Sara stay at one of Sara 's old friend , Deb 's vacation apartment , with whom she went to med school . Michael and Sara check the note they took from their abductor . It reads : I10R4AZMS = I - 10 near route 4 in Arizona Michael Scofield . The back side reads B2348ROCKWELL1630VS , which they do not understand . Michael texts Lincoln to meet up with him , but instead Mahone comes . Mahone asks if Michael can explain his plan against The Company and Michael refuses to , since Mahone is working with The Company . Michael learns that Christina ordered their abductor to bring them to her , but not kill them . This provides greater incentive to Michael to want to take down The Company . They head to Rockwell Avenue , where they find a car , gun , money , a cellphone and directions to a location they need to go . They head to an airport and check through a flight log list for the initials VS ; they discover the name Vincent Sandinsky . They abduct Sandinsky and a car chase ensues . They are captured and Christina orders Michael and Sara to be killed ; before they can be executed , The Company agents are killed by Lincoln , Mahone , and Self . Lincoln advises Michael to leave , but he refuses . Lincoln takes Sandinsky with him as a hostage . Michael and Sara , however , took Sandinsky 's cellphone which reveals he and Christina used to be lovers . Also in this episode ( Vs . ) it is revealed Sara is pregnant with Michael 's child . </P> <P> In the next episode , `` S.O.B. '' , Michael calls Lincoln and informs him that Sandinsky knows everything . Lincoln advises him to leave Miami , but Michael still refuses . Michael calls Christina and wants to meet with her to make an arrangement if he gets Scylla . She agrees , and , along with her men , heads to the warehouse where Michael and Sara are . They search the warehouse and Michael puts baggies filled with chemicals inside Christina 's SUV and puts the air conditioning on , setting it to full . When Christina and her men return to the car , she starts it and when the heat hits the bags , the chemicals evaporate , suffocating the occupants . Michael and Sara take this opportunity to abduct Christina and tie her up and put her in the trunk . When she regains consciousness , and she reveals to Michael that Lincoln is not his brother . His real parents , who were Company agents , were killed . Aldo adopted Lincoln when he was three . She never loved Lincoln like she loved Michael . Michael says Lincoln was a brother more than she was a mother : She left , he stayed , he fed him , kept him off the streets and kept him in school . According to the writer of the episode , Karyn Usher , on the episode audio commentary , what she told Michael was in fact a lie . Christina does not want Michael to keep saving Lincoln . Michael demands to know where Lincoln is , and she does not answer until Michael attempts to torture her . She reveals the location at an Energy Conference . Michael leaves , leaving Sara to watch Christina . Michael meets Lincoln at the Energy Conference where the Indian Prime Minister 's son , Naveen Banerjee , is assassinated by Christina 's men . Lincoln and Michael reunite , whereby Michael reveals to Lincoln that Christina set them up . The police then pursue them . </P> <P> In the episode `` Killing Your Number '' , Michael is forced to save Lincoln from the clutches of his mother , or save Sara from the clutches of The Company . Michael is forced to try to kill his mother , but , when the gun is out of ammunition , Sara kills Christina , saving Michael . He manages to save both and hands Scylla to Paul Kellerman . After this Michael , Lincoln , Sara , Mahone , and Sucre are exonerated . After Sara and Michael have a thoughtful walk on the beach about the new baby coming , we see four years have passed and Sara and her child are in Panama . After her son , Michael , receives a temporary tattoo , she tell him that they are going to see his father . Sara , her child , Lincoln , Sucre , and Mahone meet at a beach , and walk up to a grave labeled `` Michael J. Scofield '' and Sara places flowers ( lilies ) on Michael 's gravestone . </P> <H3> The final Break ( edit ) </H3> <P> The movie starts with Michael and Sara getting married . They have a celebration at a restaurant by the beach , which is interrupted by a squadron of FBI agents who pull up to the area . They arrest Sara for the murder of Christina Hamilton ( Christina Scofield ) . The only footage they had of the scene was where you could only see Sara shooting Christina , but not Christina 's gun . Sara ends up in prison right across from the General and T - Bag . Michael is not allowed to see Sara as the FBI suspect he is planning an escape . As Michael , Lincoln , Sucre , and Mahone plan the escape , Mahone admits that he was approached to be an under cover for the FBI to get his job back . </P> <P> In prison Sara is almost assassinated with rat - poison as General Krantz put a bounty of $100,000 on Sara . A man in the male prison tells T - Bag that his girl can do it for $40,000 , however when her and Sara duel Gretchen comes in and kills Sara 's attacker . When Gretchen figures out Sara is escaping , Gretchen tells Sara that she wants to come , and uses her saving of Sara as proof she can be trusted . In a secret code , Michael tells Sara to meet him at the chapel for the escape . </P> <P> Mahone tells the FBI that Michael decided to parachute into the prison . As a dummy drops in by parachute Michael sneaks under the FBI agent 's car who is in charge of preventing the escape . Sara and Gretchen try to get to the Chapel by starting a riot . In the midst of the riot Gretchen gets shanked by another prisoner . Sara and Gretchen quietly sneak to the chapel , however Gretchen gets caught without revealing Sara 's location . Sara continues and meets up with Michael . They eventually get to the exit point , but when Michael 's key card does n't work as expected , he tells Sara to carry on without him . Michael grabs the generator wires and puts two together to knock out the power . The door opens , but Sara sees an explosion as she leaves . Sara is unable to speak and Mahone informs everyone he is gone and they need to leave . Upon leaving , Mahone shows Sara and Lincoln Michael 's medical records that he did not have much longer to live , and gave them a DVD on which Michael expresses his love to them both as well as his unborn child . </P> <H3> Season 5 ( edit ) </H3> <P> Seven years after his apparent death , Michael resurfaces in Yemen , held in Ogygia Prison . A photo of Michael is sent to Fox River Penitentiary , given to the recently released Theodore Bagwell . Taking the photo , Lincoln travels to Yemen , alongside old friend C - Note . Michael is shown to be under a new alias , Kaniel Outis , does not acknowledge Lincoln or C - Note , claiming not to know them . It is gradually revealed that Michael , along with a fellow prisoner named Whip , are undercover CIA operatives , but were betrayed by a mastermind agent known as Poseidon . </P> <H2> Concept and creation ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Character creation ( edit ) </H3> <P> The character was conceived after Paul Scheuring , Prison Break 's creator , developed an idea by another producer , about a man who deliberately imprisons himself to break somebody out . From the initial proposal , Scheuring then justified the character and story by making him a structural engineer who worked at the architecture firm that had access to the prison 's blueprints . The name was originally used in Roald Dahl 's collection of short stories , Someone like you , as Michael Scofield . </P> <H3> Portrayal ( edit ) </H3> <P> Michael J Scofield is portrayed by Wentworth Miller . For most of the first season of the show , Miller utilized a limited range of facial expressions which generated both positive and negative criticisms . It was for this performance in the first season that Miller was nominated for a Golden Globe . The Washington Post criticized Miller 's performance as being `` the most oppressive '' and how `` the actor apparently thinks it looks cool for him always to be scanning the surroundings ... '' Entertainment Weekly recognized the numerous scenes the actor was present in by saying that `` it 's Miller 's show '' and on his performance , they stated that his `` Michael Scofield has the silky voice of a sociopath , the resigned stance of a long - distance runner , and the deadpan delivery of Macaulay Culkin at his Uncle Buck best . '' On the other hand , The New York Times commented that although Miller does not show a wide range of emotion , `` he projects an unflappable determination that confounds his fellow prisoners ... '' Regarding his character , Miller says , `` First season , I think part of my challenge was to create , hopefully , a compelling character . But at the same time , there were so many things I could never show , because standing next to Abruzzi or T - Bag or Bellick , I could not afford to be vulnerable . I could not afford to crack a smile . '' </P> <P> In the show 's second season , the character of Michael Scofield shows a wider range of emotions as Miller explains , `` He 's going to have some lighter , more colorful shades ... now that he 's off with his brother , around whom I think Michael is willing to show a side of himself that he 's not with others , there 's a lot more that I can explore . '' </P> <H3> Tattoo ( edit ) </H3> <P> The tattoo , which covers the entire upper body of Michael Scofield , is featured extensively in the first season of the show and to a lesser extent in the second season . It contributes a major part to the plot of the series , containing various details of the protagonist 's plan to escape from prison and from the country . Incorporated within the tattoo are the blueprints of the prison in which the protagonists are incarcerated during the first season . </P> <P> Wentworth Miller , who plays Michael Scofield , has commented that questions about the tattoo are amongst the most frequently asked questions when he is interviewed about the show . In the first episode of season four , Michael refused to take any painkillers during a night - long session in which the tattoos were removed by laser . </P> <P> Designed by Tom Berg and created by Tinsley Transfers , the tattoo took around five hours to be applied onto Miller . When the entire tattoo does not need to be shown , for example , in scenes where the actor is wearing a T - shirt , only the forearm pieces of the tattoo are applied . </P> <H3> Other ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the series pilot , Michael 's jail entrance form held by Bellick shows that the character was born on September 8 , 1978 in Toledo , Ohio ( and the date in the Prison Break : The Conspiracy game states July 2 , 1972 . The birthdate is inconsistent with the characters ' dialogue in later episodes . In `` By the Skin and the Teeth '' , Michael remarks to Lincoln that their fathers left them thirty years ago . Since the series is set in the year 2005 , the birth date shown on the prop can not be considered as canon . Thus Michael is 27 years old since last episode in Season 3 , `` Vamonos '' , took place on June 24 , 2005 . This is according to the expired one week ultimatum given by The Company to Michael for breaking out James Whistler . His age is stated by Lincoln for the first time in `` Five the Hard Way '' as 31 , meaning all the facts above can not be canon . It 's also stated Michael is born in 1976 in the episode `` The Mother Lode '' , but in `` Killing Your Number '' it 's retconned to October 8 , 1974 . </P> <P> Before imprisonment into Fox River State Penitentiary Michael lived at 440 West Ardmore Avenue , Apartment 11 Chicago , Illinois 60660 . </P> <H2> Characteristics ( edit ) </H2> <P> Michael is described as `` always scanning the surroundings '' , and `` has the silky voice of a sociopath ( and ) the resigned stance of a long - distance runner '' and projected an unflappable determination that confounded his fellow prisoners , as , being close to Abruzzi or T - Bag or Bellick , he could not afford to be vulnerable or even appear human . Later , following the escape , Michael , now off with his brother , around whom Michael was willing to show a side of himself that he was not with the others ; something that is lighter and more colorful . Michael often is outwardly taciturn and stoic , rarely allowing the dangerous element he 's frequently surrounded by to penetrate his thoughts . Michael has been clinically diagnosed with low latent inhibition , a condition in which his brain is more open to incoming stimuli in the surrounding environment . As a result of this condition , he is unable to block out periphery information and instead processes every aspect and detail of any given stimulus . This , combined with a high IQ ( as a psychiatrist explains ) theoretically makes him a creative genius . His intelligence is well noticed even by his enemies e.g. with Mahone in Season 2 making various comments about Michael 's intelligence , even holding a certain admiration to him after successfully breaking out of two prisons ( Fox River and Sona ) . He is even offered a place in The Company . </P> <P> Due to a feeling of abandonment and abuse during childhood , Michael developed and has very low , or absolutely no sense of , self - worth . With the low latent inhibition , this has made him become very attuned to all the suffering around him . As a result of being unable to block out other people 's suffering , he is extremely empathetic and altruistic towards other people 's emotions ; this explains Michael 's desire to make huge sacrifices to help others -- he is more concerned with other people 's welfare than his own . This particular attribute is apparently the product of his detrimental experience during childhood , where , as a child , his abusive foster father would often beat him and have him locked up inside a closet ; and by doing so , Michael 's eyes begin to adjust to the darkened environment , allowing him to scan objects around him which he can use for his own convenience . </P> <P> Michael had a very strong moral sense and was cool and reasonable . He knew that if he or his allies turn to kill rather than subdue their enemies , they will gradually lose themselves and eventually everything . Bellick , `` T - Bag '' , Whistler and overall Gretchen , all people with much blood on their hands are only alive or survived as long as they did because Michael spared them . </P> <P> Michael 's enhanced creative ability allowed him to design a tattoo with a hidden blueprint of Fox River Penitentiary that normal people could n't discern . Over the course of four months , Michael had specific sections of the prison tattooed onto his upper body , hidden within gothic imagery . Each part of his tattoo had to be precise , which provoked the tattooist 's comment to Mahone about Michael being a `` detail Nazi '' and that the tattoo was `` some sort of inside joke '' that only he got . </P> <P> Michael was also shown to be meticulous and well - prepared as he used his knowledge and intellect to achieve each step of his escape plan . With time , however , Michael developed ( or was possibly born with ) improvisation techniques . Tossed into Sona , he developed an escape plan , which ultimately fails . The failure leads to another escape plan which Michael realizes is a threat to his and Lincoln 's safety , and stops it . After he escapes Sona and brings down The Company Michael orchestrates from the outside a plan to break Sara out of prison in a relatively short amount of time . The plan is successful but costs him his life in the process . This event is present in the movie Prison Break : The Final Break . Despite this , the return of Prison Break in 2016 casts doubt over his fate , with Garry Newman suggesting that this particular event in the straight to video film is likely to be ignored . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ As shown in the scene where Michael looks at the diary on Henry Pope 's desk after the fight with Abruzzi in the series premiere . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Inside Prison Break : Chain male '' Sydney Morning Herald . February 1 , 2006 . Retrieved on October 22 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Prison Break ' : Sharpen Up Those Spoons '' The Washington Post . August 29 , 2005 . Retrieved on October 22 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Prison Break Entertainment Weekly . August 26 , 2005 . Retrieved on November 17 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jailhouse Heroes Are Hard to Find '' The New York Times . August 29 , 2005 . Retrieved on October 22 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Prison Break actors out of the box '' Toronto Star . August 20 , 2006 . Retrieved on October 22 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wentworth Miller on Prison Break Season Two '' CanMag . August 17 , 2006 . Retrieved on October 22 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ryan , M. , `` Wentworth Miller : Do not ask about the tattoo '' , Chicago Tribune . March 16 , 2006 . Retrieved on March 30 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Prison Break : Season One -- `` Beyond the Ink '' featurette ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . August 8 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wash '' , Prison Break season 2 episode 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ward , Rachel . `` Prison Break returns to TV '' . Telegraph UK . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Prison Break </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Season 1 </Li> <Li> Season 2 </Li> <Li> Season 3 </Li> <Li> Season 4 </Li> <Li> Season 5 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Pilot '' </Li> <Li> `` Allen '' </Li> <Li> `` Cute Poison '' </Li> <Li> `` English , Fitz or Percy '' </Li> <Li> `` Riots , Drills and the Devil '' </Li> <Li> `` Manhunt '' </Li> <Li> `` Rendezvous '' </Li> <Li> `` Bolshoi Booze '' </Li> <Li> `` Disconnect '' </Li> <Li> `` The Killing Box '' </Li> <Li> `` John Doe '' </Li> <Li> `` The Message '' </Li> <Li> `` Chicago '' </Li> <Li> `` Panama '' </Li> <Li> `` Fin Del Camino '' </Li> <Li> `` Scylla '' </Li> <Li> `` Breaking & Entering '' </Li> <Li> `` Shut Down '' </Li> <Li> `` Eagles & Angels '' </Li> <Li> `` Safe & Sound '' </Li> <Li> `` Blow Out '' </Li> <Li> `` Five the Hard Way '' </Li> <Li> `` The Price '' </Li> <Li> `` Greatness Achieved '' </Li> <Li> `` The Legend '' </Li> <Li> `` Quiet Riot '' </Li> <Li> `` Selfless '' </Li> <Li> `` Ogygia '' </Li> <Li> `` Kaniel Outis '' </Li> <Li> `` The Liar '' </Li> <Li> `` The Prisoner 's Dilemma </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Theodore `` T - Bag '' Bagwell </Li> <Li> Brad Bellick </Li> <Li> Lincoln Burrows </Li> <Li> Benjamin Miles `` C - Note '' Franklin </Li> <Li> Paul Kellerman </Li> <Li> Alexander Mahone </Li> <Li> Michael Scofield </Li> <Li> Fernando Sucre </Li> <Li> Sara Tancredi </Li> <Li> Minor characters </Li> <Li> Cast members </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Universe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fox River State Penitentiary </Li> <Li> Penitenciaría Federal de Sona </Li> <Li> The Company </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Final Break ( movie ) </Li> <Li> Proof of Innocence </Li> <Li> The Conspiracy </Li> <Li> Soundtracks <Ul> <Li> Seasons 1 & 2 </Li> <Li> Seasons 3 & 4 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Scofield&oldid=799902658 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Fictional characters from Illinois </Li> <Li> Fictional criminals </Li> <Li> Fictional engineers </Li> <Li> Fictional murderers </Li> <Li> Prison Break characters </Li> <Li> Fictional characters introduced in 2005 </Li> <Li> Fictional prison escapees </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> አማርኛ </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Bosanski </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Kiswahili </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Malagasy </Li> <Li> მარგალური </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 14 : 17 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Orbit of the Moon - wikipedia <H1> Orbit of the Moon </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Dl> <Dd> Not to be confused with Lunar orbit ( the orbit of an object around the Moon ) . </Dd> </Dl> <Table> Orbit of the Moon <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Diagram of the Moon 's orbit with respect to the Earth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Property </Th> <Th> Value </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Semi-major axis </Td> <Td> 384,748 km ( 239,071 mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mean distance </Td> <Td> 385,000 km ( 239,000 mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Inverse sine parallax </Td> <Td> 384,400 km ( 238,900 mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Perigee ( i.e. min . distance from Earth ) </Td> <Td> 362,600 km ( 225,300 mi ) ( avg . ) ( 356 400 -- 370 400 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Apogee ( i.e. max . distance from Earth ) </Td> <Td> 405,400 km ( 251,900 mi ) ( avg . ) ( 404 000 -- 406 700 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mean eccentricity </Td> <Td> 6998549006000000000 ♠ 0.054 9006 ( 0.026 -- 0.077 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mean obliquity </Td> <Td> 6.687 ° </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mean inclination </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> of orbit to ecliptic </Td> <Td> 5.15 ° ( 4.99 -- 5.30 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> of lunar equator to ecliptic </Td> <Td> 1.543 ° </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Period of </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> orbit around Earth ( sidereal ) </Td> <Td> 27.321 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> orbit around Earth ( synodic ) </Td> <Td> 29.530 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> precession of nodes </Td> <Td> 18.5996 years </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> precession of line of apsides </Td> <Td> 8.8504 years </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Moon orbits Earth in the prograde direction and completes one revolution relative to the stars in approximately 27.323 days ( a sidereal month ) and one revolution relative to the Sun in approximately 29.530 days ( a synodic month ) . Earth and the Moon orbit about their barycentre ( common center of mass ) , which lies about 4,600 km ( 2,900 mi ) from Earth 's center ( about 3 / 4 of the radius of Earth ) . On average , the distance to the Moon is about 385,000 km ( 239,000 mi ) from Earth 's center , which corresponds to about 60 Earth radii . With a mean orbital velocity of 1.022 km / s ( 2,290 mph ) , the Moon appears to move relative to the stars each hour by an amount roughly equal to its angular diameter , or by about half a degree . The Moon differs from most satellites of other planets in that its orbit is close to the plane of the ecliptic , and not to Earth 's equatorial plane . The plane of the lunar orbit is inclined to the ecliptic by about 5 ° , whereas the Moon 's equatorial plane is inclined by only 1.5 ° to the ecliptic . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Properties <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Elliptic shape </Li> <Li> 1.2 Elongation </Li> <Li> 1.3 Rotation </Li> <Li> 1.4 Inclination <Ul> <Li> 1.4. 1 Nodes </Li> <Li> 1.4. 2 Lunar standstill </Li> <Li> 1.4. 3 Scale model </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 History of observations and measurements </Li> <Li> 3 Lunar periods </Li> <Li> 4 Tidal evolution </Li> <Li> 5 Libration </Li> <Li> 6 Path of Earth and Moon around Sun </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Properties ( edit ) </H2> <P> The properties of the orbit described in this section are approximations . The Moon 's orbit around Earth has many irregularities ( perturbations ) , of whose study ( lunar theory ) has a long history . </P> Comparison of the Moon 's apparent size at lunar perigee -- apogee <H3> Elliptic shape ( edit ) </H3> <P> The orbit of the Moon is distinctly elliptical , with an average eccentricity of 0.0549 . The non-circular form of the lunar orbit causes variations in the Moon 's angular speed and apparent size as it moves towards and away from an observer on Earth . The mean angular movement relative to an imaginary observer at the barycentre is 7001131760000000000 ♠ 13.176 ° per day to the east ( Julian day 2000 ) . </P> <H3> Elongation ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Moon 's elongation is its angular distance east of the Sun at any time . At new moon , it is zero and the Moon is said to be in conjunction . At full moon , the elongation is 180 ° and it is said to be in opposition . In both cases , the Moon is in syzygy , that is , the Sun , Moon and Earth are nearly aligned . When elongation is either 90 ° or 270 ° , the Moon is said to be in quadrature . </P> <H3> Rotation ( edit ) </H3> Apsidal precession -- the Moon 's orbit rotates once every 8.85 years . Orbital inclination -- the Moon 's orbit is inclined by 5.14 ° to the ecliptic . Earth 's lunar orbit perturbations <P> The orientation of the orbit is not fixed in space , but rotates over time . This orbital precession is also called apsidal precession and is the rotation of the Moon 's orbit within the orbital plane , i.e. the axes of the ellipse change direction . The Moon 's major axis -- the longest diameter of the orbit , joining its nearest and farthest points , the perigee and apogee , respectively -- makes one complete revolution every 8.85 Earth years , or 3,232.6054 days , as it rotates slowly in the same direction as the Moon itself ( direct motion ) . The Moon 's apsidal precession is distinct from , and should not be confused with its axial precession . </P> <P> For the moon to make a complete rotation on its axis it takes approximately 27.3 days . It takes the moon about this same time to orbit the earth . </P> <H3> Inclination ( edit ) </H3> <P> The mean inclination of the lunar orbit to the ecliptic plane is 5.145 ° . The rotational axis of the Moon is also not perpendicular to its orbital plane , so the lunar equator is not in the plane of its orbit , but is inclined to it by a constant value of 6.688 ° ( this is the obliquity ) . This does not mean that , as a result of the precession of the Moon 's orbital plane , the angle between the lunar equator and the ecliptic would vary between the sum ( 11.833 ° ) and difference ( 1.543 ° ) of these two angles , but , as was discovered by Jacques Cassini in 1722 , the rotational axis of the Moon precesses with the same rate as its orbital plane , but is 180 ° out of phase ( see Cassini 's Laws ) . Therefore , the angle between the ecliptic and the lunar equator is always 1.543 ° , even though the rotational axis of the Moon is not fixed with respect to the stars . </P> <P> Because of the inclination of the moon 's orbit , the moon is above the horizon at the North and South Pole for almost two weeks every month , even though the sun is below the horizon for six months at a time . The period from moonrise to moonrise at the poles is quite close to the sidereal period , or 27.3 days . When the sun is the furthest below the horizon ( winter solstice ) , the moon will be full when it is at its highest point . </P> Nodes ( edit ) Main article : Lunar node <P> The nodes are points at which the Moon 's orbit crosses the ecliptic . The Moon crosses the same node every 27.2122 days , an interval called the draconic or draconitic month . The line of nodes , the intersection between the two respective planes , has a retrograde motion : for an observer on Earth , it rotates westward along the ecliptic with a period of 18.60 years or 19.3549 ° per year . When viewed from the celestial north , the nodes move clockwise around Earth , opposite to Earth 's own spin and its revolution around the Sun . Lunar and solar eclipses can occur when the nodes align with the Sun , roughly every 173.3 days . Lunar orbit inclination also determines eclipses ; shadows cross when nodes coincide with full and new moon when the Sun , Earth , and Moon align in three dimensions . </P> <P> In effect , this means that the `` tropical year '' on the moon is only 347 days long . This is called the draconic year or eclipse year . The `` seasons '' on the moon fit into this period . For about half of this draconic year , the sun is north of the lunar equator ( but at most 1.543 ° ) , and for the other half , it is south of the lunar equator . Obviously , the effect of these seasons is minor compared to the difference between lunar night and lunar day . At the poles , there are no days and nights of about 15 Earth days , but rather the sun will be `` up '' for 173 days at a time . `` Up '' here means that the centre of the sun is above the horizon . The sunrise and sunset at the poles each take about 18 days . These polar sunrises and sunsets occur around the time of eclipses ( solar or lunar ) . For example , at the Solar eclipse of March 9 , 2016 , the moon was near its descending node , and the sun was near the point in the sky where the equator of the moon crosses the ecliptic . When the sun reached that point , the centre of the sunset at the north pole and rose at the south pole . </P> Lunar standstill ( edit ) <P> Every 18.6 years , the angle between the moon 's orbit and the Earth 's equator reaches a maximum of 28 ° 36 ′ ( the sum of the Earth 's inclination 23 ° 27 ′ and the Moon 's inclination 5 ° 09 ′ ) . This is called major lunar standstill . Around this time , the moon 's latitude will vary from − 28 ° 36 ′ to + 28 ° 36 ′ . 9.3 years later , the angle between the moon 's orbit and the Earth 's equator reaches its minimum , 18 ° 20 ′ . This is called a minor lunar standstill . </P> <P> When the inclination of the moon 's orbit to the Earth 's equator is at its minimum of 18 ° 20 ′ , the centre of the moon 's disk will be above the horizon every day as far north and as far south as 90 ° − 18 ° 20 ' or 71 ° 40 ' latitude , whereas when the inclination is at its maximum of 28 ° 36 ' the centre of the moon 's disk will only be above the horizon every day for latitudes less than 90 ° − 28 ° 36 ' or 61 ° 24 ' . At higher latitudes there will be a period of at least a day each month when the moon does not rise , but there will also be a period of at least a day each month during which the moon does not set . This is similar to the behaviour of the sun , but with a period of 27.3 days instead of 365 days . Note that a point on the moon can actually be visible when it is below the horizon by about 34 arc minutes , due to refraction ( see Sunrise ) . </P> Scale model ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> <P> Scale model of the Earth -- Moon system : Sizes and distances are to scale . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> History of observations and measurements ( edit ) </H2> <P> About 1000 BC , the Babylonians were the first human civilization known to have kept a consistent record of lunar observations . Clay tablets from that period , which have been found over the territory of present - day Iraq , are inscribed with cuneiform writing recording the times and dates of moonrises and moonsets , the stars that the Moon passed close by , and the time differences between rising and setting of both the Sun and the Moon around the time of the full moon . Babylonian astronomy discovered the three main periods of the Moon 's motion and used data analysis to build lunar calendars that extended well into the future . This use of detailed , systematic observations to make predictions based on experimental data may be classified as the first scientific study in human history . However , the Babylonians seem to have lacked any geometrical or physical interpretation of their data , and they could not predict future lunar eclipses ( although `` warnings '' were issued before likely eclipse times ) . </P> <P> Ancient Greek astronomers were the first to introduce and analyze mathematical models of the motion of objects in the sky . Ptolemy described lunar motion by using a well - defined geometric model of epicycles and evection . </P> <P> Sir Isaac Newton was the first to develop a complete theory of motion , mechanics . The sheer wealth of humanity 's observations of the lunar motion was the main testbed of his theory . </P> <H2> Lunar periods ( edit ) </H2> See also : Lunar month and Month <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Value ( days ) </Th> <Th> Definition </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sidereal month </Td> <Td> 7001273216620000000 ♠ 27.321 662 </Td> <Td> with respect to the distant stars ( 13.36874634 passes per solar orbit ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Synodic month </Td> <Td> 7001295305890000000 ♠ 29.530 589 </Td> <Td> with respect to the Sun ( phases of the Moon , 12.36874634 passes per solar orbit ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tropical month </Td> <Td> 7001273215820000000 ♠ 27.321 582 </Td> <Td> with respect to the vernal point ( precesses in ~ 26,000 years ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anomalistic month </Td> <Td> 7001275545500000000 ♠ 27.554 550 </Td> <Td> with respect to the perigee ( precesses in 3232.6054 days = 8.850578 years ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Draconic month </Td> <Td> 7001272122210000000 ♠ 27.212 221 </Td> <Td> with respect to the ascending node ( precesses in 6793.4765 days = 18.5996 years ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> There are several different periods associated with the lunar orbit . The sidereal month is the time it takes to make one complete orbit around Earth with respect to the fixed stars . It is about 27.32 days . The synodic month is the time it takes the Moon to reach the same visual phase . This varies notably throughout the year , but averages around 29.53 days . The synodic period is longer than the sidereal period because the Earth -- Moon system moves in its orbit around the Sun during each sidereal month , hence a longer period is required to achieve a similar alignment of Earth , the Sun , and the Moon . The anomalistic month is the time between perigees and is about 27.55 days . The Earth -- Moon separation determines the strength of the lunar tide raising force . </P> <P> The draconic month is the time from ascending node to ascending node . The time between two successive passes of the same ecliptic longitude is called the tropical month . The latter three periods are slightly different from the sidereal month . </P> <P> The average length of a calendar month ( a twelfth of a year ) is about 30.4 days . This is not a lunar period , though the calendar month is historically related to the visible lunar phase . </P> The Moon 's distance from Earth and moon phases in 2014 . Moon phases : 0 ( 1 ) -- new moon , 0.25 -- first quarter , 0.5 -- full moon , 0.75 -- last quarter <H2> Tidal evolution ( edit ) </H2> See also : Tide , Tidal acceleration , and Axial tilt § Long term <P> The gravitational attraction that the Moon exerts on Earth is the cause of tides in the sea ; the Sun has a lesser tidal influence . If Earth had a global ocean of uniform depth , the Moon would act to deform both the solid Earth ( by a small amount ) and the ocean in the shape of an ellipsoid with the high points roughly beneath the Moon and on the opposite side of Earth . However , because of the presence of the continents , Earth 's much faster rotation and varying ocean depths , this simplistic visualisation does not happen . Although the tidal flow period is generally synchronized to the Moon 's orbit around Earth , its relative timing varies greatly . In some places on Earth , there is only one high tide per day , whereas others have four , though this is somewhat rare . </P> <P> The notional tidal bulges are carried ahead of the Earth -- Moon axis by the continents as a result of Earth 's rotation . The eccentric mass of each bulge exerts a small amount of gravitational attraction on the Moon , with the bulge on the side of Earth closest to the Moon pulling in a direction slightly forward along the Moon 's orbit ( because Earth 's rotation has carried the bulge forward ) . The bulge on the side furthest from the Moon has the opposite effect , but because the gravitational attraction varies inversely with the square of distance , the effect is stronger for the near - side bulge . As a result , some of Earth 's angular ( or rotational ) momentum is gradually being transferred to the rotation of the Earth -- Moon pair around their mutual centre of mass , called the barycentre . This slightly faster rotation causes the Earth -- Moon distance to increase at approximately 38 millimetres per year . Conservation of angular momentum means that Earth 's axial rotation is gradually slowing , and because of this its day lengthens by approximately 23 microseconds every year ( excluding glacial rebound ) . Both figures are valid only for the current configuration of the continents . Tidal rhythmites from 620 million years ago show that , over hundreds of millions of years , the Moon receded at an average rate of 22 mm ( 0.87 in ) per year and the day lengthened at an average rate of 12 microseconds per year , both about half of their current values . See tidal acceleration for a more detailed description and references . </P> <P> The Moon is gradually receding from Earth into a higher orbit , and calculations suggest that this would continue for about 50 billion years . By that time , Earth and the Moon would be in a mutual spin -- orbit resonance or tidal locking , in which the Moon will orbit Earth in about 47 days ( currently 27 days ) , and both the Moon and Earth would rotate around their axes in the same time , always facing each other with the same side . This has already happened to the Moon -- the same side always faces Earth -- and is also slowly happening to the Earth . However , the slowdown of Earth 's rotation is not occurring fast enough for the rotation to lengthen to a month before other effects change the situation : approximately 2.3 billion years from now , the increase of the Sun 's radiation will have caused Earth 's oceans to evaporate , removing the bulk of the tidal friction and acceleration . </P> <H2> Libration ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Libration Animation of the Moon as it cycles through its phases . The apparent wobbling of the Moon is known as libration . <P> The Moon is in synchronous rotation , meaning that it keeps the same face toward Earth at all times . This synchronous rotation is only true on average , because the Moon 's orbit has a definite eccentricity . As a result , the angular velocity of the Moon varies as it orbits Earth and hence is not always equal to the Moon 's rotational velocity . When the Moon is at its perigee , its rotation is slower than its orbital motion , and this allows us to see up to eight degrees of longitude of its eastern ( right ) far side . Conversely , when the Moon reaches its apogee , its rotation is faster than its orbital motion and this reveals eight degrees of longitude of its western ( left ) far side . This is referred to as longitudinal libration . </P> <P> Because the lunar orbit is also inclined to Earth 's ecliptic plane by 5.1 ° , the rotational axis of the Moon seems to rotate towards and away from Earth during one complete orbit . This is referred to as latitudinal libration , which allows one to see almost 7 ° of latitude beyond the pole on the far side . Finally , because the Moon is only about 60 Earth radii away from Earth 's centre of mass , an observer at the equator who observes the Moon throughout the night moves laterally by one Earth diameter . This gives rise to a diurnal libration , which allows one to view an additional one degree 's worth of lunar longitude . For the same reason , observers at both of Earth 's geographical poles would be able to see one additional degree 's worth of libration in latitude . </P> <H2> Path of Earth and Moon around Sun ( edit ) </H2> Section of the Earth -- Moon system 's trajectory around the Sun ( to scale ) Orbital path of the Earth Orbital path of the Moon <P> When viewed from the north celestial pole ( i.e. , from the approximate direction of the star Polaris ) the Moon orbits Earth anticlockwise and Earth orbits the Sun anticlockwise , and the Moon and Earth rotate on their own axes anticlockwise . </P> <P> The right - hand rule can be used to indicate the direction of the angular velocity . If the thumb of the right hand points to the north celestial pole , its fingers curl in the direction that the Moon orbits Earth , Earth orbits the Sun , and the Moon and Earth rotate on their own axes . </P> <P> In representations of the Solar System , it is common to draw the trajectory of Earth from the point of view of the Sun , and the trajectory of the Moon from the point of view of Earth . This could give the impression that the Moon orbits Earth in such a way that sometimes it goes backwards when viewed from the Sun 's perspective . Because the orbital velocity of the Moon around Earth ( 1 km / s ) is small compared to the orbital velocity of Earth about the Sun ( 30 km / s ) , this never happens . There are no rearward loops in the Moon 's solar orbit . </P> <P> Considering the Earth -- Moon system as a binary planet , its centre of gravity is within Earth , about 4,624 km ( 2,873 mi ) or 72.6 % of the Earth 's radius from the centre of the Earth . This centre of gravity remains on the line between the centres of the Earth and Moon as the Earth completes its diurnal rotation . The path of the Earth -- Moon system in its solar orbit is defined as the movement of this mutual centre of gravity around the sun . Consequently , Earth 's centre veers inside and outside the solar orbital path during each synodic month as the Moon moves in its orbit around the common centre of gravity . </P> <P> The Sun 's gravitational effect on the Moon is more than twice that of Earth 's on the Moon ; consequently , the Moon 's trajectory is always convex ( as seen when looking Sunward at the entire Sun -- Earth -- Moon system from a great distance outside Earth -- Moon solar orbit ) , and is nowhere concave ( from the same perspective ) or looped . That is , the region enclosed by the Moon 's orbit of the Sun is a convex set . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Moon portal </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ernest William Brown </Li> <Li> Double planet </Li> <Li> List of orbits </Li> <Li> ELP2000 </Li> <Li> Ephemeris </Li> <Li> Jet Propulsion Laboratory Development Ephemeris </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lunar distance ( astronomy ) </Li> <Li> Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment </Li> <Li> Lunar phase </Li> <Li> Lunar theory </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Milankovitch cycles </Li> <Li> Orbital elements </Li> <Li> Supermoon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The geometric mean distance in the orbit ( of ELP ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ M. Chapront - Touzé ; J. Chapront ( 1983 ) . `` The lunar ephemeris ELP - 2000 '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 124 : 54 . Bibcode : 1983A&A ... 124 ... 50C . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The constant in the ELP expressions for the distance , which is the mean distance averaged over time </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ M. Chapront - Touzé ; J. Chapront ( 1988 ) . `` ELP2000 - 85 : a semi-analytical lunar ephemeris adequate for historical times '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 190 : 351 . Bibcode : 1988A&A ... 190 ... 342C . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This often quoted value for the mean distance is actually the inverse of the mean of the inverse of the distance , which is not the same as the mean distance itself . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jean Meeus , Mathematical astronomy morsels ( Richmond , VA : Willmann - Bell , 1997 ) 11 -- 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lang , Kenneth R. ( 2011 ) , The Cambridge Guide to the Solar System , 2nd ed. , Cambridge University Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Moon Fact Sheet '' . NASA . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Martin C. Gutzwiller ( 1998 ) . `` Moon - Earth - Sun : The oldest three - body problem '' . Reviews of Modern Physics. 70 ( 2 ) : 589 -- 639 . Bibcode : 1998RvMP ... 70 ... 589G . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 70.589 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Solar System : Earth and Moon The Institute for Creation Research '' . www.icr.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` View of the Moon '' . U. of Arkansas at Little Rock . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Calculated from arcsin ( 0.25 ° / 1.543 ° ) / 90 ° times 173 days , since the angular radius of the sun is about 0.25 ° . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The periods are calculated from orbital elements , using the rate of change of quantities at the instant J2000 . The J2000 rate of change equals the coefficient of the first - degree term of VSOP polynomials . In the original VSOP87 elements , the units are arcseconds ( '' ) and Julian centuries . There are 1,296,000 '' in a circle , 36525 days in a Julian century . The sidereal month is the time of a revolution of longitude λ with respect to the fixed J2000 equinox . VSOP87 gives 1732559343.7306 '' or 1336.8513455 revolutions in 36525 days -- 27.321661547 days per revolution . The tropical month is similar , but the longitude for the equinox of date is used . For the anomalistic year , the mean anomaly ( λ - ω ) is used ( equinox does not matter ) . For the draconic month , ( λ - Ω ) is used . For the synodic month , the sidereal period of the mean Sun ( or Earth ) and the Moon . The period would be 1 / ( 1 / m - 1 / e ) . VSOP elements from Simon , J.L. ; Bretagnon , P. ; Chapront , J. ; Chapront - Touzé , M. ; Francou , G. ; Laskar , J. ( February 1994 ) . `` Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 282 ( 2 ) : 669 . Bibcode : 1994A&A ... 282 ... 663S . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jean Meeus , Astronomical Algorithms ( Richmond , VA : Willmann - Bell , 1998 ) p 354 . From 1900 -- 2100 , the shortest time from one new moon to the next is 29 days , 6 hours , and 35 min , and the longest 29 days , 19 hours , and 55 min . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ C.D. Murray ; S.F. Dermott ( 1999 ) . Solar System Dynamics . Cambridge University Press . p. 184 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dickinson , Terence ( 1993 ) . From the Big Bang to Planet X . Camden East , Ontario : Camden House . pp. 79 -- 81 . ISBN 0 - 921820 - 71 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caltech Scientists Predict Greater Longevity for Planets with Life </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The reference by H.L. Vacher ( 2001 ) ( details separately cited in this list ) describes this as ' convex outward ' , whereas older references such as `` The Moon 's Orbit Around the Sun , Turner , A.B. Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada , Vol. 6 , p. 117 , 1912JRASC ... 6 ... 117T '' ; and `` H Godfray , Elementary Treatise on the Lunar Theory '' describe the same geometry by the words concave to the sun . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Aslaksen , Helmer ( 2010 ) . `` The Orbit of the Moon around the Sun is Convex ! '' . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Moon Always Veers Toward the Sun at MathPages </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vacher , H.L. ( November 2001 ) . `` Computational Geology 18 -- Definition and the Concept of Set '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geoscience Education . 49 ( 5 ) : 470 -- 479 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 21 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> View of the Moon Good diagrams of Moon , Earth , tilts of orbits and axes , courtesy of U. of Arkansas </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Moon </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Physical features </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Face on the Moon </Li> <Li> Internal structure </Li> <Li> Gravity field </Li> <Li> Topography </Li> <Li> Magnetic field </Li> <Li> Atmosphere </Li> <Li> Ion tail </Li> <Li> Moonlight </Li> <Li> Lunar swirls </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Orbit </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Orbit of the Moon </Li> <Li> Phases </Li> <Li> Lunation </Li> <Li> Lunar libration </Li> <Li> Full Moon </Li> <Li> Lunar terminator </Li> <Li> Full moon cycle </Li> <Li> Earthshine </Li> <Li> Lunar eclipse </Li> <Li> Solar eclipse </Li> <Li> Solar eclipses on the Moon </Li> <Li> Tide </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Surface </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Selenography </Li> <Li> Near side </Li> <Li> Far side </Li> <Li> North pole </Li> <Li> South pole </Li> <Li> Lunar mare <Ul> <Li> List </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Craters <Ul> <Li> List </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Calderas </Li> <Li> Mountains </Li> <Li> Valleys </Li> <Li> Volcanic features </Li> <Li> South Pole -- Aitken basin </Li> <Li> Shackleton crater </Li> <Li> Water </Li> <Li> Soil </Li> <Li> Ray systems </Li> <Li> Peak of eternal light </Li> <Li> Crater of eternal darkness </Li> <Li> Space weathering </Li> <Li> Transient lunar phenomenon </Li> <Li> Lunar basalt 70017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Science </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Geology <Ul> <Li> timescale </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Giant - 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Cosmology portal </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Gravitational orbits </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Types </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> General </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Box </Li> <Li> Capture </Li> <Li> Circular </Li> <Li> Elliptical / Highly elliptical </Li> <Li> Escape </Li> <Li> Graveyard </Li> <Li> Horseshoe </Li> <Li> Hyperbolic trajectory </Li> <Li> Inclined / Non-inclined </Li> <Li> Osculating </Li> <Li> Parabolic trajectory </Li> <Li> Parking </Li> <Li> Synchronous <Ul> <Li> semi </Li> <Li> sub </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Transfer orbit </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Geocentric </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Geosynchronous </Li> <Li> Geostationary </Li> <Li> Sun - synchronous </Li> <Li> Low Earth </Li> <Li> Medium Earth </Li> <Li> High Earth </Li> <Li> Molniya </Li> <Li> Near - equatorial </Li> <Li> Orbit of the Moon </Li> <Li> Polar </Li> <Li> Tundra </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> About other points </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Areosynchronous </Li> <Li> Areostationary </Li> <Li> Halo </Li> <Li> Lissajous </Li> <Li> Lunar </Li> <Li> Heliocentric </Li> <Li> Heliosynchronous </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parameters </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> <Ul> <Li> Shape </Li> <Li> Size </Li> </Ul> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> e Eccentricity </Li> <Li> a Semi-major axis </Li> <Li> b Semi-minor axis </Li> <Li> Q , q Apsides </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Orientation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> i Inclination </Li> <Li> Ω Longitude of the ascending node </Li> <Li> ω Argument of periapsis </Li> <Li> π Longitude of the periapsis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Position </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> M Mean anomaly </Li> <Li> ν True anomaly </Li> <Li> E Eccentric anomaly </Li> <Li> L Mean longitude </Li> <Li> l True longitude </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Variation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> T Orbital period </Li> <Li> n Mean motion </Li> <Li> v Orbital speed </Li> <Li> t Epoch </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Maneuvers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Collision avoidance ( spacecraft ) </Li> <Li> Delta - 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line elements </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> List of orbits </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orbit_of_the_Moon&oldid=814612881 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Orbit of the Moon </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles containing video clips </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 21 : 52 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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Military History of Canada during World War I - wikipedia <H1> Military History of Canada during World War I </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Military history of Canada </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Military history of ... </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Air Force </Li> <Li> Army </Li> <Li> Acadia </Li> <Li> Colonial Militia </Li> <Li> Crown & Forces </Li> <Li> Navy </Li> <Li> New France </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conflicts </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beaver Wars </Li> <Li> King William 's War </Li> <Li> Queen Anne 's War </Li> <Li> Father Rale 's War </Li> <Li> King George 's War </Li> <Li> Father Le Loutre 's War </Li> <Li> French and Indian War </Li> <Li> Invasion of Canada </Li> <Li> War of 1812 </Li> <Li> Lower Canada Rebellion </Li> <Li> Upper Canada Rebellion </Li> <Li> Patriot War </Li> <Li> Fenian Raids </Li> <Li> Wolseley Expedition </Li> <Li> North - West Rebellion </Li> <Li> Second Boer War </Li> <Li> World War I </Li> <Li> Battle of Tulgas </Li> <Li> World War II </Li> <Li> Korean War </Li> <Li> October Crisis </Li> <Li> Oka Crisis </Li> <Li> Gulf War </Li> <Li> Somalia </Li> <Li> Croatian War </Li> <Li> Afghanistan </Li> <Li> Haitian </Li> <Li> Libya </Li> <Li> ISIL </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Installations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Air Force </Li> <Li> Armed Forces </Li> <Li> French forts </Li> <Li> Navy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Conflicts </Li> <Li> Bibliography </Li> <Li> Operations </Li> <Li> Peacekeeping </Li> <Li> Victories </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canadian Forces portal Military history Wikibook </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The military history of Canada during World War I began on August 4 , 1914 , when the United Kingdom entered the First World War ( 1914 -- 1918 ) by declaring war on Germany . The British declaration of war automatically brought Canada into the war , because of Canada 's legal status as a British dominion which left foreign policy decisions in the hands of the British parliament . However , the Canadian government had the freedom to determine the country 's level of involvement in the war . On August 4 , 1914 , the Governor General declared a war between Canada and Germany . The Militia was not mobilized and instead an independent Canadian Expeditionary Force was raised . </P> <P> Canada 's sacrifices and contributions to the Great War changed its history and enabled it to become more independent , while also opening a deep rift between the French and English speaking populations . For the first time in Canadian military history , Canadian forces fought as a distinct unit , first under a British commander but ultimately under a Canadian - born commander . The highpoints of Canadian military achievement during the Great War came during the Somme , Vimy , and Passchendaele battles and what later became known as `` Canada 's Hundred Days '' . Canada 's total casualties stood at the end of the war at 67,000 killed and 250,000 wounded , out of an expeditionary force of 620,000 people mobilized ( 39 % of mobilized were casualties ) . </P> <P> Canadians of British descent -- the majority -- gave widespread support arguing that Canadians had a duty to fight on behalf of their Motherland . Indeed , Sir Wilfrid Laurier , although French - Canadian , spoke for the majority of English - Canadians when he proclaimed : `` It is our duty to let Great Britain know and to let the friends and foes of Great Britain know that there is in Canada but one mind and one heart and that all Canadians are behind the Mother Country . '' However this did not stop Laurier along with Henri Bourassa from leading the opposition to conscription three years later in 1917 . Canadian Prime Minister Robert Borden offered assistance to Great Britain , which was quickly accepted . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Beginning <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Preparations </Li> <Li> 1.2 Participation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Canadian Corps </Li> <Li> 3 Western Front <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Neuve Chapelle </Li> <Li> 3.2 Second Battle of Ypres </Li> <Li> 3.3 Battle of the Somme </Li> <Li> 3.4 Battle of Vimy Ridge </Li> <Li> 3.5 Battle of Passchendaele </Li> <Li> 3.6 Hundred Days Offensive </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Home Front <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Conscription </Li> <Li> 4.2 Indian nationalists </Li> <Li> 4.3 Saboteurs </Li> <Li> 4.4 Women </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Royal Canadian Navy </Li> <Li> 6 Influence on Canada <Ul> <Li> 6.1 National identity </Li> <Li> 6.2 Art and literature </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 Official bibliography </Li> <Li> 10 Further reading </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Beginning ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Preparations ( edit ) </H3> A 1914 postcard of the Valcartier military base . Due to the site 's proximity to the Quebec City harbour , Valcartier was hastily set up as a military camp upon the commencement of the First World War , ultimately becoming the largest military base on Canadian soil during the war and serving as the main embarkation point for troops headed to Europe <P> Prior to the war , Canada had a small permanent standing army and a much larger Canadian militia . The Minister of Militia and Defence , Sam Hughes , was ordered by Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden to train and recruit an army for overseas service . At the time , Canada had a regular army of only 3,110 men and a fledgling navy . </P> <P> Although the Chief of the General Staff , Willoughby Gwatkin , had been planning for a mass mobilisation of Canada 's armed forces for some time , the mobilisation plans were scrapped in favour of mobilising a completely new land force , the Canadian Expeditionary Force , to be based on numbered battalions and reporting to a separate ministry , the Ministry of Overseas Forces of Canada . Although the force was raised quickly , it was riven with political patronage and lacked a solid core of professional officers and NCOs . </P> <H3> Participation ( edit ) </H3> <P> 600,000 men and women participated in the war by enlisting as nurses , soldiers and chaplains . In general , non-white people and those born in enemy nations were not welcomed into the military . When Black people from Sydney , Nova Scotia volunteered their services , they were told , `` This is not for you fellows , this is a white man 's war . '' Nonetheless , some segregated units were formed . In 1915 , Indigenous people were allowed to enlist and accepted into a 114th battalion as well as others . In total , about 3,500 Indigenous people would serve with the Canadian Forces , but this figure has been disputed . The Canadian Japanese Association in British Columbia put forward a volunteer reserve force of 227 men , some of whom were later admitted into the military . The No. 2 Construction Battalion included black soldiers from both Canada and the United States , the latter having crossed into Canada in order to participate . The over one thousand Black Canadians who served would continue to be segregated during their tour , both on ships and in camps . A deal between the Chinese government and the allies resulted in the enlistment of thousands of Chinese who formed the Chinese Labour Corps ( CLC ) mainly poor Chinese men from the North who were told they would be in non-combatant roles . The Canadian government had restricted the arrival of all Asians and the CLC were secretly landed in Victoria , British Columbia . They were drilled in the old quarantine station at William Head and secretly shipped across Canada in cattle - trucks . </P> <H2> Canadian Corps ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Canadian Corps Canadian soldiers resting in a trench <P> The Canadian Corps was formed from the Canadian Expeditionary Force in September 1915 after the arrival of the 2nd Canadian Division in France . The soldiers of the Corps were mostly volunteers , as conscription was not implemented until the end of the war ( see Conscription Crisis of 1917 ) . The Corps was expanded by the addition of the 3rd Canadian Division in December 1915 and the 4th Canadian Division in August 1916 . The organization of a 5th Canadian Division began in February 1917 , but it was still not fully formed when it was broken up in February 1918 and its men used to reinforce the other four divisions . Although the Corps was within and under the command of the British Army , there was considerable pressure among Canadian leaders , especially following the Battle of the Somme , for the Corps to fight as a single unit rather than spreading the divisions through the whole army . </P> <P> Originally commanded by Lieutenant General Sir E.A.H. Alderson until 1916 , command was then passed to Lieutenant General Sir Julian Byng , later , Lord Byng of Vimy and Governor General of Canada . When Byng was promoted to a higher command in the summer of 1917 , he was succeeded by the commander of the 1st Division , General Sir Arthur W. Currie , giving the Corps its first Canadian commanders . In the later stages of the war , the Canadian Corps was among the most effective and respected of the military formations on the Western Front . </P> <H2> Western front ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Neuve Chapelle ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Battle of Neuve Chapelle The 48th Highlanders of Canada leave Toronto in 1914 <P> The Canadian Expeditionary Force saw their first battle in March 1915 in the French town of Neuve Chapelle . After arriving from Salisbury Plain in England , the Canadian forces were instructed to prevent the Germans from reinforcing the sector of Neuve Chapelle . This would allow the British 1st Army , under General Douglas Haig , to successfully push through German lines and establish a new Allied front line on conquered territory . </P> <P> Although the British were unable to exploit their advantage due to poor communication , it taught Canadians that artillery bombardment was too light to suppress the enemy trenches ; that better artillery observation points were necessary ; that reserves were too few to follow up success quickly ; and most importantly , that the procedure of transmitting information and sending orders to the advanced troops was slow and difficult , and that the systems of communication were much too vulnerable . </P> <H3> Second Battle of Ypres ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Second Battle of Ypres <P> In the first week of April 1915 the soldiers of the 1st Canadian Division were moved to reinforce the salient where the British and Allied line pushed into the German line in a concave bend . On 22 April , the Germans sought to eliminate this salient by using poison gas . Following an intensive artillery bombardment , they released 160 tons of chlorine gas from cylinders dug into the forward edge of their trenches into a light northeast wind -- the first use of chlorine gas in the war . As thick clouds of yellow - green chlorine drifted over their trenches the French colonial defences crumbled and the troops , completely overcome by this terrible weapon , died or broke and fled , leaving a gaping four - mile hole in the Allied line . The Canadians were the only division that were able to hold the line . </P> <P> All through the night , the Canadians fought to close this gap . On 24 April , the Germans launched another poison gas attack , this time at the Canadian line . In those 48 hours of battle , the Canadians suffered over 6,000 casualties , one man in every three , of whom more than 2,000 died . </P> <H3> Battle of the Somme ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Battle of the Somme A Canadian gunner chalking messages on to 15 - inch howitzer shells in September 1916 Canadians at the Somme in November 1916 . <P> The next area where Canadians fought was at the Battle of the Somme from the latter half of 1916 . Initially launched as a campaign to relieve pressure from the beleaguered French forces at the Battle of Verdun , the Allied casualties actually exceeded those at Verdun . </P> <P> The battle began on 1 July 1916 , and among the first troops to leave their trenches were the men of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment . Newfoundland at the time was not a part of the Canadian confederation but was considered a separate dominion ; as a result , the Newfoundlanders advanced as part of the 29th Division , not the Canadian Corps . The attack went very poorly for the Newfoundlanders , resulting in massive casualties -- of the 801 men that made up the regiment just the day before , only 68 reported for roll call on 2 July , and every officer that had gone over the top had been killed . </P> <P> The Canadian Corps entered the battle in September when it was tasked to secure the small town of Courcelette , France . In the major offensive which began at dawn on September 15 the Canadian Corps , on the extreme left of the attack , assaulted on a 2,200 - yard sector west of the village of Courcelette . By November 11 , the 4th Canadian Division finally secured most of the German trenches in Courcelette and then rejoined the Canadian Corps at Vimy Ridge . </P> <P> The Battle of the Somme claimed more than 24,000 Canadian casualties . But it also gave Canadian units the reputation of a formidable assault force . As British Prime Minister Lloyd George wrote , `` The Canadians played a part of such distinction that thenceforward they were marked out as shock troops ; for the remainder of the war they were brought along to head the assault in one great battle after another . Whenever the Germans found the Canadian Corps coming into the line they prepared for the worst . '' </P> A Canadian soldier shortly before the Battle of Vimy Ridge . <H3> Battle of Vimy Ridge ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Battle of Vimy Ridge The Battle of Vimy Ridge , colour photomechanical print on light card after a painting by Richard Jack , 1918 -- Canadian War Museum . <P> For the first time , all four Canadian divisions were to be assembled to operate in combat as a corps . The Canadian divisions were joined by the British 5th Infantry Division , and reinforced by artillery , engineer and labour units . The Canadian Corps was supported to the north by the 24th British Division of I Corps which advanced north of the Souchez river and by the advancing XVII Corps to the south . The attack began at 5 : 43 a.m. on Easter Monday , 9 April 1917 whereupon every artillery piece at the disposal of the Canadian Corps began firing . Light field guns laid down a barrage which advanced in predetermined increments , often 100 yards ( 91 m ) every three minutes , while medium and heavy howitzers established a series of standing barrages further ahead , against known defensive systems . </P> <P> The 1st , 2nd and 3rd Canadian Divisions reported reaching and capturing their first objective , the Black Line , by 6 : 25 a.m. The 4th Canadian Division encountered a great deal of trouble in its advance and was unable to complete its first objective until some hours later . After a planned pause , in which positions were consolidated , the advance resumed . Shortly after 7 : 00 a.m. , the 1st Canadian Division had taken half of its second objective , the Red Line , and moved a brigade forward to mount an attack on the remainder . The 2nd Canadian Division reported reaching the Red Line and capturing the town of Les Tilleuls at approximately the same time . Units at the 3rd Canadian Division reached their section of the Red Line at around 7 : 30 a.m. However , due to an exposed left flank caused by the failure of the 4th Canadian Division to capture the top of the ridge , the 3rd Canadian Division was forced to stop and establish a divisional defensive flank to its north . It was not until 11 : 00 a.m. that the defending German 79th Reserve Division mounted a counterattack , by which time only the 4th Canadian Division had not reached its objective . </P> Canadian artillery firing at night <P> Three fresh brigades were moved up to the Red Line by 9 : 30 a.m. , 10 April to support the advance whereupon they leapfrogged existing units occupying the Red line and advanced to the Blue Line . By approximately 11 : 00 a.m. , the Blue Line , including Hill 135 and the town of Thélus , had been captured . The advance briefly halted , the artillery barrage remaining stationary for 90 minutes to give troops time to consolidate the Blue Line and bring supporting machine guns forward . Shortly before 1 p.m. , the advance recommenced with the Brown Line being secure around 2 : 00 p.m. By this point only the northern half of Hill 145 and `` the Pimple '' , a fortified highpoint outside of Givenchy - en - Gohelle , remained under German control . Fresh troops finally forced the remaining German troops from the northern half of Hill 145 at around 3 : 15 p.m. and by nightfall of 10 April , the only objective not yet achieved was the capture of `` the Pimple '' . Supported by a significant amount of artillery and the 24th British Division of I Corps to the north , the 10th Canadian Brigade attacked the hastily entrenched German troops and captured `` the Pimple '' on 12 April , bringing an end to the battle . By nightfall on 12 April 1917 the Canadian Corps was in firm control of the ridge . </P> <P> The corps had suffered 10,602 casualties ; 3,598 killed and 7,004 wounded . The German Sixth Army suffered an unknown number of casualties with an approximate 4,000 men becoming prisoners of war . Four Victoria Crosses , the highest military decoration awarded to British and Commonwealth forces for valour , were awarded . The Germans did not attempt to recapture the ridge , even in the Spring Offensive , and it remained under British control until the end of the war . </P> <H3> Battle of Passchendaele ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Second Battle of Passchendaele <P> The four divisions of the Canadian Corps were transferred to the Ypres Salient and tasked with making additional advances on Passchendaele . The Canadian Corps relieved II Anzac Corps on 18 October from their positions along the valley between Gravenstafel Ridge and the heights at Passchendaele . It was virtually the same front as had been occupied by the 1st Canadian Division back in ( mu ) April 1915 . The Canadian Corps operation was to be executed in series of three attacks each with limited objectives , delivered at intervals of three or more days . As the Canadian Corps position was directly south of the inter-army boundary between British Fifth and Second Army , the British Fifth Army would mount subsidiary operations on the Canadian Corps ' left flank while the I Anzac Corps would advance to protect the right flank . The execution dates of the phases were tentatively given as 26 October , 30 October and 6 November . </P> Canadian nurses helping the wounded . <P> The first stage began on the morning of 26 October . The 3rd Canadian Division was assigned the northern flank which included the sharply rising ground of the Bellevue spur . South of the Ravebeek creek , the 4th Canadian Division would take the Decline Copse which straddled the Ypres - Roulers railway . The 3rd Canadian Division captured the Wolf Copse and secured its objective line but was ultimately forced to drop a defensive flank to link up with the flanking division of the British Fifth Army . The 4th Canadian Division initially captured all its objectives , but gradually retreated from the Decline Copse due to German counterattacks and mis - communications between the Canadian and Australian units to the south . </P> <P> The second stage began on 30 October and was intended to capture the positions not captured in the previous stage and gain a base for the final assault on Passchendaele . The southern flank was to capture the strongly held Crest Farm while the northern flank was to capture the hamlet of Meetcheele as well as the Goudberg area near the Canadian Corps ' northern boundary . The southern flank quickly captured Crest Farm and begun sending patrols beyond its objective line and into Passchendaele itself . The northern flank was again met with exceptional German resistance . The 3rd Canadian Division captured Vapour Farm at the corps ' boundary , Furst Farm to the west of Meetcheele and the crossroads at Meetcheele , but remained short of its objective line . </P> <P> To permit time to facilitate inter-divisional reliefs , there was a planned seven - day pause between the second and third stage . British Second Army was ordered to take over section of the British Fifth Army front adjoining the Canadian Corps , so that the central portion of the assault could proceed under a single command . Three consecutive rainless days between 3 and 5 November aided logistical preparations and reorganization of the troops for the next stage . The third stage began the morning of 6 November with the 1st and 2nd Canadian Divisions having taken over the front , relieving the 3rd and 4th Canadian Divisions respectively . Less than three hours after the start of the assault , many units had reached their final objective lines and the town of Passchendaele had been captured . </P> <P> A final successful action to gain the remaining high ground north of the village in the vicinity of Hill 52 was launched 11 November . This attack on 11 November brought to an end the long drawn - out Third Battle of Ypres . The Second Battle of Passchendaele cost the Canadian Corps 15,654 casualties with over 4 000 dead , in 16 days of fighting . </P> <H3> Hundred days offensive ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Hundred Days Offensive and Canada 's Hundred Days The 4th Canadian Division in France , September 1918 . <P> Throughout these three final months , the Canadian troops saw action in several areas . The first was near the enemy salient on August 8 where the Canadian Corps ( along with the New Zealanders , Australians , French and British ) was charged with the task of spearheading the assault on the German forces in Amiens . In the subsequent battle , the morale of the German forces was badly shaken . In Ludendorff 's words , the battle of Arras was a `` black day for the German army . '' After their breakthrough at Amiens , the Canadians were shifted back to Arras and given the task of cracking the Hindenburg Line in the Arras area . </P> <P> Between August 26 and September 2 , the Canadian Corps launched multiple attacks near the German front at Canal du Nord . On September 27 , 1918 , the Canadian Corps broke through the Hindenburg Line by smashing through a dry section of the Canal du Nord . The operation ended in triumph on October 11 , 1918 , when the Canadian forces drove the Germans out of their main distribution centre in Battle of Cambrai . </P> <P> In the final one hundred days of the war , the Canadian Corps marched successfully to Mons . However , in this period , the Canadian Corps suffered 46,000 casualties . The last Canadian to be killed was Private George Lawrence Price , two minutes before the armistice took effect at 11 am . on November 11 . He is traditionally recognized as being the second last soldier killed in World War I . </P> <H2> Home front ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Conscription ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Conscription Crisis of 1917 An anti-conscription parade in Montreal on May 17 , 1917 <P> The underlying tension between French and British Canada exploded in World War I. Prior to the war , the French Canadians did not see themselves obliged to serve the British interests . The issue reached its zenith when Canadian Prime Minister Robert Borden introduced the Canadian Military Service Act of 1917 . Although some farmers and factory workers opposed the legislation , it was in Quebec , where conscription was most vociferously denounced . Leading the campaign against conscription was Quebec nationalist Henri Bourassa and Sir Wilfrid Laurier who argued that the war pitted Canadians against each other . In the subsequent election , Robert Borden was able to convince enough English speaking Liberals to vote for his party . In the Canadian Federal Election of 1917 , the Union government won 153 seats , nearly all from English Canada . The Liberals won 82 seats . Although the Union government won a large majority of seats , the Union government won only 3 seats in Quebec . </P> <P> Of the 120,000 conscripts raised in the war , only 47,000 actually went overseas . Despite this , the rift between French and English - speaking Canadians was indelible and would last for many years to come . </P> <H3> Indian nationalists ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Komagata Maru incident <P> Indian nationalists grouped around the Ghadar Party had been active in Canada for some time . Following the Komagata Maru incident , when the SS Komagata Maru , a ship chartered by Indian immigrants and nationalists was turned around by Canadian authorities . Upon returning to India 19 passengers were killed by British and Indian Troops in Calcutta on September 27 , 1914 in a major riot , some using smuggled American guns Prior to the departure of the Komagata Maru , in mid-July local Ghadarite , Mewa Singh , was arrested while re-entering Canada from Sumas , Wash. , attempting to bring weapons into Canada . The British policeman W.C. Hopkinson had infiltrated the Ghadarites and helped to secure his release with a minor fine . Following the murder of two of Hopkinson 's informants in the Ghadarite movement , Bela Singh , was put on trial in Vancouver . On Oct. 21 , 1914 , while Hopkinson was waiting outside a courtroom , he was assassinated by Mewa Singh . </P> <H3> Saboteurs ( edit ) </H3> The Vanceboro international bridge after the sabotage . <P> From the start of the war , the Canadian government investigated many rumors of a large German attack across the Canada -- United States border . While most of the rumors were false , Germany did consider several plans to damage Britain by attacking Canada from the United States . One proposal intended to use 100,000 German military reservists allegedly living in North America , who would join 250,000 German Americans and 300,000 anti-British Irish Americans . To maintain secrecy , the army of 650,000 would dress as cowboys ; the foreign office 's lawyers ruled that a cowboy costume would not be considered a military uniform under international law . Amazingly , the German government did not reject the proposal because of the impracticality , but because it did not wish to damage relations with the United States by violating American neutrality . </P> <P> Taken more seriously was the proposal to sabotage trains carrying Japanese troops which , the German General Staff and foreign office were convinced , would soon arrive in France through Canada . Despite German Ambassador to the United States Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff 's disbelief in Japan sending troops to the Western Front , foreign office undersecretary Arthur Zimmermann ordered him to prepare with the embassy 's military attaché Franz von Papen plans to attack the Canadian Pacific Railway . Von Papen identified several bridges and tunnels in western Canada as targets , but was advised to wait until the Japanese appeared . His agent , a Captain Böhm , recruited 10 people to enter Canada from Maine and blow up five eastern bridges , but cancelled the mission after only three appeared at the rendezvous point and agreed to the plan . </P> <P> One who did not appear , Werner Horn , thus did not know that the mission was cancelled . In the Vanceboro international bridge bombing , Horn exploded some dynamite but failed to greatly damage the bridge . Von Papen next formed groups of German reservists in several American cities to attack Canadian bridges and , if the Japanese took the Panama Canal , its locks . The saboteurs did not have uniforms , however , and the general staff told the foreign office on 11 February 1915 that wearing cockades and armbands would not protect them from being shot as francs - tireurs . This news discouraged the volunteers and ended the mission . The German government continued to create such plans , however , resulting in the Zimmermann Telegram . </P> <H3> Women ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Canadian Women During the World Wars On Sept. 20 , 1917 , women gained a limited right to vote . The nursing sisters at the Canadian hospital in France were among the first group of women to vote in any general election <P> During the First World War Canadian women took part in the war in a variety of ways , including home from factory work , fundraising and serving as nurses overseas . These women had a large impact on the war effort both from home and on the front lines . Others worked to support soldiers . They volunteered to knit sock , roll bandages , and wrap food parcels for the troops . Women put on variety shows and used the money to buy supplies that were needed overseas . The shortage of men made it necessary for women to work outside the home . They often took jobs that were known as men 's work . They worked in banks , insurance firms , civil service , and as gas jockeys , street - car conductors and fish cannery workers . Even though they performed the same jobs as men , they were paid less . When prime minister Robert Borden ordered compulsory military service in May 1917 , many women were called upon to run farms , build aircraft and ships , and work in munitions factories . By the end of the war they had earned the right to vote , and were gaining independence in society . </P> <H2> Royal Canadian Navy ( edit ) </H2> See also : History of the Royal Canadian Navy and List of Royal Canadian Navy ships of the First World War HMCS Niobe stops a liner for contraband inspection off the American coast , 1914 -- 1915 . <P> At the outbreak of the First World War on 5 August 1914 , two government vessels , CGS Canada ( renamed HMCS Canada ) and CGS Margaret , were immediately pressed into naval service , joining HMCS Niobe , HMCS Rainbow and the two submarines HMCS CC - 1 and HMCS CC - 2 , to form the core of the naval force . At this point , the governments of the United Kingdom and Canada were planning to significantly expand the RCN , but it was decided that Canadian men would be permitted to enlist in either the Royal Navy or its Canadian counterpart , with many choosing the former . </P> <P> During the fall of 1914 , HMCS Rainbow patrolled the west coast of North America , as far south as Panama , although these patrols became less important following the elimination of the German naval threat in the Pacific with the December 1914 defeat of Admiral Graf Maximilian von Spee 's German East Asiatic Squadron off the Falkland Islands . Many of Rainbow 's crew were posted to the east coast for the remainder of the war and by 1917 Rainbow was withdrawn from service . </P> <P> The early part of the war also saw HMCS Niobe actively patrolling off the coast of New York City as part of British blockading forces , but she returned to Halifax permanently in July 1915 when she was declared no longer fit for service and was converted to a depot ship . She was heavily damaged in the December 1917 Halifax Explosion . </P> HMHS Llandovery Castle <P> CC - 1 and CC - 2 spent the first three years of the war patrolling the Pacific ; however , the lack of German threat saw them reposted to Halifax in 1917 . With their tender , HMCS Shearwater , they became the first warships to transit the Panama Canal flying the White Ensign ( the RCN 's service flag ) . Arriving in Halifax on 17 October 1917 , they were declared unfit for service and never patrolled again , being scrapped in 1920 . </P> <P> In June 1918 , the Canadian hospital ship HMHS Llandovery Castle was deliberately sunk by a U-boat which machine gunned survivors on the water . In terms of the number of dead , the sinking was the most significant Canadian naval disaster of the First World War . </P> <P> On 5 September 1918 , the Royal Canadian Naval Air Service ( RCNAS ) was formed with a main function to carry out anti-submarine operations using flying boat patrol aircraft . The U.S. Navy 's Naval Air Station Halifax , located on the eastern shores of the harbour at Eastern Passage , Nova Scotia , was acquired but following the November 11 , 1918 Armistice , the RCNAS was discontinued . </P> <H2> Influence on Canada ( edit ) </H2> <H3> National identity ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> War bond posters , 1918 </Li> <Li> <P> Canadian victory bond poster in French . Depicts three French women pulling a plow that had been constructed for horses and men . Lithograph , adapted from a photograph . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The same poster in English , with subtle differences in text . The French version roughly translates as ' Everyone can serve ' and ' Let 's buy victory bonds . ' </P> </Li> </Ul> <P> The impact of the First World War on the evolution of Canada 's identity is debated by historians . There is general agreement that in the early twentieth century , most English - speaking Canadians saw no conflict between their identity as British subjects and their identities as Canadians . In fact , the British World or British Empire identity was a key part of the Canadian identity . Many Canadians defined their country as the part of North America that owed allegiance to the British Crown . Historian Carl Berger showed that there were relatively few dissenters from this view in English - speaking Canada . In 1914 , most English - speaking Canadians had a hybrid imperial - national identity . </P> <P> Other historians add that Canadian nationalism and belief in independence from the British Empire was strongest in French Canada , whereas imperialism was strongest in English - speaking Canada . These historians focus on Henri Bourassa , who resigned from Wilfrid Laurier 's cabinet to protest the decision to send Canadian troops to fight in the South African War . Bourassa 's resignation is widely regarded as involving a clash between imperialism and Canadian nationalism . </P> <P> Some historians suggest that Canada was already beginning to move toward greater autonomy from Britain well before 1914 . They note that Canada 's government established a Department of External Affairs , or de facto foreign ministry , in 1909 . However , these historians also stress that the Department worked closely with British diplomats . Historian Oscar Skelton noted that Alexander Galt , a Canadian government official , negotiated treaties with foreign countries such as Spain and France in the 1880s with only the token participation of British diplomats . These negotiations were precedents followed by Canadian diplomats after 1919 , when Canada began to conduct its foreign relations without the involvement of British officials . In other words , Canada 's gradual move towards independence was already underway before 1914 , although this process may have been accelerated by World War I . </P> <P> While there is a consensus that on the eve of World War I , most White English - speaking Canadians had a hybrid imperial - national identity , the effects of the war on Canada 's emergence as a nation are contested . The Canadian media often refer to World War I and , in particular , the Battle of Vimy Ridge , as marking `` the birth of a nation . '' Some historians consider the First World War to be Canada 's `` war of independence '' and the most important event in Canadian history , ahead of World War II and comparable in effect to the American Civil War on the United States . They argue that the war reduced the extent to which Canadians identified with the British Empire and intensified their sense of being Canadians first and British subjects second . These historians posit two possible mechanisms whereby World War I intensified Canadian nationalism : 1 ) They suggested that pride in Canada 's accomplishments on the battlefield promoted Canadian patriotism , and 2 ) they suggest that the war distanced Canada from Britain in that Canadians reacted to the sheer slaughter on the Western Front by adopting an increasingly anti-British attitude . </P> Canadian soldiers return home to Toronto , 1919 . <P> Other historians robustly dispute the view that World War I undermined the hybrid imperial - national identity of English - speaking Canada . Phillip Buckner writes that : `` The First World War shook but did not destroy this Britannic vision of Canada . It is a myth that Canadians emerged from the war alienated from , and disillusioned with , the imperial connection . '' He argues that most English - speaking Canadians `` continued to believe that Canada was , and should continue to be , a `` British '' nation and that it should cooperate with the other members of the British family in the British Commonwealth of Nations . '' Historian Pat Brennan has shown that the war strengthened Canadian officers ' British identity as well as their Canadian identity . </P> <P> Still other historians point out that the war 's impact on Canadians ' perception of their place in the world was limited by the simple fact that so many of the Canadian Expeditionary Force soldiers were British - born rather than Canadians . Geoffrey Hayes , Andrew Iarocci , and Mike Bechthold point out that about half of the CEF members who fought at the famous battle of Vimy Ridge were British immigrants . Moreover , their victory at the ridge involved close cooperation with artillery and other units recruited in the British Isles. 70 percent of the men who enlisted in the CEF were British immigrants , even though British immigrants were just 11 percent of Canada 's population . Anglo - Saxon Canadians whose ancestors had lived in North America for generations had low enlistment rates similar to those seen in French Canadian communities . </P> <P> Historian José Igartua argues that the hybrid imperialist - nationalist identity in English Canada collapsed in the 1950s and 1960s , not during or immediately after the First World War . It was in this period that Canada adopted its current flag and began to oppose Britain on substantive foreign policy issues , as it did in the 1956 Suez Crisis . Historian C.P. Champion argues that Canada 's Britishness was not eliminated in the 1960s but survives to the present day in more subtle forms . He cites the new flag , whose red and white echo the colours of England and Kingston 's Royal Military College . </P> <H3> Art and literature ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> `` In Flanders Fields '' by Canadian Expeditionary Force member John McCrae may be the best - known poem among Canadians . Written after the Second Battle of Ypres , it and the remembrance poppy it inspired have become symbols of Remembrance Day throughout the Commonwealth . </Li> <Li> Rilla of Ingleside ( 1921 ) , the next - to - last book in Lucy Maud Montgomery 's Anne of Green Gables series , uses the war as a backdrop . The book chronicles the experiences of Anne and her family at home in Canada in the war while waiting for the return of Anne 's three sons , all of whom are fighting overseas . The book is the only contemporary novel about the war from the perspective of Canadian women . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Canadian Forces portal </Li> <Li> World War I portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Canadian war memorials </Li> <Li> List of Canadian battles during World War I </Li> <Li> List of Canadian soldiers executed during World War I </Li> <Li> List of Canadian Victoria Cross recipients </Li> <Li> History of the Royal Canadian Navy </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : James Ciment ; Thaddeus Russell ( 2007 ) . The home front encyclopedia : United States , Britain , and Canada in World Wars I and II . ABC - CLIO . p. 423 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 849 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Karin Ikas ( 2010 ) . Global Realignments and the Canadian Nation in the Third Millennium . Otto Harrassowitz Verlag . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 447 - 06134 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Russell Hart ( 2001 ) . Clash of arms : how the allies won in Normandy . Lynne Rienner Publishers . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55587 - 947 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker ; Priscilla Mary Roberts ( 2006 ) . World War I : A Student Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 176 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 879 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tim Cook ( 1999 ) . `` ' A Proper Slaughter ' : The March 1917 Gas Raid at Vimy '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Military History . 8 ( 2 ) : 7 -- 24 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 27 , 2009 . Retrieved April 10 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Norman Leach ( 2008 ) . Passchendaele : Canada 's Triumph and Tragedy on the Fields of Flanders : an Illustrated History . Coteau Books . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55050 - 399 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert Borden ( 1969 ) . Robert Laird Borden : His Memoirs . McGill - Queen 's Press . p. 216 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 6055 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James A. Wood ( 2010 ) . Militia Myths : Ideas of the Canadian Citizen Soldier , 1896 -- 1921 . UBC Press . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 1765 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Norman Leach ( 2008 ) . Passchendaele : Canada 's Triumph and Tragedy on the Fields of Flanders : an Illustrated History . Coteau Books . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55050 - 399 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Introduction -- Soldiers of the First World War -- CEF -- Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 2010 - 06 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nándor F. Dreisziger ( 1990 ) . Ethnic Armies : Polyethnic Armed Forces from the Time of the Habsburgs to the Age of the Superpowers . Wilfrid Laurier Univ . Press . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88920 - 993 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James W. St. G Walker ( 2001 ) . `` Race and Recruitment in World War I : Enlistment '' ( PDF ) . Vancouver Island University . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 10 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carl Benn ( 2009 ) . Mohawks on the Nile : Natives Among the Canadian Voyageurs in Egypt , 1884 -- 1885 . Dundurn . p. 123 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 867 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Talbot , Robert J. ( 2011 ) . `` ' It would be best to leave us alone ' : First Nations Responses to the Canadian War Effort '' . Journal of Canadian Studies . 45 ( 1 ) : 111 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fred Thirkell ( 2000 ) . Vancouver & Beyond : Pictures and Stories from the Postcard Era , 1900 -- 1914 . Heritage House Publishing Co. p. 132 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 894384 - 15 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Catherine Reef ( 2010 ) . African Americans in the Military . Infobase Publishing . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 3096 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ M. Honoré France ; María del Carmen Rodríguez ; Geoffrey G. Hett ( 2012 ) . Diversity , Culture and Counselling 2e : A Canadian Perspective . Brush Education . p. 205 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55059 - 441 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quarantined : Life and Death at William Head Station 1872 -- 1959 . By Peter Johnson . 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rene Chartrand ( 2012 ) . The Canadian Corps in World War I. Osprey Publishing . p. 1898 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78200 - 845 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Alan English ( 1991 ) . The Canadian Army and the Normandy Campaign : A Study of Failure in High Command . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 93019 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rita J. Simon ; Mohamed Alaa Abdel - Moneim ( 2011 ) . A Handbook of Military Conscription and Composition the World Over . Lexington Books . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 6751 - 9 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mike Chappell ( 1985 ) . The Canadian Army at War . Osprey Publishing . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85045 - 600 - 4 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bernd Horn ( 2006 ) . Perspectives on the Canadian Way of War : Serving the National Interest . Dundurn . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 901 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Godefroy , A. ( April 1 , 2006 ) . `` Canadian Military Effectiveness in the First World War '' . In Horn , Bernd . The Canadian Way of War : Serving the National Interest . Dundurn Press . pp. 191 -- 193 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 612 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schreiber , Shane B ( 2004 ) . Shock Army of the British Empire : The Canadian Corps in the Last 100 Days of the Great Wars . Vanwell Publishing Ltd. p. intro . ISBN 1 - 55125 - 096 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Geoffrey Bridger ( 2000 ) . The Battle of Neuve Chapelle . Leo Cooper . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85052 - 648 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Douglas Dickson ( 2007 ) . A Thoroughly Canadian General : A Biography of General H.D.G. Crerar . University of Toronto Press . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 0802 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived December 17 , 2004 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Briton C. Busch ( 2003 ) . Canada and the Great War : Western Front Association Papers . McGill - Queen 's Press . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 7108 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ypres 1915 -- Veterans Affairs Canada '' . Vac-acc.gc.ca. 2004 - 07 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Leo van Bergen ( 2009 ) . Before My Helpless Sight : Suffering , Dying and Military Medicine on the Western Front , 1914 -- 1918 . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 5853 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker ( 2010 ) . Battles That Changed History : An Encyclopedia of World Conflict . ABC - CLIO . p. 423 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 429 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Margaret R. Higonnet ( 1999 ) . Lines of fire : women writers of World War I. Plume . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 452 - 28146 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ian Hugh Maclean Miller ( 2002 ) . Our Glory and Our Grief : Torontonians and the Great War . University of Toronto Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 3592 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Geoffrey Hayes ; Andrew Iarocci ( 2007 ) . Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment . Wilfrid Laurier Univ . Press . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1916 -- Prelude to the Somme '' . Canada and the First World War . Veterans Affairs Canada . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nicholson p. 229 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Turner p. 39 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cook p. 117 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nicholson 254 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nicholson p. 255 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Campbell pp. 178 -- 179 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hayes p. 200 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hayes pp. 202 -- 203 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Godefroy p. 231 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Campbell p. 179 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Campbell pp. 179 -- 181 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nicholson p. 257 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Campbell p. 182 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Godefroy p. 220 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nicholson p. 263 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moran p. 139 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gibbs , Philip ( 1917 - 04 - 11 ) . `` All of Vimy Ridge Cleared of Germans '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Godefroy p. 233 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bean 929 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nicholson 312 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nicholson 314 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wolff 246 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nicholson 318 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nicholson 320 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nicholson 321 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nicholson 323 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` : : CWGC : : The Ypres Salient '' . Second Passchendaele . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nicholson 325 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Welcome Page Page d'accueil '' . Dfait-maeci.gc.ca . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Saturday , 22 August 2009 Michael Duffy ( 2009 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Feature Articles -- The Canadian Expeditionary Force : Central Ontario Regiment '' . First World War.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roger Gunn ( 2013 ) . Raymond Collishaw and the Black Flight . Dundurn . pp. 190 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4597 - 0660 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ T.A. Heathcote ( 2012 ) . Dictionary of Field Marshals of the British Army . Casemate Publishers . p. 118 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78346 - 141 - 7 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Robert J. Sharpe ( 2009 ) . The Last Day , The Last Hour : The Currie Libel Trial . University of Toronto Press . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 9725 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Derek Hayes ( 2008 ) . Canada : An Illustrated History . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 209 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 259 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Craig Heron ( 1998 ) . The Workers ' Revolt in Canada , 1917 -- 1925 . University of Toronto Press . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8082 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jeff Keshen ; Sylvie Perrier ( 2005 ) . Building New Bridges : Sources , Methods , and Interdisciplinarity . University of Ottawa Press . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7766 - 0593 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bernd Horn ; Roch Legault ( 2007 ) . Loyal Service : Perspectives on French - Canadian Military Leaders . Dundurn . p. 207 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 693 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Bengalee , October 03 , 1914 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Popplewell , Richard J ( 1995 ) . Intelligence and Imperial Defence : British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire 1904 -- 1924 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 4580 - X . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kitchen , Martin ( May 1985 ) . `` The German Invasion of Canada in the First World War '' . The International History Review . 7 ( 2 ) : 245 -- 260 . JSTOR 40105462 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Canada Remembers Women in the Canadian Military '' . Veterans Affairs Canada . 2014 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved Feb 11 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marc Milner , `` The Original Rainbow Warrior : Navy , Part 3 Archived 2008 - 10 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . '' , Legion Magazine , 1 May 2004 . Accessed 6 May 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marc Milner , `` Menace Below The Surface : Navy , Part 7 '' , Legion Magazine , 1 January 2005 . Accessed 6 May 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marc Milner `` Niobe 's Brief Operational Career : Navy , Part 5 '' , Legion Magazine , 1 September 2004 . Accessed 6 May 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ J.D.F. Kealey and E.C. Russell , A History of Canadian Naval Aviation , 1918 -- 1962 , ( Ottawa : Queen 's Printer , 1967 ) , 1 -- 10 . Retrieved 6 May 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Berger , Carl ( 1969 ) . Imperialism and nationalism , 1884 -- 1914 : a conflict in Canadian thought . Toronto : Copp Clark Pub. Co . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Berger , Carl ( 1970 ) . The sense of power : studies in the ideas of Canadian imperialism , 1867 -- 1914 . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Connell , Martin P ( 1954 ) . Henri Bourassa and Canadian nationalism ( Thesis ) . Toronto , ON : University of Toronto . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Soward , F.H. The Department of External Affairs and Canadian Autonomy , 1899 - 1939 / Le ministère des Affaires extérieures et l'autonomie canadienne , 1899 -- 1939 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Skelton , Oscar ( 1920 ) . The Life and Times of Alexander Tilloch Galt . Oxford : Oxford University Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nersessian , Mary ( April 9 , 2007 ) . Vimy battle marks birth of Canadian nationalism . CTV.ca </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cook , Tim ( 2008 ) . Shock Troops : Canadians fighting the Great War , 1917 -- 1918 . Toronto : Viking . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stacey , C.P. ( 1981 ) . The Second World War as a National Experience : Canada . The Canadian Committee for the History of the Second World War , Department of National Defence . p. 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Buckner , Philip , ed. ( 2006 ) . Canada and the British World : Culture , Migration , and Identity . Vancouver , BC : University of British Columbia Press . p. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brennan , Patrick H ( 2005 ) . `` The Other Battle : Imperialist versus nationalist sympathies within the Officer Corps of the Canadian Expeditionary Force , 1914 -- 1919 '' . In Buckner , Phillip ; Francis , R. Douglas . Rediscovering the British World . Calgary : Calgary University Press . p. 261 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hayes , Geoffrey ; Iarocci , Andrew ; Bechthold , Mike ( 2007 ) . Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment . Waterloo : Wilfrid Laurier University Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morton , Desmond . When Your Number is Up : the Canadian Soldier in the First World War . Toronto : Vintage Canada . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Igartua , José E ( 2006 ) . The other quiet revolution : national identities in English Canada , 1945 -- 71 . Vancouver : University of British Columbia Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Champion , C.P. ( 2010 ) . The Strange Demise of British Canada . Montreal - Kingston : McGill - Queen 's University Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Holmes , Nancy ( 2005 ) , `` '' In Flanders Fields '' -- Canada 's official poem : breaking faith `` , Studies in Canadian Literature , University of New Brunswick , 30 ( 1 ) , retrieved 2012 - 02 - 11 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Official bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> National Defence and the Canadian Forces </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Brereton Greenhous ; Stephen J. Harris ( 1992 ) Canada And The Battle Of Vimy Ridge , 9 -- 12 April 1917 Minister Supply and Service ( Downloadable PDF ) ISBN 0 - 660 - 93654 - 2 </Li> <Li> Duguid , A.F , ( 1938 ) Official History of the Canadian Forces in the Great War , 1914 -- 1919 , Vol I Part I King 's Printer , Ottawa , ( Downloadable PDF ) </Li> <Li> Duguid , A.F , ( 1938 ) Official History of the Canadian Forces in the Great War , 1914 -- 1919 , Vol I Part 2 King 's Printer , Ottawa , ( Downloadable PDF ) </Li> <Li> Nicholson , G.W.L. ( 1964 ) Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War : Canadian Expeditionary Force , 1914 -- 1919 , Duhamel , Queen 's Printer and Controller of Stationery , Ottawa ( Downloadable PDF ) </Li> <Li> Macphail , Sir Andrew ( 1925 ) Official History of the Canadian Forces in the Great War : The Medical Services , F.A. Acland , King 's Printer , Ottawa ( Downloadable PDF ) </Li> <Li> Ministry of Overseas Military Forces ( 1919 ) Report of the Ministry Overseas Military Forces of Canada -- 1918 , London : H.M. Stationery Office ( Downloadable PDF ) </Li> <Li> Snell , A.E. ( 1924 ) The C.A.M.C. with the Canadian Corps during the Last Hundred Days of the Great War , F.A. Acland , King 's Printer , Ottawa ( Downloadable PDF ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Bibliography of Canadian military history <Ul> <Li> Barris , Ted ( 2007 ) , Victory at Vimy : Canada Comes of Age , April 9 -- 12 , 1917 , Toronto : Thomas Allen Publishers , ISBN 0 - 88762 - 253 - 4 </Li> <Li> Bechthold , Mike ( 2007 ) , `` In the Shadow of Vimy Ridge : The Canadian Corps in April and May 1917 '' , in Hayes , Geoffrey ; Iarocci , Andrew ; Bechthold , Mike , Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment , Waterloo : Wilfrid Laurier University Press , pp. 239 -- 264 , ISBN 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 </Li> <Li> Brown , Robert Craig ; MacKenzie , David Clark ( 2005 ) , Canada and the First World War : essays in honour of Robert Craig Brown , University of Toronto Press , ISBN 0 - 8020 - 3573 - 6 </Li> <Li> Campbell , David ( 2007 ) , `` The 2nd Canadian Division : A ' Most Spectacular Battle ' '' , in Hayes , Geoffrey ; Iarocci , Andrew ; Bechthold , Mike , Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment , Waterloo : Wilfrid Laurier University Press , pp. 171 -- 192 , ISBN 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 </Li> <Li> Busch , Briton Cooper ( 2003 ) , Canada and the Great War : Western Front Association papers , McGill - Queen 's University Press ISBN 0 - 7735 - 2546 - 7 </Li> <Li> Cassar , George H ( 2010 ) , Hell in Flanders Fields : Canadians at the Second Battle of Ypres , Dundurn Press ISBN 978 - 1 - 55488 - 728 - 6 </Li> <Li> Cook , Tim ( 1999 ) , No Place to Run : The Canadian Corps and Gas Warfare in the First World War , UBC Press , ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0739 - 3 </Li> <Li> Freeman , Bill ; Nielsen , Richard ( 1998 ) , Far from home : Canadians in the First World War , McGraw - Hill Ryerson , ISBN 0 - 07 - 086118 - 8 </Li> <Li> Godefroy , Andrew ( 2007a ) , `` The 4th Canadian Division : ' Trenches Should Never be Saved ' '' , in Hayes , Geoffrey ; Iarocci , Andrew ; Bechthold , Mike , Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment , Waterloo : Wilfrid Laurier University Press , pp. 211 -- 224 , ISBN 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 </Li> <Li> Granatstein , J.L. ( 2004 ) , Hell 's corner : an illustrated history of Canada 's Great War , 1914 -- 1918 , Douglas & McIntyre ISBN 1 - 55365 - 047 - 6 </Li> <Li> Hayes , Geoffrey ( 2007 ) , `` The 3rd Canadian Division : Forgotten Victory '' , in Hayes , Geoffrey ; Iarocci , Andrew ; Bechthold , Mike , Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment , Waterloo : Wilfrid Laurier University Press , pp. 193 -- 210 , ISBN 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 </Li> <Li> Kordan , Bohdan S. ( 2002 ) , Enemy aliens , prisoners of war : internment in Canada during the Great War , McGill - Queen 's University Press ISBN 0 - 7735 - 2350 - 2 </Li> <Li> Morton , D. ( 1993 ) . When Your Number 's Up -- WWI , Random House of Canada . ISBN 0 - 394 - 22288 - 1 </Li> <Li> Turner , Alexander ( 2005 ) , Vimy Ridge 1917 : Byng 's Canadians Triumph at Arras Osprey Publ ISBN 1841768715 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Canada in World War I . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> First World War at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography </Li> <Li> Oliver , Dean F. : Warfare 1914 - 1918 ( Canada ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . </Li> <Li> Wood , James A. : Pre-war Military Planning ( Canada ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . </Li> <Li> Iarocci , Andrew : Science and Technology ( Canada ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . </Li> <Li> Sharpe , Christopher : Recruitment and Conscription ( Canada ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . </Li> <Li> Cook , Tim , Stewart , William : War Losses ( Canada ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . </Li> <Li> Marti , Steve : Dominions ' Military Relationship to Great Britain 1902 - 1914 ( British Dominions ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . </Li> <Li> Canada and the First World War : 1914 -- 1918 at Library and Archives Canada </Li> <Li> A City Goes to War -- Canadian Cities during the Great War . This University of Victoria site currently includes data on Victoria BC . </Li> <Li> Canada and WWI -- Canada and World War I . </Li> <Li> `` Canada in the First World War and the Road to Vimy Ridge '' . Veteran Affairs Canada . 1992 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Percy Carruthers Band fonds RG 562 Brock University Library Digital Repository </Li> <Li> Resources Related to World War I at the Archives of Ontario </Li> <Li> Montreal At War - A History of Montreal During the First World War </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Links related to Military history of Canada during World War I </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Military history of Canada </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History of ... </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Colonial militia - ( Military of New France ) </Li> <Li> Crown & Forces </Li> <Li> Army </Li> <Li> Navy </Li> <Li> Air Force </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conflicts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beaver Wars </Li> <Li> King William 's War </Li> <Li> Queen Anne 's War </Li> <Li> Father Rale 's War </Li> <Li> King George 's War </Li> <Li> Father Le Loutre 's War </Li> <Li> French and Indian War </Li> <Li> War of 1812 </Li> <Li> Fenian raids </Li> <Li> Red River Rebellion </Li> <Li> Wolseley Expedition </Li> <Li> North - 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Hungary </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Croatia </Li> <Li> Estonia </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> Ireland </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Luxembourg </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Ottoman Empire </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> Serbia </Li> <Li> Spain </Li> <Li> Sweden </Li> <Li> Switzerland </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oceania </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada_during_World_War_I&oldid=852161994 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Military history of Canada during World War I </Li> <Li> Canada in World War I </Li> <Li> Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years </Li> <Li> Military history of Canada </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2013 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 27 July 2018 , at 02 : 13 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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Long - term care - wikipedia <H1> Long - term care </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> This article is about a type of health and social care service . For specific information on providers of such services , see for example Personal Care Assistant and Geriatric care management . </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> Elderly man at a nursing home in Norway . <P> Long - term care ( LTC ) is a variety of services which help meet both the medical and non-medical needs of people with a chronic illness or disability who can not care for themselves for long periods . Long term care is focused on individualized and coordinated services that promote independence , maximize patients ' quality of life , and meet patients ' needs over a period of time . </P> <P> It is common for long - term care to provide custodial and non-skilled care , such as assisting with normal daily tasks like dressing , feeding , using the bathroom . Increasingly , long - term care involves providing a level of medical care that requires the expertise of skilled practitioners to address the multiple chronic conditions associated with older populations . Long - term care can be provided at home , in the community , in assisted living facilities or in nursing homes . Long - term care may be needed by people of any age , although it is a more common need for senior citizens . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Types of long - term care </Li> <Li> 2 Long Term Services and Supports ( LTSS ) </Li> <Li> 3 Needs for long - term care </Li> <Li> 4 Long - term care costs </Li> <Li> 5 Long - term care funding <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Europe </Li> <Li> 5.2 North America <Ul> <Li> 5.2. 1 Canada </Li> <Li> 5.2. 2 United States </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Types of long - term care ( edit ) </H2> <P> Long - term care can be provided formally or informally . Facilities that offer formal LTC services typically provide living accommodation for people who require on - site delivery of around - the - clock supervised care , including professional health services , personal care , and services such as meals , laundry and housekeeping . These facilities may go under various names , such as nursing home , personal care facility , residential continuing care facility , etc. and are operated by different providers . </P> <P> While the government has been asked with the LTC ( Long term care ) industry not to bundle health , personal care , and services ( e.g. , meal , laundry , housekeeping ) into large facilities , the US government continues to approve that as the primary use of taxpayers ' funds instead ( e.g. , new assisted living ) . Greater success has been achieved in areas such as supported housing which may still utilize older housing complexes or buildings , or may have been part of new federal - state initiatives in the 2000s . </P> <P> Long - term care provided formally in the home , also known as home health care , can incorporate a wide range of clinical services ( e.g. nursing , drug therapy , physical therapy ) and other activities such as physical construction ( e.g. installing hydraulic lifts , renovating bathrooms and kitchens ) . These services are usually ordered by a physician or other professional . Depending on the country and nature of the health and social care system , some of the costs of these services may be covered by health insurance or long - term care insurance . </P> <P> Modernized forms of long term services and supports ( LTSS ) , reimbursable by the government , are user - directed personal services , family - directed options , independent living services , benefits counseling , mental health companion services , family education , and even self - advocacy and employment , among others . In home services can be provided by personnel other than nurses and therapists , who do not install lifts , and belong to the long - term services and supports ( LTSS ) systems of the US . </P> <P> Informal long - term home care is care and support provided by family members , friends and other unpaid volunteers . It is estimated that 90 % of all home care is provided informally by a loved one without compensation and in 2015 , families are seeking compensation from their government for caregiving . </P> <H2> Long term services and supports ( LTSS ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> Long - term services and supports ( LTSS ) are the modernized term for community services , which may obtain health care financing ( e.g. , home and community - based Medicaid waiver services ) , and may or may not be operated by the traditional hospital - medical system ( e.g. , physicians , nurses , nurse 's aides ) . </P> <P> The Consortium of Citizens with Disabilities ( CCD ) which works with the U.S. Congress , has indicated that while hospitals offer acute care , many non-acute , long - term services are provided to assist individuals to live and participate in the community . An example is the group home international emblem of community living and deinstitutionalization , and the variety of supportive services ( e.g. , supported housing , supported employment , supported living , family support ) . </P> <P> The term is also common with aging groups , such as the American Association of Retired Persons ( AARP ) , which annually surveys the US states on services for elders ( e.g. , intermediate care facilities , assisted living , home - delivered meals ) . Long term services and supports are discussed in depth in the forthcoming , Public Administration and Disability : Community Services Administration in the US ( Racino , in press , 2014 ) The new US Support Workforce includes the Direct Support Professional , which is largely non or for - profit , and the governmental workforces , often unionized , in the communities in US states . </P> <H2> Needs for long - term care ( edit ) </H2> Nurse at a nursing home in Norway <P> Life expectancy is going up in most countries , meaning more people are living longer and entering an age when they may need care . Meanwhile , birth rates are generally falling . Globally , 70 percent of all older people now live in low or middle - income countries . Countries and health care systems need to find innovative and sustainable ways to cope with the demographic shift . As reported by John Beard , director of the World Health Organization 's Department of Ageing and Life Course , `` With the rapid ageing of populations , finding the right model for long - term care becomes more and more urgent . '' </P> <P> The demographic shift is also being accompanied by changing social patterns , including smaller families , different residential patterns , and increased female labour force participation . These factors often contribute to an increased need for paid care . </P> <P> In many countries , the largest percentages of older persons needing LTC services still rely on informal home care , or services provided by unpaid caregivers ( usually nonprofessional family members , friends or other volunteers ) . Estimates from the OECD of these figures often are in the 80 to 90 percent range ; for example , in Austria , 80 percent of all older citizens . The similar figure for dependent elders in Spain is 82.2 percent . </P> <P> The US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services estimates that about 9 million American men and women over the age of 65 needed long - term care in 2006 , with the number expected to jump to 27 million by 2050 . It is anticipated that most will be cared for at home ; family and friends are the sole caregivers for 70 percent of the elderly . A study by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services says that four out of every ten people who reach age 65 will enter a nursing home at some point in their lives . Roughly 10 percent of the people who enter a nursing home will stay there five years or more . </P> <H2> Long - term care costs ( edit ) </H2> <P> A recent analysis indicates that Americans spent $219.9 billion on long - term care services for the elderly in 2012 . Nursing home spending accounts for the majority of long - term care expenditures , but the proportion of home and community based care expenditures has increased over the past 25 years . </P> <P> In 2012 , the average annual cost of nursing home care in the United States was $81,030 for a semi-private room . The average annual cost for assisted living was $42,600 . Home health aides were paid on average $12 per hour and homemaker services averaged about $20 per hour . The average cost of a nursing home for one year is more than the typical family has saved for retirement in a 401 ( k ) or an IRA . As of 2014 , 26 states have contracts with managed care organizations ( MCO ) to deliver long - term care for the elderly and individuals with disabilities . The states pay a monthly capitated rate per member to the MCOs that provide comprehensive care and accept the risk of managing total costs . </P> <P> When the percentage of elderly individuals in the population rises to nearly 14 % in 2040 as predicted , a huge strain will be put on caregivers ' finances as well as continuing care retirement facilities and nursing homes because demand will increase dramatically . </P> <H2> Long - term care funding ( edit ) </H2> <P> Governments around the world have responded to growing long - term care needs to different degrees and at different levels . </P> <H3> Europe ( edit ) </H3> <P> Most Western European countries have put in place a mechanism to fund formal care and , in a number of Northern and Continental European countries , arrangements exist to at least partially fund informal care as well . Some countries have had publicly organized funding arrangements in place for many years : the Netherlands adopted the Exceptional Medical Expenses Act ( ABWZ ) in 1967 , and in 1988 Norway established a framework for municipal payments to informal caregivers ( in certain instances making them municipal employees ) . Other countries have only recently put in place comprehensive national programs : in 2004 , for example , France set up a specific insurance fund for dependent older people and in 2006 , Portugal created a public funded national network for long - term care . Some countries ( Spain and Italy in Southern Europe , Poland and Hungary in Central Europe ) have not yet established comprehensive national programs , relying on informal caregivers combined with a fragmented mix of formal services that varies in quality and by location . </P> <P> In the 1980s , some Nordic countries began making payments to informal caregivers , with Norway and Denmark allowing relatives and neighbors who were providing regular home care to become municipal employees , complete with regular pension benefits . In Finland , informal caregivers received a fixed fee from municipalities as well as pension payments . In the 1990s , a number of countries with social health insurance ( Austria in 1994 , Germany in 1996 , Luxembourg in 1999 ) began providing a cash payment to service recipients , who could then use those funds to pay informal caregivers . </P> <P> In Germany , funding for long - term care is covered through a mandatory insurance scheme ( or Pflegeversicherung ) , with contributions divided equally between the insured and their employers . The scheme covers the care needs of people who as a consequence of illness or disability are unable to live independently for a period of at least six months . Most beneficiaries stay at home ( 69 % ) . The country 's LTC fund may also make pension contributions if an informal caregiver works more than 14 hours per week . </P> <H3> North america ( edit ) </H3> Canada ( edit ) <P> In Canada , facility - based long - term care is not publicly insured under the Canada Health Act in the same way as hospital and physician services . Funding for LTC facilities is governed by the provinces and territories , which varies across the country in terms of the range of services offered and the cost coverage . In Canada , from April 1 , 2013 to March 31 , 2014 , there were 1,519 long - term care facilities housing 149,488 residents . </P> United States ( edit ) <P> Long - term care is typically funded using a combination of sources including but not limited to family members , Medicaid , long - term care insurance and Medicare . One of these includes out - of - pocket spending , which often becomes exhausted once an individual requires more medical attention throughout the aging process and might need in - home care or be admitted into a nursing home . For many people , out - of - pocket spending for long - term care is a transitional state before eventually needing Medicaid coverage . Personal savings can be difficult to manage and budget and often deplete rapidly . In addition to personal savings , individuals can also rely on an Individual retirement account , Roth IRA , Pension , Severance package or the funds of family members . These are essentially retirement packages that become available to the individual once certain requirements have been met . </P> <P> In 2008 , Medicaid and Medicare accounted for approximately 71 % of national long - term care spending in the United States . Out - of - pocket spending accounted for 18 % of national long - term care spending , private long - term care insurance accounted for 7 % , and other organizations and agencies accounted for the remaining expenses . Moreover , 67 % of all nursing home residents used Medicaid as their primary source of payment . </P> <P> Medicaid is one of the dominant players in the nation 's long - term care market because there is a failure of private insurance and Medicare to pay for expensive long - term care services , such as nursing homes . For instance , 34 % of Medicaid was spent on long - term care services in 2002 . </P> <P> Medicaid operates as distinct programs which involve home and community - based ( Medicaid ) waivers designed for special population groups during deinstitutionalization then to community , direct medical services for individuals who meet low income guidelines ( held stable with the new Affordable Care Act Health Care Exchanges ) , facility development programs ( e.g. , intermediate care facilities for intellectual and developmental disabilities populations ) , and additional reimbursements for specified services or beds in facilities ( e.g. , over 63 % beds in nursing facilities ) . Medicaid also fund traditional home health services and is payor of adult day care services . Currently , the US Centers for Medicaid and Medicare also have a user - directed option of services previously part of grey market industry . </P> <P> In the US , Medicaid is a government program that will pay for certain health services and nursing home care for older people ( once their assets are depleted ) . In most states , Medicaid also pays for some long - term care services at home and in the community . Eligibility and covered services vary from state to state . Most often , eligibility is based on income and personal resources . Individuals eligible for Medicaid are eligible for community services , such as home health , but governments have not adequately funded this option for elders who wish to remain in their homes after extended illness aging in place , and Medicaid 's expenses are primarily concentrated on nursing home care operated by the hospital - nursing industry in the US . </P> <P> Generally , Medicare does not pay for long - term care . Medicare pays only for medically necessary skilled nursing facility or home health care . However , certain conditions must be met for Medicare to pay for even those types of care . The services must be ordered by a doctor and tend to be rehabilatative in nature . Medicare specifically will not pay for custodial and non-skilled care . Medicare will typically cover only 100 skilled nursing days following a 3 - day admission to a hospital . </P> <P> A 2006 study conducted by AARP found that most Americans are unaware of the costs associated with long - term care and overestimate the amount that government programs such as Medicare will pay . The US government plans for individuals to have care from family , similar to Depression days ; however , AARP reports annually on the Long - term services and supports ( LTSS ) for aging in the US including home - delivered meals ( from senior center sites ) and its advocacy for caregiving payments to family caregivers . </P> <P> Long - term care insurance protects individuals from asset depletion and includes a range of benefits with varying lengths of time . This type of insurance is designed to protect policyholders from the costs of long - term care services , and policies are determined using an `` experience rating '' and charge higher premiums for higher - risk individuals who have a greater chance of becoming ill . </P> <P> There are now a number of different types of long term care insurance plans including traditional tax - qualified , partnership plans ( providing additional dollar - for - dollar asset protect offered by most states ) , short - term extended care policies and hybrid plans ( life or annuity policies with riders to pay for long term care ) . </P> <P> Residents of LTC facilities may have certain legal rights , including a Red Cross ombudsperson , depending on the location of the facility . </P> <P> Unfortunately , government funded aid meant for long - term care recipients are sometimes misused . The New York Times explains how some of the businesses offering long - term care are misusing the loopholes in the newly redesigned New York Medicaid program . Government resists progressive oversight which involves continuing education requirements , community services administration with quality of life indicators , evidence - based services , and leadership in use of federal and state funds for the benefit of individual and their family . </P> <P> For those that are poor and elderly , long term care becomes even more challenging . Often , these individuals are categorized as the `` dual eligibles '' and they qualify for both Medicare and Medicaid . These individuals accounted for 319.5 billion in health care spending in 2011 . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Activities of daily living </Li> <Li> AMDA -- The Society for Post-Acute and Long - Term Care Medicine </Li> <Li> Assisted living </Li> <Li> Caring for people with dementia </Li> <Li> Chronic condition </Li> <Li> Dynamic treatment regime </Li> <Li> Geriatric care management </Li> <Li> Home care </Li> <Li> List of companies operating nursing homes in the United States </Li> <Li> Long - term care insurance </Li> <Li> Options counseling </Li> <Li> Transgenerational design </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Leiyu Shi and Douglas Singh ( December 8 , 2015 ) . Essentials of the U.S. Health Care System . Jones & Bartlett Learning ; 4 edition . ISBN 1284100553 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kernisan , Leslie . `` Activities of Daily Living : What Are ADLs and IADLs ? '' . Caring . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Defusing the demographic `` time - bomb '' in Germany . '' Bull World Health Organ 2012 ; 90 : 6 -- 7 doi : 10.2471 / BLT. 12.020112 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Health Canada . Long - Term Facilities - Based Care . Accessed 3 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Keefe , J. & Wiener , J. ( 2004 ) . Public funding for long term care services for older people with residential care settings . In : J. Pynoos , P. Hollander - Feldman , & J. Ahers , Linking Housing and Services for Older Adults : Obstacles , Options and Opportunities , pp. 51 - 80 . NY , NY : The Haworth Press . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Saltman , R.B. , Dubois , H.F.W. and Chawla , M. ( 2006 ) . The impact of aging on long - term care in Europe and some potential policy responses , International Journal of Health Services , 36 ( 4 ) : 719 - 746 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . ( 2011 , May 5 ) . HCBS waivers - Section 1915c . Washington , DC : Author . Retrieved in May 2011 from : http://www.cms.gov/MedicaidStWaivprogDemoPG1/05 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kane , R. ( 2012 ) . Thirty years of home and community - based services : Getting closer and cloer to home . Generations : Journal of the American Society for Aging , 1 - 5 . Retrieved in August 2012 from : http://www.asaging.org/Blog/thirty-years-home-and-community-based </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Braddock , D. ( 2011 ) . Long term care spending for disability . Disability Spending in States : 1997 - 2008 . Boulder , CO : University of Colorado , Department of Psychiatry . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Consortium of Citizens with Disabilities . ( 2014 ) . Long - Term Services and Supports Taskforce . Washington , DC : Author . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson , K. & Traustadottir , R. ( 2005 ) . Deinstitutionalization and People with Intellectual Disabilities . London , UK : Jessica Kingsley Publishers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Racino , J. ( 2014 ) `` '' Public Administration and Disability : Community Services Administration in the US. `` '' NY , NY : CRC Press , Francis and Taylor . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ World Health Organization . Ageing and Life Course . Accessed 3 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ London School of Economics and Political Science . Ageing and long - term care . Eurohealth 2011 , 17 ( 2 -- 3 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ OECD ( 2005 ) . Long Term Care for Older People . Paris : OECD . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Costa - Font , J. , and Patxot , C. ( 2005 ) . The design of the long - term care system in Spain : Policy and financial constraints . Soc . Society 4 : 1 , 11 -- 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Growing Demand for Long - Term Care in the U.S. ( Updated ) '' ( PDF ) . The Scan Foundation . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . AHCPR Research on Long - term Care Archived 2009 - 07 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Long Term Care '' . Colorado Gerontological Society . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ National Health Policy Forum ( 2014 ) The Basics : National Spending for Long - Term Services and Supports . Retrieved ( January 2015 ) from www.nhpf.org/library/the-basics/Basics_LTSS_03-27-14.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone , R.I. , & Benson , W.F. , Financing and organizing health and long term care services . In Prohaska , T.R. , Anderson , L.A. , & Binstock , R.H. ( Eds . ) . ( 2012 ) . Public Health for an Aging Society . Boston . Johns Hopkins University Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 2012 MetLife Market Survey of Nursing Home , Assisted Living , Adult Day Services , and Home Care Costs , Metlife Mature Market Institute </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George Washington University . ( 2004 ) . Retirement saving and long - term care needs : An overview . The Retirement Security Project . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` States Turn to Managed Care To Constrain Medicaid Long - Term Care Costs '' . Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality . 2014 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waters , R. ( 2009 , 07 20 ) . Elerly to Double to 14 % of Global Population by 2040 . https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=axV6K65QoAg8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Statistics . `` The Daily -- Long - term Care Facilities Survey , 2013 '' . www.statcan.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gale , W.G. , Iwry , M. , Orszag , P. , Ahlstrom , A. , Clements , E. , Lambrew , J. , Yumlinson , A. ( 2004 ) Retirement Saving and Long - Term Care Needs : An Overview . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lewin Group . ( 2010 ) . Individuals living in the community with chronic conditions and functional limitations : A closer look . Report prepared under contract # HHS - 100 - 95 - 0046 for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gregory , S.R. , & Gibson , M.J. ( 2002 ) . Across the States : Profiles of Long - Term Services and Supports ( 5th ed . ) . Washington , DC : AARP Public Policy Institute . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Brien , E. , & Elias , R. ( 2004 ) . Medicaid and long - term care . Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured , Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mulvey , J. , & Li , A. ( 2002 ) . Long Term Care Financing : Options for the Future . Benefits Quarterly , 18 ( 2 ) , 7 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ AARP Press Center . Long - term care report </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ AARP. ( 2012 ) . Long - Term Services and Supports in the US . Washington , DC : Author . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Amaradio , L. ( 1998 ) . Financing Long - Term Care for Elderly Persons : What Are the Options ? Journal of Health Care Finance , 25 ( 2 ) . 75 - 84 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://longtermcareplanningnews.com/articles/new-ltc-policy-options-available-hybrid-long-term-care-and-short-term-care </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Requirements for States and Long Term Care Facilities '' . ELECTRONIC CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS . U.S. Government Printing Office . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bernstein , Nina ( 8 May 2014 ) . `` Medicaid Shift Fuels Rush for Profitable Clients '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meyer , Harris ( June 2012 ) . `` The Coming Experiments in Integrating and Coordinating Care for ' Dual Eligibles ' '' . Health Affairs . doi : 10.1377 / hlthaff. 2012.0505 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> California Partnership for Long - Term Care </Li> <Li> Long Term Care Medical Directors Association of Canada Canadian - based association of medical directors in the Long Term Care setting </Li> <Li> Cost of care calculator for UK residents </Li> <Li> American Association for Long Term Care Insurance </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long-term_care&oldid=807070095 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Health care </Li> <Li> Elderly care </Li> <Li> Medical terminology </Li> <Li> Medicare and Medicaid ( United States ) </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 18 : 16 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Ganges - Wikipedia <H1> Ganges </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Ganges ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The Ganges River ( Ganga ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The Ganges in Varanasi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> India Bangladesh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Tributaries </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> - left </Td> <Td> Ramganga , Gomti , Ghaghara , Gandak , Kosi , Mahananda </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> - right </Td> <Td> Yamuna , Tamsa , Son , Punpun </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cities </Th> <Td> Rishikesh , Haridwar , Kannauj , Farrukhabad , Kanpur , Allahabad , Varanasi , Buxar , Patna , Hajipur , Munger , Katihar , Farakka , Murshidabad , Plassey , Nabadwip </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Source </Th> <Td> Gangotri Glacier , Satopanth Glacier , Khatling Glacier , and waters from melted snow from such peaks as Nanda Devi , Trisul , Kedarnath , Nanda Kot , and Kamet . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> - location </Td> <Td> Uttarakhand , India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> - elevation </Td> <Td> 3,892 m ( 12,769 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> - coordinates </Td> <Td> 30 ° 59 ′ N 78 ° 55 ′ E / 30.983 ° N 78.917 ° E / 30.983 ; 78.917 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 2,525 km ( 1,569 mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Depth </Th> <Td> 17 m ( 56 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Basin </Th> <Td> 1,080,000 km ( 416,990 sq mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Discharge </Th> <Td> for Farakka Barrage </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> - average </Td> <Td> 16,648 m / s ( 587,919 cu ft / s ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> - max </Td> <Td> 70,000 m / s ( 2,472,027 cu ft / s ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> - min </Td> <Td> 2,000 m / s ( 70,629 cu ft / s ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Discharge elsewhere ( average ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> - Bay of Bengal </Td> <Td> 38,129 m / s ( 1,346,513 cu ft / s ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Map of the combined drainage basins of the Ganges ( orange ) , Brahmaputra ( violet ) , and Meghna ( green ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Coordinates : 25 ° 18 ′ N 83 ° 01 ′ E / 25.30 ° N 83.01 ° E / 25.30 ; 83.01 </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hinduism </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hindu </Li> <Li> History </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Concepts ( show ) <Dl> <Dd> God / Highest Reality </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Brahman </Li> <Li> Ishvara </Li> <Li> God in Hinduism </Li> <Li> God and gender </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Life </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Atman </Li> <Li> Maya </Li> <Li> Karma </Li> <Li> Samsara </Li> <Li> Purusharthas <Ul> <Li> Dharma </Li> <Li> Artha </Li> <Li> Kama </Li> <Li> Moksha </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Ethics </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Niti shastra </Li> <Li> Yamas </Li> <Li> Niyama </Li> <Li> Ahimsa </Li> <Li> Asteya </Li> <Li> Aparigraha </Li> <Li> Brahmacharya </Li> <Li> Satya </Li> <Li> Damah 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The 2,525 km ( 1,569 mi ) river rises in the eastern Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand , and flows south and east through the Gangetic Plain of North India . After entering West Bengal , it is divided into two rivers , one is Hugly river or Adi Ganga , flowing through several districts of West Bengal and finally submerged with Bay of Bengal near Ganga Sagar . The second part is named as Padma which flows into Bangladesh , where it empties into the Bay of Bengal . It is the third largest river in the world by discharge . </P> <P> The Ganges is one of the most sacred rivers to Hindus , although it is not mentioned in either the Rigveda or the Ramayana . It is also a lifeline to millions of Indians who live along its course and depend on it for their daily needs . It is worshipped as the goddess Ganga in Hinduism . It has also been important historically , with many former provincial or imperial capitals ( such as Kannauj , Kampilya , Kara , Prayag or Allahabad , Kashi , Pataliputra or Patna , Hajipur , Munger , Bhagalpur , Murshidabad , Baharampur , Nabadwip , Saptagram , Kolkata and Dhaka ) located on its banks . </P> <P> The Ganges is highly polluted . Pollution threatens not only humans , but also more than 140 fish species , 90 amphibian species and the endangered Ganges river dolphin . The levels of fecal coliform from human waste in the waters of the river near Varanasi are more than 100 times the Indian government 's official limit . The Ganga Action Plan , an environmental initiative to clean up the river , has been a major failure thus far , due to corruption , technical expertise , poor environmental planning , and lack of support from religious authorities . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Course </Li> <Li> 2 Geology </Li> <Li> 3 Hydrology </Li> <Li> 4 History </Li> <Li> 5 Religious and cultural significance <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Embodiment of sacredness </Li> <Li> 5.2 Avatarana or Descent of the Ganges </Li> <Li> 5.3 Redemption of the Dead </Li> <Li> 5.4 The Purifying Ganges </Li> <Li> 5.5 Consort , Shakti , and Mother </Li> <Li> 5.6 Ganges in classical Indian iconography </Li> <Li> 5.7 Kumbh Mela </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Irrigation <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Canals </Li> <Li> 6.2 Dams and barrages </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Economy <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Tourism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Ecology and environment <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Fish </Li> <Li> 8.2 Crocodilians and turtles </Li> <Li> 8.3 Ganges river dolphin </Li> <Li> 8.4 Effects of climate change </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Pollution and environmental concerns <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Water shortages </Li> <Li> 9.2 Mining </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 Notes </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> <Li> 13 Sources </Li> <Li> 14 Further reading </Li> <Li> 15 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Course ( edit ) </H2> Bhagirathi River at Gangotri . Devprayag , confluence of Alaknanda ( right ) and Bhagirathi ( left ) rivers , beginning of the Ganges proper . The Himalayan headwaters of the Ganges River in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand , India . The headstreams and rivers are labelled in italics ; the heights of the mountains , lakes , and towns are displayed in parentheses in metres . <P> The main stream of the Ganges begins at the confluence of the Bhagirathi and Alaknanda rivers in the town of Devprayag in the Garhwal division of the Indian state of Uttarakhand . The Bhagirathi is considered to be the source in Hindu culture and mythology , although the Alaknanda is longer , and , therefore , hydrologically the source stream . The headwaters of the Alakananda are formed by snowmelt from peaks such as Nanda Devi , Trisul , and Kamet . The Bhagirathi rises at the foot of Gangotri Glacier , at Gomukh , at an elevation of 3,892 m ( 12,769 ft ) , being mythologically referred to as , residing in the matted locks of Shiva , symbolically Tapovan , being a meadow of ethereal beauty at the feet of Mount Shivling , just 5 km ( 3.1 mi ) away . </P> <P> Although many small streams comprise the headwaters of the Ganges , the six longest and their five confluences are considered sacred . The six headstreams are the Alaknanda , Dhauliganga , Nandakini , Pindar , Mandakini , and Bhagirathi rivers . The five confluences , known as the Panch Prayag , are all along the Alaknanda . They are , in downstream order , Vishnuprayag , where the Dhauliganga joins the Alaknanda ; Nandprayag , where the Nandakini joins ; Karnaprayag , where the Pindar joins , Rudraprayag , where the Mandakini joins ; and finally , Devprayag , where the Bhagirathi joins the Alaknanda to form the Ganges River proper . </P> <P> After flowing 250 km ( 155.343 mi ) through its narrow Himalayan valley , the Ganges emerges from the mountains at Rishikesh , then debouches onto the Gangetic Plain at the pilgrimage town of Haridwar . At Haridwar , a dam diverts some of its waters into the Ganges Canal , which irrigates the Doab region of Uttar Pradesh , whereas the river , whose course has been roughly southwest until this point , now begins to flow southeast through the plains of northern India . </P> <P> The Ganges follows an 800 km ( 500 mi ) arching course passing through the cities of Kannauj , Farukhabad , and Kanpur . Along the way it is joined by the Ramganga , which contributes an average annual flow of about 500 m / s ( 18,000 cu ft / s ) . The Ganges joins the Yamuna at the Triveni Sangam at Allahabad , a holy confluence in Hinduism . At their confluence the Yamuna is larger than the Ganges , contributing about 2,950 m / s ( 104,000 cu ft / s ) , or about 58.5 % of the combined flow . </P> <P> Now flowing east , the river meets the Tamsa River ( also called Tons ) , which flows north from the Kaimur Range and contributes an average flow of about 190 m / s ( 6,700 cu ft / s ) . After the Tamsa the Gomti River joins , flowing south from the Himalayas . The Gomti contributes an average annual flow of about 234 m / s ( 8,300 cu ft / s ) . Then the Ghaghara River ( Karnali River ) , also flowing south from the Himalayas of Nepal , joins . The Ghaghara ( Karnali ) , with its average annual flow of about 2,990 m / s ( 106,000 cu ft / s ) , is the largest tributary of the Ganges . After the Ghaghara ( Karnali ) confluence the Ganges is joined from the south by the Son River , contributing about 1,000 m / s ( 35,000 cu ft / s ) . The Gandaki River , then the Kosi River , join from the north flowing from Nepal , contributing about 1,654 m / s ( 58,400 cu ft / s ) and 2,166 m / s ( 76,500 cu ft / s ) , respectively . The Kosi is the third largest tributary of the Ganges , after the Ghaghara ( Karnali ) and Yamuna . </P> <P> Along the way between Allahabad and Malda , West Bengal , the Ganges passes the towns of Chunar , Mirzapur , Varanasi , Ghazipur , Patna , Hajipur , Chapra , Bhagalpur , Ballia , Buxar , Simaria , Sultanganj , and Saidpur . At Bhagalpur , the river begins to flow south - southeast and at Pakur , it begins its attrition with the branching away of its first distributary , the Bhāgirathi - Hooghly , which goes on to become the Hooghly River . Just before the border with Bangladesh the Farakka Barrage controls the flow of the Ganges , diverting some of the water into a feeder canal linked to the Hooghly for the purpose of keeping it relatively silt - free . The Hooghly River is formed by the confluence of the Bhagirathi River and Jalangi River at Nabadwip , and Hooghly has a number of tributaries of its own . The largest is the Damodar River , which is 541 km ( 336 mi ) long , with a drainage basin of 25,820 km ( 9,970 sq mi ) . The Hooghly River empties into the Bay of Bengal near Sagar Island . Between Malda and the Bay of Bengal , the Hooghly river passes the towns and cities of Murshidabad , Nabadwip , Kolkata and Howrah . </P> <P> After entering Bangladesh , the main branch of the Ganges is known as the Padma . The Padma is joined by the Jamuna River , the largest distributary of the Brahmaputra . Further downstream , the Padma joins the Meghna River , the second largest distributary of the Brahmaputra , and takes on the Meghna 's name as it enters the Meghna Estuary , which empties into the Bay of Bengal . Here it forms the 1,430 by 3,000 km ( 890 by 1,860 mi ) Bengal Fan , the world 's largest submarine fan , which alone accounts for 10 -- 20 % of the global burial of organic carbon . </P> <P> The Ganges Delta , formed mainly by the large , sediment - laden flows of the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers , is the world 's largest delta , at about 59,000 km ( 23,000 sq mi ) . It stretches 322 km ( 200 mi ) along the Bay of Bengal . </P> <P> Only the Amazon and Congo rivers have a greater average discharge than the combined flow of the Ganges , the Brahmaputra , and the Surma - Meghna river system . In full flood only the Amazon is larger . </P> <H2> Geology ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Indian subcontinent lies atop the Indian tectonic plate , a minor plate within the Indo - Australian Plate . Its defining geological processes commenced seventy - five million years ago , when , as a part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana , it began a northeastwards drift -- lasting fifty million years -- across the then unformed Indian Ocean . The subcontinent 's subsequent collision with the Eurasian Plate and subduction under it , gave rise to the Himalayas , the planet 's highest mountain ranges . In the former seabed immediately south of the emerging Himalayas , plate movement created a vast trough , which , having gradually been filled with sediment borne by the Indus and its tributaries and the Ganges and its tributaries , now forms the Indo - Gangetic Plain . </P> <P> The Indo - Gangetic Plain is geologically known as a foredeep or foreland basin . </P> <H2> Hydrology ( edit ) </H2> A 1908 map showing the course of the Ganges and its tributaries . Catchment region of the Ganga Major left - bank tributaries include Gomti ( Gumti ) , Ghaghara ( Gogra ) , Gandaki ( Gandak ) , and Kosi ( Kusi ) ; major right - bank tributaries include Yamuna ( Jumna ) , Son , Punpun and Damodar . <P> The hydrology of the Ganges River is very complicated , especially in the Ganges Delta region . One result is different ways to determine the river 's length , its discharge , and the size of its drainage basin . </P> The river Ganges at Kolkata , with Howrah Bridge in the background Lower Ganges in Lakshmipur , Bangladesh The Mahatma Gandhi Setu bridge over the Ganges connecting the cities of Patna and Hajipur <P> The name Ganges is used for the river between the confluence of the Bhagirathi and Alaknanda rivers , in the Himalayas , and the India - Bangladesh border , near the Farakka Barrage and the first bifurcation of the river . The length of the Ganges is frequently said to be slightly over 2,500 km ( 1,600 mi ) long , about 2,505 km ( 1,557 mi ) , to 2,525 km ( 1,569 mi ) , or perhaps 2,550 km ( 1,580 mi ) . In these cases the river 's source is usually assumed to be the source of the Bhagirathi River , Gangotri Glacier at Gomukh , and its mouth being the mouth of the Meghna River on the Bay of Bengal . Sometimes the source of the Ganges is considered to be at Haridwar , where its Himalayan headwater streams debouch onto the Gangetic Plain . </P> <P> In some cases , the length of the Ganges is given for its Hooghly River distributary , which is longer than its main outlet via the Meghna River , resulting in a total length of about 2,620 km ( 1,630 mi ) , from the source of the Bhagirathi , or 2,135 km ( 1,327 mi ) , from Haridwar to the Hooghly 's mouth . In other cases the length is said to be about 2,240 km ( 1,390 mi ) , from the source of the Bhagirathi to the Bangladesh border , where its name changes to Padma . </P> <P> For similar reasons , sources differ over the size of the river 's drainage basin . The basin covers parts of four countries , India , Nepal , China , and Bangladesh ; eleven Indian states , Himachal Pradesh , Uttarakhand , Uttar Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh , Chhattisgarh , Bihar , Jharkhand , Punjab , Haryana , Rajasthan , West Bengal , and the Union Territory of Delhi . The Ganges basin , including the delta but not the Brahmaputra or Meghna basins , is about 1,080,000 km ( 420,000 sq mi ) , of which 861,000 km ( 332,000 sq mi ) are in India ( about 80 % ) , 140,000 km ( 54,000 sq mi ) in Nepal ( 13 % ) , 46,000 km ( 18,000 sq mi ) in Bangladesh ( 4 % ) , and 33,000 km ( 13,000 sq mi ) in China ( 3 % ) . Sometimes the Ganges and Brahmaputra -- Meghna drainage basins are combined for a total of about 1,600,000 km ( 620,000 sq mi ) , or 1,621,000 km ( 626,000 sq mi ) . The combined Ganges - Brahmaputra - Meghna basin ( abbreviated GBM or GMB ) drainage basin is spread across Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Nepal , and China . </P> <P> The Ganges basin ranges from the Himalaya and the Transhimalaya in the north , to the northern slopes of the Vindhya range in the south , from the eastern slopes of the Aravalli in the west to the Chota Nagpur plateau and the Sunderbans delta in the east . A significant portion of the discharge from the Ganges comes from the Himalayan mountain system . Within the Himalaya , the Ganges basin spreads almost 1,200 km from the Yamuna - Satluj divide along the Simla ridge forming the boundary with the Indus basin in the west to the Singalila Ridge along the Nepal - Sikkim border forming the boundary with the Brahmaputra basin in the east . This section of the Himalaya contains 9 of the 14 highest peaks in the world over 8,000 m in height , including Mount Everest which is the high point of the Ganges basin . The other peaks over 8,000 m in the basin are Kangchenjunga , Lhotse , Makalu , Cho Oyu , Dhaulagiri , Manaslu , Annapurna and Shishapangma . The Himalayan portion of the basin includes the south - eastern portion of the state of Himachal Pradesh , the entire state of Uttarakhand , the entire country of Nepal and the extreme north - western portion of the state of West Bengal . </P> <P> The discharge of the Ganges also differs by source . Frequently , discharge is described for the mouth of the Meghna River , thus combining the Ganges with the Brahmaputra and Meghna . This results in a total average annual discharge of about 38,000 m / s ( 1,300,000 cu ft / s ) , or 42,470 m / s ( 1,500,000 cu ft / s ) . In other cases the average annual discharges of the Ganges , Brahmaputra , and Meghna are given separately , at about 16,650 m / s ( 588,000 cu ft / s ) for the Ganges , about 19,820 m / s ( 700,000 cu ft / s ) for the Brahmaputra , and about 5,100 m / s ( 180,000 cu ft / s ) for the Meghna . </P> Hardinge Bridge , Bangladesh , crosses the Ganges - Padma River . It is one of the key sites for measuring streamflow and discharge on the lower Ganges . <P> The maximum peak discharge of the Ganges , as recorded at Hardinge Bridge in Bangladesh , exceeded 70,000 m / s ( 2,500,000 cu ft / s ) . The minimum recorded at the same place was about 180 m / s ( 6,400 cu ft / s ) , in 1997 . </P> <P> The hydrologic cycle in the Ganges basin is governed by the Southwest Monsoon . About 84 % of the total rainfall occurs in the monsoon from June to September . Consequently , streamflow in the Ganges is highly seasonal . The average dry season to monsoon discharge ratio is about 1 : 6 , as measured at Hardinge Bridge . This strong seasonal variation underlies many problems of land and water resource development in the region . The seasonality of flow is so acute it can cause both drought and floods . Bangladesh , in particular , frequently experiences drought during the dry season and regularly suffers extreme floods during the monsoon . </P> <P> In the Ganges Delta many large rivers come together , both merging and bifurcating in a complicated network of channels . The two largest rivers , the Ganges and Brahmaputra , both split into distributary channels , the largest of which merge with other large rivers before themselves joining . This current channel pattern was not always the case . Over time the rivers in Ganges Delta have changed course , sometimes altering the network of channels in significant ways . </P> <P> Before the late 12th century the Bhagirathi - Hooghly distributary was the main channel of the Ganges and the Padma was only a minor spill - channel . The main flow of the river reached the sea not via the modern Hooghly River but rather by the Adi Ganga . Between the 12th and 16th centuries the Bhagirathi - Hooghly and Padma channels were more or less equally significant . After the 16th century the Padma grew to become the main channel of the Ganges . It is thought that the Bhagirathi - Hooghly became increasingly choked with silt , causing the main flow of the Ganges to shift to the southeast and the Padma River . By the end of the 18th century the Padma had become the main distributary of the Ganges . One result of this shift to the Padma was that the Ganges joined the Meghna and Brahmaputra rivers before emptying into the Bay of Bengal , together instead of separately . The present confluence of the Ganges and Meghna formed about 150 years ago . </P> <P> Also near the end of the 18th century , the course of the lower Brahmaputra changed dramatically , altering its relationship with the Ganges . In 1787 there was a great flood on the Teesta River , which at the time was a tributary of the Ganges - Padma River . The flood of 1787 caused the Teesta to undergo a sudden change course ( an avulsion ) , shifting east to join the Brahmaputra and causing the Brahmaputra to shift its course south , cutting a new channel . This new main channel of the Brahmaputra is called the Jamuna River . It flows south to join the Ganges - Padma . Since ancient times the main flow of the Brahmaputra was more easterly , passing by the city of Mymensingh and joining the Meghna River . Today this channel is a small distributary but retains the name Brahmaputra , sometimes Old Brahmaputra . The site of the old Brahmaputra - Meghna confluence , in the locality of Langalbandh , is still considered sacred by Hindus . Near the confluence is a major early historic site called Wari - Bateshwar . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> The birth of Ganges <P> The Late Harappan period , about 1900 -- 1300 BCE , saw the spread of Harappan settlement eastward from the Indus River basin to the Ganges - Yamuna doab , although none crossed the Ganges to settle its eastern bank . The disintegration of the Harappan civilisation , in the early 2nd millennium BC , marks the point when the centre of Indian civilisation shifted from the Indus basin to the Ganges basin . There may be links between the Late Harappan settlement of the Ganges basin and the archaeological culture known as `` Cemetery H '' , the Indo - Aryan people , and the Vedic period . </P> <P> This river is the longest in India . During the early Vedic Age of the Rigveda , the Indus and the Sarasvati River were the major sacred rivers , not the Ganges . But the later three Vedas gave much more importance to the Ganges . The Gangetic Plain became the centre of successive powerful states , from the Maurya Empire to the Mughal Empire . </P> <P> The first European traveller to mention the Ganges was Megasthenes ( ca . 350 -- 290 BCE ) . He did so several times in his work Indica : `` India , again , possesses many rivers both large and navigable , which , having their sources in the mountains which stretch along the northern frontier , traverse the level country , and not a few of these , after uniting with each other , fall into the river called the Ganges . Now this river , which at its source is 30 stadia broad , flows from north to south , and empties its waters into the ocean forming the eastern boundary of the Gangaridai , a nation which possesses a vast force of the largest - sized elephants . '' ( Diodorus II. 37 ) In the rainy season of 1809 , the lower channel of the Bhagirathi , leading to Kolkata , had been entirely shut ; but in the following year it opened again , and was nearly of the same size with the upper channel ; both however suffered a considerable diminution , owing probably to the new communication opened below the Jalanggi on the upper channel . </P> <P> In 1951 a water sharing dispute arose between India and East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) , after India declared its intention to build the Farakka Barrage . The original purpose of the barrage , which was completed in 1975 , was to divert up to 1,100 m / s ( 39,000 cu ft / s ) of water from the Ganges to the Bhagirathi - Hooghly distributary in order to restore navigability at the Port of Kolkata . It was assumed that during the worst dry season the Ganges flow would be around 1,400 to 1,600 m / s ( 49,000 to 57,000 cu ft / s ) , thus leaving 280 to 420 m / s ( 9,900 to 14,800 cu ft / s ) for the then East Pakistan . East Pakistan objected and a protracted dispute ensued . In 1996 a 30 - year treaty was signed with Bangladesh . The terms of the agreement are complicated , but in essence they state that if the Ganges flow at Farakka was less than 2,000 m / s ( 71,000 cu ft / s ) then India and Bangladesh would each receive 50 % of the water , with each receiving at least 1,000 m / s ( 35,000 cu ft / s ) for alternating ten - day periods . However , within a year the flow at Farakka fell to levels far below the historic average , making it impossible to implement the guaranteed sharing of water . In March 1997 , flow of the Ganges in Bangladesh dropped to its lowest ever , 180 m / s ( 6,400 cu ft / s ) . Dry season flows returned to normal levels in the years following , but efforts were made to address the problem . One plan is for another barrage to be built in Bangladesh at Pangsha , west of Dhaka . This barrage would help Bangladesh better utilise its share of the waters of the Ganges . </P> <H2> Religious and cultural significance ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Embodiment of sacredness ( edit ) </H3> Chromolithograph , `` Indian woman floating lamps on the Ganges , '' by William Simpson , 1867 . <P> The Ganges is a sacred river to Hindus along every fragment of its length . All along its course , Hindus bathe in its waters , paying homage to their ancestors and to their gods by cupping the water in their hands , lifting it and letting it fall back into the river ; they offer flowers and rose petals and float shallow clay dishes filled with oil and lit with wicks ( diyas ) . On the journey back home from the Ganges , they carry small quantities of river water with them for use in rituals ( Ganga jal , literally water of the Ganges ) . </P> <P> The Ganges is the embodiment of all sacred waters in Hindu mythology . Local rivers are said to be like the Ganges , and are sometimes called the local Ganges ( Ganga ) . The Kaveri river of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu in Southern India is called the Ganges of the South ; the Godavari , is the Ganges that was led by the sage Gautama to flow through Central India . The Ganges is invoked whenever water is used in Hindu ritual , and is therefore present in all sacred waters . In spite of this , nothing is more stirring for a Hindu than a dip in the actual river , which is thought to remit sins , especially at one of the famous tirthas such as Gangotri , Haridwar , Prayag , or Varanasi . The symbolic and religious importance of the Ganges is one of the few things that Hindu India , even its skeptics , are agreed upon . Jawaharlal Nehru , a religious iconoclast himself , asked for a handful of his ashes to be thrown into the Ganges . `` The Ganga , '' he wrote in his will , `` is the river of India , beloved of her people , round which are intertwined her racial memories , her hopes and fears , her songs of triumph , her victories and her defeats . She has been a symbol of India 's age - long culture and civilization , ever - changing , ever - flowing , and yet ever the same Ganga . '' </P> <H3> Avatarana or descent of the Ganges ( edit ) </H3> Descent of Ganga -- painting by Raja Ravi Varma <P> In late May or early June every year , Hindus celebrate the avatarana or descent of the Ganges from heaven to earth . The day of the celebration , Ganga Dashahara , the dashami ( tenth day ) of the waxing moon of the Hindu calendar month Jyestha , brings throngs of bathers to the banks of the river . A soak in the Ganges on this day is said to rid the bather of ten sins ( dasha = Sanskrit `` ten '' ; hara = to destroy ) or alternatively , ten lifetimes of sins . Those who can not journey to the river , however , can achieve the same results by bathing in any nearby body of water , which , for the true believer , in the Hindu tradition , takes on all the attributes of the Ganges . </P> <P> The avatarana is an old theme in Hinduism with a number of different versions of the story . In the Vedic version , Indra , the Lord of Svarga ( Heaven ) slays the celestial serpent , Vritra , releasing the celestial liquid , the soma , or the nectar of the gods which then plunges to the earth and waters it with sustenance . </P> <P> In the Vaishnava version of the myth , Indra has been replaced by his former helper Vishnu . The heavenly waters are now a river called Vishnupadi ( padi : Skt. `` from the foot of '' ) . As he completes his celebrated three strides -- of earth , sky , and heaven -- Vishnu as Vamana stubs his toe on the vault of heaven , punches open a hole , and releases the Vishnupadi , which until now had been circling around the cosmic egg within . Flowing out of the vault , she plummets down to Indra 's heaven , where she is received by Dhruva , the once steadfast worshipper of Vishnu , now fixed in the sky as the polestar . Next , she streams across the sky forming the Milky Way and arrives on the moon . She then flows down earthwards to Brahma 's realm , a divine lotus atop Mount Meru , whose petals form the earthly continents . There , the divine waters break up , with one stream , the Alaknanda , flowing down one petal into Bharatvarsha ( India ) as the Ganges . </P> <P> It is Shiva , however , among the major deities of the Hindu pantheon , who appears in the most widely known version of the avatarana story . Told and retold in the Ramayana , the Mahabharata and several Puranas , the story begins with a sage , Kapila , whose intense meditation has been disturbed by the sixty thousand sons of King Sagara . Livid at being disturbed , Kapila sears them with his angry gaze , reduces them to ashes , and dispatches them to the netherworld . Only the waters of the Ganges , then in heaven , can bring the dead sons their salvation . A descendant of these sons , King Bhagiratha , anxious to restore his ancestors , undertakes rigorous penance and is eventually granted the prize of Ganga 's descent from heaven . However , since her turbulent force would also shatter the earth , Bhagiratha persuades Shiva in his abode on Mount Kailash to receive Ganga in the coils of his tangled hair and break her fall . Ganga descends , is tamed in Shiva 's locks , and arrives in the Himalayas . She is then led by the waiting Bhagiratha down into the plains at Haridwar , across the plains first to the confluence with the Yamuna at Prayag and then to Varanasi , and eventually to Ganga Sagar , where she meets the ocean , sinks to the netherworld , and saves the sons of Sagara . In honour of Bhagirath 's pivotal role in the avatarana , the source stream of the Ganges in the Himalayas is named Bhagirathi , ( Sanskrit , `` of Bhagiratha '' ) . </P> <H3> Redemption of the dead ( edit ) </H3> Preparations for cremations on the banks of the Ganges in Varanasi , 1903 . The dead are being bathed , wrapped in cloth and covered with wood . The photograph has caption , `` Who dies in the waters of the Ganges obtains heaven . '' <P> Since Ganga had descended from heaven to earth , she is also the vehicle of ascent , from earth to heaven . As the Triloka - patha - gamini , ( Skt . triloka = `` three worlds '' , patha = `` road '' , gamini = `` one who travels '' ) of the Hindu tradition , she flows in heaven , earth , and the netherworld , and , consequently , is a `` tirtha , '' or crossing point of all beings , the living as well as the dead . It is for this reason that the story of the avatarana is told at Shraddha ceremonies for the deceased in Hinduism , and Ganges water is used in Vedic rituals after death . Among all hymns devoted to the Ganges , there are none more popular than the ones expressing the worshipers wish to breathe his last surrounded by her waters . The Gangashtakam expresses this longing fervently : </P> <P> O Mother ! ... Necklace adorning the worlds ! Banner rising to heaven ! I ask that I may leave of this body on your banks , Drinking your water , rolling in your waves , Remembering your name , bestowing my gaze upon you . </P> <P> No place along her banks is more longed for at the moment of death by Hindus than Varanasi , the Great Cremation Ground , or Mahashmshana . Those who are lucky enough to die in Varanasi , are cremated on the banks of the Ganges , and are granted instant salvation . If the death has occurred elsewhere , salvation can be achieved by immersing the ashes in the Ganges . If the ashes have been immersed in another body of water , a relative can still gain salvation for the deceased by journeying to the Ganges , if possible during the lunar `` fortnight of the ancestors '' in the Hindu calendar month of Ashwin ( September or October ) , and performing the Shraddha rites . </P> <P> Hindus also perform pinda pradana , a rite for the dead , in which balls of rice and sesame seed are offered to the Ganges while the names of the deceased relatives are recited . Every sesame seed in every ball thus offered , according to one story , assures a thousand years of heavenly salvation for the each relative . Indeed , the Ganges is so important in the rituals after death that the Mahabharata , in one of its popular ślokas , says , `` If only ( one ) bone of a ( deceased ) person should touch the water of the Ganges , that person shall dwell honoured in heaven . '' As if to illustrate this truism , the Kashi Khanda ( Varanasi Chapter ) of the Skanda Purana recounts the remarkable story of Vahika , a profligate and unrepentant sinner , who is killed by a tiger in the forest . His soul arrives before Yama , the Lord of Death , to be judged for the hereafter . Having no compensating virtue , Vahika 's soul is at once dispatched to hell . While this is happening , his body on earth , however , is being picked at by vultures , one of whom flies away with a foot bone . Another bird comes after the vulture , and in fighting him off , the vulture accidentally drops the bone into the Ganges below . Blessed by this happenstance , Vahika , on his way to hell , is rescued by a celestial chariot which takes him instead to heaven . </P> <H3> The purifying Ganges ( edit ) </H3> Devotees taking holy bath during festival of Ganga Dashara at Har - ki - Pauri , Haridwar <P> Hindus consider the waters of the Ganges to be both pure and purifying . Nothing reclaims order from disorder more than the waters of the Ganges . Moving water , as in a river , is considered purifying in Hindu culture because it is thought to both absorb impurities and take them away . The swiftly moving Ganges , especially in its upper reaches , where a bather has to grasp an anchored chain in order to not be carried away , is considered especially purifying . What the Ganges removes , however , is not necessarily physical dirt , but symbolic dirt ; it wipes away the sins of the bather , not just of the present , but of a lifetime . </P> <P> A popular paean to the Ganges is the Ganga Lahiri composed by a seventeenth century poet Jagannatha who , legend has it , was turned out of his Hindu Brahmin caste for carrying on an affair with a Muslim woman . Having attempted futilely to be rehabilitated within the Hindu fold , the poet finally appeals to Ganga , the hope of the hopeless , and the comforter of last resort . Along with his beloved , Jagannatha sits at the top of the flight of steps leading to the water at the famous Panchganga Ghat in Varanasi . As he recites each verse of the poem , the water of the Ganges rises up one step , until in the end it envelops the lovers and carry them away . `` I come to you as a child to his mother , '' begins the Ganga Lahiri . </P> <P> I come as an orphan to you , moist with love . I come without refuge to you , giver of sacred rest . I come a fallen man to you , uplifter of all . I come undone by disease to you , the perfect physician . I come , my heart dry with thirst , to you , ocean of sweet wine . Do with me whatever you will . </P> <H3> Consort , shakti , and mother ( edit ) </H3> <P> Ganga is a consort to all three major male deities of Hinduism . As Brahma 's partner she always travels with him in the form of water in his kamandalu ( water - pot ) . She is also Vishnu 's consort . Not only does she emanate from his foot as Vishnupadi in the avatarana story , but is also , with Sarasvati and Lakshmi , one of his co-wives . In one popular story , envious of being outdone by each other , the co-wives begin to quarrel . While Lakshmi attempts to mediate the quarrel , Ganga and Sarasvati , heap misfortune on each other . They curse each other to become rivers , and to carry within them , by washing , the sins of their human worshippers . Soon their husband , Vishnu , arrives and decides to calm the situation by separating the goddesses . He orders Sarasvati to become the wife of Brahma , Ganga to become the wife of Shiva , and Lakshmi , as the blameless conciliator , to remain as his own wife . Ganga and Sarasvati , however , are so distraught at this dispensation , and wail so loudly , that Vishnu is forced to take back his words . Consequently , in their lives as rivers they are still thought to be with him . </P> Shiva , as Gangadhara , bearing the Descent of the Ganges , as the goddess Parvati , the sage Bhagiratha , and the bull Nandi look on ( circa 1740 ) . <P> It is Shiva 's relationship with Ganga , that is the best - known in Ganges mythology . Her descent , the avatarana is not a one time event , but a continuously occurring one in which she is forever falling from heaven into his locks and being forever tamed . Shiva , is depicted in Hindu iconography as Gangadhara , the `` Bearer of the Ganga , '' with Ganga , shown as spout of water , rising from his hair . The Shiva - Ganga relationship is both perpetual and intimate . Shiva is sometimes called Uma - Ganga - Patiswara ( `` Husband and Lord of Uma ( Parvati ) and Ganga '' ) , and Ganga often arouses the jealousy of Shiva 's better - known consort Parvati . </P> <P> Ganga is the shakti or the moving , restless , rolling energy in the form of which the otherwise recluse and unapproachable Shiva appears on earth . As water , this moving energy can be felt , tasted , and absorbed . The war - god Skanda addresses the sage Agastya in the Kashi Khand of the Skanda Purana in these words : </P> <P> One should not be amazed ... that this Ganges is really Power , for is she not the Supreme Shakti of the Eternal Shiva , taken in the form of water ? This Ganges , filled with the sweet wine of compassion , was sent out for the salvation of the world by Shiva , the Lord of the Lords . Good people should not think this Triple - Pathed River to be like the thousand other earthly rivers , filled with water . </P> <P> The Ganges is also the mother , the Ganga Mata ( mata = `` mother '' ) of Hindu worship and culture , accepting all and forgiving all . Unlike other goddesses , she has no destructive or fearsome aspect , destructive though she might be as a river in nature . She is also a mother to other gods . She accepts Shiva 's incandescent seed from the fire - god Agni , which is too hot for this world , and cools it in her waters . This union produces Skanda , or Kartikeya , the god of war . In the Mahabharata , she is the wife of Shantanu , and the mother of heroic warrior - patriarch , Bhishma . When Bhishma is mortally wounded in battle , Ganga comes out of the water in human form and weeps uncontrollably over his body . </P> <P> The Ganges is the distilled lifeblood of the Hindu tradition , of its divinities , holy books , and enlightenment . As such , her worship does not require the usual rites of invocation ( avahana ) at the beginning and dismissal ( visarjana ) at the end , required in the worship of other gods . Her divinity is immediate and everlasting . </P> <H3> Ganges in Classical Indian iconography ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Photograph ( 1875 ) of goddess Ganga ( Gupta Period , 5th or 6th century CE ) from Besnagar , Madhya Pradesh , now in Museum of Fine Arts , Boston . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Goddess Ganga with left hand resting on a dwarf attendant 's head from the Rameshwar Temple , Ellora Caves , Maharashtra . Date of Sculpture , 6th century </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The goddess Ganga stands on her mount , the makara , with a kumbha , a full pot of water , in her hand , while an attendant holds a parasol over her . Terracotta , Ahichatra , Uttar Pradesh , Gupta , 5th century , now in National Museum , New Delhi </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The goddess Ganga ( right ) in tribhanga pose with retinue . Pratihara , 10th century , now in National Museum , New Delhi </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Early in ancient Indian culture , the river Ganges was associated with fecundity , its redeeming waters and its rich silt providing sustenance to all who lived along its banks . A counterpoise to the dazzling heat of the Indian summer , the Ganges came to be imbued with magical qualities and to be revered in anthropomorphic form . By the 5th century CE , an elaborate mythology surrounded the Ganges , now a goddess in her own right , and a symbol for all rivers of India . Hindu temples all over India had statues and reliefs of the goddess carved at their entrances , symbolically washing the sins of arriving worshippers and guarding the gods within . As protector of the sanctum sanctorum , the goddess soon came to depicted with several characteristic accessories : the makara ( a crocodile - like undersea monster , often shown with an elephant - like trunk ) , the kumbha ( an overfull vase ) , various overhead parasol - like coverings , and a gradually increasing retinue of humans . </P> <P> Central to the goddess 's visual identification is the makara , which is also her vahana , or mount . An ancient symbol in India , it pre-dates all appearances of the goddess Ganga in art . The makara has a dual symbolism . On the one hand , it represents the life - affirming waters and plants of its environment ; on the other , it represents fear , both fear of the unknown it elicits by lurking in those waters and real fear it instils by appearing in sight . The earliest extant unambiguous pairing of the makara with Ganga is at Udayagiri Caves in Central India ( circa 400 CE ) . Here , in Cave V , flanking the main figure of Vishnu shown in his boar incarnation , two river goddesses , Ganga and Yamuna appear atop their respective mounts , makara and kurma ( a turtle or tortoise ) . </P> <P> The makara is often accompanied by a gana , a small boy or child , near its mouth , as , for example , shown in the Gupta period relief from Besnagar , Central India , in the left-most frame above . The gana represents both posterity and development ( udbhava ) . The pairing of the fearsome , life - destroying makara with the youthful , life - affirming gana speaks to two aspects of the Ganges herself . Although she has provided sustenance to millions , she has also brought hardship , injury , and death by causing major floods along her banks . The goddess Ganga is also accompanied by a dwarf attendant , who carries a cosmetic bag , and on whom she sometimes leans , as if for support . ( See , for example , frames 1 , 2 , and 4 above . ) </P> <P> The purna kumbha or full pot of water is the second most discernible element of the Ganga iconography . Appearing first also in the relief in Udayagiri Caves ( 5th century ) , it gradually appeared more frequently as the theme of the goddess matured . By the seventh century it had become an established feature , as seen , for example , the Dashavatara temple , Deogarh , Uttar Pradesh ( seventh century ) , the Trimurti temple , Badoli , Chittorgarh , Rajasthan , and at the Lakshmaneshwar temple , Kharod , Bilaspur , Chhattisgarh , ( ninth or tenth century ) , and seen very clearly in frame 3 above and less clearly in the remaining frames . Worshipped even today , the full pot is emblematic of the formless Brahman , as well as of woman , of the womb , and of birth . Furthermore , The river goddesses Ganga and Saraswati were both born from Brahma 's pot , containing the celestial waters . </P> <P> In her earliest depictions at temple entrances , the goddess Ganga appeared standing beneath the overhanging branch of a tree , as seen as well in the Udayagiri caves . However , soon the tree cover had evolved into a chatra or parasol held by an attendant , for example , in the seventh - century Dasavatara temple at Deogarh . ( The parasol can be clearly seen in frame 3 above ; its stem can be seen in frame 4 , but the rest has broken off . ) The cover undergoes another transformation in the temple at Kharod , Bilaspur ( ninth or tenth century ) , where the parasol is lotus - shaped , and yet another at the Trimurti temple at Badoli where the parasol has been replaced entirely by a lotus . </P> <P> As the iconography evolved , sculptors in the central India especially were producing animated scenes of the goddess , replete with an entourage and suggestive of a queen en route to a river to bathe . A relief similar to the depiction in frame 4 above , is described in Pal 1997 , p. 43 as follows : </P> <P> A typical relief of about the ninth century that once stood at the entrance of a temple , the river goddess Ganga is shown as a voluptuously endowed lady with a retinue . Following the iconographic prescription , she stands gracefully on her composite makara mount and holds a water pot . The dwarf attendant carries her cosmetic bag , and a ... female holds the stem of a giant lotus leaf that serves as her mistress 's parasol . The fourth figure is a male guardian . Often in such reliefs the makara 's tail is extended with great flourish into a scrolling design symbolizing both vegetation and water . </P> <H3> Kumbh Mela ( edit ) </H3> A procession of Akharas marching over a makeshift bridge over the Ganges River . Kumbh Mela at Allahabad , 2001 . Main article : Kumbh Mela <P> Kumbh Mela is a mass Hindu pilgrimage in which Hindus gather at the Ganges River . The normal Kumbh Mela is celebrated every 3 years , the Ardh ( half ) Kumbh is celebrated every six years at Haridwar and Prayag , the Purna ( complete ) Kumbh takes place every twelve years at four places ( Prayag ( Allahabad ) , Haridwar , Ujjain , and Nashik ) . The Maha ( great ) Kumbh Mela which comes after 12 ' Purna Kumbh Melas ' , or 144 years , is held at Prayag ( Allahabad ) . </P> <P> The major event of the festival is ritual bathing at the banks of the river . Other activities include religious discussions , devotional singing , mass feeding of holy men and women and the poor , and religious assemblies where doctrines are debated and standardized . Kumbh Mela is the most sacred of all the pilgrimages . Thousands of holy men and women attend , and the auspiciousness of the festival is in part attributable to this . The sadhus are seen clad in saffron sheets with ashes and powder dabbed on their skin per the requirements of ancient traditions . Some , called naga sanyasis , may not wear any clothes . </P> <H2> Irrigation ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Ganges and its all tributaries , especially the Yamuna , have been used for irrigation since ancient times . Dams and canals were common in gangetic plain by fourth century BCE . The Ganges - Brahmaputra - Meghna basin has a huge hydroelectric potential , on the order of 200,000 to 250,000 megawatts , nearly half of which could be easily harnessed . As of 1999 , India tapped about 12 % of the hydroelectric potential of the Ganges and just 1 % of the vast potential of the Brahmaputra . </P> <H3> Canals ( edit ) </H3> Head works of the Ganges canal in Haridwar ( 1860 ) . photograph by Samuel Bourne . <P> Megasthenes , a Greek ethnographer who visited India during third century BCE when Mauryans ruled India described the existence of canals in the gangetic plain . Kautilya ( also known as Chanakya ) , an advisor to Chandragupta Maurya , the founder of Maurya Empire , included the destruction of dams and levees as a strategy during war . Firuz Shah Tughlaq had many canals built , the longest of which , 240 km ( 150 mi ) , was built in 1356 on the Yamuna River . Now known as the Western Yamuna Canal , it has fallen into disrepair and been restored several times . The Mughal emperor Shah Jahan built an irrigation canal on the Yamuna River in the early 17th century . It fell into disuse until 1830 , when it was reopened as the Eastern Yamuna Canal , under British control . The reopened canal became a model for the Upper Ganges Canal and all following canal projects . </P> The Ganges Canal highlighted in red stretching between its headworks off the Ganges River in Hardwar and its confluences with the Jumna River in Etawah and with the Ganges in Cawnpore ( now Kanpur ) . <P> The first British canal in India -- with no Indian antecedents -- was the Ganges Canal built between 1842 and 1854 . Contemplated first by Col. John Russell Colvin in 1836 , it did not at first elicit much enthusiasm from its eventual architect Sir Proby Thomas Cautley , who balked at idea of cutting a canal through extensive low - lying land in order to reach the drier upland destination . However , after the Agra famine of 1837 -- 38 , during which the East India Company 's administration spent Rs. 2,300,000 on famine relief , the idea of a canal became more attractive to the Company 's budget - conscious Court of Directors . In 1839 , the Governor General of India , Lord Auckland , with the Court 's assent , granted funds to Cautley for a full survey of the swath of land that underlay and fringed the projected course of the canal . The Court of Directors , moreover , considerably enlarged the scope of the projected canal , which , in consequence of the severity and geographical extent of the famine , they now deemed to be the entire Doab region . </P> <P> The enthusiasm , however , proved to be short lived . Auckland 's successor as Governor General , Lord Ellenborough , appeared less receptive to large - scale public works , and for the duration of his tenure , withheld major funds for the project . Only in 1844 , when a new Governor - General , Lord Hardinge , was appointed , did official enthusiasm and funds return to the Ganges canal project . Although the intervening impasse had seemingly affected Cautley 's health and required him to return to Britain in 1845 for recuperation , his European sojourn gave him an opportunity to study contemporary hydraulic works in the United Kingdom and Italy . By the time of his return to India even more supportive men were at the helm , both in the North - Western Provinces , with James Thomason as Lt. Governor , and in British India with Lord Dalhousie as Governor - General . Canal construction , under Cautley 's supervision , now went into full swing . A 560 km ( 350 mi ) long canal , with another 480 km ( 300 mi ) of branch lines , eventually stretched between the headworks in Hardwar , splitting into two branches below Aligarh , and its two confluences with the Yamuna ( Jumna in map ) mainstem in Etawah and the Ganges in Kanpur ( Cawnpore in map ) . The Ganges Canal , which required a total capital outlay of £ 2.15 million , was officially opened in 1854 by Lord Dalhousie . According to historian Ian Stone : </P> <P> It was the largest canal ever attempted in the world , five times greater in its length than all the main irrigation lines of Lombardy and Egypt put together , and longer by a third than even the largest USA navigation canal , the Pennsylvania Canal . </P> <H3> Dams and barrages ( edit ) </H3> <P> A major barrage at Farakka was opened on 21 April 1975 , It is located close to the point where the main flow of the river enters Bangladesh , and the tributary Hooghly ( also known as Bhagirathi ) continues in West Bengal past Kolkata . This barrage , which feeds the Hooghly branch of the river by a 42 km ( 26 mi ) long feeder canal , and its water flow management has been a long - lingering source of dispute with Bangladesh . Indo - Bangladesh Ganges Water Treaty signed in December 1996 addressed some of the water sharing issues between India and Bangladesh . </P> <P> Tehri Dam was constructed on Bhagirathi River , tributary of the Ganges . It is located 1.5 km downstream of Ganesh Prayag , the place where Bhilangana meets Bhagirathi . Bhagirathi is called Ganges after Devprayag . Construction of the dam in an earthquake prone area was controversial . </P> <P> Bansagar Dam was built on the Son River , a tributary of the Ganges for both irrigation and hydroelectric power generation . </P> <H2> Economy ( edit ) </H2> A girl selling plastic containers for carrying Ganges water , Haridwar . <P> The Ganges Basin with its fertile soil is instrumental to the agricultural economies of India and Bangladesh . The Ganges and its tributaries provide a perennial source of irrigation to a large area . Chief crops cultivated in the area include rice , sugarcane , lentils , oil seeds , potatoes , and wheat . Along the banks of the river , the presence of swamps and lakes provide a rich growing area for crops such as legumes , chillies , mustard , sesame , sugarcane , and jute . There are also many fishing opportunities along the river , though it remains highly polluted . Also the major industrial towns of Unnao , Kanpur , situated on the banks of the river with the predominance of tanning industries add to the pollution . </P> <H3> Tourism ( edit ) </H3> <P> Tourism is another related activity . Three towns holy to Hinduism -- Haridwar , Prayag ( Allahabad ) , and Varanasi -- attract thousands of pilgrims to its waters to take a dip in the Ganges , which is believed to cleanse oneself of sins and help attain salvation . The rapids of the Ganges also are popular for river rafting , attracting adventure seekers in the summer months . Also , several cities such as Kanpur , Kolkata and Patna have developed riverfront walkways along the banks to attract tourists . </P> <H2> Ecology and environment ( edit ) </H2> Ganges from Space <P> Human development , mostly agriculture , has replaced nearly all of the original natural vegetation of the Ganges basin . More than 95 % of the upper Gangetic Plain has been degraded or converted to agriculture or urban areas . Only one large block of relatively intact habitat remains , running along the Himalayan foothills and including Rajaji National Park , Jim Corbett National Park , and Dudhwa National Park . As recently as the 16th and 17th centuries the upper Gangetic Plain harboured impressive populations of wild Asian elephants ( Elephas maximus ) , Bengal tigers ( Panthera t . tigris ) , Indian rhinoceros ( Rhinoceros unicornis ) , gaurs ( Bos gaurus ) , barasinghas ( Rucervus duvaucelii ) , sloth bears ( Melursus ursinus ) and Indian lions ( Panthera leo persica ) . In the 21st century there are few large wild animals , mostly deer , wild boars , wildcats , and small numbers of Indian wolves , golden jackals , and red and Bengal foxes . Bengal tigers survive only in the Sundarbans area of the Ganges Delta . The Sundarbands freshwater swamp ecoregion , however , is nearly extinct . Threatened mammals in the upper Gangetic Plain include the tiger , elephant , sloth bear , and four - horned antelope ( Tetracerus quadricornis ) . </P> Lesser florican ( Sypheotides indicus ) <P> Many types of birds are found throughout the basin , such as myna , Psittacula parakeets , crows , kites , partridges , and fowls . Ducks and snipes migrate across the Himalayas during the winter , attracted in large numbers to wetland areas . There are no endemic birds in the upper Gangetic Plain . The great Indian bustard ( Ardeotis nigriceps ) and lesser florican ( Sypheotides indicus ) are considered globally threatened . </P> <P> The natural forest of the upper Gangetic Plain has been so thoroughly eliminated it is difficult to assign a natural vegetation type with certainty . There are a few small patches of forest left , and they suggest that much of the upper plains may have supported a tropical moist deciduous forest with sal ( Shorea robusta ) as a climax species . </P> <P> A similar situation is found in the lower Gangetic Plain , which includes the lower Brahmaputra River . The lower plains contain more open forests , which tend to be dominated by Bombax ceiba in association with Albizzia procera , Duabanga grandiflora , and Sterculia vilosa . There are early seral forest communities that would eventually become dominated by the climax species sal ( Shorea robusta ) , if forest succession was allowed to proceed . In most places forests fail to reach climax conditions due to human causes . The forests of the lower Gangetic Plain , despite thousands of years of human settlement , remained largely intact until the early 20th century . Today only about 3 % of the ecoregion is under natural forest and only one large block , south of Varanasi , remains . There are over forty protected areas in the ecoregion , but over half of these are less than 100 square kilometres ( 39 sq mi ) . The fauna of the lower Gangetic Plain is similar to the upper plains , with the addition of a number of other species such as the smooth - coated otter ( Lutrogale perspicillata ) and the large Indian civet ( Viverra zibetha ) . </P> <H3> Fish ( edit ) </H3> The catla ( Catla catla ) is one of the Indian carp species that support major fisheries in the Ganges <P> It has been estimated that about 350 fish species live in the entire Ganges drainage , including several endemics . In a major 2007 -- 2009 study of fish in the Ganges basin ( including the river itself and its tributaries , but excluding the Brahmaputra and Meghna basins ) , a total of 143 fish species were recorded , including 10 non-native introduced species . The most diverse orders are Cypriniformes ( barbs and allies ) , Siluriformes ( catfish ) and Perciformes ( perciform fish ) , each comprising about 50 % , 23 % and 14 % of the total fish species in the drainage . </P> <P> There are distinct differences between the different sections of the river basin , but Cyprinidae is the most diverse throughout . In the upper section ( roughly equalling the basin parts in Uttarakhand ) more than 50 species have been recorded and Cyprinidae alone accounts for almost 80 % those , followed by Balitoridae ( about 15.6 % ) and Sisoridae ( about 12.2 % ) . Sections of the Ganges basin at altitudes above 2,400 -- 3,000 m ( 7,900 -- 9,800 ft ) above sea level are generally without fish . Typical genera approaching this altitude are Schizothorax , Tor , Barilius , Nemacheilus and Glyptothorax . About 100 species have been recorded from the middle section of the basin ( roughly equalling the sections in Uttar Pradesh and parts of Bihar ) and more than 55 % of these are in family Cyprinidae , followed by Schilbeidae ( about 10.6 % ) and Clupeidae ( about 8.6 % ) . The lower section ( roughly equalling the basin in parts of Bihar and West Bengal ) includes major floodplains and is home to almost 100 species . About 46 % of these are in the family Cyprinidae , followed by Schilbeidae ( about 11.4 % ) and Bagridae ( about 9 % ) . </P> <P> The Ganges basin supports major fisheries , but these have declined in recent decades . In the Allahabad region in the middle section of the basin , catches of carp fell from 424.91 metric tons in 1961 -- 1968 to 38.58 metric tons in 2001 -- 2006 , and catches of catfish fell from 201.35 metric tons in 1961 -- 1968 to 40.56 metric tons in 2001 -- 2006 . In the Patna region in the lower section of the basin , catches of carp fell from 383.2 metric tons to 118 , and catfish from 373.8 metric tons to 194.48 . Some of the fish commonly caught in fisheries include catla ( Catla catla ) , golden mahseer ( Tor putitora ) , tor mahseer ( Tor tor ) , rohu ( Labeo rohita ) , walking catfish ( Clarias batrachus ) , pangas catfish ( Pangasius pangasius ) , goonch catfish ( Bagarius ) , snakeheads ( Channa ) , bronze featherback ( Notopterus notopterus ) and milkfish ( Chanos chanos ) . </P> <P> The Ganges basin is home to about 30 fish species that are listed as threatened with the primary issues being overfishing ( sometimes illegal ) , pollution , water abstraction , siltation and invasive species . Among the threatened species is the critically endangered Ganges shark ( Glyphis gangeticus ) . Several fish species migrate between different sections of the river , but these movements may be prevented by the building of dams . </P> <H3> Crocodilians and turtles ( edit ) </H3> The threatened gharial ( Gavialis gangeticus ) is a large fish - eating crocodilian that is harmless to humans <P> The main sections of the Ganges River are home to the gharial ( Gavialis gangeticus ) and mugger crocodile ( Crocodylus palustris ) , and the delta is home to the saltwater crocodile ( C. porosus ) . Among the numerous aquatic and semi-aquatic turtles in the Ganges basin are the northern river terrapin ( Batagur baska ; only in the lowermost section of the basin ) , three - striped roofed turtle ( B. dhongoka ) , red - crowned roofed turtle ( B. kachuga ) , black pond turtle ( Geoclemys hamiltonii ) , Brahminy river turtle ( Hardella thurjii ) , Indian black turtle ( Melanochelys trijuga ) , Indian eyed turtle ( Morenia petersi ) , brown roofed turtle ( Pangshura smithii ) , Indian roofed turtle ( Pangshura tecta ) , Indian tent turtle ( Pangshura tentoria ) , Indian flapshell turtle ( Lissemys punctata ) , Indian narrow - headed softshell turtle ( Chitra indica ) , Indian softshell turtle ( Nilssonia gangetica ) , Indian peacock softshell turtle ( N. hurum ) and Cantor 's giant softshell turtle ( Pelochelys cantorii ; only in the lowermost section of Ganges basin ) . Most of these are seriously threatened . </P> <H3> Ganges river dolphin ( edit ) </H3> The Gangetic dolphin in a sketch by Whymper and P. Smit , 1894 . <P> The river 's most famed fauna is the freshwater dolphin Platanista gangetica gangetica , the Ganges river dolphin , recently declared India 's national aquatic animal . </P> <P> This dolphin used to exist in large schools near to urban centres in both the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers , but is now seriously threatened by pollution and dam construction . Their numbers have now dwindled to a quarter of their numbers of fifteen years before , and they have become extinct in the Ganges ' main tributaries . A recent survey by the World Wildlife Fund found only 3,000 left in the water catchment of both river systems . </P> <P> The Ganges river dolphin is one of only five true freshwater dolphins in the world . The other four are the baiji ( Lipotes vexillifer ) of the Yangtze River in China , now likely extinct ; the Indus river dolphin of the Indus River in Pakistan ; the Amazon river dolphin of the Amazon River in South America ; and the Araguaian river dolphin ( not considered a separate species until 2014 ) of the Araguaia -- Tocantins basin in Brazil . There are several marine dolphins whose ranges include some freshwater habitats , but these five are the only dolphins who live only in freshwater rivers and lakes . </P> <H3> Effects of climate change ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Tibetan Plateau contains the world 's third - largest store of ice . Qin Dahe , the former head of the China Meteorological Administration , said that the recent fast pace of melting and warmer temperatures will be good for agriculture and tourism in the short term ; but issued a strong warning : </P> <P> Temperatures are rising four times faster than elsewhere in China , and the Tibetan glaciers are retreating at a higher speed than in any other part of the world ... In the short term , this will cause lakes to expand and bring floods and mudflows ... In the long run , the glaciers are vital lifelines for Asian rivers , including the Indus and the Ganges . Once they vanish , water supplies in those regions will be in peril . </P> <P> In 2007 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , in its Fourth Report , stated that the Himalayan glaciers which feed the river , were at risk of melting by 2035 . The IPCC has now withdrawn that prediction , as the original source admitted that it was speculative and the cited source was not a peer reviewed finding . In its statement , the IPCC stands by its general findings relating to the Himalayan glaciers being at risk from global warming ( with consequent risks to water flow into the Gangetic basin ) . </P> <H2> Pollution and environmental concerns ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Pollution of the Ganges People bathing and washing clothes in the Ganges in Varanasi . <P> The Ganges suffers from extreme pollution levels , caused by the 400 million people who live close to the river . Sewage from many cities along the river 's course , industrial waste and religious offerings wrapped in non-degradable plastics add large amounts of pollutants to the river as it flows through densely populated areas . The problem is exacerbated by the fact that many poorer people rely on the river on a daily basis for bathing , washing , and cooking . The World Bank estimates that the health costs of water pollution in India equal three percent of India 's GDP . It has also been suggested that eighty percent of all illnesses in India and one - third of deaths can be attributed to water - borne diseases . </P> <P> Varanasi , a city of one million people that many pilgrims visit to take a `` holy dip '' in the Ganges , releases around 200 million litres of untreated human sewage into the river each day , leading to large concentrations of faecal coliform bacteria . According to official standards , water safe for bathing should not contain more than 500 faecal coliforms per 100ml , yet upstream of Varanasi 's ghats the river water already contains 120 times as much , 60,000 faecal coliform bacteria per 100 ml . </P> <P> After the cremation of the deceased at Varanasi 's ghats the bones and ashes are thrown into the Ganges . However , in the past thousands of uncremated bodies were thrown into the Ganges during cholera epidemics , spreading the disease . Even today , holy men , pregnant women , people with leprosy / chicken pox , people who had been bitten by snakes , people who had committed suicide , the poor , and children under 5 are not cremated at the ghats but are floated free to decompose in the waters . In addition , those who can not afford the large amount of wood needed to incinerate the entire body , leave behind a lot of half burned body parts . </P> <P> After passing through Varanasi , and receiving 32 streams of raw sewage from the city , the concentration of fecal coliforms in the river 's waters rises from 60,000 to 1.5 million , with observed peak values of 100 million per 100 ml . Drinking and bathing in its waters therefore carries a high risk of infection . </P> <P> Between 1985 and 2000 , Rs. 10 billion , around US $226 million , or less than 4 cents per person per year , were spent on the Ganga Action Plan , an environmental initiative that was `` the largest single attempt to clean up a polluted river anywhere in the world . '' The Ganga Action Plan has been described variously as a `` failure '' , a `` major failure '' . </P> <P> According to one study , </P> <P> The Ganga Action Plan , which was taken on priority and with much enthusiasm , was delayed for two years . The expenditure was almost doubled . But the result was not very appreciable . Much expenditure was done over the political propaganda . The concerning governments and the related agencies were not very prompt to make it a success . The public of the areas was not taken into consideration . The releasing of urban and industrial wastes in the river was not controlled fully . The flowing of dirty water through drains and sewers were not adequately diverted . The continuing customs of burning dead bodies , throwing carcasses , washing of dirty clothes by washermen , and immersion of idols and cattle wallowing were not checked . Very little provision of public latrines was made and the open defecation of lakhs of people continued along the riverside . All these made the Action Plan a failure . </P> <P> The failure of the Ganga Action Plan , has also been variously attributed to `` environmental planning without proper understanding of the human -- environment interactions , '' Indian `` traditions and beliefs , '' `` corruption and a lack of technical knowledge '' and `` lack of support from religious authorities . '' </P> <P> In December 2009 the World Bank agreed to loan India US $1 billion over the next five years to help save the river . According to 2010 Planning Commission estimates , an investment of almost Rs. 70 billion ( Rs. 70 billion , approximately US $1.5 billion ) is needed to clean up the river . </P> <P> In November 2008 , the Ganges , alone among India 's rivers , was declared a `` National River '' , facilitating the formation of a National Ganga River Basin Authority that would have greater powers to plan , implement and monitor measures aimed at protecting the river . </P> <P> In July 2014 , the Government of India announced an integrated Ganges - development project titled Namami Ganga and allocated ₹ 2,037 crore for this purpose . </P> <P> In March 2017 the High Court of Uttarakhand declared the Ganges River a legal `` person '' , in a move that according to one newspaper , `` could help in efforts to clean the pollution - choked rivers . '' As of 6 April 2017 , the ruling has been commented on in Indian newspapers to be hard to enforce , that experts do not anticipate immediate benefits , that the ruling is `` hardly game changing , '' that experts believe `` any follow - up action is unlikely , '' and that the `` judgment is deficient to the extent it acted without hearing others ( in states outside Uttarakhand ) who have stakes in the matter . '' </P> <P> The incidence of water - borne and enteric diseases -- such as gastrointestinal disease , cholera , dysentery , hepatitis A and typhoid -- among people who use the river 's waters for bathing , washing dishes and brushing teeth is high , at an estimated 66 % per year . </P> <P> Recent studies by Indian Council of Medical Research ( ICMR ) say that the river is so full of killer pollutants that those living along its banks in Uttar Pradesh , Bihar and Bengal are more prone to cancer than anywhere else in the country . Conducted by the National Cancer Registry Programme under the ICMR , the study throws up shocking findings indicating that the river is thick with heavy metals and lethal chemicals that cause cancer . According to Deputy Director General of NCRP A. Nandkumar , the incidence of cancer was highest in the country in areas drained by the Ganges and stated that the problem would be studied deeply and with the findings presented in a report to the health ministry . </P> <H3> Water shortages ( edit ) </H3> <P> Along with ever - increasing pollution , water shortages are getting noticeably worse . Some sections of the river are already completely dry . Around Varanasi , the river once had an average depth of 60 metres ( 200 ft ) , but in some places , it is now only 10 metres ( 33 ft ) . </P> <P> To cope with its chronic water shortages , India employs electric groundwater pumps , diesel - powered tankers , and coal - fed power plants . If the country increasingly relies on these energy - intensive short - term fixes , the whole planet 's climate will bear the consequences . India is under enormous pressure to develop its economic potential while also protecting its environment -- something few , if any , countries have accomplished . What India does with its water will be a test of whether that combination is possible . </P> <H3> Mining ( edit ) </H3> <P> Illegal mining in the Ganges river bed for stones and sand for construction work has been a long problem in Haridwar district , Uttarakhand , where it touches the plains for the first time . This is despite the fact that quarrying has been banned in Kumbh Mela area zone covering 140 km area in Haridwar . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Fair river sharing </Li> <Li> Ganga Pushkaram </Li> <Li> Gangaputra Brahmin </Li> <Li> Ganges in Hinduism </Li> <Li> List of rivers by discharge </Li> <Li> List of rivers by length </Li> <Li> List of rivers of India </Li> <Li> National Waterway 1 </Li> <Li> Swach Ganga ( Clean Ganga ) Campaign </Li> <Li> Unnao dead bodies row </Li> <Li> River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> India portal </Li> <Li> Varanasi portal </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Haberman ( 2006 ) `` The Ganga Action Plan , commonly known as GAP , was launched dramatically in the holy city of Banares ( Varanasi ) on 14 June 1985 , by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi , who promised , ' We shall see that the waters of the Ganga become clean once again . ' The stated task was ' to improve water quality , permit safe bathing all along the 2,525 kilometers from the Ganges 's origin in the Himalayas to the Bay of Bengal , and make the water potable at important pilgrim and urban centres on its banks . ' The project was designed to tackle pollution from twenty - five cities and towns along its banks in Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , and West Bengal by intercepting , diverting , and treating their effluents . With the GAP 's Phase II , three important tributaries -- Damodar , Gomati , and Yamuna -- were added to the plan . Although some improvements have been made to the quality of the Ganges 's water , many people claim that the GAP has been a major failure . The environmental lawyer M.C. Mehta , for example , filed public interest litigation against project , claiming ' GAP has collapsed . ' '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gardner ( 2003 ) `` The Ganges , also known as the Ganga , is one of the world 's major rivers , running for more than 2,500 kilometres from the Himalayas to the Bay of Bengal . It is also one of the most polluted , primarily from sewage , but also from animal carcasses , human corpses , and soap and other pollutants from bathers . Indeed , scientists measure fecal coliform levels at thousands of times what is permissible and levels of oxygen in the water are similarly unhealthy . Renewal efforts have centred primarily on the government - sponsored Ganga Action Plan ( GAP ) , started in 1985 with the goal of cleaning up the river by 1993 . Several western - style sewage treatment plants were built along the river , but they were poorly designed , poorly maintained and prone to shut down during the region 's frequent power outages . The GAP has been a colossal failure , and many argue that the river is more polluted now than it was in 1985 . '' ( pa. 166 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sheth ( 2008 ) `` But the Indian government , as a whole , appears typically ineffective . Its ability to address itself to a national problem like environmental degradation is typified by the 20 - year , $100 million Ganga Action Plan , whose purpose was to clean up the Ganges River . Leading Indian environmentalists call the plan a complete failure , due to the same problems that have always beset the government : poor planning , corruption , and a lack of technical knowledge . The river , they say , is more polluted than ever . '' ( pp. 67 -- 68 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Singh & Singh ( 2007 ) `` In February 1985 , the Ministry of Environment and Forest , Government of India launched the Ganga Action Plan , an environmental project to improve the river water quality . It was the largest single attempt to clean up a polluted river anywhere in the world and has not achieved any success in terms of preventing pollution load and improvement in water quality of the river . Failure of the Ganga Action Plan may be directly linked with the environmental planning without proper understanding of the human -- environment interactions . The bibliography of selected environmental research studies on the Ganga River is , therefore , an essentially first step for preserving and maintaining the Ganga River ecosystem in future . '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Puttick ( 2008 ) `` Sacred ritual is only one source of pollution . The main source of contamination is organic waste -- sewage , trash , food , and human and animal remains . Around a billion litres of untreated raw sewage are dumped into the Ganges each day , along with massive amounts of agricultural chemicals ( including DDT ) , industrial pollutants , and toxic chemical waste from the booming industries along the river . The level of pollution is now 10,000 percent higher than the government standard for safe river bathing ( let alone drinking ) . One result of this situation is an increase in waterborne diseases , including cholera , hepatitis , typhoid , and amoebic dysentery . An estimated 80 percent of all health problems and one - third of deaths in India are attributable to waterborne illnesses . '' ( p. 247 ) `` There have been various projects to clean up the Ganges and other rivers , led by the Indian government 's Ganga Action Plan launched in 1985 by Rajiv Gandhi , grandson of Jawaharlal Nehru . Its relative failure has been blamed on mismanagement , corruption , and technological mistakes , but also on lack of support from religious authorities . This may well be partly because the Brahmin priests are so invested in the idea of the Ganges ' purity and afraid that any admission of its pollution will undermine the central role of the water in ritual , as well as their own authority . There are many temples along the river , conducting a brisk trade in ceremonies , including funerals , and sometimes also the sale of bottled Ganga jal . The more traditional Hindu priests still believe that blessing Ganga jal purifies it , although they are now a very small minority in view of the scale of the problem . '' ( p. 248 ) `` Wildlife is also under threat , particularly the river dolphins . They were one of the world 's first protected species , given special status under the reign of Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BC . They 're now a critically endangered species , although protected once again by the Indian government ( and internationally under the CITES convention ) . Their numbers have shrunk by 75 per cent over the last 15 years , and they have become extinct in the main tributaries , mainly because of pollution and habitat degradation . '' ( p. 275 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thapar ( 1971 ) `` The stabilising of what were to be the Arya - lands and the mleccha - lands took some time . In the Ṛg Veda the geographical focus was the sapta - sindhu ( the Indus valley and the Punjab ) with Sarasvatī as the sacred river , but within a few centuries ārya - varta is located in the Gaṅgā - Yamūnā Doāb with the Ganges becoming the sacred river . '' ( p. 415 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Salman & Uprety ( 2002 , pp. 172 , 178 -- 87 , 387 -- 91 ) Treaty Between the Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the People 's Republic of Bangladesh on Sharing of the Ganga / Ganges Waters at Farakka . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The IPCC report is based on a non-peer reviewed work by the World Wildlife Federation . They , in turn , drew their information from an interview conducted by New Scientist with Dr. Hasnain , an Indian glaciologist , who admitted that the view was speculative . See : `` Sifting climate facts from speculation '' . 13 January 2010 . and `` Pachauri calls Indian govt . report on melting Himalayan glaciers as ' voodoo science ' '' . Thaindian News . 9 January 2010 . On the IPCC statement withdrawing the finding , see : `` IPCC statement on the melting of Himalayan glaciers '' ( PDF ) . IPCC -- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . 20 January 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bharati ( 2006 ) `` The World Bank estimates the health costs of water pollution in India to be equivalent to three per cent of the country 's gross domestic product . With Indian rivers being severely polluted , interlinking them may actually increase these costs . Also , with the widely recognised failure of the Ganga Action Plan , there is a danger that contaminants from the Gangetic basin might enter other basins and destroy their natural cleansing processes . The new areas that will be river - fed after the introduction of the scheme may experience crop failures or routing due to alien compounds carried into their streams from the polluted Gangetic basin streams . '' ( p. 26 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caso & Wolf ( 2010 ) `` Chronology : 1985 * India launches Phase I of the Ganga Action Plan to restore the Ganges River ; most deem it a failure by the early 1990s . '' ( p. 320 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dudgeon ( 2005 ) `` To reduce the water pollution in one of Asia 's major rivers , the Indian Government initiated the Ganga Action Plan in 1985 . The objective of this centrally funded scheme was to treat the effluent from all the major towns along the Ganges and reduce pollution in the river by at least 75 % . The Ganga Action Plan built upon the existing , but weakly enforced , 1974 Water Prevention and Control Act . A government audit of the Ganga Action Plan in 2000 reported limited success in meeting effluent targets . Development plans for sewage treatment facilities were submitted by only 73 % of the cities along the Ganges , and only 54 % of these were judged acceptable by the authorities . Not all the cities reported how much effluent was being treated , and many continued to discharge raw sewage into the river . Test audits of installed capacity indicated poor performance , and there were long delays in constructing planned treatment facilities . After 15 yr. of implementation , the audit estimated that the Ganga Action Plan had achieved only 14 % of the anticipated sewage treatment capacity . The environmental impact of this failure has been exacerbated by the removal of large quantities of irrigation water from the Ganges which offset any gains from effluent reductions . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tiwari ( 2008 ) `` Many social traditions and customs are not only helping in environmental degradation but are causing obstruction to environmental management and planning . The failure of the Ganga Action Plan to clean the sacred river is partly associated to our traditions and beliefs . The disposal of dead bodies , the immersion of idols and public bathing are the part of Hindu customs and rituals which are based on the notion that the sacred river leads to the path of salvation and under no circumstances its water can become impure . Burning of dead bodies through wood , bursting of crackers during Diwali , putting thousands of tonnes of fuel wood under fire during Holi , immersion of Durga and Ganesh idols into rivers and seas etc. are part of Hindu customs and are detrimental to the environment . These and many other rituals need rethinking and modification in the light of contemporary situations . 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( 2009 ) , `` Integrated Ganges Basin Management : conflicts and hope for regional development '' , Water Policy , 11 ( 2 ) : 168 -- 90 , doi : 10.2166 / wp. 2009.012 </Li> <Li> Rahaman , M.M. ( 2009 ) , `` Principles of transboundary water resources management and Ganges Treaties : An Analysis '' , International Journal of Water Resources Development , 25 ( 1 ) : 159 -- 73 , doi : 10.1080 / 07900620802517574 </Li> <Li> Rodda , John C. ; Ubertini , Lucio ( 2004 ) . `` The Basis of Civilization : Water Science ? '' . IAHS publication no . 286 . Wallingford , Oxfordshire , UK : International Association of Hydrological Sciences , IAHS International Commission on Water Resources Systems : 165 . 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( 2007 ) , `` Bibliography of Environmental Studies in Natural Characteristics and Anthropogenic Influences on the Ganga River '' , Environ Monit Assess , 129 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 421 -- 32 , doi : 10.1007 / s10661 - 006 - 9374 - 7 , PMID 17072555 </Li> <Li> Singh , Nirmal T. ( 2005 ) . Irrigation and soil salinity in the Indian subcontinent : past and present . Bethlehem , PA : Lehigh University . ISBN 978 - 0934223782 . </Li> <Li> Stone , Ian ( 2002 ) , Canal Irrigation in British India : Perspectives on Technological Change in a Peasant Economy , CUP , ISBN 978 - 0521526630 , retrieved 26 July 2011 </Li> <Li> Suvedī , Sūryaprasāda ( 2005 ) . International watercourses law for the 21st century : the case of the river Ganges basin . Ashgate . ISBN 978 - 0754645276 . </Li> <Li> Thapar , Romila ( October 1971 ) . `` The Image of the Barbarian in Early India '' . Comparative Studies in Society and History . CUP. 13 ( 4 ) : 408 -- 36 . doi : 10.1017 / s0010417500006393 . JSTOR 178208 . </Li> <Li> Tiwari , R.C. ( 2008 ) , `` Environmental Scenario in India '' , in Dutt , Ashok K. , Explorations in Applied Geography , PHI Learning , ISBN 8120333845 </Li> <Li> Wangu , Madhu Bazaz ( 2003 ) , Images of Indian goddesses : myths , meanings , and models , Abhinav Publications , ISBN 978 - 8170174165 , retrieved 26 July 2011 </Li> <Li> Wink , André ( 2002 ) . `` From the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean : Medieval History in Geographic Perspective '' . Comparative Studies in Society and History . 44 ( 3 ) : 416 -- 45 . doi : 10.1017 / s001041750200021x . JSTOR 3879375 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Bibliography of Ganges <Ul> <Li> Berwick , Dennison . A Walk Along the Ganges . Dennison Berwick . ISBN 978 - 0713719680 . </Li> <Li> Cautley , Proby Thomas ( 1864 ) . Ganges canal . A disquisition on the heads of the Ganges of Jumna canals , North - western Provinces . London , Printed for Private circulation . </Li> <Li> Fraser , James Baillie ( 1820 ) . Journal of a tour through part of the snowy range of the Himala Mountains , and to the sources of the rivers Jumna and Ganges . Rodwell and Martin , London . </Li> <Li> Hamilton , Francis ( 1822 ) . An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges and its branches . A. Constable and company , Edinburgh . </Li> <Li> Singh , Indra Bir ( 1996 ) , `` Geological Evolution of the Ganga Plain '' , Journal of the Palaentological Society of India , 41 : 99 -- 137 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ganges River . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article contains Indic text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks or boxes , misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Find more aboutGangesat Wikipedia 's sister projects <Ul> <Li> Definitions from Wiktionary </Li> <Li> Media from Wikimedia Commons </Li> <Li> News from Wikinews </Li> <Li> Quotations from Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Texts from Wikisource </Li> <Li> Textbooks from Wikibooks </Li> <Li> Learning resources from Wikiversity </Li> <Li> Data from Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> On Thinner Ice 如履薄冰 : signs of trouble from the Water Tower of Asia , where headwaters feed into all the great rivers of Asia ( by GRIP , Asia Society and MediaStorm ) </Li> <Li> Ganga in the Imperial Gazetteer of India , 1909 </Li> <Li> Melting Glaciers Threaten Ganga </Li> <Li> Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law . 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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Ganges&oldid=820226847 | 1,079,444,377,412,336,000 |
2014 FIFA World Cup awards - wikipedia <H1> 2014 FIFA World Cup awards </H1> <P> The following article outlines the awards for the 2014 FIFA World Cup played in Brazil from 12 June to 15 July 2014 . The following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament : </P> <Ul> <Li> Golden Ball </Li> <Li> Golden Boot </Li> <Li> Golden Glove </Li> <Li> Best Young Player </Li> <Li> FIFA Fair Play Trophy </Li> </Ul> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Golden Ball </Li> <Li> 2 Golden Boot </Li> <Li> 3 Golden Glove </Li> <Li> 4 Best Young Player </Li> <Li> 5 FIFA Fair Play Trophy </Li> <Li> 6 Man of the Match <Ul> <Li> 6.1 By match </Li> <Li> 6.2 Multiple winners </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 All - Star Team <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Dream Team </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Prize money </Li> <Li> 9 Goal of the Tournament </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Golden Ball ( edit ) </H2> <P> The adidas Golden Ball is given to the outstanding player at the FIFA World Cup . The players who finish second and third are given the Silver Ball and Bronze Ball respectively . </P> <Ul> <Li> Golden Ball : Lionel Messi </Li> <Li> Silver Ball : Thomas Müller </Li> <Li> Bronze Ball : Arjen Robben </Li> </Ul> <P> On 11 July 2014 , the FIFA Technical Study Group announced the ten - player shortlist for the Golden Ball award . </P> <Ul> <Li> Ángel Di María </Li> <Li> Mats Hummels </Li> <Li> Toni Kroos </Li> <Li> Philipp Lahm </Li> <Li> Javier Mascherano </Li> <Li> Lionel Messi </Li> <Li> Thomas Müller </Li> <Li> Neymar </Li> <Li> Arjen Robben </Li> <Li> James Rodríguez </Li> </Ul> <H2> Golden Boot ( edit ) </H2> See also : 2014 FIFA World Cup statistics § Goalscorers <P> The adidas Golden Boot is given to the top goalscorer at the FIFA World Cup . If two or more players are tied on goals , the ranking is decided by the number of assists . If still tied , the players who played the least minutes are ranked first . The players who finish second and third are given the Silver Boot and Bronze Boot respectively . </P> <Ul> <Li> Golden Boot : James Rodríguez </Li> <Li> Silver Boot : Thomas Müller </Li> <Li> Bronze Boot : Neymar </Li> </Ul> <P> The top ten players were as follows : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Goals </Th> <Th> Assists </Th> <Th> Minutes played </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> James Rodríguez </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 399 ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Thomas Müller </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 682 ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Neymar </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 457 ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lionel Messi </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 693 ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Robin van Persie </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 548 ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Karim Benzema </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 450 ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> André Schürrle </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 244 ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Arjen Robben </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 690 ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Enner Valencia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 270 ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Xherdan Shaqiri </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 387 ' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Golden Glove ( edit ) </H2> <P> The adidas Golden Glove is given to the most outstanding goalkeeper at the FIFA World Cup . </P> <Ul> <Li> Golden Glove : Manuel Neuer </Li> </Ul> <P> On 11 July 2014 , the FIFA Technical Study Group announced the three - player shortlist for the Golden Glove award . </P> <Ul> <Li> Keylor Navas </Li> <Li> Manuel Neuer </Li> <Li> Sergio Romero </Li> </Ul> <H2> Best Young player ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Hyundai Young Player Award is given to the most outstanding young player at the FIFA World Cup . Players must be at most 21 years old to receive the award ; for the 2014 FIFA World Cup , they must be born on or after 1 January 1993 . </P> <Ul> <Li> Best Young Player : Paul Pogba </Li> </Ul> <P> On 11 July 2014 , the FIFA Technical Study Group announced the three - player shortlist for the Young Player award . </P> <Ul> <Li> Memphis Depay </Li> <Li> Paul Pogba </Li> <Li> Raphaël Varane </Li> </Ul> <H2> FIFA Fair Play Trophy ( edit ) </H2> <P> The FIFA Fair Play Award is given to the team with the tournament 's best disciplinary record . Only teams that reach the knockout phase are eligible . </P> <Ul> <Li> Fair Play Award : Colombia </Li> </Ul> <H2> Man of the Match ( edit ) </H2> Man of the Match trophy . See also : 2014 FIFA World Cup statistics § Man of the Match <P> The Budweiser Man of the Match was given to the best player of each match . It was decided by popular voting online , through FIFA 's website , Twitter , and FIFA 's mobile phone application . </P> <H3> By match ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Day </Th> <Th> Stage </Th> <Th> Team 1 </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Team 2 </Th> <Th> Man of the Match </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Thursday 12 June </Th> <Th_colspan="6"> First round of group stage matches </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Group A </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Neymar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Friday 13 June </Th> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Cameroon </Td> <Td> Giovani dos Santos </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Group B </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 1 -- 5 </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> Robin van Persie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Alexis Sánchez </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Saturday 14 June </Th> <Td> Group C </Td> <Td> Colombia </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> James Rodríguez </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ivory Coast </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> Yaya Touré </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Group D </Td> <Td> Uruguay </Td> <Td> 1 -- 3 </Td> <Td> Costa Rica </Td> <Td> Joel Campbell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> England </Td> <Td> 1 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> Mario Balotelli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sunday 15 June </Th> <Td> Group E </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Ecuador </Td> <Td> Xherdan Shaqiri </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Honduras </Td> <Td> Karim Benzema </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Group F </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Td> <Td> Lionel Messi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Monday 16 June </Th> <Td> Iran </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> John Obi Mikel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Group G </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 4 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> Thomas Müller </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ghana </Td> <Td> 1 -- 2 </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Clint Dempsey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tuesday 17 June </Th> <Td> Group H </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Algeria </Td> <Td> Kevin De Bruyne </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> Son Heung - min </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="6"> Second round of group stage matches </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Group A </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> Guillermo Ochoa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wednesday 18 June </Th> <Td> Cameroon </Td> <Td> 0 -- 4 </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Mario Mandžukić </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Group B </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 0 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> Eduardo Vargas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 2 -- 3 </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> Arjen Robben </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Thursday 19 June </Th> <Td> Group C </Td> <Td> Colombia </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Ivory Coast </Td> <Td> James Rodríguez </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> Keisuke Honda </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Group D </Td> <Td> Uruguay </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Luis Suárez </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Friday 20 June </Th> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Costa Rica </Td> <Td> Bryan Ruiz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Group E </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> 2 -- 5 </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Karim Benzema </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Honduras </Td> <Td> 1 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Ecuador </Td> <Td> Enner Valencia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Saturday 21 June </Th> <Td> Group F </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Iran </Td> <Td> Lionel Messi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Td> <Td> Peter Odemwingie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Group G </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 2 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Ghana </Td> <Td> Mario Götze </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sunday 22 June </Th> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 2 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> Tim Howard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Group H </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> Eden Hazard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> 2 -- 4 </Td> <Td> Algeria </Td> <Td> Islam Slimani </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Monday 23 June </Th> <Th_colspan="6"> Third round of group stage matches </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Group A </Td> <Td> Cameroon </Td> <Td> 1 -- 4 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Neymar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> 1 -- 3 </Td> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> Rafael Márquez </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Group B </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 0 -- 3 </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> David Villa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> Arjen Robben </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tuesday 24 June </Th> <Td> Group C </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 1 -- 4 </Td> <Td> Colombia </Td> <Td> Jackson Martínez </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Ivory Coast </Td> <Td> Georgios Samaras </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Group D </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Uruguay </Td> <Td> Gianluigi Buffon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Costa Rica </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Keylor Navas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wednesday 25 June </Th> <Td> Group E </Td> <Td> Honduras </Td> <Td> 0 -- 3 </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> Xherdan Shaqiri </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ecuador </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Alexander Domínguez </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Group F </Td> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> 2 -- 3 </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> Lionel Messi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Iran </Td> <Td> Edin Džeko </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Thursday 26 June </Th> <Td> Group G </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Thomas Müller </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Ghana </Td> <Td> Cristiano Ronaldo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Group H </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Jan Vertonghen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Algeria </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> Islam Slimani </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Friday 27 June </Th> <Th_colspan="6"> Rest day </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Saturday 28 June </Th> <Th_colspan="6"> Knockout stage matches </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Round of 16 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 2 pen . ) </Td> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> Júlio César </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colombia </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Uruguay </Td> <Td> James Rodríguez </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sunday 29 June </Th> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> Guillermo Ochoa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Costa Rica </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 5 -- 3 pen . ) </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> Keylor Navas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Monday 30 June </Th> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> Paul Pogba </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) </Td> <Td> Algeria </Td> <Td> Raïs M'Bolhi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tuesday 1 July </Th> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> Lionel Messi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Tim Howard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wednesday 2 July </Th> <Th_colspan="6"> Rest days </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Thursday 3 July </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Friday 4 July </Th> <Td> Quarter - finals </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Colombia </Td> <Td> David Luiz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Mats Hummels </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Saturday 5 July </Th> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) ( 4 -- 3 pen . ) </Td> <Td> Costa Rica </Td> <Td> Keylor Navas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Gonzalo Higuaín </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sunday 6 July </Th> <Th_colspan="6"> Rest days </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Monday 7 July </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tuesday 8 July </Th> <Td> Semi-finals </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 1 -- 7 </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Toni Kroos </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wednesday 9 July </Th> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) ( 2 -- 4 pen . ) </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> Sergio Romero </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Thursday 10 July </Th> <Th_colspan="6"> Rest days </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Friday 11 July </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Saturday 12 July </Th> <Td> Third place match </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 0 -- 3 </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> Arjen Robben </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sunday 13 July </Th> <Td> Final </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> Mario Götze </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Multiple winners ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Awards </Th> <Th> Matches played </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lionel Messi </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Keylor Navas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arjen Robben </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Rodríguez </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Karim Benzema </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mario Götze </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tim Howard </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thomas Müller </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Neymar </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guillermo Ochoa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Xherdan Shaqiri </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Islam Slimani </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> All - star team ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Castrol Index that evaluated player performances through statistical data finished with the following players leading each position ( Toni Kroos was the overall leader ) : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Goalkeepers </Th> <Th> Defenders </Th> <Th> Midfielders </Th> <Th> Forwards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Manuel Neuer ( Germany ) </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Marcos Rojo ( Argentina ) Mats Hummels ( Germany ) Thiago Silva ( Brazil ) Stefan de Vrij ( Netherlands ) </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Oscar ( Brazil ) Toni Kroos ( Germany ) Philipp Lahm ( Germany ) James Rodríguez ( Colombia ) </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Arjen Robben ( Netherlands ) Thomas Müller ( Germany ) </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Dream team ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Dream Team consisted of the following players , there is a substitute for each position . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Goalkeepers </Th> <Th> Defenders </Th> <Th> Midfielders </Th> <Th> Forwards </Th> <Th> Manager </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Manuel Neuer ( Germany ) </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Marcelo ( Brazil ) Mats Hummels ( Germany ) Thiago Silva ( Brazil ) David Luiz ( Brazil ) </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Ángel Di María ( Argentina ) Toni Kroos ( Germany ) James Rodríguez ( Colombia ) </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Neymar ( Brazil ) Lionel Messi ( Argentina ) Thomas Müller ( Germany ) </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Joachim Löw ( Germany ) </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Prize money ( edit ) </H2> <P> The total prize money on offer for the tournament was confirmed by FIFA as US $576 million ( including payments of US $70 million to domestic clubs ) , a 37 percent increase from the amount allocated in the 2010 tournament . Before the tournament , each of the 32 entrants received US $1.5 million for preparation costs . At the tournament , the prize money was distributed as follows : </P> <Ul> <Li> US $8 million -- To each team eliminated at the group stage ( 16 teams ) </Li> <Li> US $9 million -- To each team eliminated in the round of 16 ( 8 teams ) </Li> <Li> US $14 million -- To each team eliminated in the quarter - finals ( 4 teams ) </Li> <Li> US $20 million -- Fourth placed team </Li> <Li> US $22 million -- Third placed team </Li> <Li> US $25 million -- Runner - up </Li> <Li> US $35 million -- Winner </Li> </Ul> <H2> Goal of the tournament ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Goal of the Tournament ( presented by Sony ) was decided by online voting . A total 15 goals were in the shortlist as selected by FIFA.com : </P> <P> On 21 July 2014 , FIFA announced that after more than four million votes , Colombian player James Rodríguez 's first goal against Uruguay was named as goal of the tournament . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Match ( score after goal ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 28 June 2014 </Td> <Td> James Rodríguez </Td> <Td> Colombia 2 -- 0 Uruguay ( 1 -- 0 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13 June 2014 </Td> <Td> Robin van Persie </Td> <Td> Netherlands 5 -- 1 Spain ( 1 -- 1 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 24 June 2014 </Td> <Td> James Rodríguez </Td> <Td> Colombia 4 -- 1 Japan ( 4 -- 1 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13 July 2014 </Td> <Td> Mario Götze </Td> <Td> Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina ( 1 -- 0 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 4 July 2014 </Td> <Td> David Luiz </Td> <Td> Brazil 2 -- 1 Colombia ( 2 -- 0 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 18 June 2014 </Td> <Td> Tim Cahill </Td> <Td> Australia 2 -- 3 Netherlands ( 1 -- 1 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 23 June 2014 </Td> <Td> David Villa </Td> <Td> Spain 3 -- 0 Australia ( 1 -- 0 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 15 June 2014 </Td> <Td> Lionel Messi </Td> <Td> Argentina 2 -- 1 Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 2 -- 0 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 25 June 2014 </Td> <Td> Lionel Messi </Td> <Td> Argentina 3 -- 2 Nigeria ( 2 -- 1 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 25 June 2014 </Td> <Td> Xherdan Shaqiri </Td> <Td> Switzerland 3 -- 0 Honduras ( 1 -- 0 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 8 July 2014 </Td> <Td> André Schürrle </Td> <Td> Germany 7 -- 1 Brazil ( 7 -- 0 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 5 July 2014 </Td> <Td> Gonzalo Higuaín </Td> <Td> Argentina 1 -- 0 Belgium ( 1 -- 0 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 14 June 2014 </Td> <Td> Claudio Marchisio </Td> <Td> Italy 2 -- 1 England ( 1 -- 0 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 20 June 2014 </Td> <Td> Granit Xhaka </Td> <Td> Switzerland 2 -- 5 France ( 2 -- 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 16 June 2014 </Td> <Td> André Ayew </Td> <Td> Ghana 1 -- 2 United States ( 1 -- 1 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> FIFA World Cup awards </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup -- Awards '' . FIFA.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Messi heralded as Brazil 2014 's best '' . FIFA.com. 13 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup -- adidas Golden Ball '' . FIFA.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` adidas Golden Ball candidates announced '' . FIFA.com. 11 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup -- adidas Golden Boot '' . FIFA.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup -- adidas Golden Boot -- Ranking '' . FIFA.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup -- adidas Golden Glove '' . FIFA.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Finalists in contention for Golden Glove '' . FIFA.com. 11 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup -- Hyundai Young Player Award '' . FIFA.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Depay , Pogba and Varane make up Hyundai Young Player Award shortlist '' . FIFA.com. 11 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup -- Fair Play Award '' . FIFA.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup -- Man of the Match -- Rules '' . FIFA.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Castrol Index Top 11 '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 11 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dream Team winners earn Sony prizes '' . FIFA.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World Cup money pot increased to $576 m '' . reuters.com . Retrieved 25 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup -- Goal of the Tournament '' . FIFA.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rodriguez volley named Goal of the Tournament '' . FIFA.com. 21 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Goal of the tournament '' . FIFA.com. 21 July 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 2014 . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> 2014 FIFA World Cup </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Group stage <Ul> <Li> Group A </Li> <Li> Group B </Li> <Li> Group C </Li> <Li> Group D </Li> <Li> Group E </Li> <Li> Group F </Li> <Li> Group G </Li> <Li> Group H </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Knockout stage <Ul> <Li> Brazil v Germany </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Final </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General information </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Qualification </Li> <Li> Awards </Li> <Li> Bids </Li> <Li> Broadcasting rights </Li> <Li> Controversies </Li> <Li> Discipline </Li> <Li> Marketing </Li> <Li> Matches </Li> <Li> Officials </Li> <Li> Opening ceremony </Li> <Li> Preparations </Li> <Li> Seeding </Li> <Li> Squads </Li> <Li> Statistics </Li> <Li> Venues </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official symbols </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil ( video game ) </Li> <Li> Adidas Brazuca ( ball ) </Li> <Li> Caxirola ( musical instrument ) </Li> <Li> Fuleco ( mascot ) </Li> <Li> One Love , One Rhythm ( album ) </Li> <Li> We Are One ( Ole Ola ) ( song ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> 2014 FIFA World Cup finalists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Champions </Th> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Runners - up </Th> <Td> Argentina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Third place </Th> <Td> Netherlands </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fourth place </Th> <Td> Brazil </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Quarter - finals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Colombia </Li> <Li> Costa Rica </Li> <Li> France </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Round of 16 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Algeria </Li> <Li> Chile </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> <Li> Nigeria </Li> <Li> Switzerland </Li> <Li> United States </Li> <Li> Uruguay </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Group stage </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Li> <Li> Cameroon </Li> <Li> Croatia </Li> <Li> Ecuador </Li> <Li> England </Li> <Li> Ghana </Li> <Li> Honduras </Li> <Li> Iran </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Ivory Coast </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> South Korea </Li> <Li> Spain </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2014_FIFA_World_Cup_awards&oldid=850590231 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2014 FIFA World Cup </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 20 : 30 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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List of the Big Bang Theory characters - wikipedia <H1> List of the Big Bang Theory characters </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . 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( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The American television sitcom The Big Bang Theory , created and executive produced by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady , premiered on CBS on September 24 , 2007 . </P> <P> The series initially centers on five characters : roommates Leonard Hofstadter and Sheldon Cooper , two Caltech physicists ; Penny , a waitress and aspiring actress who lives across the hall ; and Leonard and Sheldon 's friends and co-workers aerospace engineer Howard Wolowitz , and astrophysicist Raj Koothrappali . </P> The Big Bang Theory cast at Comic - Con 2009 , from left : Kunal Nayyar , Simon Helberg , Kaley Cuoco , Jim Parsons , and Johnny Galecki <P> Over time , several supporting characters have been introduced and promoted to starring roles , including Leslie Winkle , Amy Farrah Fowler , Bernadette Rostenkowski - Wolowitz , Stuart Bloom , and Emily Sweeney . The series also features numerous supporting characters , each of whom plays a prominent role in a story arc . Included among them are parents of the main characters , their dates and their coworkers . Celebrities such as Stephen Hawking appear in cameo roles as themselves . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Character appearances </Li> <Li> 2 Original main characters <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Leonard </Li> <Li> 2.2 Sheldon </Li> <Li> 2.3 Penny </Li> <Li> 2.4 Howard </Li> <Li> 2.5 Raj </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Additional main characters <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Leslie Winkle </Li> <Li> 3.2 Bernadette </Li> <Li> 3.3 Amy </Li> <Li> 3.4 Stuart </Li> <Li> 3.5 Emily </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Recurring characters <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Alex Jensen </Li> <Li> 4.2 Arthur Jeffries </Li> <Li> 4.3 Barry Kripke </Li> <Li> 4.4 Bert Kibbler </Li> <Li> 4.5 Beverly Hofstadter </Li> <Li> 4.6 Claire </Li> <Li> 4.7 Dan </Li> <Li> 4.8 Dave Gibbs </Li> <Li> 4.9 Eric Gablehauser </Li> <Li> 4.10 V.M. Koothrappali </Li> <Li> 4.11 Mrs. Koothrappali </Li> <Li> 4.12 Janine Davis </Li> <Li> 4.13 Kurt </Li> <Li> 4.14 Lucy </Li> <Li> 4.15 Mary Cooper </Li> <Li> 4.16 Mike Rostenkowski </Li> <Li> 4.17 President Siebert </Li> <Li> 4.18 Priya Koothrappali </Li> <Li> 4.19 Ramona Nowitzki </Li> <Li> 4.20 Ruchi </Li> <Li> 4.21 Wil Wheaton </Li> <Li> 4.22 Mrs. Wolowitz </Li> <Li> 4.23 Wyatt </Li> <Li> 4.24 Zack Johnson </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Minor characters </Li> <Li> 6 Guest stars <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Guest stars appearing as themselves </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Notes </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Character appearances ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Th_colspan="11"> Seasons </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 11 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="13"> Main characters </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leonard Hofstadter </Td> <Td> Johnny Galecki </Td> <Td_colspan="11"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sheldon Cooper </Td> <Td> Jim Parsons </Td> <Td_colspan="11"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Penny </Td> <Td> Kaley Cuoco </Td> <Td_colspan="11"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Howard Wolowitz </Td> <Td> Simon Helberg </Td> <Td_colspan="11"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Raj Koothrappali </Td> <Td> Kunal Nayyar </Td> <Td_colspan="11"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leslie Winkle </Td> <Td> Sara Gilbert </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td> Main </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bernadette Rostenkowski - Wolowitz </Td> <Td> Melissa Rauch </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amy Farrah Fowler </Td> <Td> Mayim Bialik </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stuart Bloom </Td> <Td> Kevin Sussman </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Recurring </Td> <Td> Main </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emily Sweeney </Td> <Td> Laura Spencer </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring </Td> <Td> Main </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="13"> Recurring characters </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kurt </Td> <Td> Brian Patrick Wade </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eric Gablehauser </Td> <Td> Mark Harelik </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mary Cooper </Td> <Td> Laurie Metcalf </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Recurring </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mrs. Wolowitz </Td> <Td> Carol Ann Susi </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Recurring , voice only </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> V.M. Koothrappali </Td> <Td> Brian George </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mrs. Koothrappali </Td> <Td> Alice Amter </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barry Kripke </Td> <Td> John Ross Bowie </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beverly Hofstadter </Td> <Td> Christine Baranski </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wil Wheaton </Td> <Td> Wil Wheaton </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zack Johnson </Td> <Td> Brian Thomas Smith </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Priya Koothrappali </Td> <Td> Aarti Mann </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wyatt </Td> <Td> Keith Carradine </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> President Siebert </Td> <Td> Joshua Malina </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mike Rostenkowski </Td> <Td> Casey Sander </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Recurring </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alex Jensen </Td> <Td> Margo Harshman </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Janine Davis </Td> <Td> Regina King </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lucy </Td> <Td> Kate Micucci </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bert Kibbler </Td> <Td> Brian Posehn </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arthur Jeffries </Td> <Td> Bob Newhart </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dave Gibbs </Td> <Td> Stephen Merchant </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Claire </Td> <Td> Alessandra Torresani </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alfred Hofstadter </Td> <Td> Judd Hirsch </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colonel Richard Williams </Td> <Td> Dean Norris </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ruchi </Td> <Td> Swati Kapila </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Original main characters ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Leonard ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Leonard Hofstadter Johnny Galecki <P> Leonard Leakey Hofstadter ( Johnny Galecki ) is an experimental physicist with an IQ of 173 . Originally from New Jersey , he received his PhD at age 24 , spending at least some of his time at Princeton University . He shared an apartment in Pasadena with colleague and friend Dr. Sheldon Cooper until season 9 . Unlike his equally geeky friends , Leonard is interested and quite adept in building interpersonal and social relationships with other people . Compared to his friends , he is relatively successful with women . </P> <P> The writers have toyed with a romance between him and next - door neighbor Penny since the series premiere , with their unresolved sexual tension being a major force for drama . Leonard dated Penny for most of season three , although they had dated briefly at the end of season one . Aside from Penny , Leonard has had romantic relationships with co-worker Leslie Winkle , physician Stephanie Barnett , an unnamed French literature PhD , and North Korean spy Joyce Kim . Following his break - up with Penny , Leonard began a relationship with Raj 's sister Priya in season four , and it is implied they had a brief sexual encounter before the start of the series . The two attempted a long - distance relationship after Priya moved back to India , but Leonard eventually broke up with her in season five after she admitted to cheating on him with her former boyfriend . In season five 's `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' , Leonard and Penny start dating anew , and although their relationship is initially rocky and Penny has doubts , in season six , she works through her doubts and has a stronger relationship with Leonard . </P> <P> In season six 's `` The 43 Peculiarity '' , she tells him she loves him for the first time , and this now makes them more comfortable in their relationship . Over the next two years , they talk about marriage and each have unsuccessful proposals until the penultimate episode of season seven , when they become engaged , and finally get married in the ninth - season premiere , followed with a wedding redo for their friends and families since the couple had eloped . In season , after Sheldon moves in with Amy , Leonard and Penny have apartment 4A to themselves . Leonard 's family includes other accomplished scientists : his mother , Dr. Beverly Hofstadter , is a neuroscientist and world - renowned psychiatrist , his sister is a medical researcher , and his father , Dr. Alfred Hofstadter , is an anthropologist . Also , his brother Michael is a Harvard law professor . He is known to be lactose intolerant , and is also known for playing the cello . </P> <H3> Sheldon ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Sheldon Cooper Jim Parsons <P> Sheldon Lee Cooper ( Jim Parsons ) is a theoretical physicist , possessing a BS , MS , PhD , a Sc. D. , and an IQ of 187 . Born in East Texas , he was a child prodigy , as he had received his PhD at age 16 . He is usually cold , self - centered , condescending , and immature , but at the same time it is commonly not intentionally hurtful and is in a well - meaning way ; he just does not know any better . He does have a softer side , as he does care about his friends , and loves his mom , grandma , and girlfriend Amy , though he often insults them either about their intellect levels or different opinions . He shares an apartment in Pasadena with friend and fellow physicist Dr. Leonard Hofstadter . </P> <P> Sheldon has a deep love and interest for science fiction and comic books , to the point of an obsession , and shows particular affinity for Spock , from the Star Trek franchise . He usually wears tee shirts emblazoned with logos for these interests as well as science - related designs . Sheldon refrains from any form of physical contact if possible and exhibits a strict adherence to routines to the point of exhibiting signs of obsessive -- compulsive personality disorder . Amy confirms his disorder in the ninth season . Any disruption to routines distresses him enormously . A running gag has him always knocking on doors in a pattern of three knocks and one call repeated three times , which he has the urge to complete no matter what . </P> <P> Sheldon has major difficulties in social settings ; he shows great difficulty in identifying sarcasm and irony , and a recurring topic is his efforts to acquire those skills . His commitment to his friends is often called into question , as he is known for constantly and consistently being condescending and rude , many times even without being intentionally hurtful . He also has difficulties lying or keeping a secret , giving himself away with wild facial tics and implausible statements . He is , however , fond of occasionally telling a joke or playing a prank , which he typically punctuates with his trademark exclamation `` Bazinga ! '' . He has forced Leonard to sign an absurdly exhaustive `` Roommate Agreement '' , and later enters a similar `` Relationship Agreement '' with Amy Farrah Fowler . Sheldon has a superiority complex and makes no effort to hide his contempt for other people 's lower intellects , often making highly inappropriate comments . A common joke is his inability to drive , relying on those around him to help him get anywhere . </P> <P> Unlike Leonard and Raj , who come from intellectual families , Sheldon stands out from his own relatives . His father , George , whose death antedates the series , is described as a stereotypical Texan who liked football , skeet shooting , and heavy drinking ; his mother , Mary , is a devout Evangelical Christian , who does not seem to understand her son 's fields of study , although she does display common sense and intelligence ; his fraternal twin sister , Missy , and brother , George Jr. , were both described by Mary as being `` dumb as soup '' . His sister later has a baby boy , making Sheldon an uncle . </P> <P> He meets Amy Farrah Fowler in the third - season finale and starts a highly unusual and slowly evolving relationship with her . Prior to this , he had exhibited some affinities with Leonard 's equally unemotional mother . In the eighth - season finale , Amy takes a break from Sheldon , although the two resume their relationship halfway through the ninth season ; as a sign of his love towards her , Sheldon decides to have sexual intercourse with her for her birthday in `` The Opening Night Excitation '' . In the tenth season , Sheldon and Amy move - in together for a five - week experiment to test their compatibility and later decide to make the arrangement permanent . At the end of that same season , admirer Ramona Nowitzki make a romantic overture to Sheldon prompting him to propose to Amy . </P> <H3> Penny ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Penny ( The Big Bang Theory ) Kaley Cuoco <P> Penny Hofstadter ( maiden name has not been revealed ) ( Kaley Cuoco ) , is Leonard and Sheldon 's neighbor across the hallway . Originally from a small town outside Omaha , Nebraska , she was a waitress and occasional bartender at the local Cheesecake Factory until season seven , and is an aspiring actress . According to her friend and neighbor Sheldon , she is a `` good - natured simpleton '' . She is kind - hearted , outgoing , and does display the most common sense out of all the original five main characters . She also appears to be the most street - smart . Her lack of educational qualifications ( she dropped out of community college ) are a constant source of disparaging comments from Sheldon . </P> <P> She has dated several men during the course of the series , including Kurt , Stuart , and Zack , but her recurring romantic interest is Leonard . Leonard pursued Penny during season one ; they dated briefly at the start of season two , which led to some awkwardness ; they began dating again and were a couple for most of season three , but she ended the relationship after he told her he loved her and she was not ready to reciprocate . Penny and Leonard begin to date again `` slowly '' during the fifth season . After several unsuccessful proposals from both sides , Penny realizes that her happiness is derived from her relationship with Leonard and they become engaged and later get married , though they upset their families by eloping , so they later have a wedding redo . She has a tense relationship with Sheldon , whose nerdy and obstinate personality often exasperates her , but they are ultimately good friends , helping each other in various situations . By season four , Penny also begins to socialize more with Bernadette and Amy , who frequently visit Penny 's apartment , go out together , and comfort each other . Bernadette and Amy are both simultaneously envious of and threatened by Penny 's more outgoing personality . </P> <P> At the start of season eight , Penny pursues a career in pharmaceuticals and interviews for a job at Bernadette 's workplace . She gets the job , and gradually becomes more independent , including earning a higher salary than Leonard . She reveals in season nine that she is not happy with her job , but insists on keeping it to help her eliminate her former credit card debts and secure a good financial future . In season 10 , Leonard and Penny are finally living alone in apartment 4A after Sheldon moves in with Amy . </P> <P> Initially , not much is known about Penny 's family , but it is mentioned in the series that her father , Wyatt ( portrayed by Keith Carradine , ) raised her like a boy , her mother smoked marijuana while she was pregnant with her , her sister shot her husband while they were intoxicated , and her brother is a meth dealer . Her mother , Susan ( Katey Segal ) , and brother , Randall ( Jack McBrayer ) , are finally seen in season ten . In a recent episode , Penny bumped into her former boyfriend Zach and showed her ability to talk about topics related to Science and pronounce scientific terms perfectly . Also Penny has been fond of Yoga , which she treats as her way of relaxation and part of preparation for important events . </P> <H3> Howard ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Howard Wolowitz Simon Helberg <P> Howard Joel Wolowitz , M. Eng . ( Simon Helberg ) is an aerospace engineer at Caltech 's Department of Applied Physics , who often hangs out at Leonard and Sheldon 's apartment . Unlike Sheldon , Leonard , and Raj , Howard has no doctorate , and often gets disparaged as a result , especially by Sheldon . He defends this by pointing out that he has a master 's degree in Engineering from MIT and that the equipment he designs is launched into space , unlike the theoretical work of his friends . In the fifth - season finale , Howard goes to the International Space Station on Expedition 31 . </P> <P> Howard lives in Altadena with his domineering , belittling , and unseen mother , who treats him like a child . While he sometimes expresses irritation at this treatment , for the most part , he appears to prefer it . Howard dotes on his mother and participates in many of her daily routines . A recurring gimmick in the series is Howard and his mother communicating with each other from different rooms by yelling , a habit which Bernadette also adopts in later episodes . His father left them when he was 11 , and Howard gets visibly distressed when the subject comes up . Howard fancies himself a ladies ' man and attempts pick - up lines whenever a woman is present , which often sound inappropriate and disgusting , although he has dropped this habit since he started going out with Bernadette . He is Jewish , but is not serious about his faith , and does not keep kosher . However , he does observe the Sabbath and the Jewish holidays . </P> <P> In the pilot episode , he speaks English , French , Mandarin , Russian , Arabic , and Persian , along with fictional ( constructed or colangs ) languages like Klingon and Sindarin . Howard suffers from asthma , transient idiopathic arrhythmia , allergies to peanuts , almonds , and walnuts , and is prone to canker sores and pink eye . Howard dated Bernadette briefly in season three . After some difficulties , they resumed their relationship in season four , which culminated in their engagement . In the fifth - season finale , Howard and Bernadette are married on the roof of the apartment building shortly before he has to leave for Kazakhstan , where he is to be sent to the International Space Station . In season six , he finally leaves his mother 's house and moves into Bernadette 's apartment . In the episode `` The Comic Book Store Regeneration '' , Howard 's mother passes away in her sleep while in Florida , prompting him to move back into his home with Bernadette . Stuart , the owner of the guys ' favorite comic book store , joins them , much to their annoyance . </P> <P> Upon learning that Bernadette is pregnant in season nine , Howard panics about handling the impending baby , particularly earning enough money . With the help of his friends , he designs a new form of guidance system that attracts the attention of the Air Force . In `` The Birthday Synchronicity '' , Bernadette gives birth to a girl named Halley , on Amy 's birthday , who screams like his late mother , Debbie Wolowitz . </P> <P> In season 11 , Howard learns that Bernadette is pregnant again . Which leads him to gain more maturity and he deals with life 's challenges better . </P> <H3> Raj ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Raj Koothrappali Kunal Nayyar <P> Rajesh Ramayan Koothrappali , PhD ( Kunal Nayyar ) is Howard Wolowitz 's best friend and another genius of the group ; his name is usually shortened to `` Raj '' . He is from New Delhi , India , and works in the physics department at Caltech , where his area of expertise is astroparticle physics . He lives in an apartment in Pasadena . As with his friends , he is mutually involved with and obsessed with science fiction and comic books in general . He is also a fan of Harry Potter . </P> <P> Raj dislikes India , Indian food and Indian music , but appreciates the Indian lullabies his mother sang and the catchiness of Hindi phrases . Raj is a Hindu and believes in karma ( reincarnation ) , but eats beef . He is very shy around women outside of his family , and during the first six seasons of the show , found himself unable to speak to women while in their presence unless he drank alcoholic beverages , or believed he had done so . When Penny , Amy , and Bernadette were around , Raj usually whispered what he wanted to say to Howard or Leonard , who then repeated or responded to what Raj said aloud . Despite this , Raj has sometimes ended up in bed with women , leaving the other characters perplexed . </P> <P> Unlike his friends , Raj has many feminine interests , such as reading Archie comics and Twilight and watching chick flicks such as Bridget Jones 's Diary . A recurring joke in the series has people , including his parents and Leonard 's mother , speculating that Raj might be gay due to his feminine interests and his close friendship with Howard , with whom he has arguments similar to those of a married couple . However , Raj has always stated that he is straight , but metrosexual . He has had an infatuation with Penny , and secretly wrote love poems about Bernadette . Raj comes from a very wealthy family in India , and often communicates with his parents , Dr. and Mrs. Koothrappali , via webcam . He has a younger sister , Priya . </P> <P> In season six , Raj started seeing a shy and sweet woman named Lucy , who had many things in common with Raj . However , she feels too pressured when he asks her to meet his friends and breaks - up with him . Afterwards , Raj finally speaks to Penny without having consumed alcohol . As of season seven , he no longer requires alcohol , drugs , or medication to speak in front of women . In season seven , Raj starts dating Emily Sweeney , a dermatologist , and their relationship becomes exclusive at the end of the seventh season . In the ninth season , he meets a bartender / scriptwriter and dates her along with Emily . However , in season ten , he mentions he is currently single . After his parents divorced , Raj 's father ended his financial support and he was forced to move into Leonard and Penny 's apartment . Due to friction between them , Raj moved into an apartment over Bert 's garage . </P> <P> After starting to live on his own and learning to manage his own finances , Raj has finally started to work at the Observatory where his expertise is more highlighted . This also paved the way for Raj to gain more confidence and become more mature . He has learned to demand more respect from Howard . </P> <H2> Additional main characters ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Leslie Winkle ( edit ) </H3> Sara Gilbert <P> Leslie Winkle , PhD ( Sara Gilbert ) is an experimental physicist who works in the same lab as Leonard . In appearance , she is essentially Leonard 's female counterpart , equipped with the black - framed glasses and sweat jackets . She also happens to have a lazy eye . Leslie had casual sexual relationships with both Leonard and Howard , considering it a completely physical reaction to her body 's cycles . She is one of Sheldon 's arch - enemies , due to their conflicting scientific theories . Though they both consider each other to be intellectually inferior , Leslie is much wittier than Sheldon , regularly calling him `` dumbass '' and besting him in their exchanges . However , Sheldon did gain a small victory over her when he caused her and Leonard 's break up after deliberately instigating an argument between the two . </P> <P> Sara Gilbert made her first appearance in the third episode of season one and her final appearance as a regular in the third - season finale ; Entertainment Weekly reported in January 2009 that she had been downgraded from starring status to recurring because the producers of the series were unable to come up with new storylines for the character . She returned for a guest role in the 200th episode , `` The Celebration Experimentation '' , in season nine , with her character talking briefly about how she and Sheldon have changed over the years and affectionately calls him `` dumbass '' again at Sheldon 's insistence ( due to his dislike for changes ) . </P> <H3> Bernadette ( edit ) </H3> Melissa Rauch <P> Bernadette Maryann Rostenkowski - Wolowitz , PhD ( Melissa Rauch ) is originally a waitress and co-worker of Penny 's at The Cheesecake Factory , using her wages to pay for her graduate studies in microbiology . She is a smart , short - tempered , ruthless , and often competitive young woman who sometimes displays a sweet , nice , and friendly personality . Despite her squeaky voice , she has a darker side . A recurring joke in the series is in reference to Bernadette and her lab team handling dangerous or infectious specimens , leading to accidental byproducts or exposure to diseases , in some cases resulting in Bernadette being quarantined . </P> <P> Bernadette is of Polish origin and Catholic upbringing , and was originally seen wearing a cross necklace . She frequently manipulates people , often pretending to be a friendly and good - natured individual , quickly making friends with Penny and Amy , as well as the rest of the gang . Despite her short stature , she is regarded as being somewhat intimidating , largely because of her sharp tongue , aggressive demeanor , and occasional signs of mania . In season eight 's `` The Locomotion Interruption '' , Penny interviews for a pharmaceutical sales representative position with Bernadette 's boss , and secures because she concurs with his opinion that Bernadette is kind of a bully and that they are slightly terrified of her . </P> <P> Bernadette has demonstrated that she has some influence over both her father and her husband , including directly supervising Howard 's expenditures by giving him allowance money . On one occasion , she was also able to influence Sheldon into a decision of which he originally disapproved . </P> <P> Penny first introduced Bernadette to Howard on Leonard 's half - willing request . During their first date , Bernadette and Howard do not find any common field of interest until they discover that they both have domineering mothers . After their third date , Bernadette declares that three dates is the threshold for deciding whether they want a long - term relationship . Blindsided , Howard hesitates initially , causing a temporary rift between them , but then impulsively proposes marriage to show her that he does care about her . Frustrated , she declines , but when he sings a heartfelt song for her at the Cheesecake Factory , she declares that it is the most romantic thing anyone has ever done for her and their relationship continues . A lengthy offscreen breakup occurs when she catches Howard engaging in cybersex , but Howard apologizes and she consents to resuming their relationship . </P> <P> In the fourth season , she obtains her doctorate and is subsequently hired by a pharmaceutical company that offers her a high salary . While preparing for their wedding , Bernadette is shocked and repulsed when she learns about Howard 's past sexual escapades , although once again , an apology and reconciliation occurs in the same episode . They marry the day before Howard leaves for his upcoming mission aboard the International Space Station . </P> <P> During seasons six and seven , the newlyweds deal with Howard 's difficulty in readjusting to life on Earth , the struggle to keep a healthy relationship with Howard 's mother , and arguments over money . In the ninth - season episode , `` The Valentino Submergence '' , Bernadette reveals that she is pregnant , informing Howard in the next episode . She comically reveals that the baby was conceived in Sheldon 's bed , much to Sheldon 's chagrin . Raj learns about the baby 's gender and inadvertently reveals that the child is a girl . In `` The Birthday Synchronicity '' Bernadette gives birth to a girl named Halley who screams like her late mother - in - law , Debbie Wolowitz . </P> <P> In season 11 , Bernadette learns that she is again pregnant , while Howard is telling her Sheldon and Amy got engaged . Her doctor puts her on six - months bed rest , which makes her fond of watching detective and criminal - themed TV shows . </P> <H3> Amy ( edit ) </H3> Mayim Bialik <P> Amy Farrah Fowler , PhD ( Mayim Bialik PhD ) is a neuroscientist and Sheldon 's love interest in the series . She has a PhD in neurobiology ( Bialik herself has a PhD in neuroscience ) , with a research focus on addiction in primates and invertebrates , occasionally mentioning such experiments as getting a capuchin monkey addicted to cigarettes or starfish addicted to cocaine . </P> <P> Raj and Howard found Amy through an online dating site after secretly establishing an account using Sheldon 's name and information . The site matches her to Sheldon , and the two share many similar traits . Once she and Sheldon meet , she becomes , as Sheldon puts it , a girl who is his friend , but not his `` girlfriend '' . The two initially communicate by computer , but at the encouragement of the group , she starts socializing with the gang in person . Interestingly , earlier in the series , in the physics bowl episode , Leonard 's team mentions getting the girl from the Blossom TV series on their team as she earned a Ph. D in real life . This was Mayim Bialik who later played Amy Farrah Fowler . </P> <P> Early on , Amy is essentially a female counterpart to Sheldon . She is coldly rational , displays little emotion , and is awkward in social situations ranging from endearing to embarrassing . In season five , after Amy goes out on a date with comic - book store owner Stuart , Sheldon decides to solidify their relationship as boyfriend / girlfriend with a 31 - page `` Relationship Agreement '' . Later in the season , Amy begins a campaign to increase Sheldon 's feelings for her by becoming more involved in his interests , including video games and Star Trek , and treating him as his mother did . Sheldon says during Howard and Bernadette 's wedding ceremony that he hopes the two of them are as happy together as he is alone , hurting Amy 's feelings , but he spontaneously takes her hand for comfort later as Howard is launched into space . </P> <P> By the beginning of season six , they are regularly holding hands at Amy 's insistence , but Sheldon repeatedly resists all of her attempts to engage in further physical intimacy . By mid-season , Sheldon gets some intimate views of Amy when he cares for her while she has the flu , pushing him further toward a traditional relationship with her . She also provides Sheldon with consoling hugs , and receives a slap on the rear by an intoxicated Sheldon who tells everyone that she is a great gal . </P> <P> Amy tries to move into Sheldon 's apartment when Leonard temporarily vacates it , but is unsuccessful in her attempt . Sheldon , after being prodded by Barry Kripke about his girlfriend , lies that he is having sex with Amy , though he admits to Penny that he and Amy may actually engage in sex . Sheldon later makes the same admission to Amy , while engaging in Dungeons and Dragons intercourse game play . Nevertheless , her frustration is frequently played for laughs from that point onward . In the season - seven episode `` The Locomotive Manipulation '' , Sheldon sarcastically says he will give Amy the romance she wants , then passionately kisses her on the lips for the first time and enjoys it . In `` The Prom Equivalency '' , Sheldon and Amy admit to being in love with each other . </P> <P> Early in their relationships , Amy was ambivalent and often condescending towards Penny and Bernadette , she later spends more time with them , even at the expense of her time with Sheldon . As her appearances have progressed , she has shed her strident , aloof personality for a stereotypically feminine and social one , although she retains some social awkwardness . Her feelings for Sheldon have also grown considerably over time , and she considers him to be ideal in almost every way , though she sometimes becomes as annoyed and frustrated by Sheldon 's quirks as his other friends do . </P> <P> Amy also intensely wants her relationship with Sheldon to progress to include sexual intimacy , a drastic departure from her early days as a member of the circle of friends . She has come to consider Penny a very close friend , sometimes referring to her as her `` bestie '' , occasionally admitting her entire social life revolves around Penny . Penny is fond of Amy , but to her dismay , Amy often fails to grasp the concept of `` girl talk '' , by talking about feminine hygiene and anatomy when in her presence and at times being brutally honest . Amy also often demonstrates an infatuation towards Penny , occasionally bordering on physical attraction , and she has demonstrated a somewhat condescending attitude towards Bernadette , though still considers her a close friend . </P> <P> Amy can play the harp . In `` The Scavenger Vortex '' , she mentioned that she attended Harvard University . In the final episode of season eight , `` The Commitment Determination '' , Amy decides to take a break from her relationship with Sheldon due to the lack of physical affection . Sheldon had intended to propose to Amy , but she took a break from the relationship before he could ask her . Amy ultimately breaks - up with Sheldon after a serious disagreement , but they slowly rekindle their relationship and eventually have sex as a birthday present from Sheldon . </P> <P> When Sheldon 's grandmother visits in season nine , she confronts Amy for hurting Sheldon and unintentionally reveals the secret engagement ring in his possession . Although Amy was initially shocked , she became really happy to know that Sheldon loves her enough to have considered taking that step forward in their relationship . Amy later prepares a surprise birthday party for Sheldon , which he has not previously celebrated with the group . </P> <P> After a plumbing accident makes her apartment uninhabitable in season 10 , Sheldon and Amy embark on a five - week experiment living together to test their compatibility . Amy later admits she lied about how long the repairs were taking so that she could continue living with Sheldon . They eventually move into Penny 's old apartment together , while Penny moves in with Leonard . Later , they decide to make the arrangement permanent . Amy is later offered a three - month course at a science camp in New Jersey and leaves with Sheldon 's encouragement . She becomes angry when she learns of Sheldon spending time with Ramona Nowitzki , whom she suspects has romantic feelings for Sheldon ( which she does ) . In the season finale , after Ramona kisses Sheldon , he visits Amy and proposes to her . The episode ends on a cliffhanger awaiting her answer . In the Season 11 premiere episode `` The Proposal Proposal '' , which picks - up immediately after Sheldon 's proposal , Amy 's answer is further delayed by a phone call from Leonard and Penny , after which she finally says yes . She and Sheldon marry in the season 11 finale . </P> <H3> Stuart ( edit ) </H3> Kevin Sussman <P> Stuart David Bloom ( Kevin Sussman ) runs the Comic Center in Pasadena , the comic book store that the men visit . Stuart is characterized by his low self - esteem and loneliness , which often result in pathetic attempts to engage with women and win favor with the main cast . This is despite owning his own ( albeit troubled ) business , and being a talented portraiture artist who attended the Rhode Island School of Design . </P> <P> During Stuart 's first appearances in season 2 , he shows enough social skills to ask Penny on a date on two occasions , though neither ends successfully . In `` The Hofstadter Isotope '' , his first date with Penny goes well for most of the evening , but when they return to her apartment , their run - in with Sheldon devolves into an endless argument between Stuart and Sheldon over the minutiae of Superman comics that puts Penny to sleep . In `` The Classified Materials Turbulence '' , their second date unravels when in the throes of a romantic embrace , Penny calls him `` Leonard '' , ending any future prospects for them as a couple . In season five , Stuart goes on a date with Amy , but Sheldon interrupts the date to solidify his relationship with her . </P> <P> Stuart was the partner of Wil Wheaton in a trading - card game tournament in which they defeated the team of Raj and Sheldon . As proprietor of a comic - book store , Stuart has an almost encyclopedic knowledge of comic books and superheroes . In the season - four episode `` The Toast Derivation '' , he mentions that he is in financial trouble and that the store is now also his home , and over the years , he has questioned the profitability or success running the store . </P> <P> During `` The Decoupling Fluctuation '' , Stuart becomes close friends with Raj and joins the gang as Howard 's replacement while he is in space . When Howard returns , Sheldon wants to dismiss Stuart from the group , but Raj objects . Leonard tie - breaks on the basis that they are receiving a 20 % discount in Stuart 's store , and Sheldon relents after Stuart offers to go as high as 30 % , thereby becoming a bigger and more prominent part of the core group . Sheldon has tried to hide his clear ( and factually based ) belief that Stuart is more of a hanger - on to the group of friends than a core member , most notably in a story where Stuart was part of a motley `` test brunch '' along with Burt the geologist and a neighbor who only spoke English she 'd heard on TV , so Sheldon could work - out any hosting issues before trying an event with his `` real '' friends . Stuart actually got angry and told Sheldon it was clear they did n't even see him as a friend , leading Sheldon to sincerely apologize and try harder to be nice to Stuart for a period . Stuart is also limited vis - à - vis the group because he is a lot like Raj , a mostly - single guy around three couples , but Raj is best friends with Howard and closer friends with the others than Stuart . </P> <P> After his comic - book store burns , Howard offers him a place to stay and a job as his mother , Debbie 's , nurse . Stuart likes the job and develops a surprising closeness with Debbie , even staying long after she recovers , to Howard 's annoyance . After Debbie 's death , Howard and Bernadette move back into the house , with Stuart still staying . In the eighth - season finale , the two attempt to ask Stuart to move out , but are unable to bring themselves to do it after Stuart reveals it is his birthday . He eventually makes his own decision to move in the middle of season 9 ; however in the middle of season 10 , he reveals that he has been evicted from his apartment and tries to use his helping with Howard and Bernadette 's baby to move back in with them , much to Raj 's chagrin . He does not always appear with the main group , as he was somehow not at Howard and Bernadette 's during the birth of their 2nd child Neil . </P> <P> Kevin Sussman was a recurring guest actor from seasons two to five , and was promoted to starring role for the sixth season onwards . </P> <P> Stuart , now a part of the regular characters of the show , has offered to live with Howard and Bernadette in season 11 , where in he helps in taking care of household chores to lighten Bernadette 's daily things to do . </P> <H3> Emily ( edit ) </H3> <P> Emily Sweeney , M.D. , ( Laura Spencer ) is a Dermatology resident at Huntington Hospital , whom Raj finds on an online dating site . Emily went to Harvard and is shown to have a slightly alarming personality trait ; she delights in the macabre . </P> <P> In season seven , after finding Emily 's online dating profile , Raj has Amy contact her . Amy and Emily exchange emails and find they have a lot in common . Emily does not like Raj 's inability to correspond with her directly ; but , when he does agree to meet her , he acts weirdly and she leaves . Raj later bumps into Emily and apologizes for their previous encounter . She gives him another chance and agrees to go out to dinner with him . In `` The Relationship Diremption '' , Raj and Emily have dinner with Howard and Bernadette . Upon meeting Emily , Howard recognizes her from a blind date they had sometime before he met Bernadette . The blind date ended badly , causing him embarrassment at the dinner , but no issues . </P> <P> In `` The Gorilla Dissolution '' , Raj and Sheldon bump into Emily at the movies with another guy . Later , she visits him to talk and reveals that the guy was her tattoo artist who had been asking her out for weeks and she did so just to end the obligation . Emily then spends the night ; and , in the next episode , Raj reveals to the gang that Emily and he are exclusive . </P> <P> In season eight , Raj introduces Emily to Leonard and Penny ; however , Penny senses that Emily does not like her . Emily reveals that she is uncomfortable with the fact that Raj and Penny had a previously sexual encounter . Emily and Penny later sit down to settle their differences , with mixed results . Emily continues to socialize with the gang in season 8 , and in the finale , she suggests to Raj that they have sex in a graveyard . Raj wonders whether he should break up with her because of her alarming personality . The next season , Raj somewhat rashly breaks up with Emily after meeting another girl , Claire , and fantasizing about starting a family with her , though Claire makes amends with her boyfriend and berates Raj for his actions . He tries to reconcile with Emily , but she shuts the door in his face . Later in the season , Emily and Raj reconcile after a tearful phone call . However , in season 10 , Raj mentions that he is currently single . He and Howard invite Emily , Claire , Lucy , and Emily the deaf woman to Raj 's apartment for an intervention to find out why women keep dumping Raj . Emily mentions that , although she enjoyed her sexual relationship with Raj , she was put off by his fear of his parents . </P> <P> Laura Spencer was a recurring guest actress on the series in seasons seven and eight . During production of season 9 , she was promoted to a `` fractional '' starring role ; the upgraded status ensured her availability on an as - needed basis , without requiring her in every episode . </P> <H2> Recurring characters ( edit ) </H2> <P> The following list is sorted in alphabetic order of first names . </P> <H3> Alex Jensen ( edit ) </H3> Margo Harshman <P> Alex Jensen ( Margo Harshman ) is an attractive Caltech graduate student who appears in season six . Sheldon hires her to review his kindergarten and elementary - school notebooks for any possible Nobel Prize - winning research and attend to the tasks that Sheldon perceives a waste of his own valuable time . Amy is at first jealous until she sees Alex instead flirting with an unresponsive Leonard . </P> <P> After repeated attempts by Alex , Leonard finally realizes that Alex is making advances toward him . While proclaiming his loyalty to Penny , Leonard is flattered . Sheldon interferes ( with the perceived intention of mitigating a situation that needed none ) by lecturing Alex , but only succeeds in insulting her . After Alex files a sexual harassment complaint , Sheldon is forced to apologize and is ordered take a university - mandated online sexual - harassment course . Because Sheldon considers his own time as too valuable to waste on it , Sheldon asks Alex to take the course instead . For Valentine 's Day , Sheldon sends Alex out to buy a present for Amy , which he likes so much , he keeps . </P> <P> </P> <H3> Arthur Jeffries ( edit ) </H3> Bob Newhart <P> Arthur Jeffries , or Professor Proton ( Bob Newhart ) is the star of a science show that Sheldon and Leonard watched as children . After the show was cancelled , Jeffries was not taken seriously as a scientist and resorted to doing children 's parties as his persona . In `` The Proton Resurgence '' , Sheldon hires him to do a private party for Leonard and himself ( and Penny ) . Later , Jeffries has a heart attack as a result of climbing the apartment stairs with his equipment . He asks Sheldon to take his place at a party for a Korean family , which Sheldon agrees to do as `` Professor Proton , Jr '' . </P> <P> While Sheldon idolizes him , Jeffries is constantly irritated by Sheldon 's personality , and takes a shine to Penny . In `` The Proton Displacement '' , Leonard , Sheldon , and Amy bump into Jeffries at a drugstore , and Sheldon becomes upset when Jeffries asks Leonard for help on a paper instead of him , and when he finds out that Jeffries thinks he is annoying , Sheldon works with Bill Nye the Science Guy , whom Jeffries accuses of stealing material from his TV show . After Nye abandons Sheldon and files for a restraining order against him , Jeffries arrives at Sheldon and Leonard 's apartment and asks Sheldon for his advice on his paper ( although Sheldon already hacked his email account and read it for himself ) . </P> <P> In `` The Proton Transmogrification '' on Star Wars Day , Leonard tells Sheldon that Jeffries has died . Sheldon immediately pretends like he does not care and refuses to go to the funeral . Jeffries appears to Sheldon in a dream , where Sheldon compares him to Obi - Wan Kenobi , dressing him in Jedi robes and making him appear as a Force ghost . When Sheldon asks for his wisdom , Jeffries tells Sheldon to appreciate everything in life , including his friends , and never take it for granted . </P> <P> Jeffries returns in `` The Opening Night Excitation '' when his ghost convinces Sheldon to spend time with Amy on her birthday instead of going to see Star Wars : The Force Awakens as he had planned to do for months . After hearing Professor Proton 's words , Sheldon decides to prove his devotion to Amy by finally having sex with her , as she has been hoping he will do for the past few years . Some time later , after Sheldon takes Amy to see The Force Awakens , Jeffries returns to Sheldon to ask him about his first sexual experience with her , but Sheldon thinks Jeffries is talking about the film and tells him he enjoyed it . </P> <P> For his role as Jeffries , in 2013 , Newhart won his first Primetime Emmy Award . Newhart plays the same character on Young Sheldon . </P> <H3> Barry Kripke ( edit ) </H3> John Ross Bowie <P> Barry Kripke , PhD ( John Ross Bowie ) is a co-worker of the guys , who frequently clashes with Sheldon . He works in plasma physics . Kripke has a case of rhotacism in which he pronounces the letters `` R '' and `` L '' as `` W '' in much the same way as Elmer Fudd from Looney Tunes and Gilda Radner in her `` Baba Wawa '' sketches . In season five , Kripke purchases an iPhone with voice - recognition technology , but , because of his rhotacism , the device is incapable of understanding his verbal `` wequests '' , prompting him to deride it as ineffective . Until season seven , whether he was aware of his impediment was never clarified . </P> <P> In his first appearance , he pits his robot , the Kripke Krippler , against the men 's robot , M.O.N.T.E. , in an unofficial robot fight . The guys lose to Kripke , and M.O.N.T.E. is destroyed . In `` The Friendship Algorithm '' , Sheldon attempts to befriend Kripke to gain access to an open science grid computer to conduct research , but it turns out to be futile , as Kripke has no control over the computer 's usage time , and Sheldon consequently expels Kripke from the group . Kripke continues his antagonism towards Sheldon in `` The Vengeance Formulation '' by pulling a prank on Sheldon when he is a guest on NPR 's Science Friday by putting a helium tank in his office , making Sheldon 's voice more squeaky . In `` The Toast Derivation '' , Sheldon tries to befriend Kripke and a few others when he is feeling excluded by his friends , but Kripke and the others all connect in a manner that Sheldon finds ' wrong ' and leaves . </P> <P> In season five , Kripke and Sheldon battle over a retired professor 's office ; but , after a long sports contest , Kripke loses to Sheldon . He is later invited to Howard 's bachelor party , where he uses his turn toasting to complain that no strippers are at the party . </P> <P> In season six , Kripke and Sheldon are forced to work together on a proposal involving fusion reactors , which involves an exchange of work . Sheldon is shocked to discover that Kripke 's work is more advanced than his own , and he tearfully admits as much to Amy . Kripke assumes that Sheldon is in a sexual relationship with Amy and that has led to his work quality declining , and Sheldon does not deny it ( although this appears to be just a convenient excuse since his work is inferior to Kripke 's ) . Kripke also battles for tenure alongside Sheldon , Leonard , and Raj . </P> <P> In season seven , Kripke ridicules Sheldon when his discovery of a new element was false , nicknaming Sheldon `` The Retractor '' . </P> <P> In season nine , Kripke calls Sheldon and Amy 's live show Fun with Flags along with Raj and directs the conversation to irrelevant questions to the show . He also uses the show to call out for potential romantic relationships and asked Amy questions about her love life when Sheldon and she broke up . He attends Sheldon 's birthday party and constantly hits on Leonard 's mother , Beverly . </P> <H3> Bert Kibbler ( edit ) </H3> Brian Posehn <P> Professor Bertram Kibbler ( Brian Posehn ) is a geologist at Caltech , who met Amy while she was working there in her own lab in `` The Occupation Recalibration '' . Bert brings Amy interesting and beautiful rocks every day . It takes Howard and Raj to point out that he likes her . Bert then asks her to a rock and mineral show , which she declines because she has a boyfriend . When Bert starts talking about how no one wants to do anything with him , Amy in a fit of sympathy agrees to go . Unfortunately , Bert is taking it as a date . Raj and Howard offer to talk to him to let him down easy , and they end up going with him to the show . </P> <P> Bert first appeared in `` The Contractual Obligation Implementation '' where he is socially awkward and Raj meets just prior to a library date with Lucy . He tried to crash their date , and Raj sent him away . His name was not mentioned in the plot , but the closing credits gave the name Bert . </P> <P> In `` The Dependence Transcendence '' , Bert hosts a Caltech party that only Amy and Penny attend . He feels that Amy is the coolest girl at work and that Sheldon is cool only because he is dating Amy . As the girls are leaving , he tells them that he is in love with both of them . </P> <P> He reappeared in `` The Fetal Kick Catalyst '' as a guest at Sheldon and Amy 's brunch in their apartment . He mentions that a girlfriend he was living with once moved out and took all his best rocks . </P> <P> In `` The Geology Elevation '' , Bert wins the McArthur Fellowship Grant from Caltech , which makes Sheldon jealous . When he is finally confronted by Sheldon over the latter 's jealousy , Bert points out that the theoretical physicist has his friends and Amy to be happy about . He later accompanies Sheldon to The Ellen DeGeneres Show to make peace . His full name is shown in his award . By the end of season 10 , Raj moves into the apartment over Bert 's garage . </P> <P> Bert reappeared in `` The Separation Agitation '' , and it is revealed that he has a recent girlfriend named Rebecca , who only appears to be with him for his grant money . After breaking - up with her , Bert instantly regrets it and buys expensive gifts to successfully win her back . And at the episode , he is revealed to have won her back . </P> <H3> Beverly Hofstadter ( edit ) </H3> Christine Baranski <P> Beverly Hofstadter ( Christine Baranski ) is Leonard 's narcissistic , unloving , and overly analytical mother . Beverly is a neuroscientist , as well as a psychiatrist . She is Sheldon 's female equivalent regarding neurotically strict speech patterns , lack of respect for social conventions , and compulsive attention to detail . The only reason she had children was to use them as personal experiments for her research , so was very distant and unmotherly towards Leonard . Beverly mentions that Leonard 's brother and sister are more successful in their respective fields than he is , though she respects this enough to keep contact with them ( unlike Leonard ) ; she is not proud , since they are not her accomplishments . One of her famous books is Needy Baby , Greedy Baby , in which she describes an infant 's ( Leonard 's ) unrealistic nurturing expectations . Sheldon often refers to her books when frustrated with Leonard 's attempt to obtain some of his personal needs in their relationship . Leonard sees his mother as cold and not nurturing , even telling Penny that one time he made a hugging machine just to get hugs ( and that his father asked to borrow it ) . The lack of Beverly 's maternal feelings and actions toward Leonard has led to him being called the `` King of Foreplay '' because of his obsessive need to please . </P> <P> In her first visit , Beverly makes Penny cry by delving into her history with her father ( driving her , and later Leonard , to the bottle ) , and considers Raj and Howard 's relationship to be an `` ersatz homosexual marriage '' . After bonding with Sheldon , Beverly sings Journey 's `` Any Way You Want It '' with him on karaoke . </P> <P> In season three , Beverly comes to visit at Christmas , where she reveals that she is divorcing her husband , Alfred , after she caught him in bed with another woman . Despite Leonard 's reluctance to tell Beverly about his and Penny 's relationship , Penny takes her to the Cheesecake Factory for a round of drinks and reveals their relationship . After Beverly gropes a busboy , she and Penny both go to Del Taco and then return to Leonard and Sheldon 's apartment where she confronts Leonard on not telling him about Penny , and then is confronted by him for not being a loving and caring mother for him . After Beverly tries to show motherly affection by hugging Leonard , she kisses a shocked Sheldon and leaves . The next morning , a hungover Beverly gives her blessing to Leonard and Penny 's relationship and vows not to reveal her drunken kiss with Sheldon , wanting to work instead on her maternal relationship with Leonard . </P> <P> In season five , Sheldon calls Beverly on Skype to help Leonard following Penny and Raj 's hook - up , and she tells Leonard to `` buck up , sissypants ... If you need any more help from me , my books are available on Amazon '' . </P> <P> In season seven , Leonard uses Beverly 's latest book to get sympathy from Penny . However , Bernadette finds out from Howard what Leonard is doing and tells Penny , who calls Beverly , leaving a briefly pantsless Leonard to chat with his mother on Skype . Leonard later informs his mother of his engagement to Penny , but she reveals that Sheldon already told her . She decides to accept his engagement with Penny because Sheldon likes her . </P> <P> In season eight , Beverly comes to visit to see Leonard receive an award , where she meets Sheldon 's mother , Mary . The mothers get into an argument after Beverly describes Mary 's religious beliefs as a superstition , and Mary , in turn , berates Beverly for her cold and distant attitude towards Leonard . Beverly later reflects with Sheldon that perhaps other ways exist to raise children than she did . The mothers make up and Beverly tries to show affection by hugging Leonard , though it is awkward for both of them . </P> <P> In season nine , she attends Sheldon 's birthday party and enjoys a proposition from Barry Kripke . Later , she returns for a visit to interview people for her new book , and spends her time bonding with Amy and Bernadette , frustrating Penny 's attempts to bond with her . When Penny confronts her for this , she admits that she feels insulted about not being invited to her son 's wedding . Penny suggests doing a second wedding ceremony for her , which she accepts and the two finally bond . She is unhappy about her ex-husband , Alfred , attending since their marriage ended due to his affair , and is even angrier when Alfred and Mary Cooper display mutual attraction and leave the rehearsal dinner together . Beverly and Alfred argue all night and Beverly once again quarrels with Mary . At the ceremony , she agrees with Alfred that Leonard was the best thing to come out of their relationship . </P> <P> In season 11 , Beverly begins talking to Penny as a friend and confidant , troubling Leonard , especially when he learns that Beverly told Penny that she is proud of her , a level of praise she never bestowed upon Leonard himself . When Leonard confronts Beverly , he is touched when she says that of all of her children 's spouses , Penny is the one she is most impressed by , and that for this , she is indeed proud of him . </P> <P> For her role as Beverly , in both 2009 and 2010 , Baranski was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series . </P> <H3> Claire ( edit ) </H3> Alessandra Torresani <P> Claire ( Alessandra Torresani ) is a writer for a children 's science fiction series whom Raj and Howard meet in the comic book store in season 9 . Claire wants to collaborate with Raj on the science portions of a movie script . When Raj reveals to her that he has a girlfriend , Emily , she assures him that she is only interested in his technical assistance , and they can still meet as friends . However , Raj develops visions of marriage and children with Claire . After Raj breaks up with Emily , he calls Claire on Valentine 's Day , only to learn that she has just got back together with her boyfriend . She also calls Raj an `` ass '' for breaking up with Emily just before Valentine 's Day . Later , however , she asks Raj out for a drink after she has again broken up with her boyfriend . However , Raj is on his way to reunite with Emily , and chooses to be with her . However , Raj later starts seeing Claire again while at the same time dating Emily . She and Raj continue to date , but they keep their relationship casual with no commitment . When she meets Raj 's friends , Claire begins to realize that Raj has been dating multiple women , and successfully tricks him into admitting it . </P> <P> In season 10 , Raj reveals that he is now single , having broken up with both Emily and Claire at the ladies ' behest . Later in the season , when Raj tries to figure out what is wrong with himself , Claire accepts an invitation to Raj 's apartment , where she meets his previous girlfriends . Claire reveals that she broke up with Raj after finding him too needy and vain and declares that she is now in a better relationship . </P> <H3> Dan ( edit ) </H3> Stephen Root <P> Dan ( Stephen Root ) is a senior member of staff at Zangen , who first appears in `` The Locomotion Interruption '' when he interviews Penny for a pharmaceutical sales representative position as a favor to Bernadette . Penny realizes that the interview is not going well so she ends it and starts to leave . As a favor , she asks Dan not to tell Bernadette how badly she did because she is kind of scared of her . Dan says that he thought he was the only one who was scared of her . They start to bond , agreeing that Bernadette is something of a bully . Dan comments that has that squeaky little voice , and that everyone else thinks she is SO nice . He had to cut one of Bernadette 's research programs , but was too scared of her to do it . Dan and Penny both agree not to tell Bernadette about the results of the interview . Later Bernadette is talking to Howard at home , and tells him that it is hard to believe , but Penny got the job . She feels that it is because Dan really loves her . </P> <P> Dan reappears in `` The Champagne Reflection '' , when Penny makes Bernadette face up to her bullying ways . Dan is still afraid of Bernadette , and tells the story of how she yelled at him and his grandson after they lost the three - legged race at the company picnic . His grandson called her the mean kid with the big boobies . Bernadette is horrified when she realizes how everyone perceives her . Her father had taught her to be tough and she can be cruel with some of her comments without even knowing it . She says she thought she was the sweetest person she knew , and should be in a tree baking cookies like a Keebler elf . She goes to apologize to Dan and discovers that , owing to everyone 's fear of her , they have been paying for her daily coffee even after the company stopped doing so ( something they accomplished with a swear jar kept for Bernadette 's sake ) ; and have given her the private use of a toilet that was meant for everyone . She now feels like she has to leave the company and starts crying . Desperate for her to stop , Dan promises to keep paying for her coffee , and even offers to get her an espresso machine . Bernadette has found a new way to get what she wants . </P> <H3> Dave Gibbs ( edit ) </H3> Stephen Merchant <P> Dave Gibbs ( Stephen Merchant ) is a tall British man who dates Amy after she breaks up with Sheldon . Dave is recently divorced because his wife left him for a French chef . When her friends try to find Amy a date on a dating mobile app , they see a text message from Dave , and Amy reveals they have already gone out together for coffee . Sheldon is about to propose to Amy for closure when he sees Amy and Dave share a kiss after their date . When Amy and Dave later go out again for dinner ( while Penny , Bernadette , and a reluctant Leonard spy on them ) , he shows an unusual fascination with Sheldon , which discomforts Amy . He considers Sheldon and Leonard to be physics superstars and idolizes them . He later gets an opportunity to meet Leonard and shake his hand after Leonard has to relieve himself while spying on their date , and with great excitement , Dave announces that he will never again wash his hand . After Sheldon rejects Amy 's proposal that they be a couple again , Amy once again tries dinner with Dave , who goes out of his way to refrain from mentioning Sheldon , knowing how uncomfortable that subject made her previously . Sheldon then suddenly arrives and professes his love to Amy , and the two mend their relationship , leaving Dave to awkwardly excuse himself and invite Sheldon to meet again on his way out . </P> <H3> Eric Gablehauser ( edit ) </H3> <P> Eric Gablehauser ( Mark Harelik ) is the head of the Physics Department , the group 's boss at the university . When he first starts working at the university , he fires Sheldon after Sheldon insults his intelligence . Eventually , Gablehauser rehires Sheldon after he and Sheldon 's mother display a mutual romantic interest . Gablehauser later hosts the Physics Bowl , and gives Raj attention when he is featured in a People article for discovering a planet . </P> <H3> V.M. Koothrappali ( edit ) </H3> Brian George <P> V.M. Koothrappali ( Brian George ) is Raj 's father in India . His wife and he communicate with their son via Skype and constantly try to arrange dates for him . They want their son to marry a woman of Indian descent , and give them grandchildren . Although in many episodes Raj mentions that he grew up in poverty , his friends remind him of the contrary by pointing out that Dr. Koothrappali is a gynecologist , drives a Bentley , and employs servants . In one such episode , Raj replies that the Bentley is leased and there are only four servants in his family home , two of whom are children . Dr. Koothrappali enjoys Doogie Howser reruns , which are apparently new to India . Other than Raj , he also maintains contact with their daughter Priya via Skype whenever she is out of India . In season four , Dr. Koothrappali becomes angry with Leonard when he learns that his daughter , Priya , is dating Leonard without his knowledge . According to Sheldon , the Koothrappalis are `` Richie Rich rich '' . </P> <P> The Koothrappalis go through a rough patch in their marriage , culminating in them separating in season eight around the time of their 40th wedding anniversary , with Dr. Koothrappali moving out and Mrs. Koothrappali setting fire to his car . Dr. Koothrappali makes his first physical appearance on the show in season eight , visiting the main characters at a Christmas party after the divorce . Dr. Koothrappali later cuts off Raj financially when he buys a helicopter drone , but Raj manages to turn the situation around by pitting his father against his mother . He also asks his father to give advice to a nervous , pregnant Bernadette . </P> <H3> Mrs. Koothrappali ( edit ) </H3> Alice Amter ( left ) <P> Mrs. Koothrappali ( Alice Amter ) is Raj 's mother in India . Mrs. Koothrappali is especially worried that , despite Raj being old enough to marry , the closest they have to a daughter - in - law is `` that little Jewish boy Howard '' . She enjoys Doogie Howser reruns , which are apparently new to India . Other than Raj , she also maintains contact with Priya via video chat whenever she is out of India . She also had some anger towards Leonard when it became apparent that he was dating Priya without her knowledge . </P> <P> Following their divorce in season eight , Raj mentions that his mother bought the book Eat , Pray , Love and used it to set fire to her ex-husband's car . Mrs. Koothrappali makes her first physical appearance on the show in `` The Graduation Transmission '' , where Raj uses the Koothrappali 's divorce to get money from her when his father cuts him off financially , and pits her against her ex-husband . </P> <H3> Janine Davis ( edit ) </H3> Regina King <P> Janine Davis ( Regina King ) is a human resources representative working at the university . She first appears in season six after Sheldon offends his assistant Alex while trying to solve a problem regarding her crush on Leonard , leaving Mrs. Davis to handle Alex 's sexual - harassment complaint against Sheldon . Sheldon tells Mrs. Davis his belief that she , like all women , is a `` slave '' to her sexual `` urges '' , unaware that his remarks are racist and sexist . In his attempt at defense , Sheldon rats out what he considers similar behavior by Raj , Howard , and Leonard , prompting Mrs. Davis to summon them to her office , as well . Mrs. Davis later serves on the tenure committee that is considering Raj , Sheldon , Leonard , and Kripke for a vacant tenured position , causing each of them to try to win her favor . Sheldon , in his effort to earn the position , offends her once again by giving her the box set for the miniseries Roots . Despite this , Sheldon is still short - listed for tenure , even if he offends Mrs. Davis yet again by giving her what he thinks is a traditional handshake originating in African American communities . </P> <P> In season seven , Mrs. Davis says that she is recently divorced because her husband cheated on her , and Raj attempts to strike up a conversation with her at a university mixer . After offending her , Raj apologizes , and the two talk about their troubles . Following the mixer , while Raj is insistent that Mrs. Davis and he had a `` moment '' , Howard disagrees . Mrs. Davis makes another appearance in season 8 , where she informs Sheldon that he has to teach a class as a junior professor , and in season 11 , has to deal with Leonard after he gives an embarrassing interview on the radio about the university . </P> <H3> Kurt ( edit ) </H3> <P> Kurt ( Brian Patrick Wade ) is a tall , intimidating bodybuilder and Penny 's ex-boyfriend at the beginning of the series . In the pilot , Penny reveals that he cheated on her , and Leonard and Sheldon later go to his apartment and attempt to retrieve Penny 's television set from him , but they were unsuccessful and Kurt apparently found them so irritating that they returned home without pants . Kurt is invited to Penny 's Halloween party , for which he dresses up as a caveman , where he has yet another run in with Leonard , who is dressed as a hobbit . After Kurt sees Penny kissing Leonard , Leonard victoriously shouts to him , `` That 's right , you saw what you saw . That 's how we roll in The Shire ! '' </P> <P> In season two , Penny experiences financial difficulties . After Leonard learns about Penny 's problems , he tries to help her cut expenses , and in the process learns that Kurt owes her $1800 . Without telling Penny , Leonard and the guys go to Kurt 's place to collect the money , but they are unsuccessful , and Kurt writes `` I owe Penny $1800 ~ Kurt '' on Leonard 's forehead in indelible ink . Later , Penny reveals that Kurt visited her the next morning and paid her , in turn . However , much to Leonard 's disappointment , Kurt never told Penny about Leonard 's visit , and instead took the opportunity to ask Penny out for dinner . </P> <H3> Lucy ( edit ) </H3> Kate Micucci <P> Lucy ( Kate Micucci ) shows up at a party at the comic - book store on Valentine 's Day at an event for people who had no dates . She has social anxiety issues , which allows Raj and her to connect . On their first date , she becomes so nervous that she goes to the bathroom and climbs out of the window to get away . Raj falls apart and refuses to leave his apartment ; however , after apologizing to him , Lucy and Raj start afresh . Raj and Lucy have a date at a library and communicate by text messages , and at the end , she offers to kiss him , but chickens out at the last second . In `` The Bon Voyage Reaction '' , Raj tries to introduce Lucy to the rest of the gang . Lucy becomes nervous at the thought of meeting so many new people that Raj suggests she meet just one of his friends first , to which she agrees . Lucy meets Amy , but Raj pressures Lucy and upsets her . Lucy breaks up with Raj by an email , and afterwards a heartbroken Raj finally speaks to Penny without having consumed alcohol . Originally , Kate Micucci had been one of the actresses considered for the Amy Farrah Fowler character . </P> <P> In season seven , Penny meets Lucy at the Cheesecake Factory and confronts her about her breakup with Raj , and later Lucy arranges to meet with Raj to apologize to him for breaking up with him via email . This leads Raj to believe the two of them will get back together , but Lucy tells him she is with someone else . Although she is not seen , Lucy later texts Raj saying that she misses him and wants to get back together , but after finding out that he is also dating Emily , Lucy rebuffs Raj . </P> <P> Lucy appears in season 10 , where Raj invites her to his apartment along with his other ex-girlfriends to find out why he is still single . Lucy mentions that she is now in a better relationship . </P> <H3> Mary Cooper ( edit ) </H3> Laurie Metcalf <P> Mary ( née Tucker ) Cooper ( Laurie Metcalf ) is Sheldon 's loving , caring and religious mother and a devout Christian from Texas . She has two other children besides Sheldon ; Sheldon 's twin sister , Missy , and his brother George , who is shown via a family tree to be three or four years older than Sheldon and Missy . Her husband , a rambunctious alcoholic , was also named George , but he died when Sheldon was still a boy . To Mary 's relief , her other children do not share Sheldon 's hyperintelligence , once commenting to Leonard , `` I thank the good Lord my other kids are as dumb as soup '' . Mary herself is not intellectual , but is quite wise , though she is prone to making insensitive comments such as calling Japanese words `` kung fu letters '' at a sushi restaurant , or calling Native Americans `` '' our '' Indians `` . Despite her extreme religious views , she is tolerant of other faiths , as evidenced by her serving Raj a dish of chicken after making sure it was not something Indians considered `` magical '' . She also struggles to follow her beliefs sometimes . She is a loving mother and has been able to control Sheldon , with Leonard describing her as Sheldon 's `` Kryptonite '' to Penny . When Penny and Sheldon engaged in a fierce dispute , Penny called for Mary 's help , who subsequently called and scolded Sheldon about his actions . Leonard wishes his mother were as loving as Sheldon 's mother , although Sheldon himself appears at best ambivalent about her parenting . Sheldon once mentions that Mary once hit him with a Bible because he refused to eat his Brussels sprouts . She apparently thought something was wrong with her son while he was growing up , as Sheldon will often remark after someone calls him crazy , `` I 'm not crazy ; my mother had me tested ! '' Though Mary confirms this , she wishes that she had taken him to Houston for further testing . </P> <P> In her first visit , Leonard calls Mary to intervene when Sheldon is fired for being disrespectful to his new boss , Dr. Gablehauser . She manages to convince Sheldon to apologize and he gets his job back , and she becomes romantically interested in Dr. Gablehauser . When Sheldon asks , `` Is Dr. Gablehauser going to be my new daddy ? '' , Mary replies , `` We 'll see '' . </P> <P> In season three , after returning from the North Pole , Sheldon returns to his home in Texas after the other guys tampered with his research . Mary calls the guys and they come to fetch Sheldon . Sheldon initially refuses to leave , although after an argument with his mother about evolution , Sheldon decides to leave . Mary is again called to intervene in `` The Zazzy Substitution '' when Sheldon buys a clowder of cats after his `` break - up '' with Amy . Mary uses reverse psychology to get Sheldon to reconcile with Amy . She again comes to visit in `` The Rhinitis Revelation '' before going on a Christian cruise , and Sheldon becomes jealous when she would rather go sightseeing with the rest of the gang instead of cooking for him and attending physics lectures . </P> <P> In season seven , Sheldon returns to Texas to assist Mary in the birth of his twin sister 's baby . Howard later takes Sheldon to see Mary after visiting NASA headquarters , but flees after Sheldon sees her having sex . Sheldon returns and gets into an argument , and is sent to his room . After Howard tells him about how he drove away an admirer of his mother , Sheldon apologizes to Mary , saying that he will accept her choices on the outside while condemning her internally for being a hypocrite by going against her religious beliefs . Mary forgives him . </P> <P> In season 8 , Mary meets Dr. Beverly Hofstadter , Leonard 's mother . The two very different women start out as civil , but later quickly come to clash as Beverly insults and belittles Mary strict religious beliefs , and Mary in turn derides Beverly 's cold attitude . Mary is especially insulted when Beverly is left dumbstruck how a genius intellect like Sheldon could be born to a woman like her . After taking a break from each other , the two come to terms with the argument : Mary decides to forgive Beverly for her offhandish ways , and Beverly realizes there is more than one way to raise a child . The two mothers make up and Beverly tries unconditional love by trying an awkward hug with Leonard . </P> <P> In season nine , Sheldon calls her to tell her that Amy broke up with him and that he would like to send the family heirloom engagement ring back , but she advises him to hold on to it , just in case . She reappears in the season finale `` The Convergence - Convergence '' where she comes to attend Leonard and Penny 's re-wedding where she is not at all happy to see Beverly . She meets Leonard 's father Alfred Hofstadter and the two get along great as they have each other 's nice , gentle , and caring personalities , bonding over their mutual dislike of Beverly , and their admiration of each other 's beliefs . The two of them end up fighting with Beverly at the restaurant during the pre-ceremony dinner and the two leave together and after finding out they are staying at the same hotel , they decide to share a cab and it is implied that the two hook up . In season 10 , during a visit to see her , Sheldon and Amy break it to her they are living together and Sheldon is stunned that she is not offended that they are `` living in sin '' due to her belief he was never going to find anyone . </P> <P> Mary has argued with Leonard 's mother , Beverly , over the fact she never nurtured Leonard properly the way she has with Sheldon , while Beverly has criticized her for her narrow - minded beliefs . </P> <P> A younger version of Mary ( played by Metcalf 's real - life daughter Zoe Perry ) is a main character in the prequel series Young Sheldon . </P> <H3> Mike Rostenkowski ( edit ) </H3> <P> Mike Rostenkowski ( Casey Sander ) is Bernadette 's father and a tough retired police officer . Mike has a rough and rude personality and often bullies others , although he deeply loves his daughter , calling Bernadette his `` little girl '' . Before he is first seen , Bernadette establishes his personality by telling Howard a long list of subjects he can not discuss with Mike , including Jimmy Carter , foreigners , homosexuals , and even Howard 's Jewish identity . </P> <P> In his first appearance , he tells Howard , while he does not think highly of him , his respect for Howard grew when he learned he had been selected to become an astronaut . However , after Howard expresses his fears about not returning from space , Mike believes Bernadette will have no trouble finding another suitable bachelor if Howard dies in space , much to the future astronaut 's dismay . In the season - five finale , Mike attends Howard and Bernadette 's wedding and walks his daughter down the aisle . </P> <P> In season six , Howard and Mike are pushed into a fishing weekend by their spouses , but neither man really wants to go . Mike suggests that they go to a casino to shoot craps . Having earned more of Mike 's respect , Howard is now able to address him as `` Mike '' rather than `` Sir '' . </P> <P> In season seven , because his wife is out of town , Bernadette gets Mike to come to Howard 's mother 's house for Thanksgiving dinner , though he would rather watch football at home . Since Sheldon understands football from growing up with his father , Mike and Sheldon bond and drink heavily together . After insulting Howard , Mike later tells Howard that he is not `` all that bad '' , but implies that this statement is untrue when he comments on his drunken state . In `` The Table Polarization '' , Mike , Bernadette , Raj , and Mike Massimino ( via Skype ) perform an intervention on Howard 's decision to go back to space . Mike mentions that Howard asked him to shoot him in the foot to avoid the first space mission , which Howard insists was a joke . </P> <P> In season nine , he comes to Howard and Bernadette 's house since they are talking about renovating and he comes over to help . While Howard and he are busy together , Mike asks Howard why he does not want kids , but Howard sets things straight when he tells Mike that it is actually Bernadette who does not want kids and she causes the dust avalanche on both of them . Bernadette had lied to her father about not wanting kids because she did not want to disappoint him . Mike says he does not want to see her miss out since raising children was the most rewarding experience of his life , but Bernadette points out that her mother did everything while all Mike did was come home from work , sit on the couch , and drink beer , which is unrelated to raising kids . Defeated , Mike leaves , saying this is really a conversation for husband and wife and tells Bernadette if her mother asks , he was at the Wolowitz house until 10 . He briefly comes back into the kitchen and sees Howard and Bernadette doing `` dirty talk '' and then disappears again through the doorway . </P> <H3> President Siebert ( edit ) </H3> Joshua Malina <P> President Siebert ( Joshua Malina ) is the president of the California Institute of Technology , is married and has a teenaged daughter . Siebert is often mentioned by Sheldon . A recurring gag is that Sheldon often calls or visits Siebert in the middle of the night to get information , and usually gets a bitter response . Siebert sends Sheldon on the expedition to the North Pole at the end of season two . </P> <P> In his first appearance , Siebert organizes a get - together with wealthy donors and faculty members to garner funds for the university 's programs . He urges the guys to make an appearance to schmooze the donors so they will give to their projects . Seeing Sheldon 's behavior toward the donors , he asks that he not appear again . </P> <P> In season five , Siebert forces Sheldon to use up his vacation days , and when Sheldon and Kripke battle for an office at the university , they interrupt Siebert at a urinal to get him to make a decision on who gets the office . </P> <H3> Priya Koothrappali ( edit ) </H3> <P> Priya Koothrappali ( Aarti Mann ) is Raj 's younger sister . Having graduated at the top of her class at the University of Cambridge ( where like Leonard , her roommate was from Texas ) , she is one of the lead attorneys at India 's biggest car company . </P> <P> In her first appearance , Priya has a two - day layover and comes to visit her brother . Leonard and she are revealed to have had a relationship five years earlier ( without her parents ' or Raj 's knowledge ) when she was in town , and that Leonard had been much more invested in the relationship than she was . Leonard even offered to relocate to New Delhi to be with her . He tries to keep their relationship a secret from the guys , but Sheldon discovers Priya in their apartment after spending the night together . Leonard eventually reveals to the rest of the guys that he spent the night with Priya , as he is unable to bear the burden of keeping the secret . Priya returns to Los Angeles for business in `` The Cohabitation Formulation '' , and Leonard and she decide to try to have a real relationship , over the protests of Raj . It upsets Raj to know that his sister is having sex with one of his best friends ( sometimes in Raj 's bed ) . Priya soon becomes jealous of Penny and asks Leonard to stop spending time with her , which causes Penny , Amy , and Bernadette to dislike her . Priya contests Sheldon 's roommate agreement with Leonard , employing her legal background to deny Sheldon power over him , but Sheldon drafts a new agreement and blackmails Leonard into signing it by threatening to tell Priya 's parents she is dating Leonard , which she can not bear because they want her to date an Indian ( although her father would accept her dating Howard due to his belief that Jews are financially savvy and do not drink much ) . At the end of season four , it she is moving back to India and has not told Leonard , which Leonard interprets as the end of their relationship , leading him to expose their secret relationship to her parents . </P> <P> In season five , although they are separated , with Priya moving back a month earlier than expected , they nonetheless remain in touch via Skype , having a cyber-dinner / breakfast date . At Howard 's suggestion , Leonard and Priya also attempt to simulate intercourse , but when it comes time for her to remove her clothing , Leonard 's screen freezes up because of his exceeding the bandwidth . Leonard later manages to get cue cards to help himself with a seduction speech to Priya , but while delivering it to her , he inadvertently reveals to her parents that they are cyber-dating ( they were in the same room as she when he called ) , with them acidly asking for him to continue with the speech . In `` The Good Guy Fluctiation '' , Leonard tells Priya about his attraction to a comic - book enthusiast named Alice ; Priya admits to cheating on him with her former boyfriend , which visibly upsets Leonard . When Priya states that they both messed up a little , Leonard retorts that while he messed up a little , she messed up a lot . She claims that it is not a competition , to which he replies that it is and that she won and he switches off his laptop . In the next episode , Leonard refers to himself as single , indicating that Priya and he have broken up as a result of their last conversation . In season 10 , it is mentioned that out of the six Koothrappali children , only Raj is still single , indicating that Priya has married since her last appearance . </P> <H3> Ramona Nowitzki ( edit ) </H3> Riki Lindhome <P> Ramona Nowitzki , Ph. D. , ( Riki Lindhome ) first appears in the Season 2 episode , `` The Cooper -- Nowitzki Theorem '' , when she is a graduate student at Caltech who is a huge fan of Sheldon 's work and develops a near - obsessive crush on him . She meets Sheldon personally in the cafeteria and arranges to have dinner with him in his apartment . Where other people might be worried about such behavior being reminiscent of stalking , Sheldon reacts positively to Ramona by appreciating the fact that he is getting a free dinner . During their date , the rest of the gang is sitting on the couch as spectators of this strange turn of events . She keeps `` helping '' Sheldon by arranging suitable working conditions for him , such as getting breakfast for him at the cafeteria and giving him foot rubs . Unfortunately for Sheldon , she overdoes her insistence that Sheldon dedicate his time solely for work , depriving him of his favorite hobbies such as playing games , watching TV , and going for paintball with the guys . Even more unfortunately for Sheldon , he can not seem to get rid of her , especially when she settles herself in his apartment . Ramona proves to be irritating for the entire group , especially when she assumes that Penny likes Sheldon . She still asks Penny to be sisters with her . She makes it difficult for anyone to communicate with him and scares them away . Eventually , Sheldon solves the problem he has been working on . Enthusiastic about his solution , he asks Ramona how he can reward her for all her help . But when she asks for him to share credit with her and name the theorem `` Cooper - Nowitzki '' , he finally kicks her out of the apartment . </P> <P> Ramona reappears in the Season 10 finale . She now has her Ph. D. , and has secured a post-doc position at Caltech . Amy is away at Princeton , and the gang becomes worried for Sheldon because Ramona 's crush on him begins again . She brings him meals , and eventually kisses him in his office . Finally aware of her advances , Sheldon makes an excuse to leave the office , and promptly flies to New Jersey where he proposes to Amy . </P> <P> In the first episode of Season 11 , Amy shocks Ramona by hugging her , as it was Ramona 's advances that prompted Sheldon to propose . </P> <H3> Ruchi ( edit ) </H3> <P> Ruchi ( Swati Kapila ) ; is a new co-worker of Bernadette 's at Zangen who first appears in season 11 . Ruchi used to live in India , and was in an arranged engagement , until she broke off the engagement and moved to America . </P> <P> In her first appearance , Bernadette takes Ruchi out for drinks , though despite Howard 's suggestion , refuses to set her up with Raj or Stuart . While out for drinks , Raj and Stuart show up uninvited and both take an interest in Ruchi and try to win her over . Raj invites Ruchi for drinks behind Stuart 's back in a bid to get her alone . When Stuart shows up and tells Ruchi , she tells them that she is not interested in a relationship and just wants to make some friends . Raj later bumps into Ruchi at a bar while watching a cricket match with Howard and they eventually hook up . Afterwards , Ruchi wants to keep things casual with Raj , which he has difficult maintaining , especially after a date with her when she reveals that she does not believe in romantic love , and sees it more as a science . Despite this , Raj continues to see Ruchi to have sex with her . While she is on bed rest , Bernadette becomes convinced that Ruchi is trying to steal her job , which it turns out that she is , after revealing she is taking over all of Bernadette 's projects . Raj tries to defend Ruchi like a boyfriend but she ends up dumping him . </P> <P> </P> <H3> Wil Wheaton ( edit ) </H3> Wil Wheaton , who plays a fictionalized version of himself <P> Wil Wheaton plays a fictionalized version of himself . Wil played Wesley Crusher in Star Trek : The Next Generation , a character that Sheldon idolized as a child . In 1995 Wheaton made Sheldon 's `` mortal enemy '' list after Wheaton failed to show up at a fan convention . Sheldon took a 10 - hour bus ride to attend the convention and was disappointed that Wheaton was a no - show . </P> <P> In season three , Sheldon enters a trading - card game tournament ( Mystic Warlords of Ka'a ) to confront Wheaton . When Sheldon is about to defeat his hated rival , Wheaton tells him that he missed the 1995 `` Dixie Trek '' convention because his grandmother had died . In sympathy , Sheldon deliberately messes up his next move to benefit Wheaton . Wheaton reveals that he lied about his grandmother and then wins the game by taking advantage of the opening Sheldon leaves him . Wheaton later plays in a bowling match against Sheldon , where he uses gamesmanship again , breaking up Leonard and Penny to win . </P> <P> In season four , Wheaton appears at a special screening of Raiders of the Lost Ark and uses his celebrity status to go to the front of a long line . This antagonizes Sheldon , who derides him as the `` Jar Jar Binks of the Star Trek universe '' . Wheaton and his entourage effectively prevented Sheldon and his friends from attending the screening when the last seat in the theater went to the person directly in front of them in line . Ultimately , Sheldon steals the reels containing the prints of the film and Wheaton leads a mob of angry audience members after Sheldon . </P> <P> In season five , Wheaton invites the guys to a party at his house and appears to be genuinely sorry for his past actions , giving Sheldon a signed Wesley Crusher action figure as a way of thanking Sheldon for being a fan . His gesture is met with a renunciation of his `` mortal enemy '' status and a hug from Sheldon . Wheaton is invited to Howard 's bachelor party , where he films the toasts and uploads them to the Internet , getting Howard and Raj in trouble with Bernadette . </P> <P> In season six , Wheaton appears in a Star Trek - themed episode of Sheldon 's web - series Fun with Flags and insults Amy after she criticizes his performance . After Sheldon ditches Amy to spend time with Wheaton , Amy becomes angry with Sheldon , who later unknowingly becomes intoxicated and almost starts a fist fight with Wheaton , demanding an apology . </P> <P> In season seven , Amy calls Wheaton to cheer up Sheldon after Leonard disproves Sheldon 's scientific discovery . Wheaton later gives Penny advice when she wrestles with whether to take a role in the sequel to a low - budget horror film in which she once starred . After taking the role , Penny finds that Wheaton is also appearing in the film . Wheaton and Penny are both fired from the film after an argument with the director . </P> <P> In season eight , Wheaton invites Penny to appear on his podcast , where she talks about her acting career . Leonard and Penny get into an argument on air , much to the amusement of Wheaton . </P> <P> In season nine , Wheaton introduces Adam Nimoy , son of Mr. Spock portrayer Leonard Nimoy , to Sheldon , for Sheldon to be interviewed for a documentary that Adam Nimoy is producing about Spock and his impact on popular culture . In a later episode , Wheaton fills in for Sheldon when he joins Leonard , Howard , and Raj for the midnight premiere of Star Wars : The Force Awakens . When he arrives at the theater , the audience immediately jeers him for dressing as Spock , but Wheaton explains that he did so intentionally because he believes the audience should not take whether the film succeeds or fails so seriously . He appears again to celebrate Sheldon 's birthday in the show 's 200th episode , `` The Celebration Experimentation '' . </P> <P> In season eleven , Sheldon wants to replace Arthur Jeffries in the role of Professor Proton , following Jeffries ' death , and asks Wheaton to be his acting coach for the part . However , when Wheaton somehow gets the part instead , Sheldon is dismayed and after many unsuccessful attempts to get his friends to boycott the franchise , he demands that Wheaton turn down the role . Wheaton refuses , claiming he wants to inspire young scientists and Sheldon begins to consider him an enemy again . However , after watching the show Sheldon likes Wheaton 's portrayal of Prof. Proton and gets jealous when he sees that Wheaton has brought Howard to be a guest on his show . Although Sheldon apologizes to Wheaton , mending their friendship , Wheaton refuses to bring Sheldon as a guest on his show and instead invites Amy to be a guest on the show . </P> <P> Wil Wheaton , LeVar Burton , Leonard Nimoy ( in voice - over only ) , Brent Spiner , and George Takei have all appeared on the show , making the Star Trek franchise the most represented franchise on the show in terms of guest appearances . </P> <H3> Mrs. Wolowitz ( edit ) </H3> <P> Mrs. Debbie Malvina Wolowitz ( voiced by Carol Ann Susi ) is Howard 's over-protective , controlling , belittling , but loving and caring stereotypical Jewish mother . The character is not shown on - screen with the exception of one episode in season six in which her body , but not face is briefly shown . Mrs. Wolowitz 's raspy voice is heard usually in scenes at her house , which she shares with Howard . She talks to Howard always by yelling at him from another room , which results in awkward conversations with Howard yelling back at her . In a flashback , when the guys hear her yelling in a masculine voice , they ask Howard if that was his father , to which Howard replies , `` If she grows any more hair on her face , yes '' . </P> <P> Mrs. Wolowitz is also described as being enormously obese and wearing a wig and painted - on eyebrows . She seems to be oblivious to Howard 's work as an engineer and treats him as though he is still a child . She is a master at Wheel - of - Fortune and guessing answers at game shows . She frequently refers to Leonard , Sheldon , and Raj as Howard 's `` little friends '' ( as in , `` I made some cookies and Hawaiian Punch for you and your little friends ! '' ) and often refers to Caltech as a `` school '' . Howard often makes references to his mother as being a `` crazy old lady '' , but deep down , he is deeply attached to his mother and quite happy to be treated like a child . She is also noted to be on hormone replacement therapy , and she wants to `` play doctor '' with Raj when he asks to sleep over . </P> <P> When Howard reveals that he has proposed to Bernadette and she has accepted , she collapses , causing Howard to panic and dislocate his shoulder while trying to barge into the bathroom to help her . The timing leads him to believe that she may not like Bernadette ( who is Catholic ) and has suffered a heart attack from the shock of the news . In actuality , her fainting was due to food poisoning from the food she ate while meeting Bernadette and was completely unrelated to Howard 's news . She has graciously accepted Bernadette as her daughter - in - law and is impressed by Bernadette 's doctorate . </P> <P> In an early episode , Howard attempts to move out after a fight with his mother , but has serious delusions that she is trying to force him to stay , when in actuality , she is urging him to move out , which leads to him staying . However , at the beginning of season six , she is angry and upset about Howard moving in with Bernadette that she cries at the thought of being lonely , prompting him to promise he 'll convince Bernadette to move into their house instead . However , Bernadette remains firm but once Howard has finally moved out of his mother 's house , he tells her a story about inviting his mother to be an assistant during his magic tricks as a child , helping her forget her loneliness , making Bernadette feel guilty and decide that she and Howard should sleep over at his mother 's house from time to time to remind her that she is not alone . Later in the season , Howard asks Raj to look in on his mother to make sure she is okay while he and Bernadette are out on a trip . Raj enjoys dinner with her but as he is about to leave , she cries at being lonely , causing a sympathetic Raj to stay for dessert . He ends up sleeping in Howard 's old bedroom , but once Howard warns him that his mother will use her loneliness and mother him in a desperate attempt to make him stay , he attempts to escape but is caught by her . </P> <P> In season seven , Mrs. Wolowitz breaks her leg and keeps driving away the nurses hired to care for her . Even Penny rejects the job of caregiver after a very short time . After Stuart 's comic - book store burns down , Howard invites Stuart to work for Mrs. Wolowitz ; however , they develop a strange relationship , much to Howard 's annoyance . Howard is also upset about the fact that now she dotes more heavily on Stuart , getting him premium cable , new clothes , money to rebuild the comic book store and even recording an answering machine message with him . </P> <P> Following the death of Carol Ann Susi , producers decided that Mrs. Wolowitz would die in the season - eight episode `` The Comic Book Store Regeneration '' . Howard receives a phone call while in the store from his aunt Gladys in Florida , whom Mrs. Wolowitz had gone to visit . She says that Mrs. Wolowitz lay down for a nap and never woke up afterwards . Howard and Bernadette then move back into Howard 's old home , and Stuart decides to stay with them . He eventually moves out halfway through season nine , allowing them to redecorate the house . </P> <H3> Wyatt ( edit ) </H3> Keith Carradine <P> Wyatt ( Keith Carradine ) is Penny 's father . He comes to visit , and Penny feels compelled to involve Leonard in a ruse to make him think they are still together . ( Wyatt reveals that he favors the successful Leonard over Penny 's other `` loser '' boyfriends . ) When the plot is revealed , he gets mad at Penny and feigns anger at Leonard , but after Penny leaves the room , he encourages Leonard to keep trying to get Penny back ( because he wants his grandchildren to `` grow up in a house without wheels '' ) . Strangely , though , in the first episode where Leonard 's mother visits , Penny tearfully reveals her rough childhood , saying that Wyatt wanted a boy and even called her `` slugger '' until she reached puberty . Wyatt appears again in season nine , when Penny finally plucks up the courage to tell her father she eloped with Leonard . Wyatt is happy , but he also confesses that he killed Penny 's pet pig a year ago . In the season 10 premiere , `` The Conjugal Conjecture '' , he comes to Pasadena with his wife and son to attend Leonard and Penny 's re-wedding and during the ceremony he walks Penny down the aisle , welcomes Leonard to their family and advises him not to lend Penny 's brother any money . </P> <H3> Zack Johnson ( edit ) </H3> <P> Zack Johnson ( Brian Thomas Smith ) is a dim - witted but friendly beefcake - type whom Penny dates on and off after her second break - up with Leonard . Zack works as the menu designer for restaurants that are owned by or which have hired his father 's company to design their menus . </P> <P> In season three , Leonard invites Penny and Zack up to the roof to watch his experiment of bouncing laser beams off the moon ; Zack misunderstands what is happening , and thinks they are going to blow up the moon . Later , Penny and Zach go out to a party , but she is so put off at how stupid he is that she runs back to Leonard for sex , saying he ruined her ability to tolerate stupid men . </P> <P> In season four , Zack runs into Penny , Bernadette , and Amy at a restaurant , and Amy becomes physically attracted to him . Sheldon arranges a meeting between Zack and Amy to satisfy her `` urges '' , but his lack of intellect immediately discourages Amy . Unlike Penny 's other boyfriends , Zack considers Leonard , Howard , Sheldon , and Raj ( whom he calls `` the science dudes '' ) to be `` cool '' and makes a genuine effort to get to know them , even treating them as his friends . After accompanying them on a trip to the comic - book store ( where Raj and he bond over a mutual fondness for Archie comics ) , he enters a New Year 's Eve costume party with them , portraying Superman in their version of the Justice League . In `` The Toast Derivation '' , Sheldon invites him over for a party , where he bonds with Kripke and Stuart , as well . </P> <P> In season seven , he was unknowingly married to Penny for three years after the two were intoxicated and attended a wedding chapel in Las Vegas ( they were not aware that weddings in Las Vegas are real ) . Penny invites him to Mrs. Wolowitz 's house for Thanksgiving , where they get the marriage annulled . </P> <P> In season nine , episode 22 , Zack 's observations indicate he is , in some respects , more observant and smarter than `` the science dudes '' . </P> <P> In season ten , episode 22 , Zack and his fiancé plan a double date with Penny and Leonard but his fiancé does not turn up . Zack offers Penny a job at his menu printing company which she accepts , but when she calls Zack he tells her that his fiancé is uncomfortable with them working together . </P> <H2> Minor characters ( edit ) </H2> Judd Hirsch <Ul> <Li> Dr. Alfred Hofstadter ( Judd Hirsch ) : Leonard 's father , an anthropologist who once worked with famed archaeologist Louis Leakey ( Leonard 's middle name is Leakey in consequence ) . He was miserable in his marriage to Leonard 's mother Beverly , who was always annoying and was unmotherly towards their children . Alfred claimed she was cold and emasculating , and had not shown him any physical affection for years . When Leonard was six , he walked in on his parents naked , and she was swatting his rear end with Leonard 's brand - new ping - pong paddle , and as a result in season three , the two were revealed to be getting divorced after he had had an affair with a waitress . In his first appearance in `` The Convergence - Convergence '' during his visit for Leonard and Penny 's rewedding , he meets Mary Cooper and the two get along great as they have each other 's nice , gentle , and caring personalities , bonding over their mutual dislike of Beverly , and their admiration of each other 's beliefs . The two of them end up fighting with Beverly at the restaurant during the pre-ceremony dinner and the two leave together and after finding out they are staying at the same hotel , they decide to share a cab and it is implied that the two hook up . In `` The Conjugal Conjecture '' , Alfred is revealed to have not slept with Mary , but they still plan on seeing each other in the future . In the ceremony , he says that though Beverly and he do not bring the best out in each other , something wonderful did come out of their relationship : Leonard . Beverly agrees . On the way to the airport , they appear to be civil for about a minute until they start bickering over Leonard 's driving . </Li> <Li> Althea ( Vernee Watson ) : makes an appearance in the pilot episode as an attendant at a sperm bank , and then makes three appearances as an emergency room nurse in `` The Peanut Reaction '' episode ( season one ) and `` The Robotic Manipulation '' episode ( season four ) , and as a ward nurse in `` The Werewolf Transformation '' ( season five ) . The name of the character is never used on the show , but is included on her name tag and in the credits . She is also the only character besides Leonard and Sheldon to be carried over from the original unaired pilot . </Li> <Li> Dr. Stephanie Barnett ( Sara Rue ) : a medical doctor and a highly distinguished surgeon that Howard tries to seduce , but she falls for Leonard . She dates Leonard , and surreptitiously moves in with him . Once Sheldon and Penny point this out to him , Leonard breaks up with her . </Li> <Li> Captain Sweatpants ( Ian Scott Rudolph ) and Lonely Larry ( Owen Thayer ) : are sometimes seen at the guys ' favorite comic - book store . Captain Sweatpants is a middle - aged bald man who wears grey sweatpants and a City of Heroes T - shirt . Lonely Larry wears a brown suit and is extremely thin . They are also friends with Wil Wheaton . Both attend Howard 's bachelor party . </Li> <Li> Cheryl ( Erin Allin O'Reilly ) , an attendee at Penny 's Halloween party in season one , episode six , `` The Middle Earth Paradigm '' . Cheryl is the very talkative , short - haired brunette dressed as a ladybug , who shows interest in Raj . She is not identified within the episode , but her name is listed in the credits . She appears again as a Cheesecake Factory waitress in `` The Pancake Batter Anomaly '' . </Li> <Li> Dale ( Josh Brener ) , a replacement for Stuart at the comic - book store when Stuart goes on a date with Amy in `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' . Also appears in `` The Tangible Affection Proof '' at Stuart 's Valentine 's Day party . </Li> <Li> Jimmy Speckerman ( Lance Barber ) , a former high school classmate of Leonard who used to bully Leonard during their high school days on a regular basis . He comes to visit with Leonard , not realizing that his actions in high school constituted bullying . </Li> <Li> Dimitri Rezinov ( Pasha Lychnikoff ) , a Russian cosmonaut who is Howard 's colleague on his Soyuz mission to the International Space Station . </Li> <Li> Dr. David Underhill ( Michael Trucco ) , a Macarthur Grant recipient and a successful physicist in the episode `` The Bath Item Gift Hypothesis '' </Li> <Li> Halley Wolowitz ( Pamela Adlon , voice only ) , Howard and Bernadette 's baby daughter , born in the episode `` The Birthday Synchronicity '' . Halley 's appearances are hidden by her baby pram and covered up by blankets , though her loud cries from off - screen sound a lot like Mrs. Wolowitz ( a tribute to Carol Ann Susi ) . </Li> <Li> Neil Michael Wolowitz , Howard and Bernadette 's baby son , born in the episode `` The Neonatal Nomenclature '' . Hours before his birth , Howard is unhappy that Bernadette has already decided to name the baby after her father , Michael , without consulting him first . He does n't agree with this and is even more disturbed that many of the names he has thought of come from her ex-boyfriends in college . Eventually Howard and Bernadette compromise as she gives birth to Neil , after Neil Armstrong and Neil Diamond , with Michael as the middle name . Bernadette still wants to call the baby Michael as a nickname , and Howard does n't argue with her because of the baby 's large head . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Guest Stars ( edit ) </H2> Jane Kaczmarek <Ul> <Li> Abby ( Danica McKellar ) and Martha ( Jen Drohan ) : two ladies that Raj and Sheldon meet at a university mixer . Abby takes a liking to Raj and Martha takes a liking to Sheldon . While Raj is welcoming of Abby 's moves , Sheldon is rejective of Martha 's moves . </Li> <Li> Alice ( Courtney Ford ) : an attractive comic book enthusiast whom Leonard meets after Priya moves back to India . Meeting Alice triggers a chain of events which ends with Leonard and Priya breaking up . </Li> <Li> Mandy Chao ( Melissa Tang ) : a colleague of Leonard at the university who made out with him once when they were both drunk . The incident , which happened prior to Leonard 's marriage to Penny , almost sabotages the marriages after Leonard tells Penny about it . </Li> <Li> Chen ( James Hong ) : a maitre d ' at a Chinese restaurant that the guys eat at . </Li> <Li> Professor Crawley ( Lewis Black ) : a former entomologist at the university with whom Sheldon , Howard , and Raj confer about a cricket . </Li> <Li> Issabella Maria Concepcion ( Maria Canals - Barrera ) a Cuban - American janitor working in Raj 's telescope building whom Raj wants to date . </Li> <Li> Kenny Fitzgerald ( Michael Rapaport ) : an intelligent thief who sells stolen liquid helium to Leonard and Sheldon . He later strikes up a friendship with the duo and they watch Ernest Goes to Jail together . </Li> <Li> Mrs. Fowler ( Annie O'Donnell ; Kathy Bates ) : Amy 's mother , who is played by Annie O'Donnell in `` The Desperation Emanation '' , and by Kathy Bates in `` The Bow Tie Asymmetry '' . </Li> <Li> Dr. Gallo ( Jane Kaczmarek ) : a therapist to whom Penny attempts to sell products . She winds up conducting therapy on both Penny and Leonard . </Li> <Li> Mrs. Latham ( Jessica Walter ) : a donor for the university who goes out on two dates with Leonard . </Li> <Li> Toby Loobenfield ( DJ Qualls ) : a scientist at CalTech whom Sheldon hires to play his fictional drug - addicted cousin Leo . </Li> <Li> Dr. Oliver Lorvis ( Billy Bob Thornton ) : a medical doctor to whom Penny sells products . He misreads her flirtations and locks the guys in his basement while he goes to woo her ( as well as Amy and Bernadette ) . </Li> </Ul> June Squibb <Ul> <Li> Meemaw / Constance Tucker ( June Squibb ) : Sheldon 's grandmother from Texas . She takes an immediate dislike to Amy upon meeting her . It appears she came to visit her grandson , but the real reason she came was to size Amy up and she dislikes Amy because of her breaking Sheldon 's heart when she broke up with him . Meemaw keeps this to herself until dinner where she reveals this in front of her grandson , his girlfriend and the married Hofstadter couple . Later , Sheldon reasons with her about how she made her husband ( Sheldon 's maternal grandfather ) a better person when he was stubborn and egotistical and Meemaw soon gives her blessings to Sheldon and Amy 's relationship . In the prequel series Young Sheldon , Meemaw is played by Annie Potts . In that series , it is revealed that she is Sheldon 's maternal grandmother and has a compulsive gambling habit . </Li> <Li> Missy Cooper ( Courtney Henggeler ) : Sheldon 's attractive twin sister who appears in the episode `` The Porkchop Indeterminacy '' . She is intellectually and socially quite unlike her brother . Confident , tall , and attractive , she promptly catches the attention of Leonard , Howard , and Raj . Sheldon realizes that , within Missy 's eggs , lies the potential for another `` superior mutation '' like him . He temporarily sets himself up as a guardian to Missy in order to choose the best mate for her . Missy refers to Sheldon as `` Shelly '' and , despite their differences , she loves him and is proud of his accomplishments . In `` The Cooper Extraction '' , she gives birth to a baby boy with Sheldon helping while her husband is recovering from a motorcycle accident , but does not appear on - screen . Henggeler reprises the role in the eleventh season finale `` The Bow Tie Asymmetry '' , where Missy , pregnant with her second child , travels with her mother to Pasadena to attend Sheldon 's wedding . It is mentioned that she is separated from her husband , which piques Raj 's interest . The 9 - year - old version of the character is played by Raegan Revord in the prequel series Young Sheldon . </Li> <Li> Octavia ( Octavia Spencer ) : a DMV clerk with whom Sheldon interacts . </Li> <Li> Agent Angela Page ( Eliza Dushku ) : an FBI agent who was asked to interview Howard 's acquaintances to determine his eligibility to use the Defense Department Laser Equipped Surveillance Satellite team . </Li> </Ul> Judy Greer <Ul> <Li> Elizabeth Plimpton ( Judy Greer ) : an acquaintance of Sheldon 's , who upon visiting , engages in flirtatiously sexual activities with Leonard , Howard , and Raj . </Li> </Ul> Jack McBrayer <Ul> <Li> Randall ( Jack McBrayer ) : Penny 's brother who first appears in the Season 10 premiere `` The Conjugal Conjecture '' when he comes to attend his sister 's re-wedding to Leonard . He has been in and out of prison and a bit of trouble over the years . </Li> </Ul> Yeardley Smith <Ul> <Li> Sandy ( Yeardley Smith ) a clerk at a job bank with whom Sheldon interfaces . The purpose for Sheldon 's visit is find a menial part - time job to clear his head . </Li> </Ul> Katey Sagal <Ul> <Li> Spock ( Leonard Nimoy , voice only ) : Appears in Sheldon 's dream </Li> <Li> Susan ( Katey Sagal ) : Penny 's mother who first appears in the Season 10 premiere `` The Conjugal Conjecture '' when she comes to attend her daughter 's re-wedding to Leonard . Sagal and Cuoco previously appeared in the main cast of 8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter . Sagal plays Cuoco 's mother in that series as well . </Li> <Li> Trevor ( Blake Anderson ) : an individual with whom Sheldon has conflict when he cuts in front of them at the movie theatre . </Li> <Li> Josh Wolowitz ( Matt Bennett ) : Howard 's half brother . </Li> <Li> Theodore ( Christopher Lloyd ) : Sheldon rented out his room to Theodore in `` The Property Division Collision '' . </Li> <Li> Denise ( Lauren Lapkus ) : An employee working at Stuart 's comic book store with an amazing knowledge of comic books . </Li> <Li> George `` Georgie '' Cooper Jr . ( Jerry O'Connell ) : Sheldon and Missy 's brother , who lives in Texas and runs a car tire business . Often at odds while growing up , the Cooper brothers begin to reconcile their differences when Sheldon and Leonard visit George in season 11 before Sheldon 's wedding . Known as Georgie in his younger days , he appears as a main character on Young Sheldon played by Montana Jordan . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Guest Stars appearing as themselves ( edit ) </H3> <P> A handful of Hollywood celebrities as well as famous scientists and engineers have made appearances on the show as themselves . In most cases the appearances are brief cameo appearances . These appearances are in contrast to Wil Wheaton who , as described above , plays a character on the show which is a fictionalized version of himself . </P> <Ul> <Li> Buzz Aldrin : `` The Holographic Excitation '' </Li> <Li> LeVar Burton : `` The Toast Derivation '' , `` The Habitation Configuration '' , `` The Champagne Reflection '' </Li> <Li> Ellen DeGeneres : `` The Geology Elevation '' </Li> <Li> Nathan Fillion : `` The Comic Book Store Regeneration '' </Li> <Li> Carrie Fisher : `` The Convention Conundrum '' </Li> <Li> Ira Flatow : `` The Vengeance Formulation '' ( voice only ) , `` The Discovery Dissipation '' , `` The Retraction Reaction '' </Li> <Li> Neil Gaiman : `` The Comet Polarization '' </Li> <Li> Summer Glau : `` The Terminator Decoupling '' </Li> <Li> Brian Greene : `` The Herb Garden Germination '' </Li> <Li> Stephen Hawking : `` The Hawking Excitation '' , `` The Extract Obliteration '' , `` The Relationship Diremption '' , `` The Troll Manifestation '' , `` The Celebration Experimentation '' , `` The Geology Elevation '' , `` The Proposal Proposal '' </Li> <Li> James Earl Jones : `` The Convention Conundrum '' </Li> <Li> Stan Lee : `` The Excelsior Acquisition '' </Li> <Li> Howie Mandel : `` The Re-Entry Minimization '' </Li> <Li> Mike Massimino : `` The Friendship Contraction '' , `` The Countdown Reflection '' , `` The Decoupling Fluctuation '' , `` The Re-Entry Minimization '' , `` The Table Polarization '' , `` The First Pitch Insufficiency '' </Li> <Li> Elon Musk : `` The Platonic Permutation '' </Li> <Li> Adam Nimoy : `` The Spock Resonance '' </Li> <Li> Bill Nye : `` The Proton Displacement '' </Li> <Li> Samantha Potter : `` The Panty Piñata Polarization '' </Li> <Li> Katee Sackhoff : `` The Vengeance Formulation '' , `` The Hot Troll Deviation '' ( both appearances are in a daydream scene ) </Li> <Li> Charlie Sheen : `` The Griffin Equivalency '' </Li> <Li> Kevin Smith : `` The Fortification Implementation '' </Li> <Li> George Smoot : `` The Terminator Decoupling '' </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Brent Spiner : `` The Russian Rocket Reaction '' </Li> <Li> George Takei : `` The Hot Troll Deviation '' ( appears in a daydream scene ) </Li> <Li> Analeigh Tipton : `` The Panty Piñata Polarization '' </Li> <Li> Neil deGrasse Tyson : `` The Apology Insufficiency '' </Li> <Li> Adam West : `` The Celebration Experimentation '' </Li> <Li> Steve Wozniak : `` The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification '' </Li> <Li> Mark Hamill : `` The Bow Tie Asymmetry '' </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Although not seen or heard prior to season 4 , President Siebert 's name is mentioned in season 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Appearance is credited , but did not have a speaking role </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tipton makes an appearance in the Season 9 episode The Mystery Date Observation as a minor character named Vanessa Bennett who correctly solves Sheldon 's challenge , but misses the deadline by 15 seconds . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Middle Earth Paradigm '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 1 . Episode 6 . October 29 , 2007 . 5 : 18 minutes in . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Boyfriend Complexity '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 4 . Episode 9 . November 18 , 2010 . 3 : 30 minutes in . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Apology Insufficiency '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 4 . Episode 7 . November 4 , 2010 . 12 : 50 minutes in . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Habitation Configuration '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 6 . Episode 7 . November 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Conlangs '' . Omniglot . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Countdown Reflection '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 5 . Episode 24 . May 10 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Vegas Renormalization '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 21 . April 27 , 2009 . 9 : 42 minutes in . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Psychic Vortex '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 12 . January 11 , 2010 . 8 : 25 minutes in . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Grasshopper Experiment '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 1 . Episode 8 . November 12 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Middle Earth Paradigm '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 1 . Episode 6 . October 29 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 23 , 2009 ) . `` Big Bang Theory scoop : Sara Gilbert taken off contract '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Herb Garden Germination '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 4 . Episode 20 . April 7 , 2011 . 19 : 08 minutes in . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Stag Convergence '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 5 . Episode 22 . April 26 , 2012 . 07 : 41 minutes in . CBS . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Commitment Determination '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 8 . Episode 24 . May 4 , 2015 . Event occurs at 13 : 35 . CBS . Howard tells Bernadette his middle name , because he wants her to make him move out of his mother 's house . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 5 . Episode 10 . November 17 , 2011 . Event occurs at 11 : 44 . CBS . Sheldon is viewing Stuart 's Facebook page , where his name is shown as `` Stuart Bloom '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Comet Polarization '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 11 . Episode 21 . April 19 , 2018 . CBS . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Hofstadter Isotope '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 20 . April 13 , 2009 . CBS . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 22 , 2012 ) . `` Big Bang Theory ' s Kevin Sussman Upped To Regular '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory : Laura Spencer Promoted to Series Regular '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sleasman , MaryAnn ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory `` The Bakersfield Expedition '' Review : Comic Book Women `` . TV.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Killer Robot Instability '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 12 . January 12 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Friendship Algorithm '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 13 . January 19 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Vengeance Formulation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 9 . November 23 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Toast Derivation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 4 . Episode 17 . February 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Bat Jar Conjecture '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 1 . Episode 13 . April 21 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Griffin Equivalency '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 4 . October 13 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Cornhusker Vortex '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 6 . November 2 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pilot '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 24 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Middle - Earth Paradigm '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 1 . Episode 6 . October 29 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Financial Permeability '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 14 . February 2 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Young Sheldon episode `` Jiu - Jitsu , Bubble Wrap , and Yoo - Hoo '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Panty Piñata Polarization '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 7 . November 10 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Irish Pub Formulation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 4 . Episode 6 . October 28 , 2010 . CBS . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Infestation Hypothesis '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 5 . Episode 2 . September 22 , 2011 . CBS . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Good Guy Fluctuation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 5 . Episode 7 . October 27 , 2011 . CBS . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Status Quo Combustion '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 7 . Episode 24 . May 15 , 2014 . 20 : 01 minutes in . CBS . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Birthday Synchronicity '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 10 . Episode 11 . December 15 , 2016 . CBS . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Lunar Excitation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 23 . May 24 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' 200th Episode : Wil Wheaton , Adam West Among Guest Stars '' . Variety . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> hide <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Big Bang Theory </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Leonard Hofstadter </Li> <Li> Sheldon Cooper </Li> <Li> Penny </Li> <Li> Howard Wolowitz </Li> <Li> Raj Koothrappali </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season 1 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Pilot '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 2 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Terminator Decoupling '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 3 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Jiminy Conjecture '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 4 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification '' </Li> <Li> `` The Hot Troll Deviation '' </Li> <Li> `` The Love Car Displacement '' </Li> <Li> `` The Toast Derivation '' </Li> <Li> `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 5 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Skank Reflex Analysis '' </Li> <Li> `` The Infestation Hypothesis '' </Li> <Li> `` The Wiggly Finger Catalyst '' </Li> <Li> `` The Russian Rocket Reaction '' </Li> <Li> `` The Rhinitis Revelation '' </Li> <Li> `` The Good Guy Fluctuation '' </Li> <Li> `` The Isolation Permutation '' </Li> <Li> `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' </Li> <Li> `` The Shiny Trinket Maneuver '' </Li> <Li> `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' </Li> <Li> `` The Beta Test Initiation '' </Li> <Li> `` The Werewolf Transformation '' </Li> <Li> `` The Hawking Excitation '' </Li> <Li> `` The Stag Convergence '' </Li> <Li> `` The Countdown Reflection '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 6 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Fish Guts Displacement '' </Li> <Li> `` The Santa Simulation '' </Li> <Li> `` The Egg Salad Equivalency '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 7 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Hofstadter Insufficiency '' </Li> <Li> `` The Convention Conundrum '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 8 </Th> <Td> `` The Locomotion Interruption '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 9 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 10 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 11 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recurring concepts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Soft Kitty '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> Bazinga ( jellyfish ) </Li> <Li> Euglossa bazinga </Li> <Li> Young Sheldon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Portal </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Book </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Big_Bang_Theory_characters&oldid=846060941 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lists of American sitcom television characters </Li> <Li> The Big Bang Theory characters </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from October 2014 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from July 2013 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing style editing from February 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles needing style editing </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from February 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles that are excessively detailed </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing style editing from November 2014 </Li> <Li> Articles with multiple maintenance issues </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2018 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 </Li> <Li> Official website not in Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 01 : 05 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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List of boarding schools in India - wikipedia <H1> List of boarding schools in India </H1> <P> The following are notable boarding schools in India . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Andhra Pradesh </Li> <Li> 2 Delhi and NCR </Li> <Li> 3 Gujarat </Li> <Li> 4 Haryana </Li> <Li> 5 Punjab </Li> <Li> 6 Himachal Pradesh </Li> <Li> 7 Jharkhand </Li> <Li> 8 Karnataka </Li> <Li> 9 Kerala </Li> <Li> 10 Maharashtra </Li> <Li> 11 Madhya Pradesh </Li> <Li> 12 Odisha </Li> <Li> 13 Rajasthan </Li> <Li> 14 Tamil Nadu </Li> <Li> 15 Telangana </Li> <Li> 16 Uttar Pradesh </Li> <Li> 17 Uttarakhand </Li> <Li> 18 West Bengal </Li> <Li> 19 Multiple locations </Li> <Li> 20 See also </Li> <Li> 21 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Andhra Pradesh ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Oakridge International School -- Visakhapatnam </Li> <Li> The Peepal Grove School -- Gingival Palli </Li> </Ul> <H2> Delhi and NCR ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Apollo Public School -- Patiala </Li> <Li> Cambridge School Srinivaspuri -- Delhi </Li> <Li> Colonel Satsangi 's Kiran Memorial Public School - Delhi </Li> <Li> GD Goenka Public School -- New Delhi </Li> <Li> Mann Public School -- Delhi </Li> </Ul> <H2> Gujarat ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Rajkumar College -- Rajkot </Li> <Li> Vibgyor High School -- Vadodara </Li> </Ul> <H2> Haryana ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Apollo International School -- Sonipat </Li> <Li> Gita Niketan Awasiya Vidyalaya -- Kurukshetra </Li> <Li> Modern Vidya Niketan -- Faridabad </Li> <Li> The Sanskriti School -- Rohtak </Li> <Li> Vidya Devi Jindal School , Hisar -- Hisar </Li> <Li> Vidya Sanskar International School -- Faridabad </Li> </Ul> <H2> Punjab ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Punjab International Public School -- Pojewal , Punjab </Li> </Ul> <H2> Himachal Pradesh ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Army Public School -- Dagshai ( Solan ) </Li> <Li> Bishop Cotton School -- Shimla </Li> <Li> Chail Military School -- Chail </Li> <Li> Chinmaya Vidyalaya Nauni -- Shimla </Li> <Li> Lawrence School -- Sanawar </Li> <Li> Pinegrove School -- Solan </Li> <Li> St. Mary 's Convent School -- Kasauli </Li> </Ul> <H2> Jharkhand ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Netarhat Residential School -- Netarhat </Li> <Li> Ramakrishna Mission Vidyapith -- Deoghar </Li> <Li> Vikas Vidyalaya -- Ranchi </Li> </Ul> <H2> Karnataka ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Baldwin Boys High School -- Bangalore </Li> <Li> Bangalore Military School -- Bangalore </Li> <Li> Belgaum Military School -- Belgaum </Li> <Li> Canadian International School -- Bangalore </Li> <Li> Greenwood High International School -- Bangalore </Li> <Li> Jain International Residential School -- Bangalore </Li> <Li> Jain Heritage School -- Bangalore </Li> <Li> Sarala Birla Academy -- Bangalore </Li> <Li> Treamis World School -- Bangalore </Li> <Li> Trio World Academy -- Bangalore </Li> </Ul> <H2> Kerala ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> St Peters School -- Kadayiruppu </Li> </Ul> <H2> Maharashtra ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Anubhuti School -- Jalgaon </Li> <Li> Barnes School -- Devlali , Nasik </Li> <Li> Codesh School -- Panchgani </Li> <Li> Sahyadri School -- Pune </Li> <Li> Sanjeewan Vidyalaya -- Panchgani </Li> <Li> UWC Mahindra College -- near Pune </Li> </Ul> <H2> Madhya Pradesh ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Scindia School - Gwalior </Li> <Li> Sainik School Rewa </Li> </Ul> <H2> Odisha ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Aparna World School -- Jharsuguda </Li> <Li> KIIT International School -- Bhubaneswar </Li> </Ul> <H2> Rajasthan ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Ajmer Military School -- Ajmer </Li> <Li> Birla Balika Vidyapeeth -- Pilani </Li> <Li> Birla Public School -- Pilani </Li> <Li> Birla Senior Secondary School -- Pilani </Li> <Li> Career Point Gurukul -- Kota </Li> <Li> Dholpur Military School -- Dholpur </Li> <Li> Maharani Gayatri Devi Girls ' Public School ( MGD ) -- Jaipur </Li> <Li> Mayo College -- Ajmer </Li> <Li> Mayo College Girls School -- Ajmer </Li> <Li> Neerja Modi School -- Jaipur </Li> <Li> St. Mary 's High School -- Mt . Abu </Li> </Ul> <H2> Tamil Nadu ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Campion Anglo - Indian Higher Secondary School -- Tiruchirapalli </Li> <Li> Chennai Public School -- Chennai </Li> <Li> Chinmaya International Residential School -- Siruvani , Coimbatore </Li> <Li> Good Shepherd International School -- Ooty </Li> <Li> Hebron School -- Ooty </Li> <Li> Isha Home School -- Velliangiri Foothills -- Coimbatore </Li> <Li> Kodaikanal International School -- Kodaikanal </Li> <Li> Laidlaw Memorial School and Junior College , The -- Ketti </Li> <Li> Samaritan Residential Schools -- Elagiri Hills </Li> <Li> St. Peter 's International School -- Kodaikanal </Li> </Ul> <H2> Telangana ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Abhyasa Residential Public School -- Toopran , Medak </Li> <Li> Aga Khan Academy -- Hyderabad </Li> <Li> Walden 's Path -- Hyderabad </Li> </Ul> <H2> Uttar Pradesh ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Shanti Niketan Vidhyapeeth -- Meerut </Li> <Li> Shri Ramswaroop Memorial Public School -- Lucknow </Li> <Li> Suditi Global Academy -- Mainpuri </Li> <Li> Vardhman Academy -- Meerut </Li> </Ul> <H2> Uttarakhand ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Unison World School -- Dehradun </Li> <Li> The Aryan School -- Dehradun </Li> <Li> Birla Vidya Mandir -- Nainital </Li> <Li> Colonel Brown Cambridge School -- Dehradun </Li> <Li> Convent of Jesus and Mary -- Waverley , Mussoorie </Li> <Li> The Doon School -- Dehradun </Li> <Li> Ecole Globale International Girls ' School -- Dehradun </Li> <Li> GD Birla Memorial School -- Ranikhet , Almora </Li> <Li> Manava Bharati India International School -- Mussoorie </Li> <Li> Mussoorie International School -- Mussoorie </Li> <Li> Oak Grove School -- Jharipani </Li> <Li> Rashtriya Indian Military College -- Dehradun </Li> <Li> St. George 's College -- Mussoorie </Li> <Li> St Joseph 's College -- Nainital </Li> <Li> St. Mary 's Convent High School -- Nainital </Li> <Li> SelaQui International School -- Dehradun </Li> <Li> Sherwood College -- Nainital </Li> <Li> Tula 's International School -- Dehradun </Li> <Li> Welham Boys School -- Dehradun </Li> <Li> Welham Girls School -- Dehradun </Li> <Li> Woodstock School -- Mussoorie </Li> <Li> Wynberg Allen School -- Mussoorie </Li> </Ul> <H2> West Bengal ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Goethals Memorial School -- Kurseong </Li> <Li> Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya -- Narendrapur </Li> <Li> Ramakrishna Mission Vidyapith -- Purulia </Li> <Li> St. Augustine 's School -- Kalimpong </Li> <Li> St. Joseph 's School -- Darjeeling </Li> <Li> St. Paul 's School -- Darjeeling </Li> </Ul> <H2> Multiple locations ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bivha International School -- multiple locations </Li> <Li> La Martiniere College <Ul> <Li> La Martiniere Calcutta </Li> <Li> La Martiniere Lucknow </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Delhi Public School Society </Li> <Li> List of schools in India </Li> <Li> List of boarding schools </Li> <Li> List of international schools in India </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> hide <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> School education in India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Ministry of Human Resource Development </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Boards of education ( list ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> National </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Central Board of Secondary Education </Li> <Li> Central Tibetan School Administration </Li> <Li> Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations </Li> <Li> National Institute of Open Schooling </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Andhra Pradesh ( Secondary </Li> <Li> Intermediate ) </Li> <Li> Assam ( Secondary </Li> <Li> Higher Secondary ) </Li> <Li> Bihar ( School </Li> <Li> Intermediate ) </Li> <Li> Chhattisgarh </Li> <Li> Goa </Li> <Li> Gujarat </Li> <Li> Haryana </Li> <Li> Himachal Pradesh </Li> <Li> Jammu & Kashmir </Li> <Li> Karnataka ( Secondary </Li> <Li> Pre-University ) </Li> <Li> Kerala </Li> <Li> Madhya Pradesh </Li> <Li> Maharashtra </Li> <Li> Manipur ( Secondary </Li> <Li> Higher Secondary ) </Li> <Li> Meghalaya </Li> <Li> Mizoram </Li> <Li> Nagaland </Li> <Li> Odisha ( Secondary </Li> <Li> Higher Secondary ) </Li> <Li> Punjab </Li> <Li> Rajasthan </Li> <Li> Tamil Nadu ( Secondary </Li> <Li> Higher Secondary ) </Li> <Li> Telangana ( Secondary </Li> <Li> Intermediate ) </Li> <Li> Tripura </Li> <Li> Uttar Pradesh </Li> <Li> Uttarakhand </Li> <Li> West Bengal ( Primary </Li> <Li> Secondary </Li> <Li> Higher Secondary </Li> <Li> Open </Li> <Li> Vocational </Li> <Li> Madrasah ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Schools ( list ) ( category ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> By location </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bangalore </Li> <Li> Chennai </Li> <Li> Gurgaon </Li> <Li> Hisar </Li> <Li> Hyderabad </Li> <Li> Jaipur </Li> <Li> Jamshedpur </Li> <Li> Kanpur </Li> <Li> Kolkata </Li> <Li> Kollam </Li> <Li> Lucknow </Li> <Li> Mumbai </Li> <Li> Patna </Li> <Li> Ranchi </Li> <Li> Rourkela </Li> <Li> Shillong </Li> <Li> Tiruchirappalli </Li> <Li> Thiruvananthapuram </Li> <Li> Udaipur </Li> <Li> Vatakara </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By type </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Railway Schools ( list ) </Li> <Li> DAV Public School ( list ) </Li> <Li> Ramakrishna Mission ( list ) </Li> <Li> Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan ( list ) </Li> <Li> Bal Bharati Public School ( list ) </Li> <Li> Delhi Public School ( list ) </Li> <Li> Saraswati Shishu Mandir ( list ) </Li> <Li> Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan ( list ) </Li> <Li> Sainik School ( list ) </Li> <Li> Kendriya Vidyalaya ( list ) </Li> <Li> Chinmaya Vidyalayas ( list ) </Li> <Li> Atomic Energy Central School ( list ) </Li> <Li> Vivekananda Vidyalaya ( list ) </Li> <Li> Ryan International Schools ( list ) </Li> <Li> Indian Army Public Schools ( list ) </Li> <Li> Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya ( list ) </Li> <Li> Waldorf Schools ( India ) ( list ) </Li> <Li> List of boarding schools </Li> <Li> List of international schools </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By state </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Maharashtra </Li> <Li> Rajasthan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All India Secondary School Examination </Li> <Li> Board examination </Li> <Li> Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation </Li> <Li> Higher Secondary Examination </Li> <Li> Literacy in India </Li> <Li> Midday Meal Scheme </Li> <Li> National Council of Educational Research and Training </Li> <Li> Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan </Li> <Li> Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan </Li> <Li> Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_boarding_schools_in_India&oldid=848241446 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Boarding schools in India </Li> <Li> Lists of schools in India </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> 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It Takes Two ( Marvin Gaye and Kim Weston song ) - wikipedia <H1> It Takes Two ( Marvin Gaye and Kim Weston song ) </H1> For other songs of the same title , see It Takes Two . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` It Takes Two '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Marvin Gaye and Kim Weston </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Take Two </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` It 's Got to Be a Miracle '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> May 12 , 1966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> November 27 & December 6 , 1965 , and March 2 , 1966 , Detroit , Michigan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Soul </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Tamla </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> William `` Mickey '' Stevenson Sylvia Moy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> William `` Mickey '' Stevenson </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` It Takes Two '' is a hit single recorded in late 1965 by Marvin Gaye and Kim Weston for Motown 's Tamla label . </P> <P> Produced by Weston 's then - husband , longtime Gaye collaborator William `` Mickey '' Stevenson , and co-written by Stevenson and Sylvia Moy , `` It Takes Two '' centered on a romantic lyric that depicted many things in life ( dreams , love , wishes , etc . ) being better with two people instead of one . The single became Gaye 's most successful duet single to date , later outperformed by Gaye 's duets with Tammi Terrell . </P> <P> Gaye and Weston 's duet peaked at # 14 on the Billboard Pop charts and # 4 on Billboard ′ s Soul Singles chart in January 1967 . `` It Takes Two '' was also Gaye 's first major hit in the UK , where it peaked at # 16 on the British singles charts in the spring of that same year . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Personnel </Li> <Li> 2 Rod Stewart and Tina Turner version <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Versions and remixes </Li> <Li> 2.2 Chart performance <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 2.2. 2 Year - end charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Other cover versions </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <H2> Personnel ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> All vocals by Marvin Gaye and Kim Weston </Li> <Li> Instrumentation by The Funk Brothers and The Detroit Symphony Orchestra </Li> <Li> Produced by William `` Mickey '' Stevenson </Li> </Ul> <H2> Rod Stewart and Tina Turner version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` It Takes Two '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Rod Stewart and Tina Turner </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Vagabond Heart </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Hot Legs '' ( Live ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> November 1990 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 `` , 12 '' single , CD single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 1990 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Pop rock , rock and roll </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 4 : 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Warner Bros . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> William `` Mickey '' Stevenson , Sylvia Moy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Bernard Edwards </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Rod Stewart singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` I Do n't Want To Talk About It '' ( 1990 ) I Do n't Want To Talk About It 1990 </Td> <Td> `` It Takes Two '' ( Duet with Tina Turner ) ( 1990 ) String Module Error : Match not found1990 </Td> <Td> `` Rhythm of My Heart '' ( 1991 ) Rhythm of My Heart 1991 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Tina Turner singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Be Tender with Me Baby '' ( 1990 ) Be Tender with Me Baby 1990 </Td> <Td> `` It Takes Two '' ( Duet with Rod Stewart ) ( 1990 ) String Module Error : Match not found1990 </Td> <Td> `` Nutbush City Limits ( The 90 's Version ) '' ( 1991 ) Nutbush City Limits ( The 90 's Version ) 1991 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 1990 `` It Takes Two '' was covered by Rod Stewart and Tina Turner and featured in a television advertising campaign for Pepsi . It was released as the lead single from Stewart 's album Vagabond Heart , produced by Bernard Edwards and released in late 1990 . The duet was a European hit , peaking at # 5 in the UK , and becoming a Top 10 single in several European countries . It later appeared on both artists ' greatest hits albums : Turner 's Simply The Best ( 1991 ) , and Stewart 's The Very Best of Rod Stewart ( 2001 ) . </P> <H3> Versions and remixes ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Album version - 4 : 13 </Li> <Li> Extended Remix - 4 : 51 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Chart performance ( edit ) </H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1990 -- 91 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italy ( Musica e dischi ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spain Radio ( PROMUSICAE ) </Th> <Td> 36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Year - end charts ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1990 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italy ( Hit Parade Italia ) </Th> <Td> 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1991 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> 214 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Other cover versions ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Susan Jacks remade `` It Takes Two '' for her 1982 album Forever : her duet partner on the track was Tom Lavin . </Li> <Li> In 1990 , Kim Weston teamed with the late Marvin Gaye 's brother , Frankie Gaye , to record a new version of the song called `` It Takes 2 , '' which was used as promotional imaging for Detroit television station WJBK - TV Channel 2 . </Li> <Li> In 2009 Namibian singer Nianell and South African singer Dozi brought out an album of cover versions called It Takes Two , which included the song of the same name . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Rod Stewart & Tina Turner -- It Takes Two '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Rod Stewart & Tina Turner -- It Takes Two '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Rod Stewart & Tina Turner -- It Takes Two '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . December 22 , 1990 . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Singlet 1990 - 12 joulukuu '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tina Turner - Top Titel '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- It Takes Two '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . January 12 , 1991 . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Rod Stewart & Tina Turner -- It Takes Two '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Rod Stewart & Tina Turner -- It Takes Two '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fernando Salaverri ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Rod Stewart & Tina Turner -- It Takes Two '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Rod Stewart & Tina Turner -- It Takes Two '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tina Turner : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` I singoli più venduti del 1990 '' . Hit Parade Italia . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 1990 '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jaarlijsten 1991 '' ( in Dutch ) . Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://secondhandsongs.com/performance/450182/versions </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` It Takes 2 '' video </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` takealot.com '' . Kalahari.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Marvin Gaye singles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1960s : ( Tamla ) </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> 1961 </Dt> <Dd> `` Let Your Conscience Be Your Guide '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 1962 </Dt> <Dd> `` Sandman '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Soldier 's Plea '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Stubborn Kind of Fellow '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Hitch Hike '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 1963 </Dt> <Dd> `` Pride and Joy '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Can I Get a Witness '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 1964 </Dt> <Dd> `` You 're a Wonderful One '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Once Upon a Time '' </Dd> <Dd> `` What 's the Matter with You Baby '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Try It Baby '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Baby Do n't You Do It '' </Dd> <Dd> `` What Good Am I Without You '' </Dd> <Dd> `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 1965 </Dt> <Dd> `` I 'll Be Doggone '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Pretty Little Baby '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Ai n't That Peculiar '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 1966 </Dt> <Dd> `` One More Heartache '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Take This Heart of Mine '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Little Darling ( I Need You ) '' </Dd> <Dd> `` It Takes Two '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 1967 </Dt> <Dd> `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Your Unchanging Love '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Your Precious Love '' </Dd> <Dd> `` You '' </Dd> <Dd> `` If I Could Build My Whole World Around You '' / `` If This World Were Mine '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 1968 </Dt> <Dd> `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' </Dd> <Dd> `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Chained '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Keep On Lovin ' Me Honey '' </Dd> <Dd> `` You Ai n't Livin ' till You 're Lovin ' '' </Dd> <Dd> `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' </Dd> <Dd> `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 1969 </Dt> <Dd> `` Good Lovin ' Ai n't Easy to Come By '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Too Busy Thinking About My Baby '' </Dd> <Dd> `` That 's the Way Love Is '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Abraham , Martin and John '' </Dd> <Dd> `` What You Gave Me '' </Dd> <Dd> `` How Can I Forget '' </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970s : ( Tamla ) </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> 1970 </Dt> <Dd> `` Gonna Give Her All the Love I 've Got '' </Dd> <Dd> `` The Onion Song '' </Dd> <Dd> `` California Soul '' </Dd> <Dd> `` The End of Our Road '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 1971 </Dt> <Dd> `` What 's Going On '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Mercy Mercy Me ( The Ecology ) '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Inner City Blues ( Make Me Wanna Holler ) '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Save the Children '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 1972 </Dt> <Dd> `` You 're the Man '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Trouble Man '' </Dd> <Dd> `` I Want to Come Home for Christmas '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 1973 </Dt> <Dd> `` Let 's Get It On '' </Dd> <Dd> `` You 're a Special Part of Me '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Come Get to This '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> </Dt> <Dd> `` You Sure Love to Ball '' </Dd> <Dd> `` My Mistake ( Was to Love You ) '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Do n't Knock My Love '' </Dd> <Dd> `` You Are Everything '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Distant Lover '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 1976 </Dt> <Dd> `` I Want You '' </Dd> <Dd> `` After the Dance '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Since I Had You '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 1977 </Dt> <Dd> `` Got to Give It Up '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 1978 </Dt> <Dd> `` Pops , We Love You ( A Tribute to Father ) '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 1979 </Dt> <Dd> `` A Funky Space Reincarnation '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Anger '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Ego Tripping Out '' </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980s : ( Tamla / Columbia ) </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> 1981 </Dt> <Dd> `` Praise '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Heavy Love Affair '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 1982 </Dt> <Dd> `` Sexual Healing '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> </Dt> <Dd> `` My Love Is Waiting '' </Dd> <Dd> `` ' Til Tomorrow '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Joy '' </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Posthumous </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> 1985 </Dt> <Dd> `` Sanctified Lady '' </Dd> <Dd> `` It 's Madness '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Just Like '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 1986 </Dt> <Dd> `` The World Is Rated X '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 1991 </Dt> <Dd> `` My Last Chance '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> </Dt> <Dd> `` Lucky , Lucky Me '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 1995 </Dt> <Dd> `` This Love Starved Heart Of Mine ( It 's Killing Me ) '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> </Dt> <Dd> `` Music '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 2005 </Dt> <Dd> `` Let 's Get It On ( The M.P.G. Groove Remix ) '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 2015 </Dt> <Dd> `` Where Are We Going '' </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Tina Turner singles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Acid Queen </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Baby Get It On '' </Li> <Li> `` Whole Lotta Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Acid Queen '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rough </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Viva La Money '' </Li> <Li> `` Root , Toot Undisputable Rock ' n Roller '' </Li> <Li> `` Sometimes When We Touch '' </Li> <Li> `` Night Time Is the Right Time '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Love Explosion </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Love Explosion '' </Li> <Li> `` Back Stabbers '' </Li> <Li> `` Music Keeps Me Dancin ' '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Private Dancer </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Let 's Stay Together '' </Li> <Li> `` Help ! '' </Li> <Li> `` What 's Love Got to Do With It '' </Li> <Li> `` Better Be Good to Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Private Dancer '' </Li> <Li> `` I Ca n't Stand the Rain '' </Li> <Li> `` Show Some Respect '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` We Do n't Need Another Hero ( Thunderdome ) '' </Li> <Li> `` One of the Living '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Break Every Rule </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Typical Male '' </Li> <Li> `` Back Where You Started '' </Li> <Li> `` Two People '' </Li> <Li> `` Girls '' </Li> <Li> `` What You Get Is What You See '' </Li> <Li> `` Break Every Rule '' </Li> <Li> `` Paradise Is Here '' </Li> <Li> `` Afterglow '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tina Live in Europe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Nutbush City Limits '' </Li> <Li> `` Addicted to Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Tonight '' </Li> <Li> `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' </Li> <Li> `` 634 - 5789 '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Foreign Affair </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Best '' </Li> <Li> `` I Do n't Wanna Lose You '' </Li> <Li> `` Steamy Windows '' </Li> <Li> `` Look Me in the Heart '' </Li> <Li> `` Foreign Affair '' </Li> <Li> `` Be Tender with Me Baby '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Simply the Best </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Nutbush City Limits ( The 90s Version ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Way of the World '' </Li> <Li> `` Love Thing '' </Li> <Li> `` I Want You Near Me '' </Li> <Li> `` ( Simply ) The Best '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> What 's Love Got to Do with It </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` I Do n't Wanna Fight '' </Li> <Li> `` Disco Inferno '' </Li> <Li> `` Why Must We Wait Until Tonight '' </Li> <Li> `` Proud Mary '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wildest Dreams </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` GoldenEye '' </Li> <Li> `` Whatever You Want '' </Li> <Li> `` On Silent Wings '' </Li> <Li> `` Missing You '' </Li> <Li> `` Something Beautiful Remains '' </Li> <Li> `` In Your Wildest Dreams '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Twenty Four Seven </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` When the Heartache Is Over '' </Li> <Li> `` Whatever You Need '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> All the Best </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Open Arms '' </Li> <Li> `` Complicated Disaster '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Guest singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Ball of Confusion '' </Li> <Li> `` Tonight '' </Li> <Li> `` It 's Only Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Tearing Us Apart '' </Li> <Li> `` It Takes Two '' </Li> <Li> `` Cose della vita - Ca n't Stop Thinking of You '' </Li> <Li> `` Teach Me Again '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book : Tina Turner </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Rod Stewart singles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` It 's All Over Now '' ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> `` Reason to Believe '' / `` Maggie May '' ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> `` Every Picture Tells a Story '' / `` Reason to Believe '' ( 1971 ) Spain only </Li> <Li> `` ( I Know ) I 'm Losing You '' / `` Mandolin Wind '' ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> `` Handbags and Gladrags '' ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> `` You Wear It Well '' ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> `` Angel '' ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> `` What 's Made Milwaukee Famous ( Has Made a Loser Out of Me ) '' ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> `` Twistin ' the Night Away '' ( 1973 , 1987 ) </Li> <Li> `` Oh ! No Not My Baby '' ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> `` Farewell '' / `` You Send Me '' ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> `` Mine for Me '' ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> `` You Can Make Me Dance , Sing or Anything '' ( 1974 ) Stewart / Faces </Li> <Li> `` Sailing '' ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> `` This Old Heart of Mine '' ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> `` Tonight 's the Night '' ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> `` The Killing of Georgie '' ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> `` Get Back '' ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> `` The First Cut Is the Deepest '' ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> `` I Do n't Want to Talk About It '' ( 1977 , 1990 ) </Li> <Li> `` You 're in My Heart ( The Final Acclaim ) '' ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> `` Hot Legs '' ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> `` I Was Only Joking '' ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> `` Da Ya Think I 'm Sexy ? '' ( 1978 , 1997 ) </Li> <Li> `` Ai n't Love a Bitch '' ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> `` Blondes ( Have More Fun ) '' ( 1979 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> `` Passion '' ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> `` Tonight I 'm Yours ( Do n't Hurt Me ) '' ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> `` Young Turks '' ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> `` How Long '' ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> `` Baby Jane '' ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> `` Infatuation '' ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> `` Some Guys Have All the Luck '' ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> `` All Right Now '' ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> `` People Get Ready '' ( 1985 , 1991 , 1993 ) Stewart / Beck </Li> <Li> `` Love Touch '' ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> `` In My Life '' ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> `` Forever Young '' ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> `` My Heart Ca n't Tell You No '' ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> `` This Old Heart of Mine ( Is Weak for You ) '' ( 1989 ) Stewart / Isley </Li> <Li> `` Downtown Train '' ( 1989 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` It Takes Two '' ( 1990 ) Stewart / Turner </Li> <Li> `` Rhythm of My Heart '' ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> `` The Motown Song '' ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> `` Your Song '' ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> `` Have I Told You Lately '' ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> `` Reason to Believe '' ( unplugged , 1993 ) </Li> <Li> `` All for Love '' ( 1993 ) Stewart / Adams / Sting </Li> <Li> `` Leave Virginia Alone '' ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> `` Lady Luck '' ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> `` Ooh La La '' ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> `` Rocks '' ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> `` Cigarettes and Alcohol '' ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> `` Faith of the Heart '' ( 1999 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` These Foolish Things '' ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> `` They Ca n't Take That Away from Me '' ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> `` Time After Time '' ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> `` What a Wonderful World '' ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> `` Blue Moon '' ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> `` I 've Got a Crush on You '' ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> `` I 've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm '' ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' ( 2006 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! '' ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> `` Everyday '' ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_Takes_Two_(Marvin_Gaye_and_Kim_Weston_song)&oldid=863406128 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1966 singles </Li> <Li> 1967 singles </Li> <Li> Marvin Gaye songs </Li> <Li> Rod Stewart songs </Li> <Li> Tina Turner songs </Li> <Li> Vocal duets </Li> <Li> Songs written by Sylvia Moy </Li> <Li> Songs written by William `` Mickey '' Stevenson </Li> <Li> Tamla Records singles </Li> <Li> Warner Bros. Records singles </Li> <Li> 1966 songs </Li> <Li> Song recordings produced by William `` Mickey '' Stevenson </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) </Li> <Li> CS1 German - language sources ( de ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 </Li> <Li> Music infoboxes with Module : String errors </Li> <Li> Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Australia </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Austria </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Flanders </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Ireland2 </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without artist </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Dutch100 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for New Zealand </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Sweden </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Switzerland </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 10 October 2018 , at 15 : 56 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Rakhi Bandhan - wikipedia <H1> Rakhi Bandhan </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Rakhi Bandhan </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Drama Comedy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Blues Productions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Snehasish Chakraborty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Bidyut Saha </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> Krittika Soham Rita Koyral Subhasish Mukherjee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening theme </Th> <Td> Rakhi Bandhan by Joy and Trisha </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Snehasish Chakraborty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> Bengali </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 166 as of 14 May 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Snehasish Chakraborty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location ( s ) </Th> <Td> Kolkata </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 22 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> Blues Productions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> Star Jalsha </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> 576i SDTV 1080i HDTV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> November 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 28 ) -- Present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rakhi Bandhan on Hotstar </Th> <Td> www.hotstar.com/tv/rakhi-bandhan/12014 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Rakhi Bandhan ( Bengali : রাখি বন্ধন ) ; is a Bengali television Soap Opera that premiered on November 28 , 2016 and airs on Star Jalsha . It is produced by Blues Productions , it stars Kartika and Soham in lead roles as child protagonists and Rita Koiral as main antagonists . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot summary </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot summary ( edit ) </H2> <P> Rakhi Bandhan is a Bengali family drama aired on Star Jalsha . It is a sweet relationship based story between a brother and a sister . Bandhan and his sister , Rakhi are orphans . Neglected by their relatives , they become each other 's support system . Their aunt Molina and a local goon Champa Chameli Das are troublemakers in Rakhi Bandhan 's lives . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Soham Basu Roy Chowdhury as Bandhan Chatterjee / Bandhan ( Main Protagonist ) </Li> <Li> Krittika Chakraborty as Rakhi Chatterjee / Rakhi ( Main Protagonist ) </Li> <Li> Rita Koiral as Jethima / Malina Chatterjee ( Main Antagonist ) </Li> <Li> Subhasish Mukherjee as Jethu / Amaresh Chatterjee </Li> <Li> Indrani Ghosh as Champa Chameli Das ( Main Antagonist ) </Li> <Li> Kushal Chakraborty as Sabyasachi </Li> <Li> Aditi Chatterjee as Rikhiya </Li> <Li> Sudipta Sanyalas Bandhan 's Friend </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rakhi_Bandhan&oldid=799795037 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2016 Indian television series debuts </Li> <Li> Bengali - language television programming in India </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles lacking sources from January 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles lacking sources </Li> <Li> Articles containing Bengali - language text </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> বাংলা </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 22 : 07 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Cell nucleus - wikipedia <H1> Cell nucleus </H1> <P> </P> A membrane - bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated . HeLa cells stained for nuclear DNA with the blue fluorescent Hoechst dye . The central and rightmost cell are in interphase , thus their entire nuclei are labeled . On the left , a cell is going through mitosis and its DNA has condensed . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Cell biology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The animal cell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Components of a typical animal cell : <Ol> <Li> Nucleolus </Li> <Li> Nucleus </Li> <Li> Ribosome ( little dots ) </Li> <Li> Vesicle </Li> <Li> Rough endoplasmic reticulum </Li> <Li> Golgi apparatus ( or `` Golgi body '' ) </Li> <Li> Cytoskeleton </Li> <Li> Smooth endoplasmic reticulum </Li> <Li> Mitochondrion </Li> <Li> Vacuole </Li> <Li> Cytosol ( fluid that contains organelles , comprising the cytoplasm ) </Li> <Li> Lysosome </Li> <Li> Centrosome </Li> <Li> Cell membrane </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In cell biology , the nucleus ( pl . nuclei ; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus , meaning kernel or seed ) is a membrane - enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells . Eukaryotes usually have a single nucleus , but a few cell types , such as mammalian red blood cells , have no nuclei , and a few others including osteoclasts have many . </P> <P> Cell nuclei contain most of the cell 's genetic material , organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in a complex with a large variety of proteins , such as histones , to form chromosomes . The genes within these chromosomes are the cell 's nuclear genome and are structured in such a way to promote cell function . The nucleus maintains the integrity of genes and controls the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression -- the nucleus is , therefore , the control center of the cell . The main structures making up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope , a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and isolates its contents from the cellular cytoplasm , and the nuclear matrix ( which includes the nuclear lamina ) , a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support , much like the cytoskeleton , which supports the cell as a whole . </P> <P> Because the nuclear envelope is impermeable to large molecules , nuclear pores are required to regulate nuclear transport of molecules across the envelope . The pores cross both nuclear membranes , providing a channel through which larger molecules must be actively transported by carrier proteins while allowing free movement of small molecules and ions . Movement of large molecules such as proteins and RNA through the pores is required for both gene expression and the maintenance of chromosomes . Although the interior of the nucleus does not contain any membrane - bound subcompartments , its contents are not uniform , and a number of sub-nuclear bodies exist , made up of unique proteins , RNA molecules , and particular parts of the chromosomes . The best - known of these is the nucleolus , which is mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes . After being produced in the nucleolus , ribosomes are exported to the cytoplasm where they translate mRNA . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Structures <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Nuclear envelope and pores </Li> <Li> 2.2 Nuclear lamina </Li> <Li> 2.3 Chromosomes </Li> <Li> 2.4 Nucleolus </Li> <Li> 2.5 Other subnuclear bodies <Ul> <Li> 2.5. 1 Cajal bodies and gems </Li> <Li> 2.5. 2 RAFA and PTF domains </Li> <Li> 2.5. 3 PML bodies </Li> <Li> 2.5. 4 Splicing speckles </Li> <Li> 2.5. 5 Paraspeckles </Li> <Li> 2.5. 6 Perichromatin fibrils </Li> <Li> 2.5. 7 Clastosomes </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Function <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Cell compartmentalization </Li> <Li> 3.2 Gene expression </Li> <Li> 3.3 Processing of pre-mRNA </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Dynamics and regulation <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Nuclear transport </Li> <Li> 4.2 Assembly and disassembly </Li> <Li> 4.3 Disease - related dynamics </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Nuclei per cell <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Anucleated cells </Li> <Li> 5.2 Multinucleated cells </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Evolution </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 Further reading </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History </H2> Oldest known depiction of cells and their nuclei by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek , 1719 Drawing of a Chironomus salivary gland cell published by Walther Flemming in 1882 . The nucleus contains Polytene chromosomes . <P> The nucleus was the first organelle to be discovered . What is most likely the oldest preserved drawing dates back to the early microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek ( 1632 -- 1723 ) . He observed a `` lumen '' , the nucleus , in the red blood cells of salmon . Unlike mammalian red blood cells , those of other vertebrates still contain nuclei . </P> <P> The nucleus was also described by Franz Bauer in 1804 and in more detail in 1831 by Scottish botanist Robert Brown in a talk at the Linnean Society of London . Brown was studying orchids under microscope when he observed an opaque area , which he called the `` areola '' or `` nucleus '' , in the cells of the flower 's outer layer . </P> <P> He did not suggest a potential function . In 1838 , Matthias Schleiden proposed that the nucleus plays a role in generating cells , thus he introduced the name `` cytoblast '' ( cell builder ) . He believed that he had observed new cells assembling around `` cytoblasts '' . Franz Meyen was a strong opponent of this view , having already described cells multiplying by division and believing that many cells would have no nuclei . The idea that cells can be generated de novo , by the `` cytoblast '' or otherwise , contradicted work by Robert Remak ( 1852 ) and Rudolf Virchow ( 1855 ) who decisively propagated the new paradigm that cells are generated solely by cells ( `` Omnis cellula e cellula '' ) . The function of the nucleus remained unclear . </P> <P> Between 1877 and 1878 , Oscar Hertwig published several studies on the fertilization of sea urchin eggs , showing that the nucleus of the sperm enters the oocyte and fuses with its nucleus . This was the first time it was suggested that an individual develops from a ( single ) nucleated cell . This was in contradiction to Ernst Haeckel 's theory that the complete phylogeny of a species would be repeated during embryonic development , including generation of the first nucleated cell from a `` monerula '' , a structureless mass of primordial mucus ( `` Urschleim '' ) . Therefore , the necessity of the sperm nucleus for fertilization was discussed for quite some time . However , Hertwig confirmed his observation in other animal groups , including amphibians and molluscs . Eduard Strasburger produced the same results for plants in 1884 . This paved the way to assign the nucleus an important role in heredity . In 1873 , August Weismann postulated the equivalence of the maternal and paternal germ cells for heredity . The function of the nucleus as carrier of genetic information became clear only later , after mitosis was discovered and the Mendelian rules were rediscovered at the beginning of the 20th century ; the chromosome theory of heredity was therefore developed . </P> <H2> Structures </H2> <P> The nucleus is the largest cellular organelle in animal cells . In mammalian cells , the average diameter of the nucleus is approximately 6 micrometres ( μm ) , which occupies about 10 % of the total cell volume . The viscous liquid within it is called nucleoplasm ( or karyolymph ) , and is similar in composition to the cytosol found outside the nucleus . It appears as a dense , roughly spherical or irregular organelle . The composition by dry weight of the nucleus is approximately : DNA 9 % , RNA 1 % , Histone Protein 11 % , Residual Protein 14 % , Acidic Proteins 65 % . </P> <P> In some types of white blood cells specifically most granulocytes the nucleus is lobated and can be present as a bi-lobed , tri-lobed or multi-lobed organelle . </P> <H3> Nuclear envelope and pores </H3> Main articles : Nuclear envelope and Nuclear pores <Table> <Tr> <Td> The eukaryotic cell nucleus . Visible in this diagram are the ribosome - studded double membranes of the nuclear envelope , the DNA ( complexed as chromatin ) , and the nucleolus . Within the cell nucleus is a viscous liquid called nucleoplasm , similar to the cytoplasm found outside the nucleus . </Td> <Td> A cross section of a nuclear pore on the surface of the nuclear envelope ( 1 ) . Other diagram labels show ( 2 ) the outer ring , ( 3 ) spokes , ( 4 ) basket , and ( 5 ) filaments . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The nuclear envelope , otherwise known as nuclear membrane , consists of two cellular membranes , an inner and an outer membrane , arranged parallel to one another and separated by 10 to 50 nanometres ( nm ) . The nuclear envelope completely encloses the nucleus and separates the cell 's genetic material from the surrounding cytoplasm , serving as a barrier to prevent macromolecules from diffusing freely between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm . The outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum ( RER ) , and is similarly studded with ribosomes . The space between the membranes is called the perinuclear space and is continuous with the RER lumen . </P> <P> Nuclear pores , which provide aqueous channels through the envelope , are composed of multiple proteins , collectively referred to as nucleoporins . The pores are about 125 million daltons in molecular weight and consist of around 50 ( in yeast ) to several hundred proteins ( in vertebrates ) . The pores are 100 nm in total diameter ; however , the gap through which molecules freely diffuse is only about 9 nm wide , due to the presence of regulatory systems within the center of the pore . This size selectively allows the passage of small water - soluble molecules while preventing larger molecules , such as nucleic acids and larger proteins , from inappropriately entering or exiting the nucleus . These large molecules must be actively transported into the nucleus instead . The nucleus of a typical mammalian cell will have about 3000 to 4000 pores throughout its envelope , each of which contains an eightfold - symmetric ring - shaped structure at a position where the inner and outer membranes fuse . Attached to the ring is a structure called the nuclear basket that extends into the nucleoplasm , and a series of filamentous extensions that reach into the cytoplasm . Both structures serve to mediate binding to nuclear transport proteins . </P> <P> Most proteins , ribosomal subunits , and some DNAs are transported through the pore complexes in a process mediated by a family of transport factors known as karyopherins . Those karyopherins that mediate movement into the nucleus are also called importins , whereas those that mediate movement out of the nucleus are called exportins . Most karyopherins interact directly with their cargo , although some use adaptor proteins . Steroid hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone , as well as other small lipid - soluble molecules involved in intercellular signaling , can diffuse through the cell membrane and into the cytoplasm , where they bind nuclear receptor proteins that are trafficked into the nucleus . There they serve as transcription factors when bound to their ligand ; in the absence of a ligand , many such receptors function as histone deacetylases that repress gene expression . </P> <H3> Nuclear lamina </H3> Main article : Nuclear lamina <P> In animal cells , two networks of intermediate filaments provide the nucleus with mechanical support : The nuclear lamina forms an organized meshwork on the internal face of the envelope , while less organized support is provided on the cytosolic face of the envelope . Both systems provide structural support for the nuclear envelope and anchoring sites for chromosomes and nuclear pores . </P> <P> The nuclear lamina is composed mostly of lamin proteins . Like all proteins , lamins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and later transported to the nucleus interior , where they are assembled before being incorporated into the existing network of nuclear lamina . Lamins found on the cytosolic face of the membrane , such as emerin and nesprin , bind to the cytoskeleton to provide structural support . Lamins are also found inside the nucleoplasm where they form another regular structure , known as the nucleoplasmic veil , that is visible using fluorescence microscopy . The actual function of the veil is not clear , although it is excluded from the nucleolus and is present during interphase . Lamin structures that make up the veil , such as LEM3 , bind chromatin and disrupting their structure inhibits transcription of protein - coding genes . </P> <P> Like the components of other intermediate filaments , the lamin monomer contains an alpha - helical domain used by two monomers to coil around each other , forming a dimer structure called a coiled coil . Two of these dimer structures then join side by side , in an antiparallel arrangement , to form a tetramer called a protofilament . Eight of these protofilaments form a lateral arrangement that is twisted to form a ropelike filament . These filaments can be assembled or disassembled in a dynamic manner , meaning that changes in the length of the filament depend on the competing rates of filament addition and removal . </P> <P> Mutations in lamin genes leading to defects in filament assembly cause a group of rare genetic disorders known as laminopathies . The most notable laminopathy is the family of diseases known as progeria , which causes the appearance of premature aging in its sufferers . The exact mechanism by which the associated biochemical changes give rise to the aged phenotype is not well understood . </P> <H3> Chromosomes </H3> Main article : Chromosome A mouse fibroblast nucleus in which DNA is stained blue . The distinct chromosome territories of chromosome 2 ( red ) and chromosome 9 ( green ) are stained with fluorescent in situ hybridization . <P> The cell nucleus contains the majority of the cell 's genetic material in the form of multiple linear DNA molecules organized into structures called chromosomes . Each human cell contains roughly two meters of DNA . During most of the cell cycle these are organized in a DNA - protein complex known as chromatin , and during cell division the chromatin can be seen to form the well - defined chromosomes familiar from a karyotype . A small fraction of the cell 's genes are located instead in the mitochondria . </P> <P> There are two types of chromatin . Euchromatin is the less compact DNA form , and contains genes that are frequently expressed by the cell . The other type , heterochromatin , is the more compact form , and contains DNA that is infrequently transcribed . This structure is further categorized into facultative heterochromatin , consisting of genes that are organized as heterochromatin only in certain cell types or at certain stages of development , and constitutive heterochromatin that consists of chromosome structural components such as telomeres and centromeres . During interphase the chromatin organizes itself into discrete individual patches , called chromosome territories . Active genes , which are generally found in the euchromatic region of the chromosome , tend to be located towards the chromosome 's territory boundary . </P> <P> Antibodies to certain types of chromatin organization , in particular , nucleosomes , have been associated with a number of autoimmune diseases , such as systemic lupus erythematosus . These are known as anti-nuclear antibodies ( ANA ) and have also been observed in concert with multiple sclerosis as part of general immune system dysfunction . As in the case of progeria , the role played by the antibodies in inducing the symptoms of autoimmune diseases is not obvious . </P> <H3> Nucleolus </H3> Main article : Nucleolus An electron micrograph of a cell nucleus , showing the darkly stained nucleolus 3D rendering of nucleus with location of nucleolus <P> The nucleolus is a discrete densely stained structure found in the nucleus . It is not surrounded by a membrane , and is sometimes called a suborganelle . It forms around tandem repeats of rDNA , DNA coding for ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) . These regions are called nucleolar organizer regions ( NOR ) . The main roles of the nucleolus are to synthesize rRNA and assemble ribosomes . The structural cohesion of the nucleolus depends on its activity , as ribosomal assembly in the nucleolus results in the transient association of nucleolar components , facilitating further ribosomal assembly , and hence further association . This model is supported by observations that inactivation of rDNA results in intermingling of nucleolar structures . </P> <P> In the first step of ribosome assembly , a protein called RNA polymerase I transcribes rDNA , which forms a large pre-rRNA precursor . This is cleaved into the subunits 5.8 S , 18S , and 28S rRNA . The transcription , post-transcriptional processing , and assembly of rRNA occurs in the nucleolus , aided by small nucleolar RNA ( snoRNA ) molecules , some of which are derived from spliced introns from messenger RNAs encoding genes related to ribosomal function . The assembled ribosomal subunits are the largest structures passed through the nuclear pores . </P> <P> When observed under the electron microscope , the nucleolus can be seen to consist of three distinguishable regions : the innermost fibrillar centers ( FCs ) , surrounded by the dense fibrillar component ( DFC ) , which in turn is bordered by the granular component ( GC ) . Transcription of the rDNA occurs either in the FC or at the FC - DFC boundary , and , therefore , when rDNA transcription in the cell is increased , more FCs are detected . Most of the cleavage and modification of rRNAs occurs in the DFC , while the latter steps involving protein assembly onto the ribosomal subunits occur in the GC . </P> <H3> Other subnuclear bodies </H3> <Table> Subnuclear structure sizes <Tr> <Th> Structure name </Th> <Th> Structure diameter </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cajal bodies </Td> <Td> 0.2 -- 2.0 μm </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clastosomes </Td> <Td> 0.2 - 0.5 μm </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> PIKA </Td> <Td> 5 μm </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> PML bodies </Td> <Td> 0.2 -- 1.0 μm </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paraspeckles </Td> <Td> 0.2 -- 1.0 μm </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Speckles </Td> <Td> 20 -- 25 nm </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Besides the nucleolus , the nucleus contains a number of other non-membrane - delineated bodies . These include Cajal bodies , Gemini of coiled bodies , polymorphic interphase karyosomal association ( PIKA ) , promyelocytic leukaemia ( PML ) bodies , paraspeckles , and splicing speckles . Although little is known about a number of these domains , they are significant in that they show that the nucleoplasm is not a uniform mixture , but rather contains organized functional subdomains . </P> <P> Other subnuclear structures appear as part of abnormal disease processes . For example , the presence of small intranuclear rods has been reported in some cases of nemaline myopathy . This condition typically results from mutations in actin , and the rods themselves consist of mutant actin as well as other cytoskeletal proteins . </P> Cajal bodies and gems <P> A nucleus typically contains between 1 and 10 compact structures called Cajal bodies or coiled bodies ( CB ) , whose diameter measures between 0.2 μm and 2.0 μm depending on the cell type and species . When seen under an electron microscope , they resemble balls of tangled thread and are dense foci of distribution for the protein coilin . CBs are involved in a number of different roles relating to RNA processing , specifically small nucleolar RNA ( snoRNA ) and small nuclear RNA ( snRNA ) maturation , and histone mRNA modification . </P> <P> Similar to Cajal bodies are Gemini of Cajal bodies , or gems , whose name is derived from the Gemini constellation in reference to their close `` twin '' relationship with CBs . Gems are similar in size and shape to CBs , and in fact are virtually indistinguishable under the microscope . Unlike CBs , gems do not contain small nuclear ribonucleoproteins ( snRNPs ) , but do contain a protein called survival of motor neuron ( SMN ) whose function relates to snRNP biogenesis . Gems are believed to assist CBs in snRNP biogenesis , though it has also been suggested from microscopy evidence that CBs and gems are different manifestations of the same structure . Later ultrastructural studies have shown gems to be twins of Cajal bodies with the difference being in the coilin component ; Cajal bodies are SMN positive and coilin positive , and gems are SMN positive and coilin negative . </P> Rafa and PTF domains <P> RAFA domains , or polymorphic interphase karyosomal associations , were first described in microscopy studies in 1991 . Their function remains unclear , though they were not thought to be associated with active DNA replication , transcription , or RNA processing . They have been found to often associate with discrete domains defined by dense localization of the transcription factor PTF , which promotes transcription of small nuclear RNA ( snRNA ) . </P> PML bodies <P> Promyelocytic leukaemia bodies ( PML bodies ) are spherical bodies found scattered throughout the nucleoplasm , measuring around 0.1 -- 1.0 μm . They are known by a number of other names , including nuclear domain 10 ( ND10 ) , Kremer bodies , and PML oncogenic domains . PML bodies are named after one of their major components , the promyelocytic leukemia protein ( PML ) . They are often seen in the nucleus in association with Cajal bodies and cleavage bodies . PML bodies belong to the nuclear matrix , an ill - defined super-structure of the nucleus proposed to anchor and regulate many nuclear functions , including DNA replication , transcription , or epigenetic silencing . The PML protein is the key organizer of these domains that recruits an ever - growing number of proteins , whose only common known feature to date is their ability to be SUMOylated . Yet , pml - / - mice ( which have their PML gene deleted ) can not assemble nuclear bodies , develop normally and live well , demonstrating that PML bodies are dispensable for most basic biological functions . </P> Splicing speckles <P> Speckles are subnuclear structures that are enriched in pre-messenger RNA splicing factors and are located in the interchromatin regions of the nucleoplasm of mammalian cells . At the fluorescence - microscope level they appear as irregular , punctate structures , which vary in size and shape , and when examined by electron microscopy they are seen as clusters of interchromatin granules . Speckles are dynamic structures , and both their protein and RNA - protein components can cycle continuously between speckles and other nuclear locations , including active transcription sites . Studies on the composition , structure and behaviour of speckles have provided a model for understanding the functional compartmentalization of the nucleus and the organization of the gene - expression machinery splicing snRNPs and other splicing proteins necessary for pre-mRNA processing . Because of a cell 's changing requirements , the composition and location of these bodies changes according to mRNA transcription and regulation via phosphorylation of specific proteins . The splicing speckles are also known as nuclear speckles ( nuclear specks ) , splicing factor compartments ( SF compartments ) , interchromatin granule clusters ( IGCs ) , B snurposomes . B snurposomes are found in the amphibian oocyte nuclei and in Drosophila melanogaster embryos . B snurposomes appear alone or attached to the Cajal bodies in the electron micrographs of the amphibian nuclei . IGCs function as storage sites for the splicing factors . </P> Paraspeckles Main article : Paraspeckle <P> Discovered by Fox et al. in 2002 , paraspeckles are irregularly shaped compartments in the nucleus ' interchromatin space . First documented in HeLa cells , where there are generally 10 -- 30 per nucleus , paraspeckles are now known to also exist in all human primary cells , transformed cell lines , and tissue sections . Their name is derived from their distribution in the nucleus ; the `` para '' is short for parallel and the `` speckles '' refers to the splicing speckles to which they are always in close proximity . </P> <P> Paraspeckles are dynamic structures that are altered in response to changes in cellular metabolic activity . They are transcription dependent and in the absence of RNA Pol II transcription , the paraspeckle disappears and all of its associated protein components ( PSP1 , p54nrb , PSP2 , CFI ( m ) 68 , and PSF ) form a crescent shaped perinucleolar cap in the nucleolus . This phenomenon is demonstrated during the cell cycle . In the cell cycle , paraspeckles are present during interphase and during all of mitosis except for telophase . During telophase , when the two daughter nuclei are formed , there is no RNA Pol II transcription so the protein components instead form a perinucleolar cap . </P> Perichromatin fibrils <P> Perichromatin fibrils are visible only under electron microscope . They are located next to the transcriptionally active chromatin and are hypothesized to be the sites of active pre-mRNA processing . </P> Clastosomes <P> Clastosomes are small nuclear bodies ( 0.2 -- 0.5 μm ) described as having a thick ring - shape due to the peripheral capsule around these bodies . This name is derived from the Greek klastos , broken and soma , body . Clastosomes are not typically present in normal cells , making them hard to detect . They form under high proteolysis conditions within the nucleus and degrade once there is a decrease in activity or if cells are treated with proteasome inhibitors . The scarcity of clastosomes in cells indicates that they are not required for proteasome function . Osmotic stress has also been shown to cause the formation of clastosomes . These nuclear bodies contain catalytic and regulatory sub-units of the proteasome and its substrates , indicating that clastosomes are sites for degrading proteins . </P> <H2> Function </H2> <P> The nucleus provides a site for genetic transcription that is segregated from the location of translation in the cytoplasm , allowing levels of gene regulation that are not available to prokaryotes . The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle . </P> <P> The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells . Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane , it contains the majority of the cell 's genetic material . This material is organized as DNA molecules , along with a variety of proteins , to form chromosomes . </P> <H3> Cell compartmentalization </H3> <P> The nuclear envelope allows the nucleus to control its contents , and separate them from the rest of the cytoplasm where necessary . This is important for controlling processes on either side of the nuclear membrane . In most cases where a cytoplasmic process needs to be restricted , a key participant is removed to the nucleus , where it interacts with transcription factors to downregulate the production of certain enzymes in the pathway . This regulatory mechanism occurs in the case of glycolysis , a cellular pathway for breaking down glucose to produce energy . Hexokinase is an enzyme responsible for the first the step of glycolysis , forming glucose - 6 - phosphate from glucose . At high concentrations of fructose - 6 - phosphate , a molecule made later from glucose - 6 - phosphate , a regulator protein removes hexokinase to the nucleus , where it forms a transcriptional repressor complex with nuclear proteins to reduce the expression of genes involved in glycolysis . </P> <P> In order to control which genes are being transcribed , the cell separates some transcription factor proteins responsible for regulating gene expression from physical access to the DNA until they are activated by other signaling pathways . This prevents even low levels of inappropriate gene expression . For example , in the case of NF - κB - controlled genes , which are involved in most inflammatory responses , transcription is induced in response to a signal pathway such as that initiated by the signaling molecule TNF - α , binds to a cell membrane receptor , resulting in the recruitment of signalling proteins , and eventually activating the transcription factor NF - κB . A nuclear localisation signal on the NF - κB protein allows it to be transported through the nuclear pore and into the nucleus , where it stimulates the transcription of the target genes . </P> <P> The compartmentalization allows the cell to prevent translation of unspliced mRNA . Eukaryotic mRNA contains introns that must be removed before being translated to produce functional proteins . The splicing is done inside the nucleus before the mRNA can be accessed by ribosomes for translation . Without the nucleus , ribosomes would translate newly transcribed ( unprocessed ) mRNA , resulting in malformed and nonfunctional proteins . </P> <H3> Gene expression </H3> Main article : Gene expression A micrograph of ongoing gene transcription of ribosomal RNA illustrating the growing primary transcripts . `` Begin '' indicates the 5 ' end of the DNA , where new RNA synthesis begins ; `` end '' indicates the 3 ' end , where the primary transcripts are almost complete . <P> Gene expression first involves transcription , in which DNA is used as a template to produce RNA . In the case of genes encoding proteins , that RNA produced from this process is messenger RNA ( mRNA ) , which then needs to be translated by ribosomes to form a protein . As ribosomes are located outside the nucleus , mRNA produced needs to be exported . </P> <P> Since the nucleus is the site of transcription , it also contains a variety of proteins that either directly mediate transcription or are involved in regulating the process . These proteins include helicases , which unwind the double - stranded DNA molecule to facilitate access to it , RNA polymerases , which bind to the DNA promoter to synthesize the growing RNA molecule , topoisomerases , which change the amount of supercoiling in DNA , helping it wind and unwind , as well as a large variety of transcription factors that regulate expression . </P> <H3> Processing of pre-mRNA </H3> Main article : Post-transcriptional modification <P> Newly synthesized mRNA molecules are known as primary transcripts or pre-mRNA . They must undergo post-transcriptional modification in the nucleus before being exported to the cytoplasm ; mRNA that appears in the cytoplasm without these modifications is degraded rather than used for protein translation . The three main modifications are 5 ' capping , 3 ' polyadenylation , and RNA splicing . While in the nucleus , pre-mRNA is associated with a variety of proteins in complexes known as heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein particles ( hnRNPs ) . Addition of the 5 ' cap occurs co-transcriptionally and is the first step in post-transcriptional modification . The 3 ' poly - adenine tail is only added after transcription is complete . </P> <P> RNA splicing , carried out by a complex called the spliceosome , is the process by which introns , or regions of DNA that do not code for protein , are removed from the pre-mRNA and the remaining exons connected to re-form a single continuous molecule . This process normally occurs after 5 ' capping and 3 ' polyadenylation but can begin before synthesis is complete in transcripts with many exons . Many pre-mRNAs , including those encoding antibodies , can be spliced in multiple ways to produce different mature mRNAs that encode different protein sequences . This process is known as alternative splicing , and allows production of a large variety of proteins from a limited amount of DNA . </P> <H2> Dynamics and regulation </H2> <H3> Nuclear transport </H3> Main article : Nuclear transport Macromolecules , such as RNA and proteins , are actively transported across the nuclear membrane in a process called the Ran - GTP nuclear transport cycle . <P> The entry and exit of large molecules from the nucleus is tightly controlled by the nuclear pore complexes . Although small molecules can enter the nucleus without regulation , macromolecules such as RNA and proteins require association karyopherins called importins to enter the nucleus and exportins to exit . `` Cargo '' proteins that must be translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus contain short amino acid sequences known as nuclear localization signals , which are bound by importins , while those transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm carry nuclear export signals bound by exportins . The ability of importins and exportins to transport their cargo is regulated by GTPases , enzymes that hydrolyze the molecule guanosine triphosphate ( GTP ) to release energy . The key GTPase in nuclear transport is Ran , which can bind either GTP or GDP ( guanosine diphosphate ) , depending on whether it is located in the nucleus or the cytoplasm . Whereas importins depend on RanGTP to dissociate from their cargo , exportins require RanGTP in order to bind to their cargo . </P> <P> Nuclear import depends on the importin binding its cargo in the cytoplasm and carrying it through the nuclear pore into the nucleus . Inside the nucleus , RanGTP acts to separate the cargo from the importin , allowing the importin to exit the nucleus and be reused . Nuclear export is similar , as the exportin binds the cargo inside the nucleus in a process facilitated by RanGTP , exits through the nuclear pore , and separates from its cargo in the cytoplasm . </P> <P> Specialized export proteins exist for translocation of mature mRNA and tRNA to the cytoplasm after post-transcriptional modification is complete . This quality - control mechanism is important due to these molecules ' central role in protein translation . Mis - expression of a protein due to incomplete excision of exons or mis - incorporation of amino acids could have negative consequences for the cell ; thus , incompletely modified RNA that reaches the cytoplasm is degraded rather than used in translation . </P> <H3> Assembly and disassembly </H3> An image of a newt lung cell stained with fluorescent dyes during metaphase . The mitotic spindle can be seen , stained green , attached to the two sets of chromosomes , stained light blue . All chromosomes but one are already at the metaphase plate . <P> During its lifetime , a nucleus may be broken down or destroyed , either in the process of cell division or as a consequence of apoptosis ( the process of programmed cell death ) . During these events , the structural components of the nucleus -- the envelope and lamina -- can be systematically degraded . In most cells , the disassembly of the nuclear envelope marks the end of the prophase of mitosis . However , this disassembly of the nucleus is not a universal feature of mitosis and does not occur in all cells . Some unicellular eukaryotes ( e.g. , yeasts ) undergo so - called closed mitosis , in which the nuclear envelope remains intact . In closed mitosis , the daughter chromosomes migrate to opposite poles of the nucleus , which then divides in two . The cells of higher eukaryotes , however , usually undergo open mitosis , which is characterized by breakdown of the nuclear envelope . The daughter chromosomes then migrate to opposite poles of the mitotic spindle , and new nuclei reassemble around them . </P> <P> At a certain point during the cell cycle in open mitosis , the cell divides to form two cells . In order for this process to be possible , each of the new daughter cells must have a full set of genes , a process requiring replication of the chromosomes as well as segregation of the separate sets . This occurs by the replicated chromosomes , the sister chromatids , attaching to microtubules , which in turn are attached to different centrosomes . The sister chromatids can then be pulled to separate locations in the cell . In many cells , the centrosome is located in the cytoplasm , outside the nucleus ; the microtubules would be unable to attach to the chromatids in the presence of the nuclear envelope . Therefore , the early stages in the cell cycle , beginning in prophase and until around prometaphase , the nuclear membrane is dismantled . Likewise , during the same period , the nuclear lamina is also disassembled , a process regulated by phosphorylation of the lamins by protein kinases such as the CDC2 protein kinase . Towards the end of the cell cycle , the nuclear membrane is reformed , and around the same time , the nuclear lamina are reassembled by dephosphorylating the lamins . </P> <P> However , in dinoflagellates , the nuclear envelope remains intact , the centrosomes are located in the cytoplasm , and the microtubules come in contact with chromosomes , whose centromeric regions are incorporated into the nuclear envelope ( the so - called closed mitosis with extranuclear spindle ) . In many other protists ( e.g. , ciliates , sporozoans ) and fungi , the centrosomes are intranuclear , and their nuclear envelope also does not disassemble during cell division . </P> <P> Apoptosis is a controlled process in which the cell 's structural components are destroyed , resulting in death of the cell . Changes associated with apoptosis directly affect the nucleus and its contents , for example , in the condensation of chromatin and the disintegration of the nuclear envelope and lamina . The destruction of the lamin networks is controlled by specialized apoptotic proteases called caspases , which cleave the lamin proteins and , thus , degrade the nucleus ' structural integrity . Lamin cleavage is sometimes used as a laboratory indicator of caspase activity in assays for early apoptotic activity . Cells that express mutant caspase - resistant lamins are deficient in nuclear changes related to apoptosis , suggesting that lamins play a role in initiating the events that lead to apoptotic degradation of the nucleus . Inhibition of lamin assembly itself is an inducer of apoptosis . </P> <P> The nuclear envelope acts as a barrier that prevents both DNA and RNA viruses from entering the nucleus . Some viruses require access to proteins inside the nucleus in order to replicate and / or assemble . DNA viruses , such as herpesvirus replicate and assemble in the cell nucleus , and exit by budding through the inner nuclear membrane . This process is accompanied by disassembly of the lamina on the nuclear face of the inner membrane . </P> <H3> Disease - related dynamics </H3> <P> Initially , it has been suspected that immunoglobulins in general and autoantibodies in particular do not enter the nucleus . Now there is a body of evidence that under pathological conditions ( e.g. lupus erythematosus ) IgG can enter the nucleus . </P> <H2> Nuclei per cell </H2> <P> Most eukaryotic cell types usually have a single nucleus , but some have no nuclei , while others have several . This can result from normal development , as in the maturation of mammalian red blood cells , or from faulty cell division . </P> <H3> Anucleated cells </H3> Human red blood cells , like those of other mammals , lack nuclei . This occurs as a normal part of the cells ' development . <P> An anucleated cell contains no nucleus and is , therefore , incapable of dividing to produce daughter cells . The best - known anucleated cell is the mammalian red blood cell , or erythrocyte , which also lacks other organelles such as mitochondria , and serves primarily as a transport vessel to ferry oxygen from the lungs to the body 's tissues . Erythrocytes mature through erythropoiesis in the bone marrow , where they lose their nuclei , organelles , and ribosomes . The nucleus is expelled during the process of differentiation from an erythroblast to a reticulocyte , which is the immediate precursor of the mature erythrocyte . The presence of mutagens may induce the release of some immature `` micronucleated '' erythrocytes into the bloodstream . Anucleated cells can also arise from flawed cell division in which one daughter lacks a nucleus and the other has two nuclei . </P> <P> In flowering plants , this condition occurs in sieve tube elements . </P> <H3> Multinucleated cells </H3> <P> Multinucleated cells contain multiple nuclei . Most acantharean species of protozoa and some fungi in mycorrhizae have naturally multinucleated cells . Other examples include the intestinal parasites in the genus Giardia , which have two nuclei per cell . In humans , skeletal muscle cells , called myocytes and syncytium , become multinucleated during development ; the resulting arrangement of nuclei near the periphery of the cells allows maximal intracellular space for myofibrils . Other multinucleate cells in the human are osteoclasts a type of bone cell . Multinucleated and binucleated cells can also be abnormal in humans ; for example , cells arising from the fusion of monocytes and macrophages , known as giant multinucleated cells , sometimes accompany inflammation and are also implicated in tumor formation . </P> <P> A number of dinoflagellates are known to have two nuclei . Unlike other multinucleated cells these nuclei contain two distinct lineages of DNA : one from the dinoflagellate and the other from a symbiotic diatom . The mitochondria and the plastids of the diatom somehow remain functional . </P> <H2> Evolution </H2> <P> As the major defining characteristic of the eukaryotic cell , the nucleus ' evolutionary origin has been the subject of much speculation . Four major hypotheses have been proposed to explain the existence of the nucleus , although none have yet earned widespread support . </P> <P> The first model known as the `` syntrophic model '' proposes that a symbiotic relationship between the archaea and bacteria created the nucleus - containing eukaryotic cell . ( Organisms of the Archaea and Bacteria domain have no cell nucleus . ) It is hypothesized that the symbiosis originated when ancient archaea , similar to modern methanogenic archaea , invaded and lived within bacteria similar to modern myxobacteria , eventually forming the early nucleus . This theory is analogous to the accepted theory for the origin of eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts , which are thought to have developed from a similar endosymbiotic relationship between proto - eukaryotes and aerobic bacteria . The archaeal origin of the nucleus is supported by observations that archaea and eukarya have similar genes for certain proteins , including histones . Observations that myxobacteria are motile , can form multicellular complexes , and possess kinases and G proteins similar to eukarya , support a bacterial origin for the eukaryotic cell . </P> <P> A second model proposes that proto - eukaryotic cells evolved from bacteria without an endosymbiotic stage . This model is based on the existence of modern planctomycetes bacteria that possess a nuclear structure with primitive pores and other compartmentalized membrane structures . A similar proposal states that a eukaryote - like cell , the chronocyte , evolved first and phagocytosed archaea and bacteria to generate the nucleus and the eukaryotic cell . </P> <P> The most controversial model , known as viral eukaryogenesis , posits that the membrane - bound nucleus , along with other eukaryotic features , originated from the infection of a prokaryote by a virus . The suggestion is based on similarities between eukaryotes and viruses such as linear DNA strands , mRNA capping , and tight binding to proteins ( analogizing histones to viral envelopes ) . One version of the proposal suggests that the nucleus evolved in concert with phagocytosis to form an early cellular `` predator '' . Another variant proposes that eukaryotes originated from early archaea infected by poxviruses , on the basis of observed similarity between the DNA polymerases in modern poxviruses and eukaryotes . 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PMID 10888648 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bell PJ ( November 2006 ) . `` Sex and the eukaryotic cell cycle is consistent with a viral ancestry for the eukaryotic nucleus '' . J. Theor. Biol. 243 ( 1 ) : 54 -- 63 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jtbi. 2006.05. 015 . PMID 16846615 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ de Roos AD ( 2006 ) . `` The origin of the eukaryotic cell based on conservation of existing interfaces '' . Artif Life . 12 ( 4 ) : 513 -- 523 . doi : 10.1162 / artl. 2006.12. 4.513 . PMID 16953783 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Library resources about Cell nucleus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Online books </Li> <Li> Resources in your library </Li> <Li> Resources in other libraries </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Goldman , Robert D. ; Gruenbaum , Y ; Moir , RD ; Shumaker , DK ; Spann , TP ( 2002 ) . `` Nuclear lamins : building blocks of nuclear architecture '' . Genes Dev. 16 ( 5 ) : 533 -- 547 . doi : 10.1101 / gad. 960502 . PMID 11877373 . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> A review article about nuclear lamins , explaining their structure and various roles </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Görlich , Dirk ; Kutay , U ( 1999 ) . `` Transport between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm '' . Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 15 : 607 -- 660 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. cellbio. 15.1. 607 . PMID 10611974 . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> A review article about nuclear transport , explains the principles of the mechanism , and the various transport pathways </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Lamond , Angus I. ; Earnshaw , WC ( 24 April 1998 ) . `` Structure and Function in the Nucleus '' ( PDF ) . Science . 280 ( 5363 ) : 547 -- 553 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 280.5363. 547 . PMID 9554838 . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> A review article about the nucleus , explaining the structure of chromosomes within the organelle , and describing the nucleolus and other subnuclear bodies </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Pennisi E. ( 2004 ) . `` Evolutionary biology . The birth of the nucleus '' . Science . 305 ( 5685 ) : 766 -- 768 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 305.5685. 766 . PMID 15297641 . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> A review article about the evolution of the nucleus , explaining a number of different theories </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Pollard , Thomas D. ; William C. Earnshaw ( 2004 ) . Cell Biology . Philadelphia : Saunders . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 3360 - 9 . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> A university level textbook focusing on cell biology . Contains information on nucleus structure and function , including nuclear transport , and subnuclear domains </Dd> </Dl> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cell nucleus . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> MBInfo -- The Nucleus </Li> <Li> cellnucleus.com Website covering structure and function of the nucleus from the Department of Oncology at the University of Alberta . </Li> <Li> http://npd.hgu.mrc.ac.uk/user/?page=compartment The Nuclear Protein Database ) Information on nuclear components . </Li> <Li> The Nucleus Collection in the Image & Video Library of The American Society for Cell Biology contains peer - reviewed still images and video clips that illustrate the nucleus . </Li> <Li> Nuclear Envelope and Nuclear Import Section from Landmark Papers in Cell Biology , Joseph G. Gall , J. Richard McIntosh , eds. , contains digitized commentaries and links to seminal research papers on the nucleus . Published online in the Image & Video Library of The American Society for Cell Biology </Li> <Li> Cytoplasmic patterns generated by human antibodies </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Structures of the cell / organelles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Endomembrane system </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cell membrane </Li> <Li> Nucleus </Li> <Li> Endoplasmic reticulum </Li> <Li> Golgi apparatus </Li> <Li> Parenthesome </Li> <Li> Autophagosome </Li> <Li> Vesicles <Ul> <Li> Exosome </Li> <Li> Lysosome </Li> <Li> Endosome </Li> <Li> Phagosome </Li> <Li> Vacuole </Li> <Li> Acrosome </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cytoplasmic granules <Ul> <Li> Melanosome </Li> <Li> Microbody </Li> <Li> Glyoxysome </Li> <Li> Peroxisome </Li> <Li> Weibel -- Palade body </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cytoskeleton </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Microfilaments </Li> <Li> Intermediate filaments </Li> <Li> Microtubules </Li> <Li> Prokaryotic cytoskeleton </Li> <Li> MTOCs <Ul> <Li> Centrosome </Li> <Li> Centriole </Li> <Li> Basal body </Li> <Li> Spindle pole body </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Myofibril </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Endosymbionts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mitochondrion </Li> <Li> Plastids <Ul> <Li> Chloroplast </Li> <Li> Chromoplast </Li> <Li> Gerontoplast </Li> <Li> Leucoplast </Li> <Li> Amyloplast </Li> <Li> Elaioplast </Li> <Li> Proteinoplast </Li> <Li> Tannosome </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other internal </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nucleolus </Li> <Li> RNA <Ul> <Li> Ribosome </Li> <Li> Spliceosome </Li> <Li> Vault </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cytoplasm <Ul> <Li> Cytosol </Li> <Li> Inclusions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Proteasome </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> External </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Undulipodium <Ul> <Li> Cilium </Li> <Li> Flagellum </Li> <Li> Axoneme </Li> <Li> Radial spoke </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Extracellular matrix <Ul> <Li> Cell wall </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Structures of the cell nucleus / nuclear protein </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Envelope ( membrane ) / nuclear lamina </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pore complex : </Li> <Li> Nucleoporin <Ul> <Li> NUP35 </Li> <Li> NUP37 </Li> <Li> NUP43 </Li> <Li> NUP50 </Li> <Li> NUP54 </Li> <Li> NUP62 </Li> <Li> NUP85 </Li> <Li> NUP88 </Li> <Li> NUP93 </Li> <Li> NUP98 </Li> <Li> NUP107 </Li> <Li> NUP133 </Li> <Li> NUP153 </Li> <Li> NUP155 </Li> <Li> NUP160 </Li> <Li> NUP188 </Li> <Li> NUP205 </Li> <Li> NUP210 </Li> <Li> NUP214 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> AAAS </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nucleolus </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cajal ( coiled ) body <Ul> <Li> SMN </Li> <Li> GEMIN2 </Li> <Li> GEMIN4 </Li> <Li> GEMIN5 </Li> <Li> GEMIN6 </Li> <Li> GEMIN7 </Li> <Li> DDX20 </Li> <Li> COIL </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Perinucleolar compartment <Ul> <Li> PTBP1 </Li> <Li> CUGBP1 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> TCOF </Li> <Li> ATXN7 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Chromatin </Li> <Li> Dot ( PML body ) </Li> <Li> Paraspeckle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> SMC protein : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cohesin <Ul> <Li> SMC1A </Li> <Li> SMC1B </Li> <Li> SMC3 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Condensin <Ul> <Li> NCAPD2 </Li> <Li> NCAPD3 </Li> <Li> NCAPG </Li> <Li> NCAPG2 </Li> <Li> NCAPH </Li> <Li> NCAPH2 </Li> <Li> SMC2 </Li> <Li> SMC4 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> DNA repair <Ul> <Li> SMC5 </Li> <Li> SMC6 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Transition nuclear protein : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> TNP1 </Li> <Li> TNP2 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Nuclear matrix ( Nucleoskeleton ) </Li> <Li> Nucleoplasm ( Nucleosol ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> LITAF </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> see also transcription factors and intracellular receptors </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> see also nucleus diseases </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GND : 4067544 - 0 </Li> <Li> NDL : 00569971 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cell_nucleus&oldid=854950486 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Cell nucleus </Li> <Li> Cell anatomy </Li> <Li> Organelles </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter </Li> <Li> All articles lacking reliable references </Li> <Li> Articles lacking reliable references from October 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from September 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from August 2018 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism </Li> <Li> Articles with short description </Li> <Li> Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows </Li> <Li> Articles containing Latin - language text </Li> <Li> Featured articles </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> Alemannisch </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Aragonés </Li> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Bân - 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ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Power Tower - wikipedia <H1> Power Tower </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the amusement ride . For other uses , see Power tower . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Power Tower </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Overview of Cedar Point with Power Tower in the center , Millenium Force on the left and Top Thrill Dragster on the right . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Cedar Point </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coordinates </Th> <Td> 41 ° 28 ′ 57.74 '' N 82 ° 41 ′ 4.42 '' W / 41.4827056 ° N 82.6845611 ° W / 41.4827056 ; - 82.6845611 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Status </Th> <Td> Operating </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cost </Th> <Td> $10,000,000 ( Cedar Point ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening date </Th> <Td> May 9 , 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Valleyfair </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coordinates </Th> <Td> 44 ° 47 ′ 58.17 '' N 93 ° 27 ′ 24.50 '' W / 44.7994917 ° N 93.4568056 ° W / 44.7994917 ; - 93.4568056 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Status </Th> <Td> Operating </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening date </Th> <Td> May 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Replaced </Th> <Td> Tot town </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> General statistics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Attraction type </Th> <Td> Space Shot , Turbo Drop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manufacturer </Th> <Td> S&S Worldwide </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Designer </Th> <Td> Stan Checketts </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Model </Th> <Td> Combo Tower </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Height </Th> <Td> 275 or 300 ft ( 84 or 91 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Drop </Th> <Td> 240 or 250 ft ( 73 or 76 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Speed </Th> <Td> 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vehicle type </Th> <Td> Freefall carriage </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vehicles </Th> <Td> 4 ( Cedar Point ) 3 ( Valleyfair ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Riders per vehicle </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Height restriction </Th> <Td> 52 in ( 132 cm ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Restraints </Th> <Td> Over-the - shoulder restraints with interlocking seatbelt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Launch System </Th> <Td> Pneumatic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Fast Lane available at both parks </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Power Tower is a thrill ride located at two Cedar Fair parks in the U.S.A , Cedar Point and Valleyfair . The attractions are powered by air in large cylinders in which an aircraft steel cable , connected to the internal piston , travels and is also connected to the external rider car . Hydraulic cylinders at the base of the tower provide an extra measure of safety in case of a ride malfunction . Both rides were designed and manufactured by S&S Worldwide of Logan , Utah . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Cedar Point <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Ride specifications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Valleyfair <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Ride specifications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Records </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Cedar Point ( edit ) </H2> Cedar Point 's Power Tower from below <P> Power Tower at Cedar Point is a multi-tower attraction featuring a pair of Space Shot rides and a pair of Turbo Drop rides , arranged in a square - footprint with a crowning marquee and pyramid joining the four rides at their peaks. Power Tower is the only four - towered drop tower ride in the world , devoting two towers to each drop cycle . Sixteen new LED lights were installed on Power Tower before the 2012 season . </P> <H3> Ride specifications ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Height : 300 ft ( 91 m ) </Li> <Li> Drop height : 240 ft ( 73 m ) </Li> <Li> Top speed : 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) </Li> <Li> G - force : min - 1.0 g , max + 5.0 </Li> <Li> Ride Duration : 45 sec </Li> <Li> Capacity : 1,700 rides per hour </Li> <Li> Thrill Rating : 5 </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Valleyfair ( edit ) </H2> View of Power Tower at Valleyfair <P> Power Tower at Valleyfair is a multi-tower attraction featuring a pair of Turbo Drop rides and a single Space Shot ride , arranged in a triangular - footprint with a crowning marquee joining the three rides at their peaks . </P> <P> Power Tower is the tallest ride in Minnesota . The ride was originally intended to be 300 feet ( 91 m ) tall , but the Federal Aviation Administration prohibits Valleyfair 's rides from being built taller than 275 feet ( 84 m ) because of the nearby Flying Cloud Airport . </P> <H3> Ride specifications ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Height : 275 ft ( 84 m ) </Li> <Li> Drop height : 250 ft ( 76 m ) </Li> <Li> Top Speed : 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) </Li> <Li> G - force : min - 1.0 g , max + 4.0 </Li> <Li> Ride Duration : 45 sec </Li> <Li> Capacity : 1,300 rides per hour </Li> <Li> Thrill Rating : 5 </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Records ( edit ) </H2> <P> Cedar Point 's Power Tower was the tallest vertical ascending and descending thrill ride upon debut up until July 1998 , when Supreme Scream opened at Knott 's Berry Farm . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Pitt Fall </Td> <Td> World 's Tallest Vertical Drop Ride May 1998 -- July 1998 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Supreme Scream </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Supreme Scream </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.idexter.com/coasters/parks/cedar_point/power_tower/pt_index.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CHAUVET ® Professional Takes Cedar Point Guests on Colorful Rides '' . Chauvet Professional . September 20 , 2012 . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Power Tower -- Cedar Point '' . Experience the Point . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Park gets clearance for towering new thrill ride '' . Free Lance - Star . August 29 , 1999 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Power Tower '' . Valleyfair . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Power Tower to Open at Valleyfair for 2000 '' . Ultimate Roller Coaster . August 18 , 1999 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Power Tower ( Cedar Point ) . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official page at Cedar Point </Li> <Li> Official page at Valleyfair </Li> <Li> Power Tower Photo Gallery at The Point Online </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Cedar Point </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Current attractions </Li> <Li> Former attractions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Roller coasters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Blue Streak </Li> <Li> Cedar Creek Mine Ride </Li> <Li> Corkscrew </Li> <Li> GateKeeper </Li> <Li> Gemini </Li> <Li> Iron Dragon </Li> <Li> Magnum XL - 200 </Li> <Li> Maverick </Li> <Li> Millennium Force </Li> <Li> Raptor </Li> <Li> Rougarou </Li> <Li> Top Thrill Dragster </Li> <Li> Valravn </Li> <Li> Wicked Twister </Li> <Li> Wilderness Run </Li> <Li> Woodstock Express </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Attractions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cedar Point & Lake Erie Railroad </Li> <Li> maXair </Li> <Li> Power Tower </Li> <Li> Skyhawk </Li> <Li> SlingShot </Li> <Li> WindSeeker </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Water rides </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Snake River Falls </Li> <Li> Thunder Canyon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former attractions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Demon Drop </Li> <Li> Disaster Transport </Li> <Li> Jumbo Jet </Li> <Li> Mantis </Li> <Li> Mean Streak </Li> <Li> Mill Race </Li> <Li> Shoot the Rapids </Li> <Li> Space Spiral </Li> <Li> VertiGo </Li> <Li> White Water Landing </Li> <Li> WildCat </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Resorts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Camper Village </Li> <Li> Castaway Bay </Li> <Li> Cedar Point 's Express Hotel </Li> <Li> Hotel Breakers </Li> <Li> Lighthouse Point </Li> <Li> Sandcastle Suites Hotel </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cedar Point Shores </Li> <Li> Planet Snoopy </Li> <Li> Cedar Point Light </Li> <Li> Fast Lane </Li> <Li> Dinosaurs Alive ! </Li> <Li> Camp Snoopy </Li> <Li> HalloWeekends </Li> <Li> Luminosity -- Ignite the Night ! </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Website : cedarpoint.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Valleyfair </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current roller coasters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Corkscrew </Li> <Li> Cosmic Coaster </Li> <Li> Excalibur </Li> <Li> High Roller </Li> <Li> Renegade </Li> <Li> Steel Venom </Li> <Li> Wild Thing </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Attractions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dinosaurs Alive ! </Li> <Li> Planet Snoopy </Li> <Li> Power Tower </Li> <Li> Thunder Canyon </Li> <Li> ValleyScare </Li> <Li> Winterfest </Li> <Li> Xtreme Swing </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defunct </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Camp Snoopy </Li> <Li> Mild Thing </Li> <Li> Rails </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Power_Tower&oldid=775365800 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Operating amusement attractions </Li> <Li> Amusement rides introduced in 1998 </Li> <Li> Amusement rides introduced in 2000 </Li> <Li> Amusement rides by name </Li> <Li> Cedar Point </Li> <Li> Towers completed in 1998 </Li> <Li> Drop tower rides </Li> <Li> Amusement rides manufactured by S&S Worldwide </Li> <Li> Cedar Fair attractions </Li> <Li> Valleyfair </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 14 April 2017 , at 12 : 50 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( U.S. game show ) - wikipedia <H1> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( U.S. game show ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Game show </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> David Briggs Mike Whitehill Steven Knight </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developed by </Th> <Td> Michael Davies </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mark Gentile ( 1999 -- 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Matthew Cohen ( 2002 -- 10 ) </Li> <Li> Rob George ( 2010 -- 13 ) </Li> <Li> Brian McAloon ( 2013 -- 14 ) </Li> <Li> Rich DiPirro ( 2014 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presented by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ABC : </Li> <Li> Regis Philbin </Li> <Li> Syndication : </Li> <Li> Meredith Vieira ( 2002 -- 13 ) </Li> <Li> Cedric the Entertainer ( 2013 -- 14 ) </Li> <Li> Terry Crews ( 2014 -- 15 ) </Li> <Li> Chris Harrison ( 2015 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Keith Strachan ( 1999 -- 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Matthew Strachan ( 1999 -- 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jeff Lippencott ( 2010 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Mark T. Williams ( 2010 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> 19 ( 3 on ABC , 16 in syndication ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> ABC ( Original ) : 363 Syndicated : 2,655 ( as of October 6 , 2017 ) ABC ( Super Millionaire ) : 12 ABC ( 10th Anniversary Special ) : 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Michael Davies ( 1999 -- 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Paul Smith ( 1999 -- 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Leigh Hampton ( 2004 -- 10 ) </Li> <Li> Rich Sirop ( 2010 -- 14 ) </Li> <Li> James Rowley ( 2014 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location ( s ) </Th> <Td> New York , New York ( 1999 -- 2012 ) Stamford , Connecticut ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Las Vegas , Nevada ( 2016 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 39 -- 48 minutes ( ABC ) 19 -- 25 minutes ( syndication ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Valleycrest Productions ( 1999 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Celador ( 1999 -- 2007 ) </Li> <Li> 2waytraffic ( 2007 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Buena Vista Television ( 1999 -- 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Disney -- ABC Domestic Television ( 2007 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> ABC ( 1999 -- 2002 , 2004 , 2009 ) Syndication ( 2002 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> 480i ( SDTV ) ( 1999 -- 2011 ) 720p / 1080i ( HDTV ) ( 2011 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Audio format </Th> <Td> Stereo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> ABC August 16 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 16 ) -- June 27 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 27 ) Syndication September 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 16 ) -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> millionairetv.dadt.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( often informally called Millionaire ) is an American television game show based on the same - titled British program and developed for the United States by Michael Davies . The show features a quiz competition in which contestants attempt to win a top prize of $1,000,000 by answering a series of multiple - choice questions of increasing difficulty ( although , for a time , most of the questions were of random difficulty ) . The program has endured as one of the longest - running and most successful international variants in the Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? franchise . </P> <P> The original U.S. version aired on ABC from August 16 , 1999 , to June 27 , 2002 , and was hosted by Regis Philbin . The daily syndicated version of the show began airing on September 16 , 2002 , and was hosted for eleven seasons by Meredith Vieira until May 31 , 2013 . Later hosts included Cedric the Entertainer in the 2013 -- 14 season , Terry Crews in the following season ( 2014 -- 15 ) , and Chris Harrison , who began hosting on September 14 , 2015 . </P> <P> As the first U.S. network game show to offer a million - dollar top prize , the show made television history by becoming one of the highest - rated game shows in the history of American television . The U.S. Millionaire has won seven Daytime Emmy Awards , and TV Guide ranked it No. 6 in its 2013 list of the 60 greatest game shows of all time . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Gameplay <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Core rules </Li> <Li> 1.2 Format history </Li> <Li> 1.3 Payout structure </Li> <Li> 1.4 Lifelines </Li> <Li> 1.5 Top prize winners </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Personnel <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Hosts </Li> <Li> 2.2 Production staff </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Origins </Li> <Li> 3.2 Audition process </Li> <Li> 3.3 Music </Li> <Li> 3.4 Set </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Broadcast history <Ul> <Li> 4.1 ABC </Li> <Li> 4.2 Syndication </Li> <Li> 4.3 GSN </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Special editions <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire </Li> <Li> 5.2 10th Anniversary Celebration </Li> <Li> 5.3 Million Dollar Tournament of Ten </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Reception </Li> <Li> 7 Other media <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Merchandise </Li> <Li> 7.2 Disney Parks attraction </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Notes </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Further reading </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Gameplay ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Core rules ( edit ) </H3> Screenshot illustrating how question text and answer choices appear on - screen <P> At its core , the game is a quiz competition in which the goal is to correctly answer a series of fourteen ( originally fifteen ) consecutive multiple - choice questions . The questions are of increasing difficulty , except in the 2010 -- 15 format overhaul , where the contestants were faced with a round of ten questions of random difficulty , followed by a round of four questions of increasing difficulty . Each question is worth a specified amount of money ; the amounts are cumulative in the first round , but not in the second . If the contestant gives a wrong answer to any question , their game is over and their winnings are reduced ( or increased , in the first two questions ) to $1,000 for tier - one questions , $5,000 for tier - two questions , and $50,000 for tier - three questions . However , the contestant has the option of `` walking away '' without giving an answer after being presented with a question , in which case the game ends and the contestant is guaranteed to walk away with all the money they have previously received . With the exception of the shuffle format , upon correctly answering questions five and ten , contestants are guaranteed at least the amount of prize money associated with that level . If the contestant gives an incorrect answer , their winnings drop down to the last milestone achieved . Since 2015 , if the contestant answers a question incorrectly before reaching question five , he or she leaves with $1,000 , even on the first question that is worth only $500 . For celebrities , the minimum guarantee for their nominated charities is $10,000 . Prior to the shuffle format , a contestant left with nothing if ( s ) he answered a question incorrectly before reaching the first milestone . In the shuffle format era , contestants who incorrectly answered a question had their winnings reduced to $1,000 in round one and $25,000 in round two . </P> <H3> Format history ( edit ) </H3> <P> On the ABC versions , ten contestants competed in a preliminary `` Fastest Finger '' round for the right to play the main game on each episode . The contestants were presented with a question and a list of four answers which needed to be put in a specific order . Using keys on their podiums , each of the contestants attempted to enter the correct order in the shortest amount of time , with a maximum time limit of 20 seconds . If the main game ended and there was still time available for another game , the remaining contestants played another Fastest Finger round for a chance to play the main game . In the event of a tie between two or more contestants , those contestants played an additional Fastest Finger question to break the tie . If all contestants answered the question incorrectly , the round was repeated with another question . Fastest Finger was eliminated from the gameplay when the syndicated version premiered in 2002 . </P> <P> From 2008 to 2010 , time limits were used for each question . Contestants were given up to 15 seconds each for questions one through five , 30 seconds each for questions six through ten , and 45 seconds each for questions eleven through fourteen . Unused time was banked , and if the contestant reached question fifteen , he or she was given 45 seconds plus the amount of time previously banked . If the clock reached zero before a contestant could provide a final answer , the contestant was forced to walk away with the winnings they had at that point . During the clock format era , a `` Millionaire Menu '' was introduced , in which categories are revealed for each question at the beginning of the game , and are made visible to the contestant for their future reference . Some prize levels also changed at the start of season eight . Most of the episodes in season eight ( from the `` Million Dollar Tournament of Ten '' onward ) featured special `` Celebrity Questions '' that were mid-level in monetary value , and were provided by notable individuals whose identities were not revealed until the contestant reached their special questions . </P> <P> When the ninth syndicated season began on September 13 , 2010 , the format was overhauled . Ten questions were asked in round one , each assigned one of ten different money amounts which were randomized at the beginning of the game , as were the questions themselves . The difficulty of the questions was not tied to the dollar value . The dollar values for each question remained hidden until a contestant either provided a correct answer or chose to `` jump '' the question . The value of each question answered correctly was added to the contestant 's bank , for a maximum total of $68,600 . A contestant who completed the round successfully could walk at any subsequent point with all the money in their bank , or could walk without completing the round with half that amount ( e.g. , a contestant who banked $30,000 would leave with $15,000 ) . After completing round one , the contestant moved on to a second round of gameplay ( the `` Classic Millionaire '' round ) , in which four non-categorized questions were played for set non-cumulative values and a correct answer augmented the contestant 's winnings to that point , as in the older formats . The shuffle format changes , including the randomization and double - round distribution of questions , were reverted for the fourteenth syndicated season . </P> <P> From 2011 to 2014 , certain weeks of the show were designated as `` Double Your Money '' weeks . In those , a pre-selected question in round one was designated the `` Double Money Question . '' When a contestant answered such a question correctly , the monetary value behind the question was doubled and added to his or her bank , giving him or her the possibility of adding up to $50,000 to his or her bank on a single question ; under these special rules , it was possible for a contestant to finish round one with a maximum total of $93,600 in their bank . However , when a contestant `` jumped '' the question , they forfeited the doubled money . </P> <P> In the event that a contestant leaves and very little time remains ( in the final part of an episode ) , a randomly selected audience member is given one chance to win $1,000 by answering the next question intended for the previous contestant ( or $2,000 if the next question was on a Double Money episode ) . Regardless of the outcome , the audience member receives a special prize . In seasons nine and ten , the prize was a copy of the Millionaire video game ; as of season eleven , audience members now receive 20 free playings for a Facebook game based on the show 's format . In season thirteen , which gave this game the name `` Thousandaire '' , the question the audience player faced did not come from the previous player 's stack , but was instead a separate question . Two additional audience games were also introduced and played in season thirteen : `` Team Millionaire '' , where two audience members are both presented with a single question and lock in their individual answers separately for the chance to win $500 and a bonus question with which they can double their money ; and `` Fastest Feet '' , a variation of Fastest Finger which four audience members play for the chance to split $1,000 . </P> <H3> Payout structure ( edit ) </H3> <P> Five different ladders have been used for a season or more over the course of the series . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Question number </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Question value </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1999 -- 2004 </Th> <Th> 2004 -- 09 </Th> <Th> 2009 -- 10 </Th> <Th> 2010 -- 15 </Th> <Th> 2015 -- present </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> $100 </Td> <Td> $500 </Td> <Td> Random value ( $100 , $500 , $1,000 , $2,000 , $3,000 , $5,000 , $7,000 , $10,000 , $15,000 , and $25,000 ) The value of each correct response accumulated through the first 10 questions , for a potential maximum of $68,600 . </Td> <Td> $500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> $200 </Td> <Td> $1,000 </Td> <Td> $1,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> $300 </Td> <Td> $2,000 </Td> <Td> $2,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> $500 </Td> <Td> $3,000 </Td> <Td> $3,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> $1,000 </Td> <Td> $5,000 </Td> <Td> $5,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> $2,000 </Td> <Td> $7,500 </Td> <Td> $7,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> $4,000 </Td> <Td> $10,000 </Td> <Td> $10,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> $8,000 </Td> <Td> $12,500 </Td> <Td> $20,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> $16,000 </Td> <Td> $15,000 </Td> <Td> $30,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> $32,000 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> $25,000 </Td> <Td> $50,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> $64,000 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> $50,000 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> $100,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> $125,000 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> $100,000 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> $250,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> $250,000 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> $500,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> $500,000 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> $1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> $1,000,000 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The original primetime payment structure was also used for the first two seasons of the syndicated version . The third syndicated season saw a reduction in the values for questions ten through twelve . In the eighth syndicated season , the lower question values were adjusted to raise the first safe haven to $5,000 . When the `` shuffle format '' was used , the first ten questions had random amounts from $100 to $25,000 , as listed above . In addition , the number of questions needed to win the million was reduced to 14 , removing the $50,000 level ; the last four values remained the same for round two . When the shuffle format ended at the start of the 2015 -- 16 season , the switch to 14 questions was retained ; the first safe haven was kept at $5,000 , but the second was raised to $50,000 . </P> <P> The $500,000 and $1,000,000 prizes were initially lump - sum payments , but were changed to annuities in September 2002 when the series moved to syndication . Contestants winning either of these prizes receive $250,000 thirty days after their show broadcasts and the remainder paid in equal annual payments . The $500,000 prize consists of $25,000 per year for 10 years , while the $1,000,000 prize consists of $37,500 per year for 20 years . </P> <P> Any contestant who answers one of the first five questions incorrectly still receives a $1,000 consolation prize , contrary to what the home audience is told . This is in contrast to the old format , in which contestants who answered one of the first five questions incorrectly actually left with nothing at all . </P> <H3> Lifelines ( edit ) </H3> <P> Contestants are given a series of lifelines to aid them with difficult questions . They can use as many lifelines as desired per question , but each lifeline can only be used once per game . Three lifelines are available from the start of the game . Depending on the format of the show , additional lifelines may become available after the contestant correctly answers the fifth or tenth question . In the clock format , usage of lifelines temporarily paused the clock while the lifelines were played . </P> <P> The show 's original three lifelines were `` 50 : 50 '' , in which the computer eliminates two of the incorrect answers ; `` Phone - a-Friend '' , which allowed the contestant to make a 30 - second call to one of a number of friends ( who provided their phone numbers in advance ) and read them the question and answer choices , after which the friend provided input ; and `` Ask the Audience '' , in which audience members use touch pads to designate what they believe the correct answer to be , after which the percentage of the audience choosing each specific option is displayed to the contestant. 50 : 50 was eliminated at the end of the show 's sixth syndicated season , only to be restored in season fourteen . Phone - a-Friend was removed on the episode aired January 11 , 2010 , after it was determined that there was an increasing trend of contestants ' friends using search engines and other Internet resources , unfairly privileging individuals who had computer access over those who did not , and that it was contrary to the original intent of the lifeline where friends were supposed to provide assistance based on what they already knew . From 2004 to 2008 , there was a fourth lifeline called `` Switch the Question '' , earned upon answering question ten , in which the computer replaced , at the contestant 's request , one question with another of the same monetary value ; however , any lifelines used on the original question were not reinstated for the new question . Switch the Question returned as `` Cut the Question '' on a special week of shows with child contestants aired in 2014 . </P> <P> During the Super Millionaire spin - off , two new lifelines were introduced : `` Double Dip '' , which allowed the contestant to make two guesses at a question , but required them to play out the question , forbidding them to walk away or use any further lifelines ; and `` Three Wise Men '' , in which the contestant was allowed to ask a sequestered panel of three people chosen by the producers , appearing via face - to - face audio and video feeds , which answer they believed was correct , within a time limit of 30 seconds . When the clock format was implemented , Double Dip replaced 50 : 50 , and the show introduced a new lifeline called `` Ask the Expert '' , which was like Three Wise Men but had one person ( usually a celebrity or a former Millionaire contestant ) functioning as an expert instead of a panel of three people , lacked the time limit of its predecessor , and allowed the contestant and expert to discuss the question . Ask the Expert was originally available after the fifth question , but was moved to the beginning of the game after Phone - a-Friend was removed . </P> <P> The show 's lifelines sometimes used corporate sponsorship . The Phone - a-Friend lifeline was sponsored by the original AT&T throughout the run of the ABC primetime show and in the first season of the syndicated version , then by the current AT&T for the 2009 primetime episodes . From 2004 to 2006 , Ask the Audience was sponsored by AOL , which allowed users of its Instant Messenger to add the screen name MillionaireIM to their buddy list and receive an instant message with the question and the four possible answers , to which the users replied with their choices . In addition , the Ask the Expert lifeline was sponsored by Skype for its live audio and video feeds . </P> <P> During the shuffle format era , the show introduced a new lifeline , `` Jump the Question '' , which was able to be used twice in a single game for seasons nine through twelve . At any point prior to selecting a final answer , a contestant could use Jump the Question to skip the current question and move on to the next one , thus reducing the number of questions they had to correctly answer . However , if the contestant used Jump the Question , they did not gain any money from the question they chose to skip ( for example , a contestant would not gain the typical $100,000 if they jumped to the $250,000 question ) . This lifeline could not be used on the $1 million question , since it is the final question in the game . The `` Plus One '' lifeline , introduced in season thirteen , allows a contestant to bring a companion with him or her to the podium for help in answering a question . The introduction of this lifeline reduced the number of Jump the Question lifelines available from two to one . On occasional specially designated weeks , starting with a Halloween - themed week that aired from October 29 to November 2 , 2012 , the shuffle format used a special lifeline called `` Crystal Ball '' , which allows the contestant to see the money value of a round one question prior to giving an answer . Jump the Question was removed at the end of the show 's thirteenth syndicated season . For the show 's fourteenth season , during a special week of college shows , players got another lifeline called `` Extra Help '' , played similarly to `` Plus One '' and allowing for another companion to help the player ; however , it could only be used after `` Plus One '' was used . </P> <H3> Top prize winners ( edit ) </H3> See also : List of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? top prize winners <P> The first contestant to correctly answer all 15 questions and win the top prize of $1,000,000 was John Carpenter , on the episode aired November 19 , 1999 . In 2000 , the million dollar top prize was awarded five times : to Dan Blonsky on the episode aired January 18 , to Joe Trela on March 23 , to Bob House on June 13 , to Kim Hunt on July 6 , and to David Goodman on July 11 . </P> <P> In January 2001 , when no contestant had won $1 million in any show that aired over a period of five months , the top prize was then changed from a flat $1 million to an accumulating jackpot that increased by $10,000 for each episode where the top prize was not won . On April 10 , 2001 , Kevin Olmstead correctly answered the final question and won $2,180,000 , making him the biggest winner in television history at the time . The top prize for correctly answering the final question returned to $1 million following Olmstead 's win and has remained unchanged since ; just five days after Olmstead 's win , the standard $1 million prize was awarded to Bernie Cullen . The last top prize winner on the original network version was Ed Toutant , on the episode aired September 7 , 2001 ; he had previously appeared on the episode aired January 31 , 2001 when the jackpot was $1,860,000 , where he was ruled to have answered his $16,000 question incorrectly , but when it was discovered that there was a mistake in that question , Toutant was invited back and won the $1,860,000 jackpot . On the Super Millionaire spin - off , Robert Essig won $1,000,000 after answering the twelfth question and then walked away , not reaching the final question for $10,000,000 . </P> <P> On the syndicated version 's first season , two contestants correctly answered all 15 questions and won the top prize of $1,000,000 : Kevin Smith on February 18 , 2003 , and Nancy Christy on May 8 of the same year . During the Million Dollar Tournament of Ten which aired in November 2009 , Sam Murray , who had previously supplied correct responses for eleven questions , risked his winnings on a special $1,000,000 question ; he was the only contestant to answer his question correctly . </P> <H2> Personnel ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Hosts ( edit ) </H3> Regis Philbin , host of the original network version <P> The original network version of the U.S. Millionaire and the subsequent primetime specials were hosted by Regis Philbin . When the syndicated version was being developed , the production team felt that it was not feasible for Philbin to continue hosting , as the show recorded four episodes in a single day , and that the team was looking for qualities in a new host : it had to be somebody who would love the contestants and be willing to root for them . Rosie O'Donnell was initially offered a hosting position on this new edition , but declined the opportunity almost immediately . Eventually Meredith Vieira , who had previously competed in a celebrity charity event on the original network version , was named host of the new syndicated edition . </P> <P> ABC originally offered Vieira hosting duties on the syndicated Millionaire to sweeten one of her re-negotiations for the network 's daytime talk show The View , which she was moderating at the time . When the show was honored by GSN on its Gameshow Hall of Fame special , Vieira herself further explained her motivation for hosting the syndicated version as follows : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> I did the show because I fell in love with the show , and really , first and foremost , as a parent , ( I feel that ) there are n't that many shows on television that you can watch as a family . And when Michael Davies approached me and said , `` Would you be interested in hosting the syndicated version ? '' , I said , `` Just point me toward the contract ! I am so there ! '' </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> From 2007 to 2011 , when Vieira was concurrently working as a co-host of Today , guest hosts appeared in the second half of each season of the syndicated version . Guest hosts who filled in for Vieira included Philbin , Al Roker , Tom Bergeron , Tim Vincent , Dave Price , Billy Bush , Leeza Gibbons , Cat Deeley , Samantha Harris , Shaun Robinson , Steve Harvey , John Henson , Sherri Shepherd , Tim Gunn , and D.L. Hughley . </P> <P> On January 10 , 2013 , Vieira announced that after eleven seasons with the syndicated Millionaire , she would be leaving the show as part of an effort to focus on other projects in her career . She finalized taping of her last episodes with the show in November 2012 . While Philbin briefly considered a return to the show , Cedric the Entertainer was introduced as her successor when season twelve premiered on September 2 , 2013 . On April 30 , 2014 , Deadline announced that Cedric had decided to leave the show in order to lighten his workload , resulting in him being succeeded by Terry Crews for the 2014 -- 15 season . Crews was succeeded by Chris Harrison , host of The Bachelor and its spin - offs , when season 14 premiered on September 14 , 2015 . </P> <H3> Production staff ( edit ) </H3> <P> The original executive producers of the U.S. Millionaire were British television producers Michael Davies and Paul Smith , the latter of whom undertook the responsibility of licensing Millionaire to American airwaves as part of his effort to transform the UK program into a global franchise . Smith served until 2007 and Davies until 2010 ; additionally , Leigh Hampton ( previously co-executive producer in the later days of the network version and in the syndicated version 's first two seasons ) served as an executive producer from 2004 to 2010 . Rich Sirop , who was previously a supervising producer , became the executive producer in 2010 and held that position until 2014 , when he left Millionaire to hold the same position with Vieira 's newly launched syndicated talk show , and was replaced by James Rowley . Vincent Rubino , who had previously been the syndicated Millionaire 's supervising producer for its first two seasons , served as that version 's co-executive producer for the 2004 -- 05 season , after which he was succeeded by Vieira herself , who continued to hold the title until her departure in 2013 ( sharing her position with Sirop for the 2009 -- 10 season ) . </P> <P> Producers of the network version included Hampton , Rubino , Leslie Fuller , Nikki Webber , and Terrence McDonnell . For its first two seasons the syndicated version had Deirdre Cossman for its managing producer , then Dennis F. McMahon became producer for the next two seasons ( joined by Dominique Bruballa as his line producer ) , after which Jennifer Weeks produced the next four seasons of syndicated Millionaire shows , initially accompanied by Amanda Zucker as her line producer , but later joined for the 2008 -- 09 season by Tommy Cody ( who became sole producer in the 2009 -- 10 season ) . The first 65 shuffle format episodes were produced by McPaul Smith , and as of 2011 , the title of producer is held by Bryan Lasseter . The network version had Ann Miller and Tiffany Trigg for its supervising producers ; they were joined by Wendy Roth in the first two seasons , and by Michael Binkow in the third and final season . After Rubino 's promotion to co-executive producer , the syndicated version 's later supervising producers included Sirop ( 2004 -- 09 ) , Geena Gintzig ( 2009 -- 10 ) , Brent Burnette ( 2010 -- 12 ) , Geoff Rosen ( 2012 -- 14 ) , and Liz Harris ( 2014 -- 16 ) , who currently serves as the co-executive producer . </P> <P> The original network version of Millionaire was directed by Mark Gentile , who later served as the syndicated version 's consulting producer for its first two seasons , and then as the director of Duel , which ran on ABC from December 2007 to July 2008 . The syndicated version was directed by Matthew Cohen from 2002 to 2010 , by Rob George from 2010 to 2013 , and by Brian McAloon in the 2013 -- 14 season . Former Price Is Right director Rich DiPirro became Millionaire 's director in 2014 . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> The U.S. version of Millionaire is a co-production of 2waytraffic , a division of Sony Pictures Entertainment , and Valleycrest Productions , a division of The Walt Disney Company . 2waytraffic purchased Millionaire 's original production company Celador in 2008 , while Valleycrest has produced the series since its beginning , and holds the copyright on all U.S. Millionaire episodes to date . The show is distributed by Valleycrest 's corporate sibling Disney - ABC Home Entertainment & Television Distribution ( previously known as Buena Vista Television ) . </P> <P> The U.S. Millionaire was taped at ABC 's Television Center East studio on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York from 1999 to 2012 . Tapings were moved to NEP Broadcasting 's Metropolis Studios in East Harlem in 2013 , and production moved to studios located in Stamford , Connecticut the following year . For the 2016 -- 17 season , production relocated to Bally 's Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas , Nevada . Episodes of the syndicated version are produced from June to December . The show originally taped four episodes in a single day , but that number has since been changed to five . </P> <H3> Origins ( edit ) </H3> <P> When the U.S. version of Millionaire was first conceived in 1998 , Michael Davies was a young television producer who was serving as the head of ABC 's little - noticed reality programming division ( at a time when reality television had not yet become a phenomenon in America ) . At that time , ABC was lingering in third place in the ratings indexes among U.S. broadcast networks , and was on the verge of losing its status as one of the `` Big Three '' networks . Meanwhile , the popularity of game shows was at an all - time nadir , as with the exception of The Price Is Right , the genre was absent from networks ' daytime lineups at that point . Having earlier created Debt for Lifetime Television and participated with Al Burton and Donnie Brainard in the creation of Win Ben Stein 's Money for Comedy Central , Davies decided to create a primetime game show that would save the network from collapse and revive interest in game shows . </P> <P> Davies originally considered reviving CBS 's long - lost quiz show The $64,000 Question for a new era , with a new home on ABC . However , this effort 's development was limited as when the producer heard that the British Millionaire was about to make its debut , he got his friends and family members in the UK to record the show , and subsequently ended up receiving about eight FedEx packages from different family members , each containing a copy of Millionaire 's first episode . Davies was so captivated by everything that he had seen and heard , from host Chris Tarrant 's intimate involvement with the contestant to the show 's lighting system and music tracks , that he chose to abandon his work on the $64,000 Question revival in favor of introducing Millionaire to American airwaves , convinced that it would become extraordinarily popular . </P> <P> When Davies presented his ideas for the U.S. Millionaire to ABC , the network 's executives initially rejected them , so he resigned his position there and became an independent producer . Determined to bring his idea for the show to fruition , Davies decided that he was betting his whole career on Millionaire 's production , and the first move that he made was planning to attach a celebrity host to the show . Along with Philbin , a number of other popular television personalities were considered for hosting positions on the U.S. Millionaire during its development , including Peter Jennings , Bob Costas , Phil Donahue , and Montel Williams , but among those considered , it was Philbin who wanted the job the most , and when he saw an episode of the British Millionaire and was blown away by his content , Davies and his team ultimately settled on having him host the American show . When Davies approached ABC again after having hired Philbin , the network finally agreed to accept the U.S. Millionaire . With production now ready to begin , the team had only five months to finish developing the show and get it launched , with Davies demanding perfection in every element of Millionaire 's production . </P> <H3> Audition process ( edit ) </H3> <P> With few exceptions , any legal resident of the United States who is 18 years of age or older has the potential of becoming a contestant through Millionaire 's audition process . Those ineligible include employees , immediate family or household members , and close acquaintances of SPE , Disney , or any of their respective affiliates or subsidiaries ; television stations that broadcast the syndicated version ; or any advertising agency or other firm or entity engaged in the production , administration , or judging of the show . Also ineligible are current candidates for political office and individuals who have appeared on a different game show outside of cable that has been broadcast within the past year , is intended to be broadcast within the next year , or played the main game on any of the U.S. versions of Millionaire itself . </P> <P> Potential contestants of the original primetime version had to compete in a telephone contest which had them dial a toll - free number and answer three questions by putting objects or events in order . Callers had ten seconds to enter the order on a keypad , with any incorrect answer ending the game / call . The 10,000 to 20,000 candidates who answered all three questions correctly were selected into a random drawing in which approximately 300 contestants competed for ten spots on the show using the same phone quiz method . Accommodations for contestants outside the New York City area included round trip airfare ( or other transportation ) and hotel accommodations . </P> <P> The syndicated version 's potential contestants , depending on tryouts , are required to pass an electronically scored test comprising a set of thirty questions which must be answered within a 10 - minute time limit . Contestants who fail the test are eliminated , while those who pass are interviewed for an audition by the production staff , and those who impress the staff the most are then notified by postal mail that they have been placed into a pool for possible selection as contestants . At the producers ' discretion , contestants from said pool are selected to appear on actual episodes of the syndicated program ; these contestants are given a phone call from staff and asked to confirm the information on their initial application form and verify that they meet all eligibility requirements . Afterwards , they are given a date to travel to the show 's taping facilities to participate in a scheduled episode of the show . Unlike its ABC counterpart , the syndicated version does not offer transportation or hotel accommodations to contestants at the production company 's expense ; that version 's contestants are instead required to provide transportation and accommodations of their own . </P> <P> The syndicated Millionaire also conducts open casting calls in various locations across the United States to search for potential contestants . These are held in late spring or early summer , with all dates and locations posted on the show 's official website . The producers make no guarantee on how many applicants will be tested at each particular venue ; however , the show will not test any more than 2,500 individuals per audition day . </P> <P> In cases when the show features themed episodes with two people playing as a team , auditions for these episodes ' contestants are announced on the show 's website . Both members of the team must pass the written test and the audition interview successfully in order to be considered for selection . If only one member of the team passes , he or she is placed into the contestant pool alone and must continue the audition process as an individual in order to proceed . </P> <H3> Music ( edit ) </H3> <P> Originally , the U.S. Millionaire carried over the musical score from the British version , composed by father - and - son duo Keith and Matthew Strachan . Unlike older game show musical scores , Millionaire 's musical score was created to feature music playing almost throughout the entire show . The Strachans ' main Millionaire theme song took some inspiration from the `` Mars '' movement of Gustav Holst 's The Planets , and their question cues from the $2,000 to the $32,000 / $25,000 level , and then from the $64,000 / $50,000 level onwards , took the pitch up a semitone for each subsequent question , in order to increase tension as the contestant progressed through the game . On GSN 's Gameshow Hall of Fame special , the narrator described the Strachan tracks as `` mimicking the sound of a beating heart , '' and stated that as the contestant worked their way up the money ladder , the music was `` perfectly in tune with their ever - increasing pulse . '' </P> <P> The original Millionaire musical score holds the distinction of being the only game show soundtrack to be acknowledged by the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers , as the Strachans were honored with numerous ASCAP awards for their work , the earliest of them awarded in 2000 . The original music cues were given minor rearrangements for the clock format in 2008 ; for example , the question cues were synced to the `` ticking '' sounds of the game clock . Even later , the Strachan score was removed from the U.S. version altogether for the introduction of the shuffle format in 2010 , in favor of a new musical score with cues written by Jeff Lippencott and Mark T. Williams , co-founders of the Los Angeles - based company Ah2 Music . </P> <H3> Set ( edit ) </H3> <P> The U.S. Millionaire 's basic set is a direct adaptation of the British version 's set design , which was conceived by Andy Walmsley . Paul Smith 's original licensing agreement for the U.S. Millionaire required that the show 's set design , along with all other elements of the show 's on - air presentation ( musical score , lighting system , host 's wardrobe , etc . ) , adhere faithfully to the way in which they were presented in the British version ; this same licensing agreement applied to all other international versions of the show , making Walmsley 's Millionaire set design the most reproduced scenic design in television history . The original version of the U.S. Millionaire 's set cost $200,000 to construct . The U.S. Millionaire 's production design is handled by George Allison , whose predecessors have included David Weller and Jim Fenhagen . </P> <P> Unlike older game shows whose sets are or were designed to make the contestant ( s ) feel at ease , Millionaire 's set was designed to make the contestant feel uncomfortable , so that the program feels more like a movie thriller than a typical quiz show . The floor is made of Plexiglas beneath which lies a huge dish covered in mirror paper . Before the shuffle format was implemented in 2010 , the main game had the contestant and host sit in chairs in the center of the stage , known as `` Hot Seats '' ; these measured 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) high , were modeled after chairs typically found in hair salons , and each seat featured a computer monitor directly facing it to display questions and other pertinent information . Shortly after the shuffle format was introduced to Millionaire , Vieira stated in an interview with her Millionaire predecessor on his morning talk show that the Hot Seat was removed because it was decided that the seat , which was originally intended to make the contestant feel nervous , actually ended up having contestants feel so comfortable in it that it did not service the production team any longer . </P> <P> The lighting system is programmed to darken the set as the contestant progresses further into the game . There are also spotlights situated at the bottom of the set area that zoom down on the contestant when they answer a major question ; to increase the visibility of the light beams emitted by such spotlights , oil is vaporized , creating a haze effect . Media scholar Dr. Robert Thompson , a professor at Syracuse University , stated that the show 's lighting system made the contestant feel as though they were outside of prison when an escape was in progress . </P> <P> When the shuffle format was introduced , the Hot Seats and corresponding monitors were replaced with a single podium , and as a result , the contestant and host stand throughout the game and are also able to walk around the stage . Also , two video screens were installed -- one that displays the current question in play , and another that displays the contestant 's cumulative total and progress during the game . In September 2012 , the redesigned set was improved with a modernized look and feel , in order to take into account the show 's transition to high - definition broadcasting , which had just come about the previous year . The two video screens were replaced with two larger ones , having twice as many projectors as the previous screens had ; the previous contestant podium was replaced with a new one ; and light - emitting diode ( LED ) technology was integrated into the lighting system to give the lights more vivid colors and the set and gameplay experience a more intimate feel . </P> <H2> Broadcast history ( edit ) </H2> <H3> ABC ( edit ) </H3> <P> The U.S. version of Millionaire was launched by ABC as a half - hour primetime program on August 16 , 1999 . When it premiered , it became the first U.S. network game show to offer a million - dollar top prize to contestants . After airing thirteen episodes and reaching an audience of 15 million viewers by the end of the show 's first week on the air , the program expanded to an hour - long format when it returned in November . The series , of which episodes were originally shown only a day after their initial taping , was promoted to regular status on January 18 , 2000 and , at the height of its popularity , was airing on ABC five nights a week . The show was so popular during its original primetime run that rival networks created or re-incarnated game shows of their own ( e.g. , Greed , Twenty One , etc . ) , as well as importing various game shows of British and Australian origin to America ( such as Winning Lines , Weakest Link , and It 's Your Chance of a Lifetime ) . </P> <P> The nighttime version initially drew in up to 30 million viewers a day three times a week , an unheard - of number in modern network television . In the 1999 -- 2000 season , it averaged No. 1 in the ratings against all other television shows , with 28,848,000 viewers . In the next season ( 2000 -- 01 ) , three nights out of the five weekly episodes placed in the top 10 . However , the show 's ratings began to fall during the 2000 -- 01 season , so that at the start of the 2001 -- 02 season , the ratings were only a fraction of what they had been one year before , and by season 's end , the show was no longer even ranked among the top 20 . ABC 's reliance on the show 's popularity led the network to fall quickly from its former spot as the nation 's most watched network . </P> <P> As ABC 's overexposure of the primetime Millionaire led the public to tire of the show , there was speculation that the show would not survive beyond the 2001 -- 02 season . The staff planned on switching it to a format that would emphasize comedy more than the game and feature a host other than Philbin , but in the end , the primetime show was canceled , with its final episode airing on June 27 , 2002 . </P> <H3> Syndication ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2001 , Millionaire producers began work on a half - hour daily syndicated version of the show , with the idea being that it would serve as an accompaniment to the network series which was still in production . ABC 's cancellation of the network Millionaire ended that idea ; however , the syndicated Millionaire still had enough interest to be greenlit and BVT sold the series to local stations for the 2002 -- 03 season . The syndicated series nearly met the same fate as its predecessor , however , due in part to worries that stemmed from a decision made by one of its affiliates . </P> <P> In the New York media market , BVT sold the syndicated Millionaire to CBS 's flagship station , WCBS - TV . In the season that had passed , WCBS ' mid-afternoon schedule included the syndicated edition of NBC 's Weakest Link , which aired at 4 pm from its January 2002 premiere . Joining Millionaire as a new syndicated series was a spinoff of The Oprah Winfrey Show hosted by Dr. Phil McGraw . WCBS picked up both series for 2002 -- 03 , with Dr. Phil serving as lead - in for the syndicated Millionaire , which was plugged into the time slot that Weakest Link had been occupying . </P> <P> At mid-season , WCBS announced that for the 2003 -- 04 season it had acquired the broadcast rights to The People 's Court after WNBC , which had been airing the revived series since its 1997 debut , dropped it from its lineup . WCBS announced plans to move The People 's Court into the time slot that was occupied by Millionaire and the still - airing 4 : 30 pm local newscast once it joined the station 's lineup in September 2003 . This led to speculation that the syndicated Millionaire would not be returning for a second season , and BVT 's concerns over losing its New York affiliate were compounded by the fact that there were not many time slots available for the show in New York outside of the undesirable late - night slots that syndicators try to avoid . </P> <P> In June 2003 , a shakeup at one of BVT 's corporate siblings provided the series with an opening . ABC announced that it would be returning the 12 : 30 pm network time slot to its affiliates in October of that year following the cancellation of the soap opera Port Charles . ABC 's flagship , WABC - TV , was thus in need of a program to fill the slot and BVT went to them asking if the station would pick up Millionaire . WABC agreed to do this and when the new season launched that fall , the station began airing Millionaire at 12 : 30 pm . Millionaire continued to air on WABC in the afternoon until the end of the 2014 -- 15 season , when it acquired the broadcast rights to FABLife for the 2015 -- 16 season . To make room for FABLife , the afternoon airing of Millionaire was moved to independent station WLNY - TV ; however , FABLife was canceled in January 2016 , and as a result , Millionaire moved back to WABC for the 2016 -- 17 season . </P> <P> According to e-mails released in the Sony Pictures Entertainment hack , Millionaire narrowly avoided cancellation after the 2014 -- 15 season . The show 's declining ratings prompted DADT to demand a dramatically reduced licensing fee for renewal , which SPE was hesitant to accept . The series was nonetheless renewed for the 2015 -- 16 season , with various cuts to the show 's production budget and a return to the original format ( but with only 14 questions ) . Had the show not been renewed , SPE would have placed the show on extended hiatus for three years , reclaimed full rights to the show ( without the innovations and format added in the syndicated run , to which DADT owns intellectual property rights ) , and shopped the revived show to another network or syndicator . In January 2017 , it was announced that Millionaire has been renewed through 2018 . </P> <H3> GSN ( edit ) </H3> <P> Game Show Network ( GSN ) acquired the rerun rights to the U.S. Millionaire in August 2003 . The network initially aired only episodes from the three seasons of the original prime - time run ; however , additional episodes were later added . These included the Super Millionaire spin - off , which aired on GSN from May 2005 to January 2007 , and the first two seasons of the syndicated version , which began airing on November 10 , 2008 . On December 4 , 2017 , GSN acquired the rerun rights to the Harrison episodes of Millionaire ( seasons fourteen and fifteen ) , which will begin airing December 18 , 2017 . </P> <H2> Special editions ( edit ) </H2> <P> Various special editions and tournaments have been conducted which feature celebrities playing the game and donating winnings to charities of their choice . During celebrity editions on the original ABC version , contestants were allowed to receive help from their fellow contestants during the first ten questions . The most successful celebrity contestants throughout the show 's run have included Drew Carey , Rosie O'Donnell , Norm Macdonald , and Chip Esten , all of whom won $500,000 for their respective charities . The episode featuring O'Donnell's $500,000 win averaged 36.1 million viewers , the highest number for a single episode of the show . </P> <P> There have also been special weeks featuring two or three family members or couples competing as a team , a `` Champions Edition '' where former big winners returned and split their winnings with their favorite charities , a `` Zero Dollar Winner Edition '' featuring contestants who previously missed one of the first - tier questions and left with nothing , and a `` Tax - Free Edition '' in which H&R Block calculated the taxes of winnings to allow contestants to earn stated winnings after taxes , and various theme weeks featuring college students , teachers , brides - to - be , etc. as contestants . Additionally , the syndicated version once featured an annual `` Walk In & Win Week '' with contestants who were randomly selected from the audience without having to take the audition test . </P> <P> Special weeks have also included shows featuring questions concerning specific topics , such as professional football , celebrity gossip , movies , and pop culture . During a week of episodes in November 2007 , to celebrate the 1,000 th episode of the syndicated Millionaire , all contestants that week started with $1,000 so that they could not leave empty - handed , and only had to answer ten questions to win $1,000,000 . During that week , twenty home viewers per day also won $1,000 each . </P> <H3> Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2004 , Philbin returned to host 12 episodes of a spin - off program titled Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire in which contestants could potentially win $10,000,000 . ABC aired five episodes of this spin - off during the week of February 22 , 2004 , and an additional seven episodes later that year in May . As usual , contestants had to answer a series of 15 multiple - choice questions of increasing difficulty , but the dollar values rose substantially . The first five questions for Super Millionaire were worth $1,000 , $2,000 , $3,000 , $4,000 , $5,000 ( the first safe haven ) , the remaining ten questions were worth $10,000 , $20,000 , $30,000 , $50,000 , $100,000 ( the second safe haven ) , $500,000 , $1,000,000 , $2,500,000 , $5,000,000 , and $10,000,000 . </P> <P> Contestants were given the standard three lifelines in place at the time ( 50 : 50 , Ask the Audience , and Phone - a-Friend ) at the beginning of the game . However , after correctly answering the $100,000 question , the contestant earned two additional lifelines : Three Wise Men and Double Dip . The Three Wise Men lifeline involved a panel of three experts , one of whom was always a former Millionaire contestant and at least one of whom was female . When this lifeline was used , the contestant and panel had 30 seconds to discuss the question and choices before the audio and video feeds were dropped . Double Dip gave a contestant two chances to answer a question . Once used , no further lifelines could be used ; moreover , if the `` first final answer '' was incorrect , the contestant could not walk away . If the `` second final answer '' was also wrong , the contestant left with $100,000 . </P> <H3> 10th Anniversary Celebration ( edit ) </H3> <P> To celebrate the tenth anniversary of Millionaire 's U.S. debut , the show returned to ABC primetime for an eleven - night event hosted by Philbin , which aired August 9 -- 23 , 2009 . The Academy Award - winning movie Slumdog Millionaire and the 2008 economic crisis helped boost interest of renewal of the game show . </P> <P> The episodes featured game play based on the previous rule set of the syndicated version ( including the rule changes implemented in season seven ) but used the Fastest Finger round to select contestants . Various celebrities also made special guest appearances at the end of every episode ; each guest played one question for a chance at $50,000 for a charity of their choice , being allowed to use any one of the four lifelines in place at the time ( Phone - a-Friend , Ask the Audience , Double Dip , and Ask the Expert ) , but still earned a minimum of $25,000 for the charity if they answered the question incorrectly . </P> <P> On August 18 , 2009 , New York City resident Nik Bonaddio appeared on the program , winning $100,000 with the help of the audience and later , Gwen Ifill as his lifelines . Bonaddio then used the proceeds to start the sports analytics firm numberFire , which was sold in September 2015 to FanDuel , a fantasy sports platform . </P> <P> The finale of the tenth anniversary special , which aired on August 23 , 2009 , featured Ken Basin , an entertainment lawyer , Harvard Law graduate , and former Jeopardy ! contestant , who went on to become the first contestant to play a $1,000,000 question in the `` clock format '' era . With a time of 4 : 39 ( 45 seconds + 3 : 54 banked time ) , Basin was given a question involving President Lyndon Baines Johnson 's fondness for Fresca . Using his one remaining lifeline , Basin asked the audience , which supported his own hunch of Yoo - hoo rather than the correct answer . He decided to answer the question and lost $475,000 , becoming the first contestant in the U.S. version to answer a $1,000,000 question incorrectly . After Basin finished his run , Vieira appeared on - camera and announced that all remaining Fastest Finger contestants would play with her on the first week of the syndicated version 's eighth season . After this , the million dollar question was not played again on a standard episode until September 25 , 2013 , when Josina Reaves became the second U.S. Millionaire contestant to incorrectly answer her $1,000,000 question , but only lost $75,000 as she used her Jump the Question lifelines on her $250,000 and $500,000 questions . </P> <H3> Million dollar tournament of ten ( edit ) </H3> <P> Although the syndicated Millionaire had produced two millionaires in its first season , Nancy Christy 's May 2003 win was still standing as the most recent when the program began its eighth season in fall of 2009 . Deciding that six - plus years had been too long since someone had won the top prize , producers conducted a tournament to find a third million dollar winner . For the first nine weeks of the 2009 -- 10 season , each episode saw contestants attempt to qualify for what was referred to as the `` Tournament of Ten '' . Contestants were seeded based on how much money they had won , with the biggest winner ranked first and the lowest ranked tenth . Ties were broken based on how much time a contestant had banked when they had walked away from the game . </P> <P> The tournament began on the episode aired November 9 , 2009 , and playing in order from the lowest to the highest seed , tournament contestants played one at a time at the end of that episode and the next nine . The rules were exactly the same as they were for a normal million dollar question under the clock format introduced the season before , except here , the contestants had no lifelines at their disposal . Each contestant received a base time of 45 seconds . For each question they had answered before walking away , the contestants received any unused seconds that were left when they gave their answers . The accumulated total of those unused seconds was then added to the base time to give the contestants their final question time limit . </P> <P> Each contestant had the same decision facing them as before , which was whether to attempt to answer the question or walk away with their pre-tournament total intact . Attempting the question and answering incorrectly incurred the same penalty as in regular play , with a reduction of their pre-tournament winnings to $25,000 . If the question was answered correctly , the player that did so became the tournament leader . If another player after him / her answered correctly , that player assumed the lead and the previous leader kept their pre-tournament winnings . The highest remaining seed to have attempted and correctly answered their question at the end of the tournament on November 20 , 2009 would be declared the winner and become the syndicated series ' third millionaire . </P> <P> The first contestant to attempt to answer the million dollar question was Sam Murray , the tournament 's eighth - seeded qualifier . On November 11 , Murray was asked approximately how many people had lived on Earth in its history and correctly guessed 100 billion . Murray was still atop the leaderboard entering the November 20 finale as he remained the only contestant to even attempt to answer his or her question . The only person who could defeat him was top seed and $250,000 winner Jehan Shamsid - Deen , who was asked a question regarding the Blorenge , cited as `` a rare example of a word that rhymes with orange '' . Shamsid - Deen considered taking the risk , believing ( correctly ) that the name belonged to a mountain in Wales . However , she decided that the potential of losing $225,000 did not justify the risk and elected to walk away from the question , giving Murray the win and the million dollar prize . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Since its introduction to the United States , Who Wants to Be a Millionaire has been credited with not only single - handedly reviving the game show genre , but also breaking new ground for it . The series revolutionized the look and feel of game shows with its unique lighting system , dramatic music cues , and futuristic set . The show also became one of the highest - rated and most popular game shows in U.S. television history , and has been credited with paving the way for the rise of the reality TV phenomenon to prominence throughout the 2000s . </P> <P> The U.S. Millionaire also made catchphrases out of various lines used on the show . In particular , `` Is that your final answer ? '' , asked by Millionaire 's hosts whenever a contestant 's answer needs to be verified , was popularized by Philbin during his tenure as host , and was also included on TV Land 's special `` 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catch Phrases '' , which aired in 2006 . Meanwhile , during his tenure as host , Cedric signed off shows with a catchphrase of his own , `` Watch yo ' wallet ! '' </P> <P> The original primetime version of the U.S. Millionaire won two Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show in 2000 and 2001 . Philbin was honored with a Daytime Emmy in the category of Outstanding Game Show Host in 2001 , while Vieira received one in 2005 , and another in 2009 . TV Guide ranked the U.S. Millionaire # 7 on its 2001 list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time , and later ranked it # 6 on its 2013 `` 60 Greatest Game Shows '' list . GSN ranked Millionaire # 5 on its August 2006 list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time , and later honored the show in January 2007 on its only Gameshow Hall of Fame special . </P> <H2> Other Media ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Merchandise ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2000 , Pressman released two board game adaptions of Millionaire as well as a junior edition recommended for younger players . Several video games based on the varying gameplay formats of Millionaire have also been released throughout the course of the show 's U.S. history . </P> <P> Between 1999 and 2001 , Jellyvision produced five video game adaptations based upon the original primetime series for personal computers and Sony 's PlayStation console , all of them featuring Philbin 's likeness and voice . The first of these adaptations was published by Disney Interactive , while the later four were published by Buena Vista Interactive which had just been spun off from DI when it reestablished itself in attempts to diversify its portfolio . Of the five games , three featured general trivia questions , one was sports - themed , and another was a `` Kids Edition '' featuring easier questions . In 2008 , Imagination Games released a DVD version of the show , based on the 2004 -- 08 format and coming complete with Vieira 's likeness and voice , as well as a quiz book and a 2009 desktop calendar . Additionally , two Millionaire video games were released by Ludia in conjunction with Ubisoft in 2010 and 2011 ; the first of these was a game for Nintendo 's Wii console and DS handheld system based on the clock format , while the second , for Microsoft 's Xbox 360 , was based on the shuffle format . </P> <P> Ludia has also created a Facebook game based on Millionaire , which debuted on March 21 , 2011 . This game features an altered version of the shuffle format , condensing the number of questions to twelve -- eight in round one , and four in round two . A contestant can compete against eight other Millionaire fans in round one , and play round two alone if they make it into the top three . There is no `` final answer '' rule ; the contestant 's responses are automatically locked in . Answering a question correctly earns a contestant the value of that question , multiplied by the number of people who responded incorrectly . Contestants are allowed to use two of their Facebook friends as Jump the Question lifelines in round one , and to use the Ask the Audience lifeline in round two to invite up to 50 such friends of theirs to answer a question for a portion of the prize money of the current question . </P> <H3> Disney parks attraction ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire -- Play It ! The building that housed the Californian version , shown here after its 2004 closure <P> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire -- Play It ! was an attraction at the Disney 's Hollywood Studios theme park ( when it was known as Disney - MGM Studios ) at the Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando , Florida and at Disney California Adventure Park in Anaheim , California . Both the Florida and California Play It ! attractions opened in 2001 ; the California version closed in 2004 , and the Florida version closed in 2006 and was replaced by Toy Story Midway Mania ! </P> <P> The format in the Play It ! attraction was very similar to that of the television show that inspired it . When a show started , a `` Fastest Finger '' question was given , and the audience was asked to put the four answers in order ; the person with the fastest time was the first contestant in the Hot Seat for that show . However , the main game had some differences : for example , contestants competed for points rather than dollars , the questions were set to time limits , and the Phone - a-Friend lifeline became Phone a Complete Stranger which connected the contestant to a Disney cast member outside the attraction 's theater who would find a guest to help . After the contestant 's game was over , they were awarded anything from a collectible pin , to clothing , to a Millionaire CD game , to a 3 - night Disney Cruise . </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The simplified title is often used by hosts and in promotional materials . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ To qualify for 2004 's Super Millionaire spin - off , potential contestants were required to answer five questions . Each person who successfully answered all five questions chose one tape date , and the contestants for that tape date were drawn from that pool . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . Gameshow Hall of Fame . GSN . January 21 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Syndicated Version original rules '' . Valleycrest Productions , Ltd. and Buena Vista Television . June 28 , 2002 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2002 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Official Rules ( Season 13 ) '' . dadt.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The New Season of `` Millionaire '' is a Real Game - Changer `` . Disney - ABC Domestic Television . August 16 , 2010 . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire primetime on WCHS - TV8 '' . wchstv.com . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2012 . Retrieved April 18 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Network Version Rules '' . Valleycrest Productions and Buena Vista Television . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2000 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( TV Series ) ( 2002 ) '' . Blockbuster . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved April 18 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ' Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ' Kicks Off Seventh Season by Introducing New Changes to the Game , Creating New Levels of Excitement , Emotional Drama and Heart - Pounding Tension for Both Viewers and Contestants '' . The Futon Critic . August 18 , 2008 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller , Trisha ( October 22 , 2009 ) . `` '' Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' to Add Celebrity Questions `` . Reuters . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 18 , 2014 ) . `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire Season 13 With New Host Terry Crews to Premiere Monday , September 8 '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . Season 8 . Episode 6 . September 14 , 2009 . Syndicated . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire : Official Rules ( Archive ) '' . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . Season 8 . Episode 66 . January 11 , 2010 . Syndicated . Vieira : `` For the sake of the audience here ( in the studio ) and the audience at home , there has been a slight change in gameplay that I want to explain to you folks . On the board , we no longer have Phone - a-Friend as a lifeline . Now , I want to explain to you why . Technology has changed , as you know , over the years and we feel that it has compromised the integrity of that lifeline and the ( original ) intent ( thereof ) , because often when a contestant calls somebody , a friend at home , who do they get ? They get Mr. Internet , and we feel that it is n't fair that some people have access to a computer and some do n't , because the game is really not about that ; it 's about what 's inside somebody 's head . '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Grosvenor , Carrie . `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Ask the Expert Lifeline '' . About.com . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2010 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` America Online and Buena Vista Television Break New Ground by Expanding ' Ask the Audience ' Lifeline beyond the ' Millionaire ' Studio via Instant Messaging '' . Business Wire . August 23 , 2004 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` ' Who Wants to be a Millionaire ' Celebrates Halloween With an Added `` Crystal Ball '' Lifeline , A Spooky Set Makeover and a Contestant in Drag `` . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2012 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . Season 14 . Episode 21 . September 28 , 2015 . Syndicated . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Taxman scoops a million '' . BBC News . November 21 , 1999 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire Makeovers ! '' . People . Vol. 54 no . 20 . Time Inc . November 13 , 2000 . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Double jackpot winner on US Millionaire '' . BBC News . April 11 , 2001 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaplan , Don ( April 16 , 2001 ) . `` Improbably , Millionaire Strikes Again '' . New York Post . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Berr , Jonathan ( September 29 , 2010 ) . `` Million Dollar Game Show Winners : What Happens After the Money Comes In '' . Aol.com . Daily Finance . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . Season 3 . Episode 1 . September 7 , 2001 . ABC . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Levin , Gary ( February 24 , 2004 ) . `` Millionaire could be ABC 's Interim Answer '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ' Pulls Out All the Stops for November Sweeps '' . The Futon Critic . October 27 , 2004 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Grosvenor , Carrie . `` ' Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ' Tournament of Ten Results '' . ThoughtCo . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weprin , Alex ( April 22 , 2009 ) . `` Who Wants To Be a Millionaire ? Returning To ABC '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2012 . Retrieved April 18 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Daytime ' Millionaire ' Considered '' . ABC News . June 8 , 2001 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire Kicks Off Coast to Coast Bus Tour '' . BusinessWire . July 23 , 2002 . The weekday version of Who Wants To Be A Millionaire , featuring Meredith Vieira as host , premieres on Monday , September 16 in nationwide syndication . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 10 , 2013 ) . `` Meredith Vieira Leaving Syndicated `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' Series `` . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 25 , 2009 ) . `` Regis Philbin Hosts Daytime Millionaire November 30 -- December 4 '' . TV By the Numbers ( Press release ) . Zap2it . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Al Roker Fills in on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , 1st Contestant from Jacksonville '' . First Coast News . Gannett Company . March 5 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tom Bergeron Net Worth '' . The Richest . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Folkerth , Kathleen ( July 12 , 2007 ) . `` Resident Takes Turn in Millionaire Hot Seat '' . Akron.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nachman , Laura ( March 4 , 2008 ) . `` Former Good Day Philadelphia Host Dave Price Subs on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . Philly TV and Radio . 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The Huffington Post . March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cedric The Entertainer To Succeed Meredith Vieira As Host Of Syndicated Who Wants To Be A Millionaire '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` ' Who Wants To Be Millionaire ' Host Cedric The Entertainer To Depart '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Terry Crews Named New Host of Who Wants To Be A Millionaire '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 13 April 2015 ) . `` Chris Harrison Named New Host Of ' Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ' , Replacing Terry Crews '' . deadline.com . 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Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings 2001 -- 2002 '' . fbibler.chez.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( November 29 , 2001 ) . `` ABC 's Millionaire May Not Survive Beyond the Current Season '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : ABC Game Show Returning to primetime '' . TV Series Finale. April 22 , 2009 . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( June 20 , 2001 ) . `` TV Notes : Games to Clash on Syndication '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pendleton , Jennifer ( May 13 , 2002 ) . `` ' Dr. Phil , ' ' Millionaire , ' ' John Walsh ' arrive , but heat factor is lacking '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire poorer in N.Y '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Highbeam Business . December 2 , 2002 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Millionaire nabs key slots in syndication '' . The Hollywood Reporter . September 2 , 2003 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2003 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Local Listings '' . Millionaire TV . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anotado , Cory ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` Millionaire re-introduces ladder format for 2015 season '' . Buzzerblog . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anotado , Cory ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` What Millionaire Needed to Stay On The Air '' . Buzzerblog . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross . `` ' Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ' & ' RightThisMinute ' Renewed For Syndication On ABC Stations Through 2018 '' . Deadline . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brennan , Steve ( September 23 , 2003 ) . `` GSN Wins Millionaire Rerun Rights '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . 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Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moraski , Lauren ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Chip Esten on Nashville Finale , Show 's Future '' . CBS News . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Huff , Richard ( May 5 , 2000 ) . `` Starstruck Millionaire : Celebrity Specials Win Show its Best Ratings Ever '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Season Premiere '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : Walk in and Win '' . dadt.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire , and Host Meredith Vieira , Celebrate 1,000 Episodes by Giving $100,000 Away to Home Viewers ! '' . Marketwired . October 23 , 2007 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire Returns With A Hollywood Makeover '' . AccessHollywood.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : 10th Anniversary Celebration . Episode 6 . August 18 , 2009 . ABC . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` numberFire : Moneyball for Fantasy Football Leagues '' . FastCompany.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : 10th Anniversary Celebration . Episode 11 . August 23 , 2009 . ABC . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . Season 12 . Episode 18 . September 25 , 2013 . Syndicated . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . Season 8 . Episode 1 . September 7 , 2009 . Syndicated . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ' Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ' Tournament of Ten '' . about.com . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2009 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Star Ledger . December 11 , 2006 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Meredith Vieira biography '' . www.hollywood.com . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2008 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Names the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time '' . TV Guide . February 2 , 2001 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` Eyes on the Prize '' . TV Guide . pp. 14 -- 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time . August 31 , 2006 . GSN . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( 2nd Edition ) '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Junior '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( 1999 ) '' . IGN . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Second Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? 3rd Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Sports Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Kids Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : DVD Game '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Millionaire : Quiz Book '' . Barnes & Noble . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Millionaire 2009 Desktop Calendar '' . Desk Calendar Pad . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ubisoft Releases Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Video Game for Wii and DS '' . IGN . October 6 , 2010 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? 2012 Edition '' . GameFAQs . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shaul , Brandy ( April 7 , 2011 ) . `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire now on Facebook : Compete with others for virtual riches '' . AOL . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shaffer , Joshua C. ( 2010 ) . Discovering the Magic Kingdom : An Unofficial Disneyland Vacation Guide . Author House . p. 207 . ISBN 9781452063133 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marx , Jennifer and Dave ( December 29 , 2006 ) . `` Who Wants to Be a Winner ? Passport Tips for Who Wants to Be a Millionaire -- Play It ! '' . PassPorter.com . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Fisher , David ; Davies , Michael P. ( 2000 ) . Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : The Official Book from the Hit TV Show . Cader Books . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8577 - 7 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( US -- 1999 -- 2002 ) on IMDb </Li> <Li> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire at TV.com </Li> <Li> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( US -- current ) on IMDb </Li> <Li> Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire ( US ) on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Win Ben Stein 's Money </Td> <Td> Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show 2000 -- 2001 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Jeopardy ! </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Password ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Hollywood Squares ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Family Feud ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Hollywood Squares ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Hollywood Squares ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Hollywood Squares / The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Password Plus ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> The Price Is Right ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Jeopardy ! ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Jeopardy ! ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Jeopardy ! ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Jeopardy ! ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Jeopardy ! ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Jeopardy ! ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Price Is Right ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> The Price Is Right ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Jeopardy ! ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Win Ben Stein 's Money ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Jeopardy ! ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Jeopardy ! ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> The Price Is Right ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Jeopardy ! ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Jeopardy ! ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> The Price Is Right ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Cash Cab ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Cash Cab ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Cash Cab ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jeopardy ! / Wheel of Fortune ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Jeopardy ! ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> The Price Is Right ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Jeopardy ! ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Jeopardy ! ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The Price Is Right ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Jeopardy ! ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Nielsen Media Research top - rated United States network television show </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1950s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 50 -- 51 : Texaco Star Theater </Li> <Li> 51 -- 52 : Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts </Li> <Li> 52 -- 53 , 53 -- 54 , 54 -- 55 : I Love Lucy </Li> <Li> 55 -- 56 : The $64,000 Question </Li> <Li> 56 -- 57 : I Love Lucy </Li> <Li> 57 -- 58 , 58 -- 59 , 59 -- 60 : Gunsmoke </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1960s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 60 -- 61 : Gunsmoke </Li> <Li> 61 -- 62 : Wagon Train </Li> <Li> 62 -- 63 , 63 -- 64 : The Beverly Hillbillies ( S1 , S2 ) </Li> <Li> 64 -- 65 , 65 -- 66 , 66 -- 67 : Bonanza </Li> <Li> 67 -- 68 : The Andy Griffith Show ( S8 ) </Li> <Li> 68 -- 69 , 69 -- 70 : Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 70 -- 71 : Marcus Welby , M.D. </Li> <Li> 71 -- 72 , 72 -- 73 , 73 -- 74 , 74 -- 75 , 75 -- 76 : All in the Family ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 , S6 ) </Li> <Li> 76 -- 77 : Happy Days ( S4 ) </Li> <Li> 77 -- 78 , 78 -- 79 : Laverne & Shirley ( S3 , S4 ) </Li> <Li> 79 -- 80 : 60 Minutes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 80 -- 81 , 81 -- 82 : Dallas ( S4 , S5 ) </Li> <Li> 82 -- 83 : 60 Minutes </Li> <Li> 83 -- 84 : Dallas ( S7 ) </Li> <Li> 84 -- 85 : Dynasty </Li> <Li> 85 -- 86 , 86 -- 87 , 87 -- 88 , 88 -- 89 : The Cosby Show ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 ) </Li> <Li> 89 -- 90 : Roseanne ( S2 ) / The Cosby Show ( S6 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 90 -- 91 : Cheers ( S9 ) </Li> <Li> 91 -- 92 , 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 : 60 Minutes </Li> <Li> 94 -- 95 : Seinfeld ( S6 ) </Li> <Li> 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 : ER ( S2 , S3 ) </Li> <Li> 97 -- 98 : Seinfeld ( S9 ) </Li> <Li> 98 -- 99 : ER ( S5 ) </Li> <Li> 99 -- 2000 : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 00 -- 01 : Survivor ( S2 - AO ) </Li> <Li> 01 -- 02 : Friends ( S8 ) </Li> <Li> 02 -- 03 , 03 -- 04 , 04 -- 05 , : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( S3 , S4 , S5 ) </Li> <Li> 05 -- 06 , 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 09 -- 10 : American Idol ( S5 , S6 , S7 , S8 , S9 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 10 -- 11 : American Idol ( S10 ) </Li> <Li> 11 - 12 : NBC Sunday Night Football </Li> <Li> 12 - 13 : NCIS ( S10 ) </Li> <Li> 13 - 14 , 14 - 15 , 15 - 16 , 16 -- 17 : NBC Sunday Night Football </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Wants_to_Be_a_Millionaire_(U.S._game_show)&oldid=814735284 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1990s American television series </Li> <Li> 1999 American television series debuts </Li> <Li> 2000s American television series </Li> <Li> 2010s American television series </Li> <Li> American Broadcasting Company network shows </Li> <Li> American game shows </Li> <Li> American television series based on British television series </Li> <Li> Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show winners </Li> <Li> English - language television programs </Li> <Li> First - run syndicated television programs in the United States </Li> <Li> Television shows filmed in New York ( state ) </Li> <Li> Nielsen ratings winners </Li> <Li> Quiz shows </Li> <Li> Television series by Disney -- ABC Domestic Television </Li> <Li> Television series by Sony Pictures Television </Li> <Li> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages containing links to subscription - only content </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from June 2013 </Li> <Li> Good articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 16 : 28 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Rivers State ministry of Education - wikipedia <H1> Rivers State ministry of Education </H1> <Table> Rivers State Ministry of Education <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Ministry overview </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jurisdiction </Th> <Td> Government of Rivers State </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> 7th Floor , State Secretariat Port Harcourt , Rivers State , Nigeria 4 ° 46 ′ 24 '' N 7 ° 0 ′ 57 '' E / 4.77333 ° N 7.01583 ° E / 4.77333 ; 7.01583 Coordinates : 4 ° 46 ′ 24 '' N 7 ° 0 ′ 57 '' E / 4.77333 ° N 7.01583 ° E / 4.77333 ; 7.01583 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ministry executives </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kaniye Ebeku , Commissioner </Li> <Li> Dr. Pat Wudhiga Ogbonnaya , Permanent Secretary </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> ministryofeducationriversstate.com.ng </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Rivers State Ministry of Education is a ministry of the Government of Rivers State of Nigeria , created to encourage development of education in the state . The ministry is tasked with the formulation of policies for promoting and realizing effective educational standards , and practices similar to those of other jurisdictions . The ministry is headquartered at the 7th Floor of the State Secretariat Complex in Port Harcourt . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 List of Commissioners </Li> <Li> 2 Awards </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> List of Commissioners ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Kaniye Ebeku ( 2015 -- ) </Li> <Li> Alice Lawrence Nemi ( 2009 -- 15 ) </Li> <Li> Ngozi Odu ( 2003 -- 07 ) </Li> <Li> Allwell Onyesoh ( 1999 -- 03 ) </Li> <Li> Celestine Omehia ( 1992 -- 93 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> Some of the awards won by the ministry include : </P> <Ul> <Li> ANCOPSS Award </Li> <Li> Time News Leadership Gold Award </Li> <Li> Babs Fafunwa Education Prize </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Government of Rivers State </Li> <Li> Rivers State Ministry of Health </Li> <Li> Universal Basic Education Board </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rivers Education Ministry Wins Babs Fatunwa 's Prize '' . The Tide. Port Harcourt : Rivers State Newspaper Corporation . 12 March 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rivers to inaugurate model schools '' . The Punch. 12 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2014 . Retrieved 20 December 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Government ministries of Rivers State </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Agriculture </Li> <Li> Budget and Economic Planning </Li> <Li> Chieftaincy and Community Affairs </Li> <Li> Commerce and Industry </Li> <Li> Culture and Tourism </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Energy and Natural Resources </Li> <Li> Employment Generation and Empowerment </Li> <Li> Environment </Li> <Li> Finance </Li> <Li> Health </Li> <Li> Housing </Li> <Li> Information and Communications </Li> <Li> Justice </Li> <Li> Lands and Survey </Li> <Li> Local Government Affairs </Li> <Li> Power </Li> <Li> Social Welfare and Rehabilitation </Li> <Li> Special Duties </Li> <Li> Sports </Li> <Li> Transport </Li> <Li> Urban Development </Li> <Li> Water Resources and Rural Development </Li> <Li> Women Affairs </Li> <Li> Works </Li> <Li> Youth Development </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rivers_State_Ministry_of_Education&oldid=837217640 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Government ministries of Rivers State </Li> <Li> Education ministries </Li> <Li> Education in Rivers State </Li> <Li> Rivers State Ministry of Education </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Coordinates not on Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 13 : 11 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Education in Germany - wikipedia <H1> Education in Germany </H1> Sign of different coexisting school types on a school complex in Germany The Evangelical Seminaries of Maulbronn and Blaubeuren ( picture showing church and courtyard ) form a combined Gymnasium and boarding school <P> The responsibility for the education system in Germany lies primarily with the states ( Länder ) , while the federal government plays a minor role . Optional Kindergarten ( nursery school ) education is provided for all children between one and six years old , after which school attendance is compulsory . The system varies throughout Germany because each state ( Land ) decides its own educational policies . Most children , however , first attend Grundschule from the age of six to eleven . </P> <P> German secondary education includes five types of school . The Gymnasium is designed to prepare pupils for higher education and finishes with the final examination Abitur , after grade 12 or 13 . The Realschule has a broader range of emphasis for intermediate pupils and finishes with the final examination Mittlere Reife , after grade 10 ; the Hauptschule prepares pupils for vocational education and finishes with the final examination Hauptschulabschluss , after grade 9 and the Realschulabschluss after grade 10 . There are two types of grade 10 : one is the higher level called type 10b and the lower level is called type 10a ; only the higher - level type 10b can lead to the Realschule and this finishes with the final examination Mittlere Reife after grade 10b . This new path of achieving the Realschulabschluss at a vocationally oriented secondary school was changed by the statutory school regulations in 1981 -- with a one - year qualifying period . During the one - year qualifying period of the change to the new regulations , pupils could continue with class 10 to fulfil the statutory period of education . After 1982 , the new path was compulsory , as explained above . </P> <P> Other than this , there is the Gesamtschule , which combines the Hauptschule , Realschule and Gymnasium . There are also Förder - or Sonderschulen . One in 21 pupils attends a Förderschule . Nevertheless , the Förder - or Sonderschulen can also lead , in special circumstances , to a Hauptschulabschluss of both type 10a or type 10b , the latter of which is the Realschulabschluss . The amount of extracurricular activity is determined individually by each school and varies greatly . </P> <P> Many of Germany 's hundred or so institutions of higher learning charge little or no tuition by international comparison . Students usually must prove through examinations that they are qualified . </P> <P> In order to enter university , students are , as a rule , required to have passed the Abitur examination ; since 2009 , however , those with a Meisterbrief ( master craftsman 's diploma ) have also been able to apply . Those wishing to attend a `` university of applied sciences '' must , as a rule , have Abitur , Fachhochschulreife , or a Meisterbrief . If lacking those qualifications , pupils are eligible to enter a university or university of applied sciences if they can present additional proof that they will be able to keep up with their fellow students through a Begabtenprüfung or Hochbegabtenstudium ( which is a test confirming excellence and above average intellectual ability ) . </P> <P> A special system of apprenticeship called Duale Ausbildung allows pupils on vocational courses to do in - service training in a company as well as at a state school . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Prussian era </Li> <Li> 1.2 German Empire </Li> <Li> 1.3 Weimar Republic </Li> <Li> 1.4 Nazi Germany </Li> <Li> 1.5 East Germany </Li> <Li> 1.6 West Germany </Li> <Li> 1.7 Federal Republic of Germany </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Overview <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Literacy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Preschool </Li> <Li> 4 Primary education <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Homeschooling </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Secondary education <Ul> <Li> 5.1 School organization </Li> <Li> 5.2 School year </Li> <Li> 5.3 Timetables </Li> <Li> 5.4 Public and private schools </Li> <Li> 5.5 Special schools </Li> <Li> 5.6 Elite schools </Li> <Li> 5.7 International schools </Li> <Li> 5.8 International comparisons </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Apprenticeship </Li> <Li> 7 Tertiary education <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Types of universities <Ul> <Li> 7.1. 1 Universitäten </Li> <Li> 7.1. 2 Fachhochschulen ( Universities of Applied Sciences ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.2 Admission <Ul> <Li> 7.2. 1 University entrance qualification </Li> <Li> 7.2. 2 Admissions procedure </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.3 Tuition fees </Li> <Li> 7.4 Students </Li> <Li> 7.5 Degrees </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Research <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Organizations funding research </Li> <Li> 8.2 National libraries </Li> <Li> 8.3 Research institutes </Li> <Li> 8.4 Prizes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Determinants of academic attainment <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Gender </Li> <Li> 9.2 Socioeconomic factors </Li> <Li> 9.3 Studies </Li> <Li> 9.4 Children </Li> <Li> 9.5 Working class pupils </Li> <Li> 9.6 Contemporary issues </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Prussian era ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Prussian education system <P> Historically , Lutheranism had a strong influence on German culture , including its education . Martin Luther advocated compulsory schooling so that all people would independently be able to read and interpret the Bible . This concept became a model for schools throughout Germany . German public schools generally have religious education provided by the churches in cooperation with the state ever since . </P> <P> During the 18th century , the Kingdom of Prussia was among the first countries in the world to introduce free and generally compulsory primary education , consisting of an eight - year course of basic education , Volksschule . It provided not only the skills needed in an early industrialized world ( reading , writing , and arithmetic ) but also a strict education in ethics , duty , discipline and obedience . Children of affluent parents often went on to attend preparatory private schools for an additional four years , but the general population had virtually no access to secondary education and universities . </P> <P> In 1810 , after the Napoleonic wars , Prussia introduced state certification requirements for teachers , which significantly raised the standard of teaching . The final examination , Abitur , was introduced in 1788 , implemented in all Prussian secondary schools by 1812 and extended to all of Germany in 1871 . The state also established teacher training colleges for prospective teachers in the common or elementary grades . </P> <H3> German Empire ( edit ) </H3> Gymnasium pupils in 1904 <P> When the German Empire was formed in 1871 , the school system became more centralized . In 1872 , Prussia recognized the first separate secondary schools for females . As learned professions demanded well - educated young people , more secondary schools were established , and the state claimed the sole right to set standards and to supervise the newly established schools . </P> <P> Four different types of secondary schools developed : </P> <Ul> <Li> A nine - year classical Gymnasium ( including study of Latin and Classical Greek or Hebrew , plus one modern language ) ; </Li> <Li> A nine - year Realgymnasium ( focusing on Latin , modern languages , science and mathematics ) ; </Li> <Li> A six - year Realschule ( without university entrance qualification , but with the option of becoming a trainee in one of the modern industrial , office or technical jobs ) ; and </Li> <Li> A nine - year Oberrealschule ( focusing on modern languages , science and mathematics ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> By the turn of the 20th century , the four types of schools had achieved equal rank and privilege , although they did not have equal prestige . </P> <H3> Weimar Republic ( edit ) </H3> Classroom furniture from 1900 ( left ) to 1985 ( right ) <P> After World War I , the Weimar Republic established a free , universal four - year elementary school ( Grundschule ) . Most pupils continued at these schools for another four - year course . Those who were able to pay a small fee went on to a Mittelschule that provided a more challenging curriculum for an additional one or two years . Upon passing a rigorous entrance exam after year four , pupils could also enter one of the four types of secondary school . </P> <H3> Nazi Germany ( edit ) </H3> See also : Nazi university <P> During the Nazi era ( 1933 -- 1945 ) , teaching of National Socialist ideology was integrated into the school system , however the basic education system remained unchanged . The Hitler Youth accepted students aged 7 - 18 , and education often focused more on Nazism and Nazi - related activities , rather than traditional academic subjects . Children who were not interested in learning about Nazism would automatically have all other aspects of their education suffer , and risk never graduating from school . </P> <H3> East Germany ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Education in East Germany <P> The German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) started its own standardized education system in the 1960s . The East German equivalent of both primary and secondary schools was the Polytechnic Secondary School ( Polytechnische Oberschule ) , which all students attended for 10 years , from the ages of 6 to 16 . At the end of the 10th year , an exit examination was set . Depending upon the results , a pupil could choose to come out of education or undertake an apprenticeship for an additional two years , followed by an Abitur . Those who performed very well and displayed loyalty to the ruling party could change to the Erweiterte Oberschule ( extended high school ) , where they could take their Abitur examinations after 12 school years . Although this system was abolished in the early 1990s after reunification , it continues to influence school life in the eastern German states . </P> <H3> West Germany ( edit ) </H3> Pupils of the Gymnasium Nonnenwerth , an all - girls Catholic school in 1960 <P> After World War II , the Allied powers ( Soviet Union , France , United Kingdom , and the U.S. ) ensured that Nazi ideology was eliminated from the curriculum . They installed educational systems in their respective occupation zones that reflected their own ideas . When West Germany gained partial independence in 1949 , its new constitution ( Grundgesetz ) granted educational autonomy to the state ( Länder ) governments . This led to widely varying school systems , often making it difficult for children to continue schooling whilst moving between states . </P> <P> Multi-state agreements ensure that basic requirements are universally met by all state school systems . Thus , all children are required to attend one type of school ( five or six days a week ) from the age of 6 to the age of 16 . A pupil may change schools in the case of exceptionally good ( or exceptionally poor ) ability . Graduation certificates from one state are recognized by all the other states . Qualified teachers are able to apply for posts in any of the states . </P> <H3> Federal Republic of Germany ( edit ) </H3> <P> Since the 1990s , a few changes have been taking place in many schools : </P> <Ul> <Li> Introduction of bilingual education in some subjects </Li> <Li> Experimentation with different styles of teaching </Li> <Li> Equipping all schools with computers and Internet access </Li> <Li> Creation of local school philosophy and teaching goals ( `` Schulprogramm '' ) , to be evaluated regularly </Li> <Li> Reduction of Gymnasium school years ( Abitur after grade 12 ) and introduction of afternoon periods as in many other western countries </Li> </Ul> <P> After 2000 much public debate about Germany 's perceived low international ranking in Programme for International Student Assessment ( PISA ) there has been a trend towards a less ideological discussion on how to develop schools . These are some of the new trends : </P> <Ul> <Li> Establishing federal standards on quality of teaching </Li> <Li> More practical orientation in teacher training </Li> <Li> Transfer of some responsibility from the Ministry of Education to local school </Li> </Ul> <H2> Overview ( edit ) </H2> Overview over German school system <P> In Germany , education is the responsibility of the states ( Länder ) and part of their constitutional sovereignty ( Kulturhoheit der Länder ) . Teachers are employed by the Ministry of Education for the state and usually have a job for life after a certain period ( verbeamtet ) ( which , however , is not comparable in timeframe nor competitiveness to the typical tenure track , e.g. at universities in the US ) . This practice depends on the state and is currently changing . A parents ' council is elected to voice the parents ' views to the school 's administration . Each class elects one or two `` Klassensprecher '' ( class presidents ; if two are elected usually one is male and the other female ) , who meet several times a year as the `` Schülerrat '' ( students ' council ) . </P> <P> A team of school presidents is also elected by the pupils each year , whose main purpose is organizing school parties , sports tournaments and the like for their fellow students . The local town is responsible for the school building and employs the janitorial and secretarial staff . For an average school of 600 -- 800 students , there may be two janitors and one secretary . School administration is the responsibility of the teachers , who receive a reduction in their teaching hours if they participate . </P> <P> Church and state are separated in Germany . Compulsory school prayers and compulsory attendance at religious services at state schools are against the constitution . ( It is expected , though , to stand politely for the school prayer even if one does not pray along . ) In 1995 , it was ruled that the Christian cross was not allowed in classrooms , as it violates the religious freedom of non-Christian students . The cross is allowed if none of the pupils object , but must be removed in the event of an objection . Some German states have banned teachers from wearing headscarves . </P> <H3> Literacy ( edit ) </H3> <P> Over 99 % of Germans age 15 and above are estimated to be able to read and write . </P> <H2> Pre-school ( edit ) </H2> A forest kindergarten in Düsseldorf <P> The German preschool is known as a Kindergarten ( plural Kindergärten ) or Kita , short for Kindertagesstätte ( meaning `` children 's daycare center '' ) . Children between the ages of 2 and 6 attend Kindergärten , which are not part of the school system . They are often run by city or town administrations , churches , or registered societies , many of which follow a certain educational approach as represented , e.g. , by Montessori or Reggio Emilia or `` Berliner Bildungsprogramm '' , etc . Forest kindergartens are well established . Attending a Kindergarten is neither mandatory nor free of charge , but can be partly or wholly funded , depending on the local authority and the income of the parents . All caretakers in Kita or Kindergarten must have a three - year qualified education , or be under special supervision during training . </P> <P> Kindergärten can be open from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m. or longer and may also house a Kinderkrippe , meaning crèche , for children between the ages of eight weeks and three years , and possibly an afternoon Hort ( often associated with a primary school ) for school - age children aged 6 to 10 who spend the time after their lessons there . Alongside nurseries , there are day - care nurses ( called Tagesmutter , plural Tagesmütter -- the formal , gender - neutral form is Tagespflegeperson ( en ) ) working independently from any pre-school institution in individual homes and looking after only three to five children typically up to three years of age . These nurses are supported and supervised by local authorities . </P> <P> The term Vorschule , meaning ' pre-school ' , is used both for educational efforts in Kindergärten and for a mandatory class that is usually connected to a primary school . Both systems are handled differently in each German state . The Schulkindergarten is a type of Vorschule . </P> <P> Not without interest is the fact that in the German Empire , children were able to pass directly into secondary education after attending a privately run , charged `` Vorschule '' which then was another sort of primary school . The Weimar Constitution banned these , feeling them to be an unjustified privilege , and the Basic Law still contains the constitutional rule ( Art . 7 Sect . VI ) that : Pre-schools shall remain abolished . </P> <H2> Primary education ( edit ) </H2> Education system in Germany <P> Parents looking for a suitable school for their child have a wide choice of elementary schools </P> <Ul> <Li> State school . State schools do not charge tuition fees . The majority of pupils attend state schools in their neighbourhood . Schools in affluent areas tend to be better than those in deprived areas . Once children reach school age , many middle - class and working - class families move away from deprived areas . </Li> <Li> or , alternatively <Ul> <Li> Waldorf School ( 2,006 schools in 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Montessori method school ( 272 ) </Li> <Li> Freie Alternativschule ( Free Alternative Schools ) ( 85 ) </Li> <Li> Protestant ( 63 ) or Catholic ( 114 ) parochial schools </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Homeschooling ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Homeschooling international status and statistics § Germany <P> Homeschooling is illegal in Germany , so some families have sought asylum abroad in order to home - school their children . The illegality has to do with the prioritization of children 's rights over the rights of parents : children have the right to the company of other children and adults who are not their parents , also parents can not opt their kids out of sexual education classes because the state considers a child 's right to information to be more important than a parent 's desire to withhold it . </P> <H2> Secondary education ( edit ) </H2> See also : Education in Berlin and Education in Hamburg <P> After children complete their primary education ( at 10 years of age , 12 in Berlin and Brandenburg ) , there are five options for secondary schooling : </P> <Ol> <Li> Gymnasium ( grammar school ) until grade 12 or 13 ( with Abitur as exit exam , qualifying for university ) ; and </Li> <Li> Fachoberschule admission after grade ten until grade twelve ( with Fachhochschulreife ( between Abitur and Realschulabschluss ) as exit exam ) it is also possible to leave after grade thirteen and get either the '' fachgebundene Abitur '' ( if you haven ′ t learned a language besides English ) or get the '' Abitur '' ( with a second language on European level B1 ) ; </Li> <Li> Realschule until grade ten ( with Mittlere Reife ( Realschulabschluss ) as exit exam ) ; </Li> <Li> Mittelschule ( the least academic , much like a modernized Volksschule ( elementary school ) ) until grade nine ( with Hauptschulabschluss and in some cases Mittlere Reife = Realschulabschuss as exit exam ) ; in some federal states the Hauptschule does not exist and pupils are mainstreamed into a Mittelschule or Regionale Schule instead . </Li> <Li> Gesamtschule ( comprehensive school ) </Li> </Ol> <P> ( sorted by the quality and relevance of the exit exam . The comprehensive schools stands apart as it offers each of the mentioned exit exams ) </P> Standard classroom at a primary school in Germany The choir of the Carl - von - Ossietzky - Gymnasium ( de ) in Bonn <P> After passing through any of the above schools , pupils can start a career with an apprenticeship in the Berufsschule ( vocational school ) . The Berufsschule is normally attended twice a week during a two , three , or three - and - a-half year apprenticeship ; the other days are spent working at a company . This is intended to provide a knowledge of theory and practice . The company is obliged to accept the apprentice on its apprenticeship scheme . After this , the apprentice is registered on a list at the Industrie - und Handelskammer IHK ( chamber of industry and commerce ) . During the apprenticeship , the apprentice is a part - time salaried employee of the company . After passing the Berufsschule and the exit exams of the IHK , a certificate is awarded and the young person is ready for a career up to a low management level . In some areas , the schemes teach certain skills that are a legal requirement ( special positions in a bank , legal assistants ) . </P> <P> Some special areas provide different paths . After attending any of the above schools and gaining a leaving certificate like Hauptschulabschluss , Mittlere Reife ( or Realschulabschuss , from a Realschule ) or Abitur from a Gymnasium or a Gesamtschule , school leavers can start a career with an apprenticeship at a Berufsschule ( vocational school ) . Here the student is registered with certain bodies , e.g. associations such as the German Bar Association Deutsche Rechtsanwaltskammer GBA ( board of directors ) . During the apprenticeship , the young person is a part - time salaried employee of the institution , bank , physician or attorney 's office . After leaving the Berufsfachschule and passing the exit examinations set by the German Bar Association or other relevant associations , the apprentice receives a certificate and is ready for a career at all levels except in positions which require a specific higher degree , such as a doctorate . In some areas , the apprenticeship scheme teaches skills that are required by law , including certain positions in a bank or those as legal assistants . The 16 states have exclusive responsibility in the field of education and professional education . The federal parliament and the federal government can influence the educational system only by financial aid to the states . There are many different school systems , but in each state the starting point is always the Grundschule ( elementary school ) for a period of four years ; or six years in the case of Berlin and Brandenburg . </P> <Table> Percentage of jobholders holding Hauptschulabschluss , Realschulabschluss or Abitur in Germany <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hauptschulabschluss </Td> <Td> 87 , 7 % </Td> <Td> 79 , 3 % </Td> <Td> 66 , 5 % </Td> <Td> 54 , 9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Realschulabschluss </Td> <Td> 10 , 9 % </Td> <Td> 17 , 7 % </Td> <Td> 27 % </Td> <Td> 34 , 1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abitur </Td> <Td> 1 , 4 % </Td> <Td> 3 % </Td> <Td> 6 , 5 % </Td> <Td> 11 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Grades 5 and 6 form an orientation phase ( Orientierungsstufe ) during which students , their parents and teachers decide which of the above - mentioned paths the students should follow . In all states except Berlin and Brandenburg , this orientation phase is embedded into the program of the secondary schools . The decision for a secondary school influences the student 's future , but during this phase changes can be made more easily . In practice this rarely comes to bear because teachers are afraid of sending pupils to more academic schools whereas parents are afraid of sending their children to less academic schools . In Berlin and Brandenburg , the orientation is embedded into that of the elementary schools . Teachers give a so - called educational ( path ) recommendation ( Bildungs ( gang ) empfehlung ) based on scholastic achievements in the main subjects ( mathematics , German , natural sciences , foreign language ) and classroom behavior with details and legal implications differing from state to state : in some German states , those wishing to apply for a Gymnasium or Realschule require such a recommendation stating that the student is likely to make a successful transition to that type of school ; in other cases anybody may apply . In Berlin 30 % - 35 % of Gymnasium places are allocated by lottery . A student 's performance at primary school is immaterial . </P> <P> The eastern states Saxony , Saxony - Anhalt and Thuringia combine Hauptschule and Realschule as Sekundarschule , Mittelschule and Regelschule respectively . All German states have Gymnasium as one possibility for the more able children , and all states - except Saxony - have some Gesamtschulen , but in different forms . The states of Berlin and Hamburg have only two types of schools : comprehensive schools and Gymnasium . </P> <P> Learning a foreign language is compulsory throughout Germany in secondary schools and English is one of the more popular choices . Students at certain Gymnasium are required to learn Latin as their first foreign language and choose a second foreign language . The list of available foreign languages as well as the hours of compulsory foreign language lessons differ from state to state , but the more common choices , besides Latin , are English , French , Spanish , ancient Greek . Many schools also offer voluntary study groups for the purpose of learning other languages . At which stage students begin learning a foreign language differs from state to state and is tailored according to the cultural and socio - economical dynamics of each state . In some states , foreign language education starts in the Grundschule ( primary school ) . For example , in North Rhine - Westphalia , English starts in the third year of elementary school . Baden - Württemberg starts with English or French in the first year . The Saarland , which borders France , begins with French in the third year of primary school and French is taught in high school as the main foreign language . </P> <P> It may cause problems in terms of education for families that plan to move from one German state to another as there are partially completely different curricula for nearly every subject . </P> <P> Adults who did not achieve a Realschulabschluss or Abitur , or reached its equivalent , have the option of attending evening classes at an Abendgymnasium or Abendrealschule . </P> <H3> School organization ( edit ) </H3> The Witten - Annen Freiligrathschule , a Hauptschule The Kolleg St. Blasien resides in a former Benedictine monastery Stella Matutina in Feldkirch The Aloisiuskolleg Cadets of the German Navy taking exercises in front of one of the gyms of Germany 's naval officers school , the Marineschule Mürwik <P> A few organizational central points are listed below . It should however be noted that due to the decentralized nature of the education system there are many more additional differences across the 16 states of Germany . </P> <Ul> <Li> Every state has its own school system . </Li> <Li> Each age group of students ( born roughly in the same year ) forms one or more grades or classes ( `` Klassen '' ) per school which remain the same for elementary school ( years 1 to 4 or 6 ) , orientation school ( if there are orientation schools in the state ) , orientation phase ( at Gymnasium years 5 to 6 ) , and secondary school ( years 5 or 7 to 10 in `` Realschulen '' and `` Hauptschulen '' ; years 5 or 7 to 10 ( differences between states ) in `` Gymnasien '' ) respectively . Changes are possible , though , when there is a choice of subjects , e.g. additional languages ; Then classes will be split ( and newly merged ) either temporarily or permanently for this particular subject . </Li> <Li> Students usually sit at tables , not desks ( usually two at one table ) , sometimes arranged in a semicircle or another geometric or functional shape . During exams in classrooms , the tables are sometimes arranged in columns with one pupil per table ( if permitted by the room 's capacities ) in order to prevent cheating ; at many schools , this is only the case for some exams in the two final years of school , i.e. some of the exams counting for the final grade on the high school diploma . </Li> <Li> There is usually no school uniform or dress code existing . Many private schools have a simplified dress code , for instance , such as `` no shorts , no sandals , no clothes with holes '' . Some schools are testing school uniforms , but those are not as formal as seen in the UK . They mostly consist of a normal sweater / shirt and jeans of a certain color , sometimes with the school 's symbol on it . It is however a common custom to design graduation class shirts in Gymnasium , Realschule and Hauptschule . </Li> <Li> School usually starts between 7.30 a.m. and 8 : 15 a.m. and can finish as early as 12 ; instruction in lower classes almost always ends before lunch . In higher grades , however , afternoon lessons are very common and periods may have longer gaps without teacher supervision between them . Usually , afternoon classes are not offered every day and / or continuously until early evening , leaving students with large parts of their afternoons free of school ; some schools ( Ganztagsschulen ) , however , offer classes or mainly supervised activities throughout the afternoons in order to offer supervision for the students rather than increasing the hours of teaching . Afternoon lessons can continue until 6 o'clock . </Li> <Li> Depending on school , there are breaks of 5 to 20 minutes after each period . There is no lunch break as school usually finishes before 1 : 30 for junior school . However , at schools that have `` Nachmittagsunterricht '' ( = afternoon classes ) ending after 1 : 30 there 's sometimes a lunch break of 45 to 90 minutes , though many schools lack any special break in general . Some schools that have regular breaks of 5 minutes between every lesson and have additional 10 or 15 minute breaks after the second and fourth lesson . </Li> <Li> In German state schools lessons have a length of exactly 45 minutes . Each subject is usually taught for two to three periods every week ( main subjects like mathematics , German or foreign languages are taught for four to six periods ) and usually no more than two periods consecutively . The beginning of every period and , usually , break is announced with an audible signal such as a bell . </Li> <Li> Exams ( which are always supervised ) are usually essay based , rather than multiple choice . As of 11th grade , exams usually consist of no more than three separate exercises . While most exams in the first grades of secondary schools usually span no more than 90 minutes , exams in 10th to 12th grade may span four periods or more ( without breaks ) . </Li> <Li> At every type of school , pupils study one foreign language ( in most cases English ) for at least five years . The study of languages is , however , far more rigorous and literature oriented in Gymnasium . In Gymnasium , students can choose from a wider range of languages ( mostly English , French , Russian - mostly in east German Bundesländer - or Latin ) as the first language in 5th grade , and a second mandatory language in 7th grade . Some types of Gymnasium also require an additional third language ( such as Spanish , Italian , Russian , Latin or Ancient Greek ) or an alternative subject ( usually based on one or two other subjects , e.g. British politics ( English & politics ) , dietetics ( biology ) or media studies ( arts & German ) in 9th or 11th grade . Gymnasiums normally offer further subjects starting at 11th grade , with some schools offering a fourth foreign language . </Li> <Li> A number of schools once had a Raucherecke ( smokers ' corner ) , a small area of the schoolyard where students over the age of eighteen are permitted to smoke in their breaks . Those special areas were banned in the states of Berlin , Hessen and Hamburg , Brandenburg at the beginning of the 2005 - 06 school year . ( Bavaria , Schleswig - Holstein , Lower Saxony 2006 - 07 ) ) . Schools in these states prohibit smoking for students and teachers and offences at school will be punished . Other states in Germany are planning to introduce similar laws . </Li> <Li> As state schools are public , smoking is universally prohibited inside the buildings . Smoking teachers are generally asked not to smoke while at or near school . </Li> <Li> Students over 14 years are permitted to leave the school compound during breaks at some schools . Teachers or school personnel tend to prevent younger students from leaving early and strangers from entering the compound without permission . </Li> <Li> Tidying up the classroom and schoolyard is often the task of the students themselves . Unless a group of volunteering students , individuals are being picked sequentially . </Li> <Li> Many schools have AGs or Arbeitsgemeinschaften ( clubs ) for afternoon activities such as sports , music or acting , but participation is not necessarily common . Some schools also have special mediators who are student volunteers trained to resolve conflicts between their classmates or younger students . </Li> <Li> Only few schools have actual sports teams that compete with other schools ' . Even if the school has a sports team , students are not necessarily very aware of it . </Li> <Li> While student newspapers used to be very common until the late 20th century , with new issues often produced after a couple of months , many of them are now very short - lived , usually vanishing when the team graduates . Student newspapers are often financed mostly by advertisements . </Li> <Li> Usually schools do n't have their own radio stations or TV channels . Therefore , larger universities often have a local student - run radio station . </Li> <Li> Although most German schools and state universities do not have classrooms equipped with a computer for each student , schools usually have at least one or two computer rooms and most universities offer a limited number of rooms with computers on every desk . State school computers are usually maintained by the same exclusive contractor in the entire city and updated slowly . Internet access is often provided by phone companies free of charge . Especially in schools the teachers ' computer skills are often very low . </Li> <Li> At the end of their schooling , students usually undergo a cumulative written and oral examination ( Abitur in Gymnasien or Abschlussprüfung in Realschulen and Hauptschulen ) . Students leaving Gymnasium after 9th grade do have the leaving examination of the Hauptschule and after 10th grade do have the Mittlere Reife ( leaving examination of the Realschule , also called Mittlerer Schulanschluss ) . </Li> <Li> After 10th grade Gymnasium students may quit school for at least one year of job education if they do not wish to continue . Realschule and Hauptschule students who have passed their Abschlussprüfung may decide to continue schooling at a Gymnasium , but are sometimes required to take additional courses in order to catch up . </Li> <Li> Corporal punishment was banned in 1949 in East Germany and in 1973 in West Germany . </Li> <Li> Fourth grade ( or sixth , depending on the state ) is often quite stressful for students of lower performance and their families . Many feel tremendous pressure when trying to achieve placement in Gymnasium , or at least when attempting to avoid placement in Hauptschule . Germany is unique compared to other western countries in its early segregation of students based on academic achievement . </Li> </Ul> <H3> School year ( edit ) </H3> <P> The school year starts after the summer break ( different from state to state , usually end / mid of August ) and is divided into two terms . There are typically 12 weeks of holidays in addition to public holidays . Exact dates differ between states , but there are generally six weeks of summer and two weeks of Christmas holiday . The other holiday periods occur in spring ( during the period around Easter Sunday ) and autumn ( during the former harvest , where farmers used to need their children for field work ) . Schools can also schedule two or three special days off per term . </P> <H3> Timetables ( edit ) </H3> <P> Students have about 30 - 40 periods of 45 minutes each per week ( depending on year and state ) , but especially secondary schools today switch to 90 minutes lessons ( Block ) which count as two ' traditional ' lessons . To manage classes that are taught three or five lessons per week there are two common ways . At some schools teaching 90 minutes periods there is still one 45 - minute lesson each day , mostly between the first two blocks ; at other schools those subjects are taught in weekly or termly rotations . There are about 12 compulsory subjects : up to three foreign languages ( the first one is often already taken in primary school , the second one beginning in 6th or 7th grade , another is taken somewhen between 7th and 11th grade ) , physics , biology , chemistry , civics / social / political studies , history , geography ( starting between 5th and 7th grade ) , mathematics , music , visual arts , German , PE and religious education / ethics ( to be taken from primary school on ) . The range of offered afternoon activities is different from school to school however , most German schools offer choirs or orchestras , sometimes sports , theater or languages . Many of these are offered as semi-scholastic AG 's ( Arbeitsgemeinschaften -- literally `` working groups '' ) , which are mentioned , but not officially graded in students ' reports . Other common extracurricular activities are organized as private clubs , which are very popular in Germany . </P> <Table> Sample grade 10 Gymnasium timetable ( Bavaria , Humanist ) <Tr> <Th> Time </Th> <Th> Monday </Th> <Th> Tuesday </Th> <Th> Wednesday </Th> <Th> Thursday </Th> <Th> Friday </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 08.00 -- 08.45 </Th> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Physics </Td> <Td> Biology </Td> <Td> Physics </Td> <Td> Greek </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 08.45 -- 09.30 </Th> <Td> History </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Chemistry </Td> <Td> Mathematics </Td> <Td> Chemistry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 09.30 -- 09.40 </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> break </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 09.40 -- 10.25 </Th> <Td> Latin </Td> <Td> Greek </Td> <Td> Mathematics </Td> <Td> Latin </Td> <Td> Economics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10.25 -- 11.10 </Th> <Td> German </Td> <Td> Geography </Td> <Td> Religious studies </Td> <Td> Greek </Td> <Td> German </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11.10 -- 11.30 </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> break </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11.30 -- 12.15 </Th> <Td> Music </Td> <Td> Mathematics </Td> <Td> Geography </Td> <Td> German </Td> <Td> Biology </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12.15 -- 13.00 </Th> <Td> Religious studies </Td> <Td> Civic education </Td> <Td> Economics </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Latin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13.00 -- 14.00 </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> break </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14.00 -- 14.45 </Th> <Td> Arts </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Intensive course </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14.45 -- 15.30 </Th> <Td> Intensive course </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Greek </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15.30 - 16.15 </Th> <Td> PE </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16.15 -- 17.00 </Th> <Td> PE </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> There are three blocks of lessons where each lesson takes 45 minutes . After each block , there is a break of 15 -- 20 minutes , also after the 6th lesson ( the number of lessons changes from year to year , so it 's possible that one would be in school until 4 o'clock ) . `` Nebenfächer '' ( = minor fields of study ) are taught two times a week , `` Hauptfächer '' ( = major subjects ) are taught three times . </P> <P> In grades 11 -- 13 , 11 -- 12 , or 12 -- 13 ( depending on the school system ) , each student majors in two or three subjects ( `` Leistungskurse '' ) . These are usually taught five lessons per week . The other subjects ( `` Grundkurse '' ) are usually taught three periods per week . </P> <Table> Sample grade 12 Gymnasium timetable ( Lower - Saxony ) <Tr> <Th> Time </Th> <Th> Monday </Th> <Th> Tuesday </Th> <Th> Wednesday </Th> <Th> Thursday </Th> <Th> Friday </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 08.00 -- 08.45 </Th> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Religious studies </Td> <Td> French </Td> <Td> Physics </Td> <Td> German </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 08.50 -- 09.35 </Th> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Religious studies </Td> <Td> French </Td> <Td> Physics </Td> <Td> German </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 09.55 -- 10.40 </Th> <Td> German </Td> <Td> Geography / Social Studies ( taught in English ) </Td> <Td> Mathematics </Td> <Td> Geography / Social Studies ( taught in English ) </Td> <Td> Mathematics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10.45 -- 11.30 </Th> <Td> German </Td> <Td> Geography / Social Studies ( taught in English ) </Td> <Td> Mathematics </Td> <Td> Geography / Social Studies ( taught in English ) </Td> <Td> Mathematics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11.50 -- 12.35 </Th> <Td> Physics </Td> <Td> Politics - Economy </Td> <Td> History </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> French </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12.40 -- 1.25 </Th> <Td> Physics </Td> <Td> Politics - Economy </Td> <Td> History </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> French </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1.40 -- 2.25 </Th> <Td> Arts </Td> <Td> `` Seminarfach '' + </Td> <Td> History </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> PE ( different sports offered as courses ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2.30 -- 3.15 </Th> <Td> Arts </Td> <Td> `` Seminarfach '' + </Td> <Td> History </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> PE ( different sports offered as courses ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> + `` Seminarfach '' is a compulsory class in which each student is prepared to turn in his / her own research paper at the end of the semester . The class is supposed to train the students ' scientific research skills that will be necessary in their later university life . </P> <P> There are huge differences between the 16 states of Germany having alternatives to this basic pattern such as Waldorfschulen or other private schools . Adults can also go back to evening school and take the Abitur exam . </P> <H3> Public and private schools ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2006 , six percent of German children attended private schools . </P> <P> In Germany , Article 7 , Paragraph 4 of the Grundgesetz , the constitution of Germany , guarantees the right to establish private schools . This article belongs to the first part of the German basic law , which defines civil and human rights . A right which is guaranteed in this part of the Grundgesetz can only be suspended in a state of emergency , if the respective article specifically states this possibility . That is not the case with this article . It is also not possible to abolish these rights . This unusual protection of private schools was implemented to protect them from a second Gleichschaltung or similar event in the future . </P> <P> Ersatzschulen are ordinary primary or secondary schools which are run by private individuals , private organizations or religious groups . These schools offer the same types of diplomas as in public schools . However , Ersatzschulen , like their state - run counterparts , are subjected to basic government standards , such as the minimum required qualifications of teachers and pay grades . An Ersatzschule must have at least the same academic standards as those of a state school and Article 7 , Paragraph 4 of the Grundgesetz , allows to forbid the segregation of pupils according to socioeconomic status ( the so - called Sonderungsverbot ) . Therefore , most Ersatzschulen have very low tuition fees compared to those in most other Western European countries ; scholarships are also often available . However , it is not possible to finance these schools with such low tuition fees : accordingly all German Ersatzschulen are subsidised with public funds . </P> <P> Some students attend private schools through welfare subsidies . This is often the case if a student is considered to be a child at risk : students who have learning disabilities , special needs or come from dysfunctional home environments . </P> <P> After allowing for the socio - economic status of the parents , children attending private schools are not as able as those at state schools . At the Programme for International Student Assessment ( PISA ) for example , after considering socioeconomic class , students at private schools underperformed those at state schools . One has , however , to be careful interpreting that data : it may be that such students do not underperform because they attend a private school , but that they attend a private school because they underperform . Some private Realschulen and Gymnasien have lower entry requirements than public Realschulen and Gymnasien . </P> <H3> Special schools ( edit ) </H3> A special school for children with special emotional needs in Kötitz , Germany <P> Most German children with special needs attend a school called Förderschule or Sonderschule ( special school ) that serves only such children . There are several types of special schools in Germany such as : </P> <Ul> <Li> The `` Sonderschule für Lernbehinderte '' - a special school serving children who have learning difficulties </Li> <Li> The `` Schule mit dem Förderschwerpunkt Geistige Entwicklung '' - a special school serving children who have very severe learning difficulties </Li> <Li> The `` Förderschule Schwerpunkt emotionale und soziale Entwicklung '' - a special school serving children who have special emotional needs </Li> </Ul> <P> Only one in 21 German children attends such a special school . Teachers at those schools are qualified professionals who have specialized in special - needs education while at university . Special schools often have a very favourable student - teacher ratio and facilities compared with other schools . Special schools have been criticized . It is argued that special education separates and discriminates against those who are disabled or different . Some special - needs children do not attend special schools , but are mainstreamed into a Hauptschule or Gesamtschule ( comprehensive school ) and / or , in rare cases , into a Realschule or even a Gymnasium . </P> <H3> Elite schools ( edit ) </H3> St. Afra is one of few specialist schools that serve only gifted children <P> There are very few specialist schools for gifted children . As German schools do not IQ - test children , most intellectually gifted children remain unaware that they fall into this category . The German psychologist , Detlef H. Rost , carried out a pioneer long - term study on gifted children called the Marburger Hochbegabtenprojekt . In 1987 / 1988 he tested 7000 third graders on a test based on the German version of the Cattell Culture Fair III test . Those who scored at least two standard deviations above the mean were categorised as gifted . A total of 151 gifted subjects participated in the study alongside 136 controls . All participants in the study were tested blind with the result that they did not discover whether they were gifted or not . The study revealed that the gifted children did very well in school . The vast majority later attended a Gymnasium and achieved good grades . However , 15 percent , were classified as underachievers because they attended a Realschule ( two cases ) or a Hauptschule ( one case ) , had repeated a grade ( four cases ) or had grades that put them in the lower half of their class ( the rest of cases ) . The report also concluded that most gifted persons had high self - esteem and good psychological health . Rost said that he was not in favour of special schools for the gifted . Gifted children seemed to be served well by Germany 's existing school system . </P> <H3> International schools ( edit ) </H3> <P> As of January 2015 the International Schools Consultancy ( ISC ) listed Germany as having 164 international schools . ISC defines an ' international school ' in the following terms `` ISC includes an international school if the school delivers a curriculum to any combination of pre-school , primary or secondary students , wholly or partly in English outside an English - speaking country , or if a school in a country where English is one of the official languages , offers an English - medium curriculum other than the country 's national curriculum and is international in its orientation . '' This definition is used by publications including The Economist . In 1971 the first International Baccalaureate World School was authorized in Germany . Today 70 schools offer one or more of the IB programmes including two who offer the new IB Career - related Programme . </P> <H3> International comparisons ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Programme for International Student Assessment ( PISA ) , coordinated by the OECD , assesses the skills of 15 - year - olds in OECD countries and a number of partner countries . The assessment in the year 2000 demonstrated serious weaknesses in German pupils ' performance . In the test of 41 countries , Germany ranked 21st in reading and 20th in both mathematics and the natural sciences , prompting calls for reform . Major newspapers ran special sections on the PISA results , which were also discussed extensively on radio and television . In response , Germany 's states formulated a number of specific initiatives addressing the perceived problems behind Germany 's poor performance . </P> <P> By 2006 , German schoolchildren had improved their position compared to previous years , being ranked ( statistically ) significantly above average ( rank 13 ) in science skills and statistically not significantly above or below average in mathematical skills ( rank 20 ) and reading skills ( rank 18 ) . In 2012 , Germany achieved above average results in all three areas of reading , mathematics , and natural sciences . </P> <P> The PISA Examination also found big differences in achievement between students attending different types of German schools . According to Jan - Martin - Wiadra : `` Conservatives prized the success of the Gymnasium , for them the finest school form in the world -- indeed , it is by far the number one in the PISA league table . But what they prefer to forget is that this success came at the cost of a catastrophe in the Hauptschulen . '' The socio - economic gradient was very high in Germany , the students ' performance there being more dependent on socio - economic factors than in most other countries . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="5"> Performance on PISA 2003 ( points earned ) by school attended and social class </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> type school </Th> <Th> social class `` very low '' </Th> <Th> social class `` low '' </Th> <Th> social class `` high '' </Th> <Th> social class `` very high '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hauptschule </Td> <Td> 400 </Td> <Td> 429 </Td> <Td> 436 </Td> <Td> 450 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gesamtschule </Td> <Td> 438 </Td> <Td> 469 </Td> <Td> 489 </Td> <Td> 515 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Realschule </Td> <Td> 482 </Td> <Td> 504 </Td> <Td> 528 </Td> <Td> 526 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gymnasium </Td> <Td> 578 </Td> <Td> 581 </Td> <Td> 587 </Td> <Td> 602 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> PISA 2003 -- Der Bildungsstand der Jugendlichen in Deutschland -- Ergebnisse des 2 . internationalen Vergleiches . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Some German teachers ' representatives and a number of scientists disputed the PISA findings . They claimed , amongst other things , that the questions had been ill - translated , that the samples drawn in some countries were not representative , that German students ( most of whom had never done a multiple choice tests in their lives before ) were disadvantaged by the multiple choice questions , that the PISA questions had no curricular validity and that PISA was `` in fact an IQ - test '' , which according to them showed that dysgenic fertility was taking place in Germany . Additionally , the OECD was criticized for following its own agenda of a strictly economically utilitarian education policy -- as opposed to humanist education policy following the German ideal of Bildung -- and for trying to establish an educational testing industry without democratic legitimation . </P> <H2> Apprenticeship ( edit ) </H2> A Meisterbrief ( master craftsman 's certificate ) from the Berliner Handwerkskammer ( Berlin chamber of handicrafts ) , the motto on the certificate reads `` Work is the ennoblement of the citizen ; boon will be the reward for his labour <P> Germany has high standards in the education of craftspeople . Historically very few people attended college . In the 1950s for example , 80 percent had only Volksschule ( `` primary school '' ) - Education of 6 or 7 years . Only 5 percent of youths entered college at this time and still fewer graduated . In the 1960s , 6 percent of youths entered college . In 1961 there were still 8,000 cities in which no children received secondary education . However , this does not mean that Germany was a country of uneducated people . In fact , many of those who did not receive secondary education were highly skilled craftspeople and members of the upper middle class . Even though more people attend college today , a craftsperson is still highly valued in German society . </P> A master discusses a vacuum compressor with his apprentice and several other craftsmen <P> Historically ( prior to the 20th century ) the relationship between a master craftsman and his apprentice was paternalistic . Apprentices were often very young when entrusted to a master craftsman by their parents . It was seen as the master 's responsibility not only to teach the craft , but also to instill the virtues of a good craftsman . He was supposed to teach honour , loyalty , fair - mindedness , courtesy and compassion for the poor . He was also supposed to offer spiritual guidance , to ensure his apprentices fulfilled their religious duties and to teach them to `` honour the Lord '' ( Jesus Christ ) with their lives . The master craftsman who failed to do this would lose his reputation and would accordingly be dishonoured - a very bad fate in those days . The apprenticeship ended with the so - called Freisprechung ( exculpation ) . The master announced in front of the trade heading that the apprentice had been virtuous and God - loving . The young person now had the right to call himself a `` Geselle '' ( journeyman ) . He had two options : either to work for a master or to become a master himself . Working for another master had several disadvantages . One was that , in many cases , the journeyman who was not a master was not allowed to marry and found a family . Because the church disapproved of sex outside of marriage , he was obliged to become a master if he did not want to spend his life celibate . Accordingly , many of the so - called `` Geselle '' decided to go on a journey in order to become a master . This was called `` Waltz '' or Journeyman years . </P> A German roofer thatching a roof with reeds ( he is wearing the traditional waistcoat and trousers of a craftsman ) <P> In those days , the crafts were called the `` virtuous crafts '' and the virtuosness of the craftspersons was greatly respected . For example , according to one source , a person should be greeted from `` the bricklayer craftspersons in the town , who live in respectability , die in respectability , who strive for respectability and who apply respectability to their actions '' In those days , the concept of the `` virtuous crafts '' stood in contrast to the concept of `` academic freedom '' as Brüdermann and Jost noticed . </P> <P> Nowadays , the education of craftspersons has changed - in particular self - esteem and the concept of respectability . Yet even today , a craftsperson does sometimes refer to the `` craftspersons codex of virtues '' and the crafts sometimes may be referred to as the `` virtuous crafts '' and a craftsperson who gives a blessing at a roofing ceremony may , in many cases , remind of the `` virtues of the crafts I am part of '' . Also certain virtues are ascribed to certain crafts . For example , a person might be called `` always on time like a bricklayer '' to describe punctuality . On the other hand , `` virtue '' and `` respectability '' , which in the past had been the center of the life of any craftsperson became less and less important for such education . Today , a young person who wants to start an apprenticeship must first find an `` Ausbilder '' : this may be a master craftsperson , a master in the industrial sector ( Industriemeister ) or someone else with proof of suitable qualifications in the training of apprentices . The `` Ausbilder '' must also provide proof of no criminal record and proof of respectability . The Ausbilder has to be at least 24 years of age . The Ausbilder has several duties , such as 1 ) teach the craft , 2 ) teach the techniques , 3 ) instill character , 4 ) instill social skills . In some cases , the Ausbilder must also provide board and lodging . Agreement is reached on these points before the apprenticeship begins . The apprentice will also receive payment for his work . According to § 17 Berufsbildungsgesetz , a first year apprentice will be paid less than someone who has been an apprentice for longer . An Ausbilder who provides board and lodging may set this off against the payment made . In the past , many of those who applied for an apprenticeship had only primary school education . Nowadays , only those with secondary school education apply for apprenticeships because secondary school attendance has become compulsory . In some trades , it has even become difficult for those holding the Hauptschulabschluss to find an apprenticeship because more and more pupils leave school with the Realschulabschluss or Abitur . The apprenticeship takes three years . During that time , the apprentice is trained by the Ausbilder and also attends a vocational school . This is called the `` German model '' or `` dual education system '' ( `` Duale Ausbildung '' ) . </P> <H2> Tertiary education ( edit ) </H2> See also : Academic ranks in Germany and List of universities in Germany Heidelberg University is the oldest and among the most prestigious universities of Germany . It was established in 1386 . <P> Germany 's universities are recognised internationally ; in the Academic Ranking of World Universities ( ARWU ) for 2008 , six of the top 100 universities in the world are in Germany , and 18 of the top 200 . Germany ranks third in the QS World University Rankings 2011 . </P> <P> Most of the German universities are public institutions , charging fees of only around € 60 - 200 per semester for each student , usually to cover expenses associated with the university cafeterias and ( usually mandatory ) public transport tickets . Thus , academic education is open to most citizens and studying is very common in Germany . The dual education system combines both practical and theoretical education but does not lead to academic degrees . It is more popular in Germany than anywhere else in the world and is a role model for other countries . </P> <P> The oldest universities of Germany are also among the oldest and best regarded in the world , with Heidelberg University being the oldest ( established in 1386 and in continuous operation since then ) . It is followed by Cologne University ( 1388 ) , Leipzig University ( 1409 ) , Rostock University ( 1419 ) , Greifswald University ( 1456 ) , Freiburg University ( 1457 ) , LMU Munich ( 1472 ) and the University of Tübingen ( 1477 ) . </P> <P> While German universities have a strong focus on research , a large part of it is also done outside of universities in independent institutes that are embedded in academic clusters , such as within the Max Planck , Fraunhofer , Leibniz and Helmholtz institutes . This German peculiarity of `` outsourcing '' research leads to a competition for funds between universities and research institutes and may negatively affect academic rankings . </P> <P> Figures for Germany are roughly : </P> <Ul> <Li> 1,000,000 new students at all schools put together for one year </Li> <Li> 400,000 Abitur graduations </Li> <Li> 30,000 doctoral dissertations per year </Li> <Li> 1000 habilitations per year ( possible way to qualify as a professor ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Types of universities ( edit ) </H3> <P> The German tertiary education system distinguishes between two types of institutions : The term Universität ( university ) is reserved for institutions which have the right to confer doctorates . Other degree - awarding higher education institutions may use the more generic term Hochschule . </P> Universitäten ( edit ) <P> Only Universitäten have the right to confer doctorates and habilitations . Some universities use the term research university in international usage to emphasize their strength in research activity in addition to teaching , particularly to differentiate themselves from Fachhochschulen . A university covering the full range of scientific disciplines in contrast to more specialized universities might refer to itself as Volluniversität . Specialized universities which have the formal status of Universität include Technische Universitäten , Pädagogische Hochschulen ( Universities of Education ) , Kunsthochschulen ( Universities of Arts ) and Musikhochschulen ( Universities of Music ) . The excellence initiative has awarded eleven universities with the title University of Excellence . Professors at regular universities were traditionally required to have a doctorate as well as a habilitation . Since 2002 , the junior professorship was introduced to offer a more direct path to employment as a professor for outstanding doctoral degree . </P> Fachhochschulen ( universities of applied sciences ) ( edit ) Main article : Fachhochschule <P> There is another type of university in Germany : the Fachhochschulen ( Universities of Applied Sciences ) , which offer mostly the same degrees as Universitäten , but often concentrate on applied science ( as the English name suggests ) and usually have no power to award PhD - level degrees , at least not in their own right . Fachhochschulen have a more practical profile with a focus on employability . In research , they are rather geared to applied research instead of fundamental research . At a traditional university , it is important to study `` why '' a method is scientifically right ; however , this is less important at Universities of Applied Sciences . Here the emphasis is placed on what systems and methods exist , where they come from , what their advantages and disadvantages are , how to use them in practice , when they should be used , and when not . </P> <P> For professors at a Fachhochschule , at least three years of work experience are required for appointment while a habilitation is not expected . This is unlike their counterparts at traditional universities , where an academic career with research experience is necessary . </P> <P> Prior to the Bologna process , Fachhochschule graduates received a Diplom . To differentiate it from the Diplom which was conferred by Universitäten , the title is indicated starting with `` Dipl . '' ( Diplom ) and ending with `` ( FH ) '' , e.g. , Dipl . Ing . ( FH ) Max Mustermann for a graduate engineer from a Fachhochschule . The FH Diploma is roughly equivalent to a 4 - year Honours degree . An FH Diploma qualifies the holder for a doctoral program directly but in practice many universities require an additional entrance exam or participation in theoretical classes from FH candidates . </P> <H3> Admission ( edit ) </H3> University entrance qualification ( edit ) The Humboldt University of Berlin is the first modern university in the world . <P> Students wishing to attend a German Universität must , as a rule , hold the Abitur or a subject - restricted qualification for university entrance ( Fachgebundene Hochschulreife ) . For Fachhochschulen , the Abitur , the Fachgebundene Hochschulreife certification or the Fachhochschulreife certification ( general or subject - restricted ) is required . </P> <P> Lacking these school leaving certifications , in some states potential students can qualify for university entrance if they present additional formal proof that they will be able to keep up with their fellow students . This may take the form of a test of cognitive functioning or passing the Begabtenprüfung ( `` aptitude test '' , consisting of a written and oral exam ) . In some cases , students who do not hold the Abitur may enter university even if they do not pass the aptitude or cognitive functioning tests if they 1 ) have received previous vocational training , and 2 ) have worked at least three years and passed the Eingangsprüfung ( entrance exam ) . Such is the case , for example , in Hamburg . </P> <P> While there are numerous ways to achieve entrance qualification to German universities , the most traditional route has always been graduation from a Gymnasium with the Abitur ; however this has become less common over time . As of 2008 , less than half of university freshmen in some German states had graduated from a Gymnasium . Even in Bavaria ( a state with a policy of strengthening the Gymnasium ) only 56 percent of freshmen had graduated from a Gymnasium . The rest were awarded the Abitur from another type of school or did not hold the Abitur certification at all . </P> <P> High school diplomas received from countries outside of Germany are , in many cases , not considered equivalent to the Abitur , but rather to a Realschulabschluss and therefore do not qualify the bearer for admission to a German university . However , it is still possible for such applicants to be admitted to a German university if they fulfill additional formal criteria , such as a particular grade point average or points on a standardized admissions test . These criteria depend on the school leaving certificate of the potential student and are agreed upon by the Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs . For example , holders of the US high school diploma with a combined math and verbal score of 1300 on the SAT or 29 on the ACT may qualify for university admission . </P> <P> Foreign students lacking the entrance qualification can acquire a degree at a Studienkolleg , which is often recognized as an equivalent to the Abitur . The one - year course covers similar topics as the Abitur and ensures sufficient language skills to take up studies at a German university . </P> Admissions procedure ( edit ) <P> The process of application depends on the degree program applied for , the applicant 's origin and the university entrance qualification . Generally , all programs of study follow one of three admissions procedures . </P> <Ul> <Li> Free admissions : Every applicant who fulfills the university entrance qualification will be admitted . This is usually practiced in subjects in which many students quit their studies , e.g. , mathematics , physics or engineering . Sometimes , the number of students who fail a course can be as high as 94 percent in these programs . </Li> <Li> Local admission restrictions : For degree programs where only a limited number of places are available ( numerus clausus , often abbreviated NC ) , criteria by which applications will be evaluated differ from university to university and from program to program . Commonly used criteria include the final grade of the university entrance qualification ( which takes into account the grades of the final exams as well as course grades ) , a weighted grade point average which increases the weight of relevant school subjects , interviews , motivational letters , letters of recommendation by previous professors , essays , relevant practical experience , and subject - specific entrance exams . Such restrictions are increasingly common at German universities . </Li> <Li> Nationwide admission restrictions : In the subjects medicine , dentistry , veterinary medicine , and pharmacy , a nationwide numerus clausus is in place . In these subjects , applications of Germans and foreigners who are legally treated like Germans ( e.g. , EU citizens ) are handled centrally for all universities by a public trust ( Stiftung für Hochschulzulassung ) . The following quotas are applied in this procedure : <Ul> <Li> 20 percent of available admission slots are admitted by the final grade of the university entrance qualification </Li> <Li> 20 percent of slots are granted to students who have the highest number of so - called waiting semesters in which they were not enrolled at university </Li> <Li> 60 percent of slots are awarded by criteria at the university 's discretion . Criteria universities commonly apply are : 1 ) final grade of the university entrance qualification ( used most often ) , 2 ) interviews , 3 ) essays or motivational letters , and 4 ) entrance exams . </Li> <Li> some additional slots are reserved for special cases and do not count into the previous three quotas : For example , up to 2 percent of slots can be so called hardship cases ( Härtefälle ) , which are granted preferential admission . An applicant may be counted as a hardship case only if there are exceptional circumstances making it impossible for the applicant to wait even a single semester for a place at university , e.g. , because of a progressing disease . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> According to German law , universities are not permitted to discriminate against or grant preferential treatment to persons on basis of race , ethnic group , gender , social class , religion or political opinion . </P> <H3> Tuition fees ( edit ) </H3> <P> Public universities in Germany are funded by the federal states and do not charge tuition fees . However , all enrolled students do have to pay a semester fee ( Semesterbeitrag ) . This fee consists of an administrative fee for the university ( only in some of the states ) , a fee for Studentenwerk , which is a statutory student affairs organization , a fee for the university 's AStA ( Allgemeiner Studentenausschuss , students ' government ) and Studentenschaft ( students ' union ) , at many universities a fee for public transportation , and possibly more fees as decided by the university 's students ' parliament ( e.g. , for a cooperation with a local theater granting free entry for students ) . Summed up , the semester fee usually ranges between € 150 and € 350 . </P> <P> In 2005 , the German Federal Constitutional Court ruled that a federal law prohibiting tuition fees was unconstitutional , on the grounds that education is the sole responsibility of the states . Following this ruling , seven federal states introduced tuition fees of € 500 per semester in 2006 and 2007 . Due to massive student protests and a citizens ' initiative which collected 70,000 signatures against tuition fees , the government of Hesse was the first to reverse course before the state election in 2008 ; other state governments soon followed . Several parties which spoke out for tuition fees lost state elections . Bavaria in 2013 and Lower Saxony in 2014 were the last states to abolish tuition fees . </P> <P> Since 1998 , all German states had introduced tuition fees for long - time students ( Langzeitstudiengebühren ) of € 500 up to € 900 per semester . These fees are required for students who study substantially longer than the standard period of study ( Regelstudienzeit ) , which is a defined number of semesters for each degree program . Even after the abolition of general tuition fees , tuition fees for long - time students remain in six states . Additionally , universities may charge tuition fees for so called non-consecutive master 's degree programs , which do not build directly on a bachelor 's degree , such as a Master of Business Administration . </P> <P> With much controversy , the state of Baden - Württemberg has reintroduced tuition fees at public universities starting in 2017 . From autumn 2017 , students who are not citizens of an EU / EEA member state are expected to pay € 1,500 per semester . Students who enrol for their second degree in Germany are expected to pay € 650 per semester regardless of their country of origin . Although heavily criticised in Germany , the amount is considered below average in comparison with other European countries . </P> <P> There are university - sponsored scholarships in Germany and a number of private and public institutions award scholarships -- usually to cover living costs and books . There is a state - funded study loan programme , called BAföG ( Bundesausbildungsförderungsgesetz , `` Federal Education Aid Act '' ) . It ensures that less wealthy students can receive up to € 735 per month for the standard period of study if they or their parents can not afford all of the costs involved with studying . Furthermore , students need to have a prospect of remaining in Germany to be eligible ; this includes German and EU citizens , but often also long - term residents of other countries . Part ( typically half ) of this money is an interest - free loan that is later repaid , with the other half considered a free grant , and the amount to be repaid is capped at € 10,000 . Currently , around a quarter of all students in Germany receive financial support via BAföG . </P> <P> For international students there are different approaches to get a full scholarship or a funding of their studies . To be able to get a scholarship a successful application is mandatory . It can be submitted upon arrival in Germany as well as after arrival . But due to the fact that many scholarships are only available to students who are already studying , the chances of an acceptance are limited for applicants from abroad . Therefore , many foreign students have to work in order to finance their studies . </P> <H3> Students ( edit ) </H3> <P> Since the end of World War II , the number of young people entering a university has more than tripled in Germany , but university attendance is still lower than that of many other European nations . This can be explained with the dual education system with its strong emphasis on apprenticeships and vocational schools . Many jobs which do require an academic degree in other countries ( such as nursing ) require completed vocational training instead in Germany . </P> <P> The rate of university graduates varies by federal state . The number is the highest in Berlin and the lowest in Schleswig - Holstein . Similarly , the ratio of school graduates with university entrance qualification varies by state between 38 % and 64 % . </P> <P> The organizational structure of German universities goes back to the university model introduced by Wilhelm von Humboldt in the early 19th century , which identifies the unity of teaching and research as well as academic freedom as ideals . This model lead to the foundation of Humboldt University of Berlin and influenced the higher education systems of numerous countries . Some critics argue that nowadays German universities have a rather unbalanced focus , more on education and less on research . </P> Handball - Mixed - Tournament at the 4th Eurokonstantia , the international sports tournament at the university sports centre in Konstanz in 2009 <P> At German universities , students enroll for a specific program of study ( Studiengang ) . During their studies , students can usually choose freely from all courses offered at the university . However , all bachelor 's degree programs require a number of particular compulsory courses and all degree programs require a minimum number of credits that must be earned in the core field of the program of study . It is not uncommon to spend longer than the regular period of study ( Regelstudienzeit ) at university . There are no fixed classes of students who study and graduate together . Students can change universities according to their interests and the strengths of each university . Sometimes students attend multiple different universities over the course of their studies . This mobility means that at German universities there is a freedom and individuality unknown in the USA , the UK , or France . Professors also choose their subjects for research and teaching freely . This academic freedom is laid down in the German constitution . </P> <P> Since German universities do not offer accommodation or meals , students are expected to organize and pay for board and lodging themselves . Inexpensive places in dormitories are available from Studentenwerk , a statutory non-profit organization for student affairs . However , there are only enough places for a fraction of students . Studentenwerk also runs canteens and cafés on campus , which are similarly affordable . Other common housing options include renting a private room or apartment as well as living together with one or more roommates to form a Wohngemeinschaft ( often abbreviated WG ) . Furthermore , many university students continue to live with their parents . One third to one half of the students works to make a little extra money , often resulting in a longer stay at university . </P> <H3> Degrees ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Academic degree § Germany <P> Recently , the implementation of the Bologna Declaration introduced bachelor 's and master 's degrees as well as ECTS credits to the German higher education system . Previously , universities conferred Diplom and Magister degrees depending on the field of study , which usually took 4 -- 6 years . These were the only degrees below the doctorate . In the majority of subjects , students can only study for bachelor 's and master 's degrees , as Diplom or Magister courses do not accept new enrollments . However , a few Diplom courses still prevail . The standard period of study is usually three years ( six semesters , with 180 ECTS points ) for bachelor 's degrees and two years ( four semesters , 120 ECTS ) for master 's degrees . The following Bologna degrees are common in Germany : </P> <Ul> <Li> Bachelor of Arts ( B.A. ) ; Master of Arts ( M.A. ) </Li> <Li> Bachelor of Science ( B.Sc . ) ; Master of Science ( M.Sc . ) </Li> <Li> Bachelor of Engineering ( B. Eng . ) ; Master of Engineering ( M. Eng . ) </Li> <Li> Bachelor of Fine Arts ( B.F.A. ) ; Master of Fine Arts ( M.F.A. ) </Li> <Li> Bachelor of Music ( B. Mus . ) ; Master of Music ( M. Mus . ) </Li> </Ul> <P> In addition , there are courses leading to the Staatsexamen ( state examination ) . These did usually not transition to bachelor 's and master 's degrees . For future doctors , dentists , veterinarians , pharmacists , and lawyers , the Staatsexamen is required to be allowed to work in their profession . For teachers , judges , and public prosecutors , it is the required degree for working in civil service . Students usually study at university for 4 -- 8 years before they take the First Staatsexamen . Afterwards , they go on to work in their future jobs for one or two years ( depending on subject and state ) , before they are able to take the Second Staatsexamen , which tests their practical abilities . While it is not an academic degree formally , the First Staatsexamen is equivalent to a master 's degree and qualifies for doctoral studies . On request , some universities bestow an additional academic degree ( e.g. , Diplom - Jurist or Magister iuris ) on students who have passed First Staatsexamen . </P> <P> The highest German academic degree is the doctorate . Each doctoral degree has a particular designation in Latin ( except for engineering , where the designation is in German ) , which signifies in which field the doctorate is conferred in . The doctorate is indicated before the name in abbreviated form , e.g. , Dr. rer . nat . Max Mustermann ( for a doctor in natural sciences ) . The prefix `` Dr . '' is used for addressing , for example in formal letters . Outside of the academic context , however , the designation is usually dropped . </P> <P> While it is not an academic degree formally , the Habilitation is a higher , post-doctoral academic qualification for teaching independently at universities . It is indicated by appending `` habil . '' after the designation of the doctorate , e.g. , Dr. rer . nat . habil . Max Mustermann . The holder of a Habilitation may work as Privatdozent . </P> <H2> Research ( edit ) </H2> Inside Wendelstein 7 - X , a research facility at Max Planck Institute of Plasma Physics close to the University of Greifswald . In contrast to many other countries , a great portion of research is exhibited in independent institutes . <P> Scientific research in Germany is conducted by universities and research institutes . The raw output of scientific research from Germany consistently ranks among the world 's best . The national academy of Germany is the Leopoldina Academy of Sciences . Additionally , the Union of the German Academies of Sciences and Humanities acts as an umbrella organization for eight local academies and acatech is the Academy of Science and Engineering . </P> <H3> Organizations funding research ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Alexander von Humboldt Foundation </Li> <Li> Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft ( DFG ) </Li> <Li> Federal Ministry for Economics and Technology ( BMWi ) </Li> <Li> German Academic Exchange Service ( DAAD ) , promoting international exchange of scientists and students </Li> </Ul> <H3> National libraries ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> German National Library of Economics ( ZWB ) </Li> <Li> German National Library of Medicine ( ZB MED ) </Li> <Li> German National Library of Science and Technology ( TIB ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Research institutes ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres , an association of advanced research centers in science , technology , biology and medicine </Li> <Li> Max Planck Society , focusing on fundamental research </Li> <Li> Fraunhofer Society , focusing on applied research and mission oriented research </Li> <Li> Leibniz Association , addressing research issues of particular interest to the society </Li> </Ul> <H3> Prizes ( edit ) </H3> <P> Every year , Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft awards ten outstanding scientists working at German research institutions with the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize , Germany 's most important research prize . With a maximum of € 2.5 million per award it is one of the highest endowed research prizes in the world . Additionally , numerous foundations and non-profit organizations award further prizes , medals and scholarships . </P> <H2> Determinants of academic attainment ( edit ) </H2> The Schule Schloss Salem is considered as one of the most prestigious elite schools in Germany . <P> 50 years ago the person least likely to attend a Gymnasium was a `` Catholic working - class girl from the rural parts of Germany '' . Nowadays however the person least likely to attend a Gymnasium is a `` minority youngster from the ghetto '' , who is `` the son of immigrants '' </P> <P> The influence of social class on educational achievement is much greater in western Germany than it is in eastern Germany ( former GDR ) . An analysis of PISA data on Gymnasium pupils for the year 2000 showed that , while in western Germany the child of an academic was 7.26 times as likely as that of a skilled worker to attend , in eastern Germany a child from an academic family was only 2.78 times as likely as a working - class child to attend . The reasons for this were unclear . Some people believed that immigrants were responsible , because more uneducated immigrant families lived in western than in eastern Germany . This assumption however could not be confirmed . The difference between east and west was even stronger when only ethnic German children were studied . </P> <P> Social class differences in educational achievement are much more marked in Germany 's big cities than they are in the rural parts of Germany . In cities with more than 300,000 inhabitants , children of academics are 14.36 times as likely as children of skilled workers to attend Gymnasium . </P> <H3> Gender ( edit ) </H3> <P> Educational achievement varies more in German males than it does in German females : boys are more likely to attend special education schools but also more likely to be postgraduate students ; 63 % of pupils attending special education programs for the academically challenged are male . Males are less likely to meet the statewide performance targets , more likely to drop out of school and more likely to be classified emotionally disturbed . 86 % of the pupils receiving special training because of emotional disturbance are male . Research shows a class - effect : native middle - class males perform as well as middle - class females in terms of educational achievement but lower - class males and immigrant males lag behind lower - class females and immigrant females . A lack of male role models contributes to a low academic achievement in the case of lower - class males . On the other hand , 58 % of all postgraduate students and 84 % of all German college professors were male in 2010 . </P> <H3> Socioeconomic factors ( edit ) </H3> See also : Poverty in Germany , German Gymnasium : Great Equaliser or Breeding Ground of Privilege ? , and Academic achievement among different groups in Germany <P> Children from poor immigrant or working - class families are less likely to succeed in school than children from middle - or upper - class backgrounds . This disadvantage for the financially challenged of Germany is greater than in any other industrialized nation . However , the true reasons stretch beyond economic ones . The poor also tend to be less educated . After allowing for parental education , money does not play a major role in children 's academic outcomes . </P> <P> Immigrant children and youths , mostly of lower - class background , are the fastest - growing segment of the German population . So their prospects bear heavily on the well - being of the country . More than 30 % of Germans aged 15 years and younger have at least one parent born abroad . In the big cities , 60 % of children aged 5 years and younger have at least one parent born abroad . Immigrant children academically underperform their peers . Immigrants have tended to be less educated than native Germans . After controlling for parental education , ethnic group does not play a role in children 's academic outcomes . </P> <P> Immigrants from Pakistan , India , China and Vietnam perform exceptionally well . In eastern Germany , Vietnamese and Chinese of lower - class backgrounds outperform students from European backgrounds despite the fact that in most cases their parents are poorer and less educated than the parents of their European - born peers . Teachers in eastern Germany have also been shown to be more motivated than teachers in western Germany . That might be another reason for this Asian achievement . </P> <H3> Studies ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dt> ELEMENT - study Multiple Regression Analysis </Dt> </Dl> <P> Factors determinating mathematical performance in 6th - graders attending a Berlin primary school </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Variable </Th> <Th> Beta ( strength of influence ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> mathematical performance in 4th grade </Td> <Td> 0,540 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> general cognitive ability </Td> <Td> 0,236 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> parents hold the Abitur ( as compared to children of parents without school diploma ) </Td> <Td> 0,144 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> parents hold the Mittlere Reife ( as compared to children of parents without school diploma ) </Td> <Td> 0,096 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Number of books present in the child 's home </Td> <Td> 0,055 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> male gender </Td> <Td> no influence could be found </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> German is spoken in the child 's home </Td> <Td> no influence could be found </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> parents hold the Hauptschulabschluss ( as compared to children of parents without school diploma ) </Td> <Td> no influence could be found </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The ELEMENT study dealt with determinants of academic achievement in Berlin . It was carried out in Berlin , where some of the pupils started at a Gymnasium after the 4th grade , while others stayed in primary school until 6th grade and started at different schools after the 6th grade . Factors correlated with academic achievement tend to be intercorrelated ( that means that they are also correlated with other factors that determine academic achievement ) . The number of books owned by a pupil 's parents , for example , is correlated with the parents ' education . Because of this Multiple Regression Analysis was used . Multiple Regression allows us to understand the influence of one variable when the other variables are held fixed . </P> <P> It was revealed by the study that the most important variable determining mathematical performance in the 6th grade was mathematical performance in the 4th grade . Children who have a head start in the 4th grade keep it until the 6th grade . It was also revealed by the study that some variables were immaterial . If a language other than German is spoken in the home that was correlated with poor mathematical performance in other studies . However correlation does not imply causation and the ELEMENT - study revealed that if other factors were taken into account for the language spoken at home , this had no effect on mathematical performance . </P> <Dl> <Dt> ELEMENT - long term study of the development of mathematical ability </Dt> </Dl> <Table> Development in mathematical ability of children attending a Berlin primary school by parents ' education <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> mathematical ability by 4th grade </Th> <Th> mathematical ability by 6th grade </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> no school diploma </Td> <Td> 89 , 7 </Td> <Td> 105 , 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hauptschulabschluss or similar diploma </Td> <Td> 91 , 1 </Td> <Td> 108 , 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mittlere Reife or similar diploma </Td> <Td> 94 , 8 </Td> <Td> 112 , 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abitur </Td> <Td> 101 , 0 </Td> <Td> 120 , 8 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Development in mathematical ability of children attending a Berlin Gymnasium by parents education <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> mathematical ability by 4th grade ( while still in primary school ) </Th> <Th> mathematical ability by 6th grade ( Gymnasium ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> no school diploma </Td> <Td> 104 , 2 </Td> <Td> 123 , 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hauptschulabschluss or similar diploma </Td> <Td> 111 , 0 </Td> <Td> 128 , 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mittlere Reife or similar diploma </Td> <Td> 111 , 6 </Td> <Td> 131 , 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abitur </Td> <Td> 114 , 5 </Td> <Td> 135 , 2 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The aim of another ELEMENT - study was to monitor the development of general mathematical ability . One finding is that those admitted to a Gymnasium after the fourth grade had showed better mathematical ability than those who stayed in primary school , ab initio . That was true for all social classes . Another finding was that children of all social classes did better in the sixth grade when they were at a Gymnasium . By the end of the sixth grade , those attending a Gymnasium were two years ahead of those attending a primary school . </P> <P> Did the Gymnasium boost students ability ? There are different opinions about this . Some argue that this is the cases and even after testing performance in grade four , those who were admitted to a Gymnasium outperformed their peers who were not at grade six . That was also the interpretation of Prof. Dr. Dr. Lehman , who did the study . He stated : The findings indicate that the Gymnasium help students of all social classes reach their full mathematical potential . Others however , who have reanalized the data , claimed that those attending a Gymnasium were different ab initio and could not properly be compared to those attending a primary school . The data is of high political relevance as those who are in favour of the tripartite system and those who are in favour of comprehensive schools both use it to prove their point . Those , who are in favour of comprehensive schools , claim that the data shows that the primary schools which resembles a comprehensive schools boost children 's ability , while those in favour of the tripartite system argue that the data shows the Gymnasium boost students ability . </P> <H3> Children ( edit ) </H3> <P> Children whose families receive welfare , children whose parents dropped out of school , children of teenage parents , children raised by a lone parent , children raised in crime - ridden inner - city neighbourhoods , children who have multiple young siblings , and children who live in overcrowded substandard apartments are at risk of poor educational achievement in Germany . Often these factors go together , making it very hard for children to overcome the odds . A number of measures have been assessed to help those children reach their full potential . http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Klassenzimmer1930.jpg </P> <P> Kindergarten has been shown to improve school readiness in children at risk . Children attending a kindergarten were less likely to have impaired speech or impaired motor development . Only 50 % of children whose parents did not graduate from school are ready for school at age six . If such children were enrolled in a high - quality three - year Kindergarten programme , 87 % were ready for school at age six . Thus Kindergarten helps to overcome unequal opportunities . </P> <P> Families whose children are at risk for low academic achievement may be visited by trained professionals . They offer a wide variety of services that relate to each child 's and each family 's background and needs . Such professionals may visit pregnant low - income women and talk with them about positive health - related behaviors , such as following a healthy diet or refraining from the use of alcohol or tobacco while pregnant . Positive health - related behavior may have a major impact on children 's school performance . </P> <P> Home visitors may provide information on childcare and social services , help parents in crisis and model problem - solving skills . They may help implement the preschool / school curriculum at home or provide a curriculum of educational games designed to improve language , development and cognitive skills . In most cases , such support is offered to families on a voluntary basis . Families who are eligible for the program may decide for themselves whether or not they want to participate . There are no penalties if they decide against it or against continuing with the program . </P> <H3> Working class pupils ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Germany most children are streamed by ability into different schools after fourth grade . The Progress in International Reading Literacy Study revealed that working class children needed better reading abilities than middle - class children to be nominated for the Gymnasium . After allowing for reading abilities , odds to be nominated to Gymnasium for upper - middle - class children were still 2.63 times better than for working - class children . </P> <Table> Points needed to be nominated for Gymnasium <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Teachers nominating child for Gymnasium </Th> <Th> Parents wanting child to attend Gymnasium </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> children from upper - middle - class backgrounds </Td> <Td> 537 </Td> <Td> 498 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> children from lower - middle - class backgrounds </Td> <Td> 569 </Td> <Td> 559 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> children of parents holding pink - collar jobs </Td> <Td> 582 </Td> <Td> 578 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> children of self - employed parents </Td> <Td> 580 </Td> <Td> 556 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> children from upper - working - class backgrounds </Td> <Td> 592 </Td> <Td> 583 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> children from lower - working - class backgrounds </Td> <Td> 614 </Td> <Td> 606 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Germany 's Left Party brought up the discussion about affirmative action . According to Stefan Zillich , quotas should be `` a possibility '' to help working class children who did not do well in school gain access to a Gymnasium . Headmasters of Gymnasien have objected , saying that this type of policy would `` be a disservice '' to poor children , that they would not be able to academically keep up with their classmates and that they would not feel welcome at a Gymnasium . Wolfgang Harnischfeger , headmaster of a well known Berlin Gymnasium , stated : `` It can be noticed in children as young as kindergarten - age , that children take after their parents . They emulate their language , their way of dressing , their way of spending their freetime . Children from Neukölln ( a poor neighbourhood ) would not feel good about themselves if they had to attend that type of school that mainly serves pupils from social classes different from their own . They will not be able to integrate . Every field - day , every school party will show that very soon . '' He also said that `` this kind of policy would weaken the Gymnasium '' and that this would be dangerous , because `` German society could not afford to do without the truly educated adults the Gymnasium produces '' . Stefan Zillich has answered to this , saying that `` German society can not afford having only so few adults who were truly educated '' . While affirmative action laws were not passed ( status : January 2010 ) sought after schools have been guaranteed the right to employ their own quotas since the 1970s . </P> <H3> Contemporary issues ( edit ) </H3> <P> There is a constant public debate about tracking students by ability into several types of secondary school ( i.e. Gymnasium , Realschule and Hauptschule ) . Opponents of streaming by ability claim that streaming is unfair , that parents from higher socio - economic groups are more effective in sending children of similar aptitude to higher - level schools ( Gymnasium ) . Proponents of streaming claim that it limits income segregation between rich and poor areas , as wealthier parents in poor neighborhoods may still send their gifted children to a fairly good public school due to streaming , giving them less motivation to move to a wealthier area . They also say that potential access to a Selective school would allow gifted children of lower - class parents living in poor neighborhoods better educational opportunities than if they were confined to schools with the average pupil population of their neighborhoods . </P> <P> Opponents of streaming have pointed out that countries that performed very well in PISA , such as Finland , do not stream by ability . Proponents have pointed out that German comprehensive schools ranked below other German schools on PISA and that children from the lower socio - economic groups attending comprehensive schools fare worse in PISA than middle - class students attending the same schools . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Germany portal </Li> <Li> European Union portal </Li> <Li> Education portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Abitur after twelve years </Li> <Li> Education in East Germany </Li> <Li> Music schools in Germany </Li> <Li> List of schools in Germany </Li> <Li> List of universities in Germany </Li> <Li> Open access in Germany </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ EURYDICE : EACEA.ec.europa.eu , National summary education system in Europe and ongoing reforms -- Germany . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schülerzahlen Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland . Retrieved 2007 , 07 - 20 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Country Profile : Germany , U.S. Library of Congress . December 2005 . Retrieved 2006 , 12 - 04 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schuetze , Christopher . `` Germany Backtracks on Tuition '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://archiv.sueddeutsche.de/957389/882/2789903/Studium-mit-dem-Meisterbrief.html Archived 17 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Handwerkskammer Niederbayern - Oberpfalz : `` Der Meisterbrief - Die Eintrittskarte zum Studium </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gary S. Schaal : Der `` Kruzifix - Beschluss '' und seine Folgen . In : Robert Chr. van Ooyen , Martin Möllers ( Hrsg . ) : Das Bundesverfassungsgericht im politischen System . VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften , Wiesbaden 2006 , ISBN 3 - 531 - 14762 - 5 , p. 175 -- 186. ( in German ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . www.cia.gov . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ As of 2007 . Jan Zier ( 2007 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Auch nicht liberaler als Bayern '' ( No more liberal than Bavaria ) . taz.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tristana Moore ( 2010 - 03 - 08 ) . `` Give Me Your Tired , Your Poor , Your Homeschoolers '' . TIME Magazine . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Katherine Martinko ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) . `` ' Achtung Baby : An American Mom on the German Art of Raising Self - Reliant Children ' ( book review ) '' . Treehugger . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : -- German wiki Schulabschlüsse in Deutschland </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frietsch , Rainer ( November 2003 ) . `` '' Intensivierung '' von Bildungsabschlüssen zwischen 1970 - 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Studien zum deutschen Innovationssystem ( 5 - 2004 ) . ISSN 1613 - 4338 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 June 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moeller , jack ( 2013 ) . Kaleidoskop . Boston : Heinle . p. 125 . ISBN 1 - 111 - 34420 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung : `` PISA 2006 - Schulleistungen im internationalen Vergleich - Naturwissenschaftliche Kompetenzen für die Welt von Morgen '' . 2007 . Bertelsmann Verlag , p. 269 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung : `` PISA 2006 - Schulleistungen im internationalen Vergleich - Naturwissenschaftliche Kompetenzen für die Welt von Morgen '' . 2007 . Bertelsmann Verlag , p. 268 - 270 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brand , Gregor ( 2001 ) . `` Hochbegabte und hochleistende Jugendliche : Anmerkungen zum Marburger Hochbegabtenprojekt '' . Labyrinth. 24 ( 69 ) : 10 -- 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fasel , Andreas ( 31 January 2010 ) . `` Hochbegabten - Hysterie hat Deutschland erfasst '' ( ( Gifted hysteria has hit Germany ) ) . Die Welt ( in German ) . 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External link in chapter = ( help ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Programme for International Student Assessment ( 2007 ) . Executive Summary , PISA 2006 : Science Competencies for Tomorrow 's World Volume 1 : Analysis ( PDF ) . France : OECD . ISBN 978 - 92 - 64 - 04000 - 7 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 15 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Programme for International Student Assessment ( 2007 ) . PISA 2006 : Science Competencies for Tomorrow 's World Volume 1 : Analysis ( PDF ) . France : OECD . ISBN 978 - 92 - 64 - 04000 - 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 February 2008 . Retrieved 15 December 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Results from PISA 2012 : Germany - Key findings '' ( PDF ) . OECD . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ehmke et al. , 2004 , In : PISA - Konsortium Deutschland ( Hrsg . ) : PISA 2003 -- Der Bildungsstand der Jugendlichen in Deutschland -- Ergebnisse des 2 . internationalen Vergleiches , Münster / NewYork : Waxmann , p. 244 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jan - Martin Wiarda : `` A new class of education '' . Guardian . 21 September 2009 ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ehmke et al. , 2004 , In : PISA - Konsortium Deutschland ( Hrsg . ) : PISA 2003 -- Der Bildungsstand der Jugendlichen in Deutschland -- Ergebnisse des 2 . internationalen Vergleiches , Münster / NewYork : Waxmann , S. 244 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Einheitsschulen - das falsche Rezept für PISA '' . Wetzlar Kurier ( in German ) . 2006 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Verbandspräsident Kraus , Schulleiter eines bayerischen Gymnasiums und Autor des Buches `` Der PISA - Schwindel '' , bezweifelte die Aussagekraft und Repräsentativität der Studie . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heiner Rindermann . Was messen internationale Schulleistungsstudien ? Schulleistungen , Schülerfähigkeiten , kognitive Fähigkeiten , Wissen oder allgemeine Intelligenz ? Psychologische Rundschau . Göttingen 57.2006 , p. 69 - 86 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Siegfried Lehrl : PISA - ein weltweiter Intelligenz - Test . In : Geistig Fit . Ebersberg 2005 , Nr. 1 , 3 - 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stefan Hopmann , Gertrude Brinek , Martin Retzl ( Hrsg . ) : PISA zufolge PISA . PISA According to PISA . Hält PISA , was es verspricht ? - Does PISA keep , what it promises ? LIT - Verlag , Wien 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas Jahnke , Wolfram Meyerhöfer . PISA & Co -- Kritik eines Programms . Franzbecker , Hildesheim 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Volker Bank und Björn Heidecke. 2009 . Gegenwind für PISA . Ein systematisierender Überblick über kritische Schriften zur internationalen Vergleichsmessung . Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Pädagogik , Vol. 85 , Heft 3 , p. 361 - 372 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wolfram Meyerhöfer. 2005 . Tests im Test - Das Beispiel PISA . Barbara Budrich , Opladen </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wuttke , Joachim ( August 2009 ) . `` PISA : Nachträge zu einer nicht geführten Debatte '' ( PDF ) . Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Didaktik der Mathematik ( in German ) . 87 : 22 -- 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jahnke , Thomas ( 2008 ) . `` Die PISA - Unternehmer '' . Forschung & Lehre ( in German ) . 15 : 26 -- 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Liessmann , Konrad Paul ( 2006 ) . Theorie der Unbildung : Die Irrtümer der Wissensgesellschaft ( in German ) . Vienna . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 28 April 2010 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Danckert , Werner Unehrliche Leute / die verfemten Berufe Bern , 1963 . Unehrliches Handwerk im Mittelalter </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Danckert / in Stratmann , Karlwilhelm ( 1967 ) Die Krise der Berufserziehung A. Henn Verlag Ratingen 1967 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stratmann , Karlwilhelm ( 1993 ) Die gewerbliche Lehrlingserziehung in Deutschland Band I ; Verlag der Gesellschaft zur Förderung arbeitsorientierter Forschung und Bildung , Frankfurt / Main 1993 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Journeymen were not the only group who were not allowed to marry in former Europe , other groups included farm - hands , who were only allowed to marry if it was approved by their betters , and the poor , who often were not allowed to marry at all ; for some descriptions of this see : Shorter , Edward . 1977 . `` Die Geburt der modernen Familie '' . Reinbek bei Hamburg : Rowohlt </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wissell , Rudolf ( 1929 ) : Des alten Handwerks Recht und Gewohnheit - Berlin : Wasmuth . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schulz , Knut ( 1999 ) Handwerk in Europa ( Schriften des Historischen Kollegs / Kolloquium 41 ) Verlag : Oldenbourg , ISBN 978 - 3 - 486 - 56395 - 5 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ However , this might not be a compliment to the punctuality of bricklayers , but refer to the fact that a bricklayer always stops work as soon as the shift has finished . Duden , Redewendungen p. 594 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 World Universities '' . Academic Ranking of World Universities . Archived from the original on 22 August 2008 . Retrieved 28 March 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 20 January 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tuition Fees at university in Germany '' . StudyinEurope.eu. 2009 . Archived from the original on 13 May 2011 . Retrieved 19 March 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ein Zwischenruf Studiengebühren ? Was sonst ! '' . faz.net. 2012 . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A German model goes global - Dual education following the German role model is replicated around the world ( Financial Times ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ § 38 des Hamburger Hochschulgesetzes </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Josef Kraus , Präsident des Deutschen Lehrerverbandes ( DL ) beim `` Tag des Gymnasiums '' : `` Das Gymnasium - Zugpferd des Bildungswesens '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Josef Kraus : `` Bildungsgerechtigkeit als ideologische Krücke für Gleichmacherei '' . Die Tagespost 26 June 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Application '' . www.study-in.de . Study in Germany . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Admissions procedure '' . hochschulkompass.de . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Matheprüfung an der Uni Saarbrücken : 94 Prozent fallen durch '' ( in German ) . SPIEGEL ONLINE. 21 April 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Auswahlverfahren der Universitäten : Studenten in der Testmühle '' ( in German ) . Wirtschaftswoche. 13 March 2009 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Auswahlquoten '' . hochschulstart.de ( in German ) . Stiftung für Hochschulzulassung . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Vorabquoten '' . hochschulstart.de ( in German ) . Stiftung für Hochschulzulassung . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Erläuterungen zum Härtefallantrag '' . hochschulstart.de ( in German ) . Stiftung für Hochschulzulassung . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Costs of Living : Studying as foreign student in Germany '' . CampusHQ.de. 2017 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Germany 's great tuition fees U-turn '' . Times Higher Education ( THE ) . 2014 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kehm , Barbara . `` How Germany managed to abolish university tuition fees '' . The Conversation . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gebühren für '' Langzeit `` - StudentInnen ? '' ( PDF ) ( in German ) . Aktionsbündnis gegen Studiengebühren . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Länderregelungen bei Langzeitstudiengebühren '' . studentenwerke.de ( in German ) . Deutsches Studentenwerk . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ausländische Studierende müssen zahlen '' ( in German ) . SWR . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` German universities to reintroduce tuition fees for non-EU students '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Study in Germany for free : What you need to know '' . Study.EU . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The German Federal Training Assistance Act ( BAföG ) provides educational opportunities '' . German Federal Ministry of Education and Research . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BAföG - state funding for students in Germany '' . studentenwerke.de . Deutsches Studentenwerk . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Application for a scholarship as a foreigner '' . CampusHQ.de. 2017 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Studienberechtigtenquote in Deutschland nach Bundesländern 2014 '' . Statista ( in German ) . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ University of Leipzig : Study Programs -- Mathematics `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 December 2009 . Retrieved 25 May 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Top 20 Country Rankings in All Fields , 2006 , Thomson Corporation , retrieved 4 January 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Academies of Sciences and Humanities '' . research-in-germany.org . Federal Ministry of Education and Research . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize '' . dfg.de . Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beate Hock / Gerda Holz ( Hg . ) : Erfolg oder Scheitern ? Arme und benachteiligte Jugendliche auf dem Weg ins Berufsleben . Fünfter Zwischenbericht zu einer Studie im Auftrag des Bundesverbandes der Arbeiterwohlfahrt , P. 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rainer Geißler : Die Metamorphose der Arbeitertochter zum Migrantensohn . Zum Wandle der Chancenstruktur im bildungssystem nach Schicht , Geschlecht , Ethnie und deren Verknüpfungen , in : Peter A. Berger , Heike Kahlert ( Hrsg . ) : Institutionalisierte Ungleichheiten . Wie das Bildungswesen Chancen blockiert , Juvenat Verlag Weinheim und München 2005 , S. 71 -- 100 ISBN 3 - 7799 - 1583 - 9 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Deutsches PISA - Konsortium ( Hrsg . ) ( 2002 ) : PISA 2000 -- Die Länder der Bundesrepublik im Vergleich , Opladen : Leske und Budrich , p. 166 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Deutsches PISA - Konsortium ( Hrsg . ) ( 2002 ) : PISA 2000 -- Die Länder der Bundesrepublik im Vergleich , Opladen : Leske und Budrich , p. 171 , 172 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Renate Rastätter , MdL : Gruene-Fraktion.de Archived 8 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , `` Nicht dümmer , aber die Dummen '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dr. Lucia Jerg - Bretzke neue Gleichstellungsbeauftragte '' . idw-online.de . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Internationale Leistungsvergleiche im Schulbereich Bildungsministerium für Bildung und Forschung . Retrieved 2007 , 07 - 20 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lauterbach , Wolfgang ( 2003 ) : Armut in Deutschland - Folgen für Familien und Kinder . Oldenburg : Oldenburger Universitätsreden . ISBN 3 - 8142 - 1143 - X , S. 32 - 33 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Becker / Nietfeld ( 1999 ) : `` Arbeitslosigkeit und Bildungschancen von Kindern im Transformationsprozess '' . Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie , Jg. 51 , Heft 1 , 1999 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BiBB : Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund - neue Definition , alte Probleme </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hans Boeckler Stiftung : OECD - Studie : Mangel an Akademikern </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Isoplan : Neue Erkenntnisse aus der PISA - Studie </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ TAZ : Ostlehrer integrieren Migrantenkinder besser </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Prof. Dr. Dr. Rainer Lehmann , Jenny Lenkeit : `` ELEMENT - Erhebung zum Lese - und Mathematikverständnis Entwicklungen in den Jahrgangsstufen 4 bis 6 in Berlin - Abschlussbericht über die Untersuchungen 2003 , 2004 und 2005 an Berliner Grundschulen und grundständigen Gymnasien '' . Humboldt Universität zu Berlin ; p. 44 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Deutscher Philologenverband . `` Erkenntnisse der ELEMENT - Studie vorurteilsfrei zur Kenntnis nehmen ! '' . Pressemeldung. 22 . April 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Prof. Dr. Dr. Rainer Lehmann , Jenny Lenkeit : `` ELEMENT - Erhebung zum Lese - und Mathematikverständnis Entwicklungen in den Jahrgangsstufen 4 bis 6 in Berlin - Abschlussbericht über die Untersuchungen 2003 , 2004 und 2005 an Berliner Grundschulen und grundständigen Gymnasien '' . Humboldt Universität zu Berlin ; p. 43 and 44 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hans Weiß ( Hrsg . ) : Frühförderung mit Kindern und Familien in Armutslagen . München / Basel : Ernst Reinhardt Verlag . ISBN 3 - 497 - 01539 - 3 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Die Zeit ( 14 . Mai 2008 ) : Kindergarten gleicht soziale Unterschiede aus . Zeit.de </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ IGLU 2006 Press conference , retrieved May 27 , 2008 Archived 19 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Susanne Vieth - Entus ( 29 . Dezember 2008 ) : `` Sozialquote : Berliner Gymnasien sollen mehr Schüler aus armen Familien aufnehmen '' . Der Tagesspiegel </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Martin Klesmann ( 23 . February 2009 ) . `` ' Kinder aus Neukölln würden sich nicht integrieren lassen ' - Ein Politiker und ein Schulleiter streiten über Sozialquoten an Gymnasien '' . 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Homeostasis - wikipedia <H1> Homeostasis </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with hemostasis . <P> Homeostasis can be defined as the stable condition of an organism and of its internal environment ; or as the maintenance or regulation of the stable condition , or its equilibrium ; or simply as the balance of bodily functions . The stable condition is the condition of optimal functioning for the organism , and is dependent on many variables , such as body temperature and fluid balance , being kept within certain pre-set limits . Other variables include the pH of extracellular fluid , the concentrations of sodium , potassium and calcium ions , as well as that of the blood sugar level , and these need to be regulated despite changes in the environment , diet , or level of activity . Each of these variables is controlled by one or more regulators or homeostatic mechanisms , which together maintain life . </P> <P> Homeostasis is brought about by a natural resistance to change in the optimal conditions , and equilibrium is maintained by many regulatory mechanisms . All homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three interdependent components for the variable being regulated : a receptor , a control centre , and an effector . The receptor is the sensing component that monitors and responds to changes in the environment , either external or internal . Receptors include thermoreceptors , and mechanoreceptors . Control centres include the respiratory centre , and the renin - angiotensin system . An effector is the target acted on , to bring about the change back to the normal state . At the cellular level , receptors include nuclear receptors that bring about changes in gene expression through up - regulation or down - regulation , and act in negative feedback mechanisms . An example of this is in the control of bile acids in the liver . </P> <P> Some centres such as the renin - angiotensin system , control more than one variable . When the receptor senses a stimulus , it reacts by sending an action potential to a control centre . The control centre sets the maintenance range , the acceptable upper and lower limits , for the particular variable such as temperature . The control center responds to the signal by determining an appropriate response and sending signals to an effector which can be one or more muscles , an organ , or a gland . When the signal is received and acted on , negative feedback is fed back to the receptor that stops the need for further signalling . </P> <P> The concept of the regulation of the internal environment was described by French physiologist Claude Bernard in 1865 , and the word homeostasis was coined by Walter Bradford Cannon in 1926 . Homeostasis is an almost exclusively biological term , referring to the concepts described by Bernard and Cannon , concerning the constancy of the internal environment in which the cells of the body live and survive . The term cybernetics is applied to technological control systems such as thermostats , which function as homeostatic mechanisms , but is often defined much more broadly than the biological term of homeostasis . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Etymology </Li> <Li> 2 Overview </Li> <Li> 3 Controls of variables <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Core temperature </Li> <Li> 3.2 Blood glucose </Li> <Li> 3.3 Iron levels </Li> <Li> 3.4 Levels of blood gases </Li> <Li> 3.5 Blood oxygen content </Li> <Li> 3.6 Arterial blood pressure </Li> <Li> 3.7 Calcium levels </Li> <Li> 3.8 Sodium concentration </Li> <Li> 3.9 Potassium concentration </Li> <Li> 3.10 Fluid balance </Li> <Li> 3.11 Blood pH </Li> <Li> 3.12 Cerebrospinal fluid </Li> <Li> 3.13 Neurotransmission </Li> <Li> 3.14 Neuroendocrine system </Li> <Li> 3.15 Gene regulation </Li> <Li> 3.16 Energy balance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Clinical significance </Li> <Li> 5 Biosphere </Li> <Li> 6 Predictive </Li> <Li> 7 Other fields <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Risk </Li> <Li> 7.2 Stress </Li> <Li> 7.3 Technology </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Further reading </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Etymology ( edit ) </H2> <P> The word homeostasis ( / ˌhoʊmioʊˈsteɪsɪs / ) uses combining forms of homeo - and - stasis , New Latin from Greek : ὅμοιος homoios , `` similar '' and στάσις stasis , `` standing still '' , yielding the idea of `` staying the same '' . </P> <H2> Overview ( edit ) </H2> <P> The metabolic processes of all organisms can only take place in very specific physical and chemical environments . The conditions vary with each organism , and with whether the chemical processes take place inside the cell or in the interstitial fluid bathing the cells . The best known homeostatic mechanisms in humans and other mammals are regulators that keep the composition of the extracellular fluid ( or the `` internal environment '' ) constant , especially with regard to the temperature , pH , osmolality , and the concentrations of sodium , potassium , glucose , carbon dioxide , and oxygen . However , a great many other homeostatic mechanisms , encompassing many aspects of human physiology , control other entities in the body . Where the levels of variables are higher or lower than those needed , they are often prefixed with hyper - and hypo - , respectively such as hyperthermia and hypothermia and hypertension and hypotension . </P> Circadian variation in body temperature , ranging from about 7002310650000000000 ♠ 37.5 ° C from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. , and falling to about 7002309549999999999 ♠ 36.4 ° C from 2 a.m. to 6 a.m. <P> If an entity is homeostatically controlled it does not imply that its value is necessarily absolutely steady in health . Core body temperature is , for instance , regulated by a homeostatic mechanism with temperature sensors in , amongst others , the hypothalamus of the brain . However , the set point of the regulator is regularly reset . For instance , core body temperature in humans varies during the course of the day ( i.e. has a circadian rhythm ) , with the lowest temperatures occurring at night , and the highest in the afternoons . Other normal temperature variations include those related to the menstrual cycle . The temperature regulator 's set point is reset during infections to produce a fever . Organisms are capable of adjusting somewhat to varied conditions such as temperature changes or oxygen levels at altitude , by a process of acclimatisation . </P> <P> Homeostasis does not govern every activity in the body . For instance the signal ( be it via neurons or hormones ) from the sensor to the effector is , of necessity , highly variable in order to convey information about the direction and magnitude of the error detected by the sensor . Similarly the effector 's response needs to be highly adjustable to reverse the error -- in fact it should be very nearly in proportion ( but in the opposite direction ) to the error that is threatening the internal environment . For instance , the arterial blood pressure in mammals is homeostatically controlled , and measured by stretch receptors in the walls of the aortic arch and carotid sinuses at beginnings of the internal carotid arteries . The sensors send messages via sensory nerves to the medulla oblongata of the brain indicating whether the blood pressure has fallen or risen , and by how much . The medulla oblongata then distributes messages along motor or efferent nerves belonging to the autonomic nervous system to a wide variety of effector organs , whose activity is consequently changed to reverse the error in the blood pressure . One of the effector organs is the heart whose rate is stimulated to rise ( tachycardia ) when the arterial blood pressure falls , or to slow down ( bradycardia ) when the pressure rises above set point . Thus the heart rate ( for which there is no sensor in the body ) is not homeostatically controlled , but is one of effector responses to errors in the arterial blood pressure . Another example is the rate of sweating . This is one of the effectors in the homeostatic control of body temperature , and therefore highly variable in rough proportion to the heat load that threatens to destabilize the body 's core temperature , for which there is a sensor in the hypothalamus of the brain . </P> <H2> Controls of variables ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Core temperature ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Thermoregulation and Thermoregulation in humans Further information : Preoptic area Birds huddling for warmth <P> Mammals regulate their core temperature using input from thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus , brain , spinal cord , internal organs , and great veins . Apart from the internal regulation of temperature , a process called allostasis can come into play that adjusts behaviour to adapt to the challenge of very hot or cold extremes ( and to other challenges ) . These adjustments may include seeking shade and reducing activity , or seeking warmer conditions and increasing activity , or huddling . Behavioural thermoregulation takes precedence over physiological thermoregulation since necessary changes can be affected more quickly and physiological thermoregulation is limited in its capacity to respond to extreme temperatures . </P> <P> When core temperature falls , the blood supply to the skin is reduced by intense vasoconstriction . The blood flow to the limbs ( which have a large surface area ) is similarly reduced , and returned to the trunk via the deep veins which lie alongside the arteries ( forming venae comitantes ) . This acts as a counter-current exchange system which short - circuits the warmth from the arterial blood directly into the venous blood returning into the trunk , causing minimal heat loss from the extremities in cold weather . The subcutaneous limb veins are tightly constricted , not only reducing heat loss from this source , but also forcing the venous blood into the counter-current system in the depths of the limbs . </P> <P> The metabolic rate is increased , initially by non-shivering thermogenesis , followed by shivering thermogenesis if the earlier reactions are insufficient to correct the hypothermia . </P> <P> When core temperature rises are detected by thermoreceptors , the sweat glands in the skin are stimulated via cholinergic sympathetic nerves to secrete sweat onto the skin , which , when it evaporates , cools the skin and the blood flowing through it . Panting is an alternative effector in many vertebrates , which cools the body also by the evaporation of water , but this time from the mucous membranes of the throat and mouth . </P> <H3> Blood glucose ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Blood sugar regulation and Glycolysis § Regulation of the rate limiting enzymes Negative feedback at work in the regulation of blood sugar . Flat line is the set - point of glucose level and sine wave the fluctuations of glucose . <P> Blood sugar levels are regulated within fairly narrow limits . In mammals the primary sensors for this are the beta cells of the pancreatic islets . The beta cells respond to a rise in the blood sugar level by secreting insulin into the blood , and simultaneously inhibiting their neighboring alpha cells from secreting glucagon into the blood . This combination ( high blood insulin levels and low glucagon levels ) act on effector tissues , chief of which are the liver , fat cells and muscle cells . The liver is inhibited from producing glucose , taking it up instead , and converting it to glycogen and triglycerides . The glycogen is stored in the liver , but the triglycerides are secreted into the blood as very low - density lipoprotein ( VLDL ) particles which are taken up by adipose tissue , there to be stored as fats . The fat cells take up glucose through special glucose transporters ( GLUT4 ) , whose numbers in the cell wall are increased as a direct effect of insulin acting on these cells . The glucose that enters the fat cells in this manner is converted into triglycerides ( via the same metabolic pathways as are used by the liver ) and then stored in those fat cells together with the VLDL - derived triglycerides that were made in the liver . Muscle cells also take glucose up through insulin - sensitive GLUT4 glucose channels , and convert it into muscle glycogen . </P> <P> A fall in blood glucose , causes insulin secretion to be stopped , and glucagon to be secreted from the alpha cells into the blood . This inhibits the uptake of glucose from the blood by the liver , fats cells and muscle . Instead the liver is strongly stimulated to manufacture glucose from glycogen ( through glycogenolysis ) and from non-carbohydrate sources ( such as lactate and de-aminated amino acids ) using a process known as gluconeogenesis . The glucose thus produced is discharged into the blood correcting the detected error ( hypoglycemia ) . The glycogen stored in muscles remains in the muscles , and is only broken down , during exercise , to glucose - 6 - phosphate and thence to pyruvate to be fed into the citric acid cycle or turned into lactate . It is only the lactate and the waste products of the citric acid cycle that are returned to the blood . The liver can take up only the lactate , and by the process of energy consuming gluconeogenesis convert it back to glucose . </P> <H3> Iron levels ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Human iron metabolism <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Levels of blood gases ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Respiratory center and Gas exchange Further information : Blood gas tension The respiratory centre <P> Changes in the levels of oxygen , carbon dioxide and plasma pH are sent to the respiratory center , in the brainstem where they are regulated . The partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the arterial blood is monitored by the peripheral chemoreceptors ( PNS ) in the carotid artery and aortic arch . A change in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is detected as altered pH in the cerebrospinal fluid by central chemoreceptors ( CNS ) in the medulla oblongata of the brainstem . Information from these sets of sensors is sent to the respiratory center which activates the effector organs -- the diaphragm and other muscles of respiration . An increased level of carbon dioxide in the blood , or a decreased level of oxygen , will result in a deeper breathing pattern and increased respiratory rate to bring the blood gases back to equilibrium . </P> <P> Too little carbon dioxide , and , to a lesser extent , too much oxygen in the blood can temporarily halt breathing , a condition known as apnea , which freedivers use to prolong the time they can stay underwater . </P> <P> The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is more of a deciding factor in the monitoring of pH . However , at high altitude ( above 2500 m ) the monitoring of the partial pressure of oxygen takes priority , and hyperventilation keeps the oxygen level constant . With the lower level of carbon dioxide , to keep the pH at 7.4 the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions into the blood , and excrete bicarbonate into the urine . This is important in the acclimatization to high altitude . </P> <H3> Blood oxygen content ( edit ) </H3> <P> The kidneys measure the oxygen content rather than the partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood . When the oxygen content of the blood is chronically low , oxygen - sensitive cells secrete erythropoietin ( EPO ) into the blood . The effector tissue is the red bone marrow which produces red blood cells ( RBCs ) ( erythrocytes ) . The increase in RBCs leads to an increased hematocrit in the blood , and subsequent increase in hemoglobin that increases the oxygen carrying capacity . This is the mechanism whereby high altitude dwellers have higher hematocrits than sea - level residents , and also why persons with pulmonary insufficiency or right - to - left shunts in the heart ( through which venous blood by - passes the lungs and goes directly into the systemic circulation ) have similarly high hematocrits . </P> <P> Regardless of the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood , the amount of oxygen that can be carried , depends on the hemoglobin content . The partial pressure of oxygen may be sufficient for example in anemia , but the hemoglobin content will be insufficient and subsequently as will be the oxygen content . Given enough supply of iron , vitamin B12 and folic acid , EPO can stimulate RBC production , and hemoglobin and oxygen content restored to normal . </P> <H3> Arterial blood pressure ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Baroreflex and Renin - angiotensin system <P> High pressure receptors called baroreceptors in the walls of the aortic arch and carotid sinus ( at the beginning of the internal carotid artery ) monitor the arterial blood pressure . Rising pressure is detected when the walls of the arteries stretch due to an increase in blood volume . This causes heart muscle cells to secrete the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide ( ANP ) into the blood . This acts on the kidneys to inhibit the secretion of renin and aldosterone causing the release of sodium , and accompanying water into the urine , thereby reducing the blood volume . This information is then conveyed , via afferent nerve fibers , to the solitary nucleus in the medulla oblongata . From here motor nerves belonging to the autonomic nervous system are stimulated to influence the activity of chiefly the heart and the smallest diameter arteries , called arterioles . The arterioles are the main resistance vessels in the arterial tree , and small changes in diameter cause large changes in the resistance to flow through them . When the arterial blood pressure rises the arterioles are stimulated to dilate making it easier for blood to leave the arteries , thus deflating them , and bringing the blood pressure down , back to normal . At the same time the heart is stimulated via cholinergic parasympathetic nerves to beat more slowly ( called bradycardia ) , ensuring that the inflow of blood into the arteries is reduced , thus adding to the reduction in pressure , and correction of the original error . </P> <P> If the pressure in the arteries falls , the opposite reflex is elicited : constriction of the arterioles , and a speeding up of the heart rate ( called tachycardia ) . If the drop in blood pressure is very rapid or excessive , the medulla oblongata stimulates the adrenal medulla , via `` preganglionic '' sympathetic nerves , to secrete epinephrine ( adrenaline ) into the blood . This hormone enhances the tachycardia and causes severe vasoconstriction of the arterioles to all but the essential organ in the body ( especially the heart , lungs and brain ) . These reactions usually correct the low arterial blood pressure ( hypotension ) very effectively . </P> <H3> Calcium levels ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Calcium metabolism § Regulation of calcium metabolism Calcium homeostasis <P> The plasma ionized calcium ( Ca ) concentration is very tightly controlled by a pair of homeostatic mechanisms . The sensor for the first one is situated in the parathyroid glands , where the chief cells sense the Ca level by means of specialized calcium receptors in their membranes . The sensors for the second are the parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland . The parathyroid chief cells secrete parathyroid hormone ( PTH ) in response to a fall in the plasma ionized calcium level ; the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland secrete calcitonin in response to a rise in the plasma ionized calcium level . </P> <P> The effector organs of the first homeostatic mechanism are the bones , the kidney , and , via a hormone released into the blood by the kidney in response to high PTH levels in the blood , the duodenum and jejunum . Parathyroid hormone ( in high concentrations in the blood ) causes bone resorption , releasing calcium into the plasma . This is a very rapid action which can correct a threatening hypocalcemia within minutes . High PTH concentrations cause the excretion of phosphate ions via the urine . Since phosphates combine with calcium ions to form insoluble salts , a decrease in the level of phosphates in the blood , releases free calcium ions into the plasma ionized calcium pool . PTH has a second action on the kidneys . It stimulates the manufacture and release , by the kidneys , of calcitriol into the blood . This steroid hormone acts on the epithelial cells of the upper small intestine , increasing their capacity to absorb calcium from the gut contents into the blood . </P> <P> The second homeostatic mechanism , with its sensors in the thyroid gland , releases calcitonin into the blood when the blood ionized calcium rises . This hormone acts primarily on bone , causing the rapid removal of calcium from the blood and depositing it , in insoluble form , in the bones . </P> <P> The two homeostatic mechanisms working through PTH on the one hand , and calcitonin on the other can very rapidly correct any impending error in the plasma ionized calcium level by either removing calcium from the blood and depositing it in the skeleton , or by removing calcium from it . The skeleton acts as an extremely large calcium store ( about 1 kg ) compared with the plasma calcium store ( about 180 mg ) . Longer term regulation occurs through calcium absorption or loss from the gut . </P> <H3> Sodium concentration ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Renin -- angiotensin system Further information : Sodium in biology , Tubuloglomerular feedback , and Sodium - calcium exchanger <P> The homeostatic mechanism which controls the plasma sodium concentration is rather more complex than most of the other homeostatic mechanisms described on this page . </P> <P> The sensor is situated in the juxtaglomerular apparatus of kidneys , which senses the plasma sodium concentration in a surprisingly indirect manner . Instead of measuring it directly in the blood flowing past the juxtaglomerular cells , these cells respond to the sodium concentration in the renal tubular fluid after it has already undergone a certain amount of modification in the proximal convoluted tubule and loop of Henle . These cells also respond to rate of blood flow through the juxtaglomerular apparatus , which , under normal circumstances , is directly proportional to the arterial blood pressure , making this tissue an ancillary arterial blood pressure sensor . </P> <P> In response to a lowering of the plasma sodium concentration , or to a fall in the arterial blood pressure , the juxtaglomerular cells release renin into the blood . Renin is an enzyme which cleaves a decapeptide ( a short protein chain , 10 amino acids long ) from a plasma α - 2 - globulin called angiotensinogen . This decapeptide is known as angiotensin I. It has no known biological activity . However , when the blood circulates through the lungs a pulmonary capillary endothelial enzyme called angiotensin - converting enzyme ( ACE ) cleaves a further two amino acids from angiotensin I to form an octapeptide known as angiotensin II . Angiotensin II is a hormone which acts on the adrenal cortex , causing the release into the blood of the steroid hormone , aldosterone . Angiotensin II also acts on the smooth muscle in the walls of the arterioles causing these small diameter vessels to constrict , thereby restricting the outflow of blood from the arterial tree , causing the arterial blood pressure to rise . This therefore reinforces the measures described above ( under the heading of `` Arterial blood pressure '' ) , which defend the arterial blood pressure against changes , especially hypotension . </P> <P> The angiotensin II - stimulated aldosterone released from the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal glands has an effect on particularly the epithelial cells of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys . Here it causes the reabsorption of sodium ions from the renal tubular fluid , in exchange for potassium ions which are secreted from the blood plasma into the tubular fluid to exit the body via the urine . The reabsorption of sodium ions from the renal tubular fluid halts further sodium ion losses from the body , and therefore preventing the worsening of hyponatremia . The hyponatremia can only be corrected by the consumption of salt in the diet . However , it is not certain whether a `` salt hunger '' can be initiated by hyponatremia , or by what mechanism this might come about . </P> <P> When the plasma sodium ion concentration is higher than normal ( hypernatremia ) , the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular apparatus is halted , ceasing the production of angiotensin II , and its consequent aldosterone - release into the blood . The kidneys respond by excreting sodium ions into the urine , thereby normalizing the plasma sodium ion concentration . The low angiotensin II levels in the blood lower the arterial blood pressure as an inevitable concomitant response . </P> <P> The reabsorption of sodium ions from the tubular fluid as a result of high aldosterone levels in the blood does not , of itself , cause renal tubular water to be returned to the blood from the distal convoluted tubules or collecting ducts . This is because sodium is reabsorbed in exchange for potassium and therefore causes only a modest change in the osmotic gradient between the blood and the tubular fluid . Furthermore , the epithelium of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts is impermeable to water in the absence of antidiuretic hormone ( ADH ) in the blood . ADH is part of the control of fluid balance . Its levels in the blood vary with the osmolality of the plasma , which is measured in the hypothalamus of the brain . Aldosterone 's action on the kidney tubules prevents sodium loss to the extracellular fluid ( ECF ) . So there is no change in the osmolality of the ECF , and therefore no change in the ADH concentration of the plasma . However , low aldosterone levels cause a loss of sodium ions from the ECF , which could potentially cause a change in extracellular osmolality and therefore of ADH levels in the blood . </P> <H3> Potassium concentration ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Potassium § Homeostasis , and Potassium in biology <P> High potassium concentrations in the plasma cause depolarization of the zona glomerulosa cells ' membranes in the outer layer of the adrenal cortex . This causes the release of aldosterone into the blood . </P> <P> Aldosterone acts primarily on the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys , stimulating the excretion of potassium ions into the urine . It does so , however , by activating the basolateral Na / K pumps of the tubular epithelial cells . These sodium / potassium exchangers pump three sodium ions out of the cell , into the interstitial fluid and two potassium ions into the cell from the interstitial fluid . This creates an ionic concentration gradient which results in the reabsorption of sodium ( Na ) ions from the tubular fluid into the blood , and secreting potassium ( K ) ions from the blood into the urine ( lumen of collecting duct ) . </P> <H3> Fluid balance ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Osmoregulation and Thirst <P> The total amount of water in the body needs to be kept in balance . Fluid balance involves keeping the fluid volume stabilised , and also keeping the levels of electrolytes in the extracellular fluid stable . Fluid balance is maintained by the process of osmoregulation and by behaviour . Osmotic pressure is detected by osmoreceptors in the median preoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus . Measurement of the plasma osmolality to give an indication of the water content of the body , relies on the fact that water losses from the body , ( through unavoidable water loss through the skin which is not entirely waterproof and therefore always slightly moist , water vapor in the exhaled air , sweating , vomiting , normal feces and especially diarrhea ) are all hypotonic , meaning that they are less salty than the body fluids ( compare , for instance , the taste of saliva with that of tears . The latter have almost the same salt content as the extracellular fluid , whereas the former is hypotonic with respect to plasma . Saliva does not taste salty , whereas tears are decidedly salty ) . Nearly all normal and abnormal losses of body water therefore cause the extracellular fluid to become hypertonic . Conversely excessive fluid intake dilutes the extracellular fluid causing the hypothalamus to register hypotonic hyponatremia conditions . </P> <P> When the hypothalamus detects a hypertonic extracellular environment , it causes the secretion of an antidiuretic hormone ( ADH ) called vasopressin which acts on the effector organ , which in this case is the kidney . The effect of vasopressin on the kidney tubules is to reabsorb water from the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts , thus preventing aggravation of the water loss via the urine . The hypothalamus simultaneously stimulates the nearby thirst center causing an almost irresistible ( if the hypertonicity is severe enough ) urge to drink water . The cessation of urine flow prevents the hypovolemia and hypertonicity from getting worse ; the drinking of water corrects the defect . </P> <P> Hypo - osmolality results in very low plasma ADH levels . This results in the inhibition of water reabsorption from the kidney tubules , causing high volumes of very dilute urine to be excreted , thus getting rid of the excess water in the body . </P> <P> Urinary water loss , when the body water homeostat is intact , is a compensatory water loss , correcting any water excess in the body . However , since the kidneys can not generate water , the thirst reflex is the all important second effector mechanism of the body water homeostat , correcting any water deficit in the body . </P> <H3> Blood pH ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Acid -- base homeostasis and Acid - base imbalance <P> The plasma pH can be altered by respiratory changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide ; or altered by metabolic changes in the carbonic acid to bicarbonate ion ratio . The bicarbonate buffer system regulates the ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate to be equal to 1 : 20 , at which ratio the blood pH is 7.4 ( as explained in the Henderson -- Hasselbalch equation ) . A change in the plasma pH gives an acid -- base imbalance . In acid -- base homeostasis there are two mechanisms that can help regulate the pH . Respiratory compensation a mechanism of the respiratory center , adjusts the partial pressure of carbon dioxide by changing the rate and depth of breathing , to bring the pH back to normal . The partial pressure of carbon dioxide also determines the concentration of carbonic acid , and the bicarbonate buffer system can also come into play . Renal compensation can help the bicarbonate buffer system . The sensor for the plasma bicarbonate concentration is not known for certain . It is very probable that the renal tubular cells of the distal convoluted tubules are themselves sensitive to the pH of the plasma . The metabolism of these cells produces carbon dioxide , which is rapidly converted to hydrogen and bicarbonate through the action of carbonic anhydrase . When the ECF pH falls ( becoming more acidic ) the renal tubular cells excrete hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid to leave the body via urine . Bicarbonate ions are simultaneously secreted into the blood that decreases the carbonic acid , and consequently raises the plasma pH . The converse happens when the plasma pH rises above normal : bicarbonate ions are excreted into the urine , and hydrogen ions released into the plasma . </P> <P> When hydrogen ions are excreted into the urine , and bicarbonate into the blood , the latter combine with the excess hydrogen ions in the plasma that stimulated the kidneys to perform this operation . The resulting reaction in the plasma is the formation of carbonic acid which is in equilibrium with the plasma partial pressure of carbon dioxide . This is tightly regulated to ensure that there is no excessive build - up of carbonic acid or bicarbonate. of carbonic acid or bicarbonate ions in the blood plasma . The overall effect is therefore that hydrogen ions are lost in the urine when the pH of the plasma falls . The concomitant rise in the plasma bicarbonate mops up the increased hydrogen ions ( caused by the fall in plasma pH ) and the resulting excess carbonic acid is disposed of in the lungs as carbon dioxide . This restores the normal ratio between bicarbonate and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and therefore the plasma pH . The converse happens when a high plasma pH stimulates the kidneys to secrete hydrogen ions into the blood and to excrete bicarbonate into the urine . The hydrogen ions combine with the excess bicarbonate ions in the plasma , once again forming an excess of carbonic acid which can be exhaled , as carbon dioxide , in the lungs , keeping the plasma bicarbonate ion concentration , the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and , therefore , the plasma pH , constant . </P> <H3> Cerebrospinal fluid ( edit ) </H3> <P> Cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) allows for regulation of the distribution of substances between cells of the brain , and neuroendocrine factors , to which slight changes can cause problems or damage to the nervous system . For example , high glycine concentration disrupts temperature and blood pressure control , and high CSF pH causes dizziness and syncope . </P> <H3> Neurotransmission ( edit ) </H3> <P> Inhibitory neurons in the central nervous system play a homeostatic role in the balance of neuronal activity between excitation and inhibition . Inhibitory neurons using GABA , make compensating changes in the neuronal networks preventing runaway levels of excitation . An imbalance between excitation and inhibition is seen to be implicated in a number of neuropsychiatric disorders . </P> <H3> Neuroendocrine system ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Metabolism , Enterohepatic circulation , and Metabolic pathway See also : Enzyme § Regulation <P> The neuroendocrine system is the mechanism by which the hypothalamus maintains homeostasis , regulating metabolism , reproduction , eating and drinking behaviour , energy utilization , osmolarity and blood pressure . </P> <P> The regulation of metabolism , is carried out by hypothalamic interconnections to other glands . Three endocrine glands of the hypothalamic -- pituitary -- gonadal axis ( HPG axis ) often work together and have important regulatory functions . Two other regulatory endocrine axes are the hypothalamic -- pituitary -- adrenal axis ( HPA axis ) and the hypothalamic -- pituitary -- thyroid axis ( HPT axis ) . </P> <P> The liver also has many regulatory functions of the metabolism . An important function is the production and control of bile acids . Too much bile acid can be toxic to cells and its synthesis can be inhibited by activation of FXR a nuclear receptor . </P> <H3> Gene regulation ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Regulation of gene expression <P> At the cellular level , homeostasis is carried out by several mechanisms including transcriptional regulation that can alter the activity of genes in response to changes . </P> <H3> Energy balance ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Energy homeostasis <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The amount of energy taken in through nutrition needs to match the amount of energy used . To achieve energy homeostasis appetite is regulated by two hormones , grehlin and leptin . Grehlin stimulates hunger and the intake of food and leptin acts to signal satiety ( fullness ) . </P> <H2> Clinical significance ( edit ) </H2> <P> Many diseases are the result of a homeostatic failure . Almost any homeostatic component can malfunction , either as a result of an inherited defect , an inborn error of metabolism , or an acquired disease . Some homeostatic mechanisms have inbuilt redundancies , which ensures that life is not immediately threatened if a component malfunctions ; but sometimes a homeostatic malfunction can result in serious disease , which can be fatal if not treated . A well known example of a homeostatic failure is shown in type 1 diabetes mellitus . Here blood sugar regulation is unable to function because the beta cells of the pancreatic islets are destroyed and can not produce the necessary insulin . The blood sugar rises in a condition known as hyperglycemia . </P> <P> The plasma ionized calcium homeostat can be disrupted by the constant , unchanging , over-production of parathyroid hormone by a parathyroid adenoma resulting in the typically features of hyperparathyroidism , namely high plasma ionized Ca levels and the resorption of bone , which can lead to spontaneous fractures . The abnormally high plasma ionized calcium concentrations cause conformational changes in many cell - surface proteins ( especially ion channels and hormone or neurotransmitter receptors ) giving rise to lethargy , muscle weakness , anorexia , constipation and labile emotions . </P> <P> The body water homeostat can be compromised by the inability to secrete ADH in response to even the normal daily water losses via the exhaled air , the feces , and insensible sweating . On receiving a zero blood ADH signal , the kidneys produce huge unchanging volumes of very dilute urine , causing dehydration and death if not treated . </P> <P> As organisms age , the efficiency of their control systems becomes reduced . The inefficiencies gradually result in an unstable internal environment that increases the risk of illness , and leads to the physical changes associated with aging . </P> <P> Various chronic diseases are kept under control by homeostatic compensation , which masks a problem by compensating for it ( making up for it ) in another way . However , the compensating mechanisms eventually wear out or are disrupted by a new complicating factor ( such as the advent of a concurrent acute viral infection ) , which sends the body reeling through a new cascade of events . Such decompensation unmasks the underlying disease , worsening its symptoms . Common examples include decompensated heart failure , kidney failure , and liver failure . </P> <H2> Biosphere ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the Gaia hypothesis , James Lovelock stated that the entire mass of living matter on Earth ( or any planet with life ) functions as a vast homeostatic superorganism that actively modifies its planetary environment to produce the environmental conditions necessary for its own survival . In this view , the entire planet maintains several homeostats ( the primary one being temperature homeostasis ) . Whether this sort of system is present on Earth is open to debate . However , some relatively simple homeostatic mechanisms are generally accepted . For example , it is sometimes claimed that when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels rise , certain plants may be able to grow better and thus act to remove more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere . However , warming has exacerbated droughts , making water the actual limiting factor on land . When sunlight is plentiful and atmospheric temperature climbs , it has been claimed that the phytoplankton of the ocean surface waters , acting as global sunshine , and therefore heat sensors , may thrive and produce more dimethyl sulfide ( DMS ) . The DMS molecules act as cloud condensation nuclei , which produce more clouds , and thus increase the atmospheric albedo , and this feeds back to lower the temperature of the atmosphere . However , rising sea temperature has stratified the oceans , separating warm , sunlit waters from cool , nutrient - rich waters . Thus , nutrients have become the limiting factor , and plankton levels have actually fallen over the past 50 years , not risen . As scientists discover more about Earth , vast numbers of positive and negative feedback loops are being discovered , that , together , maintain a metastable condition , sometimes within very broad range of environmental conditions . </P> <H2> Predictive ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Predictive homeostasis <P> Predictive homeostasis is an anticipatory response to an expected challenge in the future , such as the stimulation of insulin secretion by gut hormones which enter the blood in response to a meal . This insulin secretion occurs before the blood sugar level rises , lowering the blood sugar level in anticipation of a large influx into the blood of glucose resulting from the digestion of carbohydrates in the gut . Such anticipatory reactions are open loop systems which are based , essentially , on `` guess work '' , and are not self - correcting . Anticipatory responses always require a closed loop negative feedback system to correct the ' over-shoots ' and ' under - shoots ' to which the anticipatory systems are prone . </P> <H2> Other fields ( edit ) </H2> <P> The term has come to be used in other fields , for example : </P> <H3> Risk ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Risk homeostasis <P> An actuary may refer to risk homeostasis , where ( for example ) people who have anti-lock brakes have no better safety record than those without anti-lock brakes , because the former unconsciously compensates for the safer vehicle via less - safe driving habits . Previous to the innovation of anti-lock brakes , certain maneuvers involved minor skids , evoking fear and avoidance : Now the anti-lock system moves the boundary for such feedback , and behavior patterns expand into the no - longer punitive area . It has also been suggested that ecological crises are an instance of risk homeostasis in which a particular behavior continues until proven dangerous or dramatic consequences actually occur . </P> <H3> Stress ( edit ) </H3> <P> Sociologists and psychologists may refer to stress homeostasis , the tendency of a population or an individual to stay at a certain level of stress , often generating artificial stresses if the `` natural '' level of stress is not enough . </P> <P> Jean - François Lyotard , a postmodern theorist , has applied this term to societal ' power centers ' that he describes in The Postmodern Condition , as being ' governed by a principle of homeostasis , ' for example , the scientific hierarchy , which will sometimes ignore a radical new discovery for years because it destabilizes previously accepted norms . </P> <H3> Technology ( edit ) </H3> <P> Familiar technological homeostatic mechanisms include : </P> <Ul> <Li> A thermostat operates by switching heaters or air - conditioners on and off in response to the output of a temperature sensor . </Li> <Li> Cruise control adjusts a car 's throttle in response to changes in speed . </Li> <Li> An autopilot operates the steering controls of an aircraft or ship in response to deviation from a pre-set compass bearing or route . </Li> <Li> Process control systems in a chemical plant or oil refinery maintain fluid levels , pressures , temperature , chemical composition , etc. by controlling heaters , pumps and valves . </Li> <Li> The centrifugal governor of a steam engine , as designed by James Watt in 1788 , reduces the throttle valve in response to increases in the engine speed , or opens the valve if the speed falls below the pre-set rate . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Apoptosis </Li> <Li> Cerebral autoregulation </Li> <Li> Chronobiology </Li> <Li> Enantiostasis </Li> <Li> Geophysiology </Li> <Li> Glycobiology </Li> <Li> Homeorhesis </Li> <Li> Hormesis </Li> <Li> Le Chatelier 's principle </Li> <Li> Lenz 's law </Li> <Li> Osmosis </Li> <Li> Proteostasis </Li> <Li> Senescence </Li> <Li> Steady state </Li> <Li> Systems biology </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Allaby , Michael ( 2009 ) . 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PMID 22546854 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Palmer , LG ; Frindt , G ( 2000 ) . `` Aldosterone and potassium secretion by the cortical collecting duct '' . Kidney International . 57 ( 4 ) : 1324 -- 8 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1523 - 1755.2000. 00970. x . PMID 10760062 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Linas SL , Peterson LN , Anderson RJ , Aisenbrey GA , Simon FR , Berl T ( June 1979 ) . `` Mechanism of renal potassium conservation in the rat '' . Kidney International . 15 ( 6 ) : 601 -- 11 . doi : 10.1038 / ki. 1979.79 . PMID 222934 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Tortora , Gerard J. ; Anagnostakos , Nicholas P. ( 1987 ) . Principles of anatomy and physiology ( Fifth ed . ) . New York : Harper & Row , Publishers . pp. 581 -- 582 , 675 -- 676 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 350729 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sakka , L. ; Coll , G. ; Chazal , J. ( December 2011 ) . `` Anatomy and physiology of cerebrospinal fluid '' . European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology , Head and Neck Diseases . 128 ( 6 ) : 309 -- 316 . doi : 10.1016 / j. anorl. 2011.03. 002 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Saladin , Kenneth ( 2012 ) . Anatomy and Physiology ( 6th ed . ) . McGraw Hill . pp. 519 -- 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Flores , CE ; Méndez , P ( 2014 ) . `` Shaping inhibition : activity dependent structural plasticity of GABAergic synapses '' . Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 8 : 327 . doi : 10.3389 / fncel. 2014.00327 . PMID 25386117 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Um , Ji Won ( 13 November 2017 ) . `` Roles of Glial Cells in Sculpting Inhibitory Synapses and Neural Circuits '' . Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience. 10 . doi : 10.3389 / fnmol. 2017.00381 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Toni , R ( 2004 ) . `` The neuroendocrine system : organization and homeostatic role '' . Journal of endocrinological investigation . 27 ( 6 Suppl ) : 35 -- 47 . PMID 15481802 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Armstrong CM , Cota G ( Mar 1999 ) . `` Calcium block of Na channels and its effect on closing rate '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 96 ( 7 ) : 4154 -- 7 . Bibcode : 1999PNAS ... 96.4154 A . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 96.7. 4154 . PMC 22436 . PMID 10097179 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harrison , T.R. Principles of Internal Medicine ( third ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill Book Company . pp. 170 , 571 -- 579 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovelock , James ( 1991 ) . Healing Gaia : Practical medicine for the Planet . New York : Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 57848 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boron WF , Boulpaep EL ( 2009 ) . Medical physiology : a cellular and molecular approach ( 2nd International ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Saunders / Elsevier . ISBN 9781416031154 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Koeslag , J.H. ; Saunders , P.T. ; Wessels , J.A. ( 1997 ) . `` Glucose homeostasis with infinite gain : further lessons from the Daisyworld parable ? '' . Journal of Endocrinology. 134 : 187 -- 192 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spencer , Laci ( 2015 ) . Flotation : A Guide for Sensory Deprivation , Relaxation , & Isolation Tanks . Lulu.com . p. 29 . ISBN 1329173759 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spencer , Laci ( 2015 - 05 - 29 ) . Flotation : A Guide for Sensory Deprivation , Relaxation , & Isolation Tanks . Lulu.com . ISBN 9781329173750 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1966 American Motors '' . Car Life . 12 : 46 . 1965 . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nice , Karim ( 15 January 2001 ) . `` How Cruise Control Systems Work '' . HowStuffWorks . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maxwell , James Clerk ( 1868 ) . `` On Governors '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London . 16 : 270 -- 283 . doi : 10.1098 / rspl. 1867.0055 . JSTOR 112510 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bennett , Stuart ( 1992 ) . A history of control engineering , 1930 - 1955 . IET . p. p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86341 - 299 - 8 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Banci , Lucia ( Ed . ) , ed. ( 2013 ) . `` Chapter 3 Sodium / Potassium homeostasis , Chapter 5 Calcium homeostasis , Chapter 6 Manganese homeostasis '' . Metallomics and the Cell. Metal Ions in Life Sciences . 12 . Springer . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 007 - 5561 - 1_3 . ISBN 978 - 94 - 007 - 5560 - 4 . 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base balance </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Human homeostasis </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Blood composition </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Blood sugar </Li> <Li> Osmoregulation </Li> <Li> Pressure : Renin -- angiotensin system </Li> <Li> Acid -- base </Li> <Li> Fluid balance </Li> <Li> Hemostasis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Predictive </Li> <Li> Thermoregulation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GND : 4160575 - 5 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homeostasis&oldid=819351195 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Homeostasis </Li> <Li> Cybernetics </Li> <Li> Physiology </Li> <Li> Biology terminology </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list </Li> <Li> CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from September 2010 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles to be expanded from November 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles to be expanded </Li> <Li> Articles using small message boxes </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Bosanski </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Ido </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Kreyòl ayisyen </Li> <Li> Кыргызча </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Plattdüütsch </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Scots </Li> <Li> සිංහල </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Tagalog </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 22 : 12 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Homeostasis&oldid=819351195 | -330,459,965,194,408,600 |
Lemony Snicket 's a Series of Unfortunate Events - wikipedia <H1> Lemony Snicket 's a Series of Unfortunate Events </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the novel series , see A Series of Unfortunate Events . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Brad Silberling </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Laurie MacDonald </Li> <Li> Walter Parkes </Li> <Li> Jim Van Wyck </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> Robert Gordon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jim Carrey </Li> <Li> Liam Aiken </Li> <Li> Emily Browning </Li> <Li> Timothy Spall </Li> <Li> Catherine O'Hara </Li> <Li> Billy Connolly </Li> <Li> Cedric the Entertainer </Li> <Li> Luis Guzmán </Li> <Li> Jennifer Coolidge </Li> <Li> Meryl Streep </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Narrated by </Th> <Td> Jude Law </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Thomas Newman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Emmanuel Lubezki </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Michael Kahn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nickelodeon Movies </Li> <Li> Parkes / MacDonald Productions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Paramount Pictures ( North America ) </Li> <Li> DreamWorks Pictures ( International ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> December 17 , 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 107 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $140 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $209.1 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events is a 2004 American dark comedy film directed by Brad Silberling . It is a film adaptation of A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket , covering the first three novels The Bad Beginning , The Reptile Room , and The Wide Window . The film stars Jim Carrey , Liam Aiken , Emily Browning , Timothy Spall , Catherine O'Hara , Billy Connolly , Cedric the Entertainer , Luis Guzmán , Jennifer Coolidge and Meryl Streep , as well as Jude Law as the voice of Lemony Snicket . </P> <P> Nickelodeon Movies purchased the film rights to Daniel Handler 's book series in 2000 and soon began development of a film with Barry Sonnenfeld attached to direct . Handler adapted the screenplay and courted Jim Carrey for Count Olaf . Sonnenfeld eventually left over budget concerns in January 2003 and Brad Silberling took over . Robert Gordon rewrote Handler 's script , and principal photography started in November 2003 . A Series of Unfortunate Events was entirely shot using sound stages and backlots at Paramount Pictures and Downey Studios . The film grossed $209 million worldwide , and won the Academy Award for Best Makeup . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Development </Li> <Li> 3.2 Filming </Li> <Li> 3.3 Design </Li> <Li> 3.4 Visual effects </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Release <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Marketing </Li> <Li> 4.2 Home media </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Box office </Li> <Li> 5.2 Critical response </Li> <Li> 5.3 Awards </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Cancelled franchise and future <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Franchise </Li> <Li> 6.2 Television series </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Video game </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Fourteen - year - old inventor Violet Baudelaire , her twelve - year - old brother Klaus , and their baby sister Sunny are orphaned when a fire burns down their house and kills their parents . Mr. Poe , the family 's banker , manages their fortune and leaves them in the care of their closest relative Count Olaf , who is only interested in obtaining their fortune despite Violet not being the legal age of eighteen to obtain it . He also forces them to work through grueling house chores and belittles them . </P> <P> The day Olaf obtains full custody , he pretends to go into a store claiming to buy soda , but Violet notices the car is parked directly on train tracks with a train heading towards them . They manage to build a device to turn the switch controlling the tracks so that they are not hit . Mr. Poe arrives and takes them away when he sees Sunny in the front seat , believing her to have been `` driving . '' Olaf initially says farewell , but threatens them that they will always be found . </P> <P> The orphans are then taken to their uncle Dr. Montgomery , a kind , caring herpetologist who is planning to take the children with him to Peru . However , Olaf arrives in disguise as a man named Stephano . The orphans attempt to warn Montgomery , and he believes to an extent . Montgomery believes Stephano is after a large viper in his museum , which despite its looks , is actually very gentle . He is discovered dead shortly after , and the orphans can not prove that Stephano is responsible for Montgomery 's death . They are almost taken back to him when Sunny proves the viper 's innocence when it fondles and licks her , disproving its hostile nature . Stephano flees the scene , ridding all proof of his disguise as the police pursue him . </P> <P> Mr. Poe leaves them with their Aunt Josephine , a kindly woman who is nonetheless obsessed with grammar and has irrational fears . Olaf appears disguised as Captain Sham to interfere with their plans again . One day , Josephine is not at the house , leaving what is apparently a suicide note ; Klaus takes advantage of mistakes in the letter 's grammar ( which Josephine would never have tolerated ) to decode her location ; Curdled Cave . A hurricane sweeps through the town , ultimately destroying the house but allowing the children to flee before the structure falls apart . They sail to the cave and rescue her , but attract leeches due to Josephine having eaten a banana . Olaf appears and takes the kids with him , throwing Josephine off the boat and to the Lachrymose Leeches after she annoys him by correcting his speech . </P> <P> A play is soon planned that is called `` The Marvelous Marriage '' that involves Olaf and Violet as the leads : a groom and a bride . Klaus 's suspicions reveal that Olaf is planning to take advantage of the play to marry Violet in reality in a desperate attempt to get the fortune . Unless Violet follows her lines or finds a loophole , Sunny , who is being held hostage in a cage , will be dropped to her death . </P> <P> Klaus manages to escape and finds a hidden tower in Olaf 's house that , if positioned correctly , can shine light . He discovers this way that it was Olaf who set the fire to their old house . He uses this window to burn the marriage certificate before the marriage is officially complete , leading to Olaf 's arrest . However , a jury of his peers overturn his sentence and Olaf vanishes . </P> <P> Violet , Klaus and Sunny are allowed to visit their old home one last time . As they observe the burned remains , a letter lost in the mail finally arrives , and inside is a spyglass announcing their family 's secret society . Though their future is unclear , despite the children 's misfortune , they still have each other , thus making them `` Very Fortunate Indeed '' . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> Jim Carrey as Count Olaf <Ul> <Li> Jim Carrey as Count Olaf , a villainous stage actor who lusts after the Baudelaire family fortune . Some of his disguises include Dr. Stephano , an Italian reptile scientist and Captain Sham , a swashbuckling seaman . </Li> <Li> Liam Aiken as Klaus Baudelaire , an intelligent bookworm who uses his knowledge of books to get himself and his siblings out of trouble . He is the middle child of the Baudelaire orphans . </Li> <Li> Emily Browning as Violet Baudelaire , an intelligent inventor who makes inventions out of everyday items . She is the eldest of the Baudelaire orphans . </Li> <Li> Kara and Shelby Hoffman as Sunny Baudelaire , a sassy infant with very sharp teeth whose dialogue is almost entirely subtitled . </Li> <Li> Jude Law as Lemony Snicket , an introverted writer and the narrator of the story . </Li> <Li> Timothy Spall as Mr. Poe , a stuffy banker whose job is to take the Baudelaire children to their guardians , but is quite incompetent at keeping them safe . </Li> <Li> Billy Connolly as Dr. Montgomery Montgomery ( a.k.a. Uncle Monty ) , an eccentric herpetologist and the Baudelaire 's uncle who temporarily becomes their guardian . </Li> <Li> Meryl Streep as Josephine Anwhistle , a paranoid , grammar - obsessed recluse and the Baudelaire 's aunt who temporarily becomes their guardian . </Li> <Li> Catherine O'Hara as Justice Strauss , Count Olaf 's kind neighbor and a judge . </Li> <Li> Cedric the Entertainer as Constable , a skeptical detective . </Li> <Li> Luis Guzmán as the Bald Man , one of Count Olaf 's minions . </Li> <Li> Jamie Harris as the Hook - Handed Man , one of Count Olaf 's minions who has hooks for hands . </Li> <Li> Craig Ferguson as the Person of Indeterminate Gender , one of Count Olaf 's minions . </Li> <Li> Jennifer Coolidge and Jane Adams as the White - Faced Women , two of Count Olaf 's minions . </Li> <Li> Deborah Theaker as Mrs. Poe , the wife of Mr. Poe . </Li> <Li> Fred Gallo as the Judge , he is seen in two brief shots : one where he grants custody of Baudelaire children to Count Olaf and another where he finds Count Olaf guilty . </Li> </Ul> <P> Daniel Handler ( the real name of Lemony Snicket ) cameos as a photographer . The film featured uncredited appearances by Jane Lynch as a realtor , Helena Bonham Carter as Beatrice Baudelaire , Gilbert Gottfried as the voice of a duck , and Dustin Hoffman as a critic . </P> <P> Author Daniel Handler initially viewed Count Olaf as being a James Mason - type . Carrey was not familiar with the book series when he was cast , but he became a fan of the series . `` Handler 's books are just a bold and original way to tell a children 's story , '' the actor explained . Carrey was also attracted to the role despite self - parody concerns . Director Brad Silberling was open to Carrey 's idea of improvisation for various scenes , especially the Stephano and Captain Sham alter egos . To make his prosthetic makeup more comfortable and easier to apply , Carrey shaved his head bald for the part . The actor 's inspiration for Olaf 's voice was combining the voices of Orson Welles and Béla Lugosi . </P> <P> Emily Browning was cast as Violet Baudelaire when she auditioned at a casting call in Australia . She was sent Handler 's original script when Barry Sonnenfeld was planning to direct , and she screen tested for the part using an English accent . The actor was not cast until Silberling took over ; her character 's accent was then changed to American . Browning became a fan of the books after reading Handler 's original script . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> <P> Nickelodeon Movies purchased the film rights of the A Series of Unfortunate Events novel series in May 2000 . Paramount Pictures , owner of Nickelodeon Movies , agreed to co-finance , along with Scott Rudin . Various directors , including Terry Gilliam and Roman Polanski , were interested in making the film . One of author Daniel Handler 's favorite candidates was Guy Maddin . In June 2002 , Barry Sonnenfeld was hired to direct . He was chosen because he previously collaborated with Rudin and because of his black comedy directing style from The Addams Family , Addams Family Values and Get Shorty . Sonnenfeld referred to the Lemony Snicket novels as his favorite children 's stories . The director hired Handler to write the script with the intention of making Lemony Snicket as a musical , and cast Jim Carrey as Count Olaf in September 2002 . </P> <P> The film suffered setbacks in development in December 2002 . Rudin left Unfortunate Events over budget concerns . While Sonnenfeld and Carrey remained , Sonnenfeld admitted he was skeptical of Paramount 's $100 million budget . The studio decided that changing the shoot from Hollywood to Wilmington , North Carolina would be less expensive . The April 2003 start date was also pushed back . Paramount eventually settled the situation in January 2003 by enlisting help from DreamWorks to co-finance the film , but Sonnenfeld vacated the director 's position . Rudin and Sonnenfeld had no involvement with the film afterward , but were credited as executive producers . Carrey remained with approval over the hiring of the next director . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Very little of what I wrote is in the film , which I actually think is appropriate being as that I was writing it for Barry Sonnenfeld . It 's a director 's medium and Brad Siberling makes entirely different films from Barry Sonnenfeld . I was n't filled with resentment because they did n't use it ( my script ) , I was just disappointed because I 'd worked a long time ( on it ) and Scott Rudin , Barry Sonnenfeld and I were all sort of ready to go , along with Jim Carrey , with the film that we had . So it was sort of a long , rocky , journey . But that 's all ( in the past ) . '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- Series author Daniel Handler </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Brad Silberling signed on to direct in February 2003 . He was not familiar with the series when he was first approached . He quickly read the first three novels and was excited that `` Hollywood was taking a chance to put over $100 million to adapt these inventive children 's books onto screen '' . Handler , who wrote eight drafts of the script for Sonnenfeld , was replaced by Robert Gordon in May 2003 . Handler approved of the changes that were made to his original screenplay . `` I was offered credit on the film for screenwriting by the Writers Guild of America , '' Handler continued , `` but I did n't take it because I did n't write it . I felt like it would be an insult to the guy who did . '' </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> <P> Filming was set to begin in October 2003 , but it was pushed back . Principal photography for Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events began on November 10 , 2003 , using the sound stages and backlot at Paramount Studios in Hollywood . Director Brad Silberling avoided using too many digital or chroma key effects because he wanted the younger actors to feel as if they were working in a realistic environment . Olaf 's mansion occupied two sound stages , while the graveyard and the ruins of the Baudelaire mansion were constructed on the Paramount back lot . After 21 weeks of shooting at Paramount , production then moved to Downey Studios , a former NASA facility in Downey , California , for eight more weeks . Downey housed the circular railroad crossing set complete with forced perspective scenery , as well as a newly constructed water tank complete with over one million gallons of water . The water tank was instrumental in filming scenes set at Briny Beach , Lake Lachrymose , Damocles Dock and Curdled Cave . Filming for A Series of Unfortunate Events ended on May 29 , 2004 . </P> <H3> Design ( edit ) </H3> Some scenery was designed using forced perspective techniques , combined with matte paintings . <P> Silberling , production designer Rick Heinrichs and costume designer Colleen Atwood all aimed for the film 's setting to be ambiguous , giving it a `` timeless '' feel . Heinrichs also added steampunk designs to the period . To contribute to the setting , Silberling hired Emmanuel Lubezki as the cinematographer because he was impressed with the trio 's work on Sleepy Hollow . </P> <P> Lubezki compared the cinematic similarities to Sleepy Hollow , notably the monochromatic look of both films . He also chose a specific color palette backdrop for A Series of Unfortunate Events . `` The story is very episodic , so we picked a different color scheme for each section . For example '' , Lubezki continued , `` Count Olaf 's house has a lot of greens , blacks and grays ; the house of Uncle Monty has a lot of greens and browns and a bit of yellow ; and the house of Aunt Josephine has blues and blacks . '' The railroad crossing set was constructed on a cyclorama , which was the most ambitious setpiece for the art department on using elements of `` in house '' special effects and matte paintings . </P> <H3> Visual effects ( edit ) </H3> <P> Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) , supervised by Stefen Fangmeier , created the film 's 505 visual effects - shots . The filmmakers used as few digital effects as possible , though the train and smoke for the railroad crossing scene was entirely created using computer animation . ILM also used color grading techniques for the Lake Lachrymose scene , which required complete animation for the leeches . The digital animators studied footage of the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season to accurately depict Hurricane Herman , which was ILM 's most ambitious use of computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) for the film . Nexus Productions designed the opening `` Littlest Elf '' animated sequence by modeling it after stop motion animation and completing it with computer animation . The snakes at Uncle Monty 's house were a combination of real snakes and animatronics . The animatronics , primarily the Incredibly Deadly Viper , were used as reference models that ILM later enhanced using CGI . Because working with infants was sometimes risky in producing a film , four scenes involving Sunny Baudelaire required CGI with motion capture technology . Among these are the shot of Sunny hanging on to a table by her teeth , catching a spindle with her mouth and the scene where she is entangled with the Incredibly Deadly Viper . Animation supervisor Colin Brady used his baby daughter for motion capture recording . A remote controlled animatronic of Sunny was also designed by Kevin Yagher . </P> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Marketing ( edit ) </H3> Further information : the video game and soundtrack <P> In October 2002 , Nickelodeon Movies hired Activision ( who actually had a partnership with DreamWorks ) to create the film 's tie - in video game . The agreement also included options for sequels . Director Brad Silberling delivered his first cut of the film to the studio in August 2004 . Fearing his original version was `` too dark '' , Paramount and DreamWorks conducted test screenings . The film was then re-edited over family - friendliness concerns . Given its December release , the film 's marketing campaign was criticized for being a deliberately anti-holiday comedy with taglines like , `` Taking the cheer out of Christmas '' and `` Mishaps . Misadventures . Mayhem . Oh Joy . '' The premiere for Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events was held at the Cinerama Dome on December 13 , 2004 . A 20,000 - square - foot ( 1,900 m ) tent display on Vine Street was decorated with pieces from the film 's sets . </P> <H3> Home media ( edit ) </H3> <P> Lemony Snicket 's a Series of Unfortunate Events was released on DVD and VHS on April 26 , 2005 . A Portuguese - labeled All - Region Blu - ray was released in 2012 and then an American Region A Blu - ray was released on September 9 , 2014 . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Box Office ( edit ) </H3> <P> Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events grossed $118.6 million in the United States and Canada and $90.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $209.1 million , against a budget of $140 million . </P> <P> The film was released in the United States and Canada on December 17 , 2004 on 4,400 screens at 3,620 theaters , earning $30.1 million in its opening weekend and finishing first at the box office . In its second weekend the film fell to second behind Meet the Fockers , grossing $12.6 million . It was the highest - grossing film under the Nickelodeon Movies banner until being surpassed by The Last Airbender . </P> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> On Rotten Tomatoes , the film received an approval rating of 72 % based on 160 reviews , with an average rating of 6.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Although it softens the nasty edges of its source material , Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events is a gothic visual treat , and it features a hilariously manic turn from Jim Carrey as the evil Count Olaf . '' On Metacritic , gave the film a score of 62 out of 100 , based on 37 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . </P> <P> Robert K. Elder of the Chicago Tribune praised Rick Heinrichs 's production design and Jim Carrey for having a balanced performance as a scene stealer . Elder called the film `` exceptionally clever , hilariously gloomy and bitingly subversive . '' Desson Thomson from The Washington Post reasoned over a fellow film - goer 's characterization of Count Olaf , `` Olaf is a humorless villain in the book . He 's not amusing like Carrey at all . To which I would counter : If you ca n't let Carrey be Carrey , put someone boring and less expensive in the role . In his various disguises he 's rubbery , inventive and improvisationally inspired . I particularly liked his passing imitation of a dinosaur . '' Ty Burr , writing in The Boston Globe , observed , `` Director Brad Silberling has essentially made a Tim Burton movie without the weird shafts of adolescent pain . At the same time , Silberling 's not a hack like Chris Columbus , and Snicket has more zip and inspired filmcraft than the first two Harry Potter films . The film 's no masterpiece , but at least you 're in the hands of people who know what they 're doing . The movie , like the books , flatters children 's innate sense that the world is not a perfect place and that anyone who insists otherwise is trying to sell you something . How you deal with the cognitive dissonance of a $125 million Hollywood picture telling you this is up to you . At least there are no Lemony Snicket Happy Meals . Yet . '' Internet reviewer James Berardinelli felt that `` the film is first and foremost a fantasy , but there are dark currents running just beneath the surface . I give Silberling credit for not allowing them to swallow the film . Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events manages to remain witty throughout . '' Roger Ebert gave a mixed review : `` Jim Carrey is over the top as Count Olaf , but I suppose a character named Count Olaf is over the top by definition . I liked the film , but I 'll tell you what . I think this one is a tune - up for the series , a trial run in which they figure out what works and what needs to be tweaked . The original Spider - Man was a disappointment , but the same team came back and made Spider - Man 2 , the best superhero movie ever made . '' Scott Foundas of Variety gave a negative review , criticizing the filmmakers for sacrificing the storyline in favor of visual elements such as set design and cinematography . He wrote , `` A Series of Unfortunate Events suggests what Mary Poppins might have looked like had Tim Burton directed it . Not surprisingly , Burton 's longtime production designer Rick Heinrichs was responsible for the sets , while ace Emmanuel Lubezki ( Burton 's Sleepy Hollow ) contributed the expressionistic lighting schemes . '' </P> <H3> Awards ( edit ) </H3> <P> Makeup designer Valli O'Reilly and Bill Corso won the Academy Award for Best Makeup . Production designer Rick Heinrichs and set decorator Cheryl Carasik ( Art Direction ) , Colleen Atwood ( Costume Design ) and composer Thomas Newman ( Original Music Score ) were also nominated for their work at 77th Academy Awards . The film lost the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film to Spider - Man 2 , but was honored for its DVD special edition release . O'Reilly and Corso were also nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Make - up , but lost to Hellboy . </P> <H2> Cancelled franchise and future ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Franchise ( edit ) </H3> <P> Paramount Pictures , DreamWorks and Nickelodeon Movies hoped the film would become a franchise like the Harry Potter film series . Jim Carrey thought his character would be good as the basis for a film franchise since it would allow him to dive into a new role . `` I do n't have a deal ( for a sequel ) , but it 's one that I would n't mind doing again because there are so many characters , '' the actor explained in December 2004 . `` I mean , it 's just so much fun . It 's so much fun being a bad actor playing a character ... '' In May 2005 , producer Laurie MacDonald said `` Lemony Snicket is still something Paramount is interested in pursuing and we 're going to be talking with them more . '' </P> <P> In October 2008 , Daniel Handler said that `` a sequel does seem to be in the works . Paramount has had quite a few corporate shakeups , which has led to many a delay . Of course , many , many plans in Hollywood come to naught , but I 'm assured that another film will be made . Someday . Perhaps . '' In June 2009 , Silberling confirmed he still talked about the project with Handler , and suggested the sequel be a stop motion film because the lead actors have grown too old . `` In an odd way , the best thing you could do is actually have Lemony Snicket say to the audience , ' Okay , we pawned the first film off as a mere dramatization with actors . Now , I 'm afraid I 'm going to have to show you the real thing . ' '' </P> <H3> Television Series ( edit ) </H3> Main article : A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV series ) <P> In November 2014 , Netflix announced its plans of creating a television series to adapt the entire novel series . The series stars Neil Patrick Harris , Malina Weissman , Louis Hynes and Presley Smith , with Patrick Warburton as narrator . The series , also titled A Series of Unfortunate Events , premiered on January 13 , 2017 . The first season consisted of eight episodes , and adapts the first four books of the series . A Series of Unfortunate Events was renewed for a second season , which is planned to consist of 10 episodes , adapting books five through nine of the novel series , with a third season also planned , to adapt the four remaining books . </P> <H2> Video game ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( video game ) <P> A video game based on the books and film ( more so the film , as the name and many plot elements seen in the movie but not the book are seen ) was released in 2004 by Adrenium Games and Activision for the PlayStation 2 , GameCube , Xbox , Game Boy Advance , and the PC as Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events . The player plays as all three orphans at points in the game , and encounters characters such as Mr. Poe , Uncle Monty and Aunt Josephine , along with villains such as Count Olaf , the hook - handed man , the white - faced women , and the bald - headed man . The game , like the movie , follows only the first three books in the series . Although never mentioned in the game , there are some references to V.F.D. , such as in the first level where a package is delivered from the `` Very Fast Delivery Service . '' The note attached to the package also reads at the end , `` P.S. The world is quiet here '' , which is the motto of V.F.D. </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 8 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Spence D. ( December 16 , 2004 ) . `` Interview : Lemony Snicket '' . IGN . Retrieved April 7 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Otto , Jeff ( March 12 , 2004 ) . `` An Interview with Jim Carrey '' . IGN . Retrieved April 7 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jim Carrey , Brad Silberling ( 2005 ) . Building a Bad Actor ( DVD ) . Paramount . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Otto , Jeff ( December 15 , 2004 ) . `` Interview : Jim Carrey '' . IGN . Retrieved April 7 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Paul Fischer ( December 14 , 2004 ) . `` Interview : Emily Browning '' . Dark Horizons . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved July 16 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hayes , Dade ( May 10 , 2000 ) . `` Nickelodeon Movies nabs Snicket series '' . Variety . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bing , Jonathan ( February 26 , 2002 ) . `` H'w 'd stalks crime scribe '' . Variety . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Michael ( June 11 , 2002 ) . `` Par on Snicket ticket '' . Variety . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Michael ( December 12 , 2002 ) . `` Snicket in thicket '' . Variety . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Michael ( September 18 , 2002 ) . `` Jim 's juiced for Lemony '' . Variety . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( July 13 , 2003 ) . `` Diaz sings Jane refrain '' . Variety . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( January 12 , 2003 ) . `` Helmer leaves Snicket post '' . Variety . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Michael ( February 19 , 2003 ) . `` Silberling joining Snicket ticket '' . Variety . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Otto , Jeff ( November 22 , 2004 ) . `` Set Visit : Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . IGN . Retrieved April 7 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( May 7 , 2003 ) . `` Scribe brings new map to Snicket thicket '' . Variety . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Archerd , Army ( December 13 , 2004 ) . `` Crystal king on B'way '' . Variety . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Movie Preview : Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Entertainment Weekly . August 10 , 2004 . Retrieved April 7 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : A Woeful World , 2005 , Paramount DVD </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( July 25 , 2004 ) . `` ' Burbs blossom on H'w 'd backlots '' . Variety . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( September 13 , 2003 ) . `` Just ticket for Snicket '' . Variety . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Williams , David E. ( December 2004 ) . `` A Darker Side of Fantasy '' . American Cinematographer . Retrieved June 20 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Trains , Leeches & Hurricanes ( DVD ) . Paramount . 2005 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : An Even More Alarming Conspiracy Involving Sunny ( DVD ) . Paramount . 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ An Alarming Conspiracy Involving Sunny ( DVD ) . Paramount . 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bloom , David ( October 29 , 2002 ) . `` A fortunate event for Handler '' . Variety . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( December 12 , 2004 ) . `` Lemony - fresh ? '' . Variety . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( Widescreen Edition ) ( 2004 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2 - Disc Special Collector 's Edition ) ( 2004 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( Widescreen Edition ) ( 2004 ) '' . bluray.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Top Movies , Weekend of January 14 , 2005 '' . The Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Movies '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 8 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 8 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2004 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 8 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elder , Robert K. ( December 15 , 2004 ) . `` Movie review : Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomson , Deeson ( April 17 , 2004 ) . `` A Fortunate Series of Scenes '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( April 17 , 2004 ) . `` Artful direction makes Snicket a most fortunate event '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . ReelViews . Retrieved April 11 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( April 17 , 2004 ) . `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved April 11 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Foundas , Scott ( December 10 , 2004 ) . `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Variety . Retrieved April 11 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1994 ( 77 ) Academy Awards '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Awards '' . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Otto , Jeff ( May 25 , 2005 ) . `` Producers Talk Ring 3 and Snicket Sequel '' . IGN . Retrieved April 7 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scott , Ronnie ( October 2008 ) . `` An Interview With Daniel Handler '' . BookSlut.com . Retrieved April 7 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ditzian , Eric ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Lemony Snicket Director Brad Silberling Plans To Do Each Film In Different Medium '' . MTV News . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Netflix Adapting Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Into TV Show '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Goldberg , Lesley ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris to Star in Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' as Showrunner Exits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Series Of Unfortunate Events casts its Violet and Klaus '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Teaser for Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , Coming to Netflix '' . ComingSoon.net . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket speaks out about Netflix 's Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events Game News '' . kidzworld.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2007 . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lemony Snicket portal </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events on IMDb </Li> <Li> Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events at AllMovie </Li> <Li> Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events at Metacritic </Li> <Li> Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events at Box Office Mojo </Li> <Li> Official website for Daniel Handler </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Works by Lemony Snicket </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> A Series of Unfortunate Events </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Novels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Bad Beginning </Li> <Li> The Reptile Room </Li> <Li> The Wide Window </Li> <Li> The Miserable Mill </Li> <Li> The Austere Academy </Li> <Li> The Ersatz Elevator </Li> <Li> The Vile Village </Li> <Li> The Hostile Hospital </Li> <Li> The Carnivorous Carnival </Li> <Li> The Slippery Slope </Li> <Li> The Grim Grotto </Li> <Li> The Penultimate Peril </Li> <Li> The End </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related works </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Unauthorized Autobiography </Li> <Li> The Beatrice Letters </Li> <Li> Horseradish : Bitter Truths You Ca n't Avoid </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Feature film </Li> <Li> Soundtrack </Li> <Li> Video game </Li> <Li> The Tragic Treasury </Li> <Li> TV series </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Characters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> All the Wrong Questions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Who Could That Be at This Hour ? </Li> <Li> When Did You See Her Last ? </Li> <Li> Should n't You Be in School ? </Li> <Li> Why Is This Night Different From All Other Nights ? </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other works </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Baby in the Manger </Li> <Li> The Latke Who Could n't Stop Screaming </Li> <Li> The Lump of Coal </Li> <Li> The Composer Is Dead </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Daniel Handler </Li> <Li> Brett Helquist </Li> <Li> Seth </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Portal </Li> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Book </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Brad Silberling </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Casper ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> City of Angels ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Moonlight Mile ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> 10 Items or Less ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Land of the Lost ( 2009 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Nickelodeon Movies </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Feature films </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Animated </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Rugrats Movie ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Rugrats in Paris : The Movie ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Hey Arnold ! : The Movie ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Wild Thornberrys Movie ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Rugrats Go Wild ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Barnyard ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Rango ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Amusement Park ( 2019 ) </Li> <Li> The Loud House Movie ( 2020 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live - action </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Harriet the Spy ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Good Burger ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Snow Day ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Clockstoppers ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Mad Hot Ballroom ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Yours , Mine & Ours ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Nacho Libre ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Charlotte 's Web ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> The Spiderwick Chronicles ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Hotel for Dogs ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Angus , Thongs and Perfect Snogging ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Imagine That ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Fun Size ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Monster Trucks ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Film franchises </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rugrats ( 1998 -- 2003 ) </Li> <Li> The Wild Thornberrys ( 2002 -- 03 ) </Li> <Li> SpongeBob SquarePants ( 2004 -- present ) </Li> <Li> The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 -- 16 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> Category </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lemony_Snicket%27s_A_Series_of_Unfortunate_Events&oldid=798618002 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> 2004 films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> 2000s black comedy films </Li> <Li> American black comedy films </Li> <Li> American children 's comedy films </Li> <Li> DreamWorks Pictures films </Li> <Li> Film scores by Thomas Newman </Li> <Li> Films about babies </Li> <Li> Films about bibliophilia </Li> <Li> Films about orphans </Li> <Li> Films about siblings </Li> <Li> Films based on American novels </Li> <Li> Films based on children 's books </Li> <Li> Films based on multiple works of a series </Li> <Li> Films directed by Brad Silberling </Li> <Li> Films shot in California </Li> <Li> Films shot in Massachusetts </Li> <Li> Films shot in North Carolina </Li> <Li> Films that won the Academy Award for Best Makeup </Li> <Li> Films with live action and animation </Li> <Li> Nickelodeon Movies films </Li> <Li> Paramount Pictures films </Li> <Li> Performance capture in film </Li> <Li> A Series of Unfortunate Events </Li> <Li> Steampunk films </Li> <Li> Films using stop - motion animation </Li> <Li> Children 's comedy - drama films </Li> <Li> 2000s comedy - drama films </Li> <Li> American comedy - drama films </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Good articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Ido </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nāhuatl </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 2 September 2017 , at 23 : 05 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Pinky and the Brain - wikipedia <H1> Pinky and the Brain </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Pinky and the Brain </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Also known as </Th> <Td> Steven Spielberg Presents Pinky and the Brain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Comedy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Tom Ruegger </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Voices of </Th> <Td> Maurice LaMarche Rob Paulsen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theme music composer </Th> <Td> Richard Stone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening theme </Th> <Td> `` Pinky and the Brain '' performed by Jess Harnell Dorian Harewood Jim Cummings and Rob Paulsen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Richard Stone Steven Bernstein Julie Bernstein Gordon Goodwin Carl Johnson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 65 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Steven Spielberg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Tom Ruegger Liz Holzman Charles M. Howell IV . Peter Hastings Rusty Mills </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 7 , 11 , or 22 min ( depending on the episode ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> Warner Bros. Television Animation Amblin Television </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> Warner Bros. Television Distribution </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> The WB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> SD : 4 : 3 ( broadcast / DVD release ) HD : 16 : 9 ( streaming ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Audio format </Th> <Td> Dolby Digital </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> September 9 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 09 ) -- November 14 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 14 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preceded by </Th> <Td> Tiny Toon Adventures The Plucky Duck Show Animaniacs Freakazoid ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Followed by </Th> <Td> Pinky , Elmyra & the Brain </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Pinky and the Brain is an American animated television series . It was the first animated television series to be presented in Dolby Surround and the fourth collaboration of Steven Spielberg with his production company , Amblin Television , and produced by Warner Bros. Animation . The characters first appeared in 1993 as a recurring segment on Animaniacs . It was later picked up as a series due to its popularity , with 65 episodes produced . Later , they appeared in the series , Steven Spielberg Presents Pinky , Elmyra & the Brain . </P> <P> Pinky and Brain are genetically enhanced laboratory mice who reside in a cage in the Acme Labs research facility . Brain is self - centered and scheming ; Pinky is good - natured but feebleminded . In each episode , Brain devises a new plan to take over the world which ultimately ends in failure : usually due to Pinky 's idiocy , the impossibility of Brain 's plan , Brain 's own arrogance , or just circumstances beyond their control . In common with many other Animaniacs shorts , many episodes are in some way a parody of something else , usually a film or novel . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Premise </Li> <Li> 2 Episodes </Li> <Li> 3 Characters <Ul> <Li> 3.1 The Brain </Li> <Li> 3.2 Pinky </Li> <Li> 3.3 Other recurring characters </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Creation and inspiration </Li> <Li> 5 Production <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Producers </Li> <Li> 5.2 Writing </Li> <Li> 5.3 Voice actors </Li> <Li> 5.4 Music </Li> <Li> 5.5 Animation </Li> <Li> 5.6 Humor </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Response <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Popularity </Li> <Li> 6.2 Nominations and awards </Li> <Li> 6.3 References in other media </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 History <Ul> <Li> 7.1 On Animaniacs and Pinky and the Brain </Li> <Li> 7.2 On Pinky , Elmyra & the Brain </Li> <Li> 7.3 Cancellation and syndication </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Merchandise <Ul> <Li> 8.1 VHS releases </Li> <Li> 8.2 DVD releases </Li> <Li> 8.3 Print </Li> <Li> 8.4 Video games </Li> <Li> 8.5 Music </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Premise ( edit ) </H2> <P> Many of the Pinky and the Brain episodes occur in the 1990s at Acme Labs , located in some large American city underneath a suspension bridge . Several episodes take place in historical times , with Pinky and the Brain in the laboratory of some scientifically - minded person , including Merlin , H.G. Wells , and Ivan Pavlov . There is very little continuity between episodes outside of the common fixtures of the mice , though some plans for world domination from early episodes are subsequently referred to in later seasons ( for example , Brain 's `` human suit '' used in `` Win Big '' reappears when Brain faces his rival Snowball in `` Snowball '' ) . </P> <P> The bulk of every episode involves one of Brain 's plans for world domination with Pinky 's assistance and the ultimate failure of that plan , with some exceptions . One centers on Snowball 's plan to take over the world using Microsponge ( a parody of Microsoft ) . Another episode features Brain 's single day where he tries to do anything but take over the world : in the end , a group of people vote that he should take over the world on the one day he does not want to . </P> <P> Both Pinky and the Brain , white mice kept as part of Acme Labs ' experimentation , have undergone significant genetic alteration ; per the show 's title lyrics , `` their genes have been spliced '' which gives the two mice amplified intelligence over that of a typical mouse , the ability to talk to humans , and anthropomorphism . `` Project B.R.A.I.N. '' suggests that the gene splicing occurred on September 9 , 1995 , which is coincident to the first full episode of Pinky and the Brain . The episode `` Brainwashed '' states that the gene splicing was done by Dr. Mordough , along with Snowball the hamster and Precious the cat , using the Acme `` Gene Splicer , Bagel Warmer , and Hot Dog Steamer . '' </P> <P> Although Pinky and the Brain plan to conquer the world , they do not show much animosity . In a Christmas special Pinky even wrote to Santa that Brain had the world 's best interests at heart . </P> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Pinky and the Brain episodes <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Originally Aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First Aired </Th> <Th> Last Aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> September 9 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> May 12 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 12 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> September 7 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> May 17 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 17 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> September 8 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> May 16 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 16 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> September 14 , 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> November 14 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 14 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Characters ( edit ) </H2> <H3> The Brain ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Brain ( voiced by Maurice LaMarche ) looks and sounds a little like Orson Welles . In `` What Ever Happened to Baby Brain '' , Brain actually crosses paths with Welles ( voiced by Jim Cummings ) , who is working as a busboy in a Hollywood restaurant ; they find themselves inadvertently yelling in unison , `` Things will be different when I take over the world ! '' In `` Project B.R.A.I.N. '' Brain 's name is the backronym for the eponymous project : `` Biological Recombinant Algorithmic Intelligence Nexus '' . His tail is curly and bent -- he often uses it to pick the lock of the cage -- and his head is large and wide , housing his abnormally large brain . He is highly intelligent and develops complex plans for global domination using politics , cultural references , and his own inventions toward his goal . He seems coldly unemotional , speaking in a snarky deadpan . Nevertheless , Brain has a subtle sense of humor and has even fallen in love ; with Trudie in the episode `` The Third Mouse '' and with Billie in `` The World Can Wait '' . Due to his stature and megalomania , Brain has been compared to Don Quixote and a pop culture depiction of Napoleon Bonaparte . </P> <P> Brain sees his inevitable rise to power as good for the world , and not mere megalomania . In Wakko 's Wish , he said to Pinky `` We 're on our way to fame , fortune and a world that 's a better place for all . '' Many of the Brain 's plots had the endgame of winning over the people 's hearts and having them make him their ruler . However , his motives are not pure . In one episode , Brain finds himself hypnotized by a psychologist he had planned to manipulate for one of his schemes , who turns out to be none other than Sigmund Freud . There Brain reveals that he originally lived with his parents in a tin can at the base of a tree in a large field . When he was young , ACME researchers captured Brain and took him from his home , and the last he saw of it was a picture of the world on the side of the can . Dr. Freud speculates that Brain 's hunger to take over the world is misplaced , and that all he really wants is to go back home to his parents . According to the creators , Brain wants to take over the world not for the sake of being a dictator , like his rival Snowball , but because he believes that he could do a much better job of it than the people currently in charge . Brain has even helped save the world by doing everything in his power to prevent Snowball 's evil schemes , knowing that a world under Snowball 's rule would be the worst - case scenario . </P> <H3> Pinky ( edit ) </H3> <P> Pinky ( voiced by Rob Paulsen ) is another genetically modified mouse who shares the same cage as Brain at Acme Labs . Although intelligent in his own right , Pinky is an extremely unstable and hyperactive mouse . He has several verbal tics , such as `` narf '' , `` zort '' , `` poit '' , and `` troz '' ( the last of which he started saying after noticing it was `` zort in the mirror '' ) . Pinky 's appearance is the complete opposite of Brain 's -- while Brain is short , has a crooked tail and pink eyes , and speaks in a deeper , more eloquent manner , Pinky has a straight tail , blue eyes , and a severe overbite , is taller than the Brain , and speaks in a higher pitched voice with a Cockney accent . Pinky 's name was inadvertently given to him by Brain himself : when insulting the two scientists responsible for their gene splicing while talking to himself , Brain claimed the scientists had `` less knowledge in both their heads than I do in my ... pinky ! '' Pinky then responded with `` Yes ? '' , believing Brain was referring to him . </P> <P> Pinky is more open - minded , kinder , and happier than the Brain . Troubles never ruin his day , arguably because he is too scatter - brained to notice them . He steadfastly helps Brain toward world domination , even though Brain usually berates , belittles , and abuses him . Pinky actually seems to enjoy this , laughing after he is hit . He is obsessed with trivia , spending a lot of time watching television in the lab and following popular culture fads . Sometimes Pinky even finds non-rational solutions to problems . An entire episode ( entitled `` The Pinky P.O.V. '' ) even shows a typical night of attempted world domination from his point of view , showing his thought process and how he comes to the strange , seemingly nonsensical responses to the Brain 's famous question , `` Are you pondering what I 'm pondering ? '' Pinky often points out flaws in the Brain 's plans , which the Brain consistently ignores . The issues Pinky brings up can ironically lead to the downfall of the given night 's plot . </P> <P> He is also arguably Brain 's moral compass and only real friend . When Pinky sold his soul to get Brain the world in `` A Pinky and the Brain Halloween '' , Brain saved him because he missed him and the world was not worth ruling without him . Pinky also has shown signs of intelligence despite his supposed childish stupidity . In `` Welcome to the Jungle '' , Pinky was able to survive using his instincts and become a leader to Brain , who , despite his intelligence , could not survive in the wild on his own . And in `` The Pink Candidate '' , when Pinky became President , he later began citing various constitutional amendments and legal problems that would bar Brain from his latest plot to take over the world . When Brain attempted to pressure him into helping , Pinky refused , claiming that the plan `` goes against everything I 've come to stand for . '' </P> <H3> Other recurring characters ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Snowball the hamster ( voiced by Roddy McDowall ) is Brain 's former friend who was also made intelligent by gene splicing and has a similar desire for world conquest ( though far more malevolent than Brain 's ) which Pinky and the Brain are sometimes forced to stop . </Li> <Li> Billie ( voiced by Tress MacNeille ) is a female mouse and another result of gene splicing . She is smarter than Brain and also has the goal of world domination . Though Brain loves her , she fancies Pinky . In the episode `` You 'll Never Eat Food Pellets In This Town Again '' , it is revealed that Brain is married to Billie ( who in real life is Sheila , and hates playing Billie ) , who pretty much only agreed because he 's famous , and eventually kicks him out and makes Brain live in his restaurant . It is later revealed that the events were just a dream . </Li> <Li> Pharfignewton ( voiced by Frank Welker ) is a racing mare , with whom Pinky falls in love . </Li> <Li> Larry ( voiced by Billy West ) is a white mouse who was created as a response to demands from Kids WB executives to include additional characters on the show . His presence is sporadic as the writers of the show believed that including an additional character would ruin the chemistry between Pinky and The Brain , as they worked best as a comedy duo , and a third character would therefore be out of place and unnecessary to the plot . To further drive this point home , Larry 's first appearance was marked by a modified version of the theme song with the name `` Larry ! '' shoehorned in between existing lyrics . </Li> </Ul> <P> Other characters that have appeared on the show have included both of Brain 's and Pinky 's parents and the pair 's `` child '' , `` Roman Numeral I '' ( Romy for short ) who was a result of a cloning mistake . Episodes also include recurring caricatures of celebrities , including both Bill and Hillary Clinton , David Letterman , Dick Clark , Drew Carey , Ryan Stiles , Kathy Kinney , J.D. Wilkes , Paul Gilmartin , Annabelle Gurwitch , Don Rickles , Michael Keaton . Eric and Donny from Too Something , `` Macho Man '' Randy Savage , The Allman Brothers Band , David Cross , Jack Black , Chris Shiflett , and Christopher Walken , as was common on other Animaniacs cartoons . </P> <H2> Creation and inspiration ( edit ) </H2> Caricatures of Minton ( left ) and Fitzgerald ( right ) from `` The Pinky and the Brain Reunion Special '' <P> Pinky and the Brain was inspired by the peculiar personalities of two producers of Tom Ruegger 's Tiny Toon Adventures colleagues , artist Eddie Fitzgerald and Tom Minton , respectively . Ruegger wondered what would happen if Minton and Fitzgerald tried to take over the world . Fitzgerald ( who has also worked on Mighty Morphin Power Rangers and The Ren and Stimpy Show ) is said to have constantly said `` Narf '' and `` Egad '' around the Tiny Toons production office . The gag credit for the Tiny Toon Adventures episode `` You Asked For It '' credits Eddie Fitzgerald as `` Guy Who Says ' Narf ' '' . Series producer Peter Hastings described Eddie by saying , `` He always greeted you like you were wearing a funny hat -- and he liked it . '' The Fitzgerald / Minton connection to Pinky and the Brain is shown in the episode `` The Pinky and the Brain Reunion Special '' . Two characters shown as writers for Pinky and the Brain cartoons within the short are caricatures of Fitzgerald and Minton . </P> <P> While Ruegger initially based The Brain after Minton , the Welles connection came from Maurice LaMarche , a big fan of the actor / director , who had supplied the voice for Orson Welles in the 1994 movie Ed Wood . LaMarche stated that on coming in to audition for the character of the Brain , he saw the resemblance to Welles and went with that for the voice , and he was given the role on the spot . LaMarche describes Brain 's voice as `` 65 % Orson Welles , 35 % Vincent Price '' . Brain 's similarity to Orson Welles was made explicit in the Animaniacs episode `` Yes , Always '' , which was based upon an outtake from one of Welles ' television commercials , colloquially known as Frozen Peas , in which he ranted about the poor quality of the script . This cartoon was described by writer Peter Hastings as `` a $250,000 inside joke '' : LaMarche used excerpts from it as sound check material before recording episodes , and Hastings took it to its logical conclusion . The series also alluded to Welles with an episode in which Brain took on the mind - clouding powers of a radio character called `` The Fog '' : a parody of The Shadow , a popular radio character for which Welles once provided the voice . Other Welles allusions included the episode `` The Third Mouse '' , a parody of The Third Man in which the Brain played the part of Welles ' character Harry Lime ( with Pinky as Holly Martins ) , and `` Battle for the Planet '' , in which Brain , inspired by Welles ' infamous War of the Worlds radio broadcast and the hysteria it provoked , stages an alien invasion on television . A caricature of Orson Welles appears in a late episode of the series ( `` What Ever Happened to Baby Brain '' ) , echoing a rant of the Brain 's and introducing himself afterwards . </P> <P> Paulsen had already been selected to voice Pinky as he was already voicing Yakko Warner for Animaniacs . Paulsen , taking inspiration from British comedies such as Monty Python 's Flying Circus , The Goon Show , and Peter Sellers , gave Pinky a `` a goofy whack job '' of a British accent for the character . </P> <P> The episode `` Win Big '' was the very first Pinky and the Brain segment . It was developed for Animaniacs , written by Ruegger with a script by Peter Hastings , and directed by Rusty Mills . According to Ruegger , most of the elements that would become part of Pinky and the Brain can be found in Hastings 's original script . It held many dialog bits that became conventions of the entire series , including Brain 's `` Are you pondering what I 'm pondering ? '' , Pinky 's `` Oh ... wait no '' in response to a plan , and Pinky 's final question , `` What are we doing tomorrow night ? '' </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Producers ( edit ) </H3> <P> As with Animaniacs , Steven Spielberg was the executive producer during the entire run , Tom Ruegger was the senior producer , Jean MacCurdy was the executive in charge of production , and Andrea Romano was the voice director . Peter Hastings , Rusty Mills and Liz Holzman produced the show when it was spun off from Animaniacs , as well as the season it ran primetime on the WB . After the first season Hastings left the show and Mills took over as the supervising producer . </P> <H3> Writing ( edit ) </H3> <P> The original Pinky and the Brain shorts on Animaniacs were written primarily by Peter Hastings . Upon moving into its own show , the writing staff included Gordon Bressack , Charles M. Howell IV , Earl Kress , Wendell Morris , and Tom Sheppard . Comedian Alex Borstein was also a staff writer , years before her fame on MADTV and Family Guy . Classic Warner Bros. cartoon director Norm McCabe also wrote for the show . </P> <H3> Voice actors ( edit ) </H3> Rob Paulsen and Maurice LaMarche together at the 34th Annie Awards red carpet . <P> Pinky and the Brain were voiced by Rob Paulsen and Maurice LaMarche , respectively . The series also used the work of many of the same voice actors for Animaniacs including Tress MacNeille , Jess Harnell , Frank Welker , Nancy Cartwright , Janet Waldo and Jeff Bennett . Celebrities such as Roddy McDowall , Nora Dunn , Townsend Coleman , Ernest Borgnine , Eric Idle , Dick Clark , Ed McMahon , Steve Allen , Joyce Brothers , Gavin MacLeod , John Tesh , Michael McKean , Garry Marshall , Mark Hamill , James Belushi and Steven Spielberg have all performed guest voice work for the series as well . Cree Summer has also voiced characters in Pinky and the Brain and reprised her role as Elmyra during Pinky , Elmyra , and The Brain . </P> <H3> Music ( edit ) </H3> <P> As with Animaniacs , Pinky and the Brain was scored by a team of talented composers , led by Emmy - Award winning composer Richard Stone . This team included Steven Bernstein and Julie Bernstein , who also orchestrated and sometimes conducted the 40 - piece orchestra . The recordings were done on Stage A on the Warner Bros lot , the same stage ( and with the same piano ) where Carl Stalling recorded his Looney Tunes music . The theme music for Pinky and the Brain was composed by Richard Stone with lyrics by Tom Ruegger . </P> <P> Two versions of the opening sequence and theme , with slightly different lyrics , were used during Animaniacs shorts . In the first version , Yakko , Wakko , and Dot ( voiced respectively by Paulsen , Harnell , and MacNeille ) popped up in the lab and sang the theme while letting the two mice out of their cage . The second , later version had the singers off - camera as the Brain picked the lock on the cage door with a small needle to free himself and Pinky . On the Pinky and the Brain show , the theme gained an additional two verses and was sung by Gene Paul , mind and others . </P> <P> The score sometimes includes references to classical music . For example , in the episode where the Brain builds a new Papier - mâché Earth , the theme from the 2nd and 4th movements of Dvořák 's ' New World Symphony ' can be heard throughout the episode . The episode Napoleon Brainaparte makes frequent reference to the French anthem , La Marseillaise , while in the episode in which Pinky becomes the artist `` Pinkasso '' Mussorgsky 's Pictures at an Exhibition can be heard . </P> <H3> Animation ( edit ) </H3> <P> Like Animaniacs , most of the original Pinky and the Brain shorts used a variety of animation studios , including Tokyo Movie Shinsha , StarToons , Wang Film Productions , Freelance Animators New Zealand , and AKOM . The bulk of the episodes created outside of Animaniacs ( seasons 2 and beyond ) were produced by Rough Draft Studios , Wang Film Productions and AKOM . The only episode that was animated by Tokyo Movie Shinsha on the spin - off was A Pinky and the Brain Christmas . </P> <H3> Humor ( edit ) </H3> See also : Hallmarks of Animaniacs <P> Like Animaniacs , much of the humor in Pinky and the Brain was aimed at adult audiences . Parodies of pop culture icons were quite common on the series , more so during the original episodes developed for the WB prime time slot . In addition to previously mentioned political and actor caricatures , some episodes included complete parodies like those in Animaniacs . The episode `` The Megalomaniacal Adventures of Brainie the Poo '' parodies Winnie The Pooh . `` Cameos '' include Jagger instead of Tigger and Al Gore instead of Eeyore . Al Gore is `` full of hot air '' , floating like a balloon . Other parodic elements include Christopher Walken in place of Christopher Robin and the `` Brainie the Poo '' book appears to have been authored by `` A.A. Meeting . '' The three - part `` Brainwashed '' episode included several allusions to The Prisoner television show , though everyone in The Village was identified by the hat they wore , and not by number . </P> <P> Three songs resemble the musical skits in Animaniacs , matching existing music with new lyrics . Pinky sings `` Cheese Roll Call '' to John Philip Sousa 's march `` Semper Fidelis '' praising his love for all cheeses from around the world . To the music of `` Camptown Races '' , Brain lists the major parts of the human brain , with Pinky jumping in at the chorus to shout `` Brainstem ! Brainstem ! '' . `` A Meticulous Analysis of History '' is set to `` When I Was a Lad '' from Gilbert and Sullivan 's H.M.S. Pinafore , and sung by both Brain and Pinky , with Brain reciting the rise to power of such historical leaders as Napoleon and Cleopatra , while Pinky mentions how they all fell . In addition , `` Brainwashed '' featured a song called the Schmëerskåhøvên , a parody of the Macarena , which would brainwash you if done correctly . The song include such odd lyrics as `` Put your fingers in your ears then stick them in your belly '' and `` Bop yourself on the head and cross your eyes . '' </P> <P> Like Animaniacs , there was a gag credit in the closing credits : each show featured an English word appropriate for the episode with its definition . For example , `` Around the World in 80 Narfs '' , where the mice are foiled by trying to speak `` cabbie '' and end up going in circles , the gag credit word was `` anophelosis '' defined as `` morbid state due to extreme frustration . '' </P> <P> Another common element in nearly each episode is the following exchange ( often referred to by the acronym `` AYPWIP '' ) : </P> <P> Brain : Pinky , are you pondering what I 'm pondering ? Pinky : I think so , Brain , but ... </P> <P> Pinky 's response ends with a non-sequitur such as , `` we 're already naked '' , `` is n't a cucumber that small called a gherkin ? '' or `` if they called them sad meals , kids would n't buy them . '' Brain would then become furious , often bashing Pinky over the head . A few times in the series Pinky and Brain indeed pondered the same thing , though in one of these Pinky dismissed his idea as being too stupid . Just one time the answer was `` Yes ! '' , when Pinky 's intelligence is elevated to match Brain 's . In another episode , it turns out that what Pinky was pondering was that he and Brain never ponder the same thing , which turned out to be part of what Brain was pondering as well . In a short episode ( Pinky 's POV ) the spectator sees everything Pinky sees ( including his imaginations ) and hears his thoughts . </P> <H2> Response ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Popularity ( edit ) </H3> <P> Pinky and the Brain were popular on Animaniacs , and the popularity continued into their own series . It attracted many of the same fans as Animaniacs and Internet outreach attracted more . Maurice LaMarche and Rob Paulsen appeared on voice actor tours around the Warner Bros. Studio Stores . </P> <P> In an interview on the third DVD volume , LaMarche and Paulsen noted that Roy Langbord ( vice-president of Showtime ) , Al Franken , and Barenaked Ladies are fans of the shows . Jason Rubin , the co-founder of Naughty Dog , was also fond of the series ; the character of the Brain served as an influence in the creation of Doctor Neo Cortex , the main antagonist of the Crash Bandicoot series of video games . </P> <H3> Nominations and Awards ( edit ) </H3> <P> Pinky and the Brain won several Emmy and Annie Awards . In 1996 , the series won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program for the episode `` A Pinky and the Brain Christmas '' . Paulsen won the Annie Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement for `` Voice Acting by a Male Performer in an Animated Television Program Production '' in 1996 and 1997 , while LaMarche won the same in 1998 . Paulsen also won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program for his role as Pinky subsequently in 1999 . The series itself won the 1999 Daytime Emmy for `` Outstanding Special Class Animated Program '' . </P> <P> The episode `` Inherit the Wheeze '' , in which Brain was subject to the effects of smoking by a tobacco company , won a PRISM Award for its anti-smoking message . </P> <H3> References in other media ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The Rice University Neologism dictionary includes not only `` narf '' as a random sound or nonce word , but also `` narfed '' as a verb to mean `` to be struck completely '' with some embarrassment or folly , much as Pinky would be hit on the head by Brain after his follies ruined Brain 's plan . The International Dictionary of Neologisms includes the word `` narfistic '' as `` an idea or concept that works fine when you think about it -- but is very difficult to express to someone else '' , as a result of Pinky only saying `` Narf ! '' after Brain elaborates on one of his extensive plans . </Li> <Li> In one of the host segments in the Hobgoblins episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000 , Pearl Forrester summons her sidekicks Professor Bobo and Observer over by calling , `` Pinky ! Brain ! '' </Li> <Li> In the post-apocalyptic role - playing game Fallout 2 by Interplay , a couple of mutant albino mole rats appear . One creature is utterly insane , muttering intentions of taking rulership . The other is a highly intelligent cult leader who has intricate plans to claim domination of the post-apocalyptic world ; he also has a taste for cheezy poofs . </Li> <Li> Pinky and the Brain were alluded to in The Incredible Hulk # 438 as two white mice , kept by Omnibus . One of the realistically drawn mice had an enlarged cranium , and when their cage was destroyed the sound `` narf '' is indicated . Also when Jailbait asked what they would do during the night Hotshot replied `` The same thing they do every night ... whatever that is '' . </Li> <Li> The Virgin New Adventures Doctor Who novel , Death and Diplomacy by Dave Stone includes two characters repeating the `` Are you pondering ... '' lines , and near the end , two of the fallen villains in the story recover , one telling his comrade that they must prepare for tomorrow night when they will take over the universe . </Li> <Li> This is Not a Game , a novel by Walter Jon Williams begins `` Plush dolls of Pinky and the Brain overhung Charlie 's Monitor ... '' and the theme of world domination is central to the plot . </Li> <Li> In the game Destroy All Humans ! , during the final boss battle against Silhouette when you read her mind one of the things she says is `` What do I do ? The same thing I do every night . Try and take over the world ! '' </Li> <Li> In the Robot Chicken episode `` Kramer Vs. Showgirls '' , a segment has Michael Moore interviewing cartoon characters from the 1990s including Pinky and the Brain . Pinky had an ear growing on his back and Brain was moved to another cage , as it turned out his large head was a result of Paget 's disease , and he had been rendered blind and had arthritis as a result of the disease . Alan Tudyk voiced Pinky and Seth Green voiced Brain . </Li> <Li> In another Robot Chicken episode , LaMarche reprises his role of Brain in `` Eviscerated Post-Coital by a Six Foot Mantis '' where Pinky and the Brain get sent on a psychedelic trip after being injected with phencyclidine . </Li> <Li> In the MAD episode `` Spy vs. Spy Kids / The Superhero Millionaire Matchmaker , '' Mickey Mouse captures Pinky and the Brain in a cage . </Li> <Li> The opening conversation between Pinky and Brain ( `` Gee Brain ... '' ) that is shown in every episode is sampled in `` Joey Bada $ $ '' 's `` World Domination . '' </Li> <Li> In The New Batman Adventures episode `` Torch Song '' , Batman asks Batgirl `` So , what are you doing tonight ? '' to which Batgirl answers `` Same thing we do every night Pinky ! '' . </Li> <Li> In 2014 , at the end of Nostalgia Critic 's review of The Purge , Rob Paulsen and Maurice LaMarche reprised their roles as Pinky and The Brain respectively , in animated form , at the very end of the episode . The segment involves Brain spewing profanity - laced insults toward Pinky , which then cuts to live - action footage of LaMarche and Paulsen recording their lines with The Critic behind them . LaMarche asks if this is for a kid 's show to which Critic says , `` Just say it , people have been wanting to hear this for years . '' </Li> <Li> In the web series Camp Camp , created by Rooster Teeth , episode `` Journey to Spooky Island '' , the characters come across a laboratory with horrific experiments gone wrong . One of the cases labeled `` Take a Cartoon Literally # 303 '' has a mouse with a grotesquely huge brain and another with its head removed and replaced with a finger . The brainy one writes ' Kill Me ' on the glass . </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> On Animaniacs and Pinky and the Brain ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Animaniacs <P> Pinky and the Brain first appeared as a recurring segment on the animated series Animaniacs , another show produced by Steven Spielberg . On September 3 , 1993 , Pinky and the Brain premiered on television in the episode Win Big , which aired on the FOX network . </P> <P> On September 9 , 1995 , Pinky and the Brain were spun off onto their own half - hour series on Kids ' WB ! , with each episode consisting of one or more segments , including some of the segments from Animaniacs . The first season of the show was scheduled in a prime - time slot from September 10 , 1995 through July 21 , 1996 as part of the new WB network lineup , with episodes also being repeated within the Saturday morning cartoon block . It had been envisioned for the cartoon to be WB network 's answer to The Simpsons , at that point in its 7th season , which was running on the Fox network . The standalone show tended to have more jokes and humor aimed to adults rather than children . Due to poor ratings following the first season , primarily due to running against 60 Minutes , subsequent seasons were moved to Saturday mornings as part of the Kids ' WB ! programming block . </P> <P> Even though they had their own show , they still had several shorts in Animaniacs after they got the show , they still appeared in the shows intro , and often appeared in cameo appearances . </P> <H3> On Pinky , Elmyra & the Brain ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Pinky , Elmyra & the Brain <P> Around 1997 , the overall structure within the WB Network changed , including the placement of Jamie Kellner as head of the Kids WB programming . Along with this came pressure on the writers of the show to back off on the idea of world domination and to include more characters on the show . The episode `` Pinky & the Brain ... and Larry '' was a response to this pressure , attempting to show the heads that the show was fine as it was and that Pinky and the Brain worked together as a comedy duo - each balancing each other out with their flaws and personalities - and a third character ( or any extra characters at all ) would be out of place and unnecessary to the plot . At this point , Peter Hastings , a key writer for the series , decided to quit the show , with his last script being , `` You 'll Never Eat Food Pellets In This Town , Again '' directly addressing the issue of networks trying to retool shows that otherwise work already . Following the production of the episode , the network backed off from forcing the new character into the show . </P> <P> With increased pressure from the WB network , the series was retooled on September 19 , 1998 into Pinky , Elmyra & the Brain , in which Pinky and the Brain were owned by Tiny Toon Adventures character Elmyra Duff ; the unusual change in format was even sarcastically noted in the altered title song , with lyrics such as `` It 's what the network wants , why bother to complain ? '' . The decision was not well received by the existing crew . For one , according to Paulsen , Spielberg had stated that the Tiny Toons and Animaniacs / Pinky and the Brain universes were to be kept separate . Further , the chemistry between the characters were altered ; by introducing Elmyra who tended to be more dense than Pinky , it shifted Pinky to become the useless `` Larry '' of this series , as described by Paulsen . The show lasted for 13 episodes , 6 of which were shown whole and 7 of which were split up into segments and aired as part of The Cat&Birdy Warneroonie PinkyBrainy Big Cartoonie Show . </P> <P> The characters ' final appearance was in Wakko 's Wish ( 1999 ) . </P> <H3> Cancellation and syndication ( edit ) </H3> <P> After Pinky and the Brain was canceled from Kids ' WB , the show aired on Cartoon Network from January 1998 to 2000 due to Time Warner acquiring Turner Broadcasting . Nickelodeon began airing re-runs on September 4 , 2000 . While the episodes ' content aired unchanged , Nickelodeon altered the opening sequence , adding their logo in various ways , such as putting it in place of the Acme Labs sign and masking beakers and other items with distorted versions of the logo . Nick had not done this before with shows they did n't own , so this caused quite a bit of controversy with fans . The show ( still splattered with Nick logos ) continued to air on Nickelodeon 's sister network , Nicktoons TV , from 2002 to 2005 . It was later aired on Toon Disney 's Jetix block from October 2007 until September 2008 . On February 15 , 2009 , Pinky and the Brain was returned on weekend late nights at 3 : 00AM ET / 2 : 00AM CT on Disney XD , but was taken off the channel on June 15 , 2009 . Pinky and the Brain was returned on weekend late nights at 3 : 00AM ET / 2 : 00AM CT on Boomerang . </P> <P> During 2006 , Pinky and the Brain , among other Kids ' WB ! shows , was broadcast on the AOL broadband channel , In2TV . As of 2007 , Pinky and the Brain is no longer a featured series on the site . </P> <P> In Canada , Pinky and the Brain aired on YTV starting from 1996 to 1999 and again on September 3 , 2007 , then on Teletoon from 2002 to 2005 . </P> <P> In the UK , Pinky and the Brain first aired on ITV along with Animaniacs and later aired on Cartoon Network again with Animaniacs and on the BBC on its own in 2006 . Reruns began airing on UK channel Kix in 2010 . </P> <P> In Australia , Pinky and the Brain first aired on Nine Network along with Animaniacs as part of their Warner Bros. based wrapper programme What 's Up Doc ? , then it went onto air on Cartoon Network on its own and later aired on GO ! from 21 December 2009 to 18 June 2010 along Animaniacs once again . The series returned to GO ! in August 2011 , continuing to March 2012 . </P> <P> In Ireland Pinky and the Brain once again along with Animaniacs was broadcast on RTÉ as part of their biggest children 's lineup The Den . </P> <H2> Merchandise ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Pinky and the Brain , along with Animaniacs , aired coincident with the formation of The Warner Bros. Studio Store chain across the United States , and , as a result , numerous t - shirts , coffee mugs , stuffed animals , animation cels , and original artwork from the show were available through these outlets . Other merchandise included comic books , computer games , and video tapes . When Warner Brothers acquired the Hanna - Barbera animation properties in 1998 , there was a significant decrease with such merchandise through the store . By the time the series was canceled , very little merchandise was available . </P> <H3> VHS releases ( edit ) </H3> <P> Two VHS collections of Pinky and the Brain episodes were released from 1996 : A Pinky and the Brain Christmas and World Domination Tour , each with approximately 2 episodes and 4 episodes that including both Pinky and the Brain shorts from Animaniacs and their own show . These collections are now out of print . </P> <H3> DVD releases ( edit ) </H3> <P> Warner Home Video has released all 65 episodes on DVD in Region 1 in 3 volume sets . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> DVD Name </Th> <Th> Ep # </Th> <Th> Release Date </Th> <Th> Additional Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Volume 1 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> July 25 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> This four - disk box set includes the first 22 episodes from the series . Contains `` Pinky and the Brain : Are You Pondering What I 'm Pondering ? '' -- Featurette with Tom Ruegger , Peter Hastings , Rob Paulsen , Maurice LaMarche , Andrea Romano as they discuss why they had so much fun working on the show . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Volume 2 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> December 5 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> This four - disk box set contains the next 22 episodes from the series . Contains `` The Return of World Dominating Extras '' -- Featurette with Mark Hamill and Wayne Knight as they answer a casting call to do the voices of Pinky and The Brain and get coached by Maurice LaMarche and Rob Paulsen . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Volume 3 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> June 19 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> This four - disk box set contains the last 22 episodes of the series . Contains the featurette , `` It 's All About the Fans '' -- Rob Paulsen ( Voice of Pinky ) and Maurice LaMarche ( Voice of the Brain ) pay tribute to their fans . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Print ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Pinky and the Brain were also regulars in the Animaniacs comic book published by DC Comics . From July 1996 through November 1998 , they starred in their own comic book also published by DC Comics , which ran for 27 issues before cancellation . Following the cancellation of the Pinky and the Brain comic , the mice later starred in stories that took up half of the later Animaniacs issues , which , starting at issue # 43 , was retitled Animaniacs featuring Pinky and the Brain , and ran for another 16 issues before cancellation . </P> <H3> Video games ( edit ) </H3> <P> There are two video games based on Pinky and the Brain . The first , a PC game called Pinky and the Brain : World Conquest , was produced by SouthPeak Games and distributed by Warner Bros . The second was Pinky and the Brain : The Master Plan for the Game Boy Advance . The game was produced by Warthog , and distributed by SWING ! Entertainment in 2002 . A third game , titled simply Pinky and the Brain , was announced for the Sega Saturn in 1996 , but was later cancelled . The characters have also appeared in several of the Animaniacs games , such as Animaniacs : The Great Edgar Hunt . </P> <P> In the computer game Fallout 2 the character may encounter an albino mole - rat that calls himself `` The Brain '' . `` The Brain '' created a cult that attempts to restore the humanity of the ghoul characters ( humans that were badly damaged by radiation ) , by a process referred to as `` Renewal '' . By doing so `` The Brain '' hopes to take over the world . The player can engage in dialogue with `` The Brain '' , with one of the dialogue possibilities being , `` Big plans for an oversized rat '' . </P> <H3> Music ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> While Pinky and the Brain does not feature as many songs as Animaniacs , some of the music from the show can be found across the three Animaniacs CDs . An expanded version of the episode `` Bubba Bo Bob Brain '' presented in a radio drama or audiobook fashion was released as a CD in 1997 by Rhino Entertainment . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1990s portal </Li> <Li> Cartoon portal </Li> <Li> Television in the United States portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Jamie Kellner </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Rob Paulsen ( 2012 - 12 - 30 ) . `` Jess Harnell , Dorian Harewood , Jim Cummings and yours truly , if memory serves . '' . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spellbound '' . Animaniacs . Season 1 . Episode 38 . 1993 - 11 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` When Mice Ruled The World '' . Animaniacs . Season 1 . Episode 47 . 1993 - 11 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pavlov 's Mice '' . Animaniacs . Season 1 . Episode 18 . 1993 - 10 - 06 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Win Big '' . Animaniacs . Season 1 . Episode 2 . 1993 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Snowball '' . Pinky and the Brain . Season 1 . Episode 7 . 1996 - 01 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brain 's Night Off '' . Pinky and the Brain . Season 3 . Episode 52 . 1998 - 02 - 21 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Project B.R.A.I.N. '' . Pinky and the Brain . Season 3 . Episode 59 . 1998 - 09 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brainwashed : Wash Harder '' . Pinky and the Brain . Season 4 . Episode 64 . 1998 - 09 - 16 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` A Pinky and the Brain Christmas '' . Pinky and the Brain . Season 1 . Episode 8 . 1995 - 12 - 13 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The World Can Wait '' . Animaniacs . Season 1 . Episode 44 . 1993 - 11 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Mouse of La Mancha '' . Pinky and the Brain . Season 1 . Episode 12 . 1996 - 02 - 25 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Napoleon Brainaparte '' . Pinky and the Brain . Season 1 . Episode 7 . 1995 - 11 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Leggo My Ego '' . Pinky and the Brain . Season 3 . Episode 44 . 1997 - 11 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jockey for Position '' . Animaniacs . Season 1 . Episode 27 . 1995 - 10 - 25 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Pinky and the Brain ... and Larry '' . Pinky and the Brain . Season 3 . Episode 28 . 1997 - 09 - 13 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Pinky and the Brain Reunion Special '' . Pinky and the Brain . Season 3 . Episode 61 . 1998 - 09 - 21 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Platypus Comix article on Pinky , Elmyra , and the Brain '' . Platypus Comix . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Visit '' . Pinky and the Brain . Season 1 . Episode 13 . 1996 - 05 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Family That Poits Together , Narfs Together '' . Pinky and the Brain . Season 3 . Episode 53 . 1998 - 02 - 21 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jeff ( 1995 - 04 - 05 ) . `` Peter Hastings ' Q&A -- P&TB '' . Newsgroup : alt. tv. animaniacs . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` You Asked For It '' . Tiny Toon Adventures . Season 1 . Episode 20 . 1990 - 10 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Will , Ed ( 1996 - 06 - 11 ) . `` BRAIN POWER : Pinky , genius pal to resume plotting in 1997 '' . The Denver Post . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ takinek ( 2006 - 12 - 19 ) . `` The Silver Age of Animation '' . Retro Junk . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 24 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Burns , Ashley ; Schildhause , Chloe ( 2015 - 12 - 30 ) . `` The Rise And Fall Of ' Pinky And The Brain , ' A Clever Cartoon Too Smart For Its Own Good '' . Uproxx . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arseneau , Adam ( 2006 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Pinky And The Brain : Volume 1 '' . DVD Verdict . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Yes , Always '' . Animaniacs . Season 1 . Episode 52 . 1994 - 02 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pinky and the Fog '' . Pinky and the Brain . Season 1 . Episode 4 . 1995 - 09 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Third Mouse '' . Pinky and the Brain . Season 1 . Episode 12 . 1996 - 05 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Battle For the Planet '' . Animaniacs . Season 1 . Episode 15 . 1993 - 10 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pinky and the Brain -- Full Cast List '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` It 's Only a Paper World '' . Pinky and the Brain . Season 2 . Episode 14 . 1996 - 09 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pinkasso '' . Pinky and the Brain . Season 2 . Episode 15 . 1996 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Megalomaniacal Adventures of Brainie the Poo '' . Pinky and the Brain . Season 3 . Episode 51 . 1998 - 02 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brainwashed : Brain , Brain Go Away '' . Pinky and the Brain . Season 4 . Episode 62 . 1998 - 09 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brainwashed : I Am Not a Hat '' . Pinky and the Brain . Season 4 . Episode 63 . 1998 - 09 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cheese Roll Call '' . Pinky and the Brain . Season 1 . Episode 4 . 1995 - 10 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brainstem '' . Pinky and the Brain . Season 1 . Episode 3 . 1995 - 09 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Meticulous Analysis of History '' . Pinky and the Brain . Season 3 . Episode 31 . 1997 - 09 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Around the World in 80 Narfs '' . Pinky and the Brain . Season 1 . Episode 10 . 1996 - 02 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maurice LaMarche and Rob Paulsen ( 2007 - 06 - 19 ) . `` It 's All About the Fans '' extra on `` Pinky and the Brain Volume 3 '' ( DVD ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andy Gavin ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Making Crash Bandicoot - part 2 '' . All Things Andy Gavin . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IMDB - List of Nominations and Awards for Pinky and the Brain '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Inherit the Wheeze '' . Pinky and the Brain . Season 3 . Episode 54 . 1998 - 02 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MIRAMAX , NBC , CBS & ABC AMONG WINNERS OF PRISM Awards Which Champion Accurate Depiction Of Drug Use In Movies & On Tv '' . 1999 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rice University Neologism Dictionary '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` International Dictionary of Neologisms '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Channel Awesome - Just Awesome '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Camp Camp Episode 5 - Journey to Spooky Island '' . Rooster Teeth . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` You 'll Never Eat Food Pellets In This Town , Again ! '' . Pinky and the Brain . Season 3 . Episode 50 . 1998 - 04 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Acquires `` Pinky and the Brain , '' `` Animaniacs '' and `` Tiny Toon Adventures '' -- Nick and More `` . 2000 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AOL to Launch New Video Portal '' . TimeWarner Newsroom . TimeWarner. 2006 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://go.ninemsn.com.au/pinkyandthebrain/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( 2006 - 03 - 29 ) . `` Pinky and the Brain - Art , Info , and Conformation of Date ... The Pinky and the Brain - Vol. 1 Plot Exposed ! '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lacey , Gord ( 2006 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Pinky and the Brain - Ponder This : Volume 2 '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lacey , Gord ( 2007 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Pinky and the Brain - Ponder the end of Pinky and the Brain on DVD : The final release hits DVD on June 19 '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pinky and the Brain '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Ziff Davis ( 84 ) : 75 . July 1996 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dembowski , Pawel ( June 19 , 2006 ) . `` Brain - The Vault , the Fallout wiki '' . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pinky and the Brain </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Pinky and the Brain on IMDb </Li> <Li> Pinky and the Brain at TV.com </Li> <Li> Pinky and the Brain at the Big Cartoon DataBase </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Animaniacs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Characters </Li> <Li> Episodes </Li> <Li> Pinky and the Brain <Ul> <Li> episodes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pinky , Elmyra & the Brain </Li> <Li> Wakko 's Wish </Li> <Li> I 'm Mad </Li> <Li> Home video releases </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Animaniacs </Li> <Li> Animaniacs Game Pack </Li> <Li> Animaniacs : Ten Pin Alley </Li> <Li> Animaniacs : A Gigantic Adventure </Li> <Li> Animaniacs : The Great Edgar Hunt </Li> <Li> Animaniacs : Lights , Camera , Action ! </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Warner Bros. 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( characters ) </Li> <Li> 3 South </Li> <Li> Xiaolin Showdown </Li> <Li> Firehouse Tales </Li> <Li> Johnny Test ( characters ) </Li> <Li> Road Rovers </Li> <Li> Mad </Li> <Li> ThunderCats </Li> <Li> Waynehead </Li> <Li> Mike Tyson Mysteries </Li> <Li> Bunnicula </Li> <Li> Right Now Kapow </Li> <Li> Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz </Li> <Li> Wacky Races </Li> <Li> Green Eggs and Ham </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television specials </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Miser Brothers ' Christmas ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Scooby - Doo ! Spooky Games ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Robot Chicken DC Comics Special ( 2012 </Li> <Li> Scooby - Doo ! Haunted Holidays ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Scooby - Doo ! and the Spooky Scarecrow ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Scooby - Doo ! Mecha Mutt Menace ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 2 : Villains in Paradise ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Scooby - Doo ! Ghastly Goals ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Tom and Jerry : Santa 's Little Helpers ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Lego DC Comics : Batman Be-Leaguered ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Elf : Buddy 's Musical Christmas ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Scooby - Doo ! and the Beach Beastie ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Robot Chicken DC Comics Special III : Magical Friendship ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Lego Scooby - Doo ! Knight Time Terror ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> DC Super Hero Girls : Super Hero High ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Direct - to - video films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tiny Toon Adventures : How I Spent My Vacation ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Batman & Mr. Freeze : SubZero ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Scooby - Doo on Zombie Island ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Scooby - Doo ! and the Witch 's Ghost ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Wakko 's Wish ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Tweety 's High - Flying Adventure ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Scooby - Doo and the Alien Invaders ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Batman Beyond : Return of the Joker ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Scooby - Doo and the Cyber Chase ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Baby Looney Tunes ' Eggs - traordinary Adventure ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Scooby - Doo ! and the Legend of the Vampire ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Scooby - Doo ! and the Monster of Mexico ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Batman : Mystery of the Batwoman ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Scooby - Doo ! and the Loch Ness Monster ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Kangaroo Jack : G'Day U.S.A. ! ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> ¡ Mucha Lucha ! : The Return of El Maléfico ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Tom and Jerry : Blast Off to Mars ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Aloha , Scooby - Doo ! ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Tom and Jerry : The Fast and the Furry ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Batman vs. Dracula ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Scooby - Doo ! in Where 's My Mummy ? ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Scooby - Doo ! Pirates Ahoy ! ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Superman : Brainiac Attacks ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Tom and Jerry : Shiver Me Whiskers ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Teen Titans : Trouble in Tokyo ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Bah , Humduck ! A Looney Tunes Christmas ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Chill Out , Scooby - Doo ! ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Superman : Doomsday ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Tom and Jerry : A Nutcracker Tale ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Justice League : The New Frontier ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Batman : Gotham Knight ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Scooby - Doo ! and the Goblin King ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Wonder Woman ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Scooby - Doo ! and the Samurai Sword ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Green Lantern : First Flight ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Superman / Batman : Public Enemies ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Scooby - Doo ! Abracadabra - Doo ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Batman : Under the Red Hood ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Scooby - Doo ! Camp Scare ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Superman / Batman : Apocalypse ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> All - Star Superman ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Green Lantern : Emerald Knights ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Scooby - Doo ! Legend of the Phantosaur ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Batman : Year One ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Justice League : Doom ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Scooby - Doo ! Music of the Vampire ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Superman vs. The Elite ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Batman : The Dark Knight Returns ( 2012 ; part 1 ) / ( 2013 ; part 2 ) </Li> <Li> Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Big Top Scooby - Doo ! ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Scooby - Doo ! Mask of the Blue Falcon ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Superman : Unbound ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Scooby - Doo ! Adventures : The Mystery Map ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Tom and Jerry 's Giant Adventure ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Scooby - Doo ! Stage Fright ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Justice League : War ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Scooby - Doo ! WrestleMania Mystery ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Son of Batman ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Batman : Assault on Arkham ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Scooby - Doo ! Frankencreepy ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Tom and Jerry : The Lost Dragon ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Justice League : Throne of Atlantis ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League vs. Bizarro League ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Scooby - Doo ! Moon Monster Madness ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The Flintstones & WWE : Stone Age SmackDown ! ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Batman vs. Robin ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Batman Unlimited : Animal Instincts ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Tom and Jerry : Spy Quest ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Scooby - Doo ! and Kiss : Rock and Roll Mystery ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Justice League : Gods and Monsters ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Looney Tunes : Rabbits Run ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Batman Unlimited : Monster Mayhem ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League -- Attack of the Legion of Doom ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Batman : Bad Blood ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League -- Cosmic Clash ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Justice League vs. Teen Titans ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Lego Scooby - Doo ! Haunted Hollywood ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League -- Gotham City Breakout ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Batman : The Killing Joke ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Scooby - Doo ! and WWE : Curse of the Speed Demon ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> DC Super Hero Girls : Hero of the Year ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Batman Unlimited : Mechs vs. Mutants ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Batman : Return of the Caped Crusaders ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Justice League Dark ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Scooby - Doo ! Shaggy 's Showdown ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> The Jetsons & WWE : Robo - WrestleMania ! ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Teen Titans : The Judas Contract ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> DC Super Hero Girls : Intergalactic Games ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Lego Scooby - Doo ! Blowout Beach Bash ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Lego DC Super Hero Girls : Brain Drain ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Batman and Harley Quinn ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Batman vs. Two - Face ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Short films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Duxorcist ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> The Night of the Living Duck ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Box - Office Bunny ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> I 'm Mad ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Chariots of Fur ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Carrotblanca ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Another Froggy Evening ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> From Hare to Eternity ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Superior Duck ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Father of the Bird ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Pullet Surprise ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Marvin the Martian in the Third Dimension ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Little Go Beep ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Chase Me ( 2003 ; direct - to - video ) </Li> <Li> The Karate Guard ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> DC Showcase : The Spectre ( 2010 ; direct - to - video ) </Li> <Li> DC Showcase : Jonah Hex ( 2010 ; direct to video ) </Li> <Li> Coyote Falls ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Fur of Flying ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> DC Showcase : Green Arrow ( 2010 ; direct - to - video ) </Li> <Li> Superman / Shazam ! : The Return of Black Adam ( 2010 ; direct - to - video ) </Li> <Li> Rabid Rider ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> DC Showcase : Catwoman ( 2011 ; direct - to - video ) </Li> <Li> I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Daffy 's Rhapsody ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> The Master ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See Also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Warner Bros. Cartoons </Li> <Li> Warner Bros. Family Entertainment </Li> <Li> Hanna - Barbera </Li> <Li> Cartoon Network Productions <Ul> <Li> Cartoon Network Studios </Li> <Li> Williams Street </Li> <Li> Cartoon Network Development Studio Europe </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Cartoon Network </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Programs & blocks ( U.S. ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adult Swim <Ul> <Li> programming </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Boomerang <Ul> <Li> programming </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Toonami <Ul> <Li> programming </Li> <Li> Jetstream </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Acme Hour </Li> <Li> Cartoon Cartoons </Li> <Li> Cartoon Planet </Li> <Li> DC Nation </Li> <Li> High Noon Toons </Li> <Li> Tickle - U </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> International channels </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Asia and Oceania ( TBSAP ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia & New Zealand </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Pakistan & Bangladesh </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Southeast Asia </Li> <Li> South Korea </Li> <Li> Taiwan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe , the Middle East , & Africa ( TBSE ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arab World </Li> <Li> Arab World , Africa and Cyprus </Li> <Li> Central and Eastern Europe </Li> <Li> Russia and Southeastern Europe </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Israel ( television block ) </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Netherlands and Flanders </Li> <Li> Pan-Nordic </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> Spain ( via Boing ) </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> <Li> United Kingdom & Ireland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Americas ( TBSLA & Corus ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Canada ( Adult Swim ) </Li> <Li> Latin America </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studios </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cartoon Network Development Studio Europe </Li> <Li> Cartoon Network Studios </Li> <Li> Williams Street </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Space Ghost Coast to Coast </Li> <Li> Modern Music for Swinging Superheroes </Li> <Li> Space Ghost 's Musical Bar - B - Que </Li> <Li> Space Ghost 's Surf & Turf </Li> <Li> Dexter 's Laboratory : The Musical Time Machine </Li> <Li> Cartoon Medley </Li> <Li> The Powerpuff Girls albums </Li> <Li> Dexter 's Laboratory : The Hip - Hop Experiment </Li> <Li> Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi </Li> <Li> The Music of Ooo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AKA Cartoon Network </Li> <Li> Cartoon Network Too </Li> <Li> Cartoon Network , LP v. CSC Holdings , Inc . </Li> <Li> Cartoon Orbit </Li> <Li> Cartoonito </Li> <Li> Children 's programming on TBS and TNT </Li> <Li> CNX </Li> <Li> Hall of Game Awards </Li> <Li> Hanna - Barbera </Li> <Li> List of Cartoon Network video games </Li> <Li> Boing <Ul> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Spain </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Africa </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pogo </Li> <Li> Tooncast </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> <Li> Book </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Steven Spielberg </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Filmography </Li> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films directed </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Firelight ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Slipstream ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Amblin ' ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Night Gallery ( `` Eyes '' segment , 1969 ) </Li> <Li> L.A. 2017 ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Duel ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Something Evil ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Savage ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> The Sugarland Express ( 1974 , also wrote ) </Li> <Li> Jaws ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 , also wrote ) </Li> <Li> 1941 ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Twilight Zone : The Movie ( `` Kick the Can '' segment , 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> The Color Purple ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Always ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Hook ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Amistad ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 , also wrote ) </Li> <Li> Minority Report ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Terminal ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Munich ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> War Horse ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Lincoln ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The BFG ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> The Post ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Ready Player One ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films written </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Poltergeist ( 1982 , also produced ) </Li> <Li> The Goonies ( 1985 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films produced </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> An American Tail : Fievel Goes West ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Super 8 ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> The Hundred - Foot Journey ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amazing Stories ( 1985 -- 87 ) </Li> <Li> High Incident ( 1996 -- 97 ) </Li> <Li> Invasion America ( 1998 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Steven Spielberg bibliography </Li> <Li> Amblin Partners <Ul> <Li> Amblin Entertainment </Li> <Li> Amblin Television <Ul> <Li> DreamWorks Television </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Amblimation </Li> <Li> DreamWorks </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Prime time animated television series in the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ABC </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Bugs Bunny Show ( 1960 -- 62 ) </Li> <Li> Calvin and the Colonel ( 1961 -- 62 ) </Li> <Li> Capitol Critters ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Clerks : The Animated Series ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> The Critic ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> The Flintstones ( 1960 -- 66 ) </Li> <Li> The Goode Family ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Imaginary Mary ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> The Jetsons ( 1962 -- 63 ) </Li> <Li> Jonny Quest ( 1964 -- 65 ) </Li> <Li> Matty 's Funday Funnies ( 1959 -- 1961 ) </Li> <Li> Matty 's Funnies with Beany and Cecil ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> Peanuts television specials ( since 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Top Cat ( 1961 -- 62 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> CBS </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Alvin Show ( 1961 -- 62 ) </Li> <Li> CBS Cartoon Theater ( 1956 ) </Li> <Li> Creature Comforts ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Family Dog ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Fish Police ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Garfield television specials ( 1982 -- 1991 ) </Li> <Li> The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) </Li> <Li> The Sabrina the Teenage Witch Show ( 1970 -- 74 ) </Li> <Li> This Is America , Charlie Brown ( 1988 -- 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Wacky Races ( 1968 -- 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Where 's Huddles ? ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Peanuts television specials ( 1965 -- 2000 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fox </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Allen Gregory ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> American Dad ! ( 2005 -- 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Axe Cop ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Batman : The Animated Series ( 1992 -- 93 ) </Li> <Li> Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Bordertown ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> The Cleveland Show ( 2009 -- 2013 ) </Li> <Li> The Critic ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2002 ; since 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Futurama ( 1999 -- 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Golan the Insatiable ( 2013 -- 15 ) </Li> <Li> High School USA ! ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> King of the Hill ( 1997 -- 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Lucas Bros. Moving Co. ( 2013 -- 14 ) </Li> <Li> Napoleon Dynamite ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> The PJs ( 1999 -- 2000 ) </Li> <Li> The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Sit Down , Shut Up ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Son of Zorn ( 2016 -- 17 ) </Li> <Li> Peanuts television specials ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NBC </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Bullwinkle Show ( 1961 -- 63 ) </Li> <Li> The Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo ( 1964 -- 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Father of the Pride ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> God , the Devil and Bob ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Jokebook ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> The Ruff and Reddy Show ( 1957 -- 1960 ) </Li> <Li> Sammy ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Stressed Eric ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Wait Till Your Father Gets Home ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Peanuts television specials ( 1971 -- 1994 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> PBS </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adventures from the Book of Virtues ( 1996 - 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Click and Clack 's As the Wrench Turns ( 2008 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Syndication </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Huckleberry Hound Show ( 1958 -- 1962 ) </Li> <Li> The Sabrina the Teenage Witch Show ( 1970 -- 74 ) </Li> <Li> Tiny Toon Adventures ( Prime Toons ) ( 1990 -- 91 ) </Li> <Li> Wait Till Your Father Gets Home ( 1972 -- 74 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The WB </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Animaniacs ( 1993 -- 98 ) </Li> <Li> Baby Blues ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Freakazoid ! ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Invasion America ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Mission Hill ( 1999 -- 2000 ) </Li> <Li> The Oblongs ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Pinky and the Brain ( 1995 -- 98 ) </Li> <Li> The PJs ( 2000 -- 01 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UPN </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dilbert ( 1999 -- 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Game Over ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Gary & Mike ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Home Movies ( 1999 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 1979 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Carlton Your Doorman ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Life Is a Circus , Charlie Brown ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Ziggy 's Gift ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Garfield on the Town ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Garfield in the Rough ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Garfield 's Halloween Adventure ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Cathy ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> A Claymation Christmas Celebration ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Garfield 's Babes and Bullets / DuckTales ( `` Super DuckTales '' ) ( 1989 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Simpsons ( `` Life on the Fast Lane '' ) ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> The Simpsons ( `` Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment '' ) / Tale Spin ( `` Plunder & Lightning '' ) ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> A Claymation Easter ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Batman : The Animated Series ( `` Robin 's Reckoning : Part I '' ) ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> The Roman City ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> The Simpsons ( `` Lisa 's Wedding '' ) ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Pinky and the Brain ( `` A Pinky and the Brain Christmas '' ) ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> The Simpsons ( `` Homer 's Phobia '' ) ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> The Simpsons ( `` Trash of the Titans '' ) ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> King of the Hill ( `` And They Call It Bobby Love '' ) / Todd McFarlane 's Spawn ( 1999 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Program ( Less Than One Hour ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Simpsons ( `` Behind the Laughter '' ) ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> The Simpsons ( `` HOMR '' ) ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Futurama ( `` Roswell That Ends Well '' ) ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Simpsons ( `` Three Gays of the Condo '' ) ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Samurai Jack ( `` The Birth of Evil '' ) ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> South Park ( `` Best Friends Forever '' ) ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Simpsons ( `` The Seemingly Never - Ending Story '' ) ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> South Park ( `` Make Love , Not Warcraft '' ) ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> The Simpsons ( `` Eternal Moonshine of the Simpson Mind '' ) ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> South Park ( `` Margaritaville '' ) ( 2009 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Program ( One Hour or More ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Walking with Dinosaurs ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Allosaurus : A Walking With Dinosaurs Special ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Walking with Prehistoric Beasts ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Chased by Dinosaurs ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Star Wars : Clone Wars ( Volume 1 : Chapters 1 - 20 ) ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Star Wars : Clone Wars ( Volume 2 : Chapters 21 - 25 ) ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Before the Dinosaurs ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Camp Lazlo ( `` Where 's Lazlo ? '' ) ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> South Park ( Imaginationland : The Movie ) ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Foster 's Home for Imaginary Friends ( `` Destination : Imagination '' ) ( 2009 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prep & Landing ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Futurama ( `` The Late Philip J. Fry '' ) ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> The Penguins of Madagascar ( `` The Return of the Revenge of Dr. Blowhole '' ) ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> South Park ( `` Raising the Bar '' ) ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Bob 's Burgers ( `` Mazel - Tina '' ) ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Over the Garden Wall ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Archer ( `` The Figgis Agency '' ) ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Bob 's Burgers ( `` Bob Actually '' ) ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinky_and_the_Brain&oldid=801639851 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Animaniacs </Li> <Li> 1995 American television series debuts </Li> <Li> 1998 American television series endings </Li> <Li> 1990s American animated television series </Li> <Li> Animaniacs characters </Li> <Li> Animated duos </Li> <Li> Television duos </Li> <Li> DC Comics titles </Li> <Li> American children 's comedy television series </Li> <Li> Fictional genetically engineered characters </Li> <Li> Fictional mice and rats </Li> <Li> Fictional scientists </Li> <Li> Television supervillains </Li> <Li> Tiny Toon Adventures </Li> <Li> Fictional henchmen </Li> <Li> Television series created by Tom Ruegger </Li> <Li> Kids ' WB original programs </Li> <Li> Television series by Warner Bros. 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Soviet -- Afghan war - wikipedia <H1> Soviet -- Afghan war </H1> <P> </P> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Soviet -- Afghan War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the Wars in Afghanistan and the Cold War </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Mujahideen fighters in the Kunar Province of Afghanistan in 1987 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> December 24 , 1979 -- February 15 , 1989 ( 9 years , 1 month , 3 weeks and 1 day ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Democratic Republic of Afghanistan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Result </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Soviet failure to quell the Afghan mujahideen insurgency </Li> <Li> Geneva Accord ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Withdrawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan </Li> <Li> Continuation of the Afghan Civil War without Soviet troops </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Soviet Union </P> <Ul> <Li> 40th Army </Li> </Ul> <P> Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Supported by : </P> East Germany ( 1979 -- 1980 ) </Td> <Td> <P> Sunni Mujahideen : </P> <Ul> <Li> Jamiat - e Islami <Ul> <Li> Shura - e Nazar </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gulbuddin faction <Ul> <Li> Maktab al - Khadamat </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Khalis faction </Li> <Li> Ittehad i - Islami ( IULA ) </Li> <Li> Harakat - i - Inqilab ( IRM ) </Li> <Li> Jebh - e Nejat - e Melli ( ANLF ) </Li> <Li> Mahaz - e Milli ( NIFA ) </Li> </Ul> Supported by : ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Pakistan </Li> <Li> United States </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Saudi Arabia </Li> <Li> China </Li> <Li> West Germany </Li> </Ul> <P> Shia Mujahideen : </P> <Ul> <Li> Harakat i - Islami </Li> <Li> Nasr Party ( IVOA ) </Li> <Li> COIRGA </Li> <Li> Shura Party </Li> <Li> Afghan Hezbollah </Li> <Li> IRM </Li> <Li> UOIF </Li> <Li> Raad Party </Li> </Ul> <P> Supported by : </P> <Ul> <Li> Iran </Li> </Ul> <P> Maoist factions : </P> <Ul> <Li> Sazman - i Rihayi ( ALO ) </Li> <Li> Sazman - e Azadibakhsh - e Mardom ( SAMA ) </Li> <Li> AMFFF </Li> </Ul> <P> Supported by : </P> <Ul> <Li> China </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Leonid Brezhnev † </Li> <Li> Yuri Andropov † </Li> <Li> Konstantin Chernenko † </Li> <Li> Mikhail Gorbachev </Li> <Li> Dmitriy Ustinov </Li> <Li> Sergei Sokolov </Li> <Li> Dmitriy Yazov </Li> <Li> Valentin Varennikov </Li> <Li> Igor Rodionov </Li> <Li> Boris Gromov </Li> <Li> Babrak Karmal </Li> <Li> Mohammad Najibullah </Li> <Li> Abdul Rashid Dostum </Li> <Li> Abdul Qadir </Li> <Li> Shahnawaz Tanai </Li> <Li> Mohammed Rafie </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ahmad Shah Massoud </Li> <Li> Abdul Haq </Li> <Li> Abdullah Azzam </Li> <Li> Osama Bin Laden </Li> <Li> Ismail Khan </Li> <Li> Gulbuddin Hekmatyar </Li> <Li> Jalaluddin Haqqani </Li> <Li> Mohammad Nabi </Li> <Li> Naqib Alikozai </Li> <Li> Abdul Rahim Wardak </Li> <Li> Fazal Haq Mujahid </Li> <Li> Burhanuddin Rabbani </Li> <Li> Michael G. Vickers </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Muhammad Asif Muhsini </Li> <Li> Assef Kandahari </Li> <Li> Sayyid Ali Beheshti </Li> <Li> Mosbah Sade </Li> </Ul> <P> Mulavi Dawood ( AMFFF ) </P> Faiz Ahmad </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Strength </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Soviet forces : </P> <Ul> <Li> 620,000 total </Li> <Li> 115,000 at peak </Li> </Ul> <P> Afghan forces : </P> <Ul> <Li> 65,000 regulars at peak </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <P> Mujahideen : </P> 200,000 -- 250,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Soviet forces : <Ul> <Li> 14,453 killed ( total ) or </Li> </Ul> <P> 13,833 - 26,000 killed ( total ) </P> <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> 9,500 killed in combat </Li> <Li> 4,000 died from wounds </Li> <Li> 1,000 died from disease and accidents </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 53,753 wounded </Li> <Li> 264 missing </Li> <Li> 451 aircraft ( including 333 helicopters ) </Li> <Li> 147 tanks </Li> <Li> 1,314 IFV / APCs </Li> <Li> 433 artillery guns and mortars </Li> <Li> 11,369 cargo and fuel tanker trucks </Li> </Ul> Afghan forces : <Ul> <Li> 18,000 killed </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Mujahideen : <Ul> <Li> 75,000 -- 90,000 killed </Li> <Li> 75,000 + wounded ( tentative estimate ) </Li> </Ul> Pakistan : <Ul> <Li> 300 + killed </Li> <Li> 1 F - 16 fighter jet shot down </Li> </Ul> Iran : <Ul> <Li> 2 AH - 1J helicopters shot down </Li> <Li> Unknown number killed </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Civilians ( Afghan ) : <Ul> <Li> 562,000 -- 2,000,000 killed </Li> <Li> 5 million refugees outside Afghanistan </Li> <Li> 2 million internally displaced persons </Li> <Li> Around 3 million Afghans wounded ( mostly civilians ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Soviet -- Afghan War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Storm - 333 </Li> <Li> 3 Hoot </Li> <Li> Khost </Li> <Li> Panjshir </Li> <Li> Urgun </Li> <Li> Maravar Pass </Li> <Li> Badaber </Li> <Li> Zhawar </Li> <Li> Jaji </Li> <Li> Arghandab </Li> <Li> Magistral </Li> <Li> Hill 3234 </Li> <Li> Arrow </Li> <Li> Soviet withdrawal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> War in Afghanistan ( 1978 -- present ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Saur Revolution ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Herat uprising ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Chindawol uprising ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Bala Hissar uprising ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Soviet -- Afghan War ( 1979 -- 89 ) </Li> <Li> Afghan Civil War ( 1989 -- 92 ) </Li> <Li> Afghan Civil War ( 1992 -- 96 ) </Li> <Li> Afghan Civil War ( 1996 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Soviet -- Afghan War lasted over nine years , from December 1979 to February 1989 . Insurgent groups known collectively as the mujahideen , as well as smaller Maoist groups , fought a guerrilla war against the Soviet Army and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan government , mostly in the rural countryside . The mujahideen groups were backed primarily by the United States , Saudi Arabia , and Pakistan , making it a Cold War proxy war . Between 562,000 and 2,000,000 civilians were killed and millions of Afghans fled the country as refugees , mostly to Pakistan and Iran . </P> <P> Prior to the arrival of Soviet troops , Afghanistan 's communist party took power after a 1978 coup , installing Nur Mohammad Taraki as president . The party initiated a series of radical modernization reforms throughout the country that were deeply unpopular , particularly among the more traditional rural population and the established traditional power structures . The government 's Stalinist - like nature of vigorously suppressing opposition , executing thousands of political prisoners and ordering massacres against unarmed civilians , led to the rise of anti-government armed groups , and by April 1979 large parts of the country were in open rebellion . The government itself experienced in - party rivalry , and in September 1979 Taraki was murdered under orders of his rival and Minister of Foreign Affairs , Hafizullah Amin , which deteriorated relations with the Soviet Union . Eventually the Soviet government , under leader Leonid Brezhnev , decided to deploy the 40th Army on December 24 , 1979 . Arriving in the capital Kabul , they staged a coup , killing president Amin and installing Soviet loyalist Babrak Karmal from a rival faction . The deployment had been variously called an `` invasion '' ( by Western media and the rebels ) or a legitimate supporting intervention ( by the Soviet Union and the Afghan government ) on the basis of the Brezhnev Doctrine . </P> <P> In January 1980 , foreign ministers from 34 nations of the Islamic Conference adopted a resolution demanding `` the immediate , urgent and unconditional withdrawal of Soviet troops '' from Afghanistan , while the UN General Assembly passed a resolution protesting the Soviet intervention by a vote of 104 ( for ) -- 18 ( against ) , with 18 abstentions and 12 members of the 152 - nation Assembly absent or not participating in the vote . Afghan insurgents began to receive massive amounts of aid and military training in neighboring Pakistan and China , paid for primarily by the United States and Arab monarchies in the Persian Gulf . As documented by the National Security Archive , `` the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) played a significant role in asserting U.S. influence in Afghanistan by funding military operations designed to frustrate the Soviet invasion of that country . CIA covert action worked through Pakistani intelligence services to reach Afghan rebel groups . '' Soviet troops occupied the cities and main arteries of communication , while the mujahideen waged guerrilla war in small groups operating in the almost 80 percent of the country that was outside government and Soviet control , almost exclusively being the rural countryside . The Soviets used their air power to deal harshly with both rebels and civilians , levelling villages to deny safe haven to the mujahideen , destroying vital irrigation ditches , and laying millions of land mines . </P> <P> The military intervention was sharply and almost immediately denounced by the international community , with numerous sanctions and embargoes being imposed against the Soviet Union and the U.S. - led 1980 Summer Olympics boycott against Moscow , which was holding the event ; the boycott and sanctions exacerbated Cold War tensions and enraged the Soviet government which later began and led a revenge boycott of the 1984 Olympics held in Los Angeles . The Soviets initially planned to secure towns and roads , stabilize the government under new leader Karmal , and withdraw within six months or a year . But they were met with fierce resistance from the guerillas , and were stuck in a bloody war that lasted nine years . By the mid-1980s , the Soviet contingent was increased to 108,800 and fighting increased , but the military and diplomatic cost of the war to the USSR was high . By mid-1987 the Soviet Union , now under reformist leader Mikhail Gorbachev , announced it would start withdrawing its forces after meetings with the Afghan government . The final troop withdrawal started on May 15 , 1988 , and ended on February 15 , 1989 , leaving the government forces alone in its battle against the insurgents , which continued until 1992 when the former Soviet - backed government collapsed . Due to its length , it has sometimes been referred to as the `` Soviet Union 's Vietnam War '' or the `` Bear Trap '' by the Western media . The Soviets ' failure at the war is thought to be a contributing factor to the fall of the Soviet Union . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Background <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Saur Revolution </Li> <Li> 1.2 Factions inside the PDPA </Li> <Li> 1.3 Soviet -- Afghan relations </Li> <Li> 1.4 Initiation of the insurgency <Ul> <Li> 1.4. 1 Pakistani aid to insurgents </Li> <Li> 1.4. 2 Killing of the U.S. ambassador </Li> <Li> 1.4. 3 U.S. aid to insurgents </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Soviet operations 1979 -- 85 <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Deployment </Li> <Li> 2.2 Soviet intervention and coup <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 International positions on Soviet intervention </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.3 December 1979 -- February 1980 : Occupation </Li> <Li> 2.4 March 1980 -- April 1985 : Soviet offensives </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 1980s : Insurrection <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Media reaction </Li> <Li> 3.2 1986 : Stinger Missile and `` Stinger effect '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Exit <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Diplomatic efforts and Geneva Accords ( 1983 -- 88 ) </Li> <Li> 4.2 April 1985 -- January 1987 : Exit strategy </Li> <Li> 4.3 January 1987 -- February 1989 : Withdrawal </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Atrocities <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Massacres </Li> <Li> 5.2 Rape </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Impact <Ul> <Li> 6.1 International reaction <Ul> <Li> 6.1. 1 Foreign involvement and aid to the mujahideen </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6.2 Soviet personnel strengths and casualties </Li> <Li> 6.3 Use of chemical weapons </Li> <Li> 6.4 Causes of withdrawal </Li> <Li> 6.5 Destruction in Afghanistan </Li> <Li> 6.6 Refugees </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Aftermath <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Weakening of the Soviet Union </Li> <Li> 7.2 Civil war </Li> <Li> 7.3 Extremism and `` blowback '' <Ul> <Li> 7.3. 1 Spread of extremism in Pakistan </Li> <Li> 7.3. 2 `` Blowback '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Media and popular culture </Li> <Li> 9 Perception in the former USSR </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 Further reading </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Background </H2> <P> In 1885 , Russian forces seized the disputed oasis at Panjdeh south of the Oxus River from Afghan forces , which became known as the Panjdeh Incident . The border was agreed by the joint Anglo - Russian Afghan Boundary Commission of 1885 -- 87 . The Russian interest in the region continued on through the Soviet era , with billions in economic and military aid sent to Afghanistan between 1955 and 1978 . </P> <P> After the Saur Revolution in 1978 , the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan was formed on April 27 , 1978 . The government was one with a pro-poor , pro-farmer socialist agenda . It had close relations with the Soviet Union . On December 5 , 1978 , a treaty of friendship was signed between the Soviet Union and Afghanistan . </P> <P> In February 1979 , the United States Ambassador to Afghanistan , Adolph Dubs , was kidnapped by Setami Milli militants and was later killed during an assault carried out by the Afghan police , assisted by Soviet advisers . Dubs ' death led to a major deterioration in Afghanistan -- United States relations . </P> <P> In Southwestern Asia , drastic changes were taking place concurrent with the upheavals in Afghanistan . In February 1979 , the Iranian Revolution ousted the American - backed Shah from Iran , losing the United States as one of its most powerful allies . The United States then deployed twenty ships in the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea including two aircraft carriers , and there was a constant stream of threats of warfare between the U.S. and Iran . March 1979 marked the signing of the U.S. - backed peace agreement between Israel and Egypt . The Soviet leadership saw the agreement as giving a major advantage to the United States . A Soviet newspaper stated that Egypt and Israel were now `` gendarmes of the Pentagon '' . The Soviets viewed the treaty not only as a peace agreement between their erstwhile allies in Egypt and the US - supported Israelis but also as a military pact . In addition , the US sold more than 5,000 missiles to Saudi Arabia . Also , the Soviet Union 's previously strong relations with Iraq had recently soured . In June 1978 , Iraq began entering into friendlier relations with the Western world and buying French and Italian - made weapons , though the vast majority still came from the Soviet Union , its Warsaw Pact allies , and China . </P> <H3> Saur Revolution </H3> Main article : Saur Revolution <P> King Mohammed Zahir Shah ascended to the throne and reigned from 1933 to 1973 . Zahir 's cousin , Mohammad Daoud Khan , served as Prime Minister from 1954 to 1963 . The Marxist People 's Democratic Party of Afghanistan 's ( PDPA 's ) strength grew considerably in these years . In 1967 , the PDPA split into two rival factions , the Khalq ( Masses ) faction headed by Nur Muhammad Taraki and Hafizullah Amin and the Parcham ( Flag ) faction led by Babrak Karmal . </P> <P> Former Prime Minister Daoud seized power in a military coup on July 17 , 1973 after allegations of corruption and poor economic conditions against the king 's government . Daoud put an end to the monarchy , and his time in power was widely popular among the general populace but unpopular among PDPA supporters . </P> <P> Intense opposition from factions of the PDPA was sparked by the repression imposed on them by Daoud 's regime and the death of a leading PDPA member , Mir Akbar Khyber . The mysterious circumstances of Khyber 's death sparked massive anti-Daoud demonstrations in Kabul , which resulted in the arrest of several prominent PDPA leaders . </P> <P> On April 27 , 1978 , the Afghan army , which had been sympathetic to the PDPA cause , overthrew and executed Daoud along with members of his family . Nur Muhammad Taraki , Secretary General of the PDPA , became President of the Revolutionary Council and Prime Minister of the newly established Democratic Republic of Afghanistan . </P> <H3> Factions Inside the PDPA </H3> <P> After the revolution , Taraki assumed the Presidency , Prime Ministership and General Secretaryship of the PDPA . The government was divided along factional lines , with President Taraki and Deputy Prime Minister Hafizullah Amin of the Khalq faction against Parcham leaders such as Babrak Karmal and Mohammad Najibullah . Within the PDPA , conflicts resulted in exiles , purges and executions of Parcham members . The PDPA executed between 10,000 and 27,000 people , mostly at Pul - e-Charkhi prison prior to the Soviet intervention . </P> <P> During its first 18 months of rule , the PDPA applied a Soviet - style program of modernizing reforms , many of which were viewed by conservatives as opposing Islam . Decrees setting forth changes in marriage customs and land reform were not received well by a population deeply immersed in tradition and Islam , particularly by the powerful landowners who were harmed economically by the abolition of usury ( although usury is prohibited in Islam ) and the cancellation of farmers ' debts . The new government also enhanced women 's rights , sought a rapid eradication of illiteracy and promoted Afghanistan 's ethnic minorities , although these programs appear to have had an effect only in the urban areas . By mid-1978 , a rebellion started , with rebels attacking the local military garrison in the Nuristan region of eastern Afghanistan and soon civil war spread throughout the country . In September 1979 , Deputy Prime Minister Hafizullah Amin seized power , arresting and killing President Taraki . Over two months of instability overwhelmed Amin 's regime as he moved against his opponents in the PDPA and the growing rebellion . </P> <H3> Soviet -- Afghan relations </H3> Main articles : Kabul International Airport , Soyuz TM - 6 , Abdul Ahad Mohmand , Interkosmos , Bagram Airfield , and Naghlu Dam Afghanistan Scout Association in 1950s <Table> <Tr> <Th> Part of a series on the </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History of Afghanistan </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Timeline </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ancient ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> Indus Valley Civilisation </Td> <Td> 2200 -- 1800 BC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oxus civilization </Td> <Td> 2100 -- 1800 BC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aryans </Td> <Td> 1700 -- 700 BC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Median Empire </Td> <Td> 728 -- 550 BC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Achaemenid Empire </Td> <Td> 550 -- 330 BC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seleucid Empire </Td> <Td> 330 -- 150 BC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maurya Empire </Td> <Td> 305 -- 180 BC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greco - Bactrian Kingdom </Td> <Td> 256 -- 125 BC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Parthian Empire </Td> <Td> 247 BC -- 224 AD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indo - Greek Kingdom </Td> <Td> 180 -- 130 BC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indo - Scythian Kingdom </Td> <Td> 155 -- 80 ? BC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kushan Empire </Td> <Td> 135 BC -- 248 AD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indo - Parthian Kingdom </Td> <Td> 20 BC -- 50 ? AD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sasanian Empire </Td> <Td> 230 -- 651 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kidarite Kingdom </Td> <Td> 320 -- 465 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alchon Huns </Td> <Td> 380 -- 560 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hephthalite Empire </Td> <Td> 410 -- 557 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nezak Huns </Td> <Td> 484 -- 711 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Medieval ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> Kabul Shahi </Td> <Td> 565 -- 879 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Principality of Chaghaniyan </Td> <Td> 7th -- 8th centuries </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rashidun Caliphate </Td> <Td> 652 -- 661 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Umayyads </Td> <Td> 661 -- 750 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abbasids </Td> <Td> 750 -- 821 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tahirids </Td> <Td> 821 -- 873 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saffarids </Td> <Td> 863 -- 900 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Samanids </Td> <Td> 875 -- 999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ghaznavids </Td> <Td> 963 -- 1187 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ghurids </Td> <Td> before 879 -- 1215 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seljuks </Td> <Td> 1037 -- 1194 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Khwarezmids </Td> <Td> 1215 -- 1231 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Qarlughids </Td> <Td> 1224 -- 1266 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ilkhanate </Td> <Td> 1258 -- 1353 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chagatai Khanate </Td> <Td> 1225 -- 1370 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Khaljis </Td> <Td> 1290 -- 1320 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Karts </Td> <Td> 1245 -- 1381 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Timurids </Td> <Td> 1370 -- 1507 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arghuns </Td> <Td> 1520 -- 1591 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Modern ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> Mughals </Td> <Td> 1501 -- 1738 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Safavids </Td> <Td> 1510 -- 1709 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hotak dynasty </Td> <Td> 1709 -- 1738 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Afsharid dynasty </Td> <Td> 1738 -- 1747 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Durrani Empire </Td> <Td> 1747 -- 1826 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emirate of Afghanistan </Td> <Td> 1826 -- 1919 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kingdom of Afghanistan </Td> <Td> 1919 -- 1973 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Republic of Afghanistan </Td> <Td> 1973 -- 1978 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Democratic Republic of Afghanistan </Td> <Td> 1978 -- 1992 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Islamic State of Afghanistan </Td> <Td> 1992 -- 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan </Td> <Td> 1996 -- 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Interim / Transitional Administration </Td> <Td> 2001 -- 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Islamic Republic of Afghanistan </Td> <Td> since 2004 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Associated Historical Regions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arachosia </Li> <Li> Aria </Li> <Li> Ariana </Li> <Li> Bactria </Li> <Li> Gandhara </Li> <Li> Iran </Li> <Li> Kabulistan </Li> <Li> Khorasan </Li> <Li> Kushanshahr </Li> <Li> Paropamisadae </Li> <Li> Sejestan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR ) had been a major power broker and influential mentor in the politics of its poorer and much smaller neighbor . Its involvement ranging from civil - military infrastructure to Afghan society . Since 1947 , Afghanistan had been under the influence of the Soviet government and received large amounts of aid , economic assistance , military equipment training and military hardware from the Soviet Union . Economic assistance and aid had been provided to Afghanistan as early as 1919 , shortly after the Russian Revolution and when the regime was facing the Russian Civil War . Provisions were given in the form of small arms , ammunition , a few aircraft , and ( according to debated Soviet sources ) a million gold rubles to support the resistance during the Third Anglo - Afghan War in 1919 . In 1942 , the USSR again moved to strengthen the Afghan Armed Forces , by providing small arms and aircraft , and establishing training centers in Tashkent ( Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic ) . Soviet - Afghan military cooperation began on a regular basis in 1956 , and further agreements were made in the 1970s , which saw the USSR send advisers and specialists . </P> <P> In 1978 , after witnessing India 's nuclear test , Smiling Buddha , President Daud Khan initiated a military buildup to counter Pakistan 's armed forces and Iranian military influence in Afghan politics . A final pre-war treaty , signed in December 1978 , allowed the PDPA to call upon the Soviet Union for military support . </P> We believe it would be a fatal mistake to commit ground troops . ( ... ) If our troops went in , the situation in your country would not improve . On the contrary , it would get worse . Our troops would have to struggle not only with an external aggressor , but with a significant part of your own people . And the people would never forgive such things <P> Following the Herat uprising , President Taraki contacted Alexei Kosygin , chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers , and asked for `` practical and technical assistance with men and armament '' . Kosygin was unfavorable to the proposal on the basis of the negative political repercussions such an action would have for his country , and he rejected all further attempts by Taraki to solicit Soviet military aid in Afghanistan . Following Kosygin 's rejection , Taraki requested aid from Leonid Brezhnev , the general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Soviet head of state , who warned Taraki that full Soviet intervention `` would only play into the hands of our enemies -- both yours and ours '' . Brezhnev also advised Taraki to ease up on the drastic social reforms and to seek broader support for his regime . </P> <P> In 1979 , Taraki attended a conference of the Non-Aligned Movement in Havana , Cuba . On his way back , he stopped in Moscow on March 20 and met with Brezhnev , Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko and other Soviet officials . It was rumoured that Karmal was present at the meeting in an attempt to reconcile Taraki 's Khalq faction and the Parcham against Amin and his followers . At the meeting , Taraki was successful in negotiating some Soviet support , including the redeployment of two Soviet armed divisions at the Soviet - Afghan border , the sending of 500 military and civilian advisers and specialists and the immediate delivery of Soviet armed equipment sold at 25 percent below the original price ; however , the Soviets were not pleased about the developments in Afghanistan and Brezhnev impressed upon Taraki the need for party unity . Despite reaching this agreement with Taraki , the Soviets continued to be reluctant to intervene further in Afghanistan and repeatedly refused Soviet military intervention within Afghan borders during Taraki 's rule as well as later during Amin 's short rule . </P> <H3> Initiation of the insurgency </H3> Pakistani aid to insurgents Main articles : Soviet Union -- United States relations and Pakistan -- Soviet Union relations See also : Kidnapping and assassination of U.S. Ambassador Adolph Dubs Soviet infantry at the time of deployment . <P> Afghanistan cemented regional problems with Pakistan , after Daoud pressed his hard - line Pashtunistan policies to Pakistan . Pakistan retaliated , and Prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto authorized a covert operation under MI 's Major - General Naseerullah Babar . In 1974 , Bhutto authorized another secret operation in Kabul where the ISI and the AI extradited Burhanuddin Rabbani and Gulbadin Hekmatyar to Peshawar , amid fear that Rabbani and Hekmatyar might be assassinated by Daoud . According to Baber , Bhutto 's operation was an excellent idea and it had hard - hitting impact on Daoud and his government which forced Daoud to increase his desire to make peace with Bhutto . Another part of this operation was to train hard - line Jamiat - e Islami militants against the Daoud 's secular government . However , this operation went into cold - storage after Bhutto was removed from power . </P> <P> In June 1975 , militants from the Jamiat Islami party attempted to overthrow the government . They started their rebellion in the Panjshir valley ( a part of the greater Parwan province ) , in the present day Panjshir province , some 100 kilometers north of Kabul , and in a number of other provinces of the country . However , government forces easily defeated the insurgency and a sizable portion of the insurgents sought refuge in Pakistan where they enjoyed the support of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 's government , which had been alarmed by Daoud 's revival of the Pashtunistan issue . </P> Soviet forces after capturing some Mujahideen 40th Army headquarters , Tajbeg Palace , 1986 Soviet soldiers conducting training <P> In 1978 , the Taraki government initiated a series of reforms , including a radical modernization of the traditional Islamic civil and especially marriage law , aimed at `` uprooting feudalism '' in Afghan society . The government brooked no opposition to the reforms and responded with violence to unrest . Between April 1978 and the Soviet Intervention of December 1979 , thousands of prisoners , perhaps as many as 27,000 , were executed at the notorious Pul - e-Charkhi prison , including many village mullahs and headmen . Other members of the traditional elite , the religious establishment and intelligentsia fled the country . </P> <P> Large parts of the country went into open rebellion . The Parcham Government claimed that 11,000 were executed during the Amin / Taraki period in response to the revolts . The revolt began in October among the Nuristani tribes of the Kunar Valley in the northeastern part of the country near the border with Pakistan , and rapidly spread among the other ethnic groups . By the spring of 1979 , 24 of the 28 provinces had suffered outbreaks of violence . The rebellion began to take hold in the cities : in March 1979 in Herat , rebels led by Ismail Khan revolted . Between 3,000 and 5,000 people were killed and wounded during the Herat revolt . Some 100 Soviet citizens and their families were killed . </P> Killing of the U.S. ambassador <P> In February 1979 , the contentious law and order situation led to a serious diplomatic incident involving United States , Soviet Union and Afghanistan when U.S. Ambassador to Afghanistan Adolph `` Spike '' Dubs was kidnapped by a mysterious group of militants . They are sometimes alleged to have been part of the radical communist faction , Settam - e-Melli ( lit . `` National Oppression '' ) , but are also sometimes described as Islamists . The National Oppression reportedly demanded the release of their communist leader Badruddin Bahes , whom the Afghan government denied holding . The government refused categorically to negotiate with the militants , in spite of the U.S. embassy 's demands . The U.S. increased pressure on the Afghan government and the Soviet Union , forcefully demanding peaceful negotiations for the release of their ambassador . </P> <P> Dubs was held in Room 117 of the Kabul Hotel , where the United States sent its embassy and diplomatic staff to negotiate with the communist faction . The Afghan security forces , accompanied by the Russian advisers , swarmed the hallway and surrounding rooftops of the hotel . When negotiations stalled , there was an intense exchange of fire after Russian advisers ordered an assault . Documents released from the Soviet KGB bureau archives by Vasily Mitrokhin in the early 1990s suggest that the Afghan government authorized the assault and that the KGB adviser on scene , Sergei Batrukihn , may have recommended the assault , as well as the execution of a kidnapper before U.S. experts could interrogate him . All attempts at negotiation failed , and U.S. Ambassador Adolph Dubs was caught in the crossfire , leading to his death . Afterwards the United States formally expressed to Soviet Union its disapproval of the assault by the security forces , putting more stress on U.S. - Soviet relations . </P> U.S. aid to insurgents Main article : Operation Cyclone <P> In the mid-1970s , Pakistani intelligence officials began privately lobbying the U.S. and its allies to send material assistance to the Islamist insurgents . Pakistani President Muhammad Zia - ul - Haq 's ties with the U.S. had been strained during Jimmy Carter 's presidency due to Pakistan 's nuclear program and the execution of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in April 1979 , but Carter told National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski and Secretary of State Cyrus Vance as early as January 1979 that it was vital to `` repair our relationships with Pakistan '' in light of the unrest in Iran . According to former Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) official Robert Gates , `` the Carter administration turned to CIA ... to counter Soviet and Cuban aggression in the Third World , particularly beginning in mid-1979 . '' In March 1979 , `` CIA sent several covert action options relating to Afghanistan to the SCC ( Special Coordination Committee ) '' of the United States National Security Council . At a March 30 meeting , U.S. Department of Defense representative Walter B. Slocombe `` asked if there was value in keeping the Afghan insurgency going , ' sucking the Soviets into a Vietnamese quagmire ? ' '' When asked to clarify this remark , Slocombe explained : `` Well , the whole idea was that if the Soviets decided to strike at this tar baby ( Afghanistan ) we had every interest in making sure that they got stuck . '' Yet an April 5 memo from National Intelligence Officer Arnold Horelick warned : `` Covert action would raise the costs to the Soviets and inflame Moslem opinion against them in many countries . The risk was that a substantial U.S. covert aid program could raise the stakes and induce the Soviets to intervene more directly and vigorously than otherwise intended . '' </P> <P> In May 1979 , U.S. officials secretly began meeting with rebel leaders through Pakistani government contacts . A former Pakistani military official claimed that he personally introduced a CIA official to Gulbuddin Hekmatyar that month ( Freedom of Information Act requests for records describing these meetings have been denied ) . After additional meetings on April 6 and July 3 , Carter signed a `` presidential ' finding ' '' that `` authorized the CIA to spend just over $500,000 '' on `` non-lethal '' aid to the mujahideen , which `` seemed at the time a small beginning . '' Brzezinski later claimed that `` We did n't push the Russians to intervene , but we knowingly increased the probability that they would . '' According to Brzezinski , he became convinced by mid-1979 that the Soviets were going to invade Afghanistan regardless of U.S. policy due to the Carter administration 's failure to respond aggressively to Soviet activity in Africa , but -- despite the risk of unintended consequences -- support for the mujahideen could be an effective way to prevent Soviet aggression beyond Afghanistan ( particularly in Brzezinski 's native Poland ) . </P> <P> The full significance of the U.S. sending aid to the mujahideen prior to the invasion is debated among scholars . Some assert that it directly , and even deliberately , provoked the Soviets to send in troops . Bruce Riedel , however , believes that the U.S. aid was intended primarily to improve U.S. relations with Pakistan , while Steve Coll asserts : `` Contemporary memos -- particularly those written in the first days after the Soviet invasion -- make clear that while Brzezinski was determined to confront the Soviets in Afghanistan through covert action , he was also very worried the Soviets would prevail ... Given this evidence and the enormous political and security costs that the invasion imposed on the Carter administration , any claim that Brzezinski lured the Soviets into Afghanistan warrants deep skepticism . '' Carter himself has stated that encouraging a Soviet invasion was `` not my intention . '' Gates recounted : `` No one in the Carter Administration wanted the Soviets to invade Afghanistan and no one , as I can recall at least , ever advocated attempting to induce them to invade ... Only after the Soviet invasion did some advocate making the Soviets ' bleed ' in their own Vietnam . '' Conversely , Andrew Bacevich writes that `` the prospect of inducing conflict on the scale of Vietnam exerted great appeal '' in the White House even prior to the Soviet invasion , as `` fomenting trouble in Afghanistan would dissuade the Soviets from meddling in the Persian Gulf . '' Chalmers Johnson considered the Soviet invasion `` deliberately provoked '' by the U.S. </P> <P> Although Gates described Director of Central Intelligence ( DCI ) Stansfield Turner and the CIA 's Directorate of Operations ( DO ) as contemplating `` several enhancement options '' -- up to and including the direct provision of arms from the U.S. to the mujahideen through the ISI -- as early as late August 1979 , and an unnamed Brzezinski aide acknowledged in conversation with Selig S. Harrison that the U.S. 's nominally `` non-lethal '' assistance to the mujahideen included facilitating arms shipments by third - parties , Coll , Harrison , Riedel , and the head of the DO 's Near East -- South Asia Division at the time -- Charles Cogan -- all state that no U.S. - supplied arms intended for the mujahideen reached Pakistan until January 1980 , after Carter amended his presidential finding to include lethal provisions in late December 1979 . </P> <H2> Soviet operations 1979 -- 85 </H2> <H3> Deployment </H3> The headquarters of the Soviet 40th Army in Kabul , 1987 . Before the Soviet intervention , the building was Tajbeg Palace , where Hafizullah Amin was killed . <P> The Afghan government , having secured a treaty in December 1978 that allowed them to call on Soviet forces , repeatedly requested the introduction of troops in Afghanistan in the spring and summer of 1979 . They requested Soviet troops to provide security and to assist in the fight against the mujaheddin rebels . After the killing of Soviet technicians in Herat by rioting mobs , the Soviet government sold several Mi - 24 helicopters to the Afghan military , and increased the number of military advisers in country to 3,000 . On April 14 , 1979 , the Afghan government requested that the USSR send 15 to 20 helicopters with their crews to Afghanistan , and on June 16 , the Soviet government responded and sent a detachment of tanks , BMPs , and crews to guard the government in Kabul and to secure the Bagram and Shindand airfields . In response to this request , an airborne battalion , commanded by Lieutenant Colonel A. Lomakin , arrived at the Bagram Air Base on July 7 . They arrived without their combat gear , disguised as technical specialists . They were the personal bodyguards for President Taraki . The paratroopers were directly subordinate to the senior Soviet military advisor and did not interfere in Afghan politics . Several leading politicians at the time such as Alexei Kosygin and Andrei Gromyko were against intervention . </P> <P> After a month , the Afghan requests were no longer for individual crews and subunits , but for regiments and larger units . In July , the Afghan government requested that two motorized rifle divisions be sent to Afghanistan . The following day , they requested an airborne division in addition to the earlier requests . They repeated these requests and variants to these requests over the following months right up to December 1979 . However , the Soviet government was in no hurry to grant them . </P> We should tell Taraki and Amin to change their tactics . They still continue to execute those people who disagree with them . They are killing nearly all of the Parcham leaders , not only the highest rank , but of the middle rank , too . Soviet ground forces in action while conducting an offensive operation against the Islamist resistance , the Mujahideen . <P> Based on information from the KGB , Soviet leaders felt that Prime Minister Hafizullah Amin 's actions had destabilized the situation in Afghanistan . Following his initial coup against and killing of President Taraki , the KGB station in Kabul warned Moscow that Amin 's leadership would lead to `` harsh repressions , and as a result , the activation and consolidation of the opposition . '' </P> <P> The Soviets established a special commission on Afghanistan , comprising KGB chairman Yuri Andropov , Boris Ponomarev from the Central Committee and Dmitriy Ustinov , the Minister of Defence . In late April 1978 , the committee reported that Amin was purging his opponents , including Soviet loyalists , that his loyalty to Moscow was in question and that he was seeking diplomatic links with Pakistan and possibly the People 's Republic of China ( which at the time had poor relations with the Soviet Union ) . Of specific concern were Amin 's secret meetings with the U.S. chargé d'affaires , J. Bruce Amstutz , which , while never amounting to any agreement between Amin and the United States , sowed suspicion in the Kremlin . </P> <P> Information obtained by the KGB from its agents in Kabul provided the last arguments to eliminate Amin . Supposedly , two of Amin 's guards killed the former president Nur Muhammad Taraki with a pillow , and Amin , himself , was suspected to be a CIA agent . The latter , however , is still disputed with Amin repeatedly demonstrating friendliness toward the various delegates of the Soviet Union who would arrive in Afghanistan . Soviet General Vasily Zaplatin , a political advisor of Premier Brezhnev at the time , claimed that four of President Taraki 's ministers were responsible for the destabilization . However , Zaplatin failed to emphasize this in discussions and was not heard . </P> <P> By the late 1970s , rapprochement between the USSR and the US had been well - established , which had led to growing tendencies toward détente and as such , attempts toward disarmament . Of note was the SALT I treaty , which was created to encourage cooperation in matters of nuclear weaponry and technology between the two nations . A second round of talks between Soviet premier Brezhnev and President Carter yielded the SALT II treaty in June 1979 . ( the United States Senate later failed to ratify the treaty due to the Soviet - Afghan conflict ) . Conservatives believe that this process was reflective of growing Soviet political influence in the world and that Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in December 1979 was an attempt to preserve , stabilize and militarily intervene on behalf of the communist regime there and thus , their own political standing . </P> <P> During meetings between President Taraki and Soviet leaders in March 1979 , the Soviets promised political support and to send military equipment and technical specialists , but upon repeated requests by Taraki for direct Soviet intervention , the leadership adamantly opposed him ; reasons included that they would be met with `` bitter resentment '' from the Afghan people , that intervening in another country 's civil war would hand a propaganda victory to their opponents , and Afghanistan 's overall inconsequential weight in international affairs , in essence realizing they had little to gain by taking over a country with a poor economy , unstable government , and population hostile to outsiders . However , as the situation continued to deteriorate from May -- December 1979 , Moscow changed its mind on dispatching Soviet troops . The reasons for this complete turnabout are not entirely clear , and several speculative arguments include the grave internal situation and inability for the Afghan government , headed by Amin from 14 September 1979 after a successful coup , to quell the rebellion , the effects of the Iranian Revolution that brought an Islamic theocracy into power , leading to fears that religious fanaticism would spread through Afghanistan and into Soviet Muslim Central Asian republics , and the deteriorating ties with the United States with the failure of Congress to ratify the SALT II treaty and the impression that détente was `` already effectively dead . '' </P> <H3> Soviet intervention and coup </H3> The Soviet intervention <P> On October 31 , 1979 Soviet informants to the Afghan Armed Forces who were under orders from the inner circle of advisors under Soviet premier Brezhnev , relayed information for them to undergo maintenance cycles for their tanks and other crucial equipment . Meanwhile , telecommunications links to areas outside of Kabul were severed , isolating the capital . With a deteriorating security situation , large numbers of Soviet Airborne Forces joined stationed ground troops and began to land in Kabul on December 25 . Simultaneously , Amin moved the offices of the president to the Tajbeg Palace , believing this location to be more secure from possible threats . According to Colonel General Tukharinov and Merimsky , Amin was fully informed of the military movements , having requested Soviet military assistance to northern Afghanistan on December 17 . His brother and General Dmitry Chiangov met with the commander of the 40th Army before Soviet troops entered the country , to work out initial routes and locations for Soviet troops . </P> <P> On December 27 , 1979 , 700 Soviet troops dressed in Afghan uniforms , including KGB and GRU special forces officers from the Alpha Group and Zenith Group , occupied major governmental , military and media buildings in Kabul , including their primary target -- the Tajbeg Presidential Palace . </P> Soviet paratroopers aboard a BMD - 1 in Kabul <P> That operation began at 19 : 00 hr. , when the KGB - led Soviet Zenith Group destroyed Kabul 's communications hub , paralyzing Afghan military command . At 19 : 15 , the assault on Tajbeg Palace began ; as planned , president Hafizullah Amin was killed . Simultaneously , other objectives were occupied ( e.g. , the Ministry of Interior at 19 : 15 ) . The operation was fully complete by the morning of December 28 , 1979 . </P> <P> The Soviet military command at Termez , Uzbek SSR , announced on Radio Kabul that Afghanistan had been liberated from Amin 's rule . According to the Soviet Politburo they were complying with the 1978 Treaty of Friendship , Cooperation and Good Neighborliness and Amin had been `` executed by a tribunal for his crimes '' by the Afghan Revolutionary Central Committee . That committee then elected as head of government former Deputy Prime Minister Babrak Karmal , who had been demoted to the relatively insignificant post of ambassador to Czechoslovakia following the Khalq takeover , and announced that it had requested Soviet military assistance . </P> <P> Soviet ground forces , under the command of Marshal Sergei Sokolov , entered Afghanistan from the north on December 27 . In the morning , the 103rd Guards ' Vitebsk ' Airborne Division landed at the airport at Bagram and the deployment of Soviet troops in Afghanistan was underway . The force that entered Afghanistan , in addition to the 103rd Guards Airborne Division , was under command of the 40th Army and consisted of the 108th and 5th Guards Motor Rifle Divisions , the 860th Separate Motor Rifle Regiment , the 56th Separate Airborne Assault Brigade , the 36th Mixed Air Corps . Later on the 201st and 68th Motor Rifle Divisions also entered the country , along with other smaller units . In all , the initial Soviet force was around 1,800 tanks , 80,000 soldiers and 2,000 AFVs . In the second week alone , Soviet aircraft had made a total of 4,000 flights into Kabul . With the arrival of the two later divisions , the total Soviet force rose to over 100,000 personnel . </P> International positions on Soviet intervention <P> Foreign ministers from 34 Islamic nations adopted a resolution which condemned the Soviet intervention and demanded `` the immediate , urgent and unconditional withdrawal of Soviet troops '' from the Muslim nation of Afghanistan . The UN General Assembly passed a resolution protesting the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan by a vote of 104 -- 18 . According to political scientist Gilles Kepel , the Soviet intervention or `` invasion '' was `` viewed with horror '' in the West , considered to be a `` fresh twist '' on the geo - political `` Great Game '' of the 19th Century in which Britain feared that Russia sought access to the Indian Ocean and posed `` a threat to Western security '' , explicitly violating `` the world balance of power agreed upon at Yalta '' in 1945 . </P> <P> Weapons supplies were made available through numerous countries ; the United States purchased all of Israel 's captured Soviet weapons clandestinely , and then funnelled the weapons to the Mujahideen , while Egypt upgraded their own army 's weapons , and sent the older weapons to the militants , Turkey sold their World War II stockpiles to the warlords , and the British and Swiss provided Blowpipe missiles and Oerlikon anti-aircraft guns respectively , after they were found to be poor models for their own forces . China provided the most relevant weapons , likely due to their own experience with guerrilla warfare , and kept meticulous record of all the shipments . </P> <H3> December 1979 -- February 1980 : Occupation </H3> <P> The first phase began with the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan and their first battles with various opposition groups . Soviet troops entered Afghanistan along two ground routes and one air corridor , quickly taking control of the major urban centers , military bases and strategic installations . However , the presence of Soviet troops did not have the desired effect of pacifying the country . On the contrary , it exacerbated a nationalistic feeling , causing the rebellion to spread further . Babrak Karmal , Afghanistan 's new president , charged the Soviets with causing an increase in the unrest , and demanded that the 40th Army step in and quell the rebellion , as his own army had proved untrustworthy . Thus , Soviet troops found themselves drawn into fighting against urban uprisings , tribal armies ( called lashkar ) , and sometimes against mutinying Afghan Army units . These forces mostly fought in the open , and Soviet airpower and artillery made short work of them . </P> <H3> March 1980 -- April 1985 : Soviet offensives </H3> Main article : Panjshir offensives A mujahideen fighter in Kunar uses a communications receiver . <P> The war now developed into a new pattern : the Soviets occupied the cities and main axis of communication , while the mujahideen , ( which the Soviet Army soldiers called ' Dushman , ' meaning ' enemy ' ) divided into small groups , waged a guerrilla war . Almost 80 percent of the country escaped government control . Soviet troops were deployed in strategic areas in the northeast , especially along the road from Termez to Kabul . In the west , a strong Soviet presence was maintained to counter Iranian influence . Incidentally , special Soviet units would have also performed secret attacks on Iranian territory to destroy suspected mujahideen bases , and their helicopters then got engaged in shootings with Iranian jets . Conversely , some regions such as Nuristan , in the northeast , and Hazarajat , in the central mountains of Afghanistan , were virtually untouched by the fighting , and lived in almost complete independence . </P> Mujahideen with two captured artillery field guns in Jaji , 1984 . <P> Periodically the Soviet Army undertook multi-divisional offensives into mujahideen - controlled areas . Between 1980 and 1985 , nine offensives were launched into the strategically important Panjshir Valley , but government control of the area did not improve . Heavy fighting also occurred in the provinces neighbouring Pakistan , where cities and government outposts were constantly under siege by the mujahideen . Massive Soviet operations would regularly break these sieges , but the mujahideen would return as soon as the Soviets left . In the west and south , fighting was more sporadic , except in the cities of Herat and Kandahar , that were always partly controlled by the resistance . </P> <P> The Soviets did not , at first , foresee taking on such an active role in fighting the rebels and attempted to play down their role there as giving light assistance to the Afghan army . However , the arrival of the Soviets had the opposite effect as it incensed instead of pacified the people , causing the mujahideen to gain in strength and numbers . Originally the Soviets thought that their forces would strengthen the backbone of the Afghan army and provide assistance by securing major cities , lines of communication and transportation . The Afghan army forces had a high desertion rate and were loath to fight , especially since the Soviet forces pushed them into infantry roles while they manned the armored vehicles and artillery . The main reason though that the Afghan soldiers were so ineffective was their lack of morale as many of them were not truly loyal to the communist government but simply collecting a paycheck . Once it became apparent that the Soviets would have to get their hands dirty , they followed three main strategies aimed at quelling the uprising . Intimidation was the first strategy , in which the Soviets would use airborne attacks as well as armored ground attacks to destroy villages , livestock and crops in trouble areas . The Soviets would bomb villages that were near sites of guerrilla attacks on Soviet convoys or known to support resistance groups . Local peoples were forced to either flee their homes or die as daily Soviet attacks made it impossible to live in these areas . By forcing the people of Afghanistan to flee their homes , the Soviets hoped to deprive the guerrillas of resources and safe havens . The second strategy consisted of subversion which entailed sending spies to join resistance groups and report information as well as bribing local tribes or guerrilla leaders into ceasing operations . Finally , the Soviets used military forays into contested territories in an effort to root out the guerrillas and limit their options . Classic search and destroy operations were implemented using Mil Mi - 24 helicopter gunships that would provide cover for ground forces in armored vehicles . Once the villages were occupied by Soviet forces , inhabitants who remained were frequently interrogated and tortured for information or killed . </P> An Afghan village left in ruins after being destroyed by Soviet forces <P> To complement their brute force approach to weeding out the insurgency , the Soviets used KHAD ( Afghan secret police ) to gather intelligence , infiltrate the mujahideen , spread false information , bribe tribal militias into fighting and organize a government militia . While it is impossible to know exactly how successful the KHAD was in infiltrating mujahideen groups , it is thought that they succeeded in penetrating a good many resistance groups based in Afghanistan , Pakistan and Iran . KHAD is thought to have had particular success in igniting internal rivalries and political divisions amongst the resistance groups , rendering some of them completely useless because of infighting . The KHAD had some success in securing tribal loyalties but many of these relationships were fickle and temporary . Often KHAD secured neutrality agreements rather than committed political alignment . The Sarandoy , a KHAD controlled government militia , had mixed success in the war . Large salaries and proper weapons attracted a good number of recruits to the cause , even if they were not necessarily `` pro-communist '' . The problem was that many of the recruits they attracted were in fact mujahideen who would join up to procure arms , ammunition and money while also gathering information about forthcoming military operations . </P> <P> In 1985 , the size of the LCOSF ( Limited Contingent of Soviet Forces ) was increased to 108,800 and fighting increased throughout the country , making 1985 the bloodiest year of the war . However , despite suffering heavily , the mujahideen were able to remain in the field , mostly because they received thousands of new volunteers daily , and continue resisting the Soviets . </P> A Soviet Spetsnaz ( special operations ) group prepares for a mission in Afghanistan , 1988 <H2> 1980s : insurrection </H2> <P> In the mid-1980s , the Afghan resistance movement , assisted by the United States , Pakistan , Saudi Arabia , the United Kingdom , Egypt , the People 's Republic of China and others , contributed to Moscow 's high military costs and strained international relations . The U.S. viewed the conflict in Afghanistan as an integral Cold War struggle , and the CIA provided assistance to anti-Soviet forces through the Pakistani intelligence services , in a program called Operation Cyclone . </P> <P> Pakistan 's North - West Frontier Province became a base for the Afghan resistance fighters and the Deobandi ulama of that province played a significant role in the Afghan ' jihad ' , with Madrasa Haqqaniyya becoming a prominent organisational and networking base for the anti-Soviet Afghan fighters . As well as money , Muslim countries provided thousands of volunteer fighters known as `` Afghan Arabs '' , who wished to wage jihad against the atheist communists . Notable among them was a young Saudi named Osama bin Laden , whose Arab group eventually evolved into al - Qaeda . Despite their numbers , the contribution has been called a `` curious sideshow to the real fighting , '' with only an estimated 2000 of them fighting `` at any one time '' , compared with about a 250,000 Afghan fighters and 125,000 Soviet troops . Their efforts were also sometimes counterproductive as in the March 1989 battle for Jalalabad . Instead of being the beginning of the collapse of the Afghan Communist government forces after their abandonment by the Soviets , the Afghan communists rallied to break the siege of Jalalabad and to win the first major government victory in years , provoked by the sight of a truck filled with dismembered bodies of Communists chopped to pieces after surrendering by radical non-Afghan salafists eager to show the enemy the fate awaiting the infidels . `` This success reversed the government 's demoralization from the withdrawal of Soviet forces , renewed its determination to fight on , and allowed it to survive three more years . '' </P> <P> In the course of the guerrilla war , leadership came to be distinctively associated with the title of `` commander '' . It applied to independent leaders , eschewing identification with elaborate military bureaucracy associated with such ranks as general . As the war produced leaders of reputation , `` commander '' was conferred on leaders of fighting units of all sizes , signifying pride in independence , self - sufficiency , and distinct ties to local communities . The title epitomized Afghan pride in their struggle against a powerful foe . Segmentation of power and religious leadership were the two values evoked by nomenclature generated in the war . Neither had been favored in the ideology of the former Afghan state . </P> <P> Afghanistan 's resistance movement was born in chaos , spread and triumphed chaotically , and did not find a way to govern differently . Virtually all of its war was waged locally by regional warlords . As warfare became more sophisticated , outside support and regional coordination grew . Even so , the basic units of mujahideen organization and action continued to reflect the highly segmented nature of Afghan society . </P> <P> Olivier Roy estimates that after four years of war , there were at least 4,000 bases from which mujahideen units operated . Most of these were affiliated with the seven expatriate parties headquartered in Pakistan , which served as sources of supply and varying degrees of supervision . Significant commanders typically led 300 or more men , controlled several bases and dominated a district or a sub-division of a province . Hierarchies of organization above the bases were attempted . Their operations varied greatly in scope , the most ambitious being achieved by Ahmad Shah Massoud of the Panjshir valley north of Kabul . He led at least 10,000 trained troopers at the end of the Soviet war and had expanded his political control of Tajik - dominated areas to Afghanistan 's northeastern provinces under the Supervisory Council of the North . </P> <P> Roy also describes regional , ethnic and sectarian variations in mujahideen organization . In the Pashtun areas of the east , south and southwest , tribal structure , with its many rival sub-divisions , provided the basis for military organization and leadership . Mobilization could be readily linked to traditional fighting allegiances of the tribal lashkar ( fighting force ) . In favorable circumstances such formations could quickly reach more than 10,000 , as happened when large Soviet assaults were launched in the eastern provinces , or when the mujahideen besieged towns , such as Khost in Paktia province in July 1983 . But in campaigns of the latter type the traditional explosions of manpower -- customarily common immediately after the completion of harvest -- proved obsolete when confronted by well dug - in defenders with modern weapons . Lashkar durability was notoriously short ; few sieges succeeded . </P> <P> Mujahideen mobilization in non-Pashtun regions faced very different obstacles . Prior to the intervention , few non-Pashtuns possessed firearms . Early in the war they were most readily available from army troops or gendarmerie who defected or were ambushed . The international arms market and foreign military support tended to reach the minority areas last . In the northern regions , little military tradition had survived upon which to build an armed resistance . Mobilization mostly came from political leadership closely tied to Islam . Roy contrasts the social leadership of religious figures in the Persian - and Turkic - speaking regions of Afghanistan with that of the Pashtuns . Lacking a strong political representation in a state dominated by Pashtuns , minority communities commonly looked to pious learned or charismatically revered pirs ( saints ) for leadership . Extensive Sufi and maraboutic networks were spread through the minority communities , readily available as foundations for leadership , organization , communication and indoctrination . These networks also provided for political mobilization , which led to some of the most effective of the resistance operations during the war . </P> <P> The mujahideen favoured sabotage operations . The more common types of sabotage included damaging power lines , knocking out pipelines and radio stations , blowing up government office buildings , air terminals , hotels , cinemas , and so on . In the border region with Pakistan , the mujahideen would often launch 800 rockets per day . Between April 1985 and January 1987 , they carried out over 23,500 shelling attacks on government targets . The mujahideen surveyed firing positions that they normally located near villages within the range of Soviet artillery posts , putting the villagers in danger of death from Soviet retaliation . The mujahideen used land mines heavily . Often , they would enlist the services of the local inhabitants , even children . </P> Mujahideen praying in Shultan Valley , 1987 <P> They concentrated on both civilian and military targets , knocking out bridges , closing major roads , attacking convoys , disrupting the electric power system and industrial production , and attacking police stations and Soviet military installations and air bases . They assassinated government officials and PDPA members , and laid siege to small rural outposts . In March 1982 , a bomb exploded at the Ministry of Education , damaging several buildings . In the same month , a widespread power failure darkened Kabul when a pylon on the transmission line from the Naghlu power station was blown up . In June 1982 a column of about 1,000 young communist party members sent out to work in the Panjshir valley were ambushed within 30 km of Kabul , with heavy loss of life . On September 4 , 1985 , insurgents shot down a domestic Bakhtar Airlines plane as it took off from Kandahar airport , killing all 52 people aboard . </P> <P> Mujahideen groups used for assassination had three to five men in each . After they received their mission to kill certain government officials , they busied themselves with studying his pattern of life and its details and then selecting the method of fulfilling their established mission . They practiced shooting at automobiles , shooting out of automobiles , laying mines in government accommodation or houses , using poison , and rigging explosive charges in transport . </P> The areas where the different mujahideen forces operated in 1985 <P> In May 1985 , the seven principal rebel organizations formed the Seven Party Mujahideen Alliance to coordinate their military operations against the Soviet army . Late in 1985 , the groups were active in and around Kabul , unleashing rocket attacks and conducting operations against the communist government . </P> <H3> Media reaction </H3> Those hopelessly brave warriors I walked with , and their families , who suffered so much for faith and freedom and who are still not free , they were truly the people of God . <P> International journalistic perception of the war varied . Major American television journalists were sympathetic to the mujahideen . Most visible was CBS news correspondent Dan Rather who in 1982 accused the Soviets of `` genocide , '' comparing them to Hitler . Rather was embedded with the mujahideen for a 60 Minutes report . In 1987 , CBS produced a full documentary special on the war . A retrospective commentary for Niemen Reports criticized mainstream television for biased presentation of a `` Ramboesque struggle of holy warriors against the evil empire . '' </P> <P> Reader 's Digest took a highly positive view of the mujahideen , a reversal of their usual view of Islamic fighters . The publication praised their martyrdom and their role in entrapping the Soviets in a Vietnam War - style disaster . </P> <P> At least some , such as leftist journalist Alexander Cockburn , were unsympathetic , criticizing Afghanistan as `` an unspeakable country filled with unspeakable people , sheepshaggers and smugglers , who have furnished in their leisure hours some of the worst arts and crafts ever to penetrate the occidental world . I yield to none in my sympathy to those prostrate beneath the Russian jackboot , but if ever a country deserved rape it 's Afghanistan . '' Robert D. Kaplan on the other hand , thought any perception of mujahideen as `` barbaric '' was unfair : `` Documented accounts of mujahidin savagery were relatively rare and involved enemy troops only . Their cruelty toward civilians was unheard of during the war , while Soviet cruelty toward civilians was common . '' Lack of interest in the mujahideen cause , Kaplan believed , was not the lack of intrinsic interest to be found in a war between a small , poor country and a superpower were a million civilians were killed , but the result of the great difficulty and unprofitability of media coverage . Kaplan note that `` none of the American TV networks had a bureau for a war '' , and television cameramen venturing to follow the mujahideen `` trekked for weeks on little food , only to return ill and half starved '' . In October 1984 the Soviet ambassador to Pakistan , Vitaly Smirnov , told Agence France Presse `` that journalists traveling with the mujahidin ' will be killed . And our units in Afghanistan will help the Afghan forces to do it . ' '' Unlike Vietnam and Lebanon , Afghanistan had `` absolutely no clash between the strange and the familiar '' , no `` rock - video quality '' of `` zonked - out GIs in headbands '' or `` rifle - wielding Shiite terrorists wearing Michael Jackson T - shirts '' that provided interesting `` visual materials '' for newscasts . </P> <H3> 1986 : Stinger missile and `` Stinger effect '' </H3> See also : List of Soviet aircraft losses during the Soviet -- Afghan War <P> Whether the introduction of the personal , portable , infrared - homing surface - to - air `` Stinger '' missile in September 1986 was a turning point in the war is disputed . Many Western military analysts credit the Stinger with a kill ratio of about 70 % and with responsibility for most of the over 350 Soviet or Afghan government aircraft and helicopters downed in the last two years of the war . Some military analysts considered it a `` game changer '' coined the term `` Stinger effect '' to describe it . According to US Congressman Charlie Wilson who was instrumental in funding the Stingers for the Mujahideen , before the Stinger the Mujahideen never won a set piece battle with the Soviets but after it was introduced , the Mujahideen never again lost one . </P> <P> However , these statistics are based on Mujahedin self - reporting , which is of unknown reliability . Selig Harrison rejects such figures , quoting a Russian general who claims the United States `` greatly exaggerated '' Soviet and Afghan aircraft losses during the war . According to Soviet figures , in 1987 - 1988 , only 35 aircraft and 63 helicopters were destroyed by all causes . The Pakistan Army fired twenty - eight Stingers at enemy aircraft without a single kill . </P> <P> Many Russian military analysts tend to be dismissive of the impact to the Stinger . According to Alan J. Kuperman , Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev decided to withdraw from Afghanistan a year before the mujahideen fired their first Stinger missiles , motivated by U.S. sanctions , not military losses . The stingers did make an impact at first but within a few months flares , beacons , and exhaust baffles were installed to disorient the missiles , along with night operation and terrain - hugging tactics to prevent the rebels from getting a clear shot . By 1988 , Kuperman states , the mujahideen had all but stopped firing them . Another source ( Jonathan Steele ) states that Stingers forced Soviet helicopters and ground attack planes to bomb from higher altitudes with less accuracy , but did not bring down many more aircraft than Chinese heavy machine guns and other less sophisticated antiaircraft weaponry . </P> <H2> Exit </H2> <H3> Diplomatic efforts and Geneva Accords ( 1983 -- 88 ) </H3> Main article : Geneva Accords ( 1988 ) <P> As early as 1983 , Pakistan 's Foreign ministry began working with the Soviet Union to provide them an exit from the Afghanistan , initiatives led by Foreign Minister Yaqub Ali Khan and Khurshid Kasuri . Despite an active support for insurgent groups , Pakistanis remained sympathetic to the challenges faced by the Russians in restoring the peace , eventually exploring the idea towards the possibility of setting - up the interim system of government under former monarch Zahir Shah but this was not authorized by President Zia - ul - Haq due to his stance on issue of Durand line . In 1984 -- 85 , Foreign Minister Yaqub Ali Khan paid state visits to China , Saudi Arabia , Soviet Union , France , United States and the United Kingdom in order to develop framework for the Geneva Accords which was signed in 1988 between Pakistan and Afghanistan . </P> <H3> April 1985 -- January 1987 : exit strategy </H3> Awards ceremony for the 9th Company Soviet soldier in Afghanistan , 1988 <P> The first step of the Soviet Union 's exit strategy was to transfer the burden of fighting the mujahideen to the Afghan armed forces , with the aim of preparing them to operate without Soviet help . During this phase , the Soviet contingent was restricted to supporting the DRA forces by providing artillery , air support and technical assistance , though some large - scale operations were still carried out by Soviet troops . </P> <P> Under Soviet guidance , the DRA armed forces were built up to an official strength of 302,000 in 1986 . To minimize the risk of a coup d'état , they were divided into different branches , each modeled on its Soviet counterpart . The ministry of defence forces numbered 132,000 , the ministry of interior 70,000 and the ministry of state security ( KHAD ) 80,000 . However , these were theoretical figures : in reality each service was plagued with desertions , the army alone suffering 32,000 per year . </P> <P> The decision to engage primarily Afghan forces was taken by the Soviets , but was resented by the PDPA , who viewed the departure of their protectors without enthusiasm . In May 1987 a DRA force attacked well - entrenched mujahideen positions in the Arghandab District , but the mujahideen held their ground , and the attackers suffered heavy casualties . In the spring of 1986 , an offensive into Paktia Province briefly occupied the mujahideen base at Zhawar only at the cost of heavy losses . Meanwhile , the mujahideen benefited from expanded foreign military support from the United States , Saudi Arabia , Pakistan and other Muslim nations . The US tended to favor the Afghan resistance forces led by Ahmed Shah Massoud , and US support for Massoud 's forces increased considerably during the Reagan administration in what US military and intelligence forces called `` Operation Cyclone '' . Primary advocates for supporting Massoud included two Heritage Foundation foreign policy analysts , Michael Johns and James A. Phillips , both of whom championed Massoud as the Afghan resistance leader most worthy of US support under the Reagan Doctrine . </P> <H3> January 1987 -- February 1989 : withdrawal </H3> Main article : Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan Soviet T - 62 M main battle tank withdraws from Afghanistan <P> The arrival of Mikhail Gorbachev on the scene in 1985 and his ' new thinking ' on foreign and domestic policy was likely an important factor in the Soviets ' decision to withdraw . Gorbachev had been attempting to remove the Soviet Union from the economic stagnation that had set in , under the leadership of Premier Brezhnev , and reform the Soviet Union 's economy and image across the board with Glasnost and Perestroika . Gorbachev had also been attempting to ease cold war tensions by signing the Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty in 1987 with the U.S. and withdrawing the troops from Afghanistan whose presence had garnered so much international condemnation . Gorbachev regarded confrontation with China and resulting military build ups on that border as one of Brezhnev 's biggest mistakes . Beijing had stipulated that a normalization of relations would have to wait until Moscow withdrew its army from Afghanistan ( among other things ) and in 1989 the first Sino - Soviet summit in 30 years took place . At the same time , Gorbachev pressured his Cuban allies in Angola to scale down activities and withdraw even though Soviet allies were faring somewhat better there . The Soviets also pulled many of their troops out of Mongolia in 1987 where they were also having a far easier time than in Afghanistan and restrained the Vietnamese invasion of Kampuchea to the point of an all out withdrawal in 1988 . This massive withdrawal of Soviet forces from such highly contested areas shows that the Soviet government 's decision to leave Afghanistan was based upon a general change in Soviet foreign policy - from that of confrontation to avoidance of conflict wherever possible . </P> <P> In the last phase , Soviet troops prepared and executed their withdrawal from Afghanistan , whilst limiting the launching of offensive operations by those who had n't withdrawn yet . </P> <P> By mid-1987 the Soviet Union announced that it would start withdrawing its forces . Sibghatullah Mojaddedi was selected as the head of the Interim Islamic State of Afghanistan , in an attempt to reassert its legitimacy against the Moscow - sponsored Kabul regime . Mojaddedi , as head of the Interim Afghan Government , met with then Vice President of the United States George H.W. Bush , achieving a critical diplomatic victory for the Afghan resistance . Defeat of the Kabul government was their solution for peace . This confidence , sharpened by their distrust of the United Nations , virtually guaranteed their refusal to accept a political compromise . </P> <P> In September 1988 , Soviet MiG - 23 fighters shot down one Pakistani F - 16 and two Iranian AH - 1J Cobra , who intruded in Afghan airspace . </P> <P> Operation Magistral , has been one of the final offensive operations undertaken by the Soviets ; a successful sweep operation that cleared the road between Gardez and Khost . This operation did not have any lasting effect on the outcome of the conflict nor the soiled political and military status of the Soviets in the eyes of the West , but was a symbolic gesture that marked the end of their widely condemned presence in the country with a victory . </P> <P> The first half of the Soviet contingent was withdrawn from May 15 to August 16 , 1988 and the second from November 15 to February 15 , 1989 . In order to ensure a safe passage the Soviets had negotiated ceasefires with local mujahideen commanders , so the withdrawal was generally executed peacefully , except for the operation `` Typhoon '' . </P> CGen of 40th Army , Boris Gromov , announcing the withdrawal of Soviet contingent forces . <P> General Yazov , the Defense Minister of Soviet Union , ordered the 40th Army to violate the agreement with Ahmed Shah Masood , who commanded a large force in the Panjshir Valley , and attack his relaxed and exposed forces . The Soviet attack was initiated to protect Najibullah , who did not have a cease fire in effect with Masood , and who rightly feared an offensive by Masood 's forces after the Soviet withdrawal . General Gromov , the 40th Army Commander , objected to the operation , but reluctantly obeyed the order . `` Typhoon '' began on January 23 and continued for three days . To minimize their own losses the Soviets abstained from close - range fight , instead they used long - range artillery , surface - to - surface and air - to - surface missiles . Numerous civilian casualties were reported . Masood had not threatened the withdrawal to this point , and did not attack Soviet forces after they breached the agreement . Overall , the Soviet attack represented a defeat for Masood 's forces , who lost 600 fighters killed and wounded . </P> <P> After the withdrawal of the Soviets the DRA forces were left fighting alone and had to abandon some provincial capitals , and it was widely believed that they would not be able to resist the mujahideen for long . However , in the spring of 1989 DRA forces inflicted a sharp defeat on the mujahideen at Jalalabad . </P> <P> The government of President Karmal , a puppet regime , was largely ineffective . It was weakened by divisions within the PDPA and the Parcham faction , and the regime 's efforts to expand its base of support proved futile . Moscow came to regard Karmal as a failure and blamed him for the problems . Years later , when Karmal 's inability to consolidate his government had become obvious , Mikhail Gorbachev , then General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party , said : </P> <P> The main reason that there has been no national consolidation so far is that Comrade Karmal is hoping to continue sitting in Kabul with our help . </P> <P> In November 1986 , Mohammad Najibullah , former chief of the Afghan secret police ( KHAD ) , was elected president and a new constitution was adopted . He also introduced in 1987 a policy of `` national reconciliation , '' devised by experts of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , and later used in other regions of the world . Despite high expectations , the new policy neither made the Moscow - backed Kabul regime more popular , nor did it convince the insurgents to negotiate with the ruling government . </P> A column of Soviet BTR armored personnel carriers departing from Afghanistan . <P> Informal negotiations for a Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan had been underway since 1982 . In 1988 , the governments of Pakistan and Afghanistan , with the United States and Soviet Union serving as guarantors , signed an agreement settling the major differences between them known as the Geneva Accords . The United Nations set up a special Mission to oversee the process . In this way , Najibullah had stabilized his political position enough to begin matching Moscow 's moves toward withdrawal . On July 20 , 1987 , the withdrawal of Soviet troops from the country was announced . The withdrawal of Soviet forces was planned out by Lt. Gen. Boris Gromov , who , at the time , was the commander of the 40th Army . </P> <P> Among other things the Geneva accords identified the US and Soviet non-intervention in the internal affairs of Pakistan and Afghanistan and a timetable for full Soviet withdrawal . The agreement on withdrawal held , and on February 15 , 1989 , the last Soviet troops departed on schedule from Afghanistan . </P> <H2> Atrocities </H2> <H3> Massacres </H3> <P> American professor Samuel Totten , Australian professor Paul R. Bartrop , scholars from Yale Law School such as W. Michael Reisman and Charles Norchi , as well as scholar Mohammed Kakar , believe that the Afghans were victims of genocide by the Soviet Union . The army of the Soviet Union killed large numbers of Afghans to suppress their resistance . The Soviet forces and their proxies deliberately targeted civilians , particularly in rural areas . Up to 2 million Afghans lost their lives during the Soviet occupation . </P> <P> In one notable incident the Soviet Army committed mass killing of civilians in the summer of 1980 . In order to separate the mujahideen from the local populations and eliminate their support , the Soviet army killed and drove off civilians , and used scorched earth tactics to prevent their return . They used booby traps , mines , and chemical substances throughout the country . The Soviet army indescriminately killed combatants and noncombatants to ensure submission by the local populations . The provinces of Nangarhar , Ghazni , Lagham , Kunar , Zabul , Qandahar , Badakhshan , Lowgar , Paktia and Paktika witnessed extensive depopulation programmes by the Soviet forces . </P> <H3> Rape </H3> <P> The Soviet forces abducted Afghan women in helicopters while flying in the country in search of mujahideen . In November 1980 a number of such incidents had taken place in various parts of the country , including Laghman and Kama . Soviet soldiers as well as KhAD agents kidnapped young women from the city of Kabul and the areas of Darul Aman and Khair Khana , near the Soviet garrisons , to rape them . Women who were taken and raped by Russian soldiers were considered ' dishonoured ' by their families if they returned home . Deserters from the Soviet Army in 1984 also confirmed the atrocities by the Soviet troops on Afghan women and children , stating that Afghan women were being raped . </P> <H2> Impact </H2> <H3> International reaction </H3> <P> President Jimmy Carter placed a trade embargo against the Soviet Union on shipments of commodities such as grain . This resulted in newly increased tensions between the two nations . On top of recently sparked apprehensions in the West directed toward the tens of thousands of Soviet troops which were of close proximity to oil - rich regions in the Persian Gulf , the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan effectively brought about the end of détente . </P> <P> The international diplomatic response was severe , ranging from stern warnings from the UN to a US - led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . The intervention , along with other events , such as the Iranian revolution and the US hostage stand - off that accompanied it , the Iran -- Iraq War , the 1982 Lebanon War and the escalating tensions between Pakistan and India , contributed to the volatility of the Middle East and South Asian regions in the 1980s . </P> <P> The Non-Aligned Movement was sharply divided between those who believed the Soviet deployment to be a legitimate police action and others who considered the deployment an illegal invasion . Among the Warsaw Pact countries , the intervention was condemned only by Romania . India , a close ally of the Soviet Union , refused to support the Afghan war , though by the end of the hostilities , offered to provide humanitarian assistance to the Afghan government . </P> Foreign involvement and aid to the mujahideen Further information : Operation Cyclone U.S. President Reagan meeting with Afghan mujahideen at the White House , to highlight Soviet atrocities in Afghanistan <P> The Afghan Mujahideen were supported by several other countries , with the U.S. and Saudi Arabia offering the greatest financial support . However , private donors and religious charities throughout the Muslim world -- particularly in the Persian Gulf -- raised considerably more funds for the Afghan rebels than any foreign government ; Jason Burke recounts that `` as little as 25 per cent of the money for the Afghan jihad was actually supplied directly by states . '' The first shipment of U.S. weapons intended for the mujahideen reached Pakistan on January 10 , 1980 , shortly following the Soviet invasion . United States President Carter insisted that what he termed `` Soviet aggression '' could not be viewed as an isolated event of limited geographical importance but had to be contested as a potential threat to US influence in the Persian Gulf region . The US was also worried about the USSR gaining access to the Indian Ocean by coming to an arrangement with Pakistan . ( The Soviet air base outside of Kandahar was `` 30 minutes flying time by strike aircraft or naval bomber '' to the Persian Gulf according to Robert Kaplan . It `` became the heart of the southernmost concentration of Soviet soldier '' in the 300 - year history of Russian expansion in central Asia . ) </P> <P> National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski , known for his hardline policies on the Soviet Union , initiated in 1979 a campaign supporting mujahideen in Pakistan and Afghanistan , which was run by Pakistani security services with financial support from the Central Intelligence Agency and Britain 's MI6 . Years later , in a 1997 CNN / National Security Archive interview , Brzezinski detailed the strategy taken by the Carter administration against the Soviets in 1979 : </P> <P> We immediately launched a twofold process when we heard that the Soviets had entered Afghanistan . The first involved direct reactions and sanctions focused on the Soviet Union , and both the State Department and the National Security Council prepared long lists of sanctions to be adopted , of steps to be taken to increase the international costs to the Soviet Union of their actions . And the second course of action led to my going to Pakistan a month or so after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan , for the purpose of coordinating with the Pakistanis a joint response , the purpose of which would be to make the Soviets bleed for as much and as long as is possible ; and we engaged in that effort in a collaborative sense with the Saudis , the Egyptians , the British , the Chinese , and we started providing weapons to the Mujaheddin , from various sources again -- for example , some Soviet arms from the Egyptians and the Chinese . We even got Soviet arms from the Czechoslovak communist government , since it was obviously susceptible to material incentives ; and at some point we started buying arms for the Mujaheddin from the Soviet army in Afghanistan , because that army was increasingly corrupt . </P> <P> The supplying of billions of dollars in arms to the Afghan mujahideen militants was one of the CIA 's longest and most expensive covert operations . The CIA provided assistance to the fundamentalist insurgents through the Pakistani secret services , Inter-Services Intelligence ( ISI ) , in a program called Operation Cyclone . At least 3 billion in U.S. dollars were funneled into the country to train and equip troops with weapons . Together with similar programs by Saudi Arabia , Britain 's MI6 and SAS , Egypt , Iran , and the People 's Republic of China , the arms included FIM - 43 Redeye , shoulder - fired , antiaircraft weapons that they used against Soviet helicopters . Pakistan 's secret service , Inter-Services Intelligence ( ISI ) , was used as an intermediary for most of these activities to disguise the sources of support for the resistance . </P> Three mujahideen in Asmar , 1985 <P> Although some sources have claimed that no Americans had direct contact with the mujahideen , there was recurrent contact between the CIA and Afghan commanders , especially by agent Howard Hart , and Director of Central Intelligence William Casey personally visited training camps on several occasions . There was also direct Pentagon and State Department involvement which led to several major mujahideen being welcomed to the White House for a conference in October 1985 . Gulbuddin Hekmatyar declined the opportunity to meet with Ronald Reagan , but Yunus Khalis and Abdul Haq were hosted by the president . CIA agents are also known to have given direct cash payments to Jalaluddin Haqqani . </P> <P> Shortly after the intervention , Pakistan 's military ruler General Muhammad Zia - ul - Haq called for a meeting of senior military members and technocrats of his military government . At this meeting , General Zia - ul - Haq asked the Chief of Army Staff General Khalid Mahmud Arif and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Muhammad Shariff to lead a specialized civil - military team to formulate a geo - strategy to counter the Soviet aggression . At this meeting , the Director - General of the ISI at that time , Lieutenant - General Akhtar Abdur Rahman advocated for an idea of covert operation in Afghanistan by arming the Islamic extremist , and was loudly heard saying : `` Kabul must burn ! Kabul must burn ! '' . As for Pakistan , the Soviet war with Islamist mujahideen was viewed as retaliation for the Soviet Union 's long unconditional support of regional rival , India , notably during the 1965 and the 1971 wars , which led to the loss of East Pakistan . </P> <P> After the Soviet deployment , Pakistan 's military ruler General Muhammad Zia - ul - Haq started accepting financial aid from the Western powers to aid the mujahideen . In 1981 , following the election of US President Ronald Reagan , aid for the mujahideen through Zia 's Pakistan significantly increased , mostly due to the efforts of Texas Congressman Charlie Wilson and CIA officer Gust Avrakotos . </P> Spetsnaz troops interrogate a captured mujahideen with an RPG , rounds and AK47 in the background , 1986 A German database showing the channeling of the money and weapons , provided by ISI officer Mohammad Yousaf in his book : Afghanistan -- The Bear Trap : The Defeat of a Superpower <P> Pakistan 's ISI and Special Service Group ( SSG ) were actively involved in the conflict . The SSG are widely suspected of participating in Operation Hill 3234 , near the Pakistani border where nearly 200 suspected SSG personnel were killed in a futile attempt to assault the Soviet held hill . </P> <P> The theft of large sums of aid spurred Pakistan 's economic growth , but along with the war in general had devastating side effects for that country . The siphoning off of aid weapons , in which the weapons logistics and coordination were put under the Pakistan Navy in the port city of Karachi , contributed to disorder and violence there , while heroin entering from Afghanistan to pay for arms contributed to addiction problems . The Navy went into covert war and coordinated the foreign weapons into Afghanistan , while some of its high - ranking admirals were responsible for storing the weapons in the Navy depot , later coordinated the weapons supply to mujahideen . </P> <P> In retaliation for Pakistan 's assistance to the insurgents , the KHAD Afghan security service , under leader Mohammad Najibullah , carried out ( according to the Mitrokhin Archives and other sources ) a large number of operations against Pakistan . In 1987 , 127 incidents resulted in 234 deaths in Pakistan . In April 1988 , an ammunition depot outside the Pakistani capital of Islamabad was blown up killing 100 and injuring more than 1000 people . The KHAD and KGB were suspected in the perpetration of these acts . Soviet and Afghan fighters and bombers occasionally bombed Pakistani villages along the Pakistani - Afghan border . These attacks are known to have caused at least 300 civilian deaths and extensive damage . Sometimes they got involved in shootings with the Pakistani jets defending the airspace . </P> <P> Pakistan took in millions of Afghan refugees ( mostly Pashtun ) fleeing the Soviet occupation . Although the refugees were controlled within Pakistan 's largest province , Balochistan under then - martial law ruler General Rahimuddin Khan , the influx of so many refugees -- believed to be the largest refugee population in the world -- spread into several other regions . </P> <P> All of this had a heavy impact on Pakistan and its effects continue to this day . Pakistan , through its support for the mujahideen , played a significant role in the eventual withdrawal of Soviet military personnel from Afghanistan . </P> <P> During the Sino - Soviet split , strained relations between China and the USSR resulted in bloody border clashes and mutual backing for the opponent 's enemies . China and Afghanistan had neutral relations with each other during the King 's rule . When the pro-Soviet Afghan Communists seized power in Afghanistan in 1978 , relations between China and the Afghan communists quickly turned hostile . The Afghan pro-Soviet communists supported China 's then - enemy Vietnam and blamed China for supporting Afghan anticommunist militants . China responded to the Soviet war in Afghanistan by supporting the Afghan mujahideen and ramping up their military presence near Afghanistan in Xinjiang . China acquired military equipment from America to defend itself from Soviet attack . </P> <P> The Chinese People 's Liberation Army trained and supported the Afghan mujahideen during the war . The training camps were moved from Pakistan into China itself . Anti-aircraft missiles , rocket launchers and machine guns , valued at hundreds of millions , were given to the mujahideen by the Chinese . Chinese military advisors and army troops were present with the Mujahidin during training . </P> <H3> Soviet personnel strengths and casualties </H3> Soviet soldiers return from Afghanistan , October 1986 Afghans commemorating Mujahideen Victory Day <P> Between December 25 , 1979 , and February 15 , 1989 , a total of 620,000 soldiers served with the forces in Afghanistan ( though there were only 80,000 -- 104,000 serving at one time ) : 525,000 in the Army , 90,000 with border troops and other KGB sub-units , 5,000 in independent formations of MVD Internal Troops , and police forces . A further 21,000 personnel were with the Soviet troop contingent over the same period doing various white collar and blue collar jobs . </P> <P> The total irrecoverable personnel losses of the Soviet Armed Forces , frontier , and internal security troops came to 14,453 . Soviet Army formations , units , and HQ elements lost 13,833 , KGB sub-units lost 572 , MVD formations lost 28 , and other ministries and departments lost 20 men . During this period 312 servicemen were missing in action or taken prisoner ; 119 were later freed , of whom 97 returned to the USSR and 22 went to other countries . </P> <P> Of the troops deployed , 53,753 were wounded , injured , or sustained concussion and 415,932 fell sick . A high proportion of casualties were those who fell ill . This was because of local climatic and sanitary conditions , which were such that acute infections spread rapidly among the troops . There were 115,308 cases of infectious hepatitis , 31,080 of typhoid fever , and 140,665 of other diseases . Of the 11,654 who were discharged from the army after being wounded , maimed , or contracting serious diseases , 10,751 men , were left disabled . </P> <P> Material losses were as follows : </P> <Ul> <Li> 451 aircraft ( includes 333 helicopters ) </Li> <Li> 147 tanks </Li> <Li> 1,314 IFV / APCs </Li> <Li> 433 artillery guns and mortars </Li> <Li> 11,369 cargo and fuel tanker trucks . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Use of chemical weapons </H3> <P> There have also been numerous reports of chemical weapons being used by Soviet forces in Afghanistan , often indiscriminately against civilians . A declassified CIA report from 1982 states that between 1979 and 1982 there were 43 separate chemical weapons attacks which caused more than 3000 deaths . By early 1980 , attacks with chemical weapons were reported in `` all areas with concentrated resistance activity '' . </P> <H3> Causes of withdrawal </H3> <P> Some of the causes of the Soviet Union 's withdrawal from Afghanistan leading to the Afghanistan regime 's eventual defeat include </P> <Ul> <Li> The Soviet Army of 1980 was trained and equipped for large scale , conventional warfare in Central Europe against a similar opponent , i.e. it used armored and motor - rifle formations . This was notably ineffective against small scale guerrilla groups using hit - and - run tactics in the rough terrain of Afghanistan . The large Red Army formations were n't mobile enough to engage small groups of Muj fighters that easily merged back into the terrain . The set strategy also meant that troops were discouraged from `` tactical initiative '' , essential in counter insurgency , because it `` tended to upset operational timing '' . </Li> <Li> The Russians used large scale offensives against Mujahideen strongholds , such as in the Panjshir Valley , which temporarily clearing those sectors and killed many civilians in addition to enemy combatants . The biggest shortcoming here was the fact that once the Russians did engage the enemy in force , they failed to hold the ground by withdrawing once their operation was completed . The killing of civilians further alienated the population from the Soviets , with bad long - term effects . </Li> <Li> The Soviets did n't have enough men to fight a counter-insurgency war ( COIN ) , and their troops were not motivated . The peak number of Soviet troops during the war was 115,000 . The bulk of these troops were conscripts , which led to poor combat performance in their Motor - Rifle Formations . However , the Russians did have their elite infantry units , such as the famed Spetsnaz , the VDV , and their recon infantry . The problem with their elite units was not combat effectiveness , but the fact that there were not enough of them and that they were employed incorrectly . </Li> <Li> Intelligence gathering , essential for successful COIN , was inadequate . The Soviets over-relied on less - than - accurate aerial recon and radio intercepts rather than their recon infantry and special forces . Although their special forces and recon infantry units performed very well in combat against the Mujahideen , they would have better served in intelligence gathering . </Li> <Li> The concept of a `` war of national liberation '' against a Soviet - sponsored `` revolutionary '' regime was so alien to the Soviet dogma , the leadership could not `` come to grips '' with it . This led to , among other things , a suppression by the Soviet media for several years of the truth how bad the war was going , which caused a backlash when it was unable to hide it further . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Destruction in Afghanistan </H3> <P> Civilian death and destruction from the war was considerable . Estimates of Afghan civilian deaths vary from 562,000 to 2,000,000. 5 -- 10 million Afghans fled to Pakistan and Iran , 1 / 3 of the prewar population of the country , and another 2 million were displaced within the country . In the 1980s , half of all refugees in the world were Afghan . </P> U.S. military personnel ( with civilian far right , in suit ) at Rhein Main Air Base , Frankfurt , Germany . A civilian volunteer with an Afghan NGO in Germany assists a blinded Afghan Mujahid off the air stair . <P> Felix Ermacora , the UN Special Rapporteur to Afghanistan , said that heavy fighting in combat areas cost the lives of more than 35,000 civilians in 1985 , 15,000 in 1986 , and around 14,000 in 1987 . R.J. Rummel , an analyst of political killings , estimated that Soviet forces were responsible for 250,000 democidal killings during the war and that the government of Afghanistan was responsible for 178,000 democidal killings . There were also a number of reports of large scale executions of hundreds of civilians by Soviet and DRA soldiers . Noor Ahmed Khalidi calculated that 876,825 Afghans were killed during the Soviet invasion . Martin Ewan and Marek Sliwinski estimated the number of war deaths to be much higher , at 1.25 million . However , Siddieq Noorzoy presents an even higher figure of 1.71 million deaths during the Soviet - Afghan war . Anti-government forces were also responsible for some casualties . Rocket attacks on Kabul 's residential areas caused more than 4000 civilian deaths in 1987 according to the UN 's Ermacora . </P> <P> Along with fatalities were 1.2 million Afghans disabled ( mujahideen , government soldiers and noncombatants ) and 3 million maimed or wounded ( primarily noncombatants ) . </P> <P> Irrigation systems , crucial to agriculture in Afghanistan 's arid climate , were destroyed by aerial bombing and strafing by Soviet or government forces . In the worst year of the war , 1985 , well over half of all the farmers who remained in Afghanistan had their fields bombed , and over one quarter had their irrigation systems destroyed and their livestock shot by Soviet or government troops , according to a survey conducted by Swedish relief experts </P> Charlie Wilson ( D - TX ) , 2nd from the left , dressing in Afghan clothing ( armed with AK - 47 ) with the local Afghan mujahideen . <P> The population of Afghanistan 's second largest city , Kandahar , was reduced from 200,000 before the war to no more than 25,000 inhabitants , following a months - long campaign of carpet bombing and bulldozing by the Soviets and Afghan communist soldiers in 1987 . Land mines had killed 25,000 Afghans during the war and another 10 -- 15 million land mines , most planted by Soviet and government forces , were left scattered throughout the countryside . The International Committee of the Red Cross estimated in 1994 that it would take 4,300 years to remove all the Soviet land mines in Afghanistan . </P> A PFM - 1 mine , often mistaken for a toy by children . The mine 's shape was dictated by aerodynamics . <P> A great deal of damage was done to the civilian children population by land mines . A 2005 report estimated 3 -- 4 % of the Afghan population were disabled due to Soviet and government land mines . In the city of Quetta , a survey of refugee women and children taken shortly after the Soviet withdrawal found child mortality at 31 % , and over 80 % of the children refugees to be unregistered . Of children who survived , 67 % were severely malnourished , with malnutrition increasing with age . </P> <P> Critics of Soviet and Afghan government forces describe their effect on Afghan culture as working in three stages : first , the center of customary Afghan culture , Islam , was pushed aside ; second , Soviet patterns of life , especially amongst the young , were imported ; third , shared Afghan cultural characteristics were destroyed by the emphasis on so - called nationalities , with the outcome that the country was split into different ethnic groups , with no language , religion , or culture in common . </P> <P> The Geneva Accords of 1988 , which ultimately led to the withdrawal of the Soviet forces in early 1989 , left the Afghan government in ruins . The accords had failed to address adequately the issue of the post-occupation period and the future governance of Afghanistan . The assumption among most Western diplomats was that the Soviet - backed government in Kabul would soon collapse ; however , this was not to happen for another three years . During this time the Interim Islamic Government of Afghanistan ( IIGA ) was established in exile . The exclusion of key groups such as refugees and Shias , combined with major disagreements between the different mujahideen factions , meant that the IIGA never succeeded in acting as a functional government . </P> Afghan guerrillas that were chosen to receive medical treatment in the United States , Norton Air Force Base , California , 1986 <P> Before the war , Afghanistan was already one of the world 's poorest nations . The prolonged conflict left Afghanistan ranked 170 out of 174 in the UNDP 's Human Development Index , making Afghanistan one of the least developed countries in the world . </P> <P> Once the Soviets withdrew , US interest in Afghanistan slowly decreased over the following four years , much of it administered through the DoD Office of Humanitarian Assistance , under the then Director of HA , George M. Dykes III . With the first years of the Clinton Administration in Washington , DC , all aid ceased . The US decided not to help with reconstruction of the country , instead handing the interests of the country over to US allies Saudi Arabia and Pakistan . Pakistan quickly took advantage of this opportunity and forged relations with warlords and later the Taliban , to secure trade interests and routes . The ten years following the war saw much ecological and agrarian destruction -- from wiping out the country 's trees through logging practices , which has destroyed all but 2 % of forest cover country - wide , to substantial uprooting of wild pistachio trees for the exportation of their roots for therapeutic uses , to opium agriculture . </P> <P> Captain Tarlan Eyvazov , a soldier in the Soviet forces during the war , stated that the Afghan children 's future is destined for war . Eyvazov said , `` Children born in Afghanistan at the start of the war ... have been brought up in war conditions , this is their way of life . '' Eyvazov 's theory was later strengthened when the Taliban movement developed and formed from orphans or refugee children who were forced by the Soviets to flee their homes and relocate their lives in Pakistan . The swift rise to power , from the young Taliban in 1996 , was the result of the disorder and civil war that had warlords running wild because of the complete breakdown of law and order in Afghanistan after the departure of the Soviets . </P> <P> The CIA World Fact Book reported that as of 2004 , Afghanistan still owed $8 billion in bilateral debt , mostly to Russia , however , in 2007 Russia agreed to cancel most of the debt . </P> <H3> Refugees </H3> Main articles : Afghan refugees and Afghans in Pakistan <P> 5.5 million Afghans were made refugees by the war -- a full one third of the country 's pre-war population -- fleeing the country to Pakistan or Iran . </P> <P> A total of 3.3 million Afghan refugees were housed in Pakistan by 1988 , some of whom continue to live in the country up until today . Of this total , about 100,000 were based in the city of Peshawar , while more than 2 million were located in other parts of the northwestern province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( then known as the North - West Frontier Province ) . At the same time , close to two million Afghans were living in Iran . Over the years Pakistan and Iran have imposed tighter controls on refugees which have resulted in numerous returnees . In 2012 Pakistan banned extensions of visas to foreigners . Afghan refugees have also settled in India and became Indian citizens over time . Some also made their way into North America , the European Union , Australia , and other parts of the world . The photo of Sharbat Gula placed on National Geographic cover in 1985 became a symbol both of the 1980s Afghan conflict and of the refugee situation . </P> <H2> Aftermath </H2> <H3> Weakening of the Soviet Union </H3> <P> According to scholars Rafael Reuveny and Aseem Prakash , the war contributed to the fall of the Soviet Union by undermining the image of the Red Army as invincible , undermining Soviet legitimacy , and by creating new forms of political participation . </P> <P> The war created a cleavage between the party and the military in the Soviet Union where the efficacy of using the Soviet military to maintain the USSR 's overseas interests was now put in doubt . In the non-Russian republics , those interested in independence were emboldened by the army 's defeat . In Russia the war created cleavage between the party and the military , changing the perceptions of leaders about the ability to put down anti-Soviet resistance militarily ( as it had in Czechoslovakia in 1968 , Hungary in 1956 , and East Germany in 1953 ) . As the war was viewed as `` a Russian war fought by non Russians against Afghans '' , outside of Russia it undermined the legitimacy of the Soviet Union as a trans - national political union . The war created new forms of political participation , in the form of new civil organizations of war veterans ( Afghansti ) which weakened the political hegemony of the communist party . It also started the transformation of the press / media which continued under glasnost . </P> <H3> Civil war </H3> Two Soviet T - 55 tanks left by the Soviet army during their withdrawal lie rusting in a field near Bagram Airfield , in 2002 Main articles : Conflict in Afghanistan ( 1978 -- present ) and Civil war in Afghanistan ( 1989 -- 1992 ) <P> The war did not end with the withdrawal of the Soviet Army . The Soviet Union left Afghanistan deep in winter , with intimations of panic among Kabul officials . The Afghan mujahideen were poised to attack provincial towns and cities and eventually Kabul , if necessary . Najibullah 's government , though failing to win popular support , territory , or international recognition , was able to remain in power until 1992 . </P> <P> Civil war between the Afghan army and mujahideen continued and about 400,000 Afghan civilians had lost their lives in the chaos and civil war of the 1990s . Ironically , until demoralized by the defections of its senior officers , the Afghan Army had achieved a level of performance it had never reached under direct Soviet tutelage . Kabul had achieved a stalemate that exposed the mujahideen 's weaknesses , political and military . But for nearly three years , while Najibullah 's government successfully defended itself against mujahideen attacks , factions within the government had also developed connections with its opponents . </P> <P> According to Russian publicist Andrey Karaulov , the main trigger for Najibullah losing power was Russia 's refusal to sell oil products to Afghanistan in 1992 for political reasons ( the new Yeltsin government did not want to support the former communists ) , which effectively triggered an embargo . The defection of General Abdul Rashid Dostam and his Uzbek militia , in March 1992 , further undermined Najibullah 's control of the state . In April , Najibullah and his communist government fell to the mujahideen , who replaced Najibullah with a new governing council for the country . </P> <P> Grain production declined an average of 3.5 % per year between 1978 and 1990 due to sustained fighting , instability in rural areas , prolonged drought , and deteriorated infrastructure . Soviet efforts to disrupt production in rebel - dominated areas also contributed to this decline . During the withdrawal of Soviet troops , Afghanistan 's natural gas fields were capped to prevent sabotage . Restoration of gas production has been hampered by internal strife and the disruption of traditional trading relationships following the dissolution of the Soviet Union . </P> <H3> Extremism and `` blowback '' </H3> <P> Following the Soviet withdrawal , some of the foreign volunteers ( including Osama bin Laden 's al - Qaeda ) and young Afghan refugees , went on to continue violent jihad in Afghanistan , Pakistan and abroad . Some of the thousands of Afghan Arabs who left Afghanistan went on to become `` capable leaders , religious ideologues and military commanders , '' who played `` vital roles '' as insurgents or terrorists in places such as Algeria , Egypt , Bosnia and Chechnya . Tens of thousands of Afghan refugee children in Pakistan were educated in madrasses `` in a spirit of conservatism and religious rigor '' , and went on to fill the ranks and leadership of the Taliban in Afghanistan and Sipah - e-Sahaba in Pakistan . The groups embodied new varieties of Political Islam -- `` Salafi jihadism '' among the foreign volunteers , and a `` hybrid '' Deobandi jihadism among the madrassa - educated . </P> <P> As many as 35,000 non-Afghan Muslim fighters went to Afghanistan between 1982 and 1992 . Thousands more came and did not fight but attended schools with `` former and future fighters '' . These `` Afghan - Arabs '' had a marginal impact on the jihad against the Soviets , but a much greater effect after the Soviets left and in other countries . ( After the Soviets left , training continued and `` tens of thousands '' from `` some 40 nations '' came to prepare for armed insurrections `` to bring the struggle back home ''. ) </P> <P> The man instrumental not only in generating international support but also in inspiring these volunteers to travel to Afghanistan for the jihad was a Palestinian Muslim Brotherhood cleric , Abdullah Azzam . Touring the Muslim world and the United States , he inspired young Muslims with stories of miraculous deeds , such as mujahideen who defeated vast columns of Soviet troops virtually single - handedly , angels riding into battle on horseback , and falling bombs intercepted by birds . </P> <P> When back in the volunteer camps and training centers that he helped set up around Peshawar , Pakistan , Azzam exercised a `` strong influence . '' He preached the importance of jihad : `` those who believe that Islam can flourish ( and ) be victorious without Jihad , fighting , and blood are deluded and have no understanding of the nature of this religion '' ; of not compromising : `` Jihad and the rifle alone : no negotiations , no conferences and no dialogues '' ; and that Afghanistan was only the beginning : jihad would `` remain an individual obligation '' for Muslims until all other formerly - Muslim lands -- `` Palestine , Bukhara , Lebanon , Chad , Eritrea , Somalia , the Philippines , Burma , South Yemen , Tashkent , Andalusia '' -- were reconquered . </P> <P> The volunteers also influenced each other . Many `` unexpected '' religious - political ideas resulted from the `` cross-pollination '' during the `` great gathering '' of Islamists from dozens of countries in the camps and training centers . One in particular was a `` variant of Islamist ideology based on armed struggle and extreme religious vigour '' , known as Salafi jihadism . </P> <P> When the Soviet Union fell shortly after their withdrawal from Afghanistan , the volunteers were `` exultant '' , believing that -- in the words of Osama bin Laden -- the credit for `` the dissolution of the Soviet Union ... goes to God and the mujahideen in Afghanistan ... the US had no mentionable role , '' ( Soviet economic troubles and United States aid to mujahideen notwithstanding ) . They eagerly sought to duplicate their jihad in other countries . </P> <P> Three such countries were Bosnia , Algeria and Egypt . In Bosnia the Salafi jihadist Afghan Arabs fought against Bosnian Serb and Croat militias but failed to establish a Salafi state . In Algeria and Egypt thousand of volunteers returned and fought but were even less successful . In Algeria Salafi jihadist helped lead and fight for the GIA , deliberately killing thousands of civilians . In Egypt the Al - Gama'a al - Islamiyya killed more than a thousand people between 1990 and 1997 but also failed to overthrow the government . </P> Spread of extremism in Pakistan Further information : Sectarianism in Pakistan and War in North - West Pakistan <P> Among the approximately three million Afghan refugees in Pakistan , thousands of children were educated in madrasa boarding schools financed by aid from the US and Gulf monarchies . Since that aid was distributed according to the conservative Islamist ideological criteria of Pakistan 's President Muhammad Zia - ul - Haq and Saudi Arabia ( and ignoring native Afghan traditions ) , the schools were part of networks of the favored Hizb - e-Islami party and the Pakistan Deobandi . ( Iran provided similar help to Shia Islamist groups and punishments to moderate Shia nationalist Afghans . ) </P> <P> Cut off from families and local traditions , the madrassa students were `` educated to put Deobandi doctrines into action through obedience to the fatwas produced in the madrasses in a spirit of conservatism and religious rigor . '' As the Afghans students came of age , they formed `` the mainstay '' of the Taliban in Afghanistan and of the anti-Shia Sipah - e-Sahaba Sunni terror group in Pakistan . But unlike the traditionally non-violent Deobandi , this `` hybrid movement '' embraced the violence of jihad , and unlike the Islamists of Hizb - e-Islami they were uninterested in `` islamizing modernity '' of western knowledge or in western knowledge at all . The culture of religious purification , absolute obedience to leaders , and disinterest in anything else , is thought to explain the willingness of Hizb - e-Islami - trained soldiers to bombard Kabul with artillery and kill thousands of civilians , reassured by their commander that the civilians they killed would `` be rewarded '' in heaven if they were `` good Muslims '' . From 2008 to 2014 `` thousands of Shia '' have been killed by Sunni extremists according to Human Rights Watch . </P> `` Blowback '' Further information : Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden <P> Blowback , or unintended consequences of funding the mujahideen , was said to have come to the United States in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and the September 11 attacks . In the 1993 bombing , all of the participants in the bombing `` either had served in Afghanistan or were linked to a Brooklyn - based fund - raising organ for the Afghan jihad '' that was later `` revealed to be al - Qaeda 's de facto U.S. headquarters '' . Principals in the 2001 attack -- Osama Bin Laden , Khalid Sheikh Mohammed -- had both fought in Afghanistan , and bin Laden was a lieutenant of Abdullah Azzam . His group al - Qaeda , returned to Afghanistan to take refuge with the Taliban after being expelled from Sudan . Before the 9 / 11 attack , al - Qaeda had bombed two U.S. embassies in Africa in 1998 , and nearly sank the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000 . However , no direct U.S. aid to bin Laden or any of his affiliates has ever been established . </P> <H2> Media and popular culture </H2> Main article : Soviet war in Afghanistan in popular culture <H2> Perception in the former USSR </H2> 20th Anniversary of Withdrawal of Soviet Military Forces from Afghanistan . Stamp of Belarus , 2009 . A war memorial in Dushanbe . <P> Commemorating the intervention of December 25 , 1979 , in December 2009 , veterans of the Soviet war in Afghanistan were honoured by the Duma or Parliament of the Russian Federation . On December 25 , the lower house of the parliament defended the Soviet war in Afghanistan on the 30th anniversary of its start , and praised the veterans of the conflict . Differing assessments of the war `` must n't erode the Russian people 's respect for the soldiers who honestly fulfilled their duty in implementing tasks to combat international terrorism and religious extremists '' . </P> <P> Duma member Semyon Bagdasarov ( Just Russia ) advocated that Russia had to reject Western calls for stronger assistance to the US - led ISAF - coalition in Afghanistan and also had to establish contacts with the `` anti-Western forces '' ; the Taliban , in case they regain power . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Soviet Union portal </Li> <Li> Afghanistan portal </Li> <Li> United States portal </Li> <Li> Cold War portal </Li> <Li> War portal </Li> <Li> 1980s portal </Li> <Li> 1990s portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Afghan Armed Forces </Li> <Li> Dissolution of the Soviet Union </Li> <Li> Post -- World War II air - to - air combat losses </Li> <Li> Shuravi </Li> <Li> Soviet involvement in Indo - Pakistan War of 1971 </Li> <Li> Soviet occupation zone </Li> <Li> Spetsnaz ( Russian Special Purpose Regiments ) </Li> <Li> Terrorism and the Soviet Union </Li> <Li> War in Afghanistan ( 1978 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Political philosophies and doctrines <Ul> <Li> Brezhnev Doctrine </Li> <Li> Carter Doctrine </Li> <Li> Interventionism </Li> <Li> Reagan Doctrine </Li> <Li> Zia Doctrine </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Marsden ( 2009 ) . Afghanistan - Aid , Armies and Empires : Aid , Armies and Empires . I.B. Tauris . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85771 - 007 - 9 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Goodson , Larry P. ( 2001 ) . Afghanistan 's Endless War : State Failure , Regional Politics , and the Rise of the Taliban . University of Washington Press . pp. 147 , 165 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 98050 - 8 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Afghanistan War -- 2001 -- 2014 '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Afghan War -- 1978 -- 1992 '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Dr. Zbigniew Brzezinski - ( 13 / 6 / 97 ) '' . Archived from the original on 2000 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cornwell , Rupert ( February 13 , 2010 ) . `` Charlie Wilson : Congressman whose support for the mujahideen helped force the Soviet Union out of Afghanistan '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Barlett , Donald L. ; Steele , James B. ( May 13 , 2003 ) . `` The Oily Americans '' . Time . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' Reagan Doctrine , 1985 , '' United States State Department `` . State.gov . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 20 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Interview with Dr. Zbigniew Brzezinski -- ( June 13 , 1997 ) . Part 2 . Episode 17 . Good Guys , Bad Guys . June 13 , 1997 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Corera , Gordon ( 2011 ) . MI6 : Life and Death in the British Secret Service . London : Phoenix . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7538 - 2833 - 5 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Crile , George ( 2003 ) . Charlie Wilson 's War : The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History . Atlantic Monthly Press . ISBN 0 - 87113 - 854 - 9 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Saudi Arabia and the Future of Afghanistan '' . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Frederick Starr , S. ( 2004 ) . Xinjiang : China 's Muslim Borderland . M.E. Sharpe . pp. 157 -- 158 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 3192 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Renz , Michael ( October 6 , 2012 ) . `` Operation Sommerregen '' ( in German ) ( 40 ) . Die Welt . Die Welt . Retrieved 6 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Borer , Douglas A. ( 1999 ) . Superpowers defeated : Vietnam and Afghanistan compared . London : Cass . p. 216 . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 4851 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Krivosheev , p. 365 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nyrop , Richard F. ; Donald M. Seekins ( January 1986 ) . Afghanistan : A Country Study ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : United States Government Printing Office . pp. XVIII -- XXV . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 3 , 2001 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mark N. Katz ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` Middle East Policy Council Lessons of the Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan '' . Mepc.org . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maxime Rischard . `` Al Qa'ida's American Connection '' . Global-Politics.co.uk . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Soviet or the USA the strongest '' ( in Norwegian ) . Translate.google.no . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan hits Soviet milestone -- Army News '' . Armytimes.com . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2012 . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://archive.org/stream/The_Soviet-Afghan_War_How_a_Superpower_Fought_and_Lost/The_Soviet-Afghan_War_How_a_Superpower_Fought_and_Lost_djvu.txt </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Soviet - Afghan War : Breaking the Hammer & Sickle by Lester W. Grau and Ali Ahmad Jalali vfw.org </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Russian soldier missing in Afghanistan for 33 years is FOUND living as nomadic sheikh in remote Afghan province '' . Dailymail . March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved 21 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David C. Isby ( 1986 ) . Russia 's War in Afghanistan . Osprey . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85045 - 691 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Antonio Giustozzi ( 2000 ) . War , politics and society in Afghanistan , 1978 -- 1992 . Hurst . p. 115 . ISBN 1 - 85065 - 396 - 8 . A tentative estimate for total mujahideen losses in 1980 - 02 may be in the 150 -- 180,000 range , with maybe half of them killed . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Markovskiy , Victor ( 1997 ) . `` Жаркое небо Афганистана : Часть IX '' ( Hot Sky of Afghanistan : Part IX ) . Авиация и время ( Aviation and Time ) ( in Russian ) p. 28 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Soviet Air - to - Air Victories of the Cold War '' . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lacina , Bethany ; Gleditsch , Nils Petter ( 2005 ) . `` Monitoring Trends in Global Combat : A New Dataset of Battle Deaths '' ( PDF ) . European Journal of Population. 21 : 154 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Noor Ahmad Khalidi , `` Afghanistan : Demographic Consequences of War : 1978 -- 87 , '' Central Asian Survey , vol. 10 , no . 3 , pp. 101 -- 126 , 1991 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Marek Sliwinski , `` Afghanistan : The Decimation of a People , '' Orbis ( Winter , 1989 ) , p. 39 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hilali , A. ( 2005 ) . US -- Pakistan relationship : Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan . Burlington , VT : Ashgate Publishing Co. ( p. 198 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Klass , Rosanne ( 1994 ) . The Widening Circle of Genocide . Transaction Publishers . p. 129 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4128 - 3965 - 5 . During the intervening fourteen years of Communist rule , an estimated 1.5 to 2 million Afghan civilians were killed by Soviet forces and their proxies - the four Communist regimes in Kabul , and the East Germans , Bulgarians , Czechs , Cubans , Palestinians , Indians and others who assisted them . These were not battle casualties or the unavoidable civilian victims of warfare . Soviet and local Communist forces seldom attacked the scattered guerrilla bands of the Afghan Resistance except , in a few strategic locales like the Panjsher valley . Instead they deliberately targeted the civilian population , primarily in the rural areas . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Goodson , Larry P. ( 2001 ) . Afghanistan 's Endless War : State Failure , Regional Politics , and the Rise of the Taliban . University of Washington Press . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 98050 - 8 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bennett Andrew ( 1999 ) ; A bitter harvest : Soviet intervention in Afghanistan and its effects on Afghan political movements ( Retrieved February 4 , 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Raymond Whitaker . `` Obituary : Babrak Karmal '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kepel , Gilles ( 2002 ) . Jihad : The Trail of Political Islam . I.B. Tauris . p. 138 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 257 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Timeline : Soviet war in Afghanistan '' . BBC News . Published February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved March 22 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How Soviet troops stormed Kabul palace '' . BBC . 27 December 2009 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.rbth.com/international/2017/01/12/7-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-the-soviet-war-in-afghanistan_678758 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/modern-world-history-1918-to-1980/the-cold-war/russian-invasion-of-afghanistan/ </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Moslems Condemn Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . January 29 , 1980 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` U.N. General Assembly Votes to Protest Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan '' . Toledo Blade . January 15 , 1980 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kepel , Gilles ( 2002 ) . Jihad : The Trail of Political Islam . Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . p. 143 . By 1982 the jihad was receiving $600 million in U.S. aid per year , with a matching amount coming from the Gulf states . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Total aid from the CIA is estimated at $3 billion . The precise figures as well as a description of the mechanics of the aid process are given in Barnett R. Rubin , The Fragmentation of Afghanistan . Yale University Press , 2002 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ According to Milton Bearden , former CIA chief in charge of the Afghan department , `` The Saudi dollar - for - dollar match with the US taxpayer was fundamental to the success ( of the ten - year engagement in Afghanistan ) '' ( from Milton Bearden Interview . PBS Frontline . ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kinsella , Warren . `` Unholy Alliances '' , Lester Publishing , 1992 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. ANALYSIS OF THE SOVIET WAR IN AFGHANISTAN : DECLASSIFIED , from the National Security Archive , edited by John Prados ( October 9 , 2001 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Amstutz , J. Bruce ( 1986 ) . Afghanistan : The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation . Washington D.C. : NDU Press , p. 127 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Westermann , Edward B. ( Fall 1999 ) . `` The Limits of Soviet Airpower : The Failure of Military Coercion in Afghanistan , 1979 -- 89 '' . XIX ( 2 ) . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaplan 2008 , p. 128 : `` ... the farmer told Wakhil ( Kaplan 's translator ) about all the irrigation ditches that had been blown up by fighter jets , and the flooding in the valley and malaria outbreak that followed . Malaria , which on the eve of Taraki 's Communist coup in April 1978 was at the point of being eradicated in Afghanistan , had returned with a vengeance , thanks to the stagnant , mosquito - breeding pools caused by the widespread destruction of irrigation systems . Nangarhar ( province ) was rife with the disease . This was another relatively minor , tedious side effect of the Soviet invasion . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ TAYLOR , ALAN ( Aug 4 , 2014 ) . `` The Soviet War in Afghanistan , 1979 -- 1989 '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ PEAR , ROBERT ( August 14 , 1988 ) . `` MINES PUT AFGHANS IN PERIL ON RETURN '' . The New York Times . New York Times . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cold War sanctions '' . Encyclopedia of the New American Nation . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.csmonitor.com/1983/0707/070754.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` This Time It Will Be Different Christs College Cambridge '' . Christs.cam.ac.uk. 2011 - 03 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Yousaf , Mohammad & Adkin , Mark ( 1992 ) . Afghanistan , the bear trap : the defeat of a superpower . Casemate . p. 159 . ISBN 0 - 9711709 - 2 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richard Cohen ( April 22 , 1988 ) . `` The Soviets ' Vietnam '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan was Soviets ' Vietnam '' . Boca Raton News . April 24 , 1988 . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Soviet Failure in Afghanistan Marine Corps Association '' . Mca-marines.org. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : REUVENY , RAFAEL ; PRAKASH , ASEEM ( 1999 ) . `` The Afghanistan war and the breakdown of the Soviet Union '' ( PDF ) . Review of International Studies . 25 : 693 -- 708 . doi : 10.1017 / s0260210599006932 . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rubin , Barnett R . The Fragmentation of Afghanistan . New Haven : Yale University Press , 1995 . p. 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gates , Robert ( 2007 ) . From the Shadows : The Ultimate Insider 's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War . Simon & Schuster . p. 146 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 4336 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harrison , Selig ; Cordovez , Diego ( 1995 ) . Out of Afghanistan : The Inside Story of the Soviet Withdrawal . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 34 -- 35 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506294 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Understanding the Iran Contra Affairs '' . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Valenta , Jiri ( 1980 ) . From Prague to Kabul : The Soviet Style of Invasion . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldman , Minton ( 1984 ) . Soviet Military Intervention in Afghanistan : Roots & Causes . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barfield , Thomas ( 2012 ) . Afghanistan : A Cultural and Political History ( Princeton Studies in Muslim Politics ) . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0691154411 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bradsher , Henry S. ( 1983 ) . Afghanistan and the Soviet Union . Durham : Duke Press Policy Studies . pp. 72 -- 73 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hilali , A.Z. ( 2005 ) . `` The Soviet Penetration into Afghanistan and the Marxist Coup '' . The Journal of Slavic Military Studies . 18 ( 4 ) : 709 . doi : 10.1080 / 13518040500354984 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Garthoff , Raymond L. ( 1994 ) . Détente and Confrontation . Washington D.C. : The Brookings Institution . p. 986 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The April 1978 Coup d'état and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan -- Library of congress country studies ( Retrieved February 4 , 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Valentino ( 2005 ) Final solutions p. 219 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaplan , Robert D. , Soldiers of God : With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan , New York , Vintage Departures , ( 2001 ) , p. 115 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kabul 's prison of death BBC , February 27 , 2006 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan Marxist Coup 1978 '' . Onwar.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Amstutz , J. Bruce ( 1994 - 07 - 01 ) . Afghanistan : The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation . DIANE Publishing . p. 315 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7881 - 1111 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Press Release ( February 13 , 2009 ) . `` Tips for Soviet in Afghanistan '' . BBC , 1979 . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Russian General Staff ( 2002 ) . Lestwer W. Grau ; Michael A. Gress , eds . The Soviet Afghan - War : How a Superpower Fought and Lost . University Press of Kansas . p. 10 . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1186 - X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Misdaq , Nabi ( 2006 ) . Afghanistan : Political Frailty and External Interference . Taylor & Francis . p. 134 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 70205 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grigory , Paul ( 2008 ) . Lenin 's Brain and Other Tales from the Secret Soviet Archives . Hoover Press . p. 121 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8179 - 4812 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rasanayagam , Angelo ( 2005 ) . Afghanistan : A Modern History . I.B. Tauris . pp. 86 -- 88 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85043 - 857 - 1 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Amin , Abdul Hameed ( 2001 ) . `` Remembering our Warriors : Major - General Baber and Bhutto 's Operation Cyclone '' . Pakistan Military Consortium and Directorate for the Military History Research ( DMHR ) . Pakistan Defence Journal . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved 2011 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pakistan 's Support of Afghan Islamists , 1975 -- 79 -- Library of congress country studies ( Retrieved February 4 , 2007 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kaplan 2008 , p. 115 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.S. Library of Congress -- `` The April 1912 Coup d'etat and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan '' `` . Countrystudies.us . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goodson , Larry P. ( 2001 ) , Afghanistan 's Endless War : State Failure , Regional Politics , and the Rise of the Taliban , University of Washington Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 98050 - 8 , pp. 56 -- 57 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Rise and Fall of the Taliban '' , by Neamatollah Nojumi , published in The Taliban and the Crisis of Afghanistan , ed by Robert D Crews and Amin Tarzi , pub by Harvard University Press , 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tanner , Stephen ( 2009 ) . Afghanistan : A Military History from Alexander the Great . p. 232 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7867 - 2263 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Amstutz , J. Bruce ( 1994 ) . Afghanistan : The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation . p. 130 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7881 - 1111 - 2 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Harrison , Selig ; Cordovez , Diego ( 1995 ) . Out of Afghanistan : The Inside Story of the Soviet withdrawal . New York : Oxford University Press , Cordovez , Diego . pp. 34 -- 35 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506294 - 9 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Harwood , William L. ( December 28 , 2001 ) . `` The Murder of Adolph Dubs '' . The New York Times , 2001 . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ostermann , Christian Friedrich . `` New evidence on the war in Afghanistan '' ( PDF ) . Cold War International History Project Bulletin . wilsoncenter.org ( 14 / 15 Winter 2003 -- Spring 2004 ) : 139 . Archived from the original on 8 May 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Staff Release ( February 26 , 1979 ) . `` World : Death Behind a Keyhole '' . The Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Riedel , Bruce ( 2014 ) . What We Won : America 's Secret War in Afghanistan , 1979 -- 1989 . Brookings Institution Press . pp. 98 -- 99 . ISBN 978 - 0815725954 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gates , Robert ( 2007 ) . From the Shadows : The Ultimate Insider 's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War . Simon & Schuster . pp. 142 , 144 -- 145 . ISBN 9781416543367 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : White , John Bernell ( May 2012 ) . `` The Strategic Mind Of Zbigniew Brzezinski : How A Native Pole Used Afghanistan To Protect His Homeland '' . pp. 7 -- 8 , 12 , 29 , 45 -- 46 , 80 -- 83 , 97 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steve Galster `` AFGHANISTAN : THE MAKING OF U.S. POLICY , 1973 -- 1990 '' National Security Archive , October 9 , 2001 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Coll , Steve ( 2004 ) . Ghost Wars : The Secret History of the CIA , Afghanistan , and Bin Laden , from the Soviet Invasion to September 10 , 2001 . Penguin Group . pp. 46 , 581 . ISBN 9781594200076 . cf . Brzezinski , Zbigniew ( 1979 - 12 - 26 ) . `` Reflections on Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David N. Gibbs , `` Afghanistan : The Soviet Invasion in Retrospect '' International Politics 37 : 233 -- 246 , June 2000 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rodric Braithwaite ( 2013 ) . Afgantsy : The Russians in Afghanistan 1979 -- 89 . Oxford University Press . p. 114 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 932248 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ cf . `` The Afghan war and the ' Grand Chessboard ' Pt2 '' . The Real News . 2010 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Robert Worley ( 2015 ) . `` Cold War Strategies '' . Orchestrating the Instruments of Power : A Critical Examination of the U.S. National Security System . University of Nebraska Press . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61234 - 752 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ali Riaz ( 2008 ) . Faithful Education : Madrassahs in South Asia . Rutgers University Press . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 4345 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andrew J. Bacevich ( 2016 ) . `` War of Choice '' . America 's War for the Greater Middle East : A Military History . Random House Publishing Group . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 39394 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tyler Shipley , `` Book Review : Empire 's Ally : Canada and the War in Afghanistan '' Canadian Journal of Political Science , 47.1 ( Mar 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gilles Kepel ( 2002 ) . Jihad : The Trail of Political Islam . Harvard University Press . p. 394 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01090 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alterman , Eric ( 2001 - 10 - 25 ) . `` ' Blowback , ' the Prequel '' . The Nation . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andrew J. Bacevich ( 2016 ) . `` War of Choice '' . America 's War for the Greater Middle East : A Military History . Random House Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 39394 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chalmers Johnson ( 2007 ) . Nemesis : The Last Days of the American Republic . Henry Holt and Company . p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4299 - 0468 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gates , Robert ( 2007 ) . From the Shadows : The Ultimate Insider 's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War . Simon & Schuster . pp. 146 -- 147 . ISBN 9781416543367 . By the end of August , Pakistani President Muhammad Zia - ul - Haq was pressuring the United States for arms and equipment for the insurgents in Afghanistan ... Separately , the Pakistani intelligence service was pressing us to provide military equipment to support an expanding insurgency . When Turner heard this , he urged the DO to get moving in providing more help to the insurgents . They responded with several enhancement options , including communications equipment for the insurgents via the Pakistanis or Saudis , funds for the Pakistanis to purchase lethal military equipment for the insurgents , and providing a like amount of lethal equipment ourselves for the Pakistanis to distribute to the insurgents . On Christmas Eve and Christmas Day , 1979 , the Soviets intervened massively in Afghanistan . A covert action that began six months earlier funded at just over half a million dollars would , within a year , grow to tens of millions , and most assuredly included the provision of weapons . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harrison , Selig S. ( 1995 ) . `` How The Soviet Union Stumbled into Afghanistan '' . Out of Afghanistan : The Inside Story of the Soviet Withdrawal . Oxford University Press . pp. 37 -- 38 . ISBN 9780195362688 . Herat strengthened Brzezinski 's argument that the rebels enjoyed indigenous support and merited American help . In April , he relates in his memoirs , ' I pushed a decision through the SCC to be more sympathetic to those Afghans who were determined to preserve their country 's independence . ( Walter ) Mondale was especially helpful in this , giving a forceful pep talk , mercilessly squelching the rather timid opposition of David Newsom . ' Brzezinski deliberately avoided saying whether the upgraded program included weapons , since Moscow has long sought to justify its invasion by accusing Washington of destabilizing Afghanistan during 1978 and 1979 . Strictly speaking , one of his aides later told me , it was not an American weapons program , but it was designed to help finance , orchestrate , and facilitate weapons purchases and related assistance by others . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coll , Steve ( 2004 ) . Ghost Wars : The Secret History of the CIA , Afghanistan , and Bin Laden , from the Soviet Invasion to September 10 , 2001 . Penguin Group . p. 58 . ISBN 9781594200076 . The CIA 's mission was spelled out in an amended Top Secret presidential finding signed by Carter in late December 1979 and reauthorized by President Reagan in 1981 . The finding permitted the CIA to ship weapons secretly to the mujahedin . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harrison , Selig S. ( 1995 ) . `` Soviet Occupation , Afghan Resistance , and the American Response '' . Out of Afghanistan : The Inside Story of the Soviet Withdrawal . Oxford University Press . p. 53 . ISBN 9780195362688 . Within days of the invasion , President Carter made a series of symbolic gestures to invoke American outrage ... No longer skittish about a direct American role in providing weapons support to the Afghan resistance , Carter also gave the CIA the green light for an American -- orchestrated covert assistance program to be financed in part by congressional appropriations and in part with Saudi Arabian help . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riedel , Bruce ( 2014 ) . What We Won : America 's Secret War in Afghanistan , 1979 -- 1989 . Brookings Institution Press . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 0815725954 . As the president was jogging on February 12 , 1980 , his press secretary , Jody Powell , interrupted his run to tell him that the Washington Post had a story in the works about the CIA 's operation to feed arms to the mujahideen rebels through Pakistan . In short , less than a month after the first arms arrived in Karachi , the secret was about to be published by the media . As Carter noted , the Pakistanis ' would be highly embarrassed . ' Secretary Vance appealed to the Post to hold the story , but it ran a few days later , watered down a bit . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blight , James G. ; et al. ( 2012 ) . Becoming Enemies : U.S. - Iran Relations and the Iran - Iraq War , 1979 -- 1988 . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . pp. 19 , 66 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 0830 - 8 . Charles Cogan : There were no lethal provisions given to the Afghans before the Soviet invasion . There was a little propaganda , communication assistance , and so on at the instigation of the ISI . But after the Soviet invasion everything changed . The first weapons for the Afghans arrived in Pakistan on the tenth of January , fourteen days after the invasion . Shortly after the invasion , we got into the discussions with the Saudis that you just mentioned . And then when ( William J . ) Casey became DCI under Reagan at the beginning of 1981 , the price tag went through the ceiling . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bauman , Dr. Robert F. ( 2001 ) . `` Compound War Case Study : The Soviets in Afghanistan '' . Global Security.org . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walker , Martin ( 1994 ) . The Cold War -- A History . Toronto , Canada : Stoddart . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coll , Steven . Ghost Wars : The Secret History of the CIA , Afghanistan , and Bin Laden , from the Soviet Intervention to September 10 , 2001 . New York : Penguin Books , 2004 . p. 48 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) ДО ШТУРМА ДВОРЦА АМИНА </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Documents on the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan e-Dossier No. 4 . p. 70 - 75 '' ( PDF ) . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . November 2001 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Garthoff , Raymond L. ( 1994 ) . Détente and Confrontation . Washington D.C. : The Brookings Institution . pp. 1017 -- 1018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arnold , Anthony ( 1983 ) . Afghanistan 's Two - Party Communism : Parcham and Khalq . Stanford : Hoover Institution Press . p. 96 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 : Failure of Intelligence or of the Policy Process ? '' ( PDF ) . p. 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 22 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ye . I. Malashenko , Movement to contact and commitment to combat of reserve fronts , Military Thought ( military - theoretical journal of the Russian Ministry of Defence ) , April -- June 2004 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fisk , Robert ( 2005 ) . The Great War for Civilisation : the Conquest of the Middle East . London : Alfred Knopf . pp. 40 -- 41 . ISBN 1 - 84115 - 007 - X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roy , Olivier ( 1990 ) . Islam and resistance in Afghanistan . Cambridge University Press . p. 118 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Russian General Staff , Grau & Gress , The Soviet - Afghan War , p. 18 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grau , Lester ( March 2004 ) . `` The Soviet - Afghan war : a superpower mired in the mountains '' . Foreign Military Studies Office Publications . Retrieved September 15 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schofield , The Russian Elite </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gregory Feifer The Great Gamble , pp. 169 -- 170 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Russian General Staff , Grau & Gress , The Soviet - Afghan War , p. 26 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roy . Islam and resistance in Afghanistan . p. 191 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Klass , Rosanne ( 1987 ) . Afghanistan : The Great Game Revisited . Freedom House . p. 244 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Amstutz , J. Bruce ( 1986 ) . Afghanistan : The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation . National Defense University Press . p. 43 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Amstutz , J. Bruce ( 1986 ) . Afghanistan : The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation . National Defense University Press . pp. 144 -- 149 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Report from Afghanistan Claude Malhuret </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Urban , Mark ( 1990 ) . War in Afghanistan . St. Martin 's Press . p. 149 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Girardet , Edward ( 1985 ) . Afghanistan : The Soviet War . St. Martin 's Press . p. 129 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Girardet , Edward ( 1985 ) . Afghanistan : The Soviet War . St. Martin 's Press . p. 133 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1986 -- 1992 : CIA and British Recruit and Train Militants Worldwide to Help Fight Afghan War '' . History Commons . Retrieved January 9 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Haroon , Sana ( 2008 ) . `` The Rise of Deobandi Islam in the North - West Frontier Province and Its Implications in Colonial India and Pakistan 1914 -- 1996 '' . Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society . 18 : 66 -- 67 . doi : 10.1017 / s1356186307007778 . JSTOR 27755911 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sageman , Marc ( May 1 , 2004 ) . `` 2 '' . Understanding Terror Networks . University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0812238087 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Did the U.S. `` Create '' Osama bin Laden ? ( 2005 - 01 - 14 ) `` . US Department of State . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2008 . Retrieved March 28 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marshall , Andrew ( November 1 , 1998 ) . `` Terror ' blowback ' burns CIA ( November 1 , 1998 ) '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kepel , Gilles ( 2002 ) . Jihad : The Trail of Political Islam . Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . p. 147 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Temple - Raston , Dina . `` Western Fighters Answer Mideast Extremists ' Clarion Call '' . NPR . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . The last great call to arms for Muslim fighters was in the 1980s , after the Soviets invaded Afghanistan . About 20,000 foreign fighters traveled there , most of them from the Gulf states . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Commins , David ( 2006 ) . The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia . London : I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. p. 174 . In all , perhaps 35,000 Muslim fighters went to Afghanistan between 1982 and 1992 , while untold thousands more attended frontier schools teeming with former and future fighters . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rashid , Ahmed , Taliban : Militant Islam , Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia ( New Haven , 2000 ) , p. 129 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright , Lawrence , Looming Tower : Al Qaeda and the Road to 9 / 11 , by Lawrence Wright , NY , Knopf , 2006 , p. 107 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ interview with Arab Afghan fighter Abullah Anas and Afghan CIA station chief Milt Berden . Wright , Lawrence , Looming Tower , Knopf , 2006 , p. 105 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Akram , Assen , Histoire de la Guerre d'Afghanistan , Paris Editions Balland , 1996 : p. 227 - 277 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sageman , Marc , Understanding Terror Networks , University of Pennsylvania Press , 2004 , p. 58 - 59 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Path to Victory and Chaos : 1979 -- 92 -- Library of Congress country studies ( Retrieved Thursday 31 , 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The siege was ended only in November 1987 through the conduct of Operation Magistal ' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arthur Unger , `` Dan Rather : more Soviet killing looms in Afghanistan '' Christian Science Monitor APRIL 3 , 1980 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tom Shales , `` Gunga Dan '' Washington Post , April 7 , 1980 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jane Hall , `` Cameraman , CBS Deny Afghanistan Scenes Were Faked '' The Los Angeles Times , October 05 , 1989 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Fitzgerald and Elizabeth Gould , `` A history of failed press coverage of Afghanistan '' The Nieman Watchdog , Oct 27 , 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joanne P. Sharp ( 2001 ) . Condensing the Cold War : Reader 's Digest and American Identity . University of Minnesota Press . pp. 124 -- 126 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4529 - 0446 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robin , Corey ( 23 Jul 2012 ) . `` Radical writer Alexander Cockburn dead at 71 '' . Al jazeera . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaplan 2008 , p. 120 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kaplan 2008 , p. 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaplan 2008 , p. 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaplan 2008 , p. 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael M. ( October 1 , 2011 ) . `` '' Launching the Missile That Made History , '' by Michael M. Phillips , Wall Street Journal , October 1 , 2011 `` . wsj.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schroeder , Matthew . `` '' Stop Panicking About the Stingers , '' by Matthew Schroeder , Foreign Policy , July 28 , 2010 `` . foreignpolicy.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hammerich , Helmut ( 2010 ) . Die Grenzen des Militärischen . Berlin : Hartmann , Miles - Verl . p. 195 . ISBN 9783937885308 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alan J. Kuperman . `` The Stinger missile and U.S. intervention in Afghanistan '' ( PDF ) . Political Science Quarterly . 114 ( Summer 1999 ) : 219 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kuperman , Alan J. ( January -- February 2002 ) . `` Stinging Rebukes '' . Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steele , Jonathan ( 2010 ) . `` Afghan Ghosts : American Myths '' . World affairs journal . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rubin , Barnett R. ( 2002 ) . The Fragmentation of Afghanistan : State Formation and Collapse in the International System . Yale University Press . pp. 248 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 09519 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Amstutz , J. Bruce ( 1994 ) . Afghanistan : The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation . DIANE Publishing . pp. 335 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7881 - 1111 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Urban , War in Afghanistan , p. 219 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grau , Lester & Jalali , Ali Ahmad . `` The campaign for the caves : the battles for Zhawar in the Soviet - Afghan War '' . GlobalSecurity.org . Retrieved March 29 , 2007 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sherk , James . `` '' Winning the Endgame in Afghanistan , '' by James A. Phillips , Heritage Foundation Backgrounder No. 181 , May 18 , 1992 `` . Heritage.org . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johns , Michael ( January 19 , 2008 ) . `` Charlie Wilson 's War Was Really America 's War '' . Michaeljohnsonfreedomandprosperity.blogspot.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' Think tank fosters bloodshed , terrorism , '' The Daily Cougar , August 25 , 2008 `` . thedailycougar.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maley , William & Saikal , Amin ( 1989 ) . The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan . Cambridge University Press . p. 127 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Urban , Mark ( 1990 ) . War in Afghanistan . St. Martin 's Press . p. 300 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maley , William & Saikal , Amin ( 1989 ) . The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan . Cambridge University Press . p. 132 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Aviation History '' , Florian Ion Petrescu , Relly Victoria Petrescu , 2012 , p. 82 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Isby , War in a Distant Country , p. 47 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Urban , War in Afghanistan , p. 251 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Breaking contact without leaving chaos : the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan '' ( PDF ) . fmso.leavenworth.army.mil . p. 19 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 25 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Breaking contact without leaving chaos : the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 25 , 2010 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Totten , Samuel ; Bartrop , Paul R. ( 2008 ) . Dictionary of Genocide : A-L . ABC - CLIO . p. 64 . ISBN 0313346429 . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reisman , W. Michael ; Norchi , Charles H. `` Genocide and the Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . W. Michael Reisman is Hohfeld Professor of Jurisprudence at Yale Law School and a member of the Independent Counsel on International Human Rights . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reisman , W. Michael ; Norchi , Charles . `` Genocide and the Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Charles Norchi , a Visiting Scholar at Yale Law School , directed the Independent Counsel on International Human Rights ( with the Committee for a Free Afghanistan ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kakar , Mohammed . The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response , 1979 -- 1982 . University of California Press . ISBN 9780520208933 . The Afghans are among the latest victims of genocide by a superpower . Large numbers of Afghans were killed to suppress resistance to the army of the Soviet Union , which wished to vindicate its client regime and realize its goal in Afghanistan . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Reisman , W. Michael ; Norchi , Charles H. `` Genocide and the Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . According to widely reported accounts , substantial programmes of depopulation have been conducted in these Afghan provinces : Ghazni , Nagarhar , Lagham , Qandahar , Zabul , Badakhshan , Lowgar , Paktia , Paktika and Kunar ... There is considerable evidence that genocide has been committed against the Afghan people by the combined forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and the Soviet Union . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kakar , Mohammed . The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response , 1979 -- 1982 . University of California Press . ISBN 9780520208933 . Incidents of the mass killing of noncombatant civilians were observed in the summer of 1980 ... the Soviets felt it necessary to suppress defenseless civilians by killing them indiscriminately , by compelling them to flee abroad , and by destroying their crops and means of irrigation , the basis of their livelihood . The dropping of booby traps from the air , the planting of mines , and the use of chemical substances , though not on a wide scale , were also meant to serve the same purpose ... they undertook military operations in an effort to ensure speedy submission : hence the wide use of aerial weapons , in particular helicopter gunships or the kind of inaccurate weapons that can not discriminate between combatants and noncombatants . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kakar , M. Hassan ( 1995 ) . The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response , 1979 -- 1982 . University of California Press . ISBN 9780520208933 . While military operations in the country were going on , women were abducted . While flying in the country in search of mujahideen , helicopters would land in fields where women were spotted . While Afghan women do mainly domestic chores , they also work in fields assisting their husbands or performing tasks by themselves . The women were now exposed to the Russians , who kidnapped them with helicopters . By November 1980 a number of such incidents had taken place in various parts of the country , including Laghman and Kama . In the city of Kabul , too , the Russians kidnapped women , taking them away in tanks and other vehicles , especially after dark . Such incidents happened mainly in the areas of Darul Aman and Khair Khana , near the Soviet garrisons . At times such acts were committed even during the day . KhAD agents also did the same . Small groups of them would pick up young women in the streets , apparently to question them but in reality to satisfy their lust : in the name of security , they had the power to commit excesses . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The War Chronicles : From Flintlocks to Machine Guns . Fair Winds . p. 393 . ISBN 9781616734046 . A final weapon of terror the Soviets used against the mujahideen was the abduction of Afghan women . Soldiers flying in helicopters would scan for women working in the fields in the absence of their men , land , and take the women captive . Russian soldiers in the city of Kabul would also steal young women . The object was rape , although sometimes the women were killed , as well . The women who returned home were often considered dishonored for life . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sciolino , Elaine ( August 3 , 1984 ) . `` 4 Soviet Deserters Tell Of Cruel Afghanistan War '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . ' I ca n't hide the fact that women and children have been killed , ' Nikolay Movchan , 20 , a Ukrainian who was a sergeant and headed a grenade - launching team , said in an interview later . ' And I 've heard of Afghan women being raped . ' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nicolae Andruta Ceausescu '' . Moreorless.au.com . Archived from the original on 2003 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Bulletin -- Google News Archive Search '' . google.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CROSSETTE , BARBARA ( March 7 , 1989 ) . `` India to Provide Aid to Government in Afghanistan '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ van Dijk , Ruud ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of the Cold War , Volume 1 . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 97515 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Timeline : Soviet war in Afghanistan '' . BBC News . February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burke , Jason ( 2004 ) . Al - Qaeda : Casting a Shadow of Terror . I.B. Tauris . p. 59 . ISBN 9781850436669 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blight , James G. ; et al. ( 2012 ) . Becoming Enemies : U.S. - Iran Relations and the Iran - Iraq War , 1979 -- 1988 . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 0830 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaplan 2008 , p. 186 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Full Text of Interview '' . Archived from the original on 2000 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Oily Americans '' . Time . May 13 , 2003 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The New Republic , `` Back to Front '' by Peter Beinart , October 8 , 2001 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Holy War Inc. by Peter Bergen , New York : Free Press , c2001. , p. 66 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steve Coll ( 2005 ) . Ghost Wars : The Secret History of the CIA , Afghanistan and Bin Laden . Penguin Books Limited . p. 69 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 193579 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Howard B. Schaffer ; Teresita C. Schaffer ( 2011 ) . How Pakistan Negotiates with the United States : Riding the Roller Coaster . US Institute of Peace Press . p. 131 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60127 - 075 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steve Coll , `` Anatomy of a Victory : CIA 's Covert Afghan War '' Washington Post , July 19 , 1992 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James Mann ; Jim Mann ( 2004 ) . Rise of the Vulcans : The History of Bush 's War Cabinet . Penguin Books . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 303489 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mujib Mashal , `` Hekmatyar 's never - ending Afghan war '' Al Jazeera , January 28 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zalmay Khalizad , `` Mujahedeen and the Halls of Power '' in The Envoy : From Kabul to the White House , My Journey in a Turbulent World ( St. Martin 's Press , 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert D. Kaplan , Soldiers of God : With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan ( 2004 ) , p. 168 - 171 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Tomsen ( 2013 ) . The Wars of Afghanistan : Messianic Terrorism , Tribal Conflicts , and the Failures of Great Powers . PublicAffairs . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61039 - 412 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vahid Brown ; Don Rassler ( 2013 ) . Fountainhead of Jihad : The Haqqani Nexus , 1973 - 2012 . Oxford University Press . pp. 68 -- 69 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 932798 - 0 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Yousaf , PA , Brigadier General ( retired ) Mohammad ( 1991 ) . Silent soldier : the man behind the Afghan jehad General Akhtar Abdur Rahman . Karachi , Sindh : Jang Publishers . pp. 106 pages . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Singh , Harjeet ( 2010 ) . South Asia Defence and Strategic Year Book , 2010 . Pentagon Press . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8274 - 444 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ralph G. Carter ; James M. Scott ( 3 July 2009 ) . Choosing to Lead : Understanding Congressional Foreign Policy Entrepreneurs . Duke University Press . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 4503 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Todd Leopold ( 23 April 2008 ) . `` The real Charlie Wilson : ' War ' got it right '' . CNN . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kepel , Jihad , ( 2002 ) , pp. 143 -- 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaplan 2008 , p. 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weisman , Steven R. ( May 2 , 1987 ) . `` Afghans Down A Pakistani F - 16 , Saying Fighter Jet Crossed Border '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amnesty International - Library - Afghanistan : Refugees from Afghanistan : The world 's largest single refugee group '' . July 11 , 2003 . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2003 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ S. Frederick Starriditor = S. Frederick Starr ( 2004 ) . Xinjiang : China 's Muslim Borderland ( illustrated ed . ) . M.E. Sharpe . p. 157 . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 1318 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ S. Frederick Starr ( 2004 ) . Xinjiang : China 's Muslim Borderland ( illustrated ed . ) . M.E. Sharpe . p. 158 . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 1318 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Krivosheev , G.F. ( 1993 ) . Combat Losses and Casualties in the Twentieth Century . London , England : Greenhill Books . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schwartzstein , Stuart j.d. ( Winter 1982 -- 83 ) . `` Chemical Warfare in Afghanistan : An Independent Assessment '' . World Affairs . 145 : 267 -- 272 . JSTOR 20671950 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Story of Genocide in Afghanistan Hassan Kakar </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Use of toxins and other lethal agents in Southeast Asia and Afghanistan '' ( PDF ) . CIA . 2 February 1982 . Retrieved 21 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fremont - Barnes , Gregory ( 2012 ) . The Soviet -- Afghan War 1979 -- 89 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4728 - 1038 - 0 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Grau , Lester W. ( 1996 ) . The Bear Went Over the Mountain : Soviet Combat Tactics in Afghanistan . DIANE Publishing . pp. 201 -- 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7881 - 4665 - 7 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kaplan 2008 , p. 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 20th Century Democide Rudolph Rummel </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 4 March 1980 AP </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 27 March 1985 AP </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 Feb. 1985 AP </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Noor Ahmad Khalidi , `` Afghanistan : Demographic Consequences of War , 1978 -- 1987 '' , Central Asian Survey , Vol. 10 , No. 3 ( 1991 ) , p. 106 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ewans , Conflict in Afghanistan , p. 151 ; Marek Sliwinski , `` Afghanistan : Decimation of a People '' , Orbis , Vol. 33 , No. 1 ( 1989 ) , pp. 39 -- 56 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ M. Siddieq Noorzoy , `` Some Observations on an Assessment of the Population in Afghanistan '' , Journal of the Writers Union of Free Afghanistan , Vol. 3 , No. 3 ( 1988 ) , pp. 6 -- 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Khan , Imtiyaz Gul . `` Afghanistan : Human Cost of Armed Conflict since the Soviet Invasion '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sandy Gall . Afghanistan : Agony of a Nation . Bodley Head . 1988 p. 3 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hilali , A. ( 2005 ) . US -- Pakistan Relationship : Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan . Burlington , VT : Ashgate Publishing Co. ( p. 198 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaplan 2008 , p. 188 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pear , Robert ( August 14 , 1988 ) . `` Mines Put Afghans in Peril on Return '' . New York Times . p. 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reversing the gun sights : transnational civil society targets land mines '' . International Organization . June 22 , 1998 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McGrath , Rae ( 1998 ) . Landmines : Legacy of Conflict : A Manual for Development Workers . Diane Publishing Company . pp. 39 -- 40 . ISBN 0 - 7881 - 3280 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gorbachev , The Iraqi War & Afghan Atrocities '' . Realnews247.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhutta , Z.A. ( 2002 ) . `` Children of war : The real casualties of the Afghan conflict '' . BMJ : British Medical Journal . 324 ( 7333 ) : 349 -- 352 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 324.7333. 349 . PMC 1122273 . PMID 11834566 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hauner , M. ( 1989 ) . Afghanistan and the Soviet Union : Collision and Transformation . Boulder , Colorado : Westview Press . ( p. 40 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barakat , S. ( 2004 ) . Reconstructing War - Torn Societies : Afghanistan . New York : Palgrave Macmillan ( p. 5 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barakat , S. ( 2004 ) . Reconstructing War - Torn Societies : Afghanistan . New York : Palgrave Macmillan ( p. 7 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Panetta , L. ( 2007 ) . `` Collateral damage and the uncertainty of Afghanistan ... '' opticalrealities.org . San Francisco . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2009 . Retrieved August 17 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kirby , A. ( 2003 ) . `` War has ruined Afghan environment '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved November 27 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhutta , Z.A. ( 2002 ) . `` Children of war : The real casualties of the Afghan conflict '' . BMJ : British Medical Journal . 324 ( 7333 ) : 349 -- 352 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 324.7333. 349 . PMC 1122273 . PMID 11834566 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` USSR aid to Afghanistan worth $8 billion '' . CIA . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ RUSSIA CANCELS AFGHANISTAN 'S DEBT PRESS - RELEASE 08.08. 07 -- wayback.archive.org </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pakistan Restricts Afghan Refugees by Donatella Lorch for the New York Times . November 16 , 1988 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Imran Mukhtar ( 14 February 2012 ) . `` Visa extension to foreigners banned '' . The Nation . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World Refugee Survey 2009 : Iran '' . USCRI. 2009 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PAKISTAN : UN cautions on Afghan refugee camp closures '' . irinnews.org. 17 January 2007 . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` No more visa extensions for foreigners in Pakistan '' . pakistantoday.com.pk. 17 February 2012 . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( February 20 , 2008 ) . `` Afghan refugee teaches Hindi to tots in India '' . UNHCR . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Escape from War '' . The Times of India . India . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . `` Afghan refugees in India become Indian , at last '' . UNHCR . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Thomson Reuters Foundation Service '' . AlertNet . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2008 . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Life under Taliban cuts two ways '' . The Christian Science Monitor . September 20 , 2001 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kepel , Gilles ( 2006 ) . Jihad : The Trail of Political Islam . I.B. Tauris . p. 137 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 257 - 8 . In the camps and training centers around Peshawar ... Arabs mixed with Afghans and Muslim from every corner of the world and exchanged ideas based on their different traditions . ( In this ) great gathering of international Islamists ... many unexpected ideological cross fertilizations and grafts emerged . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kepel , Jihad , ( 2002 ) : p. 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hafez , Mohammed M. ( March 15 , 2008 ) . `` Jihad After Iraq : Lessons from the Arab Afghans Phenomenon '' . Combating Terrorism Center . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kepel , Jihad , ( 2002 ) : p. 142 - 3 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weiner ; , Tim ( March 13 , 1994 ) . `` Blowback From the Afghan Battlefieldl '' . The New York Times . New York Times . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ examples can be found in `` The Signs of ar - Rahmaan in the Jihad of the Afghan , '' www.Islamicawakening.com/viewarticle.php ? articleID = 877& accessed 2006 , and Abdullah Yusuf Azzam , `` Abul - Mundhir ash - Shareef , '' www.islamicawakening.com/viewarticle.php ? articleID = 30& accessed 2006 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kepel , Gilles ( 2002 ) . Jihad : The Trail of Political Islam . I.B. Tauris . p. 145 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 257 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scheuer , Michael ( 2002 ) . Through Our Enemies ' Eyes : Osama Bin Laden , Radical Islam , and the Future of America . Potomac Books . p. 68 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 967 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McGregor , Andrew ( Fall 2003 ) . `` '' Jihad and the Rifle Alone `` : ' Abdullah ' Azzam and the Islamist Revolution '' . Journal of Conflict Studies . XXIII ( 2 ) . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kepel , Gilles ( 2006 ) . Jihad : The Trail of Political Islam . I.B. Tauris . p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 257 - 8 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kepel , Jihad , ( 2002 ) : p. 10 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Messages to the World , 2006 , p. 50 . ( March 1997 interview with Peter Arnett ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ARAB VETERANS OF AFGHANISTAN WAR LEAD NEW ISLAMIC HOLY WAR '' . FAS . Compass . October 28 , 1994 . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kepel , Jihad , ( 2002 ) : p. 276 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bergen , Peter ; Reynolds , Alec ( November -- December 2005 ) . `` Blowback Revisited '' . Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kepel , Jihad , ( 2002 ) : p. 277 - 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crews , , Robert D. ; Tarzi , Amin , eds. ( 2008 ) . The Taliban and the Crisis of Afghanistan . Harvard University Press . pp. 92 -- 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03002 - 2 . Hizb - e Islami received the largest portion of U.S. assistance , which helped the group open ... a large network of religious schools , where Islamic extremism became an integral part of the curriculum ... Islamist leaders that were previously unknown ... were given free rein over millions of Afghans who were living in refugee camps , and the assistance they received was used to recruit and influence the refugee populations . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crews , , Robert D. ; Tarzi , Amin , eds. ( 2008 ) . The Taliban and the Crisis of Afghanistan . Harvard University Press . p. 96 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03002 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kepel , Gilles ( 2006 ) . Jihad : The Trail of Political Islam . I.B. Tauris . p. 143 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 257 - 8 . refugee children taken in as boarders to the madrasses were `` cut off from their families and traditional environments , ( and ) ... crucially , ... were educated to put Deobandi doctrines into action through obedience to the fatwas produced in the madrasses in a spirit of conservatism and religious rigor . This host of young Afghans ... gave birth to a hybrid movement . In the decade that followed , when these Afghans came of age , they formed the mainstay of the Taliban in Afghanistan and of the Sunni extremist militants of the Sipah - e-Sahaba in Pakistan ... who massacred Shiites and carried the jihad to Kashmir . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crews , , Robert D. ; Tarzi , Amin , eds. ( 2008 ) . The Taliban and the Crisis of Afghanistan . Harvard University Press . p. 99 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03002 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pakistan : Rampant Killings of Shia by Extremists '' . Human Rights Watch . June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved 16 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Margot Williams ( 2008 - 11 - 03 ) . `` Guantanamo Docket : Khalid Shaikh Mohammed '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bergen , Peter ( 2006 ) . The Osama bin Laden I Know : An Oral History of al Qaeda 's Leader . Simon & Schuster . pp. 60 -- 61 . ISBN 9780743295925 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Russian parliament hails Afghan war vets '' . newsok.com . Associated Press . 25 December 2009 . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan : le Parlement russe rend hommage aux anciens combattants '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Russian parliament hails Afghan war vets '' . Khaleej Times . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2011 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Ul> <Li> Andrew , Christopher & Mitrokhin , Vasili ( 1999 ) . The Sword and the Shield : The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00310 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Ayub , Muhammad ( 2005 ) . An Army , its Role and Rule : A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil 1947 -- 1999 . Pittsburgh : RoseDog Books . ISBN 0 - 8059 - 9594 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Borovik , Artyom ( 1990 ) . The Hidden War : A Russian Journalist 's Account of the Soviet War in Afghanistan . New York : Grove Press . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3775 - X . </Li> <Li> Braithwaite , Rodric ( 2011 ) . Afgantsy : The Russians in Afghanistan , 1979 -- 89 . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 417 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 983265 - 1 . LCCN 2011015052 . OCLC 709682862 . LCC DS371. 2 . B725 2011 </Li> <Li> Carew , Tom ( 2001 ) . Jihad ! : The Secret War in Afghanistan . Mainstream Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84018 - 495 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Corera , Gordon ( 2011 ) . MI6 : Life and Death in the British Secret Service . London : Phoenix . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7538 - 2833 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Coll , Steve ( 2004 ) . Ghost Wars : The Secret History of the CIA , Afghanistan , and Bin Laden , from the Soviet Invasion to September 10 , 2001 . New York : Penguin Press . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 007 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Crile , George ( 2003 ) . Charlie Wilson 's War : The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in history . New York : Atlantic Monthly Press . ISBN 0 - 87113 - 851 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Feifer , Gregory ( 2009 ) . The Great Gamble : The Soviet war in Afghanistan . New York : Harper . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 114318 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Galeotti , Mark ( 1995 ) . Afghanistan : the Soviet Union 's Last War . London : Frank Cass . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 8242 - X . </Li> <Li> Kakar , M. Hassan ( 1995 ) . Afghanistan : The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response , 1979 -- 1982 . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 08591 - 4 . ( free online access courtesy of UCP ) . </Li> <Li> Kaplan , Robert D. ( 2008 ) . Soldiers of God : With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 54698 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Kepel , Gilles ( 2002 ) . Jihad : The Trail of Political Islam . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01090 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Lohbeck , Kurt ( 1993 ) . Holy War , Unholy Victory : Eyewitness to the CIA 's Secret War in Afghanistan . Washington : Regnery Publishing . ISBN 0 - 89526 - 499 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Novinkov , Oleg ( 2011 ) . Afghan boomerang . Houston , TX : Oleg Novinkov . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4392 - 7451 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Prados , John ( 1996 ) . Presidents ' Secret Wars : CIA and Pentagon Covert Operations from World War II through the Persian Gulf . Chicago : I.R. Dee . ISBN 1 - 56663 - 108 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Riedel , Bruce ( 2014 ) . What We Won : America 's Secret War in Afghanistan , 1979 -- 1989 . Brookings Institution Press . ISBN 978 - 0815725954 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Soviet -- Afghan War . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> `` Compound War Case Study : The Soviets in Afghanistan '' </Li> <Li> Video on Afghan - Soviet War from the Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives </Li> <Li> Soviets and the Gulf War from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives </Li> <Li> J. Bruce Amstutz Afghanistan -- the first five years of Soviet occupation ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> CIA Factbook on Afghanistan </Li> <Li> The Art of War project , dedicated to the soldiers of the recent wars , set up by the veterans of the Afghan war . Has Russian and English versions </Li> <Li> `` Afganvet '' ( Russian : `` Афганвет '' ) -- USSR / Afghanistan war veterans community </Li> <Li> The Role of Afghanistan in the fall of the USSR by Rameen Moshref </Li> <Li> Empire Museum of Military History ( Spain ) -- USSR / Afghanistan conflict original photos </Li> <Li> U.N resolution A / RES / 37 / 37 over the Intervention in the Country </Li> <Li> Afghanistan Country Study ( details up to 1985 ) </Li> <Li> A highly detailed description of the Coup de Main in Kabul 1979 </Li> <Li> The Take - Down of Kabul : An Effective Coup de Main </Li> <Li> Primary Sources on the Invasion Compiled by The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars </Li> <Li> Soviet Airborne : Equipment and Weapons used by the Soviet Airborne ( VDV ) and DShB from 1979 to 1991 . English only . </Li> <Li> The Soviet Military Experience in Afghanistan : A Precedent of Dubious Relevance </Li> <Li> Afghanistan 1979 : The War That Changed the World , Icarus Films , featuring interviews with numerous U.S. and Soviet officials including Gorbachev </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Soviet -- Afghan War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Part of the War in Afghanistan and the Cold War </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belligerents </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Alliance </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Soviet Union </Li> <Li> Democratic Republic of Afghanistan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mujahideen </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen </Li> <Li> Jamiat - e Islami <Ul> <Li> Shura - e Nazar </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hezb - e Islami Gulbuddin <Ul> <Li> Maktab al - Khidamat </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hezb - e Islami Khalis </Li> <Li> Hezb - e Wahdat </Li> <Li> Ittehad i - Islami </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Leaders </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Alliance </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Leonid Brezhnev </Li> <Li> Yuri Andropov </Li> <Li> Konstantin Chernenko </Li> <Li> Mikhail Gorbachev </Li> <Li> Babrak Karmal </Li> <Li> Mohammad Najibullah </Li> <Li> Abdul Rashid Dostum </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mujahideen </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ahmad Shah Massoud </Li> <Li> Abdul Ali Mazari </Li> <Li> Abdullah Yusuf Azzam </Li> <Li> Gulbuddin Hekmatyar </Li> <Li> Abdul Haq </Li> <Li> Abdul Rahim Wardak </Li> <Li> Burhanuddin Rabbani </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Events by year </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1979 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Military operations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Operation Storm - 333 </Li> <Li> 3 Hoot uprising </Li> <Li> Siege of Khost </Li> <Li> Panjshir offensives </Li> <Li> Siege of Urgun </Li> <Li> Battle of Maravar Pass </Li> <Li> Badaber uprising </Li> <Li> Battles of Zhawar </Li> <Li> Battle of Jaji </Li> <Li> Battle of Arghandab ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Operation Magistral </Li> <Li> Battle for Hill 3234 </Li> <Li> Operation Arrow </Li> <Li> Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Soviet aircraft losses </Li> <Li> War in popular culture </Li> <Li> Military equipment used by Mujahideen </Li> <Li> Afghanistan War Memorial , Kiev </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films about war </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The 9th Company </Li> <Li> Afghan Breakdown </Li> <Li> Afghantsi </Li> <Li> All Costs Paid </Li> <Li> The Beast </Li> <Li> Cargo 200 </Li> <Li> Charlie Wilson 's War </Li> <Li> The Kite Runner </Li> <Li> The Living Daylights </Li> <Li> The Magic Mountain </Li> <Li> Peshavar Waltz </Li> <Li> Rambo III </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> <Li> Multimedia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Armed conflicts involving the Soviet Union </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> International </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ( Russian Civil War ) </Li> <Li> World War II </Li> <Li> Korean War </Li> <Li> Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia </Li> <Li> War of Attrition </Li> <Li> Ogaden War </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> External </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ukrainian -- Soviet War </Li> <Li> Polish -- Soviet War </Li> <Li> Lithuanian -- Soviet War </Li> <Li> Soviet -- Japanese Border Wars </Li> <Li> Sino -- Soviet conflict ( 1929 ) </Li> <Li> Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang </Li> <Li> Xinjiang War ( 1937 ) </Li> <Li> Soviet invasion of Poland </Li> <Li> Winter War </Li> <Li> Ili Rebellion </Li> <Li> Hungarian Revolution of 1956 </Li> <Li> Vietnam War </Li> <Li> Sino -- Soviet conflict ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Soviet -- Afghan War </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Armed conflicts involving Russia ( incl . 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Turkish War ( 1768 -- 74 ) </Li> <Li> Bar Confederation </Li> <Li> Russo - Turkish War ( 1787 -- 92 ) </Li> <Li> Russo - Swedish War ( 1788 -- 90 ) </Li> <Li> Russo - Polish War ( 1792 ) </Li> <Li> Kościuszko Uprising </Li> <Li> Russo - Persian War ( 1796 ) </Li> <Li> War of the Second Coalition </Li> <Li> War of the Third Coalition </Li> <Li> Russo - Persian War ( 1804 -- 13 ) </Li> <Li> War of the Fourth Coalition </Li> <Li> Russo - Turkish War ( 1806 -- 12 ) </Li> <Li> Anglo - Russian War </Li> <Li> Finnish War </Li> <Li> War of the Fifth Coalition </Li> <Li> French invasion of Russia </Li> <Li> War of the Sixth Coalition </Li> <Li> War of the Seventh Coalition </Li> <Li> Russian conquest of the Caucasus </Li> <Li> Caucasian War <Ul> <Li> Russo - Circassian War </Li> <Li> Murid War </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Russo - Persian War ( 1826 -- 28 ) </Li> <Li> Russo - Turkish War ( 1828 -- 29 ) </Li> <Li> November Uprising </Li> <Li> Russian conquest of Bukhara </Li> <Li> Hungarian Revolution of 1848 </Li> <Li> Crimean War </Li> <Li> January Uprising </Li> <Li> Russo - Turkish War ( 1877 -- 78 ) </Li> <Li> Boxer Rebellion <Ul> <Li> Russian invasion of Manchuria </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20th century </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Russo - Japanese War </Li> <Li> Russian Invasion of Tabriz , 1911 </Li> <Li> World War I </Li> <Li> Russian Civil War </Li> <Li> Ukrainian -- Soviet War </Li> <Li> Finnish Civil War </Li> <Li> Heimosodat </Li> <Li> Soviet westward offensive of 1918 -- 19 <Ul> <Li> Estonian War of Independence </Li> <Li> Latvian War of Independence </Li> <Li> Lithuanian -- Soviet War </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Polish -- Soviet War </Li> <Li> Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Red Army invasion of Armenia </Li> <Li> Red Army invasion of Georgia </Li> <Li> Red Army intervention in Mongolia </Li> <Li> Sino - Soviet conflict ( 1929 ) </Li> <Li> Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts </Li> <Li> Soviet invasion of Xinjiang </Li> <Li> Xinjiang War ( 1937 ) </Li> <Li> World War II <Ul> <Li> Soviet invasion of Poland </Li> <Li> Winter War </Li> <Li> Soviet occupation of the Baltic states ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Continuation War </Li> <Li> Eastern Front ( World War II ) </Li> <Li> Anglo - Soviet invasion of Iran </Li> <Li> Soviet -- Japanese War </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Guerrilla war in the Baltic states </Li> <Li> Ili Rebellion </Li> <Li> First Indochina War </Li> <Li> Korean War </Li> <Li> Hungarian Revolution of 1956 </Li> <Li> Eritrean War of Independence </Li> <Li> War of Attrition </Li> <Li> Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia </Li> <Li> Sino - Soviet border conflict </Li> <Li> Vietnam War </Li> <Li> Ogaden War </Li> <Li> South African Border War </Li> <Li> Soviet -- Afghan War </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Post-Soviet </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nagorno - Karabakh War </Li> <Li> Transnistria War </Li> <Li> Georgian Civil War </Li> <Li> Tajikistani Civil War </Li> <Li> Russo - Georgian War </Li> <Li> Intervention in Ukraine <Ul> <Li> Annexation of Crimea </Li> <Li> War in Donbass </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Intervention in Syria </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Military history of Russia </Li> <Li> Russian Winter </Li> <Li> Russian Revolution </Li> <Li> Cold War </Li> <Li> Sphere of influence </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Cold War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> USA </Li> <Li> USSR </Li> <Li> ANZUS </Li> <Li> NATO </Li> <Li> Non-Aligned Movement </Li> <Li> SEATO </Li> <Li> Warsaw Pact </Li> <Li> Cold War II </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1940s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Morgenthau Plan </Li> <Li> Hukbalahap Rebellion </Li> <Li> Dekemvriana </Li> <Li> Percentages agreement </Li> <Li> Yalta Conference </Li> <Li> Guerrilla war in the Baltic states <Ul> <Li> Forest Brothers </Li> <Li> Operation Priboi </Li> <Li> Operation Jungle </Li> <Li> Occupation of the Baltic states </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cursed soldiers </Li> <Li> Operation Unthinkable </Li> <Li> Operation Downfall </Li> <Li> Potsdam Conference </Li> <Li> Gouzenko Affair </Li> <Li> Division of Korea </Li> <Li> Operation Masterdom </Li> <Li> Operation Beleaguer </Li> <Li> Operation Blacklist Forty </Li> <Li> Iran crisis of 1946 </Li> <Li> Greek Civil War </Li> <Li> Baruch Plan </Li> <Li> Corfu Channel incident </Li> <Li> Turkish Straits crisis </Li> <Li> Restatement of Policy on Germany </Li> <Li> First Indochina War </Li> <Li> Truman Doctrine </Li> <Li> Asian Relations Conference </Li> <Li> May 1947 Crises </Li> <Li> Marshall Plan </Li> <Li> Comecon </Li> <Li> 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état </Li> <Li> Tito -- Stalin Split </Li> <Li> Berlin Blockade </Li> <Li> Western betrayal </Li> <Li> Iron Curtain </Li> <Li> Eastern Bloc </Li> <Li> Western Bloc </Li> <Li> Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) </Li> <Li> Malayan Emergency </Li> <Li> Albanian Subversion </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1950s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Papua conflict </Li> <Li> Bamboo Curtain </Li> <Li> Korean War </Li> <Li> McCarthyism </Li> <Li> Algerian War </Li> <Li> Egyptian Revolution of 1952 </Li> <Li> 1953 Iranian coup d'état </Li> <Li> Uprising of 1953 in East Germany </Li> <Li> Dirty War ( Mexico ) </Li> <Li> Bricker Amendment </Li> <Li> 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état </Li> <Li> Partition of Vietnam </Li> <Li> Vietnam War </Li> <Li> First Taiwan Strait Crisis </Li> <Li> Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> Bandung Conference </Li> <Li> Poznań 1956 protests </Li> <Li> Hungarian Revolution of 1956 </Li> <Li> Suez Crisis </Li> <Li> `` We will bury you '' </Li> <Li> Operation Gladio </Li> <Li> Arab Cold War <Ul> <Li> Syrian Crisis of 1957 </Li> <Li> 1958 Lebanon crisis </Li> <Li> Iraqi 14 July Revolution </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sputnik crisis </Li> <Li> Second Taiwan Strait Crisis </Li> <Li> 1959 Tibetan uprising </Li> <Li> Cuban Revolution </Li> <Li> Kitchen Debate </Li> <Li> Sino - Soviet split </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1960s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Congo Crisis </Li> <Li> Simba rebellion </Li> <Li> 1960 U-2 incident </Li> <Li> Bay of Pigs Invasion </Li> <Li> 1960 Turkish coup d'état </Li> <Li> Soviet -- Albanian split </Li> <Li> Berlin Crisis of 1961 </Li> <Li> Berlin Wall </Li> <Li> Portuguese Colonial War <Ul> <Li> Angolan War of Independence </Li> <Li> Guinea - Bissau War of Independence </Li> <Li> Mozambican War of Independence </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cuban Missile Crisis </Li> <Li> Sino - Indian War </Li> <Li> Communist insurgency in Sarawak </Li> <Li> Iraqi Ramadan Revolution </Li> <Li> Eritrean War of Independence </Li> <Li> Sand War </Li> <Li> North Yemen Civil War </Li> <Li> Aden Emergency </Li> <Li> 1963 Syrian coup d'état </Li> <Li> Vietnam War </Li> <Li> Shifta War </Li> <Li> Guatemalan Civil War </Li> <Li> Colombian conflict </Li> <Li> Nicaraguan Revolution </Li> <Li> 1964 Brazilian coup d'état </Li> <Li> Dominican Civil War </Li> <Li> South African Border War </Li> <Li> Transition to the New Order </Li> <Li> Domino theory </Li> <Li> ASEAN Declaration </Li> <Li> Laotian Civil War </Li> <Li> 1966 Syrian coup d'état </Li> <Li> Argentine Revolution </Li> <Li> Korean DMZ Conflict </Li> <Li> Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 </Li> <Li> Years of Lead ( Italy ) </Li> <Li> USS Pueblo incident </Li> <Li> Six - Day War </Li> <Li> War of Attrition </Li> <Li> Dhofar Rebellion </Li> <Li> Al - Wadiah War </Li> <Li> Nigerian Civil War </Li> <Li> Protests of 1968 </Li> <Li> French May </Li> <Li> Tlatelolco massacre </Li> <Li> Cultural Revolution </Li> <Li> Prague Spring </Li> <Li> 1968 Polish political crisis </Li> <Li> Communist insurgency in Malaysia </Li> <Li> Invasion of Czechoslovakia </Li> <Li> Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution </Li> <Li> 1969 Libyan coup d'état </Li> <Li> Goulash Communism </Li> <Li> Sino - Soviet border conflict </Li> <Li> CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion </Li> <Li> Corrective Move </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Détente </Li> <Li> Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty </Li> <Li> Black September in Jordan </Li> <Li> Corrective Movement ( Syria ) </Li> <Li> Cambodian Civil War </Li> <Li> Koza riot </Li> <Li> Realpolitik </Li> <Li> Ping - pong diplomacy </Li> <Li> Uganda -- Tanzania War </Li> <Li> 1971 Turkish military memorandum </Li> <Li> Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) </Li> <Li> Four Power Agreement on Berlin </Li> <Li> Bangladesh Liberation War </Li> <Li> 1972 Nixon visit to China </Li> <Li> North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 </Li> <Li> Yemenite War of 1972 </Li> <Li> Communist insurgency in Bangladesh </Li> <Li> NDF Rebellion </Li> <Li> Eritrean Civil Wars </Li> <Li> 1973 Chilean coup d'état </Li> <Li> Yom Kippur War </Li> <Li> 1973 oil crisis </Li> <Li> Carnation Revolution </Li> <Li> Spanish transition </Li> <Li> Metapolitefsi </Li> <Li> Strategic Arms Limitation Talks </Li> <Li> Rhodesian Bush War </Li> <Li> Angolan Civil War </Li> <Li> Mozambican Civil War </Li> <Li> Oromo conflict </Li> <Li> Ogaden War </Li> <Li> Ethiopian Civil War </Li> <Li> Lebanese Civil War </Li> <Li> Sino - Albanian split </Li> <Li> Cambodian -- Vietnamese War </Li> <Li> Sino - Vietnamese War </Li> <Li> Operation Condor </Li> <Li> Dirty War ( Argentina ) </Li> <Li> 1976 Argentine coup d'état </Li> <Li> German Autumn </Li> <Li> Korean Air Lines Flight 902 </Li> <Li> Yemenite War of 1979 </Li> <Li> Grand Mosque seizure </Li> <Li> Iranian Revolution </Li> <Li> Saur Revolution </Li> <Li> New Jewel Movement </Li> <Li> 1979 Herat uprising </Li> <Li> Seven Days to the River Rhine </Li> <Li> Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Soviet -- Afghan War </Li> <Li> 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts </Li> <Li> 1980 Turkish coup d'état </Li> <Li> Peruvian conflict </Li> <Li> Casamance conflict </Li> <Li> Ugandan Bush War </Li> <Li> Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency </Li> <Li> Eritrean Civil Wars </Li> <Li> 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War </Li> <Li> Ndogboyosoi War </Li> <Li> United States invasion of Grenada </Li> <Li> Able Archer 83 </Li> <Li> Star Wars </Li> <Li> Iran -- Iraq War </Li> <Li> Somali Rebellion </Li> <Li> 1986 Black Sea incident </Li> <Li> 1988 Black Sea bumping incident </Li> <Li> South Yemen Civil War </Li> <Li> Bougainville Civil War </Li> <Li> 8888 Uprising </Li> <Li> Solidarity <Ul> <Li> Soviet reaction </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Contras </Li> <Li> Central American crisis </Li> <Li> RYAN </Li> <Li> Korean Air Lines Flight 007 </Li> <Li> People Power Revolution </Li> <Li> Glasnost </Li> <Li> Perestroika </Li> <Li> Nagorno - Karabakh War </Li> <Li> Afghan Civil War </Li> <Li> United States invasion of Panama </Li> <Li> 1988 Polish strikes </Li> <Li> Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 </Li> <Li> Revolutions of 1989 </Li> <Li> Fall of the Berlin Wall </Li> <Li> Velvet Revolution </Li> <Li> Romanian Revolution </Li> <Li> Peaceful Revolution </Li> <Li> Die Wende </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mongolian Revolution of 1990 </Li> <Li> German reunification </Li> <Li> Yemeni unification </Li> <Li> Fall of communism in Albania </Li> <Li> Breakup of Yugoslavia </Li> <Li> Dissolution of the Soviet Union </Li> <Li> Dissolution of Czechoslovakia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Frozen conflicts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abkhazia </Li> <Li> China - Taiwan </Li> <Li> Korea </Li> <Li> Nagorno - Karabakh </Li> <Li> South Ossetia </Li> <Li> Transnistria </Li> <Li> Sino - Indian border dispute </Li> <Li> North Borneo dispute </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Foreign policy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Truman Doctrine </Li> <Li> Containment </Li> <Li> Eisenhower Doctrine </Li> <Li> Domino theory </Li> <Li> Hallstein Doctrine </Li> <Li> Kennedy Doctrine </Li> <Li> Peaceful coexistence </Li> <Li> Ostpolitik </Li> <Li> Johnson Doctrine </Li> <Li> Brezhnev Doctrine </Li> <Li> Nixon Doctrine </Li> <Li> Ulbricht Doctrine </Li> <Li> Carter Doctrine </Li> <Li> Reagan Doctrine </Li> <Li> Rollback </Li> <Li> Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ideologies </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Capitalism </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chicago school </Li> <Li> Keynesianism </Li> <Li> Monetarism </Li> <Li> Neoclassical economics </Li> <Li> Reaganomics </Li> <Li> Supply - side economics </Li> <Li> Thatcherism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Communism </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Marxism -- Leninism </Li> <Li> Castroism </Li> <Li> Eurocommunism </Li> <Li> Guevarism </Li> <Li> Hoxhaism </Li> <Li> Juche </Li> <Li> Maoism </Li> <Li> Trotskyism </Li> <Li> Naxalism </Li> <Li> Stalinism </Li> <Li> Titoism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fascism </Li> <Li> Islamism </Li> <Li> Liberal democracy </Li> <Li> Social democracy </Li> <Li> Third - Worldism </Li> <Li> White supremacy </Li> <Li> Apartheid </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Organizations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ASEAN </Li> <Li> CIA </Li> <Li> Comecon </Li> <Li> EEC </Li> <Li> KGB </Li> <Li> MI6 </Li> <Li> Non-Aligned Movement </Li> <Li> SAARC </Li> <Li> Safari Club </Li> <Li> Stasi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Propaganda </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Active measures </Li> <Li> Crusade for Freedom </Li> <Li> Izvestia </Li> <Li> Pravda </Li> <Li> Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty </Li> <Li> Red Scare </Li> <Li> TASS </Li> <Li> Voice of America </Li> <Li> Voice of Russia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Races </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arms race </Li> <Li> Nuclear arms race </Li> <Li> Space Race </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War </Li> <Li> Soviet espionage in the United States </Li> <Li> Soviet Union -- United States relations </Li> <Li> USSR -- USA summits </Li> <Li> Russian espionage in the United States </Li> <Li> American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation </Li> <Li> Russia -- NATO relations </Li> <Li> Brinkmanship </Li> <Li> CIA and the Cultural Cold War </Li> <Li> Cold War II </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Commons </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> <Li> Timeline </Li> <Li> List of conflicts </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Soviet occupations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Austria </Li> <Li> Baltic states <Ul> <Li> Estonia </Li> <Li> Latvia </Li> <Li> Lithuania </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina </Li> <Li> Bornholm </Li> <Li> Czechoslovakia </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> Germany <Ul> <Li> East Prussia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> Poland <Ul> <Li> Western Ukraine </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Afghanistan </Li> <Li> Northern Iran </Li> <Li> Manchuria </Li> <Li> North Korea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Italics indicate countries occupied while Soviet Union was a member of the Allies of World War II . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Politics of the Soviet Union ( 1964 -- 1985 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Events ( 1964 -- 1982 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Collective leadership </Li> <Li> Glassboro Summit Conference </Li> <Li> Six - Day War </Li> <Li> Prague Spring </Li> <Li> Invasion of Czechoslovakia </Li> <Li> 1968 Red Square demonstration </Li> <Li> Brezhnev Doctrine </Li> <Li> Brezhnev assassination attempt </Li> <Li> Sino - Soviet border conflict </Li> <Li> Détente </Li> <Li> 1973 oil crisis </Li> <Li> Fall of Saigon </Li> <Li> Vladivostok Summit </Li> <Li> Helsinki Accords </Li> <Li> 1977 Moscow bombings </Li> <Li> 1977 Soviet Constitution </Li> <Li> 1978 Georgian demonstrations </Li> <Li> Cambodian -- Vietnamese War </Li> <Li> Soviet -- Afghan War </Li> <Li> 1980 Summer Olympics </Li> <Li> Reaction to 1980 -- 1981 Polish crisis </Li> <Li> Exercise Zapad </Li> <Li> Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev </Li> <Li> Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Events ( 1982 -- 1985 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> RYAN </Li> <Li> Korean Air Lines Flight 007 </Li> <Li> 1983 false nuclear alarm incident </Li> <Li> Able Archer 83 </Li> <Li> 1984 Summer Olympics boycott </Li> <Li> Friendship Games </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Politburo members <Ul> <Li> 22nd </Li> <Li> 23rd </Li> <Li> 24th </Li> <Li> 25th </Li> <Li> 26th </Li> </Ul> </Th> <Td> <Li> Aliyev </Li> <Li> Andropov </Li> <Li> Brezhnev </Li> <Li> Chebrikov </Li> <Li> Chernenko </Li> <Li> Demichev </Li> <Li> Dolgikh </Li> <Li> Efremov </Li> <Li> Gorbachev </Li> <Li> Grechko </Li> <Li> Grishin </Li> <Li> Gromyko </Li> <Li> Kirilenko </Li> <Li> Kiselyov </Li> <Li> Kunaev </Li> <Li> Kosygin </Li> <Li> Kulakov </Li> <Li> Kuznetsov </Li> <Li> Masherov </Li> <Li> Mazurov </Li> <Li> Mikoyan </Li> <Li> Mzhavanadze </Li> <Li> Pelše </Li> <Li> Podgorny </Li> <Li> Polyansky </Li> <Li> Ponomarev </Li> <Li> Rashidov </Li> <Li> Romanov </Li> <Li> Shcherbytsky </Li> <Li> Shelepin </Li> <Li> Shelest </Li> <Li> Shevardnadze </Li> <Li> Shvernik </Li> <Li> Solomentsev </Li> <Li> Suslov </Li> <Li> Tikhonov </Li> <Li> Ustinov </Li> <Li> Voronov </Li> <Li> Vorotnikov </Li> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Leaders </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Troika ( Brezhnev </Li> <Li> Kosygin </Li> <Li> Podgorny ) </Li> <Li> Yuri Andropov </Li> <Li> Konstantin Chernenko </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Governments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kosygin 's 1st </Li> <Li> 2nd </Li> <Li> 3rd </Li> <Li> 4th </Li> <Li> 5th </Li> <Li> Tikhonov 's 1st </Li> <Li> 2nd </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National economy </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Reforms </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> OGAS </Li> <Li> 1965 </Li> <Li> 1973 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> <Li> Food Programme </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Five - 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British Empire in World war II - wikipedia <H1> British Empire in World war II </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Propaganda poster promoting the joint war effort of the British Empire and Commonwealth , 1939 . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> British Empire Campaigns of World War II </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Campaigns fought exclusively or largely by British Empire forces <Dl> <Dt> Europe </Dt> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Arctic </Dt> <Dd> Battle of the Barents Sea </Dd> <Dd> Evacuation of Norway </Dd> <Dd> Occupation of Iceland </Dd> <Dd> Evacuation of Spitsbergen </Dd> <Dd> Occupation of Faroe Islands </Dd> <Dt> Balkan Campaign </Dt> <Dd> Reinforcement of Greece </Dd> <Dd> Battle of Crete </Dd> <Dt> Battle of the Mediterranean </Dt> <Dd> Siege of Malta </Dd> <Dd> Malta Convoys </Dd> <Dt> Western Europe </Dt> <Dd> British Expeditionary Force </Dd> <Dd> Dunkirk evacuation </Dd> <Dd> Battle of Britain </Dd> <Dd> The Blitz </Dd> <Dd> Evacuation of Gibraltar </Dd> <Dd> Invasion of Normandy </Dd> <Dd> Clearing the Channel Coast </Dd> <Dd> Liberation of Belgium </Dd> <Dd> Liberation of Netherlands </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Africa </Dt> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> East Africa Campaign </Dd> <Dd> Conquest of British Somaliland </Dd> <Dd> Capture of Italian Somaliland </Dd> <Dd> Recapture of British Somaliland </Dd> <Dt> North African Campaign </Dt> <Dd> Italian invasion of Egypt </Dd> <Dd> Occupation of Libya </Dd> <Dt> Southern Africa </Dt> <Dd> Occupation of Madagascar </Dd> <Dt> West Africa </Dt> <Dd> Battle of Dakar </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Far East </Dt> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> Defence of Hong Kong </Dd> <Dd> Malayan Campaign </Dd> <Dd> Fall of Singapore </Dd> <Dt> India </Dt> <Dd> Japanese conquest of Burma </Dd> <Dd> Invasion of India </Dd> <Dd> Recapture of Burma </Dd> <Dt> Indian Ocean </Dt> <Dd> Indian Ocean disaster </Dd> <Dd> Indian Ocean retreat </Dd> <Dd> Evacuation of British Somaliland </Dd> <Dd> Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands </Dd> <Dd> Indian Ocean strike </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Middle East </Dt> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> Invasion of Iraq </Dd> <Dd> Invasion of Southern Iran </Dd> <Dd> Invasion of Lebanon </Dd> <Dd> Invasion of Syria </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Americas </Dt> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> Battle of the Atlantic </Dd> <Dd> Battle of the Gulf of St. Lawrence </Dd> <Dd> Newfoundland Escort Force </Dd> <Dd> Mid-Ocean Escort Force </Dd> <Dd> Western Local Escort Force </Dd> <Dd> Western Approaches Escort Force </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> When the United Kingdom declared war on Nazi Germany at the outset of World War II it controlled to varying degrees numerous crown colonies , protectorates and the Indian Empire . It also maintained unique political ties to four semi-independent Dominions -- Australia , Canada , South Africa , and New Zealand -- as part of the Commonwealth . In 1939 the British Commonwealth was a global superpower , with direct or de facto political and economic control of 25 % of the world 's population , and 30 % of its land mass . </P> <P> The contribution of the British Empire and Commonwealth in terms of manpower and materiel was critical to the Allied war effort . From September 1939 to mid-1942 Britain led Allied efforts in almost every global military theatre . Commonwealth forces ( United Kingdom , Colonial , Imperial and Dominion ) , totalling close to 15 million serving men and women , fought the German , Italian , Japanese and other Axis armies , air forces and navies across Europe , Africa , Asia , and in the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic , Indian , Pacific and Arctic Oceans . Commonwealth forces fought in Britain , and across Northwestern Europe in the effort to slow or stop the Axis advance . Commonwealth airforces fought the Luftwaffe to a standstill over Britain , and its armies fought and destroyed Italian forces in North and East Africa and occupied several overseas colonies of German - occupied European nations . Following successful engagements against Axis forces , Commonwealth troops invaded and occupied Libya , Italian Somaliland , Eritrea , Ethiopia , Iran , Iraq , Syria , Lebanon , Iceland , the Faroe Islands , and Madagascar . </P> <P> The Commonwealth defeated , held back or slowed the Axis powers for three years while mobilizing their globally integrated economy , military , and industrial infrastructure to build what became , by 1942 , the most extensive military apparatus of the war . These efforts came at the cost of 150,000 military deaths , 400,000 wounded , 100,000 prisoners , over 300,000 civilian deaths , and the loss of 70 major warships , 39 submarines , 3,500 aircraft , 1,100 tanks and 65,000 vehicles . During this period the Commonwealth built an enormous military and industrial capacity . Britain became the nucleus of the Allied war effort in Europe , and hosted governments in exile in London to rally support in occupied Europe for the Allied effort . Canada delivered almost $4 billion in direct financial aid to the United Kingdom , and Australia and New Zealand began shifting to domestic production to provide material aid to US forces in the Pacific . Following the US entry into the war in December 1941 , the Commonwealth and United States coordinated their military efforts and resources globally . As the scale of the US military involvement and industrial production increased , the US undertook command of many theatres , relieving Commonwealth forces for duty elsewhere , and expanding the scope and intensity of Allied military efforts . </P> <P> However , it also proved difficult to co-ordinate the defence of far - flung colonies and Commonwealth countries from simultaneous attacks by the Axis Powers . In part this was exacerbated by disagreements over priorities and objectives , as well as the deployment and control of joint forces . The governments of Britain and Australia , in particular , turned to the United States for support . Although the British Empire and the Commonwealth countries all emerged from the war as victors , and the conquered territories were returned to British rule , the costs of the war and the nationalist fervour that it had stoked became a catalyst for the decolonisation which took place in the following decades . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Pre-war plans for defence </Li> <Li> 2 Declaration of war against Germany </Li> <Li> 3 Empire and Commonwealth contribution <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Finances </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Crisis in the Mediterranean </Li> <Li> 5 Fall of Singapore </Li> <Li> 6 India </Li> <Li> 7 Victory </Li> <Li> 8 Aftermath </Li> <Li> 9 Military histories of the British Empire , Colonies and Dominions </Li> <Li> 10 See also <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Homefront </Li> <Li> 10.2 Major military formations and units </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 13 Further reading <Ul> <Li> 13.1 Army </Li> <Li> 13.2 Royal Navy </Li> <Li> 13.3 Air war </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Prewar plans for defence ( edit ) </H2> <P> From 1923 , defence of British colonies and protectorates in East Asia was centred on the `` Singapore strategy '' . This made the assumption that Britain could send a fleet to its naval base in Singapore within two or three days of a Japanese attack , while relying on France to provide assistance in Asia via its colony in Indochina and , in the event of war with Italy , to help defend British territories in the Mediterranean . Pre-war planners did not anticipate the fall of France : Nazi occupation , the loss of control over the Channel , and the employment of French Atlantic ports as forward bases for U-boats directly threatened Britain itself , forcing a significant reassessment of naval defence priorities . </P> <P> During the 1930s , a triple threat emerged for the British Commonwealth in the form of right - wing , militaristic governments in Germany , Italy and Japan . Germany threatened Britain itself , while Italy and Japan 's imperial ambitions looked set to clash with the British imperial presence in the Mediterranean and East Asia respectively . However , there were differences of opinion within the UK and the Dominions as to which posed the most serious threat , and whether any attack would come from more than one power at the same time . </P> <H2> Declaration of war against Germany ( edit ) </H2> Sir Robert Menzies broadcasting to Australia the news of the outbreak of war , 1939 <P> On 1 September 1939 , Germany invaded Poland . Two days later , on 3 September , after a British ultimatum to Germany to cease military operations was ignored , Britain and France declared war on Germany . Britain 's declaration of war automatically committed India , the Crown colonies , and the protectorates , but the 1931 Statute of Westminster had granted autonomy to the Dominions so each decided their course separately . </P> <P> Australian Prime Minister Robert Menzies immediately joined the British declaration on 3 September , believing that it applied to all subjects of the Empire and Commonwealth . New Zealand followed suit simultaneously , at 9.30 pm on 3 September ( local time ) , after Peter Fraser consulted the Cabinet ; although as Chamberlain 's broadcast was drowned by static , the Cabinet ( led by Fraser as Prime Minister Mickey Savage was terminally ill ) delayed until the Admiralty announced to the fleet a state of war , then backdated the declaration to 9.30 pm . South Africa took three days to make its decision ( on 6 September ) , as the Prime Minister General J.B.M. Hertzog favoured neutrality but was defeated by the pro-war vote in the Union Parliament , led by General Jan Smuts , who then replaced Hertzog . Canadian Prime Minister Mackenzie King declared support for Britain on the day of the British declaration , but also stated that it was for Parliament to make the formal declaration , which it did so one week later on 10 September . The Irish Free State , which had been a dominion until 1937 , remained neutral </P> <H2> Empire and Commonwealth contribution ( edit ) </H2> British Empire and Commonwealth forms of government and production c 1940 Kenya Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve 1945 <P> While the war was initially intended to be limited , resources were mobilized quickly , and the first shots were fired almost immediately . Just hours after the Australian declaration of war , a gun at Fort Queenscliff fired across the bows of a ship as it attempted to leave Melbourne without required clearances . On 10 October 1939 , an aircraft of No. 10 Squadron RAAF based in England became the first Commonwealth air force unit to go into action when it undertook a mission to Tunisia . The first Canadian convoy of 15 ships bearing war goods departed Halifax just six days after the nation declared war , with two destroyers HMCS St. Laurent and HMCS Saguenay . A further 26 convoys of 527 ships sailed from Canada in the first four months of the war , and by 1 January 1940 Canada had landed an entire division in Britain . On 13 June 1940 Canadian troops deployed to France in an attempt to secure the southern flank of the British Expeditionary Force in Belgium . As the fall of France grew imminent , Britain looked to Canada to rapidly provide additional troops to strategic locations in North America , the Atlantic and Caribbean . Following the Canadian destroyer already on station from 1939 , Canada provided troops from May 1940 to assist in the defence of the British Caribbean colonies , with several companies serving throughout the war in Bermuda , Jamaica , the Bahamas and British Guiana . Canadian troops were also sent to the defence of the colony of Newfoundland , on Canada 's east coast , the closest point in North America to Germany . Fearing the loss of a land link to the British Isles , Canada was also requested to also occupy Iceland , which it did from June 1940 to the spring of 1941 , following the initial British invasion . </P> <P> From mid-June 1940 , following the rapid German invasions and occupations of Poland , Denmark , Norway , France , Belgium , Luxembourg and the Netherlands , the British Commonwealth was the main opponent of Germany and the Axis , until the entry into the war of the Soviet Union in June 1941 . During this period Australia , India , New Zealand and South Africa provided dozens of ships and several divisions for the defence of the Mediterranean , Greece , Crete , Lebanon and Egypt , where British troops were outnumbered four to one by the Italian armies in Libya and Ethiopia . Canada delivered a further 2nd Canadian Infantry Division , pilots for two air squadrons , and several warships to Britain to face a possible invasion from the continent . </P> <P> In December 1941 , Japan launched , in quick succession , attacks on British Malaya , the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor , and Hong Kong . </P> <P> Substantial financial support was provided by Canada to the UK and Commonwealth dominions , in the form of over $4 billion in aid through the Billion Dollar Gift and Mutual Aid and the War Appropriation Act . Over the course of the war over 1.6 million Canadians served in uniform ( out of a prewar population of 11 million ) , in almost every theatre of the war , and by war 's end the country had the third - largest navy and fourth - largest air force in the world . By the end of the war , almost a million Australians had served in the armed forces ( out of a population of under 7 million ) , whose military units fought primarily in Europe , North Africa , and the South West Pacific . </P> <P> The British Commonwealth Air Training Plan ( also known as the `` Empire Air Training Scheme '' ) was established by the governments of Australia , Canada , New Zealand and the UK resulting in : </P> <Ul> <Li> joint training at flight schools in Canada , Southern Rhodesia , Australia and New Zealand ; </Li> <Li> formation of new squadrons of the Dominion air forces , known as `` Article XV squadrons '' for service as part of Royal Air Force operational commands , and ; </Li> <Li> in practice , the pooling of RAF and Dominion air force personnel , for posting to both RAF and Article XV squadrons . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Finances ( edit ) </H3> <P> Britain borrowed everywhere it could and made heavy purchases of munitions and supplies in India and Canada during the war , as well as other parts of the Empire and neutral countries . Canada also made gifts . Britain 's sterling balances around the world amounted to ₤ 3.4 billion in 1945 or the equivalent of about $ US 200 billion in 2016 dollars . However , Britain treated this as a long - term loan with no interest and no specified repayment date . Just when the money would be made available by London was an issue , for the British treasury was nearly empty by 1945 . </P> <H2> Crisis in the Mediterranean ( edit ) </H2> Second Officer Kalyan Sen and Chief Officer Margaret L Cooper , Women 's Royal Indian Naval Service , 1945 <P> In June 1940 , France surrendered to invading German forces , and Italy joined the war on the Axis side , causing a reversal of the Singapore strategy . Winston Churchill , who had replaced Neville Chamberlain as British Prime Minister the previous month ( see Norway debate ) , ordered that the Middle East and the Mediterranean were of a higher priority than the Far East to defend . Australia and New Zealand were told by telegram that they should turn to the United States for help in defending their homeland should Japan attack : </P> <P> Without the assistance of France we should not have sufficient forces to meet the combined German and Italian navies in European waters and the Japanese fleet in the Far East . In the circumstances envisaged , it is most improbable that we could send adequate reinforcements to the Far East . We should therefore have to rely on the United States of America to safeguard our interests there . </P> <P> Commonwealth forces played a major role in North and East Africa following Italy 's entry to the war , participating in the invasion of Italian Libya and Somaliland , but were forced to retreat after Churchill diverted resources to Greece and Crete . </P> <H2> Fall of Singapore ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Fall of Singapore <P> The Battle of Singapore was fought in the South - East Asian theatre of World War II when the Empire of Japan invaded the Allied stronghold of Singapore . Singapore was the major British military base in South East Asia and nicknamed the `` Gibraltar of the East '' . The fighting in Singapore lasted from 31 January 1942 to 15 February 1942 . </P> <P> It resulted in the fall of Singapore to the Japanese , and the largest surrender of British - led military personnel in history . About 80,000 British , Australian and Indian troops became prisoners of war , joining 50,000 taken by the Japanese in the Malayan campaign . Britain 's Prime Minister Winston Churchill called the ignominious fall of Singapore to the Japanese the `` worst disaster '' and `` largest capitulation '' in British history . </P> <H2> India ( edit ) </H2> <P> Serious tension between London and Washington erupted over American demands that India be given independence , a proposition Churchill vehemently rejected . For years Roosevelt had encouraged Britain 's disengagement from India . The American position was based on principled opposition to colonialism , practical concern for the outcome of the war , and the expectation of a large American role in a post-colonial era . In 1942 when the Congress Party launched a Quit India movement , the British authorities immediately arrested tens of thousands of activists ( including Gandhi ) . Meanwhile , India became the main American staging base for aid to China . Churchill threatened to resign if Roosevelt pushed too hard , so Roosevelt backed down . </P> <H2> Victory ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Victory in Europe Day and Victory over Japan Day The front page of The Montreal Daily Star announcing the German surrender . May 7 , 1945 <P> On 8 May 1945 , the World War II Allies formally accepted the unconditional surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany and the end of Adolf Hitler 's Third Reich . The formal surrender of the occupying German forces in the Channel Islands was not until 9 May 1945 . On 30 April Hitler committed suicide during the Battle of Berlin , and so the surrender of Germany was authorized by his replacement , President of Germany Karl Dönitz . The act of military surrender was signed on 7 May in Reims , France , and ratified on 8 May in Berlin , Germany . </P> <P> In the afternoon of August 15 , 1945 , the Surrender of Japan occurred , effectively ending World War II . On this day the initial announcement of Japan 's surrender was made in Japan , and because of time zone differences it was announced in the United States , Western Europe , the Americas , the Pacific Islands , and Australia / New Zealand on 14 August 1945 . The signing of the surrender document occurred on 2 September 1945 . </P> <H2> Aftermath ( edit ) </H2> <P> By the end of the war in August 1945 , British Commonwealth forces were responsible for the civil and / or military administration of a number of non-Commonwealth territories , occupied during the war , including Eritrea , Libya , Madagascar , Iran , Iraq , Lebanon , Italian Somaliland , Syria , Thailand and portions of Germany , Austria and Japan . Most of these military administrations were handed over to old European colonial authorities or to new local authorities soon after the end of the hostilities . Commonwealth forces administered occupation zones in Japan , Germany and Austria until 1955 . World War II confirmed that Britain was no longer the great power it had once been , and that it had been surpassed by the United States on the world stage . Canada , Australia and New Zealand moved within the orbit of the United States . The image of imperial strength in Asia had been shattered by the Japanese attacks , and British prestige there was irreversibly damaged . The price for India 's entry to the war had been effectively a guarantee for independence , which came within two years of the end of the war , relieving Britain of its most populous and valuable colony . The deployment of 150,000 Africans overseas from British colonies , and the stationing of white troops in Africa itself led to revised perceptions of the Empire in Africa . </P> <H2> Military histories of the British Empire , colonies and Dominions ( edit ) </H2> <P> The contributions from individual colonies , protectorates and dominions to the war effort were extensive and global . Further information about their involvement can be found in the military histories of the individual colonies and dominions listed below . </P> <Ul> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Aden </Li> <Li> Ascension </Li> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Barbados </Li> <Li> Basutoland </Li> <Li> Bechuanaland </Li> <Li> Bermuda </Li> <Li> British Cameroons </Li> <Li> British Guiana </Li> <Li> British Honduras </Li> <Li> British Leeward Islands </Li> <Li> British Malaya </Li> <Li> British Solomon Islands </Li> <Li> British Somaliland </Li> <Li> British Windward Islands </Li> <Li> Protectorate of Brunei </Li> <Li> Burma </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Cayman Islands </Li> <Li> Ceylon </Li> <Li> Cyprus </Li> <Li> Dominica </Li> <Li> Egypt </Li> <Li> Falkland Islands </Li> <Li> Fiji </Li> <Li> Gambia </Li> <Li> Gibraltar </Li> <Li> Gilbert and Ellice Islands </Li> <Li> Gold Coast </Li> <Li> Grenada </Li> <Li> Guernsey </Li> <Li> Hong Kong </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Jamaica </Li> <Li> Jersey </Li> <Li> Kenya </Li> <Li> Malta </Li> <Li> Mandatory Palestine </Li> <Li> Mauritius </Li> <Li> Nauru </Li> <Li> Nepal </Li> <Li> Newfoundland </Li> <Li> New Guinea </Li> <Li> New Hebrides </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> <Li> Nigeria </Li> <Li> Norfolk Island </Li> <Li> North Borneo </Li> <Li> Northern Rhodesia </Li> <Li> Nyasaland </Li> <Li> Papua </Li> <Li> St Helena </Li> <Li> Saint Lucia </Li> <Li> Saint Vincent </Li> <Li> Sarawak </Li> <Li> Seychelles </Li> <Li> Sierra Leone </Li> <Li> Singapore </Li> <Li> South Africa </Li> <Li> South West Africa </Li> <Li> Southern Rhodesia </Li> <Li> Straits Settlements </Li> <Li> Sudan </Li> <Li> Tanganyika </Li> <Li> Tonga Protectorate </Li> <Li> Trinidad and Tobago </Li> <Li> Turks and Caicos </Li> <Li> Uganda Protectorate </Li> <Li> Western Samoa </Li> <Li> Zanzibar </Li> <Li> British Military Administration ( Borneo ) </Li> <Li> British Military Administration ( Eritrea ) </Li> <Li> British Military Administration of Italian Somaliland </Li> <Li> British Military Administration ( Libya ) </Li> <Li> British Military Administration ( Malaya ) </Li> <Li> British Military Administration ( Somalia ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> British Empire portal </Li> <Li> World War II portal </Li> </Ul> <H3> Homefront ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Australian home front during the Second World War </Li> <Li> Christmas Island Mutiny and Battle </Li> <Li> Gibraltar evacuation in the Second World War </Li> <Li> British home front during the Second World War </Li> <Li> Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands </Li> <Li> Japanese occupation of British Borneo </Li> <Li> Japanese occupation of Burma </Li> <Li> Japanese occupation of Hong Kong </Li> <Li> Japanese occupation of Malaya </Li> <Li> Japanese occupation of Nauru </Li> <Li> Japanese occupation of Singapore </Li> <Li> German occupation of the Channel Islands </Li> </Ul> <H3> Major military formations and units ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> List of British Empire corps of the Second World War </Li> <Li> List of British Empire divisions in the Second World War </Li> <Li> List of British Empire brigades of the Second World War </Li> <Li> East Africa Command </Li> <Li> Far East Command </Li> <Li> India Command </Li> <Li> Malaya Command </Li> <Li> Middle East Command </Li> <Li> Persia and Iraq Command </Li> <Li> West Africa Command </Li> <Li> Pacific Fleet </Li> <Li> Eastern Fleet </Li> <Li> Home Fleet </Li> <Li> Mediterranean Fleet </Li> <Li> Reserve Fleet </Li> <Li> Bomber Command </Li> <Li> Ferry Command </Li> <Li> Fighter Command </Li> <Li> RAF Squadrons </Li> <Li> British Commonwealth Air Training Plan </Li> <Li> British Commonwealth Occupation Force </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Ireland was also technically a dominion but operated largely as a republic and remained neutral during the war ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The term was popularised during World War I and became official after the Balfour Declaration in 1926 . W. David McIntyre , 1999 , `` The Commonwealth '' ; in Robin Winks ( ed . ) , The Oxford History of the British Empire : Volume V : Historiography , Oxford University Press , p. 558 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ History of the Second World War ( 104 volumes ) , Her Majesty 's Stationery Office , London 1949 to 1993 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stacey , C P. ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edgerton , David ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Louis , p. 315 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brown , p. 284 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brown , pp. 307 -- 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McKernan ( 1983 ) . p. 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephens ( 2006 ) . pp. 76 -- 79 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Byers , A.R. , ed. ( 1986 ) . The Canadians at War 1939 -- 45 . Westmount , QC : The Readers ' Digest Association . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88850 - 145 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hague , 2000 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Byers , p. 26 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stacey 1970 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McIntyre pp. 336 -- 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grey ( 2008 ) . pp. 156 -- 164 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brown , p. 310 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See `` Pounds Sterling to Dollars : Historical Conversion of Currency '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marcelo de Paiva Abreu , `` India as a creditor : sterling balances , 1940 - 1953 . '' ( Department of Economics , Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro , 2015 ) online </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Louis , p. 335 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McIntyre p. 339 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brown , p. 317 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McIntyre p. 337 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Colin ( 2006 ) . Singapore Burning : Heroism and Surrender in World War II . Penguin Group . ISBN 0 - 14 - 101036 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Churchill , Winston ( 1986 ) . The Hinge of Fate , Volume 4 . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , p. 81 . ISBN 0395410584 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eric S. Rubin , `` America , Britain , and Swaraj : Anglo - American Relations and Indian Independence , 1939 -- 1945 , '' India Review '' ( Jan -- March 2011 ) 10 # 1 pp 40 -- 80 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arthur Herman ( 2008 ) . Gandhi & Churchill : The Epic Rivalry That Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age . Random House Digital , Inc . pp. 472 -- 539 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McIntyre , p. 341 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McIntyre , p. 342 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Brown , Judith ( 1998 ) . The Twentieth Century , The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume IV . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 924679 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Bryce , Robert Broughton ( 2005 ) . Canada and the cost of World War II . McGill - Queen 's University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 2938 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Butler , J.R.M. et al. Grand Strategy ( 6 vol 1956 -- 60 ) , official overview of the British war effort ; Volume 1 : Rearmament Policy ; Volume 2 : September 1939 -- June 1941 ; Volume 3 , Part 1 : June 1941 -- August 1942 ; Volume 3 , Part 2 : June 1941 -- August 1942 ; Volume 4 : September 1942 -- August 1943 ; Volume 5 : August 1943 -- September 1944 ; Volume 6 : October 1944 -- August 1945 </Li> <Li> Chartrand , René ; Ronald Volstad ( 2001 ) . Canadian Forces in World War II . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 302 - 0 </Li> <Li> Copp , J. T ; Richard Nielsen ( 1995 ) . No price too high : Canadians and the Second World War . McGraw - Hill Ryerson . ISBN 0 - 07 - 552713 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Edgerton , David . Britain 's War Machine : Weapons , Resources , and Experts in the Second World War ( Oxford University Press ; 2011 ) 445 pages </Li> <Li> Hague , Arnold : The allied convoy system 1939 -- 1945 : its organization , defence and operation . St. Catharines , Ontario : Vanwell , 2000 . </Li> <Li> Jackson , Ashley ( 2006 ) . The British Empire and the Second World War . London : Hambledon Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1852854171 . </Li> <Li> Louis , Wm . Roger ( 2006 ) . Ends of British Imperialism : The Scramble for Empire , Suez and Decolonization . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1 - 84511 - 347 - 0 . </Li> <Li> McIntyre , W. Donald ( 1977 ) . The Commonwealth of Nations . University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 0792 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Morton , Desmond ( 1999 ) . A military history of Canada ( 4th ed . ) . Toronto : McClelland and Stewart . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 6514 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Mulvey , Paul . The British Empire in World War II . Academic.edu . </Li> <Li> Roberts , Andrew . Masters and Commanders -- How Roosevelt , Churchill , Marshall and Alanbrooke Won the War in the West ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Stacey , C P. ( 1970 ) Arms , Men and Governments : The War Policies of Canada , 1939 -- 1945 Queen 's Printer , Ottawa ( Downloadable PDF ) ISBN D2 - 5569 </Li> <Li> Stewart , Andrew ( 2008 ) . Empire Lost : Britain , the Dominions and the Second World War . London : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1847252449 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Butler , J.R.M. et al. Grand Strategy ( 6 vol 1956 -- 60 ) , official overview of the British war effort ; Volume 1 : Rearmament Policy ; Volume 2 : September 1939 -- June 1941 ; Volume 3 , Part 1 : June 1941 -- August 1942 ; Volume 3 , Part 2 : June 1941 -- August 1942 ; Volume 4 : September 1942 -- August 1943 ; Volume 5 : August 1943 -- September 1944 ; Volume 6 : October 1944 -- August 1945 </Li> <Li> Churchill , Winston . The Second World War ( 6 vol 1947 -- 51 ) , classic personal history with many documents </Li> <Li> Edgerton , David . Britain 's War Machine : Weapons , Resources , and Experts in the Second World War ( Oxford University Press ; 2011 ) 445 pages </Li> <Li> Harrison , Mark Medicine and Victory : British Military Medicine in the Second World War ( 2004 ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 926859 - 2 </Li> <Li> Hastings , Max . Winston 's War : Churchill , 1940 -- 1945 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Khan , Yasmin . The Raj at War : A People 's History of India 's Second World War ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Raghavan , Srinath . India 's War : World War II and the Making of Modern South Asia ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Roberts , Andrew . Masters and Commanders -- How Roosevelt , Churchill , Marshall and Alanbrooke Won the War in the West ( 2008 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Army ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Allport , Alan . Browned Off and Bloody - Minded : The British Soldier Goes to War , 1939 -- 1945 ( Yale UP , 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Atkinson , Rick . The Day of Battle : The War in Sicily and Italy , 1943 -- 1944 ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search </Li> <Li> Buckley , John . British Armour in the Normandy Campaign 1944 ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> D'Este , Carlo . Decision in Normandy : The Unwritten Story of Montgomery and the Allied Campaign ( 1983 ) . ISBN 0 - 00 - 217056 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Ellis , L.F. The War in France and Flanders , 1939 -- 1940 ( HMSO , 1953 ) online </Li> <Li> Ellis , L.F. Victory in the West , Volume 1 : Battle of Normandy ( HMSO , 1962 ) </Li> <Li> Ellis , L.F. Victory in the West , Volume 2 : Defeat of Germany ( HMSO , 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Fraser , David . And We Shall Shock Them : The British Army in World War II ( 1988 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 42637 - 1 </Li> <Li> Graham , Dominick . Tug of War : The Battle for Italy 1943 -- 1945 ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Hamilton , Nigel . Monty : The Making of a General : 1887 -- 1942 ( 1981 ) ; Master of the Battlefield : Monty 's War Years 1942 -- 1944 ( 1984 ) ; Monty : The Field - Marshal 1944 -- 1976 ( 1986 ) . </Li> <Li> Lamb , Richard . War In Italy , 1943 -- 1945 : A Brutal Story ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Thompson , Julian . The Imperial War Museum Book of the War in Burma 1942 -- 1945 ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Sebag - Montefiore , Hugh . Dunkirk : Fight to the Last Man ( 2008 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Royal Navy ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Barnett , Corelli . Engage the Enemy More Closely : The Royal Navy in the Second World War ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Marder , Arthur . Old Friends , New Enemies : The Royal Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy , vol. 2 : The Pacific War , 1942 -- 1945 with Mark Jacobsen and John Horsfield ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Roskill , S.W. The White Ensign : British Navy at War , 1939 -- 1945 ( 1960 ) . summary </Li> <Li> Roskill , S.W. War at Sea 1939 -- 1945 , Volume 1 : The Defensive London : HMSO , 1954 ; War at Sea 1939 -- 1945 , Volume 2 : The Period of Balance , 1956 ; War at Sea 1939 -- 1945 , Volume 3 : The Offensive , Part 1 , 1960 ; War at Sea 1939 -- 1945 , Volume 3 : The Offensive , Part 2 , 1961 . online vol 1 ; online vol 2 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Air war ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Bungay , Stephen . The Most Dangerous Enemy : The Definitive History of the Battle of Britain ( 2nd ed. 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Collier , Basil . Defence of the United Kingdom ( HMSO , 1957 ) online </Li> <Li> Fisher , David E , A Summer Bright and Terrible : Winston Churchill , Lord Dowding , Radar , and the Impossible Triumph of the Battle of Britain ( 2005 ) excerpt online </Li> <Li> Hastings , Max . Bomber Command ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Hansen , Randall . Fire and Fury : The Allied Bombing of Germany , 1942 -- 1945 ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Hough , Richard and Denis Richards . The Battle of Britain ( 1989 ) 480 pp </Li> <Li> Messenger , Charles , `` Bomber '' Harris and the Strategic Bombing Offensive , 1939 -- 1945 ( 1984 ) , defends Harris </Li> <Li> Overy , Richard . The Battle of Britain : The Myth and the Reality ( 2001 ) 192 pages excerpt and text search </Li> <Li> Richards , Dennis , et al. Royal Air Force , 1939 -- 1945 : The Fight at Odds -- Vol. 1 ( HMSO 1953 ) , official history vol 1 online edition vol 2 online edition ; vol 3 online edition </Li> <Li> Shores , Christopher F. Air War for Burma : The Allied Air Forces Fight Back in South - East Asia 1942 -- 1945 ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Terraine , John . A Time for Courage : The Royal Air Force in the European War , 1939 -- 1945 ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Verrier , Anthony . The Bomber Offensive ( 1969 ) , British </Li> <Li> Webster , Charles and Noble Frankland , The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany , 1939 -- 1945 ( HMSO , 1961 ) , 4 vol . Important official British history </Li> <Li> Wood , Derek , and Derek D. Dempster . The Narrow Margin : The Battle of Britain and the Rise of Air Power 1930 -- 40 ( 1975 ) online edition </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Checklist of official histories </Li> <Li> Britain in World War II </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> British Empire battles of the Second World War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Africa </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> East Africa </Dt> <Dd> Conquest of British Somaliland </Dd> <Dd> Capture of Italian Somaliland </Dd> <Dd> Recapture of British Somaliland </Dd> <Dd> Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> North Africa </Dt> <Dd> First Battle of El Alamein </Dd> <Dd> Second Battle of El Alamein </Dd> <Dd> Italian invasion of Egypt </Dd> <Dd> Operation Compass </Dd> <Dd> Run for Tunis </Dd> <Dd> Siege of Giarabub </Dd> <Dd> Siege of Tobruk </Dd> <Dd> Capture of Tobruk </Dd> <Dd> Operation Brevity </Dd> <Dd> Operation Skorpion </Dd> <Dd> Operation Sonnenblume </Dd> <Dd> Occupation of Libya </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Southern Africa </Dt> <Dd> Battle of Madagascar </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> West Africa </Dt> <Dd> Battle of Dakar </Dd> <Dd> Operation Postmaster </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Arctic </Dt> <Dd> Battle of the Barents Sea </Dd> <Dd> Evacuation of Norway </Dd> <Dd> Occupation of Iceland </Dd> <Dd> Evacuation of Spitsbergen </Dd> <Dd> Faroe Islands Occupation </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Balkans </Dt> <Dd> Reinforcement of Greece </Dd> <Dd> Battle of Crete ( Rethymno </Dd> <Dd> Thermopylae </Dd> <Dd> Vevi ) </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Mediterranean </Dt> <Dd> Convoy AN 14 </Dd> <Dd> Attack on Mers - el - Kébir </Dd> <Dd> Battle of Calabria </Dd> <Dd> Campobasso Convoy </Dd> <Dd> Battle of Cape Bon </Dd> <Dd> Battle of Cape Matapan </Dd> <Dd> Battle of Cape Passero </Dd> <Dd> Battle of Cape Spada </Dd> <Dd> Battle of Cape Spartivento </Dd> <Dd> Cigno Convoy </Dd> <Dd> Duisburg Convoy </Dd> <Dd> Espero Convoy </Dd> <Dd> Battle of the Ligurian Sea </Dd> <Dd> Battle of Skerki Bank </Dd> <Dd> Battle of the Strait of Otranto ( 1940 ) </Dd> <Dd> Battle of Taranto </Dd> <Dd> Tarigo Convoy </Dd> <Dd> Battle off Zuwarah </Dd> <Dd> Operation Abstention </Dd> <Dd> Operation Agreement </Dd> <Dd> Operation Albumen </Dd> <Dd> Operation Excess </Dd> <Dd> Operation Grog </Dd> <Dd> Raid on Alexandria </Dd> <Dd> Raid on Souda Bay </Dd> <Dd> Siege of Malta </Dd> <Dd> Malta Convoys </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Western Europe </Dt> <Dd> Battle of the Heligoland Bight </Dd> <Dd> BEF </Dd> <Dd> Dunkirk evacuation </Dd> <Dd> Battle of Britain </Dd> <Dd> The Blitz </Dd> <Dd> Dieppe Raid </Dd> <Dd> Channel Dash </Dd> <Dd> Operation Gisela </Dd> <Dd> Operation Steinbock </Dd> <Dd> Operation Diver </Dd> <Dd> Evacuation of Gibraltar </Dd> <Dd> Juno Beach </Dd> <Dd> Gold Beach </Dd> <Dd> Sword Beach </Dd> <Dd> Clearing the Channel Coast </Dd> <Dd> Battle of the Scheldt </Dd> <Dd> Operation Blackcock </Dd> <Dd> Battle of the Reichswald </Dd> <Dd> St Nazaire Raid </Dd> <Dd> Liberation of Belgium </Dd> <Dd> Liberation of the Netherlands </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Far East </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Hong Kong </Dt> <Dd> Battle of Kowloon and New Territories </Dd> <Dd> Battle of Hong Kong Island </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Malay </Dt> <Dd> Japanese invasion of Malaya </Dd> <Dd> Battle of Jitra </Dd> <Dd> Defence of Johore </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Singapore </Dt> <Dd> Fall of Singapore </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Burma </Dt> <Dd> Japanese conquest of Burma </Dd> <Dd> Arakan Campaign 1942 -- 43 </Dd> <Dd> Recapture of Burma </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> India </Dt> <Dd> Invasion of India </Dd> <Dd> Operation U-Go </Dd> <Dd> Battle of Imphal </Dd> <Dd> Battle of Kohima </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Indian Ocean </Dt> <Dd> Indian Ocean disaster </Dd> <Dd> Indian Ocean retreat </Dd> <Dd> Cocos Islands mutiny </Dd> <Dd> Indian Ocean raid </Dd> <Dd> Battle of Ceylon </Dd> <Dd> Evacuation of British Somaliland </Dd> <Dd> Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands </Dd> <Dd> Indian Ocean raid ( 1944 ) </Dd> <Dd> Indian Ocean strike </Dd> <Dd> Battle of the Malacca Strait </Dd> <Dd> Bombing of Sumatra </Dd> <Dd> Bombardment of Andaman Islands </Dd> <Dd> Bombardment of Northern Malay </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Middle East </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Iraq </Dt> <Dd> Invasion of Iraq </Dd> <Dd> Battle of Fallujah </Dd> <Dd> Siege of Habbaniya </Dd> <Dd> Battle of Basra </Dd> <Dd> Capture of Baghdad </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Iran </Dt> <Dd> Invasion of Khuzestan </Dd> <Dd> Invasion of Central Iran </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Syria -- Lebanon </Dt> <Dd> Invasion of Lebanon </Dd> <Dd> Capture of Beirut </Dd> <Dd> Invasion of Syria </Dd> <Dd> Capture of Damascus </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Americas </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Atlantic </Dt> <Dd> Battle of the River Plate </Dd> <Dd> Battle of the Gulf of St. Lawrence </Dd> <Dd> Battle of the Denmark Strait </Dd> <Dd> Newfoundland Escort Force </Dd> <Dd> Mid-Ocean Escort Force </Dd> <Dd> Western Local Escort Force </Dd> <Dd> Western Approaches Escort Force </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> History of World War II by region and country </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Belgian Congo </Li> <Li> British Somaliland </Li> <Li> Egypt </Li> <Li> French West Africa </Li> <Li> French Somaliland </Li> <Li> Gold Coast </Li> <Li> Kenya </Li> <Li> Liberia </Li> <Li> Nyasaland </Li> <Li> Madagascar </Li> <Li> South Africa </Li> <Li> Southern Rhodesia </Li> <Li> Tunisia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North America </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Cuba </Li> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> Greenland </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> <Li> Newfoundland </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> <Li> United States <Ul> <Li> Arizona </Li> <Li> Nevada </Li> <Li> New Mexico </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South America </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Argentina </Li> <Li> Brazil </Li> <Li> British Guiana </Li> <Li> Colombia </Li> <Li> Latin America </Li> <Li> Uruguay </Li> <Li> Venezuela </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Burma </Li> <Li> Ceylon </Li> <Li> China </Li> <Li> Dutch East Indies </Li> <Li> Hong Kong </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Indochina </Li> <Li> Iran </Li> <Li> Iraq </Li> <Li> Japan <Ul> <Li> Manchukuo </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Malaya </Li> <Li> Mongolia </Li> <Li> Nepal </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Sarawak , Brunei , Labuan , and British North Borneo </Li> <Li> Singapore </Li> <Li> Thailand </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Austria </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Czechoslovakia </Li> <Li> Denmark </Li> <Li> Estonia </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> France <Ul> <Li> Basque Country </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> Ireland </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Latvia </Li> <Li> Liechtenstein </Li> <Li> Lithuania </Li> <Li> Luxembourg </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> Nordic states </Li> <Li> Norway </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Slovakia </Li> <Li> Slovenia </Li> <Li> Soviet Union <Ul> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Belarus </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Spain <Ul> <Li> Galicia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sweden </Li> <Li> Switzerland </Li> <Li> United Kingdom <Ul> <Li> British Empire </Li> <Li> Channel Islands </Li> <Li> Gibraltar </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Vatican City </Li> <Li> Yugoslavia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oceania </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Nauru </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&oldid=828332533 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> British Empire in World War II </Li> <Li> History of the Commonwealth of Nations </Li> <Li> Military of the Commonwealth of Nations </Li> <Li> History of the British Empire </Li> <Li> World War II national military histories </Li> <Li> 1939 in the British Empire </Li> <Li> 1940s in the British Empire </Li> <Li> World War II by country </Li> <Li> Imperialism </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2013 </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from August 2011 </Li> <Li> Use British English from August 2011 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with inconsistent citation formats </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 23 : 13 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Cast Away - wikipedia <H1> Cast Away </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2000 film . For other uses , see Castaway ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Cast Away </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Robert Zemeckis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tom Hanks </Li> <Li> Jack Rapke </Li> <Li> Steve Starkey </Li> <Li> Robert Zemeckis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> William Broyles , Jr . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tom Hanks </Li> <Li> Helen Hunt </Li> <Li> Nick Searcy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Alan Silvestri </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Don Burgess </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Arthur Schmidt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ImageMovers </Li> <Li> Playtone </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 20th Century Fox ( North America ) </Li> <Li> DreamWorks Pictures ( International ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> December 22 , 2000 ( 2000 - 12 - 22 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 143 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $90 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $429.6 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Cast Away is a 2000 American epic survival drama film directed and co-produced by Robert Zemeckis and starring Tom Hanks , Helen Hunt , and Nick Searcy . The film depicts a FedEx employee stranded on an uninhabited island after his plane crashes in the South Pacific and his attempts to survive on the island using remnants of his plane 's cargo . </P> <P> The film was released on December 22 , 2000 . It was a critical and commercial success , grossing $429 million worldwide , with Hanks being nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role at the 73rd Academy Awards . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Music </Li> <Li> 3.2 FedEx </Li> <Li> 3.3 Wilson the volleyball </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Reception <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> In December 1995 , Chuck Noland is a time - obsessed systems engineer , who travels worldwide resolving productivity problems at FedEx depots . He is in a long - term relationship with Kelly Frears , with whom he lives in Memphis , Tennessee . Although the couple wants to get married , Chuck 's busy schedule interferes with their relationship . A Christmas with relatives is interrupted when Chuck is summoned to resolve a problem in Malaysia . While flying through a violent storm , his plane crashes into the Pacific Ocean . Chuck escapes the sinking plane and is saved by an inflatable life raft , but loses the emergency locator transmitter . He clings to the life raft , loses consciousness , and floats all night before being washed up on an island . After he awakens , he explores the island and soon discovers that it is uninhabited . </P> <P> Several FedEx packages from the crashed plane wash up on the shore , as well as the corpse of one of the pilots , which he buries . He initially tries to signal for rescue and makes an escape attempt with the remnants of his life raft , but can not pass the powerful surf and the coral reefs surrounding the island . He searches for food , water , and shelter , and opens the packages , finding a number of potentially useful items . He leaves one package , which has a pair of angel wings stenciled on it , unopened . During a first attempt to make fire , Chuck receives a deep wound to his hand . In anger and pain , he throws several objects , including a Wilson volleyball from one of the packages . A short time later he draws a face in the bloody hand print on the ball , names it Wilson , and begins talking to it . One night , Chuck calculates that in order for the rescue workers to find the site of the plane crash , they will have to search an area twice the size of Texas , making him doubtful he will ever be found . </P> <P> Four years later , Chuck has adapted to the meager living conditions on the island , having become adept at spearing fish and making fires . He also has regular conversations and arguments with Wilson , which has become his only means of socialization . A large section from a portable toilet washes up on the island ; Chuck uses it as a sail in the construction of a raft . After spending some time building and stocking the raft and deciding when the weather conditions will be optimal ( using an analemma he has created in his cave to monitor the time of year ) , he launches , using the sail to overcome the powerful surf . After some time on the ocean , a storm nearly tears his raft apart . The following day , as Chuck sleeps , Wilson becomes untethered and floats away from the raft . Chuck is wakened by the spray of a sounding whale , sees Wilson , and swims after him , but Wilson has gone too far to safely retrieve . Chuck returns to the raft and collapses in tears . Later , a passing cargo ship finds him , drifting . </P> <P> Upon returning to civilization , Chuck learns that he has long been given up for dead ; his family and acquaintances have held a funeral , and Kelly has since married Chuck 's one - time dentist and has a daughter . After reuniting with Kelly , the pair profess their love for each other but , realizing they can not be together because of her commitment to her new family , they sadly part . Kelly gives Chuck the keys to the car they once shared . </P> <P> Sometime later , after buying a new volleyball , Chuck travels to Canadian , Texas , to return the unopened FedEx package with the angel wings to its sender , a woman named Bettina Peterson . The house at the address is empty , so he leaves the package at the door with a note saying that the package saved his life . He departs and stops at a remote crossroads . A friendly woman passing by in a pickup truck stops to explain where each road leads . As she drives away , Chuck notices the angel wings on the back of her truck are identical to those on the parcel . As Chuck is left standing at the crossroads he looks down each road , then smiles faintly as he looks in the direction of the woman 's truck . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Tom Hanks as Chuck Noland </Li> <Li> Helen Hunt as Kelly Frears </Li> <Li> Nick Searcy as Stan </Li> <Li> Jenifer Lewis as Becca Twig </Li> <Li> Chris Noth as Jerry Lovett </Li> <Li> Lari White as Bettina Peterson </Li> <Li> Vince Martin as Albert `` Al '' Miller </Li> <Li> Geoffrey Blake as Maynard Graham </Li> <Li> Michael Forest as Jack </Li> <Li> Jay Acovone as Petrov </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> The film 's shooting was between the years 1998 and 2000 , but was not shot consecutively . Hanks gained 50 pounds ( 23 kg ) during pre-production to make him look like a pudgy , middle - aged man . After a majority of the film was shot , production was halted for a year so that he could lose the weight and grow his hair and beard to look like he had been living on the island for years . During the year - long hiatus , Zemeckis used the same film crew to make another film , What Lies Beneath . </P> <P> Cast Away was filmed on Monuriki , one of the Mamanuca Islands in Fiji . It is in a subgroup of the Mamanuca archipelago , which is sited off the coast of Viti Levu , Fiji 's largest island . The island became a tourist attraction following the film 's release . After Chuck 's return , it is identified by Kelly as being `` about 600 miles south of the Cook Islands , '' but there is actually no land between the southernmost Cook Islands of Mangaia and Antarctica . </P> <P> The film essentially begins and ends in the same location , on the Arrington Ranch in the Texas Panhandle south of the city of Canadian , Texas . </P> <H3> Music ( edit ) </H3> <P> The film 's minimal score was composed by Alan Silvestri for which he won a Grammy Award in 2002 . The film 's soundtrack is most notable for its lack of score and creature sound effects ( such as bird song or insect sounds ) while Chuck is on the island , which is intended to reinforce the feeling of isolation . Cast Away contains no original musical score until Chuck escapes the island . However , there is a Russian choral piece heard near the start of the film that was not composed or even recorded by Silvestri , so it does not appear on the film 's soundtrack list . It is a traditional Russian song written by Lev Knipper called `` Oh , My Field '' ( `` Polyushko , Polye '' ) and it is available on various collections of Red Army hymns . The tracks in Silvestri 's score are as follows : </P> <Ol> <Li> `` Cast Away '' -- 3 : 44 </Li> <Li> `` Wilson , I 'm Sorry '' -- 1 : 39 </Li> <Li> `` Drive to Kelly 's '' -- 3 : 54 </Li> <Li> `` Love of My Life '' -- 1 : 47 </Li> <Li> `` What the Tide Could Bring '' -- 3 : 39 </Li> <Li> `` Crossroads '' -- 2 : 08 </Li> <Li> `` End Credits '' -- 7 : 29 </Li> </Ol> <P> The official soundtrack CD is an anthology of musical pieces from all films up to that point directed by Zemeckis and scored by Silvestri . The only track from Cast Away itself is the theme from the end credits . </P> <H3> FedEx ( edit ) </H3> <P> FedEx provided access to their facilities ( Memphis , Los Angeles , and Moscow ) as well as airplanes , trucks , uniforms , and logistical support . A team of FedEx marketers oversaw production through more than two years of filming . FedEx CEO Fred Smith made an appearance as himself for the scene where Chuck is welcomed back , which was filmed on location at FedEx 's home facilities in Memphis , Tennessee . The idea of a story based on a FedEx plane crashing gave the company `` a heart attack at first , '' but the overall story was seen as positive . FedEx , which paid no money for product placement in the film , saw an increase in brand awareness in Asia and Europe following the film 's release . </P> <H3> Wilson the volleyball ( edit ) </H3> Wilson the volleyball <P> In the film , Wilson the volleyball serves as Chuck Noland 's personified friend and only companion during the four years that Noland spends alone on a deserted island . Named after the volleyball 's manufacturer , Wilson Sporting Goods , the character was created by screenwriter William Broyles , Jr ... While researching for the film , he consulted with professional survival experts , and then chose to deliberately strand himself for one week on an isolated beach in the Gulf of California , to force himself to search for water and food , and obtain his own shelter . During this time , a volleyball washed up on shore . This was the inspiration for the film 's inanimate companion . From a screenwriting point of view , Wilson also serves to realistically allow dialogue in a one - person - only situation . </P> <P> One of the original volleyball props was sold at auction for $18,500 to the ex-CEO of FedEx Office , Ken May . At the time of the film 's release , Wilson launched its own joint promotion centered on the fact that one of its products was `` co-starring '' with Tom Hanks . Wilson manufactured a volleyball with a reproduction of the bloodied handprint face on one side . It was sold for a limited time during the film 's initial release and continues to be offered on the company 's website . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> On Rotten Tomatoes , Cast Away has an approval rating of 90 % based on 154 reviews , with an average rating of 7.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Flawed but fascinating , Cast Away offers an intelligent script , some of Robert Zemeckis ' most mature directing , and a showcase performance from Tom Hanks . '' On Metacritic the film has a score of 73 out of 100 , based on 32 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . </P> <P> Cast Away opened in 2,774 theaters in North America and grossed $28,883,406 with an average of $10,412 per theater on its opening weekend . For the four - day Christmas long holiday weekend , it took in a total of $39,852,075 . The film kept performing well and ended up earning $233,632,142 domestically and $196,000,000 internationally for a total of $429,632,142 , well above its production budget of $90 million . </P> <H3> Accolades ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Recipients and nominees </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 73rd Academy Awards </Td> <Td> Best Actor </Td> <Td> Tom Hanks </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Sound </Td> <Td> Randy Thom , Tom Johnson , Dennis S. Sands and William B. Kaplan </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 54th British Academy Film Awards </Td> <Td> Best Actor </Td> <Td> Tom Hanks </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6th Critics ' Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Best Inanimate Object </Td> <Td> Wilson </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 58th Golden Globe Awards </Td> <Td> Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama </Td> <Td> Tom Hanks </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 MTV Movie Awards </Td> <Td> Best Action Sequence </Td> <Td> Plane crash </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Kiss </Td> <Td> Tom Hanks and Helen Hunt </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Male Performance </Td> <Td> Tom Hanks </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best On - Screen Duo </Td> <Td> Tom Hanks and Wilson </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7th Screen Actors Guild Awards </Td> <Td> Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role </Td> <Td> Tom Hanks </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : </P> <Ul> <Li> 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- Nominated </Li> </Ul> <H2> In popular culture ( edit ) </H2> <P> A FedEx commercial during the 2003 Super Bowl parodied the final scene of the film , in which Chuck returns a package to its sender . In this version , the woman answers the door , and when Chuck asks what was in the box , the woman replies : `` Just a satellite phone , GPS locator , fishing rod , water purifier , and some seeds . Just silly stuff . '' </P> <P> Media executive Lloyd Braun of ABC Studios first suggested the idea of a Cast Away - type television series at a dinner party in 2003 . Thom Sherman later pitched the idea for Cast Away -- The Series , but never developed the idea . The concept was later developed and pitched with the title Nowhere , which later turned into the ABC show Lost . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Survival film , about the film genre , with a list of related films </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Cast Away ( 2000 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . January 1 , 2001 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ' Cast Away ' Director Defies Categorizing '' . New York Times . 2000 . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fiji . Korina Miller , Robyn Jones , Leonardo Pinheiro . Lonely Planet . 2003 . p. 54 . ISBN 1 - 74059 - 134 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carlson , Paul ( August 2007 ) . `` Cast Away and the Texas Panhandle '' ( PDF ) . The Cyclone , Volume XIV , Issue 2 . West Texas Historical Association . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cast Away DVD director 's commentary </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cast Away : The Films of Robert Zemeckis and the Music of Alan Silvestri '' . allmusic . Retrieved June 2 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ` Cast Away ' Delivers Goods For Fedex '' . Chicago Tribune . 2001 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stranded : Behind - the - Scenes of Cast Away , A comprehensive behind - the - scenes look at Cast Away '' . Stumped Magazine . 2004 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved December 27 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A look at some of the biggest hits in film and TV product placement '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 28 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2006 . Retrieved November 25 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cast Away lets Hanks fend for himself '' . Detroit News . December 22 , 2000 . Retrieved November 26 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nate Smith ( January 7 , 2001 ) . `` Cast Away proves great films still exist '' . Daily Gazette . Retrieved November 26 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vanneman , Alan . `` The Volleyball in the Void '' . Bright Lights Film Journal . Retrieved November 26 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hepola , Sarah ( December 29 , 2000 ) . `` Lost at Sea and Back Again '' . The Austin Chronicle . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Natale , Richard ( December 20 , 2000 ) . `` Casting About '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wilson Cast Away Volleyball '' . Wilson Sporting Goods . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cast Away '' . Rotten Tomatoes . December 22 , 2000 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cast Away '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for December 22 - 24 , 2000 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for December 22 - 25 , 2000 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 73rd Academy Awards ( 2001 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2012 . Retrieved November 19 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wolf , Matt ( February 26 , 2001 ) . `` ' Gladiator ' Gets 5 British Awards '' . Topeka Capital - Journal . Associated Press . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 6th Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Winners and Nominees '' . Broadcast Film Critics Association . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( January 22 , 2001 ) . `` A ' Gladiator 's ' Triumph ; ' Famous , ' Tom Hanks , Julia Roberts Also Win Golden Globes '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schaefer , Stephen ( January 31 , 2001 ) . `` SAG might shake up Oscar field '' . The Boston Herald . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers Nominees '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Why no matches in the FedEx box ? : FedEx parody commercial makes deliberate decision not to help provide fire to its own castaway '' . CNN . January 27 , 2003 . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Cast Away '' . Chicago . August 2007 . Retrieved December 27 , 2008 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cast Away . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Cast Away </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Cast Away on IMDb </Li> <Li> Cast Away at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> Cast Away at Metacritic </Li> <Li> Cast Away at Box Office Mojo </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Robert Zemeckis </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> I Wanna Hold Your Hand ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Used Cars ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Back to the Future ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Back to the Future Part II ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Back to the Future Part III ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Two - Fisted Tales ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Death Becomes Her ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Contact ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> What Lies Beneath ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Cast Away ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> The Polar Express ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Beowulf ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Flight ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> The Walk ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Doc Brown Saves the World ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Allied ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Untitled Robert Zemeckis project ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Tom Hanks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Director </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> That Thing You Do ! ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Larry Crowne ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenwriter </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> That Thing You Do ! ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 , 4 episodes ) </Li> <Li> Magnificent Desolation : Walking on the Moon 3D ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Larry Crowne ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cast Away ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> My Big Fat Greek Wedding ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Connie and Carla ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Magnificent Desolation : Walking on the Moon 3D ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Neil Young : Heart of Gold ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> The Ant Bully ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Starter for 10 ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Charlie Wilson 's War ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> The Great Buck Howard ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> City of Ember ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Where the Wild Things Are ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Larry Crowne ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> The Circle ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Band of Brothers ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Game Change ( 2012 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Filmography </Li> <Li> Playtone </Li> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> Colin Hanks </Li> <Li> Rita Wilson </Li> <Li> Jim Hanks </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> FedEx Corporation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Established 1971 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founder </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Frederick W. Smith </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Subsidiaries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Express </Li> <Li> Ground </Li> <Li> Freight </Li> <Li> Custom Critical </Li> <Li> Office </Li> <Li> Trade Networks </Li> <Li> Supply Chain </Li> <Li> Corporate Services </Li> <Li> TechConnect </Li> <Li> SmartPost </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Air hubs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Memphis </Li> <Li> Indianapolis </Li> <Li> Anchorage </Li> <Li> Oakland </Li> <Li> Newark </Li> <Li> Fort Worth </Li> <Li> Miami </Li> <Li> Paris </Li> <Li> Kansai </Li> <Li> Guangzhou </Li> <Li> Cologne </Li> <Li> Toronto </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Flying Tiger Line </Li> <Li> American Freightways </Li> <Li> Asia Airfreight </Li> <Li> FedEx Institute of Technology </Li> <Li> KIAC </Li> <Li> FedEx Field </Li> <Li> FedEx Forum </Li> <Li> FedEx Racing </Li> <Li> Zapmail </Li> <Li> Cast Away </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> Annual Revenue </Dt> <Dd> $34.7 billion USD ( 2010 ) </Dd> <Dt> Employees </Dt> <Dd> 290,000 ( 2010 ) </Dd> <Dt> Stock Symbol </Dt> <Dd> FDX </Dd> <Dt> Website </Dt> <Dd> fedex.com </Dd> <Dt> Products </Dt> <Dd> Freight Forwarding Services , Logistics Services </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GND : 7749819 - 7 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cast_Away&oldid=800308689 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2000 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> 2000s adventure films </Li> <Li> 2000s drama films </Li> <Li> American adventure drama films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> American survival films </Li> <Li> Films about aviation accidents or incidents </Li> <Li> Films about castaways </Li> <Li> Films about solitude </Li> <Li> Films set in 1995 </Li> <Li> Films set in 1999 </Li> <Li> Films set in Moscow </Li> <Li> Films set in Oceania </Li> <Li> Films set in Tennessee </Li> <Li> Films set in Texas </Li> <Li> Films set on uninhabited islands </Li> <Li> Films shot in Fiji </Li> <Li> Films shot in Los Angeles </Li> <Li> Films shot in Russia </Li> <Li> Films shot in Texas </Li> <Li> Films featuring a Best Drama Actor Golden Globe winning performance </Li> <Li> Films set in Memphis , Tennessee </Li> <Li> Films set on beaches </Li> <Li> Films set on islands </Li> <Li> One - man films </Li> <Li> FedEx </Li> <Li> Foreign films shot in the Philippines </Li> <Li> Film scores by Alan Silvestri </Li> <Li> Films produced by Tom Hanks </Li> <Li> Films directed by Robert Zemeckis </Li> <Li> 20th Century Fox films </Li> <Li> DreamWorks Pictures films </Li> <Li> ImageMovers films </Li> <Li> Playtone films </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages containing links to subscription - only content </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from July 2017 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Brezhoneg </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Kernowek </Li> <Li> Кыргызча </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> മലയാളം </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Монгол </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> پښتو </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 18 : 39 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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List of countries by Steel production - wikipedia <H1> List of countries by Steel production </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the company - oriented account , see List of steel producers . <P> This article summarizes the world steel production by country . </P> <P> In 2017 , total world crude steel production was 1,674.7 million metric tonnes ( mmt ) . The biggest steel producing country is currently China , which accounted for 49.7 % of world steel production in 2017 . In 2008 , 2009 and 2015 output fell in the majority of steel - producing countries as a result of the global recession . In 2010 and 2016 , it started to rise again . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Name of Countries having largest steel production ( up to 2017 data ) </Li> <Li> 2 Exports </Li> <Li> 3 Imports </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Name of countries having largest Steel production ( up to 2017 data ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> This is a list of countries by steel production in 1967 , 1980 , 1990 , 2000 and from 2007 to 2017 , based on data provided by the World Steel Association . All countries with annual production of crude steel at least 2 million metric tons are listed . </P> <Table> Crude steel production ( million metric tons ) : <Tr> <Th> Rank ( 2017 ) </Th> <Th> Country / Region </Th> <Th> 2017 </Th> <Th> 2016 </Th> <Th> 2015 </Th> <Th> 2014 </Th> <Th> 2013 </Th> <Th> 2012 </Th> <Th> 2011 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 2009 </Th> <Th> 2008 </Th> <Th> 2007 </Th> <Th> 2000 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 1980 </Th> <Th> 1967 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> World </Td> <Td> 1674.7 </Td> <Td> 1628.0 </Td> <Td> 1620.4 </Td> <Td> 1670.1 </Td> <Td> 1649.3 </Td> <Td> 1552.9 </Td> <Td> 1490.1 </Td> <Td> 1413.6 </Td> <Td> 1219.7 </Td> <Td> 1326.5 </Td> <Td> 1351.3 </Td> <Td> 850.1 </Td> <Td> 770.4 </Td> <Td> 716.4 </Td> <Td> 497.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> People 's Republic of China </Td> <Td> 831.7 </Td> <Td> 808.4 </Td> <Td> 803.8 </Td> <Td> 822.7 </Td> <Td> 779.0 </Td> <Td> 724.7 </Td> <Td> 683.3 </Td> <Td> 626.7 </Td> <Td> 573.6 </Td> <Td> 500.3 </Td> <Td> 494.9 </Td> <Td> 128.5 </Td> <Td> 66.4 </Td> <Td> 37.1 </Td> <Td> 14.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> - </Td> <Td> European Union </Td> <Td> 168.7 </Td> <Td> 162.3 </Td> <Td> 166.2 </Td> <Td> 169.3 </Td> <Td> 166.4 </Td> <Td> 168.6 </Td> <Td> 177.7 </Td> <Td> 172.8 </Td> <Td> 139.3 </Td> <Td> 198.2 </Td> <Td> 210.2 </Td> <Td> 193.5 </Td> <Td> 191.8 </Td> <Td> 208.0 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 104.7 </Td> <Td> 104.8 </Td> <Td> 105.2 </Td> <Td> 110.7 </Td> <Td> 110.6 </Td> <Td> 107.2 </Td> <Td> 107.6 </Td> <Td> 109.6 </Td> <Td> 87.5 </Td> <Td> 118.7 </Td> <Td> 120.2 </Td> <Td> 106.4 </Td> <Td> 110.3 </Td> <Td> 111.4 </Td> <Td> 62.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 101.4 </Td> <Td> 95.6 </Td> <Td> 89.6 </Td> <Td> 87.3 </Td> <Td> 81.2 </Td> <Td> 77.3 </Td> <Td> 72.2 </Td> <Td> 68.3 </Td> <Td> 62.8 </Td> <Td> 57.8 </Td> <Td> 53.5 </Td> <Td> 26.9 </Td> <Td> 15.0 </Td> <Td> 9.5 </Td> <Td> 6.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 81.6 </Td> <Td> 78.6 </Td> <Td> 78.9 </Td> <Td> 88.2 </Td> <Td> 87.0 </Td> <Td> 88.6 </Td> <Td> 86.2 </Td> <Td> 80.6 </Td> <Td> 58.2 </Td> <Td> 91.4 </Td> <Td> 98.1 </Td> <Td> 101.8 </Td> <Td> 89.7 </Td> <Td> 101.4 </Td> <Td> 115.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> 71.3 </Td> <Td> 70.8 </Td> <Td> 71.1 </Td> <Td> 71.5 </Td> <Td> 69.4 </Td> <Td> 70.6 </Td> <Td> 68.7 </Td> <Td> 66.9 </Td> <Td> 60.0 </Td> <Td> 68.5 </Td> <Td> 72.4 </Td> <Td> 59.1 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> 71.1 </Td> <Td> 68.6 </Td> <Td> 69.7 </Td> <Td> 71.5 </Td> <Td> 66.0 </Td> <Td> 69.3 </Td> <Td> 68.5 </Td> <Td> 58.5 </Td> <Td> 48.6 </Td> <Td> 53.6 </Td> <Td> 51.5 </Td> <Td> 43.1 </Td> <Td> 23.1 </Td> <Td> 8.5 </Td> <Td> 0.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 43.6 </Td> <Td> 42.1 </Td> <Td> 42.7 </Td> <Td> 42.9 </Td> <Td> 42.6 </Td> <Td> 42.7 </Td> <Td> 44.3 </Td> <Td> 43.8 </Td> <Td> 32.7 </Td> <Td> 45.8 </Td> <Td> 48.6 </Td> <Td> 46.4 </Td> <Td> 44.0 </Td> <Td> 51.1 </Td> <Td> 41.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> 37.5 </Td> <Td> 33.2 </Td> <Td> 31.5 </Td> <Td> 34.0 </Td> <Td> 34.7 </Td> <Td> 35.9 </Td> <Td> 34.1 </Td> <Td> 29.0 </Td> <Td> 25.3 </Td> <Td> 26.8 </Td> <Td> 25.8 </Td> <Td> 14.3 </Td> <Td> 9.4 </Td> <Td> 2.5 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 34.4 </Td> <Td> 30.2 </Td> <Td> 33.3 </Td> <Td> 33.9 </Td> <Td> 34.2 </Td> <Td> 34.7 </Td> <Td> 35.2 </Td> <Td> 32.8 </Td> <Td> 26.5 </Td> <Td> 33.7 </Td> <Td> 33.8 </Td> <Td> 27.9 </Td> <Td> 20.6 </Td> <Td> 15.3 </Td> <Td> 3.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 24.0 </Td> <Td> 23.3 </Td> <Td> 22.0 </Td> <Td> 23.7 </Td> <Td> 24.1 </Td> <Td> 27.2 </Td> <Td> 28.7 </Td> <Td> 25.8 </Td> <Td> 19.7 </Td> <Td> 30.6 </Td> <Td> 31.6 </Td> <Td> 26.8 </Td> <Td> 25.5 </Td> <Td> 26.5 </Td> <Td> 15.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Taiwan </Td> <Td> 23.2 </Td> <Td> 21.8 </Td> <Td> 21.4 </Td> <Td> 23.1 </Td> <Td> 22.3 </Td> <Td> 20.7 </Td> <Td> 20.2 </Td> <Td> 19.8 </Td> <Td> 15.8 </Td> <Td> 19.9 </Td> <Td> 20.9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> 22.7 </Td> <Td> 24.2 </Td> <Td> 22.9 </Td> <Td> 27.2 </Td> <Td> 32.8 </Td> <Td> 32.9 </Td> <Td> 35.3 </Td> <Td> 33.6 </Td> <Td> 29.9 </Td> <Td> 37.3 </Td> <Td> 42.8 </Td> <Td> 31.8 </Td> <Td> 54.6 </Td> <Td> 52.3 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Iran </Td> <Td> 21.8 </Td> <Td> 17.9 </Td> <Td> 16.1 </Td> <Td> 16.3 </Td> <Td> 15.4 </Td> <Td> 14.5 </Td> <Td> 13.0 </Td> <Td> 12.0 </Td> <Td> 10.9 </Td> <Td> 10.0 </Td> <Td> 10.1 </Td> <Td> 6.6 </Td> <Td> 1.4 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> 20.0 </Td> <Td> 19.0 </Td> <Td> 18.3 </Td> <Td> 19.0 </Td> <Td> 18.2 </Td> <Td> 18.1 </Td> <Td> 18.1 </Td> <Td> 17.0 </Td> <Td> 14.2 </Td> <Td> 17.2 </Td> <Td> 17.6 </Td> <Td> 15.6 </Td> <Td> 8.7 </Td> <Td> 7.1 </Td> <Td> 3.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 15.5 </Td> <Td> 14.6 </Td> <Td> 15.0 </Td> <Td> 16.1 </Td> <Td> 15.7 </Td> <Td> 15.6 </Td> <Td> 15.8 </Td> <Td> 15.4 </Td> <Td> 12.8 </Td> <Td> 17.9 </Td> <Td> 19.3 </Td> <Td> 21.0 </Td> <Td> 19.0 </Td> <Td> 23.1 </Td> <Td> 19.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 14.5 </Td> <Td> 13.6 </Td> <Td> 14.9 </Td> <Td> 14.3 </Td> <Td> 13.7 </Td> <Td> 13.6 </Td> <Td> 15.6 </Td> <Td> 16.3 </Td> <Td> 14.3 </Td> <Td> 18.6 </Td> <Td> 19.0 </Td> <Td> 15.8 </Td> <Td> 12.9 </Td> <Td> 12.8 </Td> <Td> 4.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 13.7 </Td> <Td> 12.7 </Td> <Td> 12.5 </Td> <Td> 12.7 </Td> <Td> 12.4 </Td> <Td> 13.5 </Td> <Td> 13.1 </Td> <Td> 13.0 </Td> <Td> 9.0 </Td> <Td> 14.8 </Td> <Td> 15.6 </Td> <Td> 16.6 </Td> <Td> 12.3 </Td> <Td> 15.9 </Td> <Td> 8.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> 10.3 </Td> <Td> 8.9 </Td> <Td> 9.1 </Td> <Td> 8.6 </Td> <Td> 8.0 </Td> <Td> 8.4 </Td> <Td> 8.8 </Td> <Td> 8.0 </Td> <Td> 7.2 </Td> <Td> 9.7 </Td> <Td> 10.6 </Td> <Td> 10.5 </Td> <Td> 13.6 </Td> <Td> 19.5 </Td> <Td> 10.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Vietnam </Td> <Td> 10.3 </Td> <Td> 5.2 </Td> <Td> 5.7 </Td> <Td> 5.9 </Td> <Td> 5.6 </Td> <Td> 5.3 </Td> <Td> 4.9 </Td> <Td> 2.7 </Td> <Td> 2.7 </Td> <Td> 2.7 </Td> <Td> 2.3 </Td> <Td> 0.3 </Td> <Td> 0.1 </Td> <Td> 0.1 </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> 8.1 </Td> <Td> 7.4 </Td> <Td> 7.7 </Td> <Td> 7.9 </Td> <Td> 7.9 </Td> <Td> 7.4 </Td> <Td> 7.5 </Td> <Td> 7.2 </Td> <Td> 5.7 </Td> <Td> 7.6 </Td> <Td> 7.6 </Td> <Td> 5.7 </Td> <Td> 4.3 </Td> <Td> 4.6 </Td> <Td> 3.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> 7.7 </Td> <Td> 7.7 </Td> <Td> 7.2 </Td> <Td> 7.3 </Td> <Td> 7.1 </Td> <Td> 7.4 </Td> <Td> 8.1 </Td> <Td> 8.1 </Td> <Td> 5.6 </Td> <Td> 10.7 </Td> <Td> 10.7 </Td> <Td> 11.6 </Td> <Td> 11.5 </Td> <Td> 12.3 </Td> <Td> 9.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> 7.5 </Td> <Td> 7.6 </Td> <Td> 10.8 </Td> <Td> 12.1 </Td> <Td> 11.9 </Td> <Td> 9.6 </Td> <Td> 9.5 </Td> <Td> 9.7 </Td> <Td> 10.1 </Td> <Td> 13.5 </Td> <Td> 14.3 </Td> <Td> 15.2 </Td> <Td> 17.8 </Td> <Td> 11.3 </Td> <Td> 24.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Egypt </Td> <Td> 6.8 </Td> <Td> 5.0 </Td> <Td> 5.5 </Td> <Td> 6.5 </Td> <Td> 6.8 </Td> <Td> 6.6 </Td> <Td> 6.5 </Td> <Td> 6.7 </Td> <Td> 5.5 </Td> <Td> 6.2 </Td> <Td> 6.2 </Td> <Td> 2.8 </Td> <Td> 2.2 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 0.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> 6.8 </Td> <Td> 6.9 </Td> <Td> 7.0 </Td> <Td> 7.0 </Td> <Td> 6.7 </Td> <Td> 6.9 </Td> <Td> 6.9 </Td> <Td> 6.7 </Td> <Td> 5.2 </Td> <Td> 6.8 </Td> <Td> 7.4 </Td> <Td> 5.7 </Td> <Td> 5.4 </Td> <Td> 5.3 </Td> <Td> 3.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> 6.3 </Td> <Td> 6.1 </Td> <Td> 7.6 </Td> <Td> 6.6 </Td> <Td> 7.2 </Td> <Td> 7.1 </Td> <Td> 6.7 </Td> <Td> 8.5 </Td> <Td> 7.5 </Td> <Td> 8.3 </Td> <Td> 9.1 </Td> <Td> 8.5 </Td> <Td> 8.7 </Td> <Td> 9.1 </Td> <Td> 3.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 5.3 </Td> <Td> 5.3 </Td> <Td> 4.9 </Td> <Td> 4.6 </Td> <Td> 4.7 </Td> <Td> 4.9 </Td> <Td> 6.4 </Td> <Td> 7.3 </Td> <Td> 5.2 </Td> <Td> 7.6 </Td> <Td> 7.9 </Td> <Td> 7.1 </Td> <Td> 6.6 </Td> <Td> 7.6 </Td> <Td> 6.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Slovakia </Td> <Td> 5.0 </Td> <Td> 4.8 </Td> <Td> 4.6 </Td> <Td> 4.7 </Td> <Td> 4.5 </Td> <Td> 4.4 </Td> <Td> 4.2 </Td> <Td> 4.6 </Td> <Td> 3.7 </Td> <Td> 4.5 </Td> <Td> 5.1 </Td> <Td> 3.7 </Td> <Td> 5.1 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> 5.0 </Td> <Td> 3.6 </Td> <Td> 2.9 </Td> <Td> 2.4 </Td> <Td> 1.9 </Td> <Td> 1.6 </Td> <Td> 1.6 </Td> <Td> 1.4 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 0.8 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Saudi Arabia </Td> <Td> 4.8 </Td> <Td> 5.5 </Td> <Td> 5.7 </Td> <Td> 6.3 </Td> <Td> 5.4 </Td> <Td> 5.2 </Td> <Td> 5.3 </Td> <Td> 5.0 </Td> <Td> 4.7 </Td> <Td> 4.7 </Td> <Td> 4.6 </Td> <Td> 3.0 </Td> <Td> 1.8 </Td> <Td> 0.1 </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> 4.8 </Td> <Td> 4.9 </Td> <Td> 4.4 </Td> <Td> 2.6 </Td> <Td> 2.3 </Td> <Td> 3.6 </Td> <Td> 3.6 </Td> <Td> 3.5 </Td> <Td> 3.9 </Td> <Td> 4.1 </Td> <Td> 2.9 </Td> <Td> 2.8 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> 4.7 </Td> <Td> 4.62 </Td> <Td> 4.4 </Td> <Td> 4.5 </Td> <Td> 4.4 </Td> <Td> 4.3 </Td> <Td> 4.9 </Td> <Td> 4.8 </Td> <Td> 2.8 </Td> <Td> 5.2 </Td> <Td> 5.7 </Td> <Td> 5.2 </Td> <Td> 4.5 </Td> <Td> 4.2 </Td> <Td> 4.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> 4.6 </Td> <Td> 4.1 </Td> <Td> 5.0 </Td> <Td> 5.5 </Td> <Td> 5.2 </Td> <Td> 5.0 </Td> <Td> 5.7 </Td> <Td> 5.1 </Td> <Td> 4.0 </Td> <Td> 5.5 </Td> <Td> 5.4 </Td> <Td> 4.5 </Td> <Td> 3.6 </Td> <Td> 2.7 </Td> <Td> 1.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> 4.6 </Td> <Td> 5.3 </Td> <Td> 5.3 </Td> <Td> 5.4 </Td> <Td> 5.2 </Td> <Td> 5.1 </Td> <Td> 5.6 </Td> <Td> 5.2 </Td> <Td> 4.6 </Td> <Td> 6.4 </Td> <Td> 7.1 </Td> <Td> 6.2 </Td> <Td> 9.7 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Thailand </Td> <Td> 4.5 </Td> <Td> 3.8 </Td> <Td> 3.7 </Td> <Td> 4.1 </Td> <Td> 3.6 </Td> <Td> 3.3 </Td> <Td> 4.2 </Td> <Td> 3.7 </Td> <Td> 3.6 </Td> <Td> 5.2 </Td> <Td> 5.6 </Td> <Td> 2.1 </Td> <Td> 0.7 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Kazakhstan </Td> <Td> 4.4 </Td> <Td> 4.2 </Td> <Td> 3.6 </Td> <Td> 3.7 </Td> <Td> 3.3 </Td> <Td> 3.9 </Td> <Td> 4.7 </Td> <Td> 4.3 </Td> <Td> 4.1 </Td> <Td> 4.3 </Td> <Td> 4.8 </Td> <Td> 4.7 </Td> <Td> 7.4 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> 4.0 </Td> <Td> 4.1 </Td> <Td> 4.0 </Td> <Td> 3.8 </Td> <Td> 3.5 </Td> <Td> 3.8 </Td> <Td> 4.0 </Td> <Td> 4.0 </Td> <Td> 3.1 </Td> <Td> 4.4 </Td> <Td> 4.4 </Td> <Td> 4.1 </Td> <Td> 2.9 </Td> <Td> 2.5 </Td> <Td> 0.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Romania </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> 3.3 </Td> <Td> 3.4 </Td> <Td> 3.2 </Td> <Td> 3.0 </Td> <Td> 3.3 </Td> <Td> 3.8 </Td> <Td> 3.9 </Td> <Td> 2.7 </Td> <Td> 5.0 </Td> <Td> 6.3 </Td> <Td> 4.7 </Td> <Td> 9.7 </Td> <Td> 13.2 </Td> <Td> 4.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> United Arab Emirates </Td> <Td> 3.3 </Td> <Td> 3.2 </Td> <Td> 3.0 </Td> <Td> 2.4 </Td> <Td> 2.9 </Td> <Td> 2.4 </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 0.2 </Td> <Td> 0.1 </Td> <Td> 0.1 </Td> <Td> 0.1 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Malaysia </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> 2.8 </Td> <Td> 3.8 </Td> <Td> 4.3 </Td> <Td> 4.7 </Td> <Td> 5.6 </Td> <Td> 5.9 </Td> <Td> 4.1 </Td> <Td> 4.0 </Td> <Td> 6.4 </Td> <Td> 6.9 </Td> <Td> 3.7 </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> 0.2 </Td> <Td> 0.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Qatar </Td> <Td> 2.6 </Td> <Td> 2.5 </Td> <Td> 2.6 </Td> <Td> 3.0 </Td> <Td> 2.2 </Td> <Td> 2.1 </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 1.4 </Td> <Td> 1.4 </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> 0.7 </Td> <Td> 0.6 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Belarus </Td> <Td> 2.4 </Td> <Td> 2.2 </Td> <Td> 2.6 </Td> <Td> 2.5 </Td> <Td> 2.2 </Td> <Td> 2.7 </Td> <Td> 2.6 </Td> <Td> 2.5 </Td> <Td> 2.4 </Td> <Td> 2.6 </Td> <Td> 2.4 </Td> <Td> 1.5 </Td> <Td> 1.5 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Luxembourg </Td> <Td> 2.2 </Td> <Td> 2.3 </Td> <Td> 2.1 </Td> <Td> 2.2 </Td> <Td> 2.1 </Td> <Td> 2.2 </Td> <Td> 2.5 </Td> <Td> 2.5 </Td> <Td> 2.1 </Td> <Td> 2.6 </Td> <Td> 2.9 </Td> <Td> 2.6 </Td> <Td> 3.6 </Td> <Td> 4.6 </Td> <Td> 4.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 2.1 </Td> <Td> 2.1 </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 1.5 </Td> <Td> 1.6 </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 1.9 </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> 0.8 </Td> <Td> 0.7 </Td> <Td> 0.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Others </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> 28.4 </Td> <Td> 29.5 </Td> <Td> 29.9 </Td> <Td> 26.5 ( est . ) </Td> <Td> 23.3 ( est . ) </Td> <Td> 28.6 ( est . ) </Td> <Td> 30.7 ( est . ) </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Exports ( edit ) </H2> <Table> Top steel exporters in 2013 <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Mt </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 61.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 42.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> - </Td> <Td> European Union </Td> <Td> 38.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> 50.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> 24.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 24.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> 23.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> 17.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 16.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 14.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> 13.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 12.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Taiwan </Td> <Td> 11.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 10.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 9.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> 8.8 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Top steel net exporters in 2013 <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Mt </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 46.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 37.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> 23.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> 17.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> 9.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> - </Td> <Td> European Union </Td> <Td> 7.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 4.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Taiwan </Td> <Td> 3.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> 3.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> 3.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> 2.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> 2.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Slovakia </Td> <Td> 2.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 2.3 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Imports ( edit ) </H2> <Table> Top steel importers in 2013 <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Volume </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> - </Td> <Td> European Union </Td> <Td> 30.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 30.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 22.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> 19.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Thailand </Td> <Td> 15.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 15.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 14.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> 14.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 13.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> 12.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> 10.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Vietnam </Td> <Td> 10.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 8.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> 8.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Taiwan </Td> <Td> 7.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> 7.7 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Top steel net importers in 2013 <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Volume </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 17.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Thailand </Td> <Td> 14.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> 11.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Vietnam </Td> <Td> 8.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Saudi Arabia </Td> <Td> 6.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> United Arab Emirates </Td> <Td> 5.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Algeria </Td> <Td> 5.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Philippines </Td> <Td> 4.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Iraq </Td> <Td> 4.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Egypt </Td> <Td> 3.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Singapore </Td> <Td> 3.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Hong Kong </Td> <Td> 3.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 3.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> 3.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Iran </Td> <Td> 2.7 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Steel industry </Li> <Li> Global steel industry trends </Li> <Li> List of steel producers </Li> <Li> List of countries by iron ore production </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ World Steel Association Archived 2010 - 11 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . World Crude Steel Production 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ World Crude Steel Production 2010 Archived 2011 - 09 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ World Crude Steel Production 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 27 . World Crude Steel Production 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World Steel Production 1980 - 2013 '' ( PDF ) . World Steel Association . Nov 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 April 2015 . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Handbook of World Steel Statistics '' ( PDF ) . 1978 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 May 2015 . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Monthly crude steel production - 2017 '' ( PDF ) . World Steel Assoctiation. 2018 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Monthly crude steel production '' ( PDF ) . World Steel Association . 24 Apr 2017 . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Steel Statistical Yearbook 2016 '' ( PDF ) . World Steel Association . 2016 . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Steel Statistical Yearbook 2015 '' ( PDF ) . World Steel Association . 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 November 2015 . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World Steel Statistics data 2013 '' ( PDF ) . World Steel Association . 23 January 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 February 2014 . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ EEC until 1993 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Was part of USSR until 1992 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : partial data </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Was part of Czechoslovakia until 1993 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ composition of other countries vary year to year , thus is not comparable </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : World Steel Association : WORLD STEEL IN FIGURES 2014 Archived 2014 - 07 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : excluding intra-regional trade </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> World Steel Association </Li> <Li> American Iron and Steel Institute </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Lists of countries by industrial output rankings </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Metallurgy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aluminium </Li> <Li> Al O </Li> <Li> Bauxite </Li> <Li> Bismuth </Li> <Li> Copper <Ul> <Li> smelter </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gold </Li> <Li> Iron ore </Li> <Li> Lithium </Li> <Li> Magnesium </Li> <Li> Manganese </Li> <Li> Mercury </Li> <Li> Palladium </Li> <Li> Platinum </Li> <Li> Silver </Li> <Li> Steel </Li> <Li> Tin </Li> <Li> Titanium </Li> <Li> Uranium <Ul> <Li> reserves </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Zinc </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mineral </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Antimony </Li> <Li> Bentonite </Li> <Li> Feldspar </Li> <Li> Fluorite </Li> <Li> Silicon </Li> <Li> Salt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Emissions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CO <Ul> <Li> per capita </Li> <Li> GDP per </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Greenhouse gas <Ul> <Li> per capita </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Manufacturing </Li> <Li> Cement </Li> <Li> Motor vehicles </Li> <Li> Paper </Li> <Li> Refrigerators </Li> <Li> Washing machines </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> List of international rankings </Li> <Li> List of top international rankings by country </Li> <Li> Lists by country </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_steel_production&oldid=824363321 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Steel industry by country </Li> <Li> Lists of countries by production </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from December 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Bosanski </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Shqip </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 , at 22 : 12 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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The Rocky Horror Picture Show - wikipedia <H1> The Rocky Horror Picture Show </H1> This article is about the 1975 motion picture . For its 2016 remake , see The Rocky Horror Picture Show : Let 's Do the Time Warp Again . For other uses , see The Rocky Horror Picture Show ( disambiguation ) . <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Rocky Horror Picture Show </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Jim Sharman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lou Adler </Li> <Li> Michael White </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Richard O'Brien </Li> <Li> Jim Sharman </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> The Rocky Horror Show by Richard O'Brien </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tim Curry </Li> <Li> Susan Sarandon </Li> <Li> Barry Bostwick </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Narrated by </Th> <Td> Charles Gray </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Richard Hartley </Li> <Li> Songs : </Li> <Li> Richard O'Brien </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Peter Suschitzky </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Graeme Clifford </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Michael White Productions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> 20th Century Fox </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 14 August 1975 ( 1975 - 08 - 14 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 100 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> US $1.4 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> US $140.2 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Rocky Horror Picture Show is a 1975 musical science - fiction horror - comedy film by 20th Century Fox produced by Lou Adler and Michael White and directed by Jim Sharman . The screenplay was written by Sharman and actor Richard O'Brien , who is also a member of the cast . The film is based on the 1973 musical stage production The Rocky Horror Show , with music , book , and lyrics by O'Brien . The production is a parody tribute to the science fiction and horror B movies of the 1930s through to the early 1960s . Along with O'Brien , the film stars Tim Curry , Susan Sarandon , and Barry Bostwick and is narrated by Charles Gray with cast members from the original Royal Court Theatre , Roxy Theatre , and Belasco Theatre productions . </P> <P> The story centres on a young engaged couple whose car breaks down in the rain near a castle where they seek a telephone to call for help . The castle or country home is occupied by strangers in elaborate costumes celebrating an annual convention . They discover the head of the house is Dr. Frank N. Furter , an apparent mad scientist who actually is an alien transvestite who creates a living muscle man in his laboratory . The couple are seduced separately by the mad scientist and eventually released by the servants who take control . </P> <P> The film was shot in the United Kingdom at Bray Studios and on location at an old country estate named Oakley Court , best known for its earlier use by Hammer Film Productions . A number of props and set pieces were reused from the Hammer horror films . Although the film is both a parody of and tribute to many of kitsch science fiction and horror films , costume designer Sue Blane conducted no research for her designs . Blane stated that costumes from the film have directly affected the development of punk rock fashion fashion trends such as ripped fishnets and dyed hair . </P> <P> Although largely critically panned on initial release , it soon became known as a midnight movie when audiences began participating with the film at the Waverly Theater in New York City in 1976 . Audience members returned to the cinemas frequently and talked back to the screen and began dressing as the characters , spawning similar performance groups across the United States . At almost the same time , fans in costume at the King 's Court Theater in Pittsburgh began performing alongside the film . This `` shadow cast '' mimed the actions on screen above and behind them , while lip - synching their character 's lines . Still in limited release four decades after its premiere , it is the longest - running theatrical release in film history . It is often shown close to Halloween . Today , the film has a large international cult following . It was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress in 2005 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Concept and development </Li> <Li> 3.2 Filming and locations </Li> <Li> 3.3 Costumes , make - up , and props </Li> <Li> 3.4 Title sequence </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Music </Li> <Li> 5 Release <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Home media </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Reception , reaction and legacy <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 6.2 Cult phenomenon <Ul> <Li> 6.2. 1 New York City origins </Li> <Li> 6.2. 2 Los Angeles , Hollywood </Li> <Li> 6.2. 3 San Francisco </Li> <Li> 6.2. 4 Fan following </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6.3 Cultural influence </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Sequels </Li> <Li> 8 Remake </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> A criminologist narrates the tale of the newly engaged couple Brad Majors and Janet Weiss who find themselves lost and with a flat tire on a cold and rainy late November evening , somewhere near Denton , Texas . Seeking a telephone , the couple walk to a nearby castle where they discover a group of strange and outlandish people who are holding an Annual Transylvanian Convention . They are soon swept into the world of Dr. Frank N. Furter , a self - proclaimed `` sweet transvestite from Transsexual , Transylvania '' . The ensemble of convention attendees also includes servants Riff Raff , his sister Magenta , and a groupie named Columbia . </P> <P> In his lab , Frank claims to have discovered the `` secret to life itself '' . His creation , Rocky , is brought to life . The ensuing celebration is soon interrupted by Eddie ( an ex-delivery boy , both Frank and Columbia 's ex-lover , as well as partial brain donor to Rocky ) who rides out of a deep freeze on a motorcycle . Eddie then proceeds to seduce Columbia , get the Transylvanians dancing and singing and intrigue Brad and Janet . When Rocky starts dancing and enjoying the performance , a jealous Frank kills Eddie with an ice pick . Columbia screams in horror , devastated by Eddie 's death . Frank justifies killing Eddie as a `` mercy killing '' to Rocky and they depart to the bridal suite . </P> <P> Brad and Janet are shown to separate bedrooms , where each is visited and seduced by Frank , who poses as Brad ( when visiting Janet ) and then as Janet ( when visiting Brad ) . Janet , upset and emotional , wanders off to look for Brad , who she discovers , via a television monitor , is in bed with Frank . She then discovers Rocky , cowering in his birth tank , hiding from Riff Raff , who has been tormenting him . While tending to his wounds , Janet becomes intimate with Rocky , as Magenta and Columbia watch from their bedroom monitor . </P> <P> After discovering that his creation is missing , Frank returns to the lab with Brad and Riff Raff , where Frank learns that an intruder has entered the building . Brad and Janet 's old high school science teacher , Dr. Everett Scott , has come looking for his nephew , Eddie . Frank suspects that Dr. Scott investigates UFOs for the government . Upon learning of Brad and Janet 's connection to Dr. Scott , Frank suspects them of working for him . Frank , Dr. Scott , Brad , and Riff Raff then discover Janet and Rocky together under the sheets in Rocky 's birth tank , upsetting Frank and Brad . Magenta interrupts the reunion by sounding a massive gong and stating that dinner is prepared . </P> <P> Rocky and the guests share an uncomfortable dinner , which they soon realize has been prepared from Eddie 's mutilated remains . Janet runs screaming into Rocky 's arms , provoking Frank to chase her through the halls . Janet , Brad , Dr. Scott , Rocky , and Columbia all meet in Frank 's lab , where Frank captures them with the Medusa Transducer , transforming them into nude statues . After dressing them in cabaret costume , Frank `` unfreezes '' them , and they perform a live cabaret floor show , complete with an RKO tower and a swimming pool , with Frank as the leader . </P> <P> Riff Raff and Magenta interrupt the performance , revealing themselves and Frank to be aliens from the planet Transsexual in the galaxy of Transylvania . They stage a coup and announce a plan to return to their home planet . In the process , they kill Columbia and Frank , who has `` failed his mission '' . An enraged Rocky gathers Frank in his arms , climbs to the top of the tower , and plunges to his death in the pool below . Riff Raff and Magenta release Brad , Janet , and Dr. Scott , then depart by lifting off in the castle itself . The survivors are then left crawling in the dirt , and the narrator concludes that the human race is equivalent to insects crawling on the planet 's surface , `` lost in time , and lost in space ... and meaning '' . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Tim Curry as Dr. Frank N. Furter , a scientist </Li> <Li> Susan Sarandon as Janet Weiss , a heroine </Li> <Li> Barry Bostwick as Brad Majors , a hero </Li> <Li> Richard O'Brien as Riff Raff , a handyman </Li> <Li> Patricia Quinn as Magenta , a domestic </Li> <Li> Nell Campbell as Columbia , a groupie ( credited as Little Nell ) </Li> <Li> Jonathan Adams as Dr. Everett V. Scott , a rival scientist </Li> <Li> Peter Hinwood as Rocky Horror , a creation </Li> <Li> Meat Loaf as Eddie , an ex-delivery boy </Li> <Li> Charles Gray as the Criminologist , an expert </Li> <Li> Jeremy Newson as Ralph Hapschatt </Li> <Li> Hilary Farr as Betty Munroe ( credited as Hilary Labow ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Concept and development ( edit ) </H3> Little Nell , Patricia Quinn , Tim Curry , and Richard O'Brien in The Rocky Horror Picture Show . All were in the original stage show . Production design by Brian Thomson , costumes by Sue Blane , and musical arrangement by Richard Hartley , all reunited alumni of the London stage production . <P> Richard O'Brien was living as an unemployed actor in London during the early 1970s . He wrote most of The Rocky Horror Show during one winter just to occupy himself . Since his youth , O'Brien had loved science fiction and B horror movies . He wanted to combine elements of the unintentional humour of B horror movies , portentous dialogue of schlock - horror , Steve Reeves muscle flicks , and fifties rock and roll into his musical . O'Brien conceived and wrote the play set against the backdrop of the glam era that had manifested itself throughout British popular culture in the 1970s . Allowing his concept to come into being , O'Brien states `` glam rock allowed me to be myself more '' . </P> <P> O'Brien showed a portion of the unfinished script to Australian director Jim Sharman , who decided to direct it at the small experimental space Upstairs at the Royal Court Theatre , Sloane Square , Chelsea , London , which was used as a project space for new work . O'Brien had appeared briefly in a stage production of Andrew Lloyd Webber 's Jesus Christ Superstar , directed by Sharman , and the two also worked together in Sam Shepard 's The Unseen Hand . Sharman would bring in production designer Brian Thomson . The original creative team was then rounded out by costume designer Sue Blane , musical director Richard Hartley , and stage producer Michael White , who was brought in to produce . As the musical went into rehearsal , the working title , They Came from Denton High , was changed just before previews at the suggestion of Sharman to The Rocky Horror Show . </P> <P> Having premiered in the small sixty - seat Royal Court Theatre , it quickly moved to larger venues in London , transferring to the 230 - seat Chelsea Classic Cinema on Kings Road on 14 August 1973 , before finding a quasi-permanent home at the 500 - seat King 's Road Theatre from 3 November 1973 , running for six years . The musical made its U.S. debut in Los Angeles in 1974 before being played in New York City as well as other cities . Producer and Ode Records owner Lou Adler attended the London production in the winter of 1973 , escorted by friend Britt Ekland . He immediately decided to purchase the U.S. theatrical rights . His production would be staged at his Roxy Theatre in L.A. In 1975 , The Rocky Horror Show premiered on Broadway at the 1,000 - seat Belasco Theatre . </P> <H3> Filming and locations ( edit ) </H3> Oakley Court <P> The film was shot at Bray Studios and Oakley Court , a country house near Maidenhead , Berkshire , England , and at Elstree Studios for post production , from 21 October to 19 December 1974 . Oakley Court , built in 1857 in the Victorian Gothic style , is known for a number of Hammer films . Much of the location shooting took place there , although at the time the manor was not in good condition . Much of the cast were from the original London stage production , including Tim Curry , who had decided that Dr Frank N. Furter should speak like the Queen of England , extravagantly posh . Fox insisted on casting the two characters of Brad and Janet with American actors , Barry Bostwick and Susan Sarandon . Filming took place during autumn , which made conditions worse . During filming , Sarandon fell ill with pneumonia . Filming of the laboratory scene and the title character 's creation occurred on 30 October 1974 . </P> <P> The film is both a parody and tribute to many of the science fiction and horror movies from the 1930s up to the 1970s . The film production retains many aspects from the stage version such as production design and music , but adds new scenes not featured in the original stage play . The film 's plot , setting , and style echo those of the Hammer Horror films , which had their own instantly recognizable style ( just as Universal Studios ' horror films did ) . The originally proposed opening sequence was to contain clips of various films mentioned in the lyrics , as well as the first few sequences shot in black and white , but this was deemed too expensive and scrapped . </P> <H3> Costumes , make - up , and props ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the stage productions , actors generally did their own make - up ; however , for the film , the producers chose Pierre La Roche , who had previously been a make - up artist for Mick Jagger and David Bowie , to redesign the make - up for each character . Production stills were taken by rock photographer Mick Rock , who has published a number of books from his work . In Rocky Horror : From Concept to Cult , designer Sue Blane discusses the Rocky Horror costumes ' influence on punk music style , opining `` ( It was a ) big part of the build - up ( to punk ) . '' She states that ripped fishnet stockings , glitter , and coloured hair were directly attributable to Rocky Horror . </P> A replica costume based on the films , gold sequined swallow - tail coat worn by Little Nell , recreated by fan Mina Credeur of Houston , Texas . <P> Some of the costumes from the film had been originally used in the stage production . Props and set pieces were reused from old Hammer Horror productions and others . The tank and dummy used for Rocky 's birth originally appeared in The Revenge of Frankenstein ( 1958 ) . These references to earlier productions , in addition to cutting costs , enhanced the cult status of the film . </P> <P> Costume designer Sue Blane was not keen on working for the film until she became aware that Curry , an old friend , was committed to the project . Curry and Blane had worked together in Glasgow 's Citizens Theatre in a production of The Maids , for which Curry had worn a woman 's corset . Blane arranged for the theatre to loan her the corset from the other production for Rocky Horror . Blane admits that she did not conduct research for her designing , had never seen a science fiction film , and is acutely aware that her costumes for Brad and Janet may have been generalizations . </P> <P> `` When I designed Rocky , I never looked at any science fiction movies or comic books . One just automatically knows what spacesuits look like , the same way one intuitively knows how Americans dress . I had never been to the United States , but I had this fixed idea of how people looked there . Americans wore polyester so their clothes would n't crease , and their trousers were a bit too short . Since they 're very keen on sports , white socks and white T - shirts played an integral part in their wardrobe . Of course , since doing Rocky I have been to the United States and admit it was a bit of a generalization , but my ideas worked perfectly for Brad and Janet . '' </P> <P> The budget for the film 's costumes was US $1,600 , far more than the stage production budget , but having to double up on costumes the film production was expensive . For filming , corsets for the finale had to be doubled for the pool scene , with one version drying while the other was worn on set . While many of the costumes are exact replicas from the stage productions , other costumes were new to filming , such as Columbia 's gold sequined swallow - tail coat and top hat and Magenta 's maid 's uniform . </P> <P> Blane was amazed by the recreation and understanding of her designs by fans . When she first heard that people were dressing up , she thought it would be tacky , but was surprised to see the depth to which the fans went to recreate her designs . Rocky Horror fan Mina Credeur , who designs costumes and performed as Columbia for Houston 's performance group , states that `` the best part is when everyone leaves with a big smile on their face '' , noting that there 's `` such a kitschiness and campiness that it seems to be winking at you '' . The film still plays at many theatre locations and Rocky Horror costumes are often made for Halloween , although many require much time and effort to make . </P> <H3> Title sequence ( edit ) </H3> The iconic `` Lips '' poster , a parody of the 1975 film poster for Jaws <P> The film starts with the screen fading to black and oversized , disembodied female lips appear overdubbed with a male voice , establishing theme of androgyny to be repeated as the film unfolds . The opening scene and song , `` Science Fiction / Double Feature '' , consists of the lips of Patricia Quinn ( who appears in the film later as the character Magenta ( in addition to the latter , appeared as ' Trixie ' the Usherette in the original London production who sang the song ) ) , but has the vocals of actor and Rocky Horror creator , Richard O'Brien ( who appears as Magenta 's brother Riff Raff ) . The lyrics refer to science fiction and horror films of the past and list several film titles from the 1930s to the 1960s , including The Day the Earth Stood Still ( 1951 ) , Flash Gordon ( 1936 ) , The Invisible Man ( 1933 ) , King Kong ( 1933 ) , It Came from Outer Space ( 1953 ) , Doctor X ( 1932 ) , Forbidden Planet ( 1956 ) , Tarantula ( 1955 ) , The Day of the Triffids ( 1962 ) , Curse of the Demon ( 1957 ) , and When Worlds Collide ( 1951 ) . A second film poster was created using a set of red , lipstick painted lips with the tagline `` A Different Set of Jaws '' , a spoof of the poster for the film Jaws ( which was also released in 1975 ) . The lips of Former Playboy model Lorelei Shark are featured on the poster . </P> <H2> Music ( edit ) </H2> Main article : The Rocky Horror Picture Show ( soundtrack ) <P> The soundtrack was released in 1975 by Ode Records and produced by Richard Hartley . The album peaked at No. 49 on the Billboard 200 in 1978 . It reached No. 12 on the Australian albums chart and No. 11 on the New Zealand albums chart . The album is described as the `` definitive version of the ( Rocky Horror ) score . '' </P> <Ol> <Li> `` Science Fiction / Double Feature '' -- The Lips ( those of Patricia Quinn ; voice of Richard O'Brien ) </Li> <Li> `` Dammit Janet '' -- Brad , Janet , and Chorus </Li> <Li> `` There 's a Light ( Over at the Frankenstein Place ) '' -- Janet , Brad , Riff Raff , and Chorus </Li> <Li> `` The Time Warp '' -- Riff Raff , Magenta , The Criminologist , Columbia , and Transylvanians </Li> <Li> `` Sweet Transvestite '' -- Frank </Li> <Li> `` The Sword of Damocles '' -- Rocky and Transylvanians </Li> <Li> `` I Can Make You a Man '' -- Frank with Brad , Janet , Riff Raff , Magenta , and Columbia </Li> <Li> `` Hot Patootie -- Bless My Soul '' -- Eddie and Transylvanians </Li> <Li> `` I Can Make You a Man ( Reprise ) '' -- Frank , Janet , and Transylvanians </Li> <Li> `` Touch - a , Touch - a , Touch - a , Touch Me '' -- Janet with Magenta , Columbia , Rocky , Brad , Frank , and Riff Raff </Li> <Li> `` Once in a While '' ( deleted scene ) -- Brad </Li> <Li> `` Eddie '' -- Dr. Scott , The Criminologist , Janet , Columbia , Frank , Rocky , Brad , Riff Raff , and Magenta </Li> <Li> `` Planet Schmanet Janet ( Wise Up Janet Weiss ) '' -- Frank </Li> <Li> `` Planet Hot Dog '' -- Janet , Brad , and Dr. Scott </Li> <Li> `` Rose Tint My World '' -- Columbia , Rocky , Janet , and Brad </Li> <Li> `` Fanfare / Do n't Dream It , Be It '' -- Frank with Brad , Janet , Rocky , and Columbia </Li> <Li> `` Wild and Untamed Thing '' -- Frank with Brad , Janet , Rocky , Columbia , and Riff Raff </Li> <Li> `` I 'm Going Home '' -- Frank and Chorus </Li> <Li> `` The Time Warp ( Reprise ) '' -- Riff Raff and Magenta </Li> <Li> `` Super Heroes '' ( only present in the original UK release ) -- Brad , Janet , and Chorus </Li> <Li> `` Science Fiction / Double Feature ( Reprise ) '' -- The Lips </Li> </Ol> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> London release poster for 14 August 1975 premiere <P> The film opened in the United Kingdom at Rialto Theater in London 14 August 1975 and in the United States on 26 September at the UA Westwood in Los Angeles , California . It did well at that location , but not elsewhere . Before the midnight screenings ' success , the film was withdrawn from its eight opening cities due to very small audiences , and its planned New York City opening on Halloween night was cancelled . Fox re-released the film around college campuses on a double - bill with another rock music film parody , Brian De Palma 's Phantom of the Paradise ( 1974 ) , but again it drew small audiences . </P> <P> With Pink Flamingos ( 1972 ) and Reefer Madness ( 1936 ) making money in midnight showings nationwide , a Fox executive , Tim Deegan , was able to talk distributors into midnight screenings , starting in New York City on April Fools ' Day of 1976 . The cult following started shortly after the film began its midnight run at the Waverly Theater in New York City. , then spread to other counties in NYC , and to Uniondale , L.I. Rocky Horror was not only found in the larger cities but throughout the United States where many attendees would get in free if they arrived in costume . The western division of the film 's release included the U.A. Cinemas in Fresno and Merced , the Cinema J. in Sacramento , California , and the Covell in Modesto . In New Orleans , an early organised performance group was active with the release there as well as in such cities as Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , and Chicago ( at the Biograph Theater ) . Before long nearly every screening of the film was accompanied by a live fan cast . </P> 19 January 1978 , opening at the UA Cinema , Merced , California <P> The film is considered to be the longest - running release in film history . It has never been pulled by 20th Century Fox from its original 1975 release , and it continues to play in cinemas . </P> <H3> Home media ( edit ) </H3> <P> A Super 8 version of selected scenes of the film was made available . In 1983 , Ode Records released `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show , Audience Par - Tic - I - Pation Album '' , recorded at the 8th Street Playhouse . The recording consisted of the film 's audio and the standardised call - backs from the audience . </P> <P> A home video release was made available in 1987 in the UK . In the US , the film ( including documentary footage and extras ) was released on VHS in November 8 , 1990 , retailing for $89.95 . </P> <P> The film was released on DVD in 2000 for the film 's 25th anniversary . A 35th Anniversary edition Blu - ray was released in the US on 19 October 2010 . The disc includes a newly created 7.1 surround sound mix , the original theatrical mono sound mix , and a 4K / 2K image transfer from the original camera negative . In addition , new content featuring karaoke and a fan performance were included . </P> <H2> Reception , reaction and Legacy ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Critical reception ( edit ) </H3> <P> Chicago Sun - Times critic Roger Ebert noted that when first released , The Rocky Horror Picture Show was `` ignored by pretty much everyone , including the future fanatics who would eventually count the hundreds of times they 'd seen it '' . He considered it more a `` long - running social phenomenon '' than a movie , rating it 2.5 out of 4 stars . Bill Henkin noted that Variety thought that the `` campy hijinks '' of the film seemed labored , and also mentioned that the San Francisco Chronicle 's John Wasserman , who had liked the stage play in London , found the film `` lacking both charm and dramatic impact '' . Newsweek called the film `` tasteless , plotless and pointless '' in 1978 . </P> <P> Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 80 % based on 41 reviews , with the critical consensus reading `` Rocky Horror Picture Show brings its quirky characters in tight , but it 's the narrative thrust that really drives audiences insane and keeps ' em doing the time warp again '' . A number of contemporary critics find it compelling and enjoyable because of its offbeat and bizarre qualities ; the BBC summarised : `` for those willing to experiment with something a little bit different , a little bit outré , The Rocky Horror Picture Show has a lot to offer '' . The New York Times called it a `` low - budget freak show / cult classic / cultural institution '' and considered the songs featured in the film to be `` catchy '' . Geoff Andrew of Time Out noted that the `` string of hummable songs gives it momentum , Gray 's admirably straight - faced narrator holds it together , and a run on black lingerie takes care of almost everything else '' , rating it 4 out of 5 stars . Dave Kehr of the Chicago Reader on the other hand considered the wit to be `` too weak to sustain a film '' and thought that the `` songs all sound the same '' . </P> <P> In 2005 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . </P> <H3> Cult phenomenon ( edit ) </H3> Main article : The Rocky Horror Picture Show cult following New York City origins ( edit ) Dori Hartley and Sal Piro at the Waverly Theatre in New York in 1977 <P> The Rocky Horror Picture Show helped shape conditions of cult film 's transition from art - house to grind - house style . The film developed a cult following in 1976 at the Waverly Theatre in New York , which developed into a standardised ritual . According to J. Hoberman , author of Midnight Movies , it was after five months into the film 's midnight run when lines began to be shouted by the audience . Louis Farese Jr. , a normally quiet teacher who , upon seeing the character Janet place a newspaper over her head to protect herself from rain , yelled , `` Buy an umbrella , you cheap bitch '' . Originally Louis and other Rocky Horror pioneers , including Amy Lazarus , Theresa Krakauskas , and Bill O'Brian , did this to entertain each other , each week trying to come up with something new to make each other laugh . This quickly caught on with other theater goers and thus began this self - proclaimed `` counter point dialogue '' , which became standard practice and was repeated nearly verbatim at each screening . Performance groups became a staple at Rocky Horror screenings due in part to the prominent New York City fan cast . The New York City cast was originally run by former schoolteacher and stand - up comic Sal Piro and his friend Dori Hartley . Hartley who portrayed Dr. Frank N. Furter , was one of several performers , including Will Kohler as Brad Majors , Nora Poses as Janet , and Lilias Piro as Magenta in a flexible rotating cast . The performances of the audience was scripted and actively discouraged improvising , being conformist in a similar way to the repressed characters . </P> <P> On Halloween in 1976 , people attended in costume and talked back to the screen , and by mid-1978 , Rocky Horror was playing in over 50 locations on Fridays and Saturdays at midnight . Newsletters were published by local performance groups , and fans gathered for Rocky Horror conventions . By the end of 1979 , there were twice - weekly showings at over 230 theatres . The National Fan Club was established in 1977 and later merged with the International Fan Club . The fan publication The Transylvanian printed a number of issues , and a semi-regular poster magazine was published as well as an official magazine . </P> Los Angeles , Hollywood ( edit ) D. Garrett Gafford and Terri Hardin , Tiffany Theater Hollywood , 1978 <P> The Los Angeles area performance groups originated in 1977 at the Fox Theatre , where Michael Wolfson won a look - alike contest as Frank N. Furter , and won another at the Tiffany Theater on Sunset Boulevard . Wolfson 's group eventually performed in all of the L.A. area theaters screening Rocky Horror , including the Balboa Theater in Balboa , The Cove at Hermosa Beach , and The Sands in Glendale . He was invited to perform at the Sombrero Playhouse in Phoenix , Arizona . </P> <P> At the Tiffany Theatre , the audience performance cast had the theater 's full cooperation ; the local performers entered early and without charge . The fan playing Frank for this theatre was a transgender performer , D. Garret Gafford , who was out of work in 1978 and trying to raise the funds for a gender reassignment while spending the weekends performing at the Tiffany . Presently , the live action rendition of The Rocky Horror Picture Show is available for attendance in various locations in Los Angeles , typically Saturday nights at Midnight . </P> San Francisco ( edit ) <P> In 1978 San Francisco , Rocky Horror moved from an earlier location to the Strand Theatre located near the Tenderloin on Market Street . The performance group there , Double Feature / Celluloid Jam , was the first to act out and perform almost the entire film , unlike the New York cast at that time . The Strand cast was put together from former members of an early Berkeley group , disbanded due to less than enthusiastic management . Frank N. Furter was portrayed by Marni Scofidio , who , in 1979 , attracted many of the older performers from Berkeley . Other members included Mishell Erickson and her twin sister Denise Erickson as Columbia and Magenta , Kathy Dolan as Janet , and Linda `` Lou '' Woods as Riff Raff . The Strand group performed at two large science fiction conventions in Los Angeles and San Francisco , were offered a spot at The Mabuhay , a local punk club , and performed for children 's television of Argentina . </P> San Francisco 's Strand Theatre , 1979 . Linda Woods , Marni Scofidio , Denise Erickson , and Jim Curry Fan following ( edit ) <P> Rocky Horror is one of the last few western rites left that pertain to the carnivalesque . Annual Rocky Horror conventions are held in varying locations lasting days . Tucson , Arizona has been host a number of times , including 1999 with `` El Fishnet Fiesta '' , and `` Queens of the Desert '' held in 2006 . Vera Dika wrote that to the fans , Rocky Horror is ritualistic and comparable to a religious event , with a compulsive , repeated cycle of going home and coming back to see the film each weekend . The audience call backs are similar to responses in church during a mass . Many theatre troupes exist across the United States that produce shadow - cast performances where the actors play each part in the film in full costume and props as the movie plays on the big screen in a movie theatre . </P> <P> The film has a global following and remains popular . Subcultures such as Rocky Horror have also found a place on the Internet . Audience participation scripts for many cities are available to download on the Internet . The Internet has a number of Rocky Horror fan - run websites with various quizzes and information specializing in different content allowing fans to participate at a unique level . </P> <H3> Cultural influence ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Rocky Horror Picture Show has been featured in a number of other feature films and television series over the years . Episodes of The Simpsons , The Venture Bros. , The Boondocks , Glee , The Drew Carey Show , That ' 70s Show , and American Dad ! spotlight Rocky Horror , as do films such as Vice Squad ( 1982 ) , Halloween II ( 2009 ) , and The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) . The 1980 film Fame featured the audience reciting their callback lines to the screen and dancing the Time Warp , the dance from the stage show and film , which has become a novelty dance at parties . Director Rob Zombie cited Rocky Horror as a major influence on his film House of 1000 Corpses ( 2003 ) , while the film 's fan culture of cosplaying and audience participation during screenings laid the groundwork for the similarly influential cult following surrounding Tommy Wiseau 's The Room ( 2003 ) . </P> <P> `` The Rocky Horror Glee Show '' aired on 26 October 2010 , as part of the second season of the TV series Glee , which recreated several scenes from the film , including the opening credits . It featured Barry Bostwick and Meat Loaf in cameo roles . </P> <P> `` Bisexuality , The Rocky Horror Picture Show , and Me '' , by Elizabeth Reba Weise , is a piece in Bi Any Other Name : Bisexual People Speak Out ( 1991 ) , an anthology edited by Loraine Hutchins and Lani Ka'ahumanu which is one of the seminal books in the history of the modern bisexual rights movement . </P> <P> The Rocky Horror Picture Show remains a cultural phenomenon in both the U.S. and U.K. Cult film participants are often people on the fringe of society that find connection and community at the screenings , although the film attracts fans of differing backgrounds all over the world . </P> <H2> Sequels ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1979 , Richard O'Brien wrote a projected sequel to the film entitled Rocky Horror Shows His Heels . This script would have featured the return of all of the characters from the original film , and O'Brien wished to largely use the original production team to make the new film , however Jim Sharman did not wish to revisit the original concept so directly , and Tim Curry did not wish to reprise his role . </P> <P> Instead , in 1981 , Sharman reunited with O'Brien to film Shock Treatment , a stand - alone feature that was not a direct sequel to the original film . This film as originally conceived and written in 1980 under the title The Brad and Janet Show , using most of the songs from the original Rocky Horror Shows His Heels project with lyrical adjustments , and depicting the characters ' continuing adventures in the town of Denton , however these plans had to be adjusted due to a Screen Actor 's Guild strike . The eventual production would entail the entire film being shot within a sound stage . Shock Treatment was poorly received by critics and audiences upon release ( in no small part due to the principal cast of Curry , Sarandon and Bostwick not returning ) but over time has built a small cult following , though not nearly as strong as the first film . </P> <P> Ten years later , O'Brien wrote another script intended as a direct sequel to the cult classic entitled Revenge of the Old Queen . Producer Michael White had hoped to begin work on the production and described the script as being `` in the same style as the other one . It has reflections of the past in it . '' Revenge of the Old Queen had apparently commenced pre-production , however after studio head Joe Roth was ousted from Fox in 1993 , the project was shelved indefinitely . Although the script has not been published , bootleg copies can be read on the Internet , and one song from the project 's original demo tape circulates among fans . The script is currently owned by Fox , which produced the two original films . Most individuals associated with the project , including O'Brien , agree that the film will probably never be made , owing to the failure of Shock Treatment and the aging of the original cast . </P> <P> Between 1999 and 2001 , Richard O'Brien was working on a third attempted sequel project with the working title Rocky Horror : The Second Coming , first to be made as a stage production , with an option to create a film if met with success . This script would largely integrate plot elements from Rocky Horror Shows His Heels , but with all - new songs . O'Brien completed a first draft of this script ( which was read by Terry Jones ) but had difficulties finalizing anything beyond the first act , and little more has been heard of this project since the mid-2000s . </P> <P> In 2015 , O'Brien produced Shock Treatment for the theatrical stage . The production premiered at the King 's Head theatre in Islington , London in the United Kingdom in the spring of 2015 . </P> <H2> Remake ( edit ) </H2> Main article : The Rocky Horror Picture Show : Let 's Do the Time Warp Again <P> On 10 April 2015 , it was announced that the Fox Broadcasting Company would air a modern - day reimagining of the film , titled The Rocky Horror Picture Show : Let 's Do the Time Warp Again . On 22 October 2015 , it was announced that the role of Dr. Frank N. Furter would be played by actress Laverne Cox . Ryan McCartan and Victoria Justice play the roles of Brad and Janet , alongside Reeve Carney as Riff Raff and singer / model Staz Nair as Rocky . Adam Lambert portrays Eddie . Tim Curry , who portrayed Dr. Frank N. Furter in the film , portrays the Criminologist . On 1 February 2016 , it was announced that Broadway veteran Annaleigh Ashford would portray Columbia . On 5 February 2016 , Ben Vereen joined the cast as Dr. Everett von Scott . </P> <P> Kenny Ortega , best known for the High School Musical franchise and Michael Jackson 's This Is It ( 2009 ) , directed , choreographed and executive - produced the remake ; Lou Adler , who was an executive producer of the original film , has the same role for the new film . The film premiered on Fox on 20 October 2016 . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of American films of 1975 </Li> <Li> Cross-dressing in film and television </Li> <Li> List of films featuring extraterrestrials </Li> <Li> List of films featuring Frankenstein 's monster </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ROCKY HORROR PICTURE SHOW ( AA ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 17 June 1975 . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Armstrong , Richard ; et al. ( 7 November 2007 ) . The Rough Guide to Film . Rough Guides . p. 506 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4053 - 8498 - 8 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Solomon , Aubrey ( 1989 ) . Twentieth Century Fox : A Corporate and Financial History . Scarecrow Press . p. 258 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Box Office Information for The Rocky Horror Picture Show . The Numbers . Retrieved 25 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson , Dave ( 2016 - 02 - 01 ) . The Rocky Horror Picture Show FAQ : Everything Left to Know About the Campy Cult Classic . Applause Theatre & Cinema Books . p. 1785 . ISBN 978 - 1495007477 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Scott Miller ( 2011 ) . Sex , Drugs , Rock & Roll , and Musicals . UPNE . pp. 127 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55553 - 761 - 6 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Vera Dika ( 9 June 2003 ) . Recycled Culture in Contemporary Art and Film : The Uses of Nostalgia . Cambridge University Press . pp. 112 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 01631 - 5 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Knapp , Raymond ( 2 March 2009 ) . The American Musical and the Performance of Personal Identity . Princeton University Press . pp. 240 ' . ISBN 0 - 691 - 14105 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Auslander , Philip ( 2006 ) . Performing Glam Rock : Gender and Theatricality in Popular Music . University of Michigan Press . p. 49 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , Simon ( 2016 ) . Shock and Awe : Glam Rock and Its Legacy , from the Seventies to the Twenty - First Century . Faber & Faber . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Daniel Eagan ( 26 November 2009 ) . America 's Film Legacy : The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry . Continuum International Publishing Group , Limited . pp. 2086 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 7541 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomson , Brian , ed. ( 1979 ) The Rocky Horror Scrapbook . New York : Star Fleet Productions , Inc. 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shuker , Roy ( 1 November 1994 ) . Understanding popular music . Routledge ; annotated edition . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 10722 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Erik Quisling ; Austin Lowry Williams ( 2003 ) . Straight Whisky : A Living History of Sex , Drugs , and Rock ' n ' Roll on the Sunset Strip . Bonus Books . pp. 245 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56625 - 197 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Louis Botto ; Robert Viagas ( 2002 ) . At this Theatre : 100 Years of Broadway Shows , Stories and Stars . Applause / Playbill . pp. 33 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55783 - 566 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Newland ( 2010 ) . Do n't Look Now : British Cinema in the 1970s . Intellect Books . pp. 138 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84150 - 320 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Williams , sally . `` Elstree Studios '' . The Free Library . Farlex , Inc . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Huckvale , David ( 28 May 2008 ) . Hammer Film Scores and the Musical Avant - Garde . McFarland . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3456 - 5 . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stuart Fisher ( 24 October 2013 ) . British River Navigations : Inland Cuts , Fens , Dikes , Channels and Non-tidal Rivers . A&C Black . pp. 227 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4729 - 0668 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bruce G. Hallenbeck ( 30 April 2009 ) . Comedy - Horror Films : A Chronological History , 1914 -- 2008 . McFarland . pp. 109 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5378 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Henkin ( 1979 ) , p. 16 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harpole , Charles ( 5 November 1999 ) . History of the American cinema ( 1st ed . ) . Charles Scribner 's Sons . pp. 212 -- 213 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80463 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hadleigh , Boze ( 1 January 2001 ) . The Lavender ScreenL Updated ( Rev Upd ed . ) . Citadel . p. 132 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 2199 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mick Rock '' . Official web site . 921 Associates , LLC. 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 September 2012 . Retrieved 4 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Samantha Michele Riley ( 2008 ) . Becoming the Wig : Mis / identifications and Citationality in Queer Rock Musicals . ProQuest . pp. 22 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 549 - 53382 - 5 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Robert . `` Making The Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keppler , Nick ( 7 June 2007 ) . `` The Beautiful Creatures '' . Houston Press . Retrieved 28 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jones , Melanie ( 18 October 2011 ) . `` Rocky Horror Picture Show Costumes : DIY Ideas for Halloween 2011 '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Laderman ( 1 March 2010 ) . Punk Slash ! Musicals : Tracking Slip - Sync on Film . University of Texas Press . pp. 32 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 77791 - 0 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kurt Lancaster ; Thomas J. Mikotowicz ( 1 January 2001 ) . Performing the Force : Essays on Immersion Into Science Fiction , Fantasy , and Horror Environments . McFarland . pp. 128 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 0895 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lorelei Shark Interview -- She IS The Rocky Horror LIPS -- Scott Michaels Dearly Departed online '' . 2016 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show > Charts & Awards '' , AllMusic , retrieved 3 October 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , New South Wales : Australian Chart Book . p. 282 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show ( album ) '' . New Zealand charts portal . Hung Medien . Retrieved 3 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William , `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show > Review '' , Allmusic , Rovi Corporation , retrieved 3 October 2010 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : William A. Henkin ; Bill Henkin ( 1 August 1979 ) . The Rocky Horror Picture Show Book . PENGUIN Group ( USA ) Incorporated . ISBN 978 - 0 - 452 - 26654 - 4 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Samuels ( 1983 ) , p. 11 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fox Celebrates 25 Years of Absolute Pleasure , Pop Culture Phenomenon and Midnight Classic '' ( Press release ) . RHPS Official Fan Site. 24 August 2000 . Retrieved 13 June 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` RHPS regular showtimes '' . Retrieved 13 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Zach . `` What keeps The Rocky Horror Picture Show flame burning for more than two decades in Raleigh ? '' . Indy Week . Retrieved 13 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Piro & Hess ( 1991 ) , p. 77 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judith A. Peraino ( 2005 ) . Listening to the Sirens : Musical Technologies of Queer Identity from Homer to Hedwig . University of California Press . pp. 234 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 92174 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` British Board of Film Classification : RHPS '' . 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Retrieved 5 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . Time Out . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Film Registry Titles 1989 -- 2013 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . 20 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 19 April 2012 . Retrieved 18 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ L.C. Information Bulletin . Library of Congress . 2006 . p. 43 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mathijs , Ernest ; Mendik , Xavier ( 1 December 2007 ) . The Cult Film Reader . McGraw - Hill International . pp. 395 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 335 - 21923 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ernest Mathijs ; Jamie Sexton ( 30 March 2012 ) . Cult Cinema . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 101 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 9642 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Overand , William ( 19 July 1978 ) . `` Saturday Night Fervor at the Tiffany Theater '' . Los Angeles Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jim Stewart ( 2011 ) . Folsom Street Blues : A Memoir of 1970s SoMa and Leatherfolk in Gay San Francisco . Palm Drive Publishing . pp. 109 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 890834 - 03 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jack Santino ( 1994 ) . Halloween and Other Festivals of Death and Life . Univ. of Tennessee Press . pp. 105 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87049 - 813 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gay , Gerald M. ( 13 March 2014 ) . `` ' Rocky Horror ' shines at El Fishnet Fiesta '' . Arizona Daily Star . Retrieved 18 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Transylvanian Concubines '' . www.transylvanianconcubines.com . Archived from the original on 9 February 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sins O ' The Flesh -- Where Rocky Horror Lives in Los Angeles ! -- Sins O ' The Flesh '' . Sins O ' The Flesh . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bob Batchelor ( December 2011 ) . Cult Pop Culture : How the Fringe Became Mainstream . ABC - CLIO . pp. 52 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35780 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sharon Marie Ross ( 23 September 2011 ) . Beyond the Box : Television and the Internet . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 31 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 5865 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lori Ortiz ( 31 March 2011 ) . Disco Dance . ABC - CLIO . pp. 147 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37747 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Delia Silvester ( 21 December 2013 ) . Dance and Movement Sessions for Older People : A Handbook for Activity Coordinators and Carers . Jessica Kingsley Publishers . pp. 47 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85700 - 846 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wood , Jennifer M. ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` 11 Things You Did n't Know About The Texas Chainsaw Massacre '' . Esquire . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved September 24 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bather , Luke ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Everything You Need to Know About Cult Film ' The Room ' & Disaster Artist Tommy Wiseau '' . Highsnobiety . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( December 10 , 2009 ) . `` Motion Picture Purgatory : The Room '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( 27 October 2010 ) . `` Sugarland Tops Kings of Leon on Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bisexual Movements Archived 14 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine . glbtq.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Bisexual Movement by Liz A. Highleyman '' . Archived from the original on 26 September 2007 . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` bi any other nam e '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Justin Smith ( 28 February 2010 ) . Withnail and Us : Cult Films and Film Cults in British Cinema . I.B. Tauris . pp. 32 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85771 - 793 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Betty Jo Tucker ( 2004 ) . Susan Sarandon : A True Maverick . Wheatmark , Inc . pp. 139 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58736 - 300 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles H. Lippy ( 1 January 2006 ) . Faith in America : Changes , Challenges , New Directions . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 2 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98605 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tony Blackshaw ( 18 July 2013 ) . Routledge Handbook of Leisure Studies . Routledge . pp. 117 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 49559 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert Cettl ( 12 December 2010 ) . Film Tales . Wider Screenings TM . pp. 94 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9870500 - 0 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Revenge of the Old Quees '' . RockyMusic . Retrieved 15 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Van Gelder , Lawrence ( 13 September 1991 ) . `` ' Rocky Horror ' to ' Queen ' '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 3 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Drees , Rich ( 27 September 2010 ) . `` Script Review : Revenge of the Old Queen '' . Film Buff Online . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://nypost.com/1999/09/23/rocky-ii-with-a-sequel-to-his-last-picture-show-creator-richard-obrien-does-the-time-warp-again/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://groups.google.com/forum/#!searchin/alt.cult-movies.rocky-horror/%22rocky$20horror$202%22%7Csort:date/alt.cult-movies.rocky-horror/1pLTfdggwMI/7Zw8LUEXhrIJ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` As Rocky Horror sequel comes to stage , it seems creator was far ahead of his time Stage The Guardian '' . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Claire Allfree ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Shock Treatment , King 's Head Theatre , review : ' infectious ' - Telegraph '' . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Rocky Horror Picture Show ' TV Remake In Works At As Fox Special '' . Deadline Hollywood . 10 April 2015 . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fox remaking ' Rocky Horror Picture Show ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc. 10 April 2015 . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Laverne Cox starring in Rocky Horror remake '' . 21 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Victoria Justice Joins Fox 's ' Rocky Horror Picture Show ' Remake '' . Billboard. 4 January 2016 . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adam Lambert to Co-Star in Fox 's ' Rocky Horror Picture Show ' YAHOO News </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tim Curry Lands Role in ' Rocky Horror Picture Show ' Remake '' . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Annaleigh Ashford Joins The Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline. 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moylan , Brian ( 2016 - 10 - 19 ) . `` The fan rituals that made Rocky Horror Picture Show a cult classic '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Orange Is The New Black 's Laverne Cox To Star In Rocky Horror Picture Show Remake '' . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Armstrong , Richard ; Charity , Tom ; Hughes , Lloyd ; Winter , Jessica ( 2007 ). he Rough Guide to Film . London : Rough Guides . p. 506 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4053 - 8498 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Batchelor , Bob ( 2012 ) . Cult pop culture : how the fringe became mainstream . Santa Barbara , Calif : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35780 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Blackshaw , Tony ( 2013 ) . Routledge Handbook of Leisure Studies . Hoboken : Taylor and Francis . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 49559 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Dika , Vera ( 2003 ) . Recycled culture in contemporary art and film : the uses of nostalgia . Cambridge New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 01631 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Hallenbeck , Bruce ( 2009 ) . Comedy - Horror Films . Jefferson : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3332 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Harpole , Charles ( 1990 ) . History of the American Cinema . New York : Scribner . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80463 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Henkin , Bill ( 1979 ) . The Rocky Horror Picture Show Book . New York : Hawthorn Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8015 - 6436 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Hitchcock , Susan ( 2007 ) . Frankenstein : a cultural history . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 06144 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Lancaster , Kurt ( 2001 ) . Performing the force : essays on immersion into science fiction , fantasy , and horror environments . Jefferson , N.C : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 0895 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Lippy , Charles ( 2006 ) . Faith in America changes , challenges , new directions . Westport , Conn : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98605 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Leitch , Thomas ( 2002 ) . Crime Films . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 64671 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Mathijs , Ernest ( 2011 ) . Cult cinema an introduction . Malden , Mass : John Wiley & Sons Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 9642 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Mathijs , Ernest ( 2008 ) . The cult film reader . Maidenhead , Berkshire , England New York : Open University Press / McGraw - Hill Education . ISBN 978 - 0 - 335 - 21923 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Miller , Scott ( 2011 ) . Sex , drugs , rock & roll , and musicals . Boston : Northeastern University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55553 - 761 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Peraino , Judith ( 2006 ) . Listening to the sirens musical technologies of queer identity from Homer to Hedwig . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 92174 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Picart , Caroline ( 2003 ) . Remaking the Frankenstein myth on film : between laughter and horror . Albany : State University of New York Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 5770 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Piro , Sal ; Hess , Michael ( 1991 ) . The Official Rocky Horror Picture Show Audience Par - tic - i - pation Guide . London : Stabur Press . ISBN 0 - 941613 - 16 - X . </Li> <Li> Samuels , Stuart ( 1983 ) . Midnight Movies . New York : Collier Books . ISBN 0 - 02 - 081450 - X . </Li> <Li> Sandys , Jon ( 2007 ) . Movie Mistakes Take 5 . London : Virgin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 1113 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Santino , Jack ( 1994 ) . Halloween and other festivals of death and life . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87049 - 813 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Smith , Justin ( 2010 ) . Withnail and us cult films and film cults in British cinema . London New York : I.B. Tauris Distributed in the United States and Canada exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85771 - 793 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Stewart , Jim ( 2011 ) . Folsom Street blues : a memoir of 1970s SoMa and leatherfolk in gay San Francisco . San Francisco , CA : Palm Drive Pub . ISBN 978 - 1 - 890834 - 03 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Silvester , Delia ( 2013 ) . Dance and Movement Sessions for Older People A Handbook for Activity Coordinators and Carers . City : Jessica Kingsley Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85700 - 846 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Tucker , Betty ( 2004 ) . Susan Sarandon : a true maverick . Tucson , Ariz : Hats Off . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58736 - 300 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Ross , Sharon ( 2011 ) . Beyond the Box Television and the Internet . Chicester : Wiley . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 5865 - 0 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Rocky Horror Picture Show </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Rocky Horror Picture Show . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> The Rocky Horror Picture Show on IMDb </Li> <Li> The Rocky Horror Picture Show at Box Office Mojo </Li> <Li> The Rocky Horror Picture Show at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> The Rocky Horror Picture Show at Metacritic </Li> <Li> The Rocky Horror Picture Show official trailer at YouTube </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Rocky Horror Picture Show </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stage shows </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Rocky Horror Show ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> The Rocky Horror Show Live ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Rocky Horror Picture Show ( 1975 ) <Ul> <Li> Soundtrack </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Shock Treatment ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> The Rocky Horror Picture Show : Let 's Do the Time Warp Again ( 2016 ) <Ul> <Li> Soundtrack </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Science Fiction / Double Feature '' </Li> <Li> `` Dammit Janet '' </Li> <Li> `` Over at the Frankenstein Place '' </Li> <Li> `` The Time Warp '' </Li> <Li> `` Sweet Transvestite '' </Li> <Li> `` I Can Make You a Man '' </Li> <Li> `` Hot Patootie -- Bless My Soul '' </Li> <Li> `` Touch - a , Touch - a , Touch - a , Touch Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Rose Tint My World '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'm Going Home '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Video game </Li> <Li> Cult following </Li> <Li> Sequels and other media </Li> <Li> The Rocky Horror Punk Rock Show </Li> <Li> `` The Rocky Horror Glee Show '' ( EP ) </Li> <Li> A Regular Frankie Fan </Li> <Li> Sal Piro </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Jim Sharman </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Shirley Thompson vs. the Aliens ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> The Rocky Horror Picture Show ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Summer of Secrets ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> The Night the Prowler ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Shock Treatment ( 1981 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rocky_Horror_Picture_Show&oldid=865452965 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1975 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> Rocky Horror </Li> <Li> 1970s comedy horror films </Li> <Li> 1970s LGBT - 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List of who Wants to be a Millionaire ? Top prize winners - wikipedia <H1> List of who Wants to be a Millionaire ? Top prize winners </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Below is a list of the winners of the top prize for each international versions of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Edition </Th> <Th> Winner </Th> <Th> Broadcast date </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> <Th> Top prize </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Man sa yarbah al malyoon </Td> <Td> Khaled al Mulla </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 SR </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Man sa yarbah al malyoon </Td> <Td> Mohammad Tanirah </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 SR </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Man sa yarbah al malyoon </Td> <Td> Sidi Ahmed weld Ali </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 SR </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Man sa yarbah 2 malyoon </Td> <Td> Kenaan Matar </Td> <Td> 000000002007 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2,000,000 SR </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Man sa yarbah al malyoon </Td> <Td> Mohammad Abdelwahab Hamzeh </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2010 </Td> <Td> First SR 1,000,000 winner in the new season First winner of the 12 - question format . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 SR </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? </Td> <Td> Rob `` Coach '' Fulton </Td> <Td> 000000002005 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 2005 </Td> <Td> First winner in Australia after six and a half years . </Td> <Td> A $1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? </Td> <Td> Martin Flood </Td> <Td> 000000002005 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2005 </Td> <Td> Allegations of cheating marred his top prize win , but he was cleared . Also the last winner of the original Australian version . </Td> <Td> A $1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Millionaire Hot Seat </Td> <Td> Edwin Daly </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Fourth Winner in the Hot Seat Format . First Australian winner after almost 11 years . </Td> <Td> A $1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Die Millionenshow </Td> <Td> Anton Sutterlüty </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> öS 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Die Millionenshow </Td> <Td> Christiane de Piero </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> € 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Die Millionenshow </Td> <Td> Sigrid Weiß - Lutz </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> € 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Die Millionenshow </Td> <Td> Monica Weinzettl </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 2003 </Td> <Td> Promi - Ausgabe # 7 . Donated the prize to St. Stephen 's Cathedral </Td> <Td> € 50,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Die Millionenshow </Td> <Td> Karin Huber </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> € 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Die Millionenshow </Td> <Td> Elfriede ( `` El '' ) Awadalla </Td> <Td> 000000002005 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> € 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Die Millionenshow </Td> <Td> Heide Gondek </Td> <Td> 000000002006 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> € 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Die Millionenshow </Td> <Td> Philip Aschner </Td> <Td> 000000002007 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2007 </Td> <Td> Junior - Special </Td> <Td> € 100,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Die Millionenshow </Td> <Td> Marion Eidenhammer </Td> <Td> 000000002008 - 06 - 28 - 0000 June 28 , 2008 </Td> <Td> Junior - Special </Td> <Td> € 100,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Die Millionenshow </Td> <Td> Stefan Schwaiger </Td> <Td> 000000002009 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2009 </Td> <Td> Junior - Special </Td> <Td> € 100,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Die Millionenshow </Td> <Td> Andreas Goldberger and Nina Hartmann </Td> <Td> 000000002011 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2011 </Td> <Td> Promi - Ausgabe # 23 . </Td> <Td> € 75,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Die Millionenshow </Td> <Td> Thomas Geierspichler and Günther Matzinger </Td> <Td> 000000002012 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 2012 </Td> <Td> Promi - Ausgabe # 27 . Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel </Td> <Td> € 75,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Die Millionenshow </Td> <Td> Andrea Spatzek </Td> <Td> 000000002012 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 2012 </Td> <Td> Promi - Ausgabe # 28 . Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel </Td> <Td> € 75,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Die Millionenshow </Td> <Td> Sonya Kraus </Td> <Td> 000000002013 - 05 - 13 - 0000 May 13 , 2013 </Td> <Td> Promi - Ausgabe # 30 . Prize donated to Life Ball </Td> <Td> € 75,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Die Millionenshow </Td> <Td> Peter Stöger and Ulrike Kriegler </Td> <Td> 000000002013 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 2013 </Td> <Td> Promi - Ausgabe # 31 . Prize donated to Austrian Sports Aid </Td> <Td> € 75,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Die Millionenshow </Td> <Td> Stephan Eberharter </Td> <Td> 000000002013 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2013 </Td> <Td> Promi - Ausgabe # 32 . Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel </Td> <Td> € 75,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Die Millionenshow </Td> <Td> Mathias Stockinger </Td> <Td> 000000002013 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 2013 </Td> <Td> First non-celebrity winner after 7 years </Td> <Td> € 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Die Millionenshow </Td> <Td> Kristina Sprenger </Td> <Td> 000000002014 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 2014 </Td> <Td> Promi - Ausgabe # 33 . Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel </Td> <Td> € 75,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Die Millionenshow </Td> <Td> Angelika Kirchschlager </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Promi - Ausgabe # 37 . Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel </Td> <Td> € 75,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Die Millionenshow </Td> <Td> Julia Cencig </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Promi - Ausgabe # 37 . Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel </Td> <Td> € 75,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Die Millionenshow </Td> <Td> Dietrich Siegl </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Promi - Ausgabe # 40 . Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel </Td> <Td> € 75,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ke Hotey Chay Kotipoti </Td> <Td> Mir Mohammed Easin </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ৳ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Qui sera millionnaire ? ( French Version ) </Td> <Td> Katia Savignano </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> BEF 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wie wordt multimiljonair ? ( Dutch Version ) </Td> <Td> Ingrid Vervaeck </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> BEF 20,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? </Td> <Td> Gonzalo Miranda </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 2002 </Td> <Td> First and also last winner . </Td> <Td> CLP $100,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? </Td> <Td> Juan Dario Jaramillo Sánchez </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 2002 </Td> <Td> First child winner on Colombian Millionaire </Td> <Td> COP $210,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? </Td> <Td> Enrique Carlos Castillo </Td> <Td> 000000002006 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> COP $210,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? </Td> <Td> David Huertas </Td> <Td> 000000002011 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> COP $300,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? </Td> <Td> Willy Pérez </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2010 </Td> <Td> Winner of special 2010 World Cup edition . First and also last winner . </Td> <Td> 25,000,000 colón </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tko želi biti milijunaš ? </Td> <Td> Mira Bićanić </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 2003 </Td> <Td> First and also last winner . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 kuna </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hvem vil være millionær ? </Td> <Td> Søren Brøndum Laursen </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2001 </Td> <Td> First winner in the Danish version </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Danish Krone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hvem vil være millionær ? </Td> <Td> Anders and Peter Lund Madsens </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 2002 </Td> <Td> Winners in charity edition . Prize donated to DCA </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Danish Krone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hvem vil være millionær ? </Td> <Td> Signe Svendsen and Søren Sko </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 2004 </Td> <Td> Winners in charity edition . Prize donated to AIDS Foundation </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Danish Krone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hvem vil være millionær ? </Td> <Td> Søren Gudbrand and Lis Gudbrand </Td> <Td> 000000002005 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2005 </Td> <Td> Winners in Special edition `` Me and my best '' </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Danish Krone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hvem vil være millionær ? </Td> <Td> Claus Højbak and Bertel Haarder </Td> <Td> 000000002005 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 2005 </Td> <Td> Donated half the prize to a school organization </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Danish Krone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hvem vil være millionær ? </Td> <Td> Peter Kierkegaard , Helle Knudsen and Alexander Cortes </Td> <Td> 000000002007 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 2007 </Td> <Td> Junior edition # 1 </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Danish Krone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hvem vil være millionær ? </Td> <Td> Julie , Ulrik and Sia </Td> <Td> 000000002007 - 11 - 24 - 0000 November 24 , 2007 </Td> <Td> Junior edition # 2 </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Danish Krone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hvem vil være millionær ? </Td> <Td> Joachim , Lukkas and Daniel </Td> <Td> 000000002008 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 2008 </Td> <Td> Junior edition # 3 </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Danish Krone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hvem vil være millionær ? </Td> <Td> Simon Ron Dalsgaard , Emil Aleksej Belinson and Marcus Heinrich Abrahamsen </Td> <Td> 000000002008 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 2008 </Td> <Td> Junior edition # 4 </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Danish Krone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hvem vil være millionær ? </Td> <Td> Mogens Lykketoft and Martin Krasnik </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2010 </Td> <Td> Winners in celebrity edition . Prize donated to Peres Center for Peace </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Danish Krone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hvem vil være millionær ? </Td> <Td> Jon Mikkel Hansen and Lars Ole Jørgensen </Td> <Td> 000000002012 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Danish Krone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hvem vil være millionær ? </Td> <Td> Charlotte Bircow and Lasse Rimmer </Td> <Td> 000000002012 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 2012 </Td> <Td> Winners in celebrity edition . Prize donated to Breast Cancer Society </Td> <Td> 2,000,000 Danish Krone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hvem vil være millionær ? </Td> <Td> Bjarke Refslund and Thure Kjær </Td> <Td> 000000002013 - 04 - 19 - 0000 April 19 , 2013 </Td> <Td> Winners in celebrity edition . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Danish Krone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hvem vil være millionær ? </Td> <Td> Morten Resen and Ellen Nybo </Td> <Td> 000000002013 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 2013 </Td> <Td> Winners in 25th channel anniversary . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Danish Krone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hvem vil være millionær ? </Td> <Td> Anders and Peter Lund Madsens </Td> <Td> 000000002013 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 2013 </Td> <Td> Winners in charity edition . Prize fonated to DCA , and they became second millionaires after 17 September 2002 . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Danish Krone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hvem vil være millionær ? </Td> <Td> Daniel Paske and Jasmin Sharzad </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Winners in Dating edition . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Danish Krone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hvem vil være millionær ? </Td> <Td> Søren Pilmark and Henrik Koefoed </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Winners in celebrity edition . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Danish Krone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hvem vil være millionær ? </Td> <Td> Tommy Kenter and Lise Baastrup </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Winners in celebrity edition . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Danish Krone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? </Td> <Td> Maria Fernanda Compte </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 11 - 24 - 0000 November 24 , 2002 </Td> <Td> First and also last winner . </Td> <Td> US $25,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Qui Veut Gagner des Millions ? </Td> <Td> Frédéric Grégoire </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 2000 </Td> <Td> First winner . </Td> <Td> ₣ 4,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Qui Veut Gagner des Millions ? </Td> <Td> Louis </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2000 </Td> <Td> Second winner . </Td> <Td> ₣ 4,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Qui Veut Gagner des Millions ? </Td> <Td> Marie Friedel </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 08 - 27 - 0000 August 27 , 2004 </Td> <Td> Third and last winner . </Td> <Td> € 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vis Unda 20000 ? </Td> <Td> Manana Maisuradze </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 20,000 Lari </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vis Unda 20000 ? </Td> <Td> Garry Kasparov and Daria Tarasova </Td> <Td> 000000002011 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 2011 </Td> <Td> First celebrity winners . Episode was in Russian with Georgian subtitles . </Td> <Td> 20,000 Lari </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wer wird Millionär ? </Td> <Td> Eckhard Freise </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DM 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wer wird Millionär ? </Td> <Td> Marlene Grabherr </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DM 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wer wird Millionär ? </Td> <Td> Gerhard Krammer </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> € 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wer wird Millionär ? </Td> <Td> Dr. Maria Elisabeth Wienströer </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2004 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> € 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wer wird Millionär ? </Td> <Td> Stefan Lang </Td> <Td> 000000002006 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> € 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wer wird Millionär ? </Td> <Td> Timur Hahn </Td> <Td> 000000002007 - 01 - 08 - 0000 January 8 , 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> € 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wer wird Millionär ? </Td> <Td> Oliver Pocher </Td> <Td> 000000002008 - 05 - 30 - 0000 May 30 , 2008 </Td> <Td> Promi - Special # 16 </Td> <Td> € 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wer wird Millionär ? </Td> <Td> Thomas Gottschalk </Td> <Td> 000000002008 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2008 </Td> <Td> Promi - Special # 17 </Td> <Td> € 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wer wird Millionär ? </Td> <Td> Ralf Schnoor </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> € 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wer wird Millionär ? </Td> <Td> Barbara Schöneberger </Td> <Td> 000000002011 - 05 - 30 - 0000 May 30 , 2011 </Td> <Td> Promi - Special # 22 </Td> <Td> € 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wer wird Millionär ? </Td> <Td> Sebastian Langrock </Td> <Td> 000000002013 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> € 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wer wird Millionär ? </Td> <Td> Thorsten Fischer </Td> <Td> 000000002014 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 2014 </Td> <Td> 15 - year anniversary special episode </Td> <Td> € 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wer wird Millionär ? </Td> <Td> Nadja Sidikjar </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2015 </Td> <Td> First winner of Jackpot - Special # 2 </Td> <Td> € 1,538,450 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wer wird Millionär ? </Td> <Td> Leon Windscheid </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> € 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos </Td> <Td> Giorgios Georgopoulos </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 2001 </Td> <Td> First winner . </Td> <Td> ₯ 50,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos </Td> <Td> Stelios Stergiou </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 2003 </Td> <Td> Second and last winner . </Td> <Td> € 150,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baak Maan Fu Yung </Td> <Td> James Wong and Petrina Fung </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 07 - 15 - 0000 July 15 , 2001 </Td> <Td> Celebrity charity special </Td> <Td> HK $1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baak Maan Fu Yung </Td> <Td> Stephen Chow and Lee Man </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 2001 </Td> <Td> Shaolin Soccer charity special </Td> <Td> HK $1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baak Maan Fu Yung </Td> <Td> Chan Hon - cheung `` Christ '' </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2001 </Td> <Td> First of the two non-celebrity winners in Hong Kong </Td> <Td> HK $1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baak Maan Fu Yung </Td> <Td> Cheng Tak - cheung </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2003 </Td> <Td> Million dollar tournament </Td> <Td> HK $1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Legyen Ön is milliomos ! </Td> <Td> Gábor Cserey </Td> <Td> 000000002006 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 40,000,000 Ft </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Viltu vinna milljón ? </Td> <Td> Sveinn Valgeirsson </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 2002 </Td> <Td> First Winner . </Td> <Td> 5,000,000 Icelandic Krona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Viltu vinna milljón ? </Td> <Td> Paolo Turchi </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2003 </Td> <Td> Second Winner . </Td> <Td> 5,000,000 Icelandic krona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Viltu vinna milljón ? </Td> <Td> Jón Steinar Gunnlaugsson and Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2004 </Td> <Td> Winners in charity edition . Prize donated to Childhood Cancer Support Association `` SKB '' </Td> <Td> 5,000,000 Icelandic krona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kaun Banega Crorepati </Td> <Td> Harshvardhan Navathe </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10,000,000 Rs. ( 1 crore ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kaun Banega Crorepati </Td> <Td> Vijay Raul and Arundhati </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2001 </Td> <Td> Winner of Kaun Banega Crorepati Patni </Td> <Td> 10,000,000 Rs. ( 1 crore ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kaun Banega Crorepati </Td> <Td> Ravi Mohan Saini </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 2001 </Td> <Td> Winner of KBC Junior </Td> <Td> 10,000,000 Rs. ( 1 crore ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kaun Banega Crorepati </Td> <Td> Sushil Kumar </Td> <Td> 000000002013 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2013 </Td> <Td> First winner of the 13 - question format . And fourth winner after 10 years . </Td> <Td> 50,000,000 Rs. ( 5 crore ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kaun Banega Crorepati </Td> <Td> Sanmjeet Kaur Sahani </Td> <Td> 000000002013 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2013 </Td> <Td> Second and last winner of the 13 - question format . </Td> <Td> 50,000,000 Rs. ( 5 crore ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kaun Banega Crorepati </Td> <Td> Achin and Sarthak Narula </Td> <Td> 000000002014 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 2014 </Td> <Td> Highest Asian top prize in Millionaire franchise to date . First winners of the 14 - question format and last winners of 14 - question format . </Td> <Td> 70,000,000 Rs. ( 7 crore ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kannadada Kotyadhipati </Td> <Td> Hussain Basha </Td> <Td> 000000002013 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10,000,000 Rs. ( 1 crore ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran </Td> <Td> Sanooja Rajan </Td> <Td> 000000002013 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10,000,000 Rs. ( 1 crore ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kon Hoeel Marathi Crorepati </Td> <Td> Mahadev Jadhav and Anita Jadhav </Td> <Td> 000000002014 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10,000,000 Rs. ( 1 crore ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ke Hobe Banglar Kotipoti </Td> <Td> Aamir Khan and Kiran Rao </Td> <Td> 000000002011 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 2011 </Td> <Td> Celebrity edition </Td> <Td> 10,000,000 Rs. ( 1 crore ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ke Bani Crorepati </Td> <Td> Rajesh Singh </Td> <Td> 000000002011 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10,000,000 Rs. ( 1 crore ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? </Td> <Td> Adhi Hartono </Td> <Td> 000000002005 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 2005 </Td> <Td> The first and the only winner of the Indonesian version . </Td> <Td> Rp . 1,000,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mi Rotseh Lehiot Mylyoner ? </Td> <Td> Izhar Nevo </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 2000 </Td> <Td> First winner in Israel and last . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 ₪ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chi vuol essere miliardario ? </Td> <Td> Francesca Cinelli </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 2001 </Td> <Td> First winner . </Td> <Td> ₤ 1,000,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chi vuol essere milionario ? </Td> <Td> Davide Pavesi </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 2004 </Td> <Td> Second winner . </Td> <Td> € 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chi vuol essere milionario ? </Td> <Td> Michela De Paoli </Td> <Td> 000000002011 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 2011 </Td> <Td> Third and last winner . She used all three on the last question , just to be sure to win a million euro . </Td> <Td> € 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Yasuyuki Kunimitsu </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2000 </Td> <Td> First ever Asian Millionaire top prize winner </Td> <Td> ¥ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Yoshiaki Nagata </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ¥ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Naoko Imao </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ¥ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Hiroshi Hase </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 2000 </Td> <Td> Member of the Japanese House of Representatives and former professional wrestler </Td> <Td> ¥ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Kazuyuki Nose </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ¥ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Kotaro Kobayashi </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2001 </Td> <Td> Kids Edition </Td> <Td> ¥ 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Katsuhiro Minamigawa </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2001 </Td> <Td> Kids Edition </Td> <Td> ¥ 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Hitomi Sakamoto </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ¥ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Akishi Kikuchi </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ¥ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Michiko Eguchi </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ¥ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Naomi Osada </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ¥ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Shoko Mishima </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ¥ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Sayu Tanabashi </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 2003 </Td> <Td> Kids Edition </Td> <Td> ¥ 500,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Natsumi Kataoka </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 2003 </Td> <Td> Kids Edition </Td> <Td> ¥ 500,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Daichi Suzuki </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ¥ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Tsuyoshi Shinjo </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 2004 </Td> <Td> Professional baseball player </Td> <Td> ¥ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Jo Kihara </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 , 2004 </Td> <Td> Kids Edition </Td> <Td> ¥ 500,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Takafumi Horie </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 2004 </Td> <Td> Former CEO of Livedoor </Td> <Td> ¥ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Kazuko Hosoki </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 2004 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ¥ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Masaaki Sakai </Td> <Td> 000000002005 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ¥ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Yasuo Tanaka </Td> <Td> 000000002005 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 2005 </Td> <Td> Author and governor of Nagano Prefecture </Td> <Td> ¥ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Kikuchi Tomohisa </Td> <Td> 000000002005 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ¥ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Masahiko Hamada </Td> <Td> 000000002005 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ¥ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Yukiko Kashiwagi and Hanako Oshima </Td> <Td> 000000002005 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2005 </Td> <Td> Pair players ( mother and daughter ) </Td> <Td> ¥ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Kotaro Koizumi </Td> <Td> 000000002006 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 2006 </Td> <Td> Japanese actor and the eldest son of the former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi </Td> <Td> ¥ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Yūko Asano </Td> <Td> 000000002006 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ¥ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Junko Nozoe </Td> <Td> 000000002006 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ¥ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Keiko Ohi </Td> <Td> 000000002006 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ¥ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Dai Tamesue </Td> <Td> 000000002006 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ¥ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Bandō Mitsugorō X </Td> <Td> 000000002006 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ¥ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Dewi Sukarno </Td> <Td> 000000002006 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ¥ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Misako Konno </Td> <Td> 000000002007 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ¥ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Shōsuke Tanihara </Td> <Td> 000000002007 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5 , 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ¥ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Sumiko Fuji </Td> <Td> 000000002008 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ¥ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Kazuo Tokumitsu </Td> <Td> 000000002008 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ¥ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Takeshi Kitano </Td> <Td> 000000002009 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2009 </Td> <Td> Only person to answer the final question incorrectly once , and later return and win the top prize . </Td> <Td> ¥ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Hikari Ota </Td> <Td> 000000002009 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ¥ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quiz $ Millionaire </Td> <Td> Mana Ashida </Td> <Td> 000000002013 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 2013 </Td> <Td> Celebrity Kids Edition . Youngest top - prize winner ( at the time of recording ) in the Millionaire franchise worldwide . ( 8 years and 6 months old ) </Td> <Td> ¥ 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kto vozmyot million </Td> <Td> Saule Akhmetova </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2002 </Td> <Td> First woman who won 5,000,000 tenge </Td> <Td> 5,000,000 tenge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kto vozmyot million </Td> <Td> Irina Stalnaya </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 , 2003 </Td> <Td> Second woman who won 5,000,000 tenge and also last winner . </Td> <Td> 5,000,000 tenge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gribi būt miljonārs ? </Td> <Td> Elita Rumpe </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10,000 Latvian lats </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? </Td> <Td> Lucía Sánchez </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 2010 </Td> <Td> First winner on new format . </Td> <Td> 3,000,000 Mexican pesos </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? </Td> <Td> Rafael Lira </Td> <Td> 000000002012 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2012 </Td> <Td> Second and last winner of new format . </Td> <Td> 1,500,000 Mexican pesos </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lotto Weekend Miljonairs </Td> <Td> Hans Peters </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 01 - 06 - 0000 January 6 , 2001 </Td> <Td> First and also last winner . </Td> <Td> NLG 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? </Td> <Td> Chimuanya `` Aroma '' Ufodike </Td> <Td> 000000002009 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 2009 </Td> <Td> First and also last winner . </Td> <Td> ₦ 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vil du bli millionær ? </Td> <Td> Anne Louise Lien and Hans Erik Borgenvik </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 2003 </Td> <Td> First winners in Norway . </Td> <Td> 2,000,000 Norwegian krone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vil du bli millionær ? </Td> <Td> Bjørn Lien </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2010 </Td> <Td> First winner in the Hot Seat format . And second last winner after 6.5 years . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Norwegian krone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? </Td> <Td> Sharon Cuneta </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 2010 </Td> <Td> Celebrity contestant who made a second appearance in the franchise . Won P1 , 000,000 ( 14th question ) during her first appearance on December 25 , 2001 . </Td> <Td> 2,000,000 Philippine pesos </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? </Td> <Td> Karl Jonathan Aguilar </Td> <Td> 000000002011 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2,000,000 Philippine pesos </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? </Td> <Td> Eduardo Gaeilo Pajinag , Jr . </Td> <Td> 000000002013 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2013 </Td> <Td> First winner under Risk format outside Germany . </Td> <Td> 2,000,000 Philippine pesos </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Milionerzy </Td> <Td> Krzysztof Wójcik </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2010 </Td> <Td> Second and last winner of the 12 - question format . First and only ( so far ) winner after 11 years . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 zł </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quem quer ser milionário ? </Td> <Td> Renata Morgado </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 2000 </Td> <Td> First female top - prize winner in the franchise . Also the first ever European and non-English - speaking Millionaire winner . </Td> <Td> 50,000,000 Portuguese escudos </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quem quer ser milionário ? </Td> <Td> Ana Damásio </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 2000 </Td> <Td> Second female top - prize winner in the franchise </Td> <Td> 50,000,000 Portuguese escudos </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quem quer ser milionário ? </Td> <Td> José Fernandes </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 50,000,000 Portuguese escudos </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quem quer ser milionário ? </Td> <Td> António Franco </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> € 250,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quem quer ser milionário ? </Td> <Td> José Maria Souto de Moura </Td> <Td> 000000002014 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2014 </Td> <Td> First winner after 11 years and last winner . </Td> <Td> € 100,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vrei să fii miliardar ? </Td> <Td> Mihai Popa </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vrei să fii miliardar ? </Td> <Td> Tudor Hurezeanu </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kto khochet stat ' millionerom ? </Td> <Td> Igor Sazeyev </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 2001 </Td> <Td> First winner in Russia </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Rubles </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kto khochet stat ' millionerom ? </Td> <Td> Irina Chudinovskih and Yury Chudinovskih </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2003 </Td> <Td> Couples version . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Rubles </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kto khochet stat ' millionerom ? </Td> <Td> Svetlana Yaroslavtseva </Td> <Td> 000000002006 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 2006 </Td> <Td> First woman who won 3.000. 000 Rubles . Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question . </Td> <Td> 3,000,000 Rubles </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kto khochet stat ' millionerom ? </Td> <Td> Timur Budayev </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2010 </Td> <Td> First man who won 3.000. 000 Rubles . Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question . </Td> <Td> 3,000,000 Rubles </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kto khochet stat ' millionerom ? </Td> <Td> Bari Alibasov and Alexander `` Danko '' Fadeev </Td> <Td> 000000002013 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 2013 </Td> <Td> First celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format </Td> <Td> 3,000,000 Rubles </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lepo je biti milijonar </Td> <Td> Peter Lazar </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> SIT 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lepo je biti milijonar </Td> <Td> Akim Kysselef </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> SIT 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lepo je biti milijonar </Td> <Td> Matjaž Tanko </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> SIT 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lepo je biti milijonar </Td> <Td> Gorazd Škerbinek </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> SIT 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lepo je biti milijonar </Td> <Td> Aleš Jankovič </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2003 </Td> <Td> Firefighters edition </Td> <Td> SIT 10,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lepo je biti milijonar </Td> <Td> Jaro Leskovsek </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 2004 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> SIT 15,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lepo je biti milijonar </Td> <Td> Viktor Niko </Td> <Td> 000000002005 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> SIT 15,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? </Td> <Td> David Paterson </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 2000 </Td> <Td> First winner outside the USA . And also last winner . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Rand </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ¿ Quiere ser millonario ? 50 por 15 </Td> <Td> Enrique Chicote </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 2000 </Td> <Td> Used the phone - a-friend lifeline to call his wife on the last question , letting her know that he 'd won , and first winner on Spanish version . </Td> <Td> ₧ 50,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ¿ Quién Quiere Ser El Millonario ? </Td> <Td> Paco Reverte </Td> <Td> 000000002012 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 2012 </Td> <Td> Third winner in the `` Hot Seat '' format . First winner in Spain in almost twelve years . </Td> <Td> € 100,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi ( Sinhalese ) </Td> <Td> Apeksha Kumari </Td> <Td> 000000002013 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 2013 </Td> <Td> First winner </Td> <Td> 2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi ( Sinhalese ) </Td> <Td> Moksha Madusanka </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 07 - 02 - 0000 July 2 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Second winner after 4 years </Td> <Td> 2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Postkodmiljonären </Td> <Td> Per Hörberg </Td> <Td> 000000002006 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 2006 </Td> <Td> First winner . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Swedish Krona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Postkodmiljonären </Td> <Td> Torgny Segerstedt </Td> <Td> 000000002008 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 2008 </Td> <Td> Second winner . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Swedish Krona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Postkodmiljonären </Td> <Td> Olle Laurell </Td> <Td> 000000002009 - 12 - 04 - 0000 December 4 , 2009 </Td> <Td> Third winner . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Swedish Krona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Postkodmiljonären </Td> <Td> Jan Sundström </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2010 </Td> <Td> Fourth winner . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Swedish Krona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Postkodmiljonären </Td> <Td> Mattias Östermann </Td> <Td> 000000002012 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2012 </Td> <Td> Fitfh winner . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Swedish Krona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Postkodmiljonären </Td> <Td> Lena Angviken </Td> <Td> 000000002012 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2012 </Td> <Td> Sixth winner . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Swedish Krona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Postkodmiljonären </Td> <Td> Birgitta Hedström </Td> <Td> 000000002014 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2014 </Td> <Td> Seventh winner . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Swedish Krona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Postkodmiljonären </Td> <Td> Alexandra Pascalidou and Lena Ag </Td> <Td> 000000002014 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2014 </Td> <Td> Celebrity Special # 1 . And also Eighth winners . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Swedish Krona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Postkodmiljonären </Td> <Td> Ylva Orrmell </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Ninth winner . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Swedish Krona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Khto khoche staty milyonerom ? -- Pershyi milyon </Td> <Td> Sergey Karabinsky </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 , 2003 </Td> <Td> First winner of the Ukrainian version . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Moldovan leu = 372,000 hryvnia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Khto khoche staty milyonerom ? -- Pershyi milyon </Td> <Td> Svyatoslav Vakarchuk </Td> <Td> 000000002005 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 2005 </Td> <Td> First celebrity contestant . Top prize donated to orphanages in Ukraine . Second winner after 1.5 years </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 hryvnia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Milyoner - Garyache Krislo </Td> <Td> Nadezhda Beldiy </Td> <Td> 000000002011 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 , 2011 </Td> <Td> Second top winner in the hot seat format . First and also last winner after 6 years . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 hryvnia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? </Td> <Td> Judith Keppel </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2000 </Td> <Td> First winner in the original UK version . </Td> <Td> £ 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? </Td> <Td> David Edwards </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2001 </Td> <Td> First male winner in the UK . </Td> <Td> £ 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? </Td> <Td> Robert Brydges </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2001 </Td> <Td> First contestant to win on the United Kingdom version since the Charles Ingram affair . He had one lifeline at the Million pound question . </Td> <Td> £ 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? </Td> <Td> Pat Gibson </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 2004 </Td> <Td> Had two out of three lifelines at the jackpot question . </Td> <Td> £ 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? </Td> <Td> Ingram Wilcox </Td> <Td> 000000002006 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 2006 </Td> <Td> Last winner in the original UK version . Also the last contestant to face the final question under the 15 - question format in the UK , and also the last contestant to win the top prize before the clock format was introduced on 3 August 2010 . </Td> <Td> £ 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire </Td> <Td> John Carpenter </Td> <Td> 000000001999 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1999 </Td> <Td> First ever top - prize winner in the Millionaire franchise . He did not use a lifeline until his fifteenth and final question , when he called his father to tell him he would win the million . </Td> <Td> US $1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire </Td> <Td> Dan Blonsky </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> US $1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire </Td> <Td> Joe Trela </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> US $1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire </Td> <Td> Bob House </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> US $1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire </Td> <Td> Kim Hunt </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 07 - 06 - 0000 July 6 , 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> US $1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire </Td> <Td> David Goodman </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2000 </Td> <Td> First Millionaire winner since John Carpenter to go 14 straight questions without using a lifeline . He used all three on the last question , just to be sure to win a million . </Td> <Td> US $1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire </Td> <Td> Kevin Olmstead </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 2001 </Td> <Td> Biggest winner on the U.S. version , with a $2.18 million jackpot . He was the biggest top prize winner on a network television game show in U.S. history until Andrew Kravis overtook the record on September 19 , 2013 . Also the highest winning of Millionaire worldwide so far . </Td> <Td> US $2,180,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire </Td> <Td> Bernie Cullen </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 2001 </Td> <Td> Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question . </Td> <Td> US $1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire </Td> <Td> Ed Toutant </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 09 - 07 - 0000 September 7 , 2001 </Td> <Td> Originally ruled to have answered a $16,000 question incorrectly in January 2001 and left with $1,000 . It was later discovered that there was a mistake in his $16,000 question and was invited back to play for the $1.86 million he originally was going for . </Td> <Td> US $1,860,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire </Td> <Td> Kevin Smith </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 2003 </Td> <Td> First male winner of the syndicated series . </Td> <Td> US $1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire </Td> <Td> Nancy Christy </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 2003 </Td> <Td> First and so far only female top - prize winner in the United States . </Td> <Td> US $1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire </Td> <Td> Sam Murray </Td> <Td> 000000002009 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2009 </Td> <Td> Murray did not go all the way to a million the first time , winning $50,000 ; then returned to win the question in the `` Million Dollar Tournament of Ten . '' He was also 8th seed in the tournament at the time of his winning . First and only millionaire of the clock format in the franchise . </Td> <Td> US $1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? </Td> <Td> Giovanni Grosso </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2002 </Td> <Td> First ever top - prize winner in South America . </Td> <Td> 100,000,000 Venezuelan bolívar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? </Td> <Td> Antonio Ríos </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 100,000,000 Venezuelan bolívar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? </Td> <Td> Eugenio Vargas </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 , 2004 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 100,000,000 Venezuelan bolívar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? </Td> <Td> Zulay Marcano </Td> <Td> 000000002006 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 200,000,000 Venezuelan bolívar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? </Td> <Td> Luis Olavarrieta </Td> <Td> 000000002008 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 2008 </Td> <Td> Celebrity edition </Td> <Td> 200,000 Venezuelan bolívar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? </Td> <Td> María Alejandra Requena </Td> <Td> 000000002008 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 2008 </Td> <Td> Celebrity edition </Td> <Td> 200,000 Venezuelan bolívar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? </Td> <Td> Hildamar Parra and Alfonso Medina </Td> <Td> 000000002009 - 12 - 24 - 0000 December 24 , 2009 </Td> <Td> Celebrity edition </Td> <Td> weekend trip to Margarita </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? </Td> <Td> Carlos Felipe Alvarez and Nacarid Escalona </Td> <Td> 000000002009 - 12 - 24 - 0000 December 24 , 2009 </Td> <Td> Celebrity edition </Td> <Td> weekend trip to Margarita </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ai là triệu phú </Td> <Td> Phương Thanh </Td> <Td> 000000002013 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2013 </Td> <Td> VTV 's 43rd anniversary special . Rather than a monetary prize , Thanh was offered the opportunity to `` work as an editor of Ai là triệu phú for one day '' . </Td> <Td> ₫ 150,000,000 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Stripped winnings </H2> <P> Some players had answered the top prize question correctly , but did not actually win the prize because of ineligibility , legal issues , or elimination from a contest . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Edition </Th> <Th> Name of player </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Koi iska da stane bogat </Td> <Td> Asen Kisimov </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 2002 </Td> <Td> His daughter , Iskra Angelova , worked for Nova TV , which airs the show , a violation of the eligibility requirements , and was forced to return the prize money . Employees of the local broadcaster , production company or distributor , sponsors , and Sony ( which owns the franchise ) are not eligible to participate in the show . As Angelov is the only Bulgarian to answer the final question correctly , no one in this version actually won the top prize . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> เกม เศรษฐี </Td> <Td> Lertlak Panchanawaporn </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2002 </Td> <Td> A computer error led the player to being fed all the right answers . The cable feeding the player the answers on the computer screen was supposed to be hooked up to the presenter 's computer . The player had noticed that the right answers were constantly highlighted on her computer screen and won the million this way . The show 's producers took the million away from the player , but she was allowed to play again , but won only 25,000 baht ( answered five questions ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? </Td> <Td> Charles Ingram </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2003 </Td> <Td> He was accused of cheating by using different coughing patterns from fellow contestant Tecwen Whittock while playing the game . He was found guilty of fraud in the 2001 scandal and was stripped of his winnings . The episode was originally scheduled to air September 18 , 2001 but did not actually air until April 21 , 2003 . Was part of the final original episode . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20120320035328/http://nas.mbc.net/forum/showthread.php?t=583681 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110723203447/http://nas.mbc.net/forum/showthread.php?t=583681 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ الفائز بالمليون الثالث يفكر في الزواج ... أكثر من مرة , أولــــــى 2 ( in Arabic ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.rasheed-b.com/2007/08/20/video-who-wants-to-be-a-millionaire-first-winner-of-2-million-sar/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20100331182944/http://www.alwatan.sy/dindex.php?idn=76712 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Second Aussie ' Millionaire ' winner emerges '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 15 November 2005 . Retrieved 21 December 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` South Australian war veteran will donate part of $1 million ' Millionaire Hot Seat ' win to charity '' . Nine News . 30 August 2016 . 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Retrieved 10 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/leute/wer-wird-millionaer-schoeneberger-raeumt-die-million-ab-a-765803.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Poker pro wins German version of Who Wants to be a Millionaire '' . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gastronom aus Hannover ist der neunte Millionen - Gewinner '' . Retrieved 21 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wer wird Millionär ? 2 . Jackpot - Special '' ( in German ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wer wird Millionär ? ( 07.12. 2015 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Θέμα : Στέλιος Στεργίου : Πήρε τα 150.000 ευρώ του `` Εκατομμυριούχου '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/2001-07-17/50204.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Video on Youku ( in Chinese ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/2001-08-21/54513.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 台 港澳 新闻 - 港 人 陈汉翔 成 首 名 `` 百 万 富翁 '' ( in Chinese ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 「 百 萬 富翁 」 抬 錢 減 樓 債 ( in Chinese ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Főnyeremény volt a negyvenmilliós kérdés az RTL - nek '' ( in Hungarian ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sóknarprestur á Tálknafirði vann fimm milljónir '' ( in Icelandic ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hreppti 5 milljónir í Viltu vinna milljón ? 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( in Russian ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Миллионеры - победители игры `` Кто хочет стать миллионером '' ( in Russian ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Photo gallery </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ < http://www.trud.ru/article/18-04-2010/240383_timur_budaev_o_tom_chto_stal_millionerom_nikomu_ne_skazal.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://izvestia.ru/news/361246 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.vokrug.tv/article/show/bari_alibasov_i_danko_natselilis_na_3_milliona_40381/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.na-nax.com/alibasov/75-2010-06-02-17-36-51/2309-2013-11-14-07-16-16.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` V petek smo dobili novega desetmilijonarja '' ( in Slovenian ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.dnevnik.si/46072 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Podelili smo novih deset milijonov </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.dnevnik.si/46072 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nedeljski `` milijonar '' letos najbolj gledana oddaja na POP tv </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jonas drugič kot milijonar '' ( in Slovenian ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ PE brainbox becomes TV millionaire </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rodríguez , Mercedes . `` ' Gran slam ' reunirá a los mejores concursantes de espacios televisivos '' ( in Spanish ) . El Norte de Castilla . Retrieved 25 December 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.20minutos.tv/video/gikAGO67-el-millonario-da-su-premio-de-100000-e </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://lankanstuff.blogspot.co.il/2013/02/apeksha-kumari-gets-2-million-from.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://vk.com/video-97638035_456240470 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Per Hörberg klarade slutfrågan -- och vann en miljon </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Före detta Piteåbo blev TV - miljonär </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://news.cision.com/se/svenska-postkodlotteriet/i/miljonaren,c62125 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gävleson blev miljonär i tv - frågelek </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mattias Österman jublar efter miljonvinsten </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.expressen.se/nyheter/bibliotekarien-lena-62-svarade-till-sig-1-miljon/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.st.nu/medelpad/sundsvall/15-fragor-gjorde-henne-till-miljonar </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/tv/article18708653.ab </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://kvinnatillkvinna.se/blog/2014/11/14/en-miljon-till-kvinnors-rattigheter/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.expressen.se/noje/ylva-61-vinner-miljonen-i-postkodmiljonaren/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Первый украинский телемиллионер Сергей Карабинский : `` после победы мне ломанулись девушки из зала со словами : `` дайте подержаться за миллионера '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Святослав Вакарчук : `` я никогда не верил , что можно выиграть миллион ! '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ В Украине стало на одного миллионера больше </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` TV quiz show makes another millionaire '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers Ltd. 13 September 2006 . Retrieved 21 December 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Coughs ' aided Millionaire win ' '' . Cable News Network LP. 5 March 2003 . Retrieved 21 December 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire Makeovers ! '' . People . Time Inc . November 13 , 2000 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Double jackpot winner on US Millionaire '' . BBC News . 2001 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaplan , Don ( April 16 , 2001 ) . `` Improbably , Millionaire Strikes Again '' . New York Post . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Million Dollar Game Show Winners : What Happens After the Money Comes In '' . Daily Finance . September 29 , 2010 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Braxton , Greg ( 19 February 2003 ) . `` His final answer : not me '' . Los Angeles Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WHO WANTS TO BE A MILLIONAIRE ' PULLS OUT ALL THE STOPS FOR NOVEMBER SWEEPS '' . Buena Vista Television . 2004 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20091126043733/http://buzzerblog.flashgameshows.com/sam-murray-wins-1000000-on-millionaire-tournament-of-ten </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` El público sigue llamando a `` ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? '' '' ( in Spanish ) . eluniversal.com. 2007 . Retrieved 31 December 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.quepasa.com.ve/cultura-y-farandula/roque-penalver-a-punto-de-ser-el-quinto-gran-millonario/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://talentovenezolano.blogspot.co.il/2006/04/zulay-marcano-millonaria-en.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Phương Thanh : `` 15 câu hỏi ở Ai là triệu phú rất hài hước '' '' ( in Vietnamese ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 100 - те хиляди на Асен Ангелов ще бъдат дарени '' ( in Bulgarian ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dear Valued Customer : You Are a Loser ... And Over 100 Other Embarrassing and Funny Stories of Technology Gone Mad , Rick Broadhead </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BBC.co.uk </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> National variants and hosts </Li> <Li> Top prize winners </Li> <Li> Play It ! </Li> <Li> 50 -- 50 </Li> <Li> Slumdog Millionaire </Li> <Li> Millionaire Hot Seat </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Who_Wants_to_Be_a_Millionaire%3F_top_prize_winners&oldid=802677337 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lists of award winners </Li> <Li> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 uses Arabic - language script ( ar ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Arabic - language sources ( ar ) </Li> <Li> Pages with citations lacking titles </Li> <Li> Pages with citations having bare URLs </Li> <Li> CS1 German - language sources ( de ) </Li> <Li> CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Unfit url </Li> <Li> CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) </Li> <Li> Articles with Chinese - language external links </Li> <Li> CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) </Li> <Li> CS1 uses Hebrew - language script ( he ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Hebrew - language sources ( he ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) </Li> <Li> CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Vietnamese - language sources ( vi ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Bulgarian - language sources ( bg ) </Li> <Li> Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from August 2014 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 18 : 57 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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History of the United States dollar - wikipedia <H1> History of the United States dollar </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The history of the United States Dollar refers to more than 240 years since the Continental Congress of the United States authorized the issuance of Continental Currency in 1775 . On April 2 , 1792 , the United States Congress created the United States dollar as the country 's standard unit of money . The term dollar had already been in common usage since the colonial period when it referred to eight - real coin ( Spanish dollar ) used by the Spanish throughout New Spain . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Early history </Li> <Li> 3 Gold standard <Ul> <Li> 3.1 The Gold Reserve Act </Li> <Li> 3.2 U.S. dollar value vs. gold value </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Silver standard </Li> <Li> 5 Use as international reserve currency <Ul> <Li> 5.1 History </Li> <Li> 5.2 Impact </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 United States Notes </Li> <Li> 7 Fiat standard </Li> <Li> 8 Color and design </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> 2 dollars , first November 1862 This $50 Continental Currency note ( from 1778 ) was designed by Francis Hopkinson . The unfinished pyramid design was a precursor to the reverse side of the Great Seal of the United States . <P> By the end of 1778 , Continental Currency retained only between ⁄ to ⁄ of its original face value . By 1780 , Continental bills -- or Continentals -- were worth just ⁄ of their face value . Congress tried to reform the currency by removing the old bills from circulation and issuing new ones , but this met with little to no success . By May 1781 , Continentals had become so worthless they ceased to circulate as money . Benjamin Franklin noted that the depreciation of the currency had , in effect , acted as a tax to pay for the war . In the 1790s , after the ratification of the United States Constitution , Continentals could be exchanged for treasury bonds at 1 % of face value . </P> <P> Congress appointed Robert Morris to be Superintendent of Finance of the United States following the collapse of Continental currency . In 1782 , Morris advocated the creation of the first financial institution chartered by the United States . The Bank of North America was funded in part by specie loaned to the United States by France . Morris helped finance the final stages of the war by issuing notes in his name , backed by his own money . The Bank of North America also issued notes convertible into specie . On July 6 , 1785 , the Continental Congress of the United States authorized the issuance of a new currency , the US dollar . </P> <P> However , runaway inflation and the collapse of the Continental currency prompted delegates at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 to include the gold and silver clause in the United States Constitution , preventing individual States from issuing their own bills of credit . Article One states they were prohibited to `` make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts . '' Some people use this clause to argue that federal paper money is unconstitutional . </P> <P> The United States Mint was created by Congress following the passing of the Coinage Act of 1792 . It was primarily tasked with producing and circulating coinage . The first Mint building was in Philadelphia , then the capital of the United States . The Mint was originally placed within the Department of State , until the Coinage Act of 1873 when it became part of the Department of the Treasury ( in 1981 it was placed under the auspices of the Treasurer of the United States ) . The Mint had the authority to convert any precious metals into standard coinage for anyone 's account with no seigniorage charge beyond refining costs . </P> <H2> Early History ( edit ) </H2> A 1795 Flowing Hair Dollar An 1804 Silver dollar . <P> After the creation of the U.S. dollar , the fledgling American administration of President George Washington turned its attention to monetary issues again in the early 1790s under the leadership of Alexander Hamilton , the Secretary of the Treasury at the time . Congress acted on Hamilton 's recommendations in the Coinage Act of 1792 , which established the dollar as the basic unit of account for the United States . The word dollar is derived from Low Saxon cognate of the High German Thaler . The most commonly circulated and readily available currency , used by common Americans , at this time , was the Spanish Peso , also known as the `` Spanish milled dollar '' , which was valued for its high silver content . </P> <P> In the early 19th century , gold rose in relation to silver , resulting in the removal from commerce of nearly all gold coins , and their subsequent melting . Therefore , in the Coinage Act of 1834 , the 15 : 1 ratio of silver to gold was changed to a 16 : 1 ratio by reducing the weight of the nation 's gold coinage . This created a new U.S. dollar that was backed by 1.50 g ( 23.22 grains ) of gold . However , the previous dollar had been represented by 1.60 g ( 24.75 grains ) of gold . The result of this revaluation , which was the first devaluation of the U.S. dollar , was that the value in gold of the dollar was reduced by 6 % . Moreover , for a time , both gold and silver coins were useful in commerce . </P> <P> In 1853 , the weights of U.S. silver coins ( except the dollar itself , which was rarely used ) were reduced . This had the effect of placing the nation effectively ( although not officially ) on the gold standard . The retained weight in the dollar coin was a nod to bimetallism , although it had the effect of further driving the silver dollar coin from commerce . Foreign coins , including the Spanish dollar , were also , widely used , as legal tender , until 1857 . </P> <P> With the enactment of the National Banking Act of 1863 , during the American Civil War and its later versions that taxed states ' bonds and currency out of existence , the dollar became the sole currency of the United States and remains so today . </P> <P> During the 19th century the dollar was less accepted around the world than the British pound . Nellie Bly carried Bank of England notes on her 1889 - 1890 trip around the world in 72 days ; she also brought some dollars , Bly wrote , `` to use at different ports as a test to see if American money was known outside of America '' . Traveling east from New York , she did not see American money until she found $20 gold pieces used as jewelry in Colombo ; there Bly found that as currency dollars were accepted at a 60 % discount . </P> <P> In 1878 , the Bland - Allison Act was enacted to provide for freer coinage of silver . This act required the government to purchase between $2 million and $4 million worth of silver bullion each month at market prices and to coin it into silver dollars . This was , in effect , a subsidy for politically influential silver producers . </P> <P> The discovery of large silver deposits in the Western United States in the late 19th century created a political controversy . Due to the large influx of silver , the value of silver in the nation 's coinage dropped precipitously . On one side were agrarian interests such as the United States Greenback Party that wanted to retain the bimetallic standard in order to inflate the dollar , which would allow farmers to more easily repay their debts . On the other side were Eastern banking and commercial interests , who advocated sound money and a switch to the gold standard . This issue split the Democratic Party in 1896 . It led to the famous `` cross of gold '' speech given by William Jennings Bryan , and may have inspired many of the themes in The Wizard of Oz . Despite the controversy , the status of silver was slowly diminished through a series of legislative changes from 1873 to 1900 , when a gold standard was formally adopted . The gold standard survived , with several modifications , until 1971 . </P> <H2> Gold standard ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Gold standard A gold - standard 1928 one - dollar bill . It is identified as a `` United States Note '' rather than a Federal Reserve note and by the words `` Will Pay to the Bearer on Demand '' , which do not appear on today 's currency . This clause became obsolete in 1933 but remained on new notes for 30 years thereafter . <P> Bimetallism persisted until March 14 , 1900 , with the passage of the Gold Standard Act , which provided that : </P> <P> ... the dollar consisting of twenty - five and eight - tenths grains ( 1.67 g ) of gold nine - tenths fine , as established by section thirty - five hundred and eleven of the Revised Statutes of the United States , shall be the standard unit of value , and all forms of money issued or coined by the United States shall be maintained at a parity of value with this standard ... </P> <P> Thus the United States moved to a gold standard , making both gold and silver the legal - tender coinage of the United States , and guaranteed the dollar as convertible to 1.5 g ( 23.22 grains ) of gold . </P> <P> The gold standard was suspended twice during World War I , once fully and then for foreign exchange . At the onset of the war , U.S. corporations had large debts payable to European entities , who began liquidating their debts in gold . With debts looming to Europe , the dollar to British pound exchange rate reached as high as $6.75 , far above the ( gold ) parity of $4.8665 . This caused large gold outflows until July 31 , 1914 , when the New York Stock Exchange closed and the gold standard was temporarily suspended . In order to defend the exchange value of the dollar , the US Treasury Department authorized state and nationally chartered banks to issue emergency currency under the Aldrich - Vreeland Act , and the newly created Federal Reserve organized a fund to assure debts to foreign creditors . These efforts were largely successful , and the Aldrich - Vreeland notes were retired starting in November and the gold standard was restored when the New York Stock Exchange re-opened in December 1914 . </P> <P> As the United States remained neutral in the war , it remained the only country to maintain its gold standard , doing so without restriction on import or export of gold from 1915 to 1917 . During the participation of the United States as a belligerent , President Wilson banned gold export , thereby suspending the gold standard for foreign exchange . After the war , European countries slowly returned to their gold standards , though in somewhat altered form . </P> <P> During the Great Depression , every major currency abandoned the gold standard . Among the earliest , the Bank of England abandoned the gold standard in 1931 as speculators demanded gold in exchange for currency , threatening the solvency of the British monetary system . This pattern repeated throughout Europe and North America . In the United States , the Federal Reserve was forced to raise interest rates in order to protect the gold standard for the US dollar , worsening already severe domestic economic pressures . After bank runs became more pronounced in early 1933 , people began to hoard gold coins as distrust for banks led to distrust for paper money , worsening deflation and depleting gold reserves . </P> <H3> The gold Reserve Act ( edit ) </H3> <P> In early 1933 , in order to fight severe deflation Congress and President Roosevelt implemented a series of Acts of Congress and Executive Orders which suspended the gold standard except for foreign exchange , revoked gold as universal legal tender for debts , and banned private ownership of significant amounts of gold coin . These acts included Executive Order 6073 , the Emergency Banking Act , Executive Order 6102 , Executive Order 6111 , the Agricultural Adjustment Act , 1933 Banking Act , House Joint Resolution 192 , and later the Gold Reserve Act . These actions were upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in the `` Gold Clause Cases '' in 1935 . </P> <P> For foreign exchange purposes , the set $20.67 per ounce value of the dollar was lifted , allowing the dollar to float freely in foreign exchange markets with no set value in gold . This was terminated after one year . Roosevelt attempted first to restabilize falling prices with the Agricultural Adjustment Act ; however , this did not prove popular , so instead the next politically popular option was to devalue the dollar on foreign exchange markets . Under the Gold Reserve Act the value of gold was fixed at $35 per ounce , making the dollar more attractive for foreign buyers ( and making foreign currencies more expensive for those holding dollars ) . This change led to more conversion of gold into dollars , allowing the U.S. to effectively corner the world gold market . </P> <P> The suspension of the gold standard was considered temporary by many in markets and in the government at the time , but restoring the standard was considered a low priority to dealing with other issues . </P> <P> Under the post-World War II Bretton Woods system , all other currencies were valued in terms of U.S. dollars and were thus indirectly linked to the gold standard . The need for the U.S. government to maintain both a $35 per troy ounce ( 112.53 ¢ / g ) market price of gold and also the conversion to foreign currencies caused economic and trade pressures . By the early 1960s , compensation for these pressures started to become too complicated to manage . </P> <P> In March 1968 , the effort to control the private market price of gold was abandoned . A two - tier system began . In this system all central - bank transactions in gold were insulated from the free market price . Central banks would trade gold among themselves at $35 per troy ounce ( 112.53 ¢ / g ) but would not trade with the private market . The private market could trade at the equilibrium market price and there would be no official intervention . The price immediately jumped to $43 per troy ounce ( 138.25 ¢ / g ) . The price of gold touched briefly back at $35 ( 112.53 ¢ / g ) near the end of 1969 before beginning a steady price increase . This gold price increase turned steep through 1972 and hit a high that year of over $70 ( 2.25 $ / g ) . By that time floating exchange rates had also begun to emerge , which indicated the de facto dissolution of the Bretton Woods system . The two - tier system was abandoned in November 1973 . By then the price of gold had reached $100 per troy ounce ( 3.22 $ / g ) . </P> <P> In the early 1970s , inflation caused by rising prices for imported commodities , especially oil , and spending on the Vietnam War , which was not counteracted by cuts in other government expenditures , combined with a trade deficit to create a situation in which the dollar was worth less than the gold used to back it . </P> <P> In 1971 , President Richard Nixon unilaterally ordered the cancellation of the direct convertibility of the United States dollar to gold . This act was known as the Nixon Shock . </P> <H3> U.S. dollar value vs. gold value ( edit ) </H3> <P> The sudden jump in the price of gold after the demise of the Bretton Woods accords was a result of the significant prior debasement of the US dollar due to excessive inflation of the monetary supply via central bank ( Federal Reserve ) coordinated fractional reserve banking under the Bretton Woods partial gold standard . In the absence of an international mechanism tying the dollar to gold via fixed exchange rates , the dollar became a pure fiat currency and as such fell to its free market exchange price versus gold . Consequently , the price of gold rose from $35 per troy ounce ( 1.125 $ / g ) in 1969 to almost $500 ( 29 $ / g ) in 1980 . </P> <P> Shortly after the gold price started its ascent in the early 1970s , the price of other commodities such as oil also began to rise . While commodity prices became more volatile , the average exchange rate between oil and gold remained much the same in the 1990s as it had been in the 1960s , 1970s and 1980s . </P> <P> Fearing the emergence of a specie gold - based economy separate from central banking , and with the corresponding threat of the collapse of the U.S. dollar , the U.S. government approved several changes to the trading on the COMEX . These changes resulted in a steep decline in the traded value of precious metals from the early 1980s onward . </P> <P> In September 1987 under the Reagan administration the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury James Baker made a proposal through the International Monetary Fund to use a commodity basket ( which included gold ) . </P> <H2> Silver standard ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Silver standard `` Five Silver Dollars '' of Series 1923 <P> United States silver certificates were a type of representative money printed from 1878 to 1964 in the United States as part of its circulation of paper currency . They were produced in response to silver agitation by citizens who were angered by the Fourth Coinage Act , and were used alongside the gold - based dollar notes . The silver certificates were initially redeemable in the same face value of silver dollar coins , and later in raw silver bullion . </P> <P> Since the early 1920s , silver certificates were issued in $1 , $5 , and $10 denominations . In the 1928 series , only $1 silver certificates were produced . Fives and tens of this time were mainly Federal Reserve notes , which were backed by and redeemable in gold . In 1933 , Congress passed the Agricultural Adjustment Act which included a clause allowing for the pumping of silver into the market to replace the gold . A new 1933 series of $10 silver certificate was printed and released , but not many were released into circulation . </P> <P> In 1934 , a law was passed in Congress that changed the obligation on Silver Certificates so as to denote the current location of the silver . </P> <P> The last government regulation regarding the silver standard was in 1963 , when President John F. Kennedy issued Executive Order 11110 , delegating to the Treasury Secretary his authority to authorize the US Department of Treasury to issue silver certificates for any silver held by the U.S. Government in excess of that not already backing issued certificates . This was necessary because of Kennedy 's signing of Public Law 88 - 36 on the same day , one of the effects of which was a repeal of the Silver Purchase Act of 1934 - this act had authorized the Treasury Secretary to purchase silver bullion and issue silver certificates against it . Silver certificates continued to be issued for a short period of time in the $1 denomination , but were discontinued in late 1963 . </P> <H2> Use as international Reserve currency ( edit ) </H2> <H3> History ( edit ) </H3> First small - sized $1 bill which was issued in 1928 as a silver certificate <P> World War II devastated European and Asian economies while leaving the United States ' economy relatively unharmed . As European governments exhausted their gold reserves and borrowed to pay the United States for war material , the United States accumulated large gold reserves . This combination gave the United States significant political and economic power following the war . </P> <P> The Bretton Woods agreement codified this economic dominance of the dollar after the war . In 1944 , Allied nations sought to create an international monetary order that sustained the global economy and prevented the economic malaise that followed the First World War . The Bretton Woods agreement laid the foundations for an international monetary order that created rules and expectations for the international economic system . It created the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , the predecessor of the World Bank , and an international monetary system based on fixed exchange rates . It valued the dollar at $35 per ounce of gold and the remaining signatories pegged their respective currency relative to the dollar , leading some economists to argue that Bretton Woods `` dethroned '' gold as the default asset . </P> <P> While Bretton Woods institutionalized the dollar 's importance following the war , Europe and Asia faced dollar shortages . The international community needed dollars to finance imports from the United States to rebuild what was lost in the war . In 1948 Congress passed the European Recovery Program - generally known as the Marshall Plan -- giving dollars to European countries to purchase imports needed to rebuild their economies . The plan helped European countries by providing them dollars to purchase the imports needed to produce exports , eventually allowing the countries to export enough of their own goods to obtain the dollars necessary to sustain their economies without reliance on any Marshall - like plan . At the same time , Joseph Dodge worked with Japanese officials and Congress to pass the Dodge Plan in 1949 , which worked similarly to the Marshall Plan , but for Japan rather than Europe . </P> <P> The Marshall and Dodge plans ' successes have brought new challenges to the U.S. dollar . In 1959 , dollars in circulation around the world exceeded U.S. gold reserves , which became vulnerable to the equivalent of a bank run . In 1960 , Yale economist Robert Triffin described the problem to Congress : either the dollar was not freely available and other countries could not afford to import American goods , or the dollar was freely available but confidence that the dollar could be converted to gold would wane . </P> <P> Eventually , the United States chose to devalue the dollar . During the early 1960s American officials largely prevented the conversion of dollars to gold with a series of `` gentlemanly '' agreements and other policies -- which included the London Gold Pool - but these actions were not sustainable ; the danger of a run on U.S. gold reserves was too high . With Nixon 's election in 1968 , American officials became increasingly concerned until Nixon finally issued Executive Order 11615 in August 1971 , ending the direct convertibility of dollars to gold . He said , `` We must protect the position of the American dollar as pillar of monetary stability around the world ... I am determined that the American dollar must never again be hostage in the hands of the international speculators . '' This became known as the Nixon Shock and marked the dollar 's transition from the gold standard to a fiat currency . </P> <H3> Impact ( edit ) </H3> <P> The United States enjoys some benefits because the dollar serves as the international reserve currency . The United States is less likely to face a balance of payments crisis . </P> <P> The position of the dollar as the international reserve currency also has a cost : the American government is more likely to forego fiscal expansionary policies in order to maintain confidence in the dollar . </P> <H2> United States notes ( edit ) </H2> Main article : United States Note $5 United States Note of Series 1963 . $100 United States Note of Series 1966 . <P> A United States Note , also known as a Legal Tender Note , was a type of paper money that was issued from 1862 to 1971 in the U.S. Having been current for over 100 years , they were issued for longer than any other form of U.S. paper money . They were known popularly as `` greenbacks '' in their day , a name inherited from the Demand Notes that they replaced in 1862 . </P> <P> While issuance of United States Notes ended in January 1971 , existing United States Notes are still valid currency in the United States today , though rarely seen in circulation . </P> <P> Both United States Notes and Federal Reserve Notes are parts of the national currency of the United States , and both have been legal tender since the gold recall of 1933 . Both have been used in circulation as money in the same way . However , the issuing authority for them came from different statutes . United States Notes were created as fiat currency , in that the government has never categorically guaranteed to redeem them for precious metal - even though at times , such as after the specie resumption of 1879 , federal officials were authorized to do so if requested . </P> <P> The difference between a United States Note and a Federal Reserve Note is that a United States Note represented a `` bill of credit '' and was inserted by the Treasury directly into circulation free of interest . Federal Reserve Notes are backed by debt purchased by the Federal Reserve , and thus generate seigniorage for the Federal Reserve System , which serves as a lending intermediary between the Treasury and the public . </P> <H2> Fiat standard ( edit ) </H2> <P> Today , like the currency of most nations , the dollar is fiat money , unbacked by any physical asset . A holder of a federal reserve note has no right to demand an asset such as gold or silver from the government in exchange for a note . Consequently , some proponents of the intrinsic theory of value believe that the near - zero marginal cost of production of the current fiat dollar detracts from its attractiveness as a medium of exchange and store of value because a fiat currency without a marginal cost of production is easier to debase via overproduction and the subsequent inflation of the money supply . </P> <P> In 1963 , the words `` PAYABLE TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND '' were removed from all newly issued Federal Reserve notes . Then , in 1968 , redemption of pre-1963 Federal Reserve notes for gold or silver officially ended . The Coinage Act of 1965 removed all silver from quarters and dimes , which were 90 % silver prior to the act . However , there was a provision in the act allowing some coins to contain a 40 % silver consistency , such as the Kennedy Half Dollar . Later , even this provision was removed , with the last circulating silver - content halves minted in 1969 . All previously silver coins minted for general circulation are now clad . During 1982 , the composition of the cent was changed from copper to zinc with a thin copper coating . The content of the nickel has not changed since 1946 . Silver and gold coins are produced by the U.S. government , but only as non-circulating commemorative pieces or in sets for collectors . </P> <P> All circulating notes , issued from 1861 to present , will be honored by the government at face value as legal tender . This means that the federal government will accept old notes as payments for debts owed to the federal government ( taxes and fees ) , or exchange old notes for new ones , but will not redeem notes for gold or silver , even if the note states that it may be thus redeemed . Some bills may have a premium to collectors . </P> <P> The only exception to this rule is the $10,000 gold certificate of Series 1900 , a number of which were inadvertently released to the public because of a fire in 1935 . A box of them was literally thrown out a window . This set is not considered to be `` in circulation '' and , in fact , is stolen property . However , the government canceled these banknotes and removed them from official records . Their value , relevant only to collectors , is approximately one thousand US dollars . </P> <P> According to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York , there is $1.2 trillion in total US currency in worldwide circulation as of July 2013 . </P> <H2> Color and design ( edit ) </H2> U.S. Federal Reserve notes in the mid-1990s <P> The federal government began issuing currency like the Spanish dollars during the American Civil War . As photographic technology of the day could not reproduce color , it was decided the back of the bills would be printed in a color other than black . Because the color green was seen as a symbol of stability , it was selected . These were known as `` greenbacks '' for their color and started a tradition of the United States ' printing the back of its money in green . The author of that invention was chemist Christopher Der - Seropian . In contrast to the currency notes of many other countries , Federal Reserve notes of varying denominations are the same colors : predominantly black ink with green highlights on the front , and predominantly green ink on the back . Federal Reserve notes were printed in the same colors for most of the 20th century , although older bills called `` silver certificates '' had blue highlights on the front , and `` United States notes '' had red highlights on the front . </P> <P> In 1928 , sizing of the bills was standardized ( involving a 25 % reduction in their current sizes , compared to the older , larger notes nicknamed `` horse blankets '' ) . Modern U.S. currency , regardless of denomination , is 2.61 inches ( 66.3 mm ) wide , 6.14 inches ( 156 mm ) long , and 0.0043 inches ( 0.109 mm ) thick . A single bill weighs about fifteen and a half grains ( one gram ) and costs approximately 4.2 cents for the Bureau of Engraving and Printing to produce . </P> <P> Microprinting and security threads were introduced in the 1991 currency series . </P> <P> Another series started in 1996 with the $100 note , adding the following changes : </P> <Ul> <Li> A larger portrait , moved off - center to create more space to incorporate a watermark . </Li> <Li> The watermark to the right of the portrait depicting the same historical figure as the portrait . The watermark can be seen only when held up to the light ( and had long been a standard feature of all other major currencies ) . </Li> <Li> A security thread that will glow pink when exposed to ultraviolet light in a dark environment . The thread is in a unique position on each denomination . </Li> <Li> Color - shifting ink that changes from green to black when viewed from different angles . This feature appears in the numeral on the lower right - hand corner of the bill front . </Li> <Li> Microprinting in the numeral in the note 's lower left - hand corner and on Benjamin Franklin 's coat . </Li> <Li> Concentric fine - line printing in the background of the portrait and on the back of the note . This type of printing is difficult to copy well . </Li> <Li> The value of the currency written in 14pt Arial font on the back for those with sight disabilities . </Li> <Li> Other features for machine authentication and processing of the currency . </Li> </Ul> <P> Annual releases of the 1996 series followed . The $50 note June 12 , 1997 , introduced a large dark numeral with a light background on the back of the note to make it easier for people to identify the denomination . The $20 note in 1998 introduced a new machine - readable capability to assist scanning devices . The security thread glows green under ultraviolet light , and `` USA TWENTY '' and a flag are printed on the thread , while the numeral `` 20 '' is printed within the star field of the flag . The microprinting is in the lower left ornamentation of the portrait and in the lower left corner of the note front . As of 1998 , the $20 note was the most frequently counterfeited note in the United States . The new design of the $5 and $10 notes were released in 2000 . </P> <P> May 13 , 2003 , The Treasury announced that it would introduce new colors into the $20 bill , the first U.S. currency since 1905 ( not counting the 1934 gold certificates ) to have colors other than green or black . The move was intended primarily to reduce counterfeiting , rather than to increase visual differentiation between denominations . The main colors of all denominations , including the new $20 and $50 , remain green and black ; the other colors are present only in subtle shades in secondary design elements . This contrasts with notes of the euro , Australian dollar , and most other currencies , where strong colours are used to distinguish each denomination from the other . </P> <P> The new $20 bills entered circulation October 9 , 2003 , the new $50 bills , September 28 , 2004 . The new $10 notes were introduced in 2006 and redesigned $5 bills began to circulate March 13 , 2008 . Each will have subtle elements of different colors , though will continue to be primarily green and black . The Treasury said it will update Federal Reserve notes every 7 to 10 years to keep up with counterfeiting technology . In addition , there have been rumors that future banknotes will use embedded RFID microchips as another anti-counterfeiting tool . </P> <P> The 2008 $5 bill contains significant new security updates . The obverse side of the bill includes patterned yellow printing that will cue digital image - processing software to prevent digital copying , watermarks , digital security thread , and extensive microprinting . The reverse side includes an oversized purple number 5 to provide easy differentiation from other denominations . </P> <P> On April 21 , 2010 , the U.S. Government announced a heavily redesigned $100 bill that featured bolder colors , color shifting ink , microlenses , and other features . It was scheduled to start circulating on February 10 , 2011 , but was delayed due to the discovery of sporadic creasing on the notes and `` mashing '' ( when there is too much ink on the paper , the artwork on the notes are not clearly seen ) . The redesigned $100 bill was released October 8 , 2013 . It costs 11.8 cents to produce each bill . </P> <P> `` The soundness of a nation 's currency is essential to the soundness of its economy . And to uphold our currency 's soundness , it must be recognized and honored as legal tender and counterfeiting must be effectively thwarted , '' Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan said at a ceremony unveiling the $20 bill 's new design . Prior to its current design , the most recent redesign of the U.S. dollar bill was in 1996 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Current $20 bill front . </Td> <Td> Current $20 bill back . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> As a result of a 2008 decision in an accessibility lawsuit filed by the American Council of the Blind , the Bureau of Engraving and Printing is planning to implement a raised tactile feature in the next redesign of each note , except the $1 and the current version of the $100 bill . It also plans larger , higher - contrast numerals , more color differences , and distribution of currency readers to assist the visually impaired during the transition period . In 2016 , the Treasury announced a number of design changes to the $5 , $10 and $20 bills ; to be introduced in this next redesign . The redesigns include : </P> <Ul> <Li> The back of the $5 bill will be changed to showcase historical events at the pictured Lincoln Memorial by adding portraits of Marian Anderson ( due to her famous performance there after being barred from Constitution Hall due to her race ) , Martin Luther King Jr. 's ( due to his famous I Have A Dream speech ) , and Eleanor Roosevelt ( who arranged Anderson 's performance ) . </Li> <Li> The back of the $10 bill will be changed to show a 1913 march for women 's suffrage in the United States , plus portraits of Sojourner Truth , Lucretia Mott , Susan B. Anthony , Alice Paul , and Elizabeth Cady Stanton . </Li> <Li> On the $20 bill , Andrew Jackson will move to the back ( reduced in size , alongside the White House ) and Harriet Tubman will appear on the front . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Numismatics portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Continental currency </Li> <Li> Coinage Act of 1792 </Li> <Li> Coinage Act of 1849 </Li> <Li> National Banking Act ( 1863 ) </Li> <Li> Coinage Act of 1864 </Li> <Li> Coinage Act of 1873 </Li> <Li> History of central banking in the United States </Li> <Li> Nixon shock ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> International use of the US dollar </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Independence , Colonial and Continental Currency : A New Nation 's Currency '' . San Francisco , California : Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright , Robert E. ( 2008 ) . One Nation Under Debt : Hamilton , Jefferson , and the History of What We Owe . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 154393 - 4 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Newman , Eric P. ( 1990 ) . The Early Paper Money of America . Iola , Wisconsin : Krause Publications . pp. 17 , 49 . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 120 - X . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright , p. 62 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. Constitution , Article One , section 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. Constitution , Article I , section 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rozeff , Michael . Unknown ( PDF ) . p. 18 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 17 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rothbard , Murray N. ( 20 July 2005 ) . The Mystery of Banking ( pdf ) . Ludwig von Mises Institute . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 1933550282 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bly , Nellie ( 1890 ) . `` Chapters I , IX '' . Around the World in Seventy - Two Days . The Pictorial Weeklies Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gold Standard Act of 1900 '' . The Statutes at large of the United States of America . Washington : Government Printing Office . 1901 . pp. 45 -- 50 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Crabbe , Leland ( June 1989 ) . `` The International Gold Standard and U.S. monetary policy from World War I to the New Deal '' . Federal Reserve Bulletin . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bernanke , Ben ( March 2 , 2004 ) . `` Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke : Money , Gold and the Great Depression '' . At the H. Parker Willis Lecture in Economic Policy , Washington and Lee University , Lexington , Virginia . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gold Clause Cases '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 03 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Meltzer , Allan H. ( 2004 ) . `` A History of the Federal Reserve : 1913 - 1951 '' . University of Chicago Press : 442 -- 446 . ISBN 978 - 0226520001 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Investopedia.com . `` The Gold Standard Revisited '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` United States Paper Money Information '' . USPaperMoney.Info . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tassava , Christopher . `` The American Economy during World War II '' . Economic History Association . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rockoff , Hugh ( 1998 ) . The economics of World War II . New York : Cambridge University press . p. 117 . ISBN 978 - 0521785037 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meier , Gerald ( 1974 ) . Problems of a World Monetary Order . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 38 . ISBN 9780195030105 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Eichengreen , Barry ( 2011 ) . Exorbitant Privilege ; The Rise and Fall of the Dollar . New York : Oxford University press . pp. 44 -- 49 . ISBN 0199931097 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mayer , Martin ( February 1981 ) . The Fate of the Dollar . New York : Signet . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0451096128 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meier 1974 , p. 41 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mayer 1980 , p. 108 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meier 1974 , p. 164 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meier 1974 , p. 104 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FAQs : Legal Tender Status '' . U.S. Treasury . January 4 , 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kotlikoff , Laurence ( 2006 ) . `` Is the United States Bankrupt ? '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clark , Frank . `` Friedberg 1225 - The Series 1900 $10000 '' . August 24 , 2012 . Accessed April 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How Currency Gets into Circulation '' . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . July 2013 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cruikshank , Moses ( March 1 , 1986 ) . The Life I 've Been Living . Fairbanks : University of Alaska Press . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 912006 - 23 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Security data '' ( PDF ) . uscurrency.gov . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Remarks of U.S. Treasurer Mary Ellen Withrow -- Preview of the New $50 Bill '' . US Treasury . June 12 , 1997 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cache Point '' . Snopes.com . May 19 , 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Note of Caution '' . American City Business Journals . February 16 , 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.S. Government Unveils New Design for the $100 Note '' ( Press release ) . Bureau of Engraving and Printing. April 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martinez , Alejandro J. ( April 21 , 2010 ) . `` Money Makeover : $100 Bill Gets Facelift to Fight Fakes '' . The Wall Street Journal . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Federal Reserve Note for details and references </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Calmes , Jackie ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` Harriet Tubman Ousts Andrew Jackson in Change for a $20 '' -- via NYTimes.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Anti-slavery activist Harriet Tubman to replace Jackson on $20 bill '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Joint Economic Committee Study , November 1998 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Obsolete United States currency and coinage </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> United States coinage </Li> <Li> United States dollar </Li> <Li> History of the United States dollar </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coins </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Half cent ( 1793 -- 1857 ) </Li> <Li> Fugio Cent ( 1787 ) </Li> <Li> Large cent ( 1793 -- 1857 ; 1868 ) </Li> <Li> Two - cent piece ( 1836 ; 1864 -- 1873 ) </Li> <Li> Three - cent nickel ( 1865 -- 1889 ) </Li> <Li> Three - cent silver ( 1851 -- 1873 ) </Li> <Li> Half dime ( 1792 -- 1873 ) </Li> <Li> Twenty - cent piece ( 1875 -- 1878 ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Gold coins </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gold dollar ( 1849 -- 1889 ) </Li> <Li> Quarter eagle ( 1796 -- 1929 ) </Li> <Li> Three - dollar piece ( 1854 -- 1889 ) </Li> <Li> Half eagle ( 1795 -- 1929 ) </Li> <Li> Eagle ( 1795 -- 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Double eagle ( 1850 -- 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Half - union ( 1877 , 1915 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Patterns </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Two - cent billon ( 1836 ) </Li> <Li> Three - cent bronze ( 1863 ) </Li> <Li> Stella ( 1879 -- 1880 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Currency </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Discontinued denominations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fractional currency </Li> <Li> Large denominations of currency </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Discontinued currency types </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Early American currency </Li> <Li> Compound interest treasury note </Li> <Li> Demand Note </Li> <Li> Federal Reserve Bank Note </Li> <Li> Gold certificate </Li> <Li> Interest bearing note </Li> <Li> National Bank Note </Li> <Li> National gold bank note </Li> <Li> Refunding Certificate </Li> <Li> Silver certificate </Li> <Li> Treasury or Coin Note </Li> <Li> Treasury Note ( 19th century ) </Li> <Li> United States Note </Li> <Li> United States postal notes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_dollar&oldid=839213682 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Currencies of the United States </Li> <Li> History of money </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using web citations with no URL </Li> <Li> Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL </Li> <Li> Pages containing links to subscription - only content </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from 1998 </Li> <Li> All articles containing potentially dated statements </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 00 : 54 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Windows 10 editions - wikipedia <H1> Windows 10 editions </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Windows 10 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> New features </Li> <Li> Removed features </Li> <Li> Version history </Li> <Li> Editions </Li> <Li> Windows 10 Mobile </Li> <Li> Criticism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Xbox One system software </Li> <Li> Windows Mixed Reality </Li> <Li> Windows Insider </Li> <Li> Microsoft Store </Li> <Li> Universal Windows Platform </Li> <Li> Fluent Design System </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Windows 10 has twelve editions , all with varying feature sets , use cases , or intended devices . Certain editions are distributed only on devices directly from a device manufacturer , while editions such as Enterprise and Education are only available through volume licensing channels . Microsoft also makes editions of Windows 10 available to device manufacturers for use on specific classes of devices , including smartphones ( Windows 10 Mobile ) and IoT devices . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Baseline editions </Li> <Li> 2 Organizational editions </Li> <Li> 3 Device - specific editions </Li> <Li> 4 Variations </Li> <Li> 5 Comparison chart </Li> <Li> 6 Upgrade path <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Free upgrade </Li> <Li> 6.2 Commercial upgrade </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Release branches </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 Notes </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Baseline editions ( edit ) </H2> <P> Baseline editions are the only editions available as standalone purchases in the retail outlets . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Home </Dt> <Dd> Windows 10 Home is designed for use in PCs , tablets and 2 - in - 1 PCs . It includes all consumer - directed features . </Dd> <Dt> Pro </Dt> <Dd> Windows 10 Pro adds additional features that are oriented towards business environments and power users . It is functionally equivalent to Windows 8.1 Pro . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Organizational editions ( edit ) </H2> <P> These editions add features to facilitate centralized control of many installations of the OS within an organization . The main avenue of acquiring them is a volume licensing contract with Microsoft . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Enterprise </Dt> <Dd> Windows 10 Enterprise provides all the features of Windows 10 Pro , with additional features to assist with IT - based organizations , and is functionally equivalent to Windows 8.1 Enterprise . Windows 10 Enterprise is configurable on three branches , Semi-Annual Channel , Semi-Annual Channel ( Targeted ) , and Windows Insider . </Dd> <Dt> Education </Dt> <Dd> Windows 10 Education is distributed through Academic Volume Licensing . Initially , it was reported to have the same feature set as Windows 10 Enterprise . As of version 1709 , however , this edition has fewer features . See § Comparison chart for details </Dd> <Dt> Pro Education </Dt> <Dd> This edition was introduced in July 2016 for hardware partners on new devices purchased with the discounted K -- 12 academic license . It features a `` Set Up School PCs '' app that allows provisioning of settings using a USB flash drive , and does not include Cortana , Windows Store suggestions or Windows Spotlight . </Dd> <Dt> Enterprise LTSB </Dt> <Dd> Enterprise LTSB is a long - term support version of Windows 10 Enterprise released every 2 to 3 years . They are supported with security updates for 10 years after their release , and intentionally receive no feature updates . Some features , including the Windows Store and bundled apps , are not included in this edition . The 2019 release of this edition is expected to be called Windows 10 Enterprise LTSC . </Dd> <Dt> Mobile Enterprise </Dt> <Dd> Windows 10 Mobile Enterprise provides all the features in Windows 10 Mobile , with additional features to assist with IT - based organizations , in a manner similar to Windows 10 Enterprise , but optimized for mobile devices . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Device - specific editions ( edit ) </H2> <P> These editions are licensed to device manufacturers only . The main avenue of purchasing these editions is through buying a specific device ( e.g. smartphones ) that have them pre-installed . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Mobile </Dt> <Dd> Windows 10 Mobile is designed for smartphones and small tablets . It includes all basic consumer features , including Continuum capability . It is the de facto successor of Windows Phone 8.1 and Windows RT . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> IoT </Dt> <Dd> Designed specifically for use in small footprint , low - cost devices and IoT scenarios . It is a rebranded version of Microsoft 's earlier embedded operating systems , Windows Embedded . Three editions are already announced : IoT Core , IoT Enterprise , and IoT Mobile Enterprise . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> S Mode </Dt> <Dd> Windows 10 S is a feature - limited edition of Windows 10 designed primarily for low - end devices in the education market . It has a faster initial setup and login process , and allows devices to be provisioned using a USB drive with the `` Set Up School PCs '' app . Windows 10 S only allows the installation of software ( both Universal Windows Platform and Windows API apps ) from Windows Store , although command line programs or shells ( even from Windows Store ) are not allowed . System settings are locked to only allow Microsoft Edge as the default web browser with Bing as its search engine . The operating system may be upgraded to Windows 10 Pro for a fee , to enable unrestricted software installation . All Windows 10 S devices include a free one - year subscription to Minecraft : Education Edition . Critics have compared the edition to Windows RT , and have considered it to be a competitor to Chrome OS . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> In March 2018 , Microsoft announced that it would be phasing out Windows 10 S , citing confusion among manufacturers and end - users . Microsoft plans to replace this edition with the ability for vendors to ship their Windows 10 Home or Pro devices in `` S Mode '' , wherein Windows defaults to only allowing applications to be installed from Windows Store , but does not require payment in order to disable these restrictions . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Team </Dt> <Dd> Windows 10 Team is a device - specific version of Windows 10 loaded onto the Surface Hub . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Pro for Workstations </Dt> <Dd> On August 10 , 2017 , Microsoft announced a Pro for Workstations edition to be made available in September , along with the Fall Creators Update for Windows 10 . This edition is designed for high - end hardware for intensive computing tasks and supports Intel Xeon , AMD Opteron , or latest AMD Epyc processors , up to four CPUs , up to 6 TB RAM , the ReFS file system , Non-Volatile Dual In - line Memory Module ( NVDIMM ) and remote direct memory access ( RDMA ) . By December 15 , 2017 , this edition was available pre-installed on two Dell workstations . Windows 10 Home , Pro and S editions can upgrade to this edition . This edition can be upgraded to Pro Education , Enterprise or Education editions of Windows 10 . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Variations ( edit ) </H2> <P> As with previous versions of Windows since XP , all Windows 10 editions for PC hardware have `` N '' and `` KN '' variations in Europe and South Korea that exclude certain bundled multimedia functionality , including media players and related components , in order to comply with antitrust rulings . The `` Media Feature Pack '' can be installed to restore these features . </P> <P> As with Windows 8.1 , a reduced - price `` Windows 10 with Bing '' SKU is available to OEMs ; it is subsidized by having Microsoft 's Bing search engine set as default , which can not be changed to a different search engine by OEMs . It is intended primarily for low - cost devices , and is otherwise identical to Windows 10 Home . </P> <P> In May 2017 , it was reported that Microsoft had , as part of its partnership with China Electronics Technology Group , created a specially - modified version of Windows 10 Enterprise designed for use within branches of the Chinese government . This version is pre-configured to `` remove features that are not needed by Chinese government employees '' , and allow the use of its internal encryption algorithms . </P> <H2> Comparison chart ( edit ) </H2> <Table> Guide <Tr> <Th> Item </Th> <Th> Meaning </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Feature is present in the given edition </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yes , with ( update ) </Td> <Td> Feature is present in the given edition after installing a certain update </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Feature is absent from the given edition </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( Explanation ) </Td> <Td> Feature is partly present in the given edition </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( Explanation ) with ( update ) </Td> <Td> Feature is partly present in the given edition , after installing a certain update ( It might have been fully present prior to that update , or not present at all ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Comparison of Windows 10 editions <Tr> <Th> Features </Th> <Th> Home </Th> <Th> Pro </Th> <Th> Education </Th> <Th> Enterprise </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Architecture </Th> <Td_colspan="4"> IA - 32 , x86 - 64 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Availability </Th> <Td> OEM , Retail </Td> <Td> OEM , Retail , Volume licensing </Td> <Td> Volume licensing </Td> <Td> Volume licensing </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Has N or KN variants ? </Th> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Maximum physical memory ( RAM ) </Th> <Td> 4 GB on IA - 32 128 GB on x86 - 64 </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> 4 GB on IA - 32 2 TB ( 2048 GB ) on x86 - 64 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Minimum telemetry level </Th> <Td> Basic </Td> <Td> Basic </Td> <Td> Security </Td> <Td> Security </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Continuum </Th> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cortana </Th> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes , with 1703 </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hardware device encryption </Th> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Microsoft Edge </Th> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Multiple language pack support </Th> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mobile device management </Th> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Side - loading of line of business apps </Th> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Virtual desktops </Th> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Windows Hello </Th> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Windows Spotlight </Th> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Remote Desktop </Th> <Td> Client only </Td> <Td> Client and host </Td> <Td> Client and host </Td> <Td> Client and host </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Remote App </Th> <Td> Client only </Td> <Td> Client only </Td> <Td> Client and host </Td> <Td> Client and host </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ReFS support </Th> <Td> Cannot create , with 1709 </Td> <Td> Cannot create , with 1709 </Td> <Td> Cannot create , with 1709 </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Windows Subsystem for Linux </Th> <Td> 64 - bit SKUs only </Td> <Td> 64 - bit SKUs only </Td> <Td> 64 - bit SKUs only </Td> <Td> 64 - bit SKUs only </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hyper - V </Th> <Td> No </Td> <Td> 64 - bit SKUs only </Td> <Td> 64 - bit SKUs only </Td> <Td> 64 - bit SKUs only </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Assigned Access 8.1 </Th> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> BitLocker </Th> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Business Store </Th> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conditional Access </Th> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Can switch to CBB ( defer updates ) ? </Th> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Joining a domain and Group Policy management </Th> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Enterprise data protection </Th> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Enterprise Mode Internet Explorer ( EMIE ) </Th> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Joining a Microsoft Azure Active Directory </Th> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Private catalog </Th> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Windows Analytics </Th> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Windows Information Protection </Th> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Windows Update for Business </Th> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> AppLocker </Th> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> BranchCache </Th> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Credential Guard ( Pass the hash mitigations ) </Th> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Device Guard </Th> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> DirectAccess </Th> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Microsoft App - V </Th> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Microsoft Desktop Optimization Pack ( MDOP ) </Th> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Microsoft UE - V </Th> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Start screen control with Group Policy </Th> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> User experience control and lockdown </Th> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Windows To Go </Th> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Features </Th> <Th> Home </Th> <Th> Pro </Th> <Th> Education </Th> <Th> Enterprise </Th> </Tr> </Table> <P> Microsoft OEM licensing formula takes display size , RAM capacity and storage capacity into account . In mid-2015 , devices with 4 GB RAM were expected to be $20 more expensive than devices with 2 GB RAM . </P> <H2> Upgrade path ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Free upgrade ( edit ) </H3> <P> At the time of launch , Microsoft deemed Windows 7 ( with Service Pack 1 ) , Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 users eligible to upgrade to Windows 10 free of charge , so long as the upgrade takes place within one year of Windows 10 's initial release date . Windows RT and the respective Enterprise editions of Windows 7 , 8 , and 8.1 were excluded from this offer . </P> <Table> Windows 10 free upgrade matrix ( for the first year of availability ) <Tr> <Th> Windows version and edition </Th> <Th> Windows 10 edition </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Windows 7 Starter </Td> <Td> Home </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Windows 7 Home Basic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Windows 7 Home Premium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Windows 7 Professional </Td> <Td> Pro </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Windows 7 Ultimate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Windows 8.1 with Bing </Td> <Td> Home </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Windows 8.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Windows 8.1 Pro </Td> <Td> Pro </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Windows Phone 8.1 </Td> <Td> Mobile </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Commercial upgrade ( edit ) </H3> <P> The following table summarizes possible upgrade paths that can be taken , provided that proper licenses are purchased . </P> <Table> Guide <Tr> <Th> Item </Th> <Th> Meaning </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Full upgrade is possible , preserving apps , settings and data </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Full upgrade is not possible </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Downgrade </Td> <Td> Full upgrade is possible but feature loss will occur </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Supported upgrade targets <Tr> <Th> Windows version </Th> <Th> Windows edition </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Upgrade target </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Windows 10 Home </Th> <Th> Windows 10 Pro </Th> <Th> Windows 10 Pro Education </Th> <Th> Windows 10 Enterprise </Th> <Th> Windows 10 Education </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Windows 7 </Th> <Td> Starter </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Home Basic </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Home Premium </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Professional </Td> <Td> Downgrade </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ultimate </Td> <Td> Downgrade </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Enterprise </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Windows 8. x </Th> <Td> ( Core ) </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Professional </Td> <Td> Downgrade </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Enterprise </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Windows 8. x Embedded </Th> <Td> Industry </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Windows 10 </Th> <Td> Home </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pro </Td> <Td> Downgrade </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Enterprise </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Education </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Downgrade </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Release branches ( edit ) </H2> <P> New releases of Windows 10 , called feature updates , are released twice a year as a free update for existing Windows 10 users . Each feature update contains new features and other changes to the operating system . The pace at which a system receives feature updates is dependent on the release branch from which the system downloads its updates . Windows 10 Pro , Enterprise and Education can optionally use a branch that receives updates at a slower pace . These modes can be managed through system settings , Windows Server Update Services ( WSUS ) , Windows Update for Business , Group Policy or through mobile device management systems such as Microsoft Intune . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Windows Insider </Dt> <Dd> Windows Insider is a beta testing program that allows access to pre-release builds of Windows 10 ; it is designed to allow power users , developers , and vendors to test and provide feedback on future feature updates to Windows 10 as they are developed . Windows Insider itself consists of three `` rings '' , `` fast '' ( which receives new builds as they are released ) , `` Slow '' ( which receives new builds on a delay after it is deployed to Fast ring users ) , and `` Release Preview '' . </Dd> <Dt> Semi-Annual Channel ( Targeted ) </Dt> <Dd> The Semi-Annual Channel ( Targeted ) , previously known as the Current Branch ( CB ) , distributes all feature updates as they graduate from the Windows Insider branch . Microsoft only supports the latest build . As of version 1703 , additional settings are provided to pause or defer feature updates for a specified length of time , but they are not available on Windows 10 Home . </Dd> <Dt> Semi-Annual Channel </Dt> <Dd> The Semi-Annual Channel , previously known as Current Branch for Business ( CBB ) , distributes feature updates on a four - month delay from their original release to the Semi-Annual Channel . This allows customers and vendors to evaluate and perform additional testing on new builds before broader deployments . Devices can be switched back to the Semi-Annual Channel ( Targeted ) at any time . The Semi-Annual Channel is not available on Windows 10 Home . </Dd> <Dt> Long - Term Servicing Branch ( LTSB ) </Dt> <Dd> This branch is exclusively available for Windows 10 Enterprise LTSB edition and distributes snapshots of this edition that are updated every 2 - 3 years . LTSB builds adhere to Microsoft 's traditional support policy which was in effect before Windows 10 : They are not updated with new features , and are supported with critical updates for 10 years after their release . Microsoft officially discourages the use of LTSB outside of `` special - purpose devices '' that perform a fixed function and thus do not require new user experience features . As a result , it excludes Windows Store , most Cortana functionality , and most bundled apps ( including Microsoft Edge ) . According to a Microsoft announcement , this branch will be renamed Long - Term Servicing Channel ( LTSC ) in 2019 , to match the name changes mentioned above . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Windows Server 2016 , the sibling of Windows 10 designed for servers </Li> <Li> Xbox One system software , an operating system based on the Windows 10 core , designed to run on consoles </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ There are four telemetry levels , in the order of magnitude : Security , basic , advanced , and full . The higher the level , the more information are sent to Microsoft . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cortana is available only in certain markets . Experience may vary by region and device . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Windows Hello requires specialized hardware , such as a fingerprint reader , illuminated IR sensor or other biometric sensor . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ On Windows 10 Pro , a Control Panel applet corresponding to this feature appears , but a Windows 10 Enterprise or Education image is still needed . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Prophet , Tony ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Introducing Windows 10 Editions '' . Windows Experience Blog . Microsoft . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bott , Ed ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Windows 10 editions : Everything you need to know '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Foley , Mary Jo ( July 2 , 2015 ) . `` Which Windows 10 editions get which features ? '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DaniHalfin . `` Assign devices to servicing branches for Windows 10 updates ( Windows 10 ) '' . docs.microsoft.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Foley , Mary Jo ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Microsoft to add new Windows 10 Pro Education edition to its line - up '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Overview of Windows as a service '' . Microsoft . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Brinkmann , Martin ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Windows 10 LTSB becomes Windows 10 LTSC '' . gHacks Technology News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 IoT for your business '' . Windows for Business . Microsoft . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 IoT Enterprise '' . MS Embedded . Silica . August 14 , 2015 . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Foley , Mary Jo ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft updates Windows 10 IoT , adds new Core Pro version '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Turner , Rich . `` Will Linux distros run on Windows 10 S ? '' . Microsoft . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` Linux distros wo n't run on Windows 10 S after all '' . The Verge . Vox Media . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Warren , Tom . `` Windows 10 S wo n't let you change the default browser or switch to Google search '' . The Verge . Vox Media . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chacos , Brad . `` Meet Windows 10 S , a streamlined , simplified , Windows Store - only OS for schools '' . PC World . IDG . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Microsoft now lets Surface Laptop owners revert back to Windows 10 S '' . The Verge . Vox Media . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 S is Microsoft 's answer to Chrome OS '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bright , Peter ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Desktop apps make their way into the Windows Store '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 Cloud looks just like Windows 10 in leaked screenshots '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Leaked Microsoft document confirms Windows 10 Cloud and a Chromebook competitor '' . PC World . IDG . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Microsoft admits Windows 10 S was confusing , new ' S Mode ' upgrades will be free '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tung , Liam . `` Windows 10 to permit block on apps installing if they 're not from Microsoft Store '' . ZDNet . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 Team Anniversary Update now available for Microsoft Surface Hub '' . Neowin . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Diaconu , Klaus ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Microsoft announces Windows 10 Pro for Workstations '' . Windows For Your Business . Microsoft . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Foley , Mary Jo ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Microsoft confirms new Windows 10 Pro for Workstations edition '' . ZDNet . 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IDG . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Microsoft Windows family </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Components </Li> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Timeline </Li> <Li> Criticism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> DOS - based </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Windows 1.0 </Li> <Li> Windows 2.0 </Li> <Li> Windows 2.1 x </Li> <Li> Windows 3.0 </Li> <Li> Windows 3.1 x </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Windows 9x </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Windows 95 ( Development ) </Li> <Li> Windows 98 </Li> <Li> Windows ME </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Windows NT </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Windows NT 3.1 </Li> <Li> Windows NT 3.5 </Li> <Li> Windows NT 3.51 </Li> <Li> Windows NT 4.0 </Li> <Li> Windows 2000 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Client versions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Windows XP <Ul> <Li> editions </Li> <Li> x64 </Li> <Li> Media Center </Li> <Li> Fundamentals </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Windows Vista <Ul> <Li> editions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Windows 7 <Ul> <Li> editions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Windows 8 <Ul> <Li> editions </Li> <Li> RT </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8.1 </Li> <Li> Windows 10 <Ul> <Li> editions </Li> <Li> version history </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Windows Server </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Server 2003 <Ul> <Li> Home Server </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Server 2008 <Ul> <Li> EBS 2008 </Li> <Li> HPC Server 2008 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Server 2008 R2 <Ul> <Li> Home Server 2011 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Server 2012 </Li> <Li> Server 2012 R2 </Li> <Li> Server 2016 </Li> <Li> Server 2019 </Li> <Li> MultiPoint Server </Li> <Li> Server Essentials </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Specialized </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Windows Preinstallation Environment </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Windows Embedded </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Embedded Compact <Ul> <Li> CE 5.0 </Li> <Li> Embedded CE 6.0 </Li> <Li> Embedded Compact 7 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Embedded Automotive </Li> <Li> Embedded Industry </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Windows Mobile </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pocket PC 2000 </Li> <Li> Pocket PC 2002 </Li> <Li> Mobile 2003 </Li> <Li> Mobile 5.0 </Li> <Li> Mobile 6.0 </Li> <Li> Mobile 6.1 </Li> <Li> Mobile 6.5 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Windows Phone </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Phone 7 </Li> <Li> Phone 8 </Li> <Li> Phone 8.1 </Li> <Li> Windows 10 Mobile </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cancelled </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cairo </Li> <Li> Nashville </Li> <Li> Neptune </Li> <Li> Odyssey </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> New Features <Ul> <Li> XP </Li> <Li> Vista </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 10 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Removed Features <Ul> <Li> XP </Li> <Li> Vista </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 10 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> List of versions </Li> <Li> Comparison </Li> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windows_10_editions&oldid=840811989 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Windows 10 </Li> <Li> Windows NT </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from February 2018 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 粵語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 09 : 25 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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The Terminal - wikipedia <H1> The Terminal </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Terminal ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Terminal </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Steven Spielberg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Steven Spielberg </Li> <Li> Walter F. Parkes </Li> <Li> Laurie MacDonald </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sacha Gervasi </Li> <Li> Jeff Nathanson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Story by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Andrew Niccol </Li> <Li> Sacha Gervasi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tom Hanks </Li> <Li> Catherine Zeta - Jones </Li> <Li> Stanley Tucci </Li> <Li> Chi McBride </Li> <Li> Diego Luna </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> John Williams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Janusz Kamiński </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Michael Kahn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amblin Entertainment </Li> <Li> Parkes / MacDonald Productions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> DreamWorks Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> June 18 , 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 18 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 128 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $60 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $219.4 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Terminal is a 2004 American comedy - drama film directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Tom Hanks and Catherine Zeta - Jones . The film is about a man who becomes stuck in New York 's John F. Kennedy Airport terminal when he is denied entry into the United States and at the same time can not return to his native country because of a military coup . </P> <P> The film is partially inspired by the 18 - year stay of Mehran Karimi Nasseri in Terminal 1 of Paris - Charles de Gaulle Airport , France , from 1988 to 2006 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Soundtrack </Li> <Li> 5 Reception </Li> <Li> 6 Krakozhia </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Viktor Navorski , a traveler from the nation of Krakozhia , arrives at New York 's John F. Kennedy International Airport , only to find that his passport is suddenly no longer valid . The United States no longer recognizes Krakozhia as a sovereign nation after the outbreak of a civil war , and Viktor is not permitted to either enter the country or return home as he is now stateless . Because of this , US Customs and Border Protection seizes his passport and airline ticket . </P> <P> With no other choice , he settles in at the terminal with only his luggage and a peanut can , much to the frustration of Frank Dixon , the temporary customs director for the airport . Dixon is being considered for a promotion and becomes obsessed with getting rid of Viktor . Meanwhile , Viktor befriends and helps airport employees and travelers . Among them , a flight attendant named Amelia Warren , whom he sees periodically and tries to woo , presenting himself as a building contractor who is frequently traveling . Viktor had been hired by an airport contractor and paid under the table after he impulsively remodeled a wall at a gate that was scheduled for future renovation . </P> <P> One day , Dixon pulls Amelia aside and questions whether she knows Viktor 's true situation . Amelia confronts Viktor at his makeshift home , where he shows her that the peanut can contains a copy of the `` A Great Day in Harlem '' photograph . His late father was a jazz enthusiast who had discovered the famous portrait in a Hungarian newspaper in 1958 , and vowed to collect the autographs of all 57 of the musicians featured on it . He died before he could get the last one , from tenor saxophonist Benny Golson . Viktor has come to New York to do so . After hearing the story , Amelia kisses Viktor . </P> <P> After nine months , his friends wake Viktor with the news that the war in Krakozhia has ended . Amelia also asked her `` friend '' -- actually a married government official with whom she had been having an affair -- to get Viktor a one - day emergency visa to fulfill his dream , but Viktor is disappointed to learn she has renewed her relationship with the man during this process . Moreover , Viktor finds out that Dixon must sign the visa . Seizing the opportunity , Dixon threatens to cause trouble for Viktor 's friends , most seriously by deporting janitor Gupta back to India . Unwilling to let this happen , Viktor finally agrees to go home to Krakozhia . When Gupta learns of this , however , he runs in front of the plane as it taxies to the terminal , resulting in his deportation , effectively taking the burden off Viktor . </P> <P> The delay gives Viktor enough time to go into the city . Dixon , watching Viktor leave the airport , decides not to pursue him . Viktor arrives in New York at the hotel where Benny Golson is performing and finally collects the last autograph . Then he gets in a taxi , telling the driver , `` I am going home . '' </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Tom Hanks as Viktor Navorski </Li> <Li> Catherine Zeta - Jones as Amelia Warren </Li> <Li> Stanley Tucci as Frank Dixon </Li> <Li> Chi McBride as Joe Mulroy </Li> <Li> Diego Luna as Enrique Cruz </Li> <Li> Barry Shabaka Henley as Thurman </Li> <Li> Kumar Pallana as Gupta Rajan </Li> <Li> Zoë Saldana as Dolores Torres </Li> <Li> Eddie Jones as Richard Salchak </Li> <Li> Jude Ciccolella as Karl Iverson </Li> <Li> Corey Reynolds as Waylin , a security officer </Li> <Li> Guillermo Diaz as Bobby Alima </Li> <Li> Rini Bell as Nadia </Li> <Li> Valery Nikolaev as Milodragovich </Li> <Li> Michael Nouri as Max </Li> <Li> Benny Golson as himself </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> The gigantic airport set built for the film . <P> Some have noted that the film appears to be inspired by the story of Mehran Karimi Nasseri , an Iranian refugee who lived in Terminal One of the Charles de Gaulle airport , Paris from 1988 when his refugee papers were stolen until 2006 when he was hospitalized for unspecified ailments . In September 2003 , The New York Times noted that Spielberg bought the rights to Nasseri 's life story as the basis for the film ; and in September 2004 The Guardian noted Nasseri received thousands of dollars from the filmmakers . However , none of the studio 's publicity materials mention Nasseri 's story as an inspiration for the film . </P> <P> Steven Spielberg traveled around the world to find an actual airport that would let him film for the length of the production , but could not find one . The Terminal set was built in a massive hangar at the LA / Palmdale Regional Airport . The hangar , part of the U.S. Air Force Plant 42 complex was used to build the Rockwell International B - 1B bomber . The set was built to full earthquake construction codes and was based on Düsseldorf Airport . The shape of both the actual terminal and the set viewed sideways is a cross section of an aircraft wing . The design of the set for The Terminal , as noted by Roger Ebert in his reviews and attested by Spielberg himself in a feature by Empire magazine , was greatly inspired by Jacques Tati 's classic film PlayTime . Hanks based his characterization of Viktor Navorsky on his father - in - law Allan Wilson , a Bulgarian immigrant , who according to Hanks can speak `` Russian , Turkish , Polish , Greek , little bit of Italian , little bit of French '' , in addition to his native Bulgarian . Hanks also had some help from a Bulgarian translator named Peter Budevski . </P> <P> Everything functioned in the set as in real life . There were real food , ice cream , and coffee in the appropriate outlets . The escalators were purchased from a department store that had gone bankrupt . Each of the outlets featured in the concourse building was actually sponsored by the real company . Many stores are seen and Viktor seeks a job at the Brookstone , La Perla and Discovery Channel stores , eats at the Burger King , buys his New York City guide book at Borders and buys his suit at Hugo Boss . Enrique proposes to Dolores at Sbarro . </P> <P> Most exterior shots and those featuring actual aircraft were shot at Montréal -- Mirabel International Airport : additional interior shots were also done there including the mezzanine overlooking the immigration desks and the baggage carousels directly behind them , the jetways showing Aéroports de Montréal signs , and many Air Transat planes in the background : New York is not one of their regular destinations . Additional pre-production shooting was done at Los Angeles International Airport and at Spielberg 's offices at DreamWorks . Montreal is also mentioned on the loudspeaker at the beginning of the film , around the point where the customs officer tells Viktor to wait in a special line . </P> <P> The 747 was provided by United Airlines . The Star Alliance was a major sponsor and provided uniforms , equipment , and actors in addition to those cast . In spite of the heavy presence of the Star Alliance airlines , a Delta Air Lines pilot passes Viktor in a scene during the last five minutes of the film . </P> <H2> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Terminal : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Film score by John Williams </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> June 15 , 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio </Th> <Td> Sony Pictures Studios </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Soundtrack </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Decca </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer </Th> <Td> John Williams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> John Williams chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 2004 </Td> <Td> The Terminal ( 2004 ) </Td> <Td> Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith 2005 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Source </Th> <Th> Rating </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AllMusic </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Empire </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Filmtracks </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Movie Wave </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SoundtrackNet </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The clarinet piece , `` Viktor 's Tale '' , also composed by John Williams , is taken from the movie 's soundtrack . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Rotten Tomatoes reported that 61 % of 198 sampled critics gave the film positive reviews and that it got a rating average of 6.2 out of 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The Terminal transcends its flaws through the sheer virtue of its crowd - pleasing message and a typically solid star turn from Tom Hanks . '' At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the film received an average score of 55 based on 41 reviews . Michael Wilmington from the Chicago Tribune said `` ( the film ) takes Spielberg into realms he 's rarely traveled before . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times said Hanks ' performance brought a lot to the film . </P> <P> The film grossed $77,872,883 in North America and $141,544,372 in other territories , totaling $219,417,255 worldwide . </P> <H2> Krakozhia ( edit ) </H2> <P> Krakozhia ( Кракозия or Кракожия ) is a fictional country , created for the film , that closely resembles a former Soviet Republic or Eastern Bloc state . </P> <P> The exact location of Krakozhia is kept intentionally vague in the film , keeping with the idea of Viktor being simply Eastern European or from a former Soviet Republic . However , in one of the scenes , a map of Krakozhia is briefly displayed on one of the airport 's television screens during a news report on the ongoing conflict and its borders are those of the Republic of Macedonia , but in another scene the protagonist shows his driving license , which happens to be a Belarusian license issued to a woman . The film presents a reasonably accurate picture of the process of naturalistic second - language acquisition , according to professional linguist Martha Young - Scholten . </P> <P> John Williams , the film 's composer , also wrote a national anthem for Krakozhia . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Film in the United States portal </Li> <Li> 2000s portal </Li> <Li> Aviation portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Stateless person </Li> <Li> Hiroshi Nohara </Li> <Li> Zahra Kamalfar </Li> <Li> Sanjay Shah </Li> <Li> List of people who have lived at airports </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Terminal at Box Office Mojo </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gilsdorf , Ethan ( June 21 , 2004 ) . `` Behind ' The Terminal , ' a true story '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Duncan Walker , `` Life in the lounge '' , BBC News Online Magazine , August 17 , 2004 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Matthew Rose , `` Waiting For Spielberg '' , The New York Times , September 21 , 2003 . Retrieved June 12 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Berczeller , Paul ( September 6 , 2004 ) . `` The man who lost his past '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Season 12 Episode 9 . '' Inside the Actors Studio . Bravo . 14 May 2016 . Television . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tom Hanks ' character in The Terminal speaks Bulgarian '' , YouTube . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Terminal ( 2004 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Terminal reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Flight of fancy '' , Chicago Tribune , June 18 , 2004 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A.O. Scott , `` Movie review : An Émigré 's Paradise Lost and Found '' , by The New York Times , June 18 , 2004 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Young - Scholten , Martha . `` Hollywood : smarter than you think ? Maybe '' . Retrieved December 25 , 2007 . Abstract for talk given at the University of Leeds Department of Linguistics and Phonetics , April 26 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Terminal soundtrack review at Filmtracks.com </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Terminal on IMDb </Li> <Li> The Terminal at AllMovie </Li> <Li> The Terminal at Box Office Mojo </Li> <Li> The Terminal at Metacritic </Li> <Li> The Terminal at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Steven Spielberg </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Filmography </Li> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films directed </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Firelight ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Slipstream ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Amblin ' ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Night Gallery ( `` Eyes '' segment , 1969 ) </Li> <Li> L.A. 2017 ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Duel ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Something Evil ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Savage ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> The Sugarland Express ( 1974 , also wrote ) </Li> <Li> Jaws ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 , also wrote ) </Li> <Li> 1941 ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Twilight Zone : The Movie ( `` Kick the Can '' segment , 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> The Color Purple ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Always ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Hook ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Amistad ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 , also wrote ) </Li> <Li> Minority Report ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Terminal ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Munich ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> War Horse ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Lincoln ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The BFG ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> The Post ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Ready Player One ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films written </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Poltergeist ( 1982 , also produced ) </Li> <Li> The Goonies ( 1985 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films produced </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> An American Tail : Fievel Goes West ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Super 8 ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> The Hundred - Foot Journey ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amazing Stories ( 1985 -- 87 ) </Li> <Li> High Incident ( 1996 -- 97 ) </Li> <Li> Invasion America ( 1998 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Steven Spielberg bibliography </Li> <Li> Amblin Partners <Ul> <Li> Amblin Entertainment </Li> <Li> Amblin Television <Ul> <Li> DreamWorks Television </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Amblimation </Li> <Li> DreamWorks </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Andrew Niccol filmography </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Director / writer </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gattaca ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Simone ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Lord of War ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> In Time ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> The Host ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Good Kill ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Anon ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Writer only </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Truman Show ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> The Terminal ( 2004 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 242822591 </Li> <Li> GND : 7852151 - 8 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Terminal&oldid=802631503 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2004 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> 2000s comedy - drama films </Li> <Li> 2000s romance films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> American aviation films </Li> <Li> American comedy - drama films </Li> <Li> American romance films </Li> <Li> French - language films </Li> <Li> Russian - language films </Li> <Li> Bulgarian - language films </Li> <Li> Film scores by John Williams </Li> <Li> Films directed by Steven Spielberg </Li> <Li> Films produced by Steven Spielberg </Li> <Li> Films set in New York City </Li> <Li> Films shot in Montreal </Li> <Li> Films set in airports </Li> <Li> Amblin Entertainment films </Li> <Li> DreamWorks Pictures films </Li> <Li> Films about language and translation </Li> <Li> Star Alliance </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Album infoboxes lacking a cover </Li> <Li> Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Кыргызча </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 12 : 43 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Santa Clarita Diet - Wikipedia <H1> Santa Clarita Diet </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Santa Clarita Diet </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Horror - comedy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Victor Fresco </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Drew Barrymore </Li> <Li> Timothy Olyphant </Li> <Li> Liv Hewson </Li> <Li> Skyler Gisondo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> John Debney ( season 1 ) Jeff Russo ( season 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 20 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Victor Fresco </Li> <Li> Tracy Katsky </Li> <Li> Aaron Kaplan </Li> <Li> Drew Barrymore </Li> <Li> Chris Miller </Li> <Li> Ember Truesdell </Li> <Li> Timothy Olyphant </Li> <Li> Andy Weil </Li> <Li> Jane Wiseman </Li> <Li> Brittany Segal </Li> <Li> Ruben Fleischer </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Leila Cohan - Miccio </Li> <Li> Nancy Juvonen </Li> <Li> Jimmy Simons </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Todd McMullen ( season 1 ) Paul Maibaum , ASC ( season 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Editor ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Shawn Paper </Li> <Li> Andrew Doerfer </Li> <Li> Lawrence Maddox </Li> <Li> Steven Sprung </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Camera setup </Th> <Td> Single - camera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 26 -- 34 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kapital Entertainment </Li> <Li> KatCo </Li> <Li> Flower Films </Li> <Li> Garfield Grove </Li> <Li> Olybomb Entertainment </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> Netflix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> Netflix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> 4K ( 16 : 9 UHDTV in high dynamic range ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Audio format </Th> <Td> Dolby Digital 5.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Santa Clarita Diet is an American horror - comedy web television series created by Victor Fresco for the streaming service Netflix , starring Drew Barrymore and Timothy Olyphant . Fresco serves as the showrunner , and is an executive producer alongside Drew Barrymore , Timothy Olyphant , Aaron Kaplan , Tracy Katsky , Chris Miller , Ember Truesdell and Ruben Fleischer . </P> <P> The single - camera series premiered on February 3 , 2017 and consists of 10 episodes . The first season has received generally positive reviews , with critics praising the cast and premise , but criticizing the number of graphic scenes . On March 29 , 2017 , it was announced that Netflix renewed the series for a second season , which premiered on March 23 , 2018 . On May 8 , 2018 , the series was renewed for a 10 - episode third season set to premiere in 2019 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Main </Li> <Li> 2.2 Recurring </Li> <Li> 2.3 Guest </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Episodes <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Series overview </Li> <Li> 3.2 Season 1 ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> 3.3 Season 2 ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Production <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Development </Li> <Li> 4.2 Advertising controversy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Joel and Sheila Hammond are everyday suburban real estate agents in Santa Clarita , California . The couple face a series of obstacles when Sheila has a physical transformation into a zombie and starts craving human flesh . With Joel and the family trying to help Sheila through the trying time , they have to deal with neighbors , cultural norms and getting to the bottom of a potentially mythological mystery . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Drew Barrymore as Sheila Hammond , Joel 's wife and Abby 's mother </Li> <Li> Timothy Olyphant as Joel Hammond , Sheila 's husband and Abby 's father </Li> <Li> Liv Hewson as Abby Hammond , Sheila and Joel 's daughter </Li> <Li> Skyler Gisondo as Eric Bemis , the Hammonds ' neighbor , Lisa 's son and Dan 's stepson </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recurring ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Ricardo Chavira as Dan Palmer ( season 1 ) , a sheriff 's deputy , Eric 's stepfather and the Hammonds ' neighbor . Dan is killed by Joel with a shovel and later eaten by Sheila . </Li> <Li> Mary Elizabeth Ellis as Lisa Palmer , Dan 's wife and Eric 's mother </Li> <Li> Andy Richter as Carl Coby , the Hammonds ' boss </Li> <Li> Richard T. Jones as Rick , a Santa Monica police officer , the Hammond 's neighbor , and Joel 's friend </Li> <Li> Joy Osmanski as Alondra , Rick 's wife </Li> <Li> Kaylee Bryant as Sarah , a classmate of Abby and Eric </Li> <Li> Nathan Fillion as Gary West , a realtor and the Hammonds ' co-worker . He is the first person Sheila kills for food . His severed head still survives and is stored in the Hammonds ' basement and later storage unit . </Li> <Li> Natalie Morales as Anne Garcia , a sheriff 's deputy , Dan 's partner , and very religious . She becomes romantically involved with Lisa after Dan goes missing . </Li> <Li> Thomas Lennon as Principal Andrei Novak , Abby 's school principal </Li> <Li> Ramona Young as Ramona , a wise Rite - Aid employee . She also turns out to be a zombie . </Li> <Li> Grace Zabriskie as Mrs. Bakavic ( season 1 ) , Novak 's Serbian grandmother </Li> <Li> DeObia Oparei as Loki Hayes ( season 1 ) , a convicted felon . He turns into a zombie when Sheila is unsuccessful in killing him . </Li> <Li> Portia de Rossi as Dr. Cora Wolf ( season 1 ) , a scientist focused on the undead </Li> <Li> Zachary Knighton as Paul ( season 2 ) , Marsha 's husband and a descendant of the Knights of Serbia , who has been tasked with ending the zombie outbreak </Li> <Li> Jaee Young Han as Marsha ( season 2 ) , Paul 's wife who 's helping him with the mission to end the zombie outbreak </Li> <Li> Matt Shively as Christian ( season 2 ) , a student at Abby and Eric 's school who is also Chris and Christa 's son </Li> </Ul> <H3> Guest ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Patton Oswalt as Dr. Hasmedi , a virologist </Li> <Li> Ryan Hansen as Bob Jonas , Lisa Palmer 's lover </Li> <Li> Derek Waters as Anton , a conspiracy theorist </Li> <Li> Ravi Patel as Ryan , a convention goer </Li> <Li> Jonathan Slavin as Ron , an asylum inmate </Li> <Li> Joel McHale as Chris , a realtor who is married to Christa </Li> <Li> Maggie Lawson as Christa , a realtor who is married to Chris </Li> <Li> Gerald McRaney as Ed Thune , a retired army colonel </Li> <Li> Leo Howard as Sven , a student who asked Abby out in Season 2 after the tray incident , hurting Eric 's soul </Li> </Ul> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Series overview ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Originally released </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original release date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` So Then a Bat or a Monkey '' </Td> <Td> Ruben Fleischer </Td> <Td> Victor Fresco </Td> <Td> February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Joel and Sheila Hammond are realtors leading a normal suburban life with their daughter Abby . They are trying hard to sell a house but while showing it Sheila violently throw ups copious amounts of yellow liquid , including what might be an organ . Joel takes Sheila to the emergency department but since it is slow they go home . Sheila is acting oddly , including an increased libido ; her blood is thick and she has no heartbeat . Their neighbor 's son Eric explains to them that Sheila is dead and undead and driven by her Id , which Sheila is okay with . Eric tells them Sheila must always be fed , and if she degrades she may have to die . Sheila and Abby sneak out and buy a car , and later Sheila parties with her neighbors . Gary , Sheila 's co-worker , entices Sheila to dance with him when Joel finds them . They leave and Sheila thinks her new behavior might be who she really is . At Sheila 's home , Gary tries to force himself on her , threatening to tell others she was unfaithful if she refuses . Sheila licks his fingers , suddenly biting two of them off before devouring Gary in the backyard . Joel comes home to find Sheila eating Gary ; as he looks on in horror , Sheila tells him she wants to make this work . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` We Ca n't Kill People ! '' </Td> <Td> Ruben Fleischer </Td> <Td> Victor Fresco </Td> <Td> February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> They bury Gary 's remains in the desert . Abby and Eric follow them discovering Sheila killed Gary . While covering up the murder Dan sees Joel spraying his grass in the middle of the night and gets suspicious . Joel consults a virologist but he thinks Joel is crazy . Dan comes to inspect the grass and Joel tells him they have ants . Abby ditches school with Eric . Joel tries to get Sheila to eat meat but she says since she ate Gary she does not want anything but humans . Joel suggests that maybe it is the freshness that matters . Sheila continues to act impulsively including killing a rooster . After they make the sale on the listing Sheila tells Joel she could n't eat the rooster . Joel reiterates that they can not kill people . Joel and Sheila try to find an alternate food source at the morgue but Sheila ca n't stand the cadaver flesh . Sheila 's hunger is growing so Joel tells her they are going to kill people so she can eat . They have been together since high school and he is not going to leave her now . Abby comes and sleeps in their bed because she is worried about the changes . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` We Can Kill People '' </Td> <Td> Marc Buckland </Td> <Td> Clay Graham </Td> <Td> February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Joel and Sheila discuss balancing killing people and being parents . Abby is grumpy with them for being overbearing . They make a plan to find a bad person to kill . Dan talks to them about never having a sloppy kill referring to the ants . They get supplies for killing people . Joel smokes pot in the bathroom to calm down . Eric and Abby have lunch while ditching school where Abby 's friend leaves with her 26 - year - old drug dealer boyfriend , but he breaks up with her . Joel and Sheila talk to Rick , their other neighbor who is a cop , looking for where to find people to kill . He says that a pedophile lives in the area and the couple consider killing him . Sheila and Joel overhear the teenagers talking about how bad the ex-boyfriend was and decide to kill him . Once Joel talked to him he decides to let him go much to Sheila 's annoyance . The teenagers go to the ex-boyfriend's house ; one of them teargasses it and retrieves her friend 's sweater . On the way home , Sheila and Joel have a road rage incident then Sheila kills the driver of the other car . They put him in the freezer in their storage unit hoping he will not be missed . They go to family dinner and all three of them tell the others how wonderful everything is . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Farting Sex Tourist '' </Td> <Td> Ken Kwapis </Td> <Td> Michael A. Ross </Td> <Td> February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Sheila makes a smoothie from the body in storage then goes walking with her neighbors . She suggests the women should live life to the fullest . She tells them her new attitude is due to her new high protein diet . Joel goes to paranormal stores researching zombies . He finds two prints from Serbia that show someone vomiting up a red ball and then eating someone . Rick talks to the couple about their new car and then Dan interrupts bringing them more ant spray . Abby 's school calls them in and Principal Novak tells them Abby is missing school . They insist everything is normal . Sheila gets upset with Novak and she wants to eat him when he threatens to suspend Abby . Sheila tells Abby she should drop out causing Joel to confront Sheila about her behavior concluding he is not sure their family can survive it . Sheila talks to Eric who tells her the undead have no impulse control and she can not change . Meanwhile Joel talks to Abby and they steal Rick 's motorcycle before they bond over freaking out about Sheila . Joel realizes Novak is Serbian . Dan sprays Joel 's yard for ants and finds Gary 's finger . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Man Eat Man '' </Td> <Td> Marc Buckland </Td> <Td> Chadd Gindin </Td> <Td> February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Abby goes to the storage unit and finds the dead man in the freezer . Joel talks to Novak 's Grandmother for help translating the prints . She tells him it is an old story about zombies from a book that might have a cure . Sheila is reluctant about a cure at first as she likes the side effects of being a zombie but finally agrees she wants a cure . Joel finds a possible source for the book , Anton . Abby tells Eric about the dead guy she found . Eric tells Abby he found out his mom is having an affair . Joel asks Rick to run a check for Anton . Dan blackmails Joel into killing a guy named Loki . Joel tells Sheila that Dan knows about Gary . Sheila wants to kill Loki for food and is willing to go alone . Abby complains to Eric about her parent 's lying and he tries to kiss her . Sheila and Joel try to kill Loki and fail . Sheila is worried she bit Loki . Abby notices blood on Sheila 's briefcase but does not confront her mom about it . Loki is on the floor of a hotel room surrounded by vomit like Sheila was before . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Attention to Detail '' </Td> <Td> Craig Zisk </Td> <Td> Leila Cohan - Miccio </Td> <Td> February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Joel and Sheila stake out Loki and debate the possibility that he was turned into a zombie . With no resolution they go to a party at Dan 's house and Joel has to lie to Dan about Loki . Sheila realizes she left a pen with her contact information at Loki 's house . Abby and Eric have a hard time recovering from the kiss . Dan wants Joel to kill another guy who he claims is a bad guy but when Sheila goes to kill him it turns out to be the guy Lisa is having an affair with and she does not kill him . Abby and Eric plant a flash bang in Dan 's rose garden to freak him out . In the process they find a stash of money concluding Dan is a dirty cop . Joel runs into Loki 's friends and is held hostage . They knock him out but he is OK and he finds the pen . Joel and Sheila decide they are going to do everything together moving forward . Joel confronts Dan telling him he will not be killing people for him anymore . They get into a fight and Joel kills him with a shovel . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Strange or Just Inconsiderate ? '' </Td> <Td> Lynn Shelton </Td> <Td> Ben Smith </Td> <Td> February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Joel and Sheila bring Dan 's body to their house and they make a plan to dispose of him . Sheila begins to worry about Joel , who is obsessed with retaining the family 's `` normality . '' Rick finds Anton for Joel . Abby finds Dan 's body in the tub and confronts her parents about lying to her . Abby tells Eric that Dan is dead and he is fine with it . Abby and Eric have a plan to help cover up Dan 's murder by revealing he is a dirty cop to the other cops . With the sheriff 's department all over the neighborhood following Dan 's disappearance , Sheila undertakes to eat him completely to hide the evidence but fails . Joel decides to take the remaining body parts out of the house in a cooler . The cops find Dan 's stash and with it Gary 's finger . Rick tells Joel that Gary 's disappearance is being blamed on Dan . While Sheila is taking a bath her little toe falls off . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` How Much Vomit ? '' </Td> <Td> Steve Pink </Td> <Td> Aaron Brownstein & Simon Ganz </Td> <Td> February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Sheila keeps the fact that her toe has fallen off from Joel . As the police discover more about Dan 's corrupt activities , Joel and Sheila hear that Loki is still alive and appears to have turned undead as well . They find him doing an acoustic performance at a local club , and he becomes obsessed with Sheila , forcing them to kill him when he tries to murder Joel . As Joel is coming to terms with Sheila 's toe having fallen off , they are both shocked to notice that her right eye is now hanging out of her head . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` The Book ! '' </Td> <Td> Tamra Davis </Td> <Td> Sarah Walker </Td> <Td> February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Joel and Eric head to a paranormal convention to meet Anton , a popular and mysterious figure in the paranormal community , who claims to have an ancient book containing the cure for Sheila 's condition . Anton accuses Joel of being a government agent , and when confronted later , admits he is a fraud and does not have the book -- however Joel is approached by another attendee , who puts him in touch with the book 's real owner , Dr. Cora Wolf . Meanwhile , Sheila tries to bond with Abby , as the two try to get her money back from the brother of the deceased chop shop owner . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Baka , Bile and Baseball Bats '' </Td> <Td> Dean Parisot </Td> <Td> Clay Graham </Td> <Td> February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Dr. Cora Wolf moves in with the Hammonds to work on a cure for the virus , which has previously only been tested on rats . Wolf tells Sheila that as her condition progresses , she will become uncontrollably violent and could harm her family and others . With Eric 's assistance , Wolf synthesizes the cure , only requiring the final ingredient : the bile of a pure - born Serbian . Joel and Sheila visit Principal Novak 's `` baka '' and attempt to get her to vomit by getting her drunk , however Novak calls the police and Joel is arrested and committed to a mental institution . Sheila gets Abby to chain her up in the basement , to prevent her harming anyone . She takes a call from a real estate client , telling them that she hopes either she or her husband will be free next week . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original release date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` No Family is Perfect '' </Td> <Td> Ken Kwapis </Td> <Td> Victor Fresco </Td> <Td> March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Joel is under a 72 - hour hold at the mental institution and confides in his roommate Ron , who suffers from apparent delusions . Sheila is chained up in the basement as Abby and Eric search the internet for a pure Serbian who will sell their bile . They get a hit and Abby goes to collect . Joel is released from the institution and buys bile from the morgue . Sheila gets Eric to unchain her . Goran , the bile seller , is extremely forward with Abby and even follows her home . Sheila attacks and consumes him . Eric uses the man 's bile to render a cure for Sheila 's deterioration . Joel comes home horrified , but Eric assures the Hammonds that Sheila wo n't get any worse . Joel proposes that Sheila stay in the basement until she can control herself . Eric goes to buy cleaning supplies , where he meets deadpan store employee Ramona . Joel and Abby decide to stay the night with Sheila in the basement . Later on , Ramona calls Eric and asks if Abby is his girlfriend , adding that she is recently single . While eating a man 's finger from her fridge , she asks Eric if he 'd like to hang out sometime . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Coyote in Yoga Pants '' </Td> <Td> Marc Buckland </Td> <Td> Michael A. Ross </Td> <Td> March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Sheila begins chasing animals to curb her antsy behavior . Joel and Sheila run into their neighbor Lisa , who has no news on her `` missing '' husband Dan and has since started seeing his partner , Deputy Anne Garcia . Abby and Eric realize that their emails to Goran could trace his disappearance back to them . Sheila and Joel convince their boss Carl to give them one of Gary 's old assignments . Abby and Eric break into Goran 's apartment to delete the evidence . Abby tells Eric how scared she was when Goran followed her home , but Eric 's phone keeps blowing up with texts from Ramona . Another couple enters the apartment , also claiming to be Goran 's friends . Abby and Eric leave , but the other couple knows about the bile . Sheila and Joel compete with their high school rivals , Chris and Christa , for a listing and prevail when Sheila is able to run down the owner 's fleeing dog . Abby reluctantly encourages Eric to ask Ramona out . Sheila and Joel discover that the spot where they buried her first kill , Gary , is planned for development . They go to the desert to dig him up , but discover that Gary 's severed head has reanimated . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Moral Gray Area '' </Td> <Td> Ken Kwapis </Td> <Td> Clay Graham </Td> <Td> March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Sheila and Joel decide they need to kill the zombified Gary . Gary agrees , but asks them to bring the deed to his Michigan lake house to his niece Kayla . Sheila and Joel decide to honor Gary 's last request . Eric finds a corpse in Ramona 's bathtub and calls Abby , who sets out to rescue him . Sheila and Joel bring the deed to Kayla , but she still needs her car , which is with her ex-boyfriend , Boone . Sheila volunteers herself and Joel to retrieve the car . Abby bursts into Ramona 's apartment but realizes that Eric and Ramona actually had sex . Ramona discloses that she is also deteriorating and Eric offers to help her . At Boone 's house , Sheila and Joel discover that he is the `` young , single Hitler '' type that Sheila can eat guilt - free . While debating whether they should kill again impulsively , Boone 's friend AJ shows up and offers them a raffle book for the Nazi softball team . Sheila buys one as a future kill reference . After Eric gives Ramona the serum to halt her deterioration , she admits that she was just using him for his ties to Abby 's mother and they break up . Abby discovers Gary in the basement . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Queen of England '' </Td> <Td> Adam Arkin </Td> <Td> Chadd Gindin </Td> <Td> March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Gary decides he does n't want to die , leaving the Hammonds in a bind . Abby tells her parents that Ramona is undead . Sheila and Joel go to her and realize that becoming undead makes people who they always wanted to be . Remembering reports of murdered joggers , Sheila tells Ramona that without `` a Joel '' to help her , she needs to be more careful . Ramona shows them that the ball she threw up during transformation has sprouted legs . Abby stands up for a classmate by hitting another student , Christian , with a lunch tray . Ramona threatens Eric into being her Joel . Joel feels uneasy about his new life , but Gary offers some perspective . Ramona and Eric go to the Hammonds ' dinner party and a fight ensues to free him . Abby chokes Ramona , who then confesses that she does n't want to do the undead thing alone anymore . Lisa walks in and the Hammonds reschedule dinner . Ramona decides to move to Seattle and Sheila and Joel go to her apartment for the ball creature . While there , Joel discovers a receipt showing that Ramona went to the restaurant Japopo 's on the same day and ordered the same clam dish Sheila did before their transformations . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Going Pre-med '' </Td> <Td> Marc Buckland </Td> <Td> Ben Smith </Td> <Td> March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Sheila stakes out Boone 's house while Joel goes undercover at Japopo 's but Joel is recognized for writing a negative Yelp review . The proprietor agrees to give Joel their receipts if he writes a positive review . Sheila accidentally convinces Anne to investigate the recent murders herself and Joel encourages Sheila to end their friendship . Sheila and Joel voice concern for Abby before renting a second storage unit ; one for Gary and the ball creature , and the other for a kill room . Ron finds Joel and Sheila at work and Joel persuades him to keep their secret . Principal Novak nearly gives Abby a month 's detention but with Eric 's intervention , she instead joins the Environmental Club . Abby meets a new boy , Sven . Sheila and Joel lure Boone to their storage unit . She kills him as well as his fellow Nazi friend . Abby ditches the Environmental Club for something more extreme , with Eric 's support . Joel vents to Gary and writes a new review for Japopo 's . At the restaurant , Ron meets with the couple from Goran 's apartment , Marsha and Paul . They are looking for Serbian bile and information on the Hammonds . The man sports a ball creature tattoo on his arm . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Pasión '' </Td> <Td> Steve Pink </Td> <Td> Aaron Brownstein & Simon Ganz </Td> <Td> March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Abby and Joel find another person from the Japopo 's receipts who ordered the clam dish . Joel goes to stake out Colonel Ed Thune 's house while Sheila attends a work meeting . To be consistent with a previous lie , Joel agrees to give Anne dance lessons . Abby tells Eric she has a date with Sven . Sheila 's eye pops out at the meeting with Carl due to the frustration of not killing him . Joel goes to Ed 's house undercover to confirm that Japopo 's clams are the cause of the undead epidemic . Eric helps Sheila with her eye . Abby goes on a date with Sven but they do n't connect . Joel questions Ed and searches his things . Sheila and Carl attend a meeting with an investor , who hates Carl 's idea , prompting Sheila to offer her own . Carl berates Sheila , who accidentally bites off her own finger . The skin of Ed 's hand slides off during a handshake , proving that he is undead . Joel kills Ed , who had already gone feral , as well as his ball creature . Abby tells Eric about her extreme plan to stop local fracking . Joel comes home to find Anne , but gets her to leave . Sheila shows Joel her mangled finger . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` A Change of Heart '' </Td> <Td> Jaffar Mahmood </Td> <Td> Melissa Hunter </Td> <Td> March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Eric helps Sheila reattach her finger and lets it slip about the tray incident . Sheila and Joel confront Abby , but she feels no remorse . Eric goes undercover at Japopo 's but the owner wo n't disclose his clam distributor . Out of concern , Sheila and Joel force Abby to apologize to Christian only to discover that his parents are Chris and Christa , who try to blackmail the Hammonds with threats of Abby 's expulsion . Eric breaks into Japopo 's back office . The Hammonds go to Principal Novak 's house where Sheila and Joel tell Abby how difficult it 's been juggling all their problems and ask Abby to help them out . Abby apologizes to Novak but gets expelled anyway . He accidentally slams Sheila 's finger in his door and she pretends to be hurt , forcing Novak to un-expel Abby . Eric calls Joel to shows him that Japopo 's used a different clam distributor , Ruby 's Clams , the day that the Hammonds ate there before Sheila 's transformation . Sheila pulls into the parking lot for an investor meeting but Carl shows up unexpectedly . She closes her eyes and wakes up 12 hours later at home with blood on her face and a heart in her hand . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Easels and War Paint '' </Td> <Td> Steve Pink </Td> <Td> Caitlin Meares </Td> <Td> March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Sheila ca n't recall anything since the parking lot and is missing a boot . She and Joel suspect she killed Carl until Carl shows up to work and fires Sheila for missing the meeting . Lisa stops by the Hammonds ' house to thank Sheila for convincing her to get baptized for Anne . During her blackout , Sheila also convinced Anne to focus on painting rather than the murder investigations . Abby finds AJ , the Nazi who sold Sheila the raffle book , dead in their freezer . Sheila and Joel go to AJ 's work to retrieve her missing boot . Abby and Eric make plans to vandalize a fracking site . Abby asks Lisa for Dan 's night vision goggles and Lisa agrees to lend them to her if Abby agrees to a makeover before her `` date '' with Eric . Sheila and Joel delete the security videos and retrieve Sheila 's boot . Abby tells Eric she wants to use Dan 's explosives , but Eric backs out of the plan . Joel quits his job and he and Sheila decide to establish their own real estate company . Anne 's `` Suspicious Objects '' series includes paintings of Gary 's finger , the Nazi raffle book , Dan 's missing persons poster , and Joel . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Suspicious Objects '' </Td> <Td> Jamie Babbit </Td> <Td> Romi Barta </Td> <Td> March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Joel goes undercover to scout Ruby 's Clams and meets the proprietor . Anne shows Sheila her paintings . Abby is upset with Eric for bailing on their plans . Ruby shows Joel her clam farm , which has grown from 4 clams found in a deep aquatic cave in Serbia to 5,000 in matter of months . She informs Joel that the clams are to be shipped out to restaurants the next day . As Sheila alerts Joel about the paintings , Marsha and Paul arrive at Ruby 's . Anne explains to Sheila and Joel that she was simply painting suspicious objects , including a tumbler containing Goran 's bile . She has pieced together parts of the case , but her boss did not buy her theories . Eric attempts to kill a red clam that Joel stole from Ruby 's , but nothing works . The clam extends a tentacle to a regular clam and consumes it . Abby and Eric get Sven to give them access to a kiln so they can incinerate the clams . Ruby catches Sheila and Joel stealing her clams before Marsha and Paul blow up the building . Anne makes the connection of Boone having dated Gary 's niece and her boss becomes interested in the case . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Halibut ! '' </Td> <Td> Marc Buckland </Td> <Td> Victor Fresco </Td> <Td> March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Sheila and Joel plan to destroy Anne 's case . Eric helps Abby construct an explosive for the fracking site . After numerous takes , Gary finally records a message to a burner phone that 'll lead the police to believe that he and Dan are on the run . Gary then confirms that he 's ready to die . Abby and Eric plant the burner phone containing the message in Dan 's closet for Anne to find , where they also discover C - 4 to use it at the fracking site . At Lisa 's baptism , Anne informs Sheila and Joel that she has a guy looking into possible deleted messages . Not knowing that deleted messages could be salvaged , the Hammonds plan their escape . Abby goes to say goodbye to Eric and they kiss . Anne confirms that nothing could be recovered from the burner phone but eventually recognizes a sound on the voicemail to be Sheila 's bracelets . Anne catches Sheila and Joel in the middle of Gary 's funeral and they tell her the truth . Anne shoots Sheila , who is unharmed , and Joel shows her Gary . Reading Eric and Abby 's explosion as a sign , Anne accepts Sheila as an instrument of God . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> <P> Fresco came up with the premise from wanting to make `` a family show with an interesting approach that we have n't seen before '' . The zombie angle also allowed Fresco to explore the concept of Narcissism stating that `` the undead are the ultimate narcissists . They want what they want when they want it and will do anything to just have what they want and do n't care about other people 's needs '' </P> <P> For the setting Fresco drew from his own experience growing up in San Fernando Valley . Santa Clarita was chosen because of its middle class inhabitants . The Hammonds ' profession of realtors was chosen because `` It gets them out into the world '' as well as the `` forced friendliness '' inherent to the profession . </P> <H3> Advertising controversy ( edit ) </H3> <P> In February 2017 , advertising for the show sparked criticism in Germany , where Netflix promoted the show with posters depicting a human finger sliced up like a currywurst , a popular German fast food dish . After receiving more than 50 complaints that the advertising was glorifying violence and inducing fear , especially in children , the German Advertising Council , a self - regulatory institution , forwarded the complaints to the company . Netflix then decided to end the campaign and remove all posters . </P> <H2> Critical reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> The first season of Santa Clarita Diet received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has an approval rating of 75 % based on 64 reviews , with an average rating of 7.18 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Santa Clarita Diet serves up an excellent cast , frequent laughs , and an engaging premise -- but the level of gore might not be to everyone 's taste . '' Metacritic reports that the first season received `` generally favorable reviews '' with a score of 67 out of 100 , based on 30 critics . </P> <P> The second season received generally positive reviews as well . The season holds a score of 82 % based on 11 reviews , with an average rating of 7.08 / 10 on Rotten Tomatoes . The site 's critical consensus states : `` Santa Clarita Diet rides the momentum of its freshman season with non-stop comedic gore and a big heart that bleeds -- profusely -- for its lovable characters . '' </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` Drew Barrymore & Timothy Olyphant To Star In ' Santa Clarita Diet ' Netflix Series '' . Deadline . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lesley Goldberg . `` Drew Barrymore , Timothy Olyphant to Star in Netflix Comedy Series ' Santa Clarita Diet ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix sets premiere for Drew Barrymore comedy Santa Clarita Diet -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister . `` Drew Barrymore & Timothy Olyphant to Star in Netflix Comedy Series ' Santa Clarita Diet ' '' . Variety . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` Drew Barrymore Comedy ' Santa Clarita Diet ' Renewed For Season 2 By Netflix '' . Deadline . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Get back on the Santa Clarita Diet next month on Netflix '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Santa Clarita Diet ' Renewed For Season 3 By Netflix '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Respers , Lisa ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Santa Clarita Diet ' brings attention to city '' . CNN Entertainment . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Drew Barrymore Is TV 's Newest Zombie ( But , Do n't Call Her a Zombie ) '' . E ! Online . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Santa Clarita Diet ' : Joel McHale , Maggie Lawson , Gerald McRaney & Zachary Knighton To Guest Star In Season 2 '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bacle , Ariana . `` Santa Clarita Diet creator calls new zombie comedy ' a romantic piece ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Plaga , Corinne ( 20 February 2017 ) . `` '' Angstauslösend '' Netflix muss Werbeplakate für TV - Serie `` Santa Clarita Diet '' abhängen '' ( in German ) . Mitteldeutsche Zeitung . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Santa Clarita Diet : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Santa Clarita Diet : season 1 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Santa Clarita Diet : Season 2 ( 201 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . 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Cola - wikipedia <H1> Cola </H1> This article is about the beverage . For other uses , see Cola ( disambiguation ) . <Table> Cola <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> A glass of cola served with ice cubes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> soft drink </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manufacturer </Th> <Td> Various </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Introduced </Th> <Td> 1886 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Color </Th> <Td> Caramel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Flavor </Th> <Td> Cola ( kola nut , citrus , cinnamon and vanilla ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Cola is a sweetened , carbonated soft drink flavored with vanilla , cinnamon , citrus oils and other flavorings . Most contain caffeine , which was originally sourced from the kola nut , leading to the drink 's name , though other sources are now also used . Cola became popular worldwide after pharmacist John Pemberton invented Coca - Cola in 1886 . His non-alcoholic recipe was inspired by the coca wine of pharmacist Angelo Mariani , created in 1863 . </P> <P> Most modern colas usually contain caramel color , and are sweetened with sugar or high - fructose corn syrup . They now come in numerous different brands . Among them , the most popular are Coca - Cola and Pepsi . These two companies have been competing since the 1890s , but their rivalry has intensified since the 1980s . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Flavorings </Li> <Li> 2 Clear cola </Li> <Li> 3 Health effects </Li> <Li> 4 Regional brands <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Asia </Li> <Li> 4.2 Europe </Li> <Li> 4.3 North America </Li> <Li> 4.4 South America </Li> <Li> 4.5 Oceania </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Flavorings ( edit ) </H2> <P> The primary modern flavoring ingredients in a cola drink are citrus oils ( from oranges , limes , or lemon fruit peel ) , cinnamon , vanilla , and an acidic flavorant . Manufacturers of cola drinks add trace flavorings to create distinctively different tastes for each brand . Trace flavorings may include a wide variety of ingredients , such as spices like nutmeg or coriander , but the base flavorings that most people identify with a cola taste remain citrus , vanilla and cinnamon . Acidity is often provided by phosphoric acid , sometimes accompanied by citric or other isolated acids . Coca - Cola 's recipe is maintained as a corporate trade secret . </P> <P> A variety of different sweeteners may be added to cola , often partly dependent on local agricultural policy . High - fructose corn syrup ( HFCS ) is predominantly used in the United States and Canada due to the lower cost of government - subsidized corn . In Europe , however , HFCS is subject to production quotas designed to encourage the production of sugar ; sugar is thus typically used to sweeten sodas . In addition , stevia or an artificial sweetener may be used ; `` sugar - free '' or `` diet '' colas typically contain artificial sweeteners only . </P> <H2> Clear Cola ( edit ) </H2> Crystal Pepsi , 20 oz. bottle , as seen in the US in 2016 <P> In the 1940s , Coca - Cola produced White Coke at the request of Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgy Zhukov . </P> <P> Clear colas were again produced during the Clear Craze of the early 1990s . Brands included Crystal Pepsi , Tab Clear , and 7 Up Ice Cola . Crystal Pepsi has been repeatedly reintroduced in the 2010s . </P> <P> In Denmark , a popular clear cola was made by the Cooperative FDB in 1976 . It was especially known for being the `` Hippie Cola '' because of the focus of the harmful effects the color additive could have on children and the boycott of multinational brands . It was inspired by a campaign on harmful additives in Denmark by the Environmental - Organisation NOAH , an independent Danish division of Friends of the Earth . This was followed up with a variety of sodas without artificial coloring . Today many organic colas are available in Denmark , but , for nostalgic reasons , clear cola has still maintained its popularity to a certain degree . </P> <H2> Health effects ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Criticism of Coca - Cola § Health effects <P> A 2007 study found that consumption of colas , both those with natural sweetening and those with artificial sweetening , was associated with increased risk of chronic kidney disease . The phosphoric acid used in colas was thought to be a possible cause . </P> <P> Studies indicate `` soda and sweetened drinks are the main source of calories in ( the ) American diet '' , so most nutritionists advise that Coca - Cola and other soft drinks can be harmful if consumed excessively , particularly to young children whose soft drink consumption competes with , rather than complements , a balanced diet . Studies have shown that regular soft drink users have a lower intake of calcium , magnesium , ascorbic acid , riboflavin , and vitamin A . </P> <P> The drink has also aroused criticism for its use of caffeine , which can cause physical dependence ( caffeine addiction ) . A link has been shown between long - term regular cola intake and osteoporosis in older women ( but not men ) . This was thought to be due to the presence of phosphoric acid , and the risk was found to be the same for caffeinated and noncaffeinated colas , as well as the same for diet and sugared colas . </P> <P> Many soft drinks are sweetened mostly or entirely with high - fructose corn syrup , rather than sugar . Some nutritionists caution against consumption of corn syrup because it may aggravate obesity and type - 2 diabetes more than cane sugar . </P> <H2> Regional brands ( edit ) </H2> See also : Category : Cola brands <H3> Asia ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Amrat Cola , popular in Pakistan </Li> <Li> Big Cola , popular in Indonesia </Li> <Li> Bovonto , popular in South India </Li> <Li> Campa Cola was India 's most popular brand prior to the introduction of Coca - Cola and Pepsi to the Indian market in 1991 </Li> <Li> Clemon by Akij Group , popular in Bangladesh </Li> <Li> Cola Turka is a local brand in Turkey </Li> <Li> Est Cola , a local brand in Thailand </Li> <Li> Future Cola , a local brand in China </Li> <Li> Laoshan Cola , a local brand in China </Li> <Li> Mecca Cola , sold in the Middle East , North Africa , as well as parts of Europe </Li> <Li> Pakola , popular in Pakistan </Li> <Li> Parsi Cola , popular in Iran </Li> <Li> Red Bull Cola , popular in Thailand </Li> <Li> Thums Up , popular in India </Li> <Li> Topsia Cola , popular in Iran </Li> <Li> Zamzam Cola , popular in Iran and parts of the Arab world </Li> </Ul> <H3> Europe ( edit ) </H3> Bottles of `` Berry cola '' , a soft drink produced in Indre ( France ) . <Ul> <Li> Afri - Cola , a German brand , was relaunched in April 2006 with the original formulation with the higher caffeine content . </Li> <Li> Barr Cola made by A.G. Barr ( the makers of the popular Irn - Bru drink ) in the United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Breizh Cola is a local brand from Brittany ( France ) . </Li> <Li> Brisa Cola is a local brand from Madeira , Portugal and produced by Empresa de Cervejas da Madeira . </Li> <Li> Cadet - Cola , an Irish brand </Li> <Li> Cockta is a local brand from former Yugoslavia , which does not contain any caffeine or phosphoric acid . </Li> <Li> Corsica Cola is a regional cola distributed by the Corsican brewery Pietra . </Li> <Li> Cuba Cola is the native cola of Sweden . </Li> <Li> Evoca Cola is a cola made with mineral water made by Evoca Drinks . </Li> <Li> Fentimans Curiosity Cola , is an upmarket botanically brewed cola produced by Fentimans , from the UK . </Li> <Li> Fritz - Kola , a cola soft drink from Hamburg , Germany , uses the highest possible concentration of caffeine for beverages allowed by German law . </Li> <Li> Jolly Cola , which was more popular than Coca - Cola and Pepsi Cola during the 1960s and 1970s in Denmark . </Li> <Li> Karma Cola , fair trade cola from the UK . </Li> <Li> Kofola is the primary rival to Coca - Cola and Pepsi in the Czech Republic and Slovakia , and does not contain phosphoric acid . </Li> <Li> LOCKWOODS Cola , a UK cola brand introduced in the 1960s produced by Lockwoods Foods Limited at their canning factory site in Long Sutton , England , the drink is not on the market anymore , it was sold nationally and also exported . </Li> <Li> Planet Cola , a brand sold at Auchan . </Li> <Li> Polo - Cockta , a Polish brand . </Li> <Li> Red Bull Cola has been available throughout Europe since 2008 . </Li> <Li> Sky Cola , a Bosnian brand since 2002 made by water - bottling company Sarajevski kiseljak </Li> <Li> Sky Cola , a Croatian brand since 2002 made by water - bottling company Jamnica </Li> <Li> Ubuntu Cola is a fair trade cola from the United Kingdom available in parts of Western Europe . </Li> <Li> Virgin Cola was popular in South Africa and Western Europe in the 1990s but has waned in availability . </Li> <Li> Vita - Cola is a German cola brand with a distinct citrus flavor ; nowadays it is mostly sold in eastern Germany . </Li> <Li> XL Cola was a Swedish cola brand introduced in 1985 , but the drink is not at the market anymore . </Li> <Li> Mole Cola Is an Italian cola sold in Italy it is also occasionally sold in France in stores called Noz only . </Li> </Ul> <H3> North America ( edit ) </H3> Coca - Cola <Ul> <Li> Coca - Cola , often referred to simply as Coke , is one of the most popular cola brands in North America and worldwide . </Li> <Li> Cott produces many house brand beverages as well as its own line of products , most notably its Black Cherry cola . </Li> <Li> The Double Cola Company , Double Cola </Li> <Li> Faygo Cola is distributed in the Eastern United States and can be found in some regions of Canada . </Li> <Li> Fentimans Curiosity Cola , originating from the United Kingdom in 1905 , now sold across Europe and North America </Li> <Li> Jarritos Cola is a brand of cola from Mexico , native to Mexico and widely distributed to Latino residents of the United States . </Li> <Li> Jolt Cola is sold by Wet Planet Beverages of Rochester , New York . </Li> <Li> Jones Soda also makes a cola using cane sugar . </Li> <Li> Pepsi , produced and manufactured by PepsiCo , is also one of the most popular cola brands in North America and worldwide . Pepsi is the main competitor of Coca - Cola . </Li> <Li> Polar Beverages of Worcester , MA produces its own brand of cola under the Polar name . </Li> <Li> Red Bull Cola was available in the United States from 2008 - 2011 . </Li> <Li> RC Cola , short for Royal Crown Cola , produced by the Dr Pepper Snapple Group </Li> <Li> Shasta Cola , produced by Shasta </Li> <Li> TuKola and Tropicola are brands from Cuba ( also sold widely in Italy ) . </Li> <Li> Zevia Cola is a zero calorie soft drink sweetened with Stevia combined with Monk Fruit and Erythritol . </Li> </Ul> <H3> South America ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Big Cola , a cola produced by Peruvian company Ajegroup which operates in 14 countries in Latin America . </Li> <Li> Perú Cola , created by Peruvian bottler Embotelladora Don Jorge S.A.C. to compete with Coca - Cola and Kola. Real . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Oceania ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> LA Ice Cola is an Australian cola owned by Tru Blu Beverages , similar to Coca - Cola and Pepsi , which are its rivals . </Li> <Li> Saxby 's Cola . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Drink portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Cola chicken </Li> <Li> Open - source cola -- a soft drinks whose recipe is publically published </Li> <Li> List of brand name soft drinks products </Li> <Li> List of soft drink flavors </Li> <Li> List of soft drink producers </Li> <Li> List of soft drinks by country </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Coca Wine '' . Cocaine.org . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DeNeefe , Janet ( March 13 , 2008 ) . `` The Exotic Romance of Tamarind '' . The Jakarta Post . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cola 2 '' . Sparror.cubecinema.com . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ M. Ataman Aksoy ; John C. Beghin , eds. ( 2005 ) . `` Sugar Policies : An Opportunity for Change '' . Global Agricultural Trade and Developing Countries . World Bank Publications . p. 329 . ISBN 0 - 8213 - 5863 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Braswell , Sean ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Coke made especially for a communist '' . Ozy . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://classic.samvirke.dk/node/287945 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.bt.dk/danmark/husker-du-kult-colaen-vender-endelig-tilbage </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tina M. Saldana ; Olga Basso ; Rebecca Darden ; Dale P. Sandler ( 2007 ) . `` Carbonated beverages and chronic kidney disease '' . Epidemiology. 18 ( 4 ) : 501 -- 6 . doi : 10.1097 / EDE. 0b013e3180646338 . PMC 3433753 . PMID 17525693 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Preliminary Data Suggest That Soda And Sweet Drinks Are The Main Source Of Calories In American Diet '' . Sciencedaily.com . May 27 , 2005 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jacobson , Michael F. ( 2005 ) . `` Liquid Candy : How Soft Drinks are Harming Americans ' Health '' , pp. 5 -- 6 . Center for Science in the Public Interest . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Center for Science in the Public Interest ( 1997 ) . `` Label Caffeine Content of Foods , Scientists Tell FDA . '' Retrieved June 10 , 2005 . Archived July 10 , 2007 , at WebCite </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tucker KL , Morita K , Qiao N , Hannan MT , Cupples LA , Kiel DP ( October 1 , 2006 ) . `` Colas , but not other carbonated beverages , are associated with low bone mineral density in older women : The Framingham Osteoporosis Study '' ( PDF ) . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 84 ( 4 ) : 336 -- 342 . doi : 10.1093 / ajcn / 84.4. 936 . PMID 17023723 . Retrieved April 21 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Single food ingredient the cause of obesity ? New study has industry up in arms '' . ( April 26 , 2004 ) . FoodNavigator.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Le Breizh Cola sera intégralement produit en Bretagne '' . Ouest France . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` LOCKWOODS - Cola - 330mL - Great Britain '' . CanMuseum.com . CanMuseum.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` LOCKWOODS - Cola ( diet ) - 326mL - Great Britain '' . CanMuseum.com . CanMuseum.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sky Cola '' . SkyCola . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ajegroup '' . Ajegroup . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Grupo Perú Cola - Hoy el Perú sabe mejor '' ( in Spanish ) . Donjorge.com.pe . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Look up cola in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Cola and Mentos mints trick </Li> <Li> OpenCola recipe ( originally published by Cory Doctorow ) </Li> <Li> Straight Dope article about caffeine levels on soft drinks </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Cola brands </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Afri - </Li> <Li> Amrat </Li> <Li> Apotekarnes </Li> <Li> Auvergnat </Li> <Li> Baikal </Li> <Li> Barr </Li> <Li> Beed </Li> <Li> Big </Li> <Li> Breizh </Li> <Li> Bubba </Li> <Li> Campa </Li> <Li> Cassinelli </Li> <Li> Cavan </Li> <Li> China </Li> <Li> Classic ( UK ) </Li> <Li> Club </Li> <Li> Coca - Cola </Li> <Li> Cockta </Li> <Li> Turka </Li> <Li> Cole Cold </Li> <Li> Corsica </Li> <Li> Count </Li> <Li> Cricket </Li> <Li> Cuba </Li> <Li> Diet Coke </Li> <Li> Diet Rite </Li> <Li> Double </Li> <Li> Double Seven </Li> <Li> El Ché - </Li> <Li> Est </Li> <Li> Evoca </Li> <Li> Export </Li> <Li> Fada </Li> <Li> Faygo </Li> <Li> Fentimans Curiosity </Li> <Li> Frescolita </Li> <Li> Fritz - </Li> <Li> Fruti </Li> <Li> Fuji - </Li> <Li> Future </Li> <Li> Grandpa Graf 's </Li> <Li> Guaranito </Li> <Li> Isaac </Li> <Li> Jolly </Li> <Li> Jolt </Li> <Li> Jones Soda </Li> <Li> Kitty </Li> <Li> Kofola </Li> <Li> Real </Li> <Li> Román </Li> <Li> Kristal </Li> <Li> LA Ice </Li> <Li> Lava </Li> <Li> Like </Li> <Li> Mecca - </Li> <Li> Mr . </Li> <Li> No Name </Li> <Li> Olvi </Li> <Li> Open </Li> <Li> Pakola </Li> <Li> Pepsi </Li> <Li> Parsi </Li> <Li> Perú </Li> <Li> Polo - Cockta </Li> <Li> Pran </Li> <Li> Premium - </Li> <Li> President 's Choice </Li> <Li> Qibla </Li> <Li> RC </Li> <Li> Red Bull </Li> <Li> Red </Li> <Li> Reed 's </Li> <Li> Rola </Li> <Li> Sam 's Choice </Li> <Li> Schweppes </Li> <Li> Sinalco </Li> <Li> Tab </Li> <Li> Thums Up </Li> <Li> Topsia </Li> <Li> Triple </Li> <Li> tuKola </Li> <Li> Ubuntu </Li> <Li> Vess </Li> <Li> Virgin </Li> <Li> Vita </Li> <Li> XL </Li> <Li> Zamzam </Li> <Li> Zelal </Li> <Li> Zevia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Soft drink topics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brands </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cola Wars </Li> <Li> List of brand name soft drinks products </Li> <Li> List of soft drink flavors </Li> <Li> List of soft drinks by country </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Types </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cola <Ul> <Li> Cherry cola </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cream soda </Li> <Li> Diet drink </Li> <Li> Energy drink </Li> <Li> Frozen carbonated beverage </Li> <Li> Ginger ale </Li> <Li> Ginger beer </Li> <Li> Grape soft drink </Li> <Li> Ice cream float </Li> <Li> Lemon - lime drink </Li> <Li> Lemonade </Li> <Li> Orange soft drink </Li> <Li> Root beer </Li> <Li> Sports drink </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Health </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sugary drinks tax </Li> <Li> Fat tax </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Companies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of soft drink producers </Li> <Li> The Coca - Cola Company </Li> <Li> Cott </Li> <Li> Dr Pepper Snapple Group </Li> <Li> PepsiCo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cola&oldid=853178093 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Cola </Li> <Li> Soft drinks </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template webcite links </Li> <Li> CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) </Li> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> <Li> Articles with hRecipes </Li> <Li> Articles with hProducts </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Bân - 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Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban - wikipedia <H1> Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban </H1> This article is about the book . For its adaptation , see Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( film ) . `` Prisoner of Azkaban '' redirects here . For other uses , see Prisoner of Azkaban ( disambiguation ) . <P> </P> <Table> Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Cover art of the first UK edition </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> J.K. Rowling </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Illustrator </Th> <Td> Cliff Wright ( UK Edition ) Mary GrandPré ( US Edition ) Jim Kay ( Illustrated Edition ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Series </Th> <Td> Harry Potter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release number </Th> <Td> 3rd in series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Fantasy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bloomsbury ( UK ) ( Canada 2010 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Arthur A. Levine / Scholastic ( US ) </Li> <Li> Raincoast ( Canada 1998 -- 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publication date </Th> <Td> 8 July 1999 ( UK ) 8 September 1999 ( US ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pages </Th> <Td> 317 ( UK Edition ) 462 ( 2014 UK Edition ) 435 ( US Edition ) 464 ( 2013 US Edition ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ISBN </Th> <Td> 0 - 7475 - 4215 - 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preceded by </Th> <Td> Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Followed by </Th> <Td> Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban is a fantasy novel written by British author J.K. Rowling and the third in the Harry Potter series . The book follows Harry Potter , a young wizard , in his third year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . Along with friends Ronald Weasley and Hermione Granger , Harry investigates Sirius Black , an escaped prisoner from Azkaban who they believe is one of Lord Voldemort 's old allies . </P> <P> The book was published in the United Kingdom on 8 July 1999 by Bloomsbury and in the United States on 8 September 1999 by Scholastic Inc . Rowling found the book easy to write , finishing it just a year after she had begun writing it . The book sold 68,000 copies in just three days after its release in the United Kingdom and since has sold over three million in the country . The book won the 1999 Whitbread Children 's Book Award , the Bram Stoker Award , and the 2000 Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel , and was short - listed for other awards , including the Hugo . </P> <P> The film adaptation of the novel was released in 2004 , grossing more than $796 million and earning critical acclaim . Video games loosely based on Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban were also released for several platforms , and most obtained favourable reviews . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Publication and reception <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Pre-release history </Li> <Li> 2.2 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 2.3 Awards </Li> <Li> 2.4 Sales </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Editions </Li> <Li> 4 Adaptations <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Film </Li> <Li> 4.2 Video games </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Harry is back at the Dursleys for the summer holidays , where he sees on Muggle television that a convict named Sirius Black has escaped , though with no mention of what facility he has broken out of . Harry involuntarily inflates Aunt Marge when she comes to visit after she insults Harry and his parents . This leads to his running away and being picked up by the Knight Bus . He travels to the Leaky Cauldron where he meets Cornelius Fudge , the Minister for Magic , who asks Harry to stay in Diagon Alley for the remaining three weeks before the start of the school year at Hogwarts . </P> <P> The night before he is expected to leave for Hogwarts , Harry learns from Arthur Weasley that Sirius Black is a convicted murderer in the wizarding world , and he warns Harry that it is believed Black will attempt to murder Harry next . On the way to Hogwarts a Dementor boards the train , causing Harry to faint . Following the incident , Harry is helped by the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher Remus Lupin . Harry , Ron , and Hermione learn that the Dementors will be patrolling the school in an attempt to catch Black . </P> <P> Later on , Lupin 's Defence Against the Dark Arts sessions prove far better than those of Gilderoy Lockhart 's ( Harry 's uselessly vain ex-teacher ) . They have a fun lesson on Boggarts and then learn about more Dark Creatures . When Lupin supposedly falls ill , the much hated Potions Master Professor Snape temporarily takes over teaching Defence Against the Dark Arts and torments the class , much to their dismay . </P> <P> At Hogwarts , Harry has several problems with the Dementors , including an episode at a Quidditch match during which he faints and falls off his broomstick from high in the air . His broom is blown away and smashed by the Whomping Willow . Working with Harry outside class , Lupin teaches him the Patronus Charm to repel Dementors . </P> <P> On an unauthorised visit to the village of Hogsmeade ( thanks to The Marauder 's Map , given to him by George Weasley and Fred Weasley ) , Harry overhears some of his teachers talking with Fudge about Black . They reveal that Black was a friend of Harry 's parents but he betrayed them and gave Voldemort access to their house . They also mention that Black killed twelve Muggles and his former friend Peter Pettigrew . </P> <P> Ron and Hermione 's friendship later suffers when Ron believes that Hermione 's cat , Crookshanks , ate his rat , Scabbers . At Christmas Harry receives a mysterious present , a late - model Firebolt broom . Fearing it might be cursed , Hermione reports the gift to Professor McGonagall , which leads to more bad feelings between her and Ron and Harry . </P> <P> Ron , Hermione , and Harry join the effort to save Hagrid 's hippogriff , Buckbeak , from being executed for attacking Draco Malfoy , after Draco provoked him . Their efforts are unsuccessful , but Scabbers reappears shortly after they hear Buckbeak being executed . </P> <P> Ron chases Scabbers , only to be attacked by a big black dog , which Harry has seen several times before . The dog drags Ron through a tunnel under the Whomping Willow into the Shrieking Shack . Harry and Hermione follow , and there is a brief standoff when they find Ron with Sirius Black , who has transformed from the dog . Lupin enters , and they explain the situation to Harry and his friends : Lupin is a werewolf , which led to his friends James Potter , Sirius Black , and Peter Pettigrew becoming animagi . Lupin explains that Scabbers is Pettigrew in his animal form ; he has been hiding from Black , whom he had framed for betraying Harry 's parents and murdering the thirteen Muggles . </P> <P> Snape arrives to apprehend Black but Harry , Ron , and Hermione knock him unconscious . Lupin and Black transform Pettigrew back into human form and prepare to kill him , but they are stopped by Harry , as he feels his father would not have wanted it . He convinces them to send Pettigrew to Azkaban instead . </P> <P> As they move back toward Hogwarts , Lupin turns into a werewolf and becomes violent , having missed a dose of his Wolfsbane potion . Pettigrew escapes again , and Black prevents Lupin from attacking the others in werewolf form . Some Dementors approach Harry , Ron and Hermione . </P> <P> When they wake up in the hospital , Harry , Ron , and Hermione are told that Black has been sentenced to receive the Dementor 's kiss , which removes the soul of the recipient . Dumbledore advises Hermione and Harry to use Hermione 's time - turner , a device she has been using to double - up on classes ; this permits them to go back in time and save Buckbeak , who carries Black away to safety . </P> <P> Sadly , Snape lets slip that Lupin is a werewolf , leading to his resignation . Harry visits Lupin before he leaves , and as they say goodbye , Lupin is certain that they will meet again . </P> <H2> Publication and reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Pre-release history ( edit ) </H3> <P> Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban is the third book in the Harry Potter series . The first , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone in the US ) , was published by Bloomsbury on 26 June 1997 and the second , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , was published on 2 July 1998 . Rowling started to write the Prisoner of Azkaban the day after she finished The Chamber of Secrets . </P> <P> Rowling 's favourite aspect of this book was introducing the character Remus Lupin , Rowling additionally said in 2004 that Prisoner of Azkaban was `` the best writing experience I ever had ... I was in a very comfortable place writing ( number ) three . Immediate financial worries were over , and press attention was n't yet by any means excessive '' . </P> <H3> Critical reception ( edit ) </H3> <P> Gregory Maguire wrote a review in The New York Times for Prisoner of Azkaban : in it he said , `` So far , in terms of plot , the books do nothing new , but they do it brilliantly ... so far , so good . '' In a newspaper review in The New York Times , it was said that `` ' The Prisoner of Azkaban ' may be the best ' Harry Potter ' book yet '' . A reviewer for KidsReads said , `` This crisply - paced fantasy will leave you hungry for the four additional Harry books that J.K. Rowling is working on . Harry 's third year is a charm . Do n't miss it . '' Kirkus Reviews did not give a starred review but said , `` a properly pulse - pounding climax ... The main characters and the continuing story both come along so smartly ... that the book seems shorter than its page count : have readers clear their calendars if they are fans , or get out of the way if they are not . '' Martha V. Parravano also gave a positive review for The Horn Book Magazine , calling it `` quite a good book . '' In addition , a Publishers Weekly review said , `` Rowling 's wit never flags , whether constructing the workings of the wizard world ... or tossing off quick jokes ... The Potter spell is holding strong . </P> <P> However , Anthony Holden , who was one of the judges against Prisoner of Azkaban for the Whitbread Award , was negative about the book , saying that the characters are `` all black - and - white '' , and the `` story - lines are predictable , the suspense minimal , the sentimentality cloying every page '' . </P> <H3> Awards ( edit ) </H3> <P> Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban won several awards , including the 1999 Booklist Editors ' Choice Award , the 1999 Bram Stoker Award for Best Work for Young Readers , the 1999 FCGB Children 's Book Award , the 1999 Whitbread Book of the Year for children 's books. , and the 2000 Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel , . It was also nominated for the 2000 Hugo Award for Best Novel , the first in the series nominated , but lost to A Deepness in the Sky . Prisoner of Azkaban additionally won the 2004 Indian Paintbrush Book Award and the 2004 Colorado Blue Spruce Young Adult Book Award . Additionally , it was named an American Library Association Notable Children 's Book in 2000 as well as one of their Best Books for Young Adults . As with the previous two books in the series , Prisoner of Azkaban won the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize Gold Medal for children aged 9 -- 11 and made the top of the New York Times Best Seller list . In both cases , it was the last in the series to do so . However , in the latter case , a Children 's Best Sellers list was created just before the release of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire in July 2000 in order to free up more room on the original list . In 2003 , the novel was listed at number 24 on the BBC 's survey The Big Read . </P> <H3> Sales ( edit ) </H3> <P> Prisoner of Azkaban sold more than 68,000 copies in the UK within three days of publication , which made it the fastest selling British book of the time . The sales total by 2012 is said by The Guardian to be 3,377,906 . </P> <H2> Editions ( edit ) </H2> <P> Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was released in hardcover in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September . The British paperback edition was released on 1 April 2000 , while the US paperback was released 2 October 2001 . </P> <P> Bloomsbury additionally released an adult edition with a different cover design to the original , in paperback on 10 July 2004 and in hardcover on October 2004 . A hardcover special edition , featuring a green border and signature , was released on 8 July 1999 . In May 2004 , Bloomsbury released a Celebratory Edition , with a blue and purple border . On 1 November 2010 , they released the 10th anniversary Signature edition illustrated by Clare Mellinsky and in July 2013 a new adult cover illustrated by Andrew Davidson , both these editions were designed by Webb & Webb Design Limited . </P> <P> Beginning on 27 August 2013 , Scholastic will release new covers for the paperback editions of Harry Potter in the United States to celebrate 15 years of the series . The covers were designed by the author and illustrator Kazu Kibuishi . </P> <P> An illustrated version of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was released on October 3 , 2017 , and was illustrated by Jim Kay who illustrates the previous two instalments . This includes over 115 new illustrations and will be followed by Illustrated editions of the following 4 novels in the future . </P> <H2> Adaptations ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Film ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( film ) <P> The film version of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was released in 2004 and was directed by Alfonso Cuarón from a screenplay by Steve Kloves . The film débuted at number one at the box office and held that position for two weeks . It made a total of $796.7 million worldwide , which made it the second highest - grossing film of 2004 behind Shrek 2 . However , among all eight entries in the Harry Potter franchise , Prisoner of Azkaban grossed the lowest . The film ranks at number 471 in Empire magazine 's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time . </P> <H3> Video games ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( video game ) <P> Three unique video games by different developers were released in 2004 by Electronic Arts , loosely based on the book : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Developer </Th> <Th> Release date </Th> <Th> Platform </Th> <Th> Genre </Th> <Th> GameRankings </Th> <Th> Metacritic </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> KnowWonder </Td> <Td> 25 May 2004 </Td> <Td> Microsoft Windows </Td> <Td> Adventure / puzzle </Td> <Td> 68.52 % </Td> <Td> 67 / 100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Griptonite </Td> <Td> Game Boy Advance </Td> <Td> Role - playing game </Td> <Td> 69.58 % </Td> <Td> 69 / 100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> EA UK </Td> <Td> 29 May 2004 </Td> <Td> GameCube </Td> <Td> Action - adventure </Td> <Td> 69.74 % </Td> <Td> 67 / 100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> PlayStation 2 </Td> <Td> 72.59 % </Td> <Td> 70 / 100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Xbox </Td> <Td> 68.39 % </Td> <Td> 67 / 100 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban by J.K. Rowling ( Book 3 ) '' . about.com . Archived from the original on 11 May 2013 . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Harry Potter Books '' . Pottermore . Archived from the original on 23 July 2013 . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Simon ( 9 August 2012 ) . `` The top 100 bestselling books of all time : how does Fifty Shades of Grey compare ? '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 19 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Review : Another harrowing adventure for Harry '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Longing for the clock to strike 12 '' . The Telegraph . London . 2 May 2003 . Archived from the original on 29 February 2016 . Retrieved 20 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Potter timeline for muggles '' . Toronto Star . 14 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2008 . 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Retrieved 7 November 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban for PC '' . GameRankings . Archived from the original on 30 January 2014 . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Critic Reviews for PC '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 31 January 2014 . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban for Game Boy Advance '' . GameRankings . Archived from the original on 30 January 2014 . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Critic Reviews for Game Boy Advance '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 29 January 2014 . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban for GameCube '' . GameRankings . Archived from the original on 13 July 2009 . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Critic Reviews for GameCube '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 31 January 2014 . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban for PlayStation 2 '' . GameRankings . Archived from the original on 31 January 2014 . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Critic Reviews for PlayStation 2 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 29 January 2014 . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban for Xbox '' . GameRankings . Archived from the original on 31 January 2014 . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Critic Reviews for Xbox '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 30 January 2014 . 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Rowling ( 2006 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> GND : 7609978 - 7 </Li> <Li> VIAF : 313239035 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban&oldid=854992713 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1999 fantasy novels </Li> <Li> 1999 British novels </Li> <Li> Harry Potter novels </Li> <Li> Sequel novels </Li> <Li> Novels about revenge </Li> <Li> Time travel novels </Li> <Li> Werewolf novels </Li> <Li> Costa Book Award - winning works </Li> <Li> BILBY Award - winning works </Li> <Li> Scholastic Corporation books </Li> <Li> Bloomsbury Publishing books </Li> <Li> British novels adapted into films </Li> <Li> Shapeshifting in fiction </Li> <Li> Size change in fiction </Li> <Li> Locus Award - winning works </Li> <Li> 1999 children 's books </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using web citations with no URL </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from November 2013 </Li> <Li> Good articles </Li> <Li> Use British English from August 2011 </Li> <Li> Pages to import images to Wikidata </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> Pages with editnotices </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Bosanski </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Føroyskt </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Frysk </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ಕನ್ನಡ </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> മലയാളം </Li> <Li> मराठी </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Монгол </Li> <Li> မြန်မာဘာသာ </Li> <Li> Nāhuatl </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Runa Simi </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Scots </Li> <Li> Shqip </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Tagalog </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> Татарча / tatarça </Li> <Li> తెలుగు </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 61 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 15 August 2018 , at 05 : 21 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Red blood cell distribution width - wikipedia <H1> Red blood cell distribution width </H1> Human red blood cells <P> Red blood cell distribution width ( RDW or RDW - CV or RCDW and RDW - SD ) is a measure of the range of variation of red blood cell ( RBC ) volume that is reported as part of a standard complete blood count . Usually red blood cells are a standard size of about 6 - 8 μm in diameter . Certain disorders , however , cause a significant variation in cell size . Higher RDW values indicate greater variation in size . Normal reference range of RDW - CV in human red blood cells is 11.5 - 14.5 % . If anemia is observed , RDW test results are often used together with mean corpuscular volume ( MCV ) results to determine the possible causes of the anemia . It is mainly used to differentiate an anemia of mixed causes from an anemia of a single cause . </P> <P> Deficiencies of Vitamin B or folate produce a macrocytic anemia ( large cell anemia ) in which the RDW is elevated in roughly two - thirds of all cases . However , a varied size distribution of red blood cells is a hallmark of iron deficiency anemia , and as such shows an increased RDW in virtually all cases . In the case of both iron and B deficiencies , there will normally be a mix of both large cells and small cells , causing the RDW to be elevated . An elevated RDW ( red blood cells of unequal sizes ) is known as anisocytosis . </P> <P> An elevation in the RDW is not characteristic of all anemias . Anemia of chronic disease , hereditary spherocytosis , acute blood loss , aplastic anemia ( anemia resulting from an inability of the bone marrow to produce red blood cells ) , and certain hereditary hemoglobinopathies ( including some cases of thalassemia minor ) may all present with a normal RDW . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Calculations </Li> <Li> 2 Pathological Implications <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Normal RDW </Li> <Li> 2.2 High RDW </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> </Ul> <H2> Calculations ( edit ) </H2> <P> The `` width '' in RDW - CV is sometimes thought to be `` misleading , '' since it in fact is a measure of deviation of the volume of RBCs , and not directly the diameter . However , `` width '' refers to the width of the volume curve ( distribution width , here presented as the Coefficient of Variation , or CV ) , not the width of the cells . Thus , it is a reasonably accurate term . </P> <P> Mathematically , the RDW - CV is calculated with the following formula : </P> <Dl> <Dd> RDW - CV = ( Standard deviation of MCV ÷ MCV ) × 100 . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Pathological implications ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Normal RDW ( edit ) </H3> <P> Anemia in the presence of a normal RDW may suggest thalassemia . A low Mentzer Index , calculated from CBC data , may suggest this disorder but a hemoglobin electrophoresis would be diagnostic . </P> <H3> High RDW ( edit ) </H3> <P> Iron - deficiency anemia usually presents with high RDW and low MCV . </P> <P> Folate - and vitamin B12 - deficiency anemia usually present with high RDW and high MCV . </P> <P> Mixed - deficiency ( iron + B12 or folate ) anemia usually presents with high RDW and variable MCV . </P> <P> Recent hemorrhages typically present with high RDW and normal MCV . </P> <P> A false high RDW reading can occur if EDTA anticoagulated blood is used instead of citrated blood . See Pseudothrombocytopenia . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Red Cell Distribution Width '' . Family Practice Notebook . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Evans TC , Jehle D ( 1991 ) . `` The red blood cell distribution width '' . J Emerg Med. 9 Suppl 1 : 71 -- 4 . doi : 10.1016 / 0736 - 4679 ( 91 ) 90592 - 4 . PMID 1955687 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Table 1.4 in : Kjeldsberg , Carl R. ; Perkins , Sherrie L ... Practical Diagnosis of Hematologic Disorders . American Society for Clinical Pathology . 5th edition . Archived 2013 - 07 - 25 at the Wayback Machine ... ISBN 089189571X </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pomeranian Medical University > Red blood cell indices ( indexes ) Retrieved on 5 April 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cornell University , Department of Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences > Red Cell Distribution Width ( RDW ) Last Updated : June 2000 . Retrieved on 5 April 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Surgery : A Guide for Patients and Caregivers Red blood cell indices Retrieved on 5 April 2009 </Li> </Ol> 7 . http://rdwbloodtest.com Red Blood Cell Distribution Width <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Myeloid blood tests ( CPT 85002 -- 85999 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Clotting </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> CBC <Ul> <Li> Platelet count </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mean platelet volume </Li> <Li> vWF : </Li> <Li> Ristocetin - induced platelet aggregation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> clotting factors : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prothrombin time </Li> <Li> Partial thromboplastin time </Li> <Li> Thrombin time </Li> <Li> Activated clotting time </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> other / general : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> coagulation </Li> <Li> Bleeding time </Li> <Li> animal enzyme <Ul> <Li> Reptilase time </Li> <Li> Ecarin clotting time </Li> <Li> Dilute Russell 's viper venom time </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Thromboelastography <Ul> <Li> Thrombodynamics test </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> fibrinolysis : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Euglobulin lysis time </Li> <Li> D - dimer </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Red blood cell indices </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> CBC </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> RBC count </Li> <Li> Hematocrit </Li> <Li> Hemoglobin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ratios : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mean corpuscular hemoglobin </Li> <Li> Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration </Li> <Li> Mean corpuscular volume </Li> <Li> Red blood cell distribution width </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fetal hemoglobin : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Apt -- Downey test </Li> <Li> Kleihauer -- Betke test </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Reticulocyte index </Li> <Li> Haptoglobin </Li> <Li> Mentzer index </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> CFU - GM </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nitro blue tetrazolium chloride test </Li> <Li> Complete blood count <Ul> <Li> Absolute neutrophil count </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Blood film </Li> <Li> Blood viscosity </Li> <Li> Erythrocyte sedimentation rate </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_blood_cell_distribution_width&oldid=850333763 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Blood tests </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from April 2018 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> 3 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 06 : 10 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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History of the Great Wall of China - Wikipedia <H1> History of the Great Wall of China </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Course of the Wall throughout history <P> The history of the Great Wall of China began when fortifications built by various states during the Spring and Autumn ( 771 -- 476 BC ) and Warring States periods ( 475 -- 221 BC ) were connected by the first emperor of China , Qin Shi Huang , to protect his newly founded Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 206 BC ) against incursions by nomads from Inner Asia . The walls were built of rammed earth , constructed using forced labour , and by 212 BC ran from Gansu to the coast of southern Manchuria . </P> <P> Later dynasties adopted different policies towards northern frontier defense . The Han ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) , the Northern Qi ( 550 -- 574 ) , the Sui ( 589 -- 618 ) , and particularly the Ming ( 1369 -- 1644 ) were among those that rebuilt , re-manned , and expanded the Walls , although they rarely followed Qin 's routes . The Han extended the fortifications furthest to the west , the Qi built about 1,600 kilometres ( 990 mi ) of new walls , while the Sui mobilised over a million men in their wall - building efforts . Conversely , the Tang ( 618 -- 907 ) , the Song ( 960 -- 1279 ) , the Yuan ( 1271 -- 1368 ) , and the Qing ( 1644 -- 1911 ) mostly did not build frontier walls , instead opting for other solutions to the Inner Asian threat like military campaigning and diplomacy . </P> <P> Although a useful deterrent against raids , at several points throughout its history the Great Wall failed to stop enemies , including in 1644 when the Manchu Qing marched through the gates of Shanhai Pass and replaced the most ardent of the wall - building dynasties , the Ming , as rulers of China . </P> <P> The Great Wall of China visible today largely dates from the Ming dynasty , as they rebuilt much of the wall in stone and brick , often extending its line through challenging terrain . Some sections remain in relatively good condition or have been renovated , while others have been damaged or destroyed for ideological reasons , deconstructed for their building materials , or lost due to the ravages of time . For long an object of fascination for foreigners , the wall is now a revered national symbol and a popular tourist destination . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Geographical considerations </Li> <Li> 2 Pre-Imperial China ( 7th century -- 221 BC ) </Li> <Li> 3 Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 206 BC ) </Li> <Li> 4 Han dynasty ( 206 BC -- 220 AD ) </Li> <Li> 5 Period of Disunity to the Sui dynasty ( 220 -- 618 ) </Li> <Li> 6 Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) </Li> <Li> 7 Song and the conquest dynasties ( 907 -- 1368 ) <Ul> <Li> 7.1 The northern walls of the Khitan , Jurchens , and Tanguts </Li> <Li> 7.2 The old Great Walls as Song boundary lines </Li> <Li> 7.3 The onset of the Mongols </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) <Ul> <Li> 8.1 The early walls </Li> <Li> 8.2 The Walls of Xuanfu -- Datong and the western reaches </Li> <Li> 8.3 From Beijing to Shanhai Pass </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Qing dynasty ( 1644 -- 1911 ) <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Western appreciation of the Wall </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Modern China ( 1911 -- present ) </Li> <Li> 11 Historiography </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 References </Li> <Li> 14 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Geographical considerations ( edit ) </H2> Topographical map of China 's northern frontier area , with modern political boundaries . Manchuria , unmarked , is to the east of Inner Mongolia . <P> The conflict between the Chinese and the nomads , from which the need for the Great Wall arose , stemmed from differences in geography . The 15 '' isohyet marks the extent of settled agriculture , dividing the fertile fields of China to the south and the semi-arid grasslands of Inner Asia to the north . The climates and the topography of the two regions led to distinct modes of societal development . </P> <P> According to the model by sinologist Karl August Wittfogel , the loess soils of Shaanxi made it possible for the Chinese to develop irrigated agriculture early on . Although this allowed them to expand into the lower reaches of the Yellow River valley , such extensive waterworks on an ever - increasing scale required collective labour , something that could only be managed by some form of bureaucracy . Thus the scholar - bureaucrats came to the fore to keep track of the income and expenses of the granaries . Walled cities grew up around the granaries for reasons of defence along with ease of administration ; they kept invaders out and ensured that citizens remained within . These cities combined to become feudal states , which eventually united to become an empire . Likewise , according to this model , walls not only enveloped cities as time went by , but also lined the borders of the feudal states and eventually the whole Chinese empire to provide protection against raids from the agrarian northern steppes . </P> <P> The steppe societies of Inner Asia , whose climate favoured a pastoral economy , stood in stark contrast to the Chinese mode of development . As animal herds are migratory by nature , communities could not afford to be stationary and therefore evolved as nomads . According to the influential Mongolist Owen Lattimore this lifestyle proved to be incompatible with the Chinese economic model . As the steppe population grew , pastoral agriculture alone could not support the population , and tribal alliances needed to be maintained by material rewards . For these needs , the nomads had to turn to the settled societies to get grains , metal tools , and luxury goods , which they could not produce by themselves . If denied trade by the settled peoples , the nomads would resort to raiding or even conquest . </P> <P> Potential nomadic incursion from three main areas of Inner Asia caused concern to northern China : Mongolia to the north , Manchuria to the northeast , and Xinjiang to the northwest . Of the three , China 's chief concern since the earliest times had been Mongolia -- the home of many of the country 's fiercest enemies including the Xiongnu , the Xianbei , the Khitans , and the Mongols . The Gobi Desert , which accounts for two - thirds of Mongolia 's area , divided the main northern and southern grazing lands and pushed the pastoral nomads to the fringes of the steppe . On the southern side ( Inner Mongolia ) , this pressure brought the nomads into contact with China . </P> <P> For the most part , barring intermittent passes and valleys ( the major one being the corridor through Zhangjiakou and the Juyong Pass ) , the North China Plain remained shielded from the Mongolian steppe by the Yin Mountains . However , if this defence were breached , China 's flat terrain offered no protection to the cities on the plain , including the imperial capitals of Beijing , Kaifeng , and Luoyang . Heading west along the Yin Mountains , the range ends where the Yellow River circles northwards upstream in the area known as the Ordos Loop -- technically part of the steppe , but capable of irrigated agriculture . Although the Yellow River formed a theoretical natural boundary with the north , such a border so far into the steppe was difficult to maintain . The lands south of the Yellow River -- the Hetao , the Ordos Desert , and the Loess Plateau -- provided no natural barriers on the approach to the Wei River valley , the oft - called cradle of Chinese civilization where the ancient capital Xi'an lay . As such , control of the Ordos remained extremely important for the rulers of China : not only for potential influence over the steppe , but also for the security of China proper . The region 's strategic importance combined with its untenability led many dynasties to place their first walls here . </P> <P> Although Manchuria is home to the agricultural lands of the Liao River valley , its location beyond the northern mountains relegated it to the relative periphery of Chinese concern . When Chinese state control became weak , at various points in history Manchuria fell under the control of the forest peoples of the area , including the Jurchens and the Manchus . The most crucial route that links Manchuria and the North China Plain is a narrow coastal strip of land , wedged between the Bohai Sea and the Yan Mountains , called the Shanhai Pass ( literally the `` mountain and sea pass '' ) . The pass gained much importance during the later dynasties , when the capital was set in Beijing , a mere 300 kilometres ( 190 miles ) away . In addition to the Shanhai Pass , a handful of mountain passes also provide access from Manchuria into China through the Yan Mountains , chief among them the Gubeikou and Xifengkou ( Chinese : 喜 峰 口 ) . </P> <P> Xinjiang , considered part of the Turkestan region , consists of an amalgamation of deserts , oases , and dry steppe barely suitable for agriculture . When influence from the steppe powers of Mongolia waned , the various Central Asian oasis kingdoms and nomadic clans like the Göktürks and Uyghurs were able to form their own states and confederations that threatened China at times . China proper is connected to this area by the Hexi Corridor , a narrow string of oases bounded by the Gobi Desert to the north and the high Tibetan Plateau to the south . In addition to considerations of frontier defence , the Hexi Corridor also formed an important part of the Silk Road trade route . Thus it was also in China 's economic interest to control this stretch of land , and hence the Great Wall 's western terminus is in this corridor -- the Yumen Pass during Han times and the Jiayu Pass during the Ming dynasty and thereafter . </P> <H2> Pre-Imperial China ( 7th century -- 221 BC ) ( edit ) </H2> Remnants of the Great Wall of Qi on Dafeng Mountain , Changqing District , Jinan , which was once part of the ancient State of Qi during the Warring States Period . <P> One of the first mentions of a wall built against northern invaders is found in a poem , dated from the seventh century BC , recorded in the Classic of Poetry . The poem tells of a king , now identified as King Xuan ( r . 827 -- 782 BC ) of the Western Zhou dynasty ( 1046 -- 771 BC ) , who commanded General Nan Zhong ( 南仲 ) to build a wall in the northern regions to fend off the Xianyun . The Xianyun , whose base of power was in the Ordos region , were regarded as part of the charioteering Rong tribes , and their attacks aimed at the early Zhou capital region of Haojing were probably the reason for King Xuan 's response . Nan Zhong 's campaign was recorded as a great victory . However , only a few years later in 771 BC another branch of the Rong people , the Quanrong , responded to a summons by the renegade Marquess of Shen by over-running the Zhou defences and laying waste to the capital . The cataclysmic event killed King Xuan 's successor King You ( 795 -- 771 BC ) , forced the court to move the capital east to Chengzhou ( 成 周 , later known as Luoyang ) a year later , and thus ushered in the Eastern Zhou dynasty ( 770 -- 256 BC ) . Most importantly , the fall of Western Zhou redistributed power to the states that had acknowledged Zhou 's nominal rulership . The rule of the Eastern Zhou dynasty was marked by bloody interstate anarchy . With smaller states being annexed and larger states waging constant war upon one another , many rulers came to feel the need to erect walls to protect their borders . Of the earliest textual reference to such a wall was the State of Chu 's wall of 656 BC , 1,400 metres ( 4,600 feet ) of which were excavated in southern Henan province in the modern era . The State of Qi also had fortified borders up by the 7th century BC , and the extant portions in Shandong province had been christened the Great Wall of Qi . The State of Wei built two walls , the western one completed in 361 BC and the eastern in 356 BC , with the extant western wall found in Hancheng , Shaanxi . Even non-Chinese peoples built walls , such as the Di state of Zhongshan and the Yiqu Rong , whose walls were intended to defend against the State of Qin . </P> <P> Of these walls , those of the northern states Yan , Zhao , and Qin were connected by Qin Shi Huang when he united the Chinese states in 221 BC . </P> Map of the Warring States and their frontier walls <P> The State of Yan , the easternmost of the three northern states , began to erect walls after the general Qin Kai drove the Donghu people back `` a thousand li '' during the reign of King Zhao ( 燕 昭王 ; r . 311 -- 279 BC ) . The Yan wall stretched from the Liaodong peninsula , through Chifeng , and into northern Hebei , possibly bringing its western terminus near the Zhao walls . Another Yan wall was erected to the south to defend against the Zhao ; it was southwest of present - day Beijing and ran parallel to the Juma River for several dozen miles . </P> <P> The Zhao walls to the north were built under King Wuling of Zhao ( r . 325 -- 299 BC ) , whose groundbreaking introduction of nomadic cavalry into his army reshaped Chinese warfare and gave Zhao an initial advantage over his opponents . He attacked the Xiongnu tribes of Linhu ( 林 胡 ) and Loufan ( 樓 煩 ) to the north , then waged war on the state of Zhongshan until it was annexed in 296 BC . In the process , he constructed the northernmost fortified frontier deep in nomadic territory . The Zhao walls were dated in the 1960s to be from King Wuling 's reign : a southern long wall in northern Henan encompassing the Yanmen Pass ; a second line of barricades encircling the Ordos Loop , extending from Zhangjiakou in the east to the ancient fortress of Gaoque ( 高 闕 ) in the Urad Front Banner ; and a third , northernmost line along the southern slopes of the Yin Mountains , extending from Qinghe in the east , passing north of Hohhot , and into Baotou . </P> <P> Qin was originally a state on the western fringe of the Chinese political sphere , but it grew into a formidable power in the later parts of the Warring States period when it aggressively expanded in all directions . In the north , the state of Wei and the Yiqu built walls to protect themselves from Qin aggression , but were still unable to stop Qin from eating into their territories . The Qin reformist Shang Yang forced the Wei out of their walled area west of the Yellow River in 340 BC , and King Huiwen of Qin ( r . 338 -- 311 BC ) took 25 Yiqu forts in a northern offensive . When King Huiwen died , his widow the Queen Dowager Xuan acted as regent because the succeeding sons were deemed too young to govern . During the reign of King Zhaoxiang ( r . 306 -- 251 BC ) , the queen dowager apparently entered illicit relations with the Yiqu king and gave birth to two of his sons , but later tricked and killed the Yiqu king . Following that coup , the Qin army marched into Yiqu territory at the queen dowager 's orders ; the Qin annihilated the Yiqu remnants and thus came to possess the Ordos region . At this point the Qin built a wall around their new territories to defend against the true nomads even further north , incorporating the Wei walls . As a result , an estimated total of 1,775 kilometres ( 1,103 mi ) of Qin walls ( including spurts ) extended from southern Gansu to the bank of the Yellow River in the Jungar Banner , close to the border with Zhao at the time . </P> <P> The walls , known as Changcheng ( 長城 ) -- literally `` long walls '' , but often translated as `` Great Wall '' -- were mostly constructed of tamped earth , with some parts built with stones . Where natural barriers like ravines and rivers sufficed for defence , the walls were erected sparingly , but long fortified lines were laid where such advantageous terrains did not exist . Often in addition to the wall , the defensive system included garrisons and beacon towers inside the wall , and watchtowers outside at regular intervals . In terms of defence , the walls were generally effective at countering cavalry shock tactics , but there are doubts as to whether these early walls were actually defensive in nature . Nicola Di Cosmo points out that the northern frontier walls were built far to the north and included traditionally nomadic lands , and so rather than being defensive , the walls indicate the northward expansions of the three northern states and their desire to safeguard their recent territorial acquisitions . This theory is supported by the archeological discovery of nomadic artifacts within the walls , suggesting the presence of pre-existing or conquered barbarian societies . It is entirely possible , as Western scholars like di Cosmo and Lattimore suggest , that nomadic aggression against the Chinese in the coming centuries was partly caused by Chinese expansionism during this period . </P> <H2> Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 206 BC ) ( edit ) </H2> Qin dynasty frontier walls <P> In 221 BC , the state of Qin completed its conquest over the other Warring States and united China under Qin Shi Huang , the first emperor of China . These conquests , combined with the Legalist reforms started by Shang Yang in the 4th century BC , transformed China from a loose confederation of feudal states to an authoritarian empire . With the transformation , Qin became able to command a far greater assembly of labourers to be used in public works than the prior feudal kingdoms . Also , once unification was achieved , Qin found itself in possession of a large professional army with no more internal enemies to fight and thus had to find a new use for them . Soon after the conquests , in the year 215 BC , the emperor sent the famed general Meng Tian to the Ordos region to drive out the Xiongnu nomads settled there , who had risen from beyond the fallen marginal states along the northern frontier . Qin 's campaign against the Xiongnu was preemptive in nature , since there was no pressing nomadic menace to be faced at the time ; its aim was to annexe the ambiguous territories of the Ordos and to clearly define the Qin 's northern borders . Once the Xiongnu were chased away , Meng Tian introduced 30,000 settler families to colonize the newly conquered territories . </P> <P> Wall configurations were changed to reflect the new borders under the Qin . General Meng Tian erected walls beyond the northern loop of the Yellow River , effectively linking the border walls of Qin , Zhao , and Yan . Concurrent to the building of the frontier wall was the destruction of the walls within China that used to divide one warring state from another -- contrary to the outer walls , which were built to stabilize the newly united China , the inner walls threatened the unity of the empire . In the following year , 214 BC , Qin Shi Huang ordered new fortifications to be built along the Yellow River to the west of the Ordos while work continued in the north . This work was completed probably by 212 BC , signalled by Qin Shi Huang 's imperial tour of inspection and the construction of the Direct Road ( 直道 ) connecting the capital Xianyang with the Ordos . The result was a series of long walls running from Gansu to the seacoast in Manchuria . </P> <P> Details of the construction were not found in the official histories , but it could be inferred that the construction conditions were made especially difficult by the long stretches of mountains and semi-desert that the Great Wall traversed , the sparse populations of these areas , and the frigid winter climate . Although the walls were rammed earth , so the bulk of the building material could be found in situ , transportation of additional supplies and labour remained difficult for the reasons named above . The sinologist Derk Bodde posits in The Cambridge History of China that `` for every man whom Meng Tian could put to work at the scene of actual construction , dozens must have been needed to build approaching roads and to transport supplies . '' This is supported by the Han dynasty statesman Zhufu Yan 's description of Qin Shi Huang 's Ordos project in 128 BC : </P> <P> ... the land was brackish and arid , crops could not be grown on them ... At the time , the young men being drafted were forced to haul boats and barges loaded with baggage trains upstream to sustain a steady supply of food and fodder to the front ... Commencing at the departure point a man and his animal could carry thirty zhong ( about 176 kilograms ( 388 lb ) ) of food supply , by the time they arrived at the destination , they merely delivered one dan ( about 29 kilograms ( 64 lb ) ) of supply ... When the populace had become tired and weary they started to dissipate and abscond . The orphans , the frail , the widowed and the seniors were desperately trying to escape from their appallingly derelict state and died on the wayside as they wandered away from their home . People started to revolt . </P> <P> The settlement of the north continued up to Qin Shi Huang 's death in 210 BC , upon which Meng Tian was ordered to commit suicide in a succession conspiracy . Before killing himself , Meng Tian expressed regret for his walls : `` Beginning at Lintao and reaching to Liaodong , I built walls and dug moats for more than ten thousand li ; was it not inevitable that I broke the earth 's veins along the way ? This then was my offense . '' </P> <P> Meng Tian 's settlements in the north were abandoned , and the Xiongnu nomads moved back into the Ordos Loop as the Qin empire became consumed by widespread rebellion due to public discontent . Owen Lattimore concluded that the whole project relied upon military power to enforce agriculture on a land more suited for herding , resulting in `` the anti-historical paradox of attempting two mutually exclusive forms of development simultaneously '' that was doomed to fail . </P> <H2> Han dynasty ( 206 BC -- 220 AD ) ( edit ) </H2> Western Han dynasty frontier walls and the extent of its territory See also : History of the Han dynasty <P> In 202 BC , the former peasant Liu Bang emerged victorious from the Chu -- Han Contention that followed the rebellion that toppled the Qin dynasty , and proclaimed himself Emperor of the Han dynasty , becoming known as Emperor Gaozu of Han ( r . 202 -- 195 BC ) to posterity . Unable to address the problem of the resurgent Xiongnu in the Ordos region through military means , Emperor Gaozu was forced to appease the Xiongnu . In exchange for peace , the Han offered tributes along with princesses to marry off to the Xiongnu chiefs . These diplomatic marriages would become known as heqin , and the terms specified that the Great Wall ( determined to be either the Warring States period Qin state wall or a short stretch of wall south of Yanmen Pass ) was to serve as the line across which neither party would venture . In 162 BC , Gaozu 's son Emperor Wen clarified the agreement , suggesting the Xiongnu chanyu held authority north of the Wall and the Han emperor held authority south of it . Sima Qian , the author of the Records of the Grand Historian , describes the result of this agreement as one of peace and friendship : `` from the chanyu downwards , all the Xiongnu grew friendly with the Han , coming and going along the Long Wall '' . However , Chinese records show that the Xiongnu often did not respect the agreement , as the Xiongnu cavalry numbering up to 100,000 made several intrusions into Han territory despite the intermarriage . </P> <P> To Chinese minds , the heqin policy was humiliating and ran contrary to the Sinocentric world order like `` a person hanging upside down '' , as the statesman Jia Yi ( d . 169 BC ) puts it . These sentiments manifested themselves in the Han court in the form of the pro-war faction , who advocated the reversal of Han 's policy of appeasement . By the reign of Emperor Wu ( r . 141 -- 87 BC ) , the Han felt comfortable enough to go to war with the Xiongnu . After a botched attempt at luring the Xiongnu army into an ambush at the Battle of Mayi in 133 BC , the era of heqin - style appeasement was broken and the Han -- Xiongnu War went into full swing . </P> The ruins of a Han dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) Chinese watchtower made of rammed earth , Gansu province . Part of Emperor Wu 's extension of Han 's defence lines to the western regions . Play media A video clip showing rammed earth ruins of the Han - period Great Wall at Dunhuang in Gansu province <P> As the Han -- Xiongnu War progressed in favour of the Han , the Wall became maintained and extended beyond Qin lines . In 127 BC , General Wei Qing invaded the much - contested Ordos region as far as the Qin fortifications set up by Meng Tian . In this way , Wei Qing reconquered the irrigable lands north of the Ordos and restored the spur of defences protecting that territory from the steppe . In addition to rebuilding the walls , archeologists believe that the Han also erected thousands of kilometres of walls from Hebei to Inner Mongolia during Emperor Wu 's reign . The fortifications here include embankments , beacon stations , and forts , all constructed with a combination of tamped - earth cores and stone frontages . From the Ordos Loop , the sporadic and non-continuous Han Great Wall followed the northern edge of the Hexi Corridor through the cities of Wuwei , Zhangye , and Jiuquan , leading into the Juyan Lake Basin , and terminating in two places : the Yumen Pass in the north , or the Yang Pass to the south , both in the vicinity of Dunhuang . Yumen Pass was the most westerly of all Han Chinese fortifications -- further west than the western terminus of the Ming Great Wall at Jiayu Pass , about 460 kilometres ( 290 mi ) to the east . The garrisons of the watchtowers on the wall were supported by civilian farming and by military agricultural colonies known as tuntian . Behind this line of fortifications , the Han government was able to maintain its settlements and its communications to the Western Regions in central Asia , generally secure from attacks from the north . </P> <P> The campaigns against the Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples of the west exhausted the imperial treasury , and the expansionist policies were reverted in favour of peace under Emperor Wu 's successors . The peace was largely respected even when the Han throne was usurped by the minister Wang Mang in 9 AD , beginning a brief 15 - year interregnum known as the Xin dynasty ( 9 -- 23 ) . Despite high tensions between the Xin and the Xiongnu resulting in the deployment of 300,000 men on the Great Wall , no major fighting broke out beyond minor raids . Instead , popular discontent led to banditry and , ultimately , full - scale rebellion . The civil war ended with the Liu clan on the throne again , beginning the Eastern Han dynasty ( 25 -- 220 ) . </P> <P> The restorer Emperor Guangwu ( r . 25 -- 57 AD ) initiated several projects to consolidate his control within the frontier regions . Defense works were established to the east of the Yanmen Pass , with a line of fortifications and beacon fires stretching from Pingcheng County ( present - day Datong ) through the valley of the Sanggan River to Dai County , Shanxi . By 38 AD , as a result of raids by the Xiongnu further to the west against the Wei River valley , orders were given for a series of walls to be constructed as defences for the Fen River , the southward course of the Yellow River , and the region of the former imperial capital , Chang'an . These constructions were defensive in nature , which marked a shift from the offensive walls of the preceding Emperor Wu and the rulers of the Warring States . By the early 40s AD the northern frontiers of China had undergone drastic change : the line of the imperial frontier followed not the advanced positions conquered by Emperor Wu but the rear defences indicated roughly by the modern ( Ming dynasty ) Great Wall . The Ordos region , northern Shanxi , and the upper Luan River basin around Chengde were abandoned and left to the control of the Xiongnu . The rest of the frontier remained somewhat intact until the end of the Han dynasty , with the Dunhuang manuscripts ( discovered in 1900 ) indicating that the military establishment in the northwest was maintained for most of the Eastern Han period . </P> <H2> Period of Disunity to the Sui dynasty ( 220 -- 618 ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> Following the end of the Han dynasty in 220 , China disintegrated into warlord states , which in 280 were briefly reunited under the Western Jin dynasty ( 265 -- 316 ) . There are ambiguous accounts of the Jin rebuilding the Qin wall , but these walls apparently offered no resistance during the Wu Hu uprising , when the nomadic tribes of the steppe evicted the Chinese court from northern China . What followed was a succession of short - lived states in northern China known as the Sixteen Kingdoms , until they were all consolidated by the Xianbei - led Northern Wei dynasty ( 386 -- 535 ) . </P> <P> As Northern Wei became more economically dependent on agriculture , the Xianbei emperors made a conscious decision to adopt Chinese customs , including passive methods of frontier defence . In 423 , a defence line over 2,000 li ( 1,080 kilometres ( 670 mi ) ) long was built to resist the Rouran ; its path roughly followed the old Zhao wall from Chicheng County in Hebei Province to Wuyuan County , Inner Mongolia . In 446 , 100,000 men were put to work building an inner wall from Yanqing , passing south of the Wei capital Pingcheng , and ending up near Pingguan on the eastern bank of the Yellow River . The two walls formed the basis of the double - layered Xuanfu -- Datong wall system that protected Beijing a thousand years later during the Ming dynasty . </P> <P> The Northern Wei collapsed in 535 due to civil insurrection to be eventually succeeded by the Northern Qi ( 550 -- 575 ) and Northern Zhou ( 557 -- 580 ) . Faced with the threat of the Göktürks from the north , from 552 to 556 the Qi built up to 3,000 li ( about 1,600 kilometres ( 990 mi ) ) of wall from Shanxi to the sea at Shanhai Pass . Over the course of the year 555 alone , 1.8 million men were mobilized to build the Juyong Pass and extend its wall by 450 kilometres ( 280 mi ) through Datong to the eastern banks of the Yellow River . In 557 a secondary wall was built inside the main one . These walls were built quickly from local earth and stones or formed by natural barriers . Two stretches of the stone - and - earth Qi wall still stand in Shanxi today , measuring 3.3 metres ( 11 ft ) wide at their bases and 3.5 metres ( 11 ft ) high on average . In 577 the Northern Zhou conquered the Northern Qi and in 580 made repairs to the existing Qi walls . The route of the Qi and Zhou walls would be mostly followed by the later Ming wall west of Gubeikou , which includes reconstructed walls from Qi and Zhou . In more recent times , the reddish remnants of the Zhou ramparts in Hebei gave rise to the nickname `` Red Wall '' . </P> <P> The Sui took power from the Northern Zhou in 581 before reuniting China in 589 . Sui 's founding emperor , Emperor Wen of Sui ( r . 581 -- 604 ) , carried out considerable wall construction in 581 in Hebei and Shanxi to defend against Ishbara Qaghan of the Göktürks . The new walls proved insufficient in 582 when Ishbara Qaghan avoided them by riding west to raid Gansu and Shaanxi with 400,000 archers . Between 585 and 588 Emperor Wen sought to close this gap by putting walls up in the Ordos Mountains ( between Suide and Lingwu ) and Inner Mongolia . In 586 as many as 150,000 men are recorded as involved in the construction . Emperor Wen 's son Emperor Yang ( r . 604 -- 618 ) continued to build walls . In 607 -- 608 he sent over a million men to build a wall from Yulin to near Huhhot to protect the newly refurbished eastern capital Luoyang . Part of the Sui wall survives to this day in Inner Mongolia as earthen ramparts some 2.5 metres ( 8 ft 2 in ) high with towers rising to double that . The dynastic history of Sui estimates that 500,000 people died building the wall , adding to the number of casualties caused by Emperor Yang 's projects including the aforementioned redesign of Luoyang , the Grand Canal , and two ill - fated campaigns against Goguryeo . With the economy strained and the populace resentful , the Sui dynasty erupted in rebellion and ended with the assassination of Emperor Yang in 618 . </P> <H2> Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) ( edit ) </H2> 塞 下 曲 ( 望 臨洮 ) Under the Wall ( Viewing Lintao ) <Dl> <Dd> 飲 馬渡 秋水 My horse crosses the river in autumn , </Dd> <Dd> 水 寒風 似 刀 The cold wind off the water cuts like a knife . </Dd> <Dd> 平 沙 日 未 沒 Across the desert flats , the day is not yet finished , </Dd> <Dd> 黯 黯 見 臨洮 I can dimly make out Lintao . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> 昔日 長城 戰 In olden days , battles along the Long Wall </Dd> <Dd> 咸 言 意氣 高 Were described with praise and awe . </Dd> <Dd> 黃 塵 足 今 古 But today , the past is no more than yellow dust </Dd> <Dd> 白骨 亂 蓬蒿 White bones jostled amongst the grass . </Dd> </Dl> -- Wang Changling ( 698 -- 755 ) <P> Frontier policy under the Tang dynasty reversed the wall - building activities of most previous dynasties that had occupied northern China since the third century BC , and no extensive wall building took place for the next several hundred years . </P> <P> Soon after the establishment of the Tang dynasty , during the reign of Emperor Taizong ( r . 626 -- 649 ) , the threat of Göktürk tribesmen from the north prompted some court officials to suggest drafting corvée labourers to repair the aging Great Wall . Taizong scoffed at the suggestion , alluding to the Sui walls built in vain : `` The Emperor Yang of Sui made the people labor to construct the Great Wall in order to defend against the Turks , but in the end this was of no use . '' Instead of building walls , Taizong claimed he `` need merely to establish Li Shiji in Jinyang for the dust on the border to settle . '' Accordingly , Taizong sent talented generals like Li Shiji with mobile armies to the frontier , while fortifications were mostly limited to a series of walled garrisons , such as the euphemistically - named `` cities for accepting surrender '' ( 受降 城 , shòuxiáng chéng ) that were actually bases from which to launch attacks . As a result of this military strategy , the Tang grew to become one of the largest of all the Chinese empires , destroying the Göktürks of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and acquiring territory stretching all the way to Kazakhstan . </P> <P> Nevertheless , records show that in the Kaiyuan era ( 713 -- 742 ) of Emperor Xuanzong 's reign , the general Zhang Yue built a wall 90 li ( 48 kilometres ( 30 mi ) ) to the north of Huairong ( 懷 戎 ; present - day Huailai County , Hebei ) , although it remains unclear whether he erected new walls or only reinforced the existing Northern Qi walls . </P> <P> The Great Wall , or the ruins of it , features prominently in the subset of Tang poetry known as biansai shi ( 邊塞 詩 , `` frontier verse '' ) written by scholar - officials assigned along the frontier . Emphasizing the poets ' loneliness and longing for home while hinting at the pointlessness of their posts , these frontier verses are characterized by imagery of desolate landscapes , including the ruins of the now - neglected Great Wall -- a direct product of Tang 's frontier policy . </P> <H2> Song and the conquest dynasties ( 907 -- 1368 ) ( edit ) </H2> See also : History of the Song dynasty <H3> The northern walls of the Khitan , Jurchens , and Tanguts ( edit ) </H3> The Jurchen Jin dynasty ( orange ) shown with the walls of Liao , Xia , and Jin . <P> After the Tang dynasty ended in 907 , the northern frontier area remained out of Han Chinese hands until the establishment of the Ming dynasty in 1368 . During this period , non-Han `` conquest dynasties '' ruled the north : the Khitan Liao dynasty ( 907 -- 1125 ) and the succeeding Jurchen Jin dynasty ( 1115 -- 1234 ) in the east and the Tangut Western Xia ( 1038 -- 1227 ) in the west , all of which had built walls against the north . </P> <P> In 907 , the Khitan chieftain Abaoji succeeded in getting himself appointed khaghan of all Khitan tribes in the north , laying the foundations to what would officially become the Liao dynasty . In 936 , the Khitan supported the Shanxi rebel Shi Jingtang in his revolt against the Shatuo Turkic Later Tang , which had destroyed the usurpers of the Tang in 923 . The Khitan leader , Abaoji 's second son Yelü Deguang , convinced Shi to found a new dynasty ( the Later Jin , 936 -- 946 ) , and received the crucial border region known as the Sixteen Prefectures in return . With the Sixteen Prefectures , the Khitan now possessed all the passes and fortifications that controlled access to the plains of northern China , including the main Great Wall line . </P> <P> Settling in the transitional area between agricultural lands and the steppe , the Khitans became semi-sedentary like their Xianbei predecessors of the Northern Wei , and started to use Chinese methods of defence . In 1026 walls were built through central Manchuria north of Nong'an County to the banks of the Songhua River . When the Jurchens , once Liao vassals , rose up to overthrow their masters and established the Jin dynasty , they continued Liao 's wall - building activities with extensive work begun before 1138 . Further wall construction took place in 1165 and 1181 under the Jin Emperor Shizhong , and later from 1192 to 1203 during the reign of his successor Emperor Zhangzong . </P> <P> This long period of wall - building burdened the populace and provoked controversy . Sometime between 1190 and 1196 , during Zhangzong 's reign , the high official Zhang Wangong ( 張萬公 ) and the Censorate recommended that work on the wall be indefinitely suspended due to a recent drought , noting : `` What has been begun is already being flattened by sandstorms , and bullying the people into defence works will simply exhaust them . '' However , Chancellor Wanyan Xiang ( 完 顏 襄 ) convinced the emperor of the walls ' merits based on an optimistic cost estimate -- `` Although the initial outlay for the walls will be one million strings of cash , when the work is done the frontier will be secure with only half the present number of soldiers needed to defend it , which means that every year you will save three million strings of cash ... The benefits will be everlasting '' -- and so construction continued unabated . All this work created an extensive systems of walls , which consisted of a 700 kilometres ( 430 mi ) `` outer wall '' from Heilongjiang to Mongolia and a 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) network of `` inner walls '' north and northeast of Beijing . Together , they formed a roughly elliptical web of fortifications 1,400 kilometres ( 870 mi ) in length and 440 kilometres ( 270 mi ) in diameter . Some of these walls had inner moats ( from 10 to 60 metres ( 33 to 197 feet ) in width ) , beacon towers , battlements , parapets , and outward - facing semicircular platforms protruding from the wall -- features that set the Jin walls apart from their predecessors . </P> <P> In the west , the Tanguts took control of the Ordos region , where they established the Western Xia dynasty . Although the Xia were not traditionally known for building walls , in 2011 archeologists uncovered 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of walls at Ömnögovi Province in Mongolia in what had been Western Xia territory . Radiocarbon analysis showed that they were constructed from 1040 to 1160 . The walls were as tall as 2.75 metres ( 9 ft 0 in ) at places when they were discovered , and may have been around 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) taller originally . They were built with mud and saxaul ( a desert shrub ) in one section , and dark basalt blocks in another , suggesting that the rocks may have been quarried from nearby extinct volcanoes and transported to the construction site . Archaeologists have not yet found traces of human activity around this stretch of wall , which suggests that the Xia wall in this location may have been incomplete and not ready for use . </P> <H3> The Old Great walls as Song boundary lines ( edit ) </H3> <P> Han Chinese power during the tumultuous post-Tang era was represented by the Song dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) , which completed its unification of the Chinese states with the conquest of Wuyue in 971 . Turning to the north after this victory , in 979 the Song eliminated the Northern Han , ultimate successors to the Later Jin , but were unable to take the Sixteen Prefectures from the Liao dynasty . As a result of Song 's military aggression , relations between the Song and Liao remained tense and hostile . One of the battlegrounds in the Song -- Liao War was the Great Wall Gap ( 長城 口 ) , so named because the southern Yan wall of the Warring States period crossed the Juma River here into Liao territory . The Great Wall Gap saw action in 979 , 988 -- 989 , and 1004 , and a Song fortress was built there in 980 . Intermittent wars between the Song and the Liao lasted until January 1005 , when a truce was called and led to the Treaty of Chanyuan . This agreement , among other things , required the Song to pay tribute to the Liao , recognized the Song and Liao as equals , and demarcated the Song -- Liao border , the course of which became more clearly defined in a series of subsequent bilateral agreements . Several stretches of the old Great Walls , including the Northern Qi Inner Wall near the Hengshan mountain range , became the border between the Song and the Liao . </P> <P> In the northwest , the Song were in conflict with the Western Xia , since they occupied what the Song considered as Chinese land lost during the Tang dynasty . The Song utilized the walls built during the reign of Qin 's King Zhaoxiang of the Warring States period , making it the Song -- Western Xia border , but the topography of the area was not as sharp and distinct as the Song -- Liao defences to the east . The border general Cao Wei ( 曹 瑋 ; 973 -- 1030 ) deemed the Old Wall itself insufficient to slow a Tangut cavalry attack , and had a deep trench dug alongside . This trench , between 15 and 20 metres ( 49 and 66 feet ) in width and depth , proved an effective defence , but in 1002 the Tanguts caught the Song patrollers off guard and filled the trench to cross the Old Wall . Later , in 1042 , the Tanguts turned the trench against the Song by removing the bridges over it , thereby trapping the retreating army of Ge Huaimin ( 葛懷敏 ) before annihilating it at the Battle of Dingchuan Fortress ( 定 川 寨 ) . </P> <P> Despite the war with the Western Xia , the Song also settled land disputes with them by referring to prior agreements , as with the Liao . However , soon after the Jin dynasty overthrew the Liao dynasty , the Jurchens sacked the Song capital in 1127 during the Jin -- Song wars , causing the Song court to flee south of the Yangtze River . For the next two and a half centuries , the Great Wall played no role in Han Chinese geopolitics . </P> <H3> The onset of the Mongols ( edit ) </H3> The Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass See also : Mongol invasion of China <P> In the 13th century , the Mongol leader Genghis Khan , once a vassal of the Jurchens , rose up against the Jin dynasty . In the ensuing Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty , the nomadic invaders avoided direct attacks on the Jin fortifications . Instead , when they could , the Mongols simply rode around the walls ; an effective example of this tactic is in 1211 , when they circumvented the substantial fortress in Zhangjiakou and inflicted a terrible defeat upon the Jin armies at the Battle of Yehuling . The Mongols also took advantage of lingering Liao resentment against the Jin ; the Khitan defenders of the garrisons along the Jin walls , such as those in Gubeikou , often preferred to surrender to the Mongols rather than fight them . The only major engagement of note along the main Great Wall line was at the heavily defended Juyong Pass : instead of laying siege , the Mongol general Jebe lured the defenders out into an ambush and charged in through the opened gates . In 1215 , Genghis Khan besieged , captured , and sacked the Jin capital of Yanjing ( modern - day Beijing ) . The Jin dynasty eventually collapsed following the siege of Caizhou in 1234 . Western Xia had already fallen in 1227 , and the Southern Song resisted the Mongols until 1279 . </P> <P> With that , the Yuan dynasty , established by Genghis Khan 's grandson Khublai Khan , became the first foreign dynasty to rule all of China . Despite being the head of the Mongol Empire , Khublai Khan 's rule over China was not free from the threat of the steppe nomads . The Yuan dynasty faced challenges from rival claimants to the title of Great Khan and from rebellious Mongols in the north . Khublai Khan dealt with such threats by using both military blockades and economic sanctions . Although he established garrisons along the steppe frontier from the Juyan Lake Basin in the far west to Yingchang in the east , Khublai Khan and the Yuan emperors after him did not add to the Great Wall ( except for the ornate Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass ) . When the Venetian traveller Marco Polo wrote of his experiences in China during the reign of Khublai Khan , he did not mention a Great Wall . </P> <H2> Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Ming Great Wall <H3> The early walls ( edit ) </H3> The extent of the Ming dynasty and its walls , which formed most of what is called the Great Wall of China today <P> In 1368 , the Hongwu Emperor ( Zhu Yuanzhang , r . 1368 -- 98 ) ousted the Mongol - led Yuan dynasty from China to inaugurate the Ming dynasty . The Mongols fled back to Mongolia , but even after numerous campaigns , the Mongol problem remained . </P> <P> During his early reign , Hongwu set up the `` eight outer garrisons '' close to the steppe and an inner line of forts more suitable for defence . The inner line was the forerunner to the Ming Great Wall . In 1373 , as Ming forces encountered setbacks , Hongwu put more emphasis on defence and adopted Hua Yunlong 's ( 華 雲龍 ) suggestion to establish garrisons at 130 passes and other strategic points in the Beijing area . More positions were set up in the years up Hongwu 's death in 1398 , and watchtowers were manned from the Bohai Sea to Beijing and further onto the Mongolian steppes . These positions , however , were not for a linear defence but rather a regional one in which walls did not feature heavily , and offensive tactics remained the overarching policy at the time . In 1421 , the Ming capital was relocated from Nanjing in the south to Beijing in the north , partly to better manage the Mongol situation . Thus defenses were concentrated around Beijing , where stone and earth began to replace rammed earth in strategic passes . A wall was erected by the Ming in Liaodong to protect Han settlers from a possible threat from the Jurched - Mongol Oriyanghan around 1442 . In 1467 -- 68 , expansion of the wall provided further protection for the region from against attacks by the Jianzhou Jurchens in the northeast . </P> <P> Meanwhile , the outer defenses were gradually moved inward , thereby sacrificing a vital foothold in the steppe transitional zone . Despite the withdrawal from the steppe , the Ming military remained in a strong position against the nomads until the Tumu Crisis in 1449 , which caused the collapse of the early Ming security system . Over half of the campaigning Chinese army perished in the conflict , while the Mongols captured the Zhengtong Emperor . This military debacle shattered the Chinese military might that had so impressed and given pause to the Mongols since the beginning of the dynasty , and caused the Ming to be on the defensive ever after . </P> <P> The deterioration of the Ming military position in the steppe transitional zone gave rise to nomadic raids into Ming territory , including the crucial Ordos region , on a level unprecedented since the dynasty 's founding . After decades of deliberation between an offensive strategy and an accommodative policy , the decision to build the first major Ming walls in the Ordos was agreed upon as an acceptable compromise the 1470s . </P> A section of the Great Wall at Jinshanling in Luanping County , Hebei province , China <P> Yu Zijun ( 余子 俊 ; 1429 -- 1489 ) first proposed constructing a wall in the Ordos region in August 1471 , but not until 20 December 1472 did the court and emperor approve the plan . The 1473 victory in the Battle of Red Salt Lake ( 紅 鹽池 ) by Wang Yue ( 王 越 ) deterred Mongol invasions long enough for Yu Zijun to complete his wall project in 1474 . This wall , a combined effort between Yu Zijun and Wang Yue , stretched from present day Hengcheng ( 橫 城 ) in Lingwu ( northwestern Ningxia province ) to Huamachi town ( 花 馬 池 鎮 ) in Yanchi County , and from there to Qingshuiying ( 清水 營 ) in northeastern Shaanxi , a total of more than 2000 li ( about 1,100 kilometres ( 680 mi ) ) long . Along its length were 800 strong points , sentry posts , beacon - fire towers , and assorted defences . 40,000 men were enlisted for this effort , which was completed in several months at a cost of over one million silver taels . This defence system proved its initial worth in 1482 , when a large group of Mongol raiders were trapped within the double lines of fortifications and suffered a defeat by the Ming generals . This was seen as a vindication of Yu Zijun 's strategy of wall - building by the people of the border areas . By the mid-16th century , Yu 's wall in the Ordos had seen expansion into an extensive defence system . It contained two defence lines : Yu 's wall , called the `` great border '' ( 大 邊 , dàbiān ) , and a `` secondary border '' ( 二 邊 , èrbiān ) built by Yang Yiqing ( 楊一清 ; 1454 -- 1530 ) behind it . </P> <P> Following the success of the Ordos walls , Yu Zijun proposed construction of a further wall that would extend from the Yellow River bend in the Ordos to the Sihaiye Pass ( 四海 冶 口 ; in present - day Yanqing County ) near the capital Beijing , running a distance of more than 1300 li ( about 700 kilometres ( 430 mi ) ) . The project received approval in 1485 , but Yu 's political enemies harped on the cost overruns and forced Yu to scrap the project and retire the same year . For more than 50 years after Yu 's resignation , political struggle prevented major wall constructions on a scale comparable to Yu 's Ordos project . </P> <P> However , wall construction continued regardless of court politics during this time . The Ordos walls underwent extension , elaboration , and repair well into the 16th century . Brick and stone started to replace tamped earth as the wall building material , because they offered better protection and durability . This change in material gave rise to a number of necessary accommodations with regard to logistics , and inevitably a drastic increase in costs . Instead of being able to draw on local resources , building projects now required brick - kilns , quarries , and transportation routes to deliver bricks to the work site . Also , masons had to be hired since the local peasantry proved inadequate for the level of sophistication that brick constructions required . Work that originally could be done by one man in a month with earth now required 100 men to do in stone . </P> <H3> The walls of Xuanfu -- Datong and the Western reaches ( edit ) </H3> The Great Wall at Dajingmen , part of the Xuanfu stretch of the Great Wall . The gate structure is a Qing dynasty construction . <P> With the Ordos now adequately fortified , the Mongols avoided its walls by riding east to invade Datong and Xuanfu ( 宣 府 ; present - day Xuanhua , Hebei Province ) , which were two major garrisons guarding the corridor to Beijing where no walls had been built . The two defence lines of Xuanfu and Datong left by the Northern Qi and the early Ming had deteriorated by this point , and for all intents and purposes the inner line was the capital 's main line of defence . </P> <P> From 1544 to 1549 , Weng Wanda ( 翁 萬達 ; 1498 -- 1552 ) embarked on a defensive building program on a scale unprecedented in Chinese history . Troops were re-deployed along the outer line , new walls and beacon towers were constructed , and fortifications were restored and extended along both lines . Firearms and artillery were mounted on the walls and towers during this time , for both defence and signalling purposes . The project 's completion was announced in the sixth month of 1548 . At its height , the Xuan -- Da portion of the Great Wall totalled about 850 kilometres ( 530 miles ) of wall , with some sections being doubled - up with two lines of wall , some tripled or even quadrupled . The outer frontier was now protected by a wall called the `` outer border '' ( 外邊 , wàibiān ) that extended 380 kilometres ( 240 mi ) from the Yellow River 's edge at the Piantou Pass ( 偏 頭 關 ) along the Inner Mongolia border with Shanxi into Hebei province ; the `` inner border '' wall ( 內 邊 , nèibiān ) ran southeast from Piantou Pass for some 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) , ending at the Pingxing Pass ; a `` river wall '' ( 河 邊 , hébiān ) also ran from the Piantou Pass and followed the Yellow River southwards for about 70 kilometres ( 43 mi ) . </P> A section of the Great Wall on the Hanging Cliffs ( 懸 壁 長城 ) leading up to Jiayu Pass <P> As with Yu Zijun 's wall in the Ordos , the Mongols shifted their attacks away from the newly strengthened Xuan -- Da sector to less well - protected areas . In the west , Shaanxi province became the target of nomads riding west from the Yellow River loop . The westernmost fortress of Ming China , the Jiayu Pass , saw substantial enhancement with walls starting in 1539 , and from there border walls were built discontinuously down the Hexi Corridor to Wuwei , where the low earthen wall split into two . The northern section passed through Zhongwei and Yinchuan , where it met the western edge of the Yellow River loop before connecting with the Ordos walls , while the southern section passed through Lanzhou and continued northeast to Dingbian . The origins and the exact route of this so - called `` Tibetan loop '' are still not clear . </P> <H3> From Beijing to Shanhai Pass ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1550 , having once more been refused a request for trade , the Tümed Mongols under Altan Khan invaded the Xuan -- Da region . However , despite several attempts , he could not take Xuanfu due to Weng Wanda 's double fortified line while the garrison at Datong bribed him to not attack there . Instead of continuing to operate in the area , he circled around Weng Wanda 's wall to the relatively lightly defended Gubeikou , northeast of Beijing . From there Altan Khan passed through the defences and raided the suburbs of Beijing . According to one contemporary source , the raid took more than 60,000 lives and an additional 40,000 people became prisoners . As a response to this raid , the focus of the Ming 's northern defences shifted from the Xuan -- Da region to the Jizhou ( 薊 州 鎮 ) and Changping Defence Commands ( 昌平 鎮 ) where the breach took place . Later in the same year , the dry - stone walls of the Jizhou -- Changping area ( abbreviated as `` Ji - Chang '' ) were replaced by stone and mortar . These allowed the Chinese to build on steeper , more easily defended slopes and facilitated construction of features such as ramparts , crenelations , and peepholes . The effectiveness of the new walls was demonstrated in the failed Mongol raid of 1554 , where raiders expecting a repeat of the events of 1550 were surprised by the higher wall and stiff Chinese resistance . </P> <P> In 1567 Qi Jiguang and Tan Lun , successful generals who fended off the coastal pirates , were reassigned to manage the Ji -- Chang Defense Commands and step up the defences of the capital region . Under their ambitious and energetic management , 1200 brick watchtowers were built along the Great Wall from 1569 to 1571 . These included the first large - scale use of hollow watchtowers on the Wall : up until this point , most previous towers along the Great Wall had been solid , with a small hut on top for a sentry to take shelter from the elements and Mongol arrows ; the Ji -- Chang towers built from 1569 onwards were hollow brick structures , allowing soldiers interior space to live , store food and water , stockpile weapons , and take shelter from Mongol arrows . </P> Illustration of the Shanhai Pass garrison at the time of the Manchu conquests <P> Altan Khan eventually made peace with China when it opened border cities for trade in 1571 , alleviating the Mongol need to raid . This , coupled with Qi and Tan 's efforts to secure the frontier , brought a period of relative peace along the border . However , minor raids still happened from time to time when the profits of plunder outweighed those of trade , prompting the Ming to close all gaps along the frontier around Beijing . Areas of difficult terrain once considered impassable were also walled off , leading to the well - known vistas of a stone - faced Great Wall snaking over dramatic landscapes that tourists still see today . </P> <P> Wall construction continued until the demise of the Ming dynasty in 1644 . In the decades that led to the fall of the Ming dynasty , the Ming court and the Great Wall itself had to deal with simultaneous internal rebellions and the Manchu invasions . In addition to their conquest of Liaodong , the Manchus had raided across the Great Wall for the first time in 1629 , and again in 1634 , 1638 , and 1642 . Meanwhile , the rebels led by warlord Li Zicheng had been gathering strength . In the early months of 1644 , Li Zicheng declared himself the founder of the Shun and marched towards the Ming capital from Shaanxi . His route roughly followed the line of the Great Wall , in order to neutralize its heavily fortified garrisons . The crucial defences of Datong , Xuanfu , and Juyong Pass all surrendered without a fight , and the Chongzhen Emperor hanged himself on 25 April as the Shun army entered Beijing . At this point , the largest remaining Ming fighting force in North China was in Shanhai Pass , where the Great Wall meets the Bohai Sea . Its defender Wu Sangui , wedged between the Shun army within and the Manchus without , decided to surrender to the Manchus and opened the gates for them . The Manchus , having thus entered through the Great Wall , defeated Li Zicheng at the Battle of Shanhai Pass and seized Beijing on June 5 . They eventually defeated both the rebel - founded Shun dynasty and the remaining Ming resistance , establishing their rule over all of China as the Qing dynasty . </P> <P> Opinions about the Wall 's role in the Ming dynasty 's downfall are mixed . Historians such as Arthur Waldron and Julia Lovell are critical of the whole wall - building exercise in light of its ultimate failure in protecting China ; the former compared the Great Wall with the failed Maginot Line of the French in World War II . However , independent scholar David Spindler notes that the Wall , being only part of a complex foreign policy , received `` disproportionate blame '' because it was the most obvious relic of that policy . </P> <H2> Qing dynasty ( 1644 -- 1911 ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> The usefulness of the Great Wall as a defence line against northern nomads became questionable under the Qing dynasty , since their territory encompassed vast areas inside and outside the wall : China proper , Manchuria , and Mongolia were all under Qing control . So instead , the Great Wall became the means to limit Han Chinese movement into the steppes . In the case of Manchuria , considered to be the sacred homeland by the ruling Manchu elites , some parts of the Ming Liaodong Wall were repaired so it could serve to control Han Chinese movement into Manchuria alongside the newly erected Willow Palisade . </P> <P> Culturally , the wall 's symbolic role as a line between civilized society and barbarism was suppressed by the Qing , who were keen to weaken the Han culturalism that had been propagated by the Ming . As a result , no special attention was paid to the Great Wall until the mid-Qing dynasty , when Westerners started to show interest in the structure . </P> <H3> Western appreciation of the Wall ( edit ) </H3> `` A gate of the Wall of China , explaining its structure '' . An illustration from Athanasius Kircher 's China Illustrata , 1667 . <P> The existence of a colossal wall in Asia had circulated in the Middle East and the West even before the first Europeans arrived in China by sea . The late antiquity historian Ammianus Marcellinus ( 330 ? -- 395 ? ) mentioned `` summits of lofty walls '' enclosing the land of Seres , the country that the Romans believed to be at the eastern end of the Silk Road . In legend , the tribes of Gog and Magog were said to have been locked out by Alexander the Great with walls of steel . Later Arab writers and travellers , such as Rashid - al - Din Hamadani ( 1248 -- 1318 ) and Ibn Battuta ( 1304 -- 1377 ) , would erroneously identify the Great Wall in China with the walls of the Alexander romances . Soon after Europeans reached Ming China in the early 16th century , accounts of the Great Wall started to circulate in Europe , even though no European would see it with their own eyes for another century . The work A Treatise of China and the Adjoyning Regions by Gaspar da Cruz ( c. 1520 -- 70 ) offered an early discussion of the Great Wall in which he noted , `` a Wall of an hundred leagues in length . And some will affirme to bee more than a hundred leagues . '' Another early account written by Bishop Juan González de Mendoza ( 1550 -- 1620 ) reported a wall five hundred leagues long , but suggested that only one hundred leagues were man - made , with the rest natural rock formations . The Jesuit priest Matteo Ricci ( 1552 -- 1610 ) mentioned the Great Wall once in his diary , noting the existence of `` a tremendous wall four hundred and five miles long '' that formed part of the northern defences of the Ming Empire . </P> <P> Europeans first witnessed the Great Wall in the early 1600s . Perhaps the first recorded instance of a European actually entering China via the Great Wall came in 1605 , when the Portuguese Jesuit brother Bento de Góis reached the northwestern Jiayu Pass from India . Ivan Petlin 's 1619 deposition for his Russian embassy mission offers an early account based on a first - hand encounter with the Great Wall , and mentions that in the course of the journey his embassy travelled alongside the Great Wall for ten days . </P> The Great Wall as depicted in Thomas Allom 's 1845 China , in a series of views <P> Early European accounts were mostly modest and empirical , closely mirroring contemporary Chinese understanding of the Wall . However , when the Ming Great Wall began to take on a shape still recognizable today , foreign accounts of the Wall slid into hyperbole . In the Atlas Sinensis published in 1665 , the Jesuit Martino Martini described elaborate but atypical stretches of the Great Wall and generalized such fortifications across the whole northern frontier . Furthermore , Martini erroneously identified the Ming Wall as the same wall built by Qin Shi Huang in the 3rd century BC , thereby exaggerating both the Wall 's antiquity and its size . This misconception was compounded by the China Illustrata of Father Athanasius Kircher ( 1602 -- 80 ) , which provided pictures of the Great Wall as imagined by a European illustrator . All these and other accounts from missionaries in China contributed to the Orientalism of the eighteenth century , in which a mythical China and its exaggerated Great Wall feature prominently . The French philosopher Voltaire ( 1694 -- 1774 ) , for example , frequently wrote about the Great Wall , although his feelings towards it oscillate between unreserved admiration and condemnation of it as a `` monument to fear '' . The Macartney Embassy of 1793 passed through the Great Wall at Gubeikou on the way to see the Qianlong Emperor in Chengde , who was there for the annual imperial hunt . One of the embassy 's members , John Barrow , later founder of the Royal Geographical Society , spuriously calculated that the amount of stone in the Wall was equivalent to `` all the dwelling houses of England and Scotland '' and would suffice to encircle the Earth at the equator twice . The illustrations of the Great Wall by Lieutenant Henry William Parish during this mission would be reproduced in influential works such as Thomas Allom 's 1845 China , in a series of views . </P> <P> Exposure to such works brought many foreign visitors to the Great Wall after China opened its borders as a result of the nation 's defeat in the Opium Wars of the mid-19th century at the hands of Britain and the other Western powers . The Juyong Pass near Beijing and the `` Old Dragon Head , '' where the Great Wall meets the sea at the Shanhai Pass , proved popular destinations for these wall watchers . </P> <P> The travelogues of the later 19th century in turn further contributed to the elaboration and propagation of the Great Wall myth . Examples of this myth 's growth are the false but widespread belief that the Great Wall of China is visible from the Moon or Mars . </P> <H2> Modern China ( 1911 -- present ) ( edit ) </H2> The Great Wall in 1907 <P> The Xinhai Revolution in 1911 forced the abdication of the last Qing Emperor Puyi and ended China 's last imperial dynasty . The revolutionaries , headed by Sun Yat - sen , were concerned with creating a modern sense of national identity in the chaotic post-imperial era . In contrast to Chinese academics such as Liang Qichao , who tried to counter the West 's fantastic version of the Great Wall , Sun Yat - sen held the view that Qin Shi Huang 's wall preserved the Chinese race , and without it Chinese culture would not have developed enough to expand to the south and assimilate foreign conquerors . Such an endorsement from the `` Father of Modern China '' started to transform the Great Wall into a national symbol in the Chinese consciousness , though this transformation was hampered by conflicting views of nationalism with regard to the nascent `` new China . '' </P> <P> The failure of the new Republic of China fanned disillusionment with traditional Chinese culture and ushered in the New Culture Movement and the May Fourth Movement of the mid-1910s and 1920s that aimed to dislodge China 's future trajectory from its past . Naturally , the Great Wall of China came under attack as a symbol of the past . For example , an influential writer of this period , Lu Xun , harshly criticized the `` mighty and accursed Great Wall '' in a short essay : `` In reality , it has never served any purpose than to make countless workers labour to death in vain ... ( It ) surrounds everyone . '' </P> Arise ! All those who do n't want to be slaves ! Let our flesh and blood forge our new Great Wall ! `` The March of the Volunteers '' <P> The Sino - Japanese conflict ( 1931 -- 45 ) gave the Great Wall a new lease of life in the eyes of the Chinese . During the 1933 defence of the Great Wall , inadequately - equipped Chinese soldiers held off double their number of Japanese troops for several months . Using the cover of the Great Wall , the Chinese -- who were at times only armed with broadswords -- were able to beat off a Japanese advance that had the support of aerial bombardment . With the Chinese forces eventually overrun , the subsequent Tanggu Truce stipulated that the Great Wall was to become a demilitarized zone separating China and the newly created Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo . Even so , the determined defence of the Great Wall made it a symbol of Chinese patriotism and the resoluteness of the Chinese people . The Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong picked up this symbol in his poetry during his `` Long March '' escaping from Kuomintang prosecution . Near the end of the trek in 1935 , Mao wrote the poem `` Mount Liupan '' that contains the well - known line that would be carved in stone along the Great Wall in the present day : `` Those who fail to reach the Great Wall are not true men '' ( 不 到 长城 非 好汉 ) . Another noteworthy reference to the Great Wall is in the song `` The March of the Volunteers '' , whose words came from a stanza in Tian Han 's 1934 poem entitled `` The Great Wall '' . The song , originally from the anti-Japanese movie Children of Troubled Times , enjoyed continued popularity in China and was selected as the provisional national anthem of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) at its establishment in 1949 . </P> US President Nixon visits the Great Wall , 1972 <P> In 1952 , the scholar - turned - bureaucrat Guo Moruo laid out the first modern proposal to repair the Great Wall . Five years later , the renovated Badaling became the first section to be opened to the public since the establishment of the PRC . The Badaling Great Wall has since become a staple stop for foreign dignitaries who come to China , beginning with Nepali prime minister Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala in 1960 , and most notably the American president Richard Nixon in his historic 1972 visit to China . To date , Badaling is still the most visited stretch of the Great Wall . </P> <P> Other stretches did not fare so well . During the Cultural Revolution ( 1966 -- 76 ) , hundreds of kilometres of the Great Wall -- already damaged in the wars of the last century and eroded by wind and rain -- were deliberately destroyed by fervent Red Guards who regarded it as part of the `` Four Olds '' to be eradicated in the new China . Quarrying machines and even dynamite were used to dismantle the Wall , and the pilfered materials were used for construction . </P> <P> As China opened up in the 1980s , reformist leader Deng Xiaoping initiated the `` Love our China and restore our Great Wall '' campaign ( 爱 我 中华 , 修 我 长城 ) to repair and preserve the Great Wall . The Great Wall was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 . However , while tourism boomed over the years , slipshod restoration methods have left sections of the Great Wall near Beijing `` looking like a Hollywood set '' in the words of the National Geographic News . The less prominent stretches of the Great Wall did not get as much attention . In 2002 the New York - based World Monuments Fund put the Great Wall on its list of the World 's 100 Most Endangered Sites . In 2003 the Chinese government began to enact laws to protect the Great Wall . </P> <H2> Historiography ( edit ) </H2> See also : Chinese historiography and Sinology <P> In China , one of the first individuals to attempt a multi-dynastic history of the Great Wall was the 17th - century scholar Gu Yanwu . More recently , in the 1930s and 1940s , Wang Guoliang ( 王國良 ) and Shou Pengfei ( 壽 鵬 飛 ) produced exhaustive studies that culled extant literary records to date and mapped the courses of early border walls . However , these efforts were based solely on written records that contain obscure place names and elusive literary references . </P> <P> The rise of modern archeology has contributed much to the study of the Great Wall , either in corroborating existing research or in refuting it . However these efforts do not yet give a full picture of the Great Wall 's history , as many wall sites dating to the Period of Disunity ( 220 -- 589 ) had been overlaid by the extant Ming Great Wall . </P> The first map of China printed in a European atlas , engraved by Abraham Ortelius ( 1584 ) , shows a series of walls wedged between mountains against the Tartars , represented by yurts . <P> Western scholarship of the Great Wall was , until recently , affected by misconceptions derived from traditional accounts of the Wall . When the Jesuits brought back the first reports of the Wall to the West , European scholars were puzzled that Marco Polo had not mentioned the presumably perennial `` Great Wall '' in his Travels . Some 17th - century scholars reasoned that the Wall must have been built in the Ming dynasty , after Marco Polo 's departure . This view was soon replaced by another that argued , against Polo 's own account , that the Venetian merchant had come to China from the south and so did not come into contact with the Wall . Thus , Father Martino Martini 's mistaken claim that the Wall had `` lasted right up to the present time without injury or destruction '' since the time of Qin was accepted as fact by the 18th - century philosophes . </P> <P> Since then , many scholars have operated under the belief that the Great Wall continually defended China 's border against the steppe nomads for two thousand years . For example , the 18th - century sinologist Joseph de Guignes assigned macrohistorical importance to such walls when he advanced the theory that the Qin construction forced the Xiongnu to migrate west to Europe and , becoming known as the Huns , ultimately contributed to the decline of the Roman Empire . Some have attempted to make general statements regarding Chinese society and foreign policy based on the conception of a perennial Great Wall : Karl Marx took the Wall to represent the stagnation of the Chinese society and economy , Owen Lattimore supposed that the Great Wall demonstrated a need to divide the nomadic way of life from the agricultural communities of China , and John K. Fairbank posited that the Wall played a part in upholding the Sinocentric world order . </P> <P> Despite the significance that the Great Wall seemed to have , scholarly treatment of the Wall itself remained scant during the 20th century . Joseph Needham bemoaned this dearth when he was compiling the section on walls for his Science and Civilisation in China : `` There is no lack of travelers ' description of the Great Wall , but studies based on modern scholarship are few and far between , whether in Chinese or Western languages . '' In 1990 , Arthur Waldron published the influential The Great Wall : From History to Myth , where he challenged the notion of a unitary Great Wall maintained since antiquity , dismissing it as a modern myth . Waldron 's approach prompted a re-examination of the Wall in Western scholarship . Still , as of 2008 , there is not yet a full authoritative text in any language that is devoted to the Great Wall . The reason for this , according to The New Yorker journalist Peter Hessler , is that the Great Wall fits into neither the study of political institutions ( favoured by Chinese historians ) nor the excavation of tombs ( favoured by Chinese archeologists ) . Some of the void left by academia is being filled by independent research from Great Wall enthusiasts such as ex-Xinhua reporter Cheng Dalin ( 成 大林 ) and self - funded scholar David Spindler . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> History of China </Li> <Li> History of Central Asia </Li> <Li> Military history of China before 1911 </Li> <Li> Foreign relations of Imperial China </Li> <Li> Lady Meng Jiang , a Chinese folk tale about the Great Wall </Li> <Li> Battle of Shanhaiguan ( 1900 ) , British forces occupy and damage parts of Shanhai Pass during the Boxer Rebellion </Li> <Li> The Great Wall of China , a short story by Franz Kafka </Li> <Li> Great Wall of China hoax , published in 1899 and expanded in 1939 </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China even longer than previously thought : Survey measures the wall at 21,196 km long '' . CBC News . June 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 8 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 218 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Owen , James ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' Lost ' Great Wall of China Segment Found ? Google Earth , carbon dating suggest wall network even bigger than thought '' . National Geographic Daily News . National Geographic Society . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Great Wall '' . World Heritage List . World Heritage Centre , United Nations Educational , Scientific and World Organization ( UNESCO ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 56 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lattimore 1937 , p. 533 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lattimore 1937 , p. 534 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lattimore 1937 , p. 535 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 55 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 36 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barfield 1989 , p. 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 61 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barfield 1989 , pp. 17 -- 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 62 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Barfield 1989 , p. 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 146 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 142 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 174 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 38 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ di Cosmo 1999 , p. 920 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 13 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : di Cosmo 2002 , p. 139 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , pp. 142 -- 43 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 148 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Tackett 2008 , p. 112 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 143 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 147 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , pp. 13 -- 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 147 ; Waldron 1990 , p. 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 67 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 142 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 145 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 128 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , pp. 144 -- 45 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Needham 1971 , p. 53 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 156 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 149 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 349 ; di Cosmo 2002 , p. 158 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 436 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 439 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 441 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lattimore 1937 , p. 543 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 465 , note 35 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , pp. 54 -- 55 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bodde 1978 , p. 62 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bodde 1978 , p. 63 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yap 2009 , p. 159 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 62 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yu 1978 , p. 386 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yu 1978 , p. 387 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lovell 2006 , p. 70 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yu 1978 , p. 388 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chang 2007 , p. 159 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guo 2002 , p. 185 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , pp. 28 -- 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 71 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , pp. 71 -- 72 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , pp. 208 -- 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 90 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 222 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 223 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 38 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 225 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 52 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1983 , p. 653 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Graff 2002 , p. 72 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 105 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 107 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Tackett 2008 , p. 110 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lovell 2006 , p. 121 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 124 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 126 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lovell 2006 , p. 131 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 133 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 135 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 154 -- 55 ( translation ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Tackett 2008 , p. 108 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Tackett 2008 , p. 106 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 108 , note 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 150 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mote 1999 , pp. 64 -- 65 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mote 1999 , p. 65 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Standen 2009 , p. 87 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bush 1981 , p. 12 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 49 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 167 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Collected reports on surveys of the Great Wall of China , 131 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , pp. 167 -- 68 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Collected reports on surveys of the Great Wall of China , 130 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 166 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 67 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ebrey , Walthall & Palais 2006 , p. 154 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 112 , note 33 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mote 1999 , pp. 70 -- 71 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lorge 2008 , p. 65 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 116 . It should be noted that in 1075 the Song eventually yielded to Liao demands and shifted the border south to conform with the Hengshan watershed lines instead of the Northern Qi walls . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , pp. 116 -- 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 127 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 128 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 119 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 165 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 172 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 173 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lovell 2006 , p. 174 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 176 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 68 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 70 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1983 , p. 647 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mote 1999 , p. 563 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 76 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 78 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , p. 69 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 80 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 98 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edmonds 1985 , pp. 38 -- 40 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 81 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , pp. 90 -- 91 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 92 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 101 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 107 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 105 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 116 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 118 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 141 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 150 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 159 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 151 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 157 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 143 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Spindler 2009 , p. 76 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , p. 70 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , pp. 70 -- 71 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , pp. 71 -- 72 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , p. 71 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , pp. 84 -- 85 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , p. 84 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mote 1999 , p. 794 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985 , p. 201 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985 , p. 209 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985 , p. 154 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mote 1999 , p. 800 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985 , p. 265 ; Mote 1999 , p. 809 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985 , p. 309 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elliott 2001 , pp. 1 -- 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 164 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hessler 2007 , p. 63 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edmonds 1979 , p. 621 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 189 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1983 , p. 652 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , pp. 203 -- 04 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 204 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yule 1866 , p. 579 . This section is the report of Góis ' travel , as reported by Matteo Ricci in De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas ( published 1615 , annotated by Henry Yule ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 205 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , pp. 2 -- 4 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 206 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 207 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 208 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 209 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Petty , John Ira ; Dunbar , Brian , eds. ( 2005 - 09 - 05 ) . `` China 's Wall Less Great in View from Space '' . News Topics . United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hvistendahl , Mara ( February 21 , 2008 ) . `` Is China 's Great Wall Visible from Space ? Though it stretches for some 4,500 miles , the ancient Chinese fortification is not as visible from orbit as modern desert roads '' . China , the Olympics , and the Environment . Scientific American . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 214 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 215 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , pp. 129 -- 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 311 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 312 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 308 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 132 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pickowicz 1991 , p. 65 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Despite falling from grace during the Cultural Revolution , the anthem 's status was confirmed in 1982 and enshrined in the Chinese Constitution in 2004 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 140 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 317 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 226 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 182 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 1 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mooney , Paul ( May 15 , 2007 ) . `` Great Wall of China Overrun , Damaged , Disneyfied '' . National Geographic News . Beijing : National Geographic Society . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Tackett 2008 , p. 104 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 115 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1983 , p. 648 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 212 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 546 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 31 , note 92 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Needham 1971 , p. 47 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 187 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Man 2008 , p. 389 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hessler 2007 , p. 62 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hessler 2007 , pp. 64 -- 5 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Barfield , Thomas ( 1989 ) . The Perilous Frontier . Oxford : B. Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55786 - 043 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Bodde , Derk ( 1978 ) . `` 1 . The state and empire of Ch'in '' . In Twitchett , Denis ; Loewe , Michael . The Cambridge History of China . 1 . Cambridge Eng . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 24327 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Bush , Susan ( 1981 ) . `` Archeological Remains of the Chin Dynasty ( 1115 -- 1234 ) '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of Song - Yüan Studies . 17 : 6 -- 31 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Chang , Chun - shu ( 2007 ) . The Rise of the Chinese Empire , Volume 1 : Nation , State , and Imperialism in Early China , ca . 1600 B.C. -- A.D. 8 . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 11533 - 4 . </Li> <Li> de Crespigny , Rafe ( 1984 ) . Northern frontier : the policies and strategy of the later Han Empire . Canberra : Faculty of Asian Studies , Australian National University . ISBN 0 - 86784 - 410 - 8 . </Li> <Li> di Cosmo , Nicola ( 1999 ) . `` 13 . The Northern Frontier in pre-Imperial China '' . In Loewe , Michael ; Shaughnessy , Edward . The Cambridge History of Ancient China . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 47030 - 8 . </Li> <Li> di Cosmo , Nicola ( 2002 ) . Ancient China and Its Enemies : The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History . Cambridge , UK New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 052 - 1 - 77064 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Ebrey , Patricia Buckley ; Walthall , Anne ; Palais , James ( 2006 ) , East Asia : A Cultural , Social , and Political History , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 618 - 13384 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Edmonds , Richard L. ( December 1979 ) . `` The Willow Palisade '' . Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 69 ( 4 ) : 599 -- 621 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8306.1979. tb01285. x . JSTOR 2563132 . </Li> <Li> Edmonds , Richard Louis ( 1985 ) . Northern Frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan : A Comparative Study of Frontier Policy . University of Chicago , Department of Geography ; Research Paper No. 213 . pp. 38 -- 40 . ISBN 0 - 89065 - 118 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Elliott , Mark C. ( 2001 ) . The Manchu Way : The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4684 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Graff , David ( 2002 ) . Medieval Chinese warfare , 300 -- 900 . London New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 23955 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Guo , Xuezhi ( 2002 ) . The Ideal Chinese Political Leader : A Historical and Cultural Perspective . Westport : Praeger Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 97259 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Hessler , Peter ( 2007 ) . `` Letter from China : Walking the Wall '' . The New Yorker ( May 21 , 2007 ) : 58 -- 67 . </Li> <Li> Lattimore , Owen ( 1937 ) . `` Origins of the Great Wall of China : A Frontier Concept in Theory and Practice '' . Geographical Review . American Geographical Society ( 4 ) : 529 -- 549 . JSTOR 209853 . </Li> <Li> Lattimore , Owen ( 1962 ) . Inner Asian frontiers of China . Boston : Beacon Press . </Li> <Li> Lorge , Peter ( 2008 ) . `` The Great Ditch of China and the Song - Liao Border '' . In Don J. Wyatt . Battlefronts Real and Imagined : War , Border , and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period . New York : Palgrave MacMillan . pp. 59 -- 74 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 6084 - 9 ... </Li> <Li> Lovell , Julia ( 2006 ) . The Great Wall : China against the world 1000 BC -- 2000 AD . Sydney : Picador Pan Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 42241 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Man , John ( 2008 ) . The Great Wall : the extraordinary history of China 's wonder of the world . London England : Bantam Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 593 - 05574 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Mooney , Paul ( May 15 , 2007 ) . `` Great Wall of China Overrun , Damaged , Disneyfied '' . National Geographic News . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Mote , Frederick W. ( 1999 ) , Imperial China : 900 -- 1800 , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , ISBN 0 - 674 - 01212 - 7 </Li> <Li> Needham , Joseph ( 1971 ) . Science and Civilisation in China . 4 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 07060 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Owen , James ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' Lost ' Great Wall of China Segment Found ? '' . National Geographic News . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Pickowicz , Paul G. ( 1991 ) , `` The Theme of Spiritual Pollution in Chinese Films of the 1930s '' , Modern China , 17 ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Rojas , Carlos ( 2010 ) . The Great Wall : a cultural history . Cambridge , Mass : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 04787 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Spindler , David ( 2009 ) . `` A Twice - Scorned Mongol Woman , the Raid of 1576 , and the Building of the Brick Great Wall '' . Ming Studies . Maney Publishing . 60 : 66 -- 94 . </Li> <Li> Standen , Naomi ( 2009 ) , `` The Five Dynasties '' , in Denis C. Twitchett and Paul Jakov Smith , Cambridge History of China , Vol. 5 , Part One : The Sung Dynasty and its Precursors , 907 -- 1279 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , pp. 38 -- 132 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 81248 - 1 </Li> <Li> Tackett , Nicholas ( 2008 ) . `` The Great Wall and Conceptualizations of the Border Under the Northern Song '' . Journal of Song - Yuan Studies . The Society for Song , Yuan , and Conquest Dynasty Studies . 38 : 99 -- 138 . doi : 10.1353 / sys. 0.0032 . </Li> <Li> Wakeman , Frederic ( 1985 ) , The Great Enterprise : The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth - Century China , Berkeley , Los Angeles , and London : University of California Press , ISBN 0 - 520 - 04804 - 0 . In two volumes . </Li> <Li> Waldron , Arthur ( 1983 ) . `` The Problem of The Great Wall of China '' . Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies . Harvard - Yenching Institute . 43 ( 2 ) : 643 -- 663 . JSTOR 2719110 . </Li> <Li> Waldron , Arthur ( 1990 ) . The Great Wall of China : from history to myth . Cambridge England New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 42707 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Yap , Joseph P. ( 2009 ) . Wars with the Xiongnu : a translation from Zizhi Tongjian . Bloomington , IN : Authorhouse . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4490 - 0604 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Yu , Ying - Shih ( 1978 ) . `` 6 . Han foreign relations '' . In Twitchett , Denis ; Loewe , Michael . The Cambridge History of China . 1 . Cambridge Eng . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 24327 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Yule , Sir Henry , ed. ( 1866 ) . `` Cathay and the way thither : being a collection of medieval notices of China '' . Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society . Issues 36 -- 37 . London : T. Richards . </Li> <Li> ( in Chinese ) Zhongguo changcheng yiji tiaocha baogao ji 中国 长城 遗迹 调查 报告 集 ( Collected reports on surveys of the Great Wall of China ) . Beijing : Cultural Relics Publishing House . 1981 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Great Wall of China </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Yumen Pass </Li> <Li> Yang Pass </Li> <Li> Jiayu Pass </Li> <Li> Yanmen Pass </Li> <Li> Jumenbu </Li> <Li> Niangzi Pass </Li> <Li> Pingxing Pass </Li> <Li> Dajingmen </Li> <Li> Badaling </Li> <Li> Juyong Pass ( Cloud Platform ) </Li> <Li> Huanghuacheng </Li> <Li> Jiankou ( Beijing Knot ) </Li> <Li> Mutianyu </Li> <Li> Baimaguan </Li> <Li> Gubeikou </Li> <Li> Jinshanling </Li> <Li> Simatai </Li> <Li> Huangya Pass </Li> <Li> Shanhai Pass </Li> <Li> Hushan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> History of the Great Wall of China ( Qi , Ming ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China&oldid=813805926 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Great Wall of China </Li> <Li> Chinese architectural history </Li> <Li> Military history of China </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Good articles </Li> <Li> Use Canadian English from March 2014 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from March 2014 </Li> <Li> Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text </Li> <Li> Articles containing Chinese - language text </Li> <Li> Articles with Chinese - language external links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Shqip </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 09 : 35 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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List of banks in Pakistan - wikipedia <H1> List of banks in Pakistan </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The following is the list of notable banks in Pakistan . State Bank of Pakistan is the central bank of Pakistan . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Total Number of Schedule Banks on June 30th , 2017 </Li> <Li> 2 Public Sector Schedule Banks </Li> <Li> 3 Specialized Schedule banks </Li> <Li> 4 Private Banks </Li> <Li> 5 Islamic banks </Li> <Li> 6 Foreign Banks </Li> <Li> 7 Micro-finance Banks </Li> <Li> 8 Development Finance Institutions </Li> <Li> 9 Other Financial Institutions in Pakistan </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Total Number of Schedule Banks on June 30th , 2017 ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Al Baraka Bank ( Pakistan ) Limited . </Li> <Li> Allied Bank Limited . </Li> <Li> Askari Bank Limited . </Li> <Li> Bank Alfalah Limited . </Li> <Li> Bank Al - Habib Limited . </Li> <Li> BankIslami Pakistan Limited . </Li> <Li> Citi Bank N.A. </Li> <Li> Deutsche Bank A.G. </Li> <Li> Dubai Islamic Bank Pakistan Limited . </Li> <Li> Faysal Bank Limited . </Li> <Li> First Women Bank Limited . </Li> <Li> Habib Bank Limited . </Li> <Li> Habib Metropolitan Bank Limited . </Li> <Li> Industrial and Commercial Bank of China </Li> <Li> Industrial Development Bank of Pakistan . </Li> <Li> JS Bank Limited . </Li> <Li> MCB Bank Limited . </Li> <Li> MCB Islamic Bank Limited . </Li> <Li> Meezan Bank Limited . </Li> <Li> National Bank of Pakistan . </Li> <Li> S.M.E. Bank Limited . </Li> <Li> Samba Bank Limited . </Li> <Li> Silk Bank Limited . </Li> <Li> Sindh Bank Limited . </Li> <Li> Soneri Bank Limited . </Li> <Li> Standard Chartered Bank ( Pakistan ) Limited . </Li> <Li> Summit Bank Limited . </Li> <Li> The Bank of Khyber . </Li> <Li> The Bank of Punjab . </Li> <Li> The Bank of Tokyo - Mitsubishi Limited . </Li> <Li> The Punjab Provincial Cooperative Bank Limited . </Li> <Li> United Bank Limited . </Li> <Li> Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited . </Li> <Li> NIB Bank Limited . ( Now merged with MCB Bank on July 7th , 2017 ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> Public Sector Schedule Banks ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> National Bank of Pakistan </Li> <Li> The Bank of Punjab </Li> <Li> Sindh Bank </Li> <Li> Bank of Khyber </Li> <Li> First Women Bank </Li> </Ul> <H2> Specialized Schedule banks ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Industrial Development Bank </Li> <Li> SME Bank </Li> <Li> The Punjab Provincial Cooperative Bank </Li> <Li> Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited </Li> </Ul> <H2> Private Banks ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Askari Bank </Li> <Li> Allied Bank Limited </Li> <Li> MCB Bank Limited </Li> <Li> Bank Alfalah </Li> <Li> Bank Al Habib </Li> <Li> Faysal Bank </Li> <Li> HBL Pakistan </Li> <Li> Habib Metropolitan Bank </Li> <Li> JS Bank </Li> <Li> NIB Bank </Li> <Li> Samba Bank Limited </Li> <Li> Silk bank Limited </Li> <Li> Standard Chartered Pakistan </Li> <Li> Soneri Bank </Li> <Li> Summit Bank </Li> <Li> United Bank Limited </Li> </Ul> <H2> Islamic banks ( edit ) </H2> <P> There are many Islamic banks working in Pakistan . The list of banks is given below : </P> <Ul> <Li> Meezan Bank Limited </Li> <Li> Dubai Islamic Bank </Li> <Li> Al Baraka Bank </Li> <Li> Bank Alfalah Islamic </Li> <Li> BankIslami Pakistan Limited </Li> <Li> Askari Bank Ltd </Li> <Li> MCB Islamic Baking </Li> <Li> UBL Islamic Banking </Li> <Li> HBL Islamic Banking </Li> <Li> National Bank of Pakistan </Li> <Li> Bank Al Habib Islamic Banking </Li> <Li> Emirates Global Islamic Bank Limited </Li> <Li> Allied Bank Islamic Banking </Li> </Ul> <P> These are the names of Islamic banks having accreditation license from the state bank of Pakistan . </P> <H2> Foreign Banks ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Deutsche Bank AG </Li> <Li> Citi Bank N.A </Li> <Li> Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Limited </Li> <Li> Standard Chartered Pakistan </Li> <Li> Bank of China </Li> <Li> Samba Bank Limited </Li> </Ul> <H2> Micro-finance Banks ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Khushhali Bank Limited </Li> <Li> NRSP Microfinance Bank </Li> <Li> Apna Microfinance Bank Ltd </Li> <Li> FINCA Microfinance Bank Limited </Li> <Li> Mobilink Microfinance Bank Limited </Li> <Li> Pak - Oman Microfinance Bank Ltd </Li> <Li> Telenor Microfinance Bank Limited ( TMFB ) </Li> <Li> The First Microfinance Bank Ltd ( FMFB ) </Li> <Li> Sindh MicroFinance Bank Ltd ( SMFB ) </Li> <Li> U Microfinance Bank Limited </Li> <Li> Advans Pakistan Microfinance Bank Limited </Li> </Ul> <H2> Development Finance Institutions ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Asian Housing Financed </Li> </Ul> <H2> Other Financial Institutions in Pakistan ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Economy of Pakistan </Li> <Li> Pakistan Stock Exchange Exchange </Li> <Li> AKD Securities Pvt Limited </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Arif Habib Securities Pvt Limited </Li> <Li> Royal Securities Pvt Limited </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Islamic banking </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.dawn.com/news/1332915 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.akdsecurities.net/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.royalsecuritiespvtltd.com/ </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Android application about Banks in Pakistan </Li> <Li> List of Banks in Pakistan 2014 - 15 </Li> <Li> List Of Banks in Pakistan </Li> <Li> Banks in Pakistan </Li> <Li> Banks in Pakistan database </Li> <Li> Banks in Pakistan with products they offer </Li> <Li> Pakistani Banks </Li> <Li> State Bank of Pakistan </Li> <Li> Banking Jobs in Pakistan </Li> <Li> The Pakistan Credit Rating Agency Limited </Li> <Li> List of Microfinance Banks in Pakistan </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Banking in Pakistan </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central bank </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> State Bank of Pakistan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Big Four </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> HBL Pakistan </Li> <Li> MCB Bank Limited </Li> <Li> National Bank of Pakistan </Li> <Li> United Bank Limited Pakistan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Commercial banking </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Allied Bank Limited </Li> <Li> Askari Bank </Li> <Li> Atlas Bank </Li> <Li> Bank AL Habib </Li> <Li> Bank Alfalah </Li> <Li> Bank of Khyber </Li> <Li> Bank of Punjab </Li> <Li> Faysal Bank </Li> <Li> First Women Bank </Li> <Li> Habib Metropolitan Bank </Li> <Li> Industrial Development Bank </Li> <Li> JS Bank </Li> <Li> NIB Bank </Li> <Li> Sindh Bank </Li> <Li> Soneri Bank </Li> <Li> Summit Bank </Li> <Li> Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Microfinance banking </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> FINCA Microfinance Bank Limited </Li> <Li> First MicroFinance Bank - Pakistan </Li> <Li> Khushhali Bank </Li> <Li> NRSP Microfinance Bank </Li> <Li> Telenor Microfinance Bank Limited </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Islamic banking </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> BankIslami Pakistan </Li> <Li> Burj Bank </Li> <Li> Dubai Islamic Bank Pakistan Limited </Li> <Li> Meezan Bank </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Foreign banks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Barclays </Li> <Li> HSBC Bank Middle East </Li> <Li> Royal Bank of Scotland </Li> <Li> Standard Chartered Pakistan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defunct banks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bank of Credit and Commerce International </Li> <Li> KASB Bank </Li> <Li> MyBank </Li> <Li> PICIC Commercial Bank </Li> <Li> Union Bank </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of banks in Pakistan </Li> <Li> Pakistan Remittance Initiative </Li> <Li> Pakistani bankers </Li> <Li> Institute of Bankers Pakistan </Li> <Li> National Institute of Banking and Finance </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Category </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Economy of Pakistan </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Numbering system </Li> <Li> Five - Year Plans </Li> <Li> Nationalization </Li> <Li> Privatization </Li> <Li> Corporatization </Li> <Li> Fauji Foundation </Li> <Li> Islamic economization </Li> <Li> Economic liberalization </Li> <Li> Medium Term Development Framework </Li> <Li> Periods of stagflation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Banking and finance </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Banking ( List of banks ) </Li> <Li> Pakistan Remittance Initiative </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Communications </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Currency </Li> <Li> Mailing <Ul> <Li> Postal codes </Li> <Li> Postage stamps </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Telecommunications <Ul> <Li> Dialing codes </Li> <Li> Internet </Li> <Li> Mobile network operators </Li> <Li> Telephone numbers </Li> <Li> Pakistan Remote Sensing Satellite </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Transportation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Airlines </Li> <Li> Airports </Li> <Li> Bridges </Li> <Li> Motorways </Li> <Li> National highways </Li> <Li> Railways <Ul> <Li> Railway stations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dry ports </Li> <Li> Seaports </Li> <Li> Vehicle plates </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Industry </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aerospace </Li> <Li> Agriculture <Ul> <Li> Fishery </Li> <Li> Livestock </Li> <Li> Rice production </Li> <Li> Tea </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Defence </Li> <Li> Automotive </Li> <Li> Books and publishing </Li> <Li> Cottage and small scale </Li> <Li> Forestry </Li> <Li> Information technology </Li> <Li> Insurance </Li> <Li> Mining </Li> <Li> Media <Ul> <Li> Cinema </Li> <Li> Television </Li> <Li> Music </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pharmaceuticals </Li> <Li> Real estate </Li> <Li> Textiles ( Carpets and rugs ) <Ul> <Li> Silk </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tourism <Ul> <Li> Medical tourism </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Infrastructure </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Buildings </Li> <Li> Education <Ul> <Li> Schools </Li> <Li> Universities </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Healthcare <Ul> <Li> AIDS </Li> <Li> Hospitals </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Housing </Li> <Li> Poverty </Li> <Li> Science and technology </Li> <Li> Water supply and sanitation ( Dams ) </Li> <Li> Water resources management </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Energy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Electricity </Li> <Li> Fuel extraction </Li> <Li> Nuclear power </Li> <Li> Policy </Li> <Li> Power companies </Li> <Li> Power stations </Li> <Li> Renewable energy <Ul> <Li> Solar power </Li> <Li> Wind power </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Taxation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Federal Board of Revenue </Li> <Li> Tax on cash withdrawal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Institutions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Companies </Li> <Li> Islamabad / Karachi / Lahore stock exchanges </Li> <Li> Ministry of Commerce ( Ministers ) </Li> <Li> Ministry of Finance ( Ministers ) </Li> <Li> National Bank of Pakistan </Li> <Li> Planning Commission </Li> <Li> Research institutes </Li> <Li> Securities and Exchange Commission </Li> <Li> State Bank of Pakistan ( Governors ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Society </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Billionaires </Li> <Li> Businesspeople </Li> <Li> Demographics </Li> <Li> Labour force ( Child labour ) </Li> <Li> Public holidays </Li> <Li> Urbanisation </Li> <Li> Pensions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Domestic economies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Azad Kashmir </Li> <Li> Balochistan </Li> <Li> FATA </Li> <Li> Gilgit - 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Blue Heelers - Wikipedia <H1> Blue Heelers </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Australian television programme . For the dog breed , see Australian Cattle Dog . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Blue Heelers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Also known as </Th> <Td> Boys in Blue ( working title ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> ( See Cast list ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Garry Hardman </Li> <Li> Red Symonds </Li> <Li> Jason Bond </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> Australia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 510 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 45 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> Southern Star Group Seven Network Productions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> Southern Star </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> Seven Network </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> PAL ( 1994 -- 2002 ) </Li> <Li> 576i ( 2003 -- 06 ) </Li> <Li> 1080i HDTV ( 2003 -- 06 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Audio format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stereo ( 1994 -- 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Dolby Digital ( 2003 -- 06 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> 18 January 1994 ( 1994 - 01 - 18 ) -- 4 June 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 04 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Blue Heelers was an Australian police drama series that was produced by Southern Star Group and ran for 12 years on Seven Network , from 1994 to 2006 . Although based around the policing of the town , the series generally depicted the everyday lives and relationships of the residents of Mount Thomas , a fictional small town in Victoria . The series was one of the highest - rated and most - awarded programs in the history of Australian television . It is noted for its two main stars Lisa McCune , a four - time recipient of the Gold Logie , and John Wood , who also won Gold . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Overview </Li> <Li> 2 Plot </Li> <Li> 3 Cast <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Main cast </Li> <Li> 3.2 Recurring / semi-regular cast </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Production <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Conception and development </Li> <Li> 4.2 Filming locations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 2004 Revamp : The Station Bombing </Li> <Li> 5.2 Cancellation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Episodes </Li> <Li> 7 Merchandise <Ul> <Li> 7.1 DVD release </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Re-Release </Li> <Li> 9 Original Release <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Classic DVD titles </Li> <Li> 9.2 VHS </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> 11 International broadcasting <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Australia </Li> <Li> 11.2 New Zealand </Li> <Li> 11.3 Ireland </Li> <Li> 11.4 USA </Li> <Li> 11.5 Canada </Li> <Li> 11.6 Italy </Li> <Li> 11.7 United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 References </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Overview ( edit ) </H2> <P> Blue Heelers was first aired on 10 September 1993 , with the episode `` A Woman 's Place '' . The last episode , aired on 4 June 2006 , was the 510th episode , `` One Day More '' . It was produced by Southern Star for the Seven Network . During its 13 - season run it won a total of 32 awards and was nominated for a further 50 . This included 25 Logie Awards , five of which were the Gold Logie , the most coveted television award in Australia . </P> <P> As well as everyday policing matters , the series deals with many controversial and `` touchy '' subjects . The series was the first to examine the stressful world of young police officers who are `` thrown into the deep end where they are left to sink or swim '' . </P> <P> Police procedurals were enormously popular in Australia in the 1960s and 1970s , but by the 1980s they had been replaced by home - grown soap operas and mini-series . Blue Heelers , however , was Australia 's most popular television drama while it lasted . The series drew more than 2.5 million viewers every week at its peak . Along with Homicide , Blue Heelers holds the Australian record for most episodes produced of a weekly prime - time drama . It was also nearly the longest - running series , but Homicide lasted one calendar month longer and , due to five feature - length episodes , had more time on air . </P> <P> Blue Heelers has also gained recognition in the UK , Ireland , New Zealand , Canada and other countries . It has been sold to 108 territories . </P> <P> Blue Heelers launched the careers of many Australian actors , such as Lisa McCune , Grant Bowler , Ditch Davey , Rachel Gordon , Tasma Walton , Charlie Clausen and Jane Allsop . While many of these actors are still best known for their work on Blue Heelers , some have gone on to bigger roles . Many other actors of today also appeared in guest roles , including Hugh Jackman , Charles ' Bud ' Tingwell , Peter O'Brien and John Howard . John Wood and Julie Nihill remained with Blue Heelers during its entire 12 - year run , portraying Senior Sergeant Tom Croydon and the publican Chris Riley respectively . </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> P.J. Hasham , Tom Croydon and Maggie Doyle <P> The series primarily focuses on the daily lives of Victorian police officers working at a police station in the fictional small town of Mount Thomas . Each episode is presented from the perspective of the officers . This was a specific technique that creator Hal McElroy chose to employ . </P> <P> The police officers , commonly referred to as `` Heelers '' , are always active sorting out the town 's many problems . These problems range from trivial complaints such as land and fencing disputes to more serious offences , such as homicides and assaults . The small town is also faced with many other significant occurrences including bank robberies , escaped criminals , police shootings , kidnappings and the acts of deluded criminals . Of these , one of the more significant events is the bombing of the police station during the show 's eleventh season . </P> <P> Whenever overwhelmed , the Heelers call on the assistance of the police in the larger town of St Davids , home of the resident police inspector Russell Falcon - Price . An antagonist in the series , Falcon - Price often tries to terminate the employment of the Mount Thomas sergeant or to close the entire station . </P> <P> Along with their police work , aspects of the Heelers ' personal lives are regularly featured , notably the relationship between Maggie and PJ , which ends with Maggie 's death in one of the most watched moments on Australian television . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Main cast ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Actor </Th> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Episode count </Th> <Th_colspan="13"> Season </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 11 </Th> <Th> 12 </Th> <Th> 13 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Wood </Td> <Td> Tom Croydon </Td> <Td> 510 </Td> <Td_colspan="13"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Julie Nihill </Td> <Td> Chris Riley </Td> <Td> 510 </Td> <Td_colspan="13"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Martin Sacks </Td> <Td> P.J. Hasham </Td> <Td> 475 </Td> <Td_colspan="12"> Main </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lisa McCune </Td> <Td> Maggie Doyle </Td> <Td> 249 </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> Main </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William McInnes </Td> <Td> Nick Schultz </Td> <Td> 249 </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Main </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grant Bowler </Td> <Td> Wayne Patterson </Td> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Main </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ann Burbrook </Td> <Td> Roz Patterson </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Main </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Damian Walshe - Howling </Td> <Td> Adam Cooper </Td> <Td> 178 </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Main </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tasma Walton </Td> <Td> Dash McKinley </Td> <Td> 128 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Main </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paul Bishop </Td> <Td> Ben Stewart </Td> <Td> 253 </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> Main </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rupert Reid </Td> <Td> Jack Lawson </Td> <Td> 102 </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Main </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jane Allsop </Td> <Td> Jo Parrish </Td> <Td> 202 </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Main </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Caroline Craig </Td> <Td> Tess Gallagher </Td> <Td> 139 </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Main </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ditch Davey </Td> <Td> Evan Jones </Td> <Td> 193 </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Simone McAullay </Td> <Td> Susie Raynor </Td> <Td> 99 </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rachel Gordon </Td> <Td> Amy Fox </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Samantha Tolj </Td> <Td> Kelly O'Rourke </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Danny Raco </Td> <Td> Joss Peroni </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Geoff Morrell </Td> <Td> Mark Jacobs </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Main </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Charlie Clausen </Td> <Td> Alex Kirby </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td_colspan="11"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Matt Holmes </Td> <Td> Matt Graham </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td_colspan="11"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Main </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Recurring / semi-regular cast ( edit ) </H3> Blue Heelers final cast of 2006 Main article : List of recurring Blue Heelers characters <P> Each episode featured a range of guest cast members , and over the run of the series hundreds of actors featured in these roles . </P> <P> As well as the main ( regular ) cast members , a number of well - known Australian actors frequently appeared as either recurring or semi-regular characters . These included Terry Gill as Superintendent Clive Adamson , Neil Pigot as Inspector Russel Falcon - Price , Jeremy Kewley as Mt Thomas journalist Tony Timms , Frankie J. Holden as Snr . Det . Jack Woodley , Catherine Wilkin , Debra Lawrance , Emily Browning , Josh Lawson , along with Suzi Dougherty as Dr. Mel Carter , Peta Doodson as Inspector Monica Draper , Beth Buchanan as Susan Croydon , Michael Isaacs as Clancy Freeman , and the late Reg Evans as Keith Purvis . </P> <P> Many other notable actors also had one - off or recurring guest roles in Blue Heelers including Shane Bourne , Hugh Jackman , Gerard Kennedy , David Wenham , Marcus Graham , Peter O'Brien , Gary Sweet , Vince Colosimo , Alan Cinis and Alan Dale . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> On average , 42 episodes of Blue Heelers were broadcast per year on Australian television , with each episode comprising fifty scenes . One episode was made every week . The scripts were written to a formula which allowed one day for rehearsal , two days on location and two days in the studio . Episodes were shot eight to ten weeks ahead of their scheduled broadcast date . There were 16 episodes in various stages of production at any one time ( from the conception of new storylines to post-production ) . In addition , there were always seven complete episodes waiting to go to air . Apart from the regular cast members , the show employed 4,300 guest actors annually , plus 30 extras every week . A total of 150 people were involved in some way with the show 's production each week , including cast members , crew , wardrobe , publicists and writers . </P> <H3> Conception and development ( edit ) </H3> <P> Blue Heelers creator / producer , Hal McElroy , conceived the idea of Blue Heelers when he heard that an eighteen - year - old friend was planning to become a police officer . Intrigued , he inquired as to why this young boy , fresh out of school , would want to become a police officer , as opposed to the many other opportunities he had open to him . McElroy soon discovered that , at the time , a staggering 60 % of Australian police officers were under the age of 26 . This , coupled with McElroy 's desire to create a country cop show , formed the basis of the programme . When this same young officer left the force only a year later due to the shooting death of his colleague , McElroy was even more intrigued to learn about the very fickle , yet rewarding job of policing the community . McElroy continued his quest by asking ex-police officer Michael Winter to write down what it was like to be a city cop who transferred to a country town . These became the ideas that Blue Heelers was based around . Michael Winter also conceived the name of the programme by recounting the common names for a country police officer : `` tyre - biters '' -- referring to the fact that country cops are often involved in car chases -- and `` blue heelers '' -- referring to their blue uniforms and overall similar appearance and persona to a Blue Heeler dog , a protective and intuitive breed of Australian dog . From the time that McElroy 's idea was initially conceived , to the time the programme was ready to air , three years passed . </P> <P> During the early development of Blue Heelers two completely different pilots were shot : one depicting the story from the perspective of a police officer and the other from the perspective of a criminal . When these were presented to the Seven Network , the network committed to 13 episodes of the first pilot . The pilot went on to become the official first episode of Blue Heelers , telling the story of a new cop in town , Maggie Doyle , and her beginnings in Mount Thomas . Hal McElroy chose to discard the second pilot , realising it was a fatal mistake to be `` with the criminals as they plotted the crime '' . He also conceived his rule that the producers of the show `` could n't have a camera in a room unless there was a copper there as well '' ( a rule shared by long - running UK Police drama The Bill ) . Hence , the basis of the show being from a police officer 's perspective became a firm reality . ( The only bending of this rule was with scenes featuring publican Chris ; as she was billed with the main cast , she was given the same on - screen `` rules '' as the officers . In early episodes , before she worked at the station , this `` rule '' also applied to Wayne Patterson 's wife Roz ) . </P> <P> Hal McElroy gives his police adviser 's opinion : </P> <P> He had been posted to Yass ( in New South Wales ) and he really loved it up there because the routine was so simple and straightforward-most often you knew the victim and sometimes you knew the culprit , and someone in charge would give them a clip behind the ear and say ' wash the police car ' or ' sweep the yard ' and ' do n't ever do it again ' , rather than sending a juvenile to jail . </P> <P> I loved it , and I said ' Hey this is great ' . But all the writers said , ' No it 's boring , we want that gritty , inner - city police stuff ' . ( We had Boys in Blue set up in Leichhardt in Sydney . ) And I still remember the moment I was driving home up River Road and I thought , ' Then we can have two shows ' . I said to this copper ' What are you called in the country ? What is your nickname ? ' And he said they call highway patrol ' tyre biters ' and coppers ' blue heelers ' . And I thought ' That 's the title ! ' So I rang ( scriptwriter ) Tony Morphett and said ' Let 's do a show about young cops in the country . It 's called Blue Heelers . </P> -- Hal McElroy , <P> By creating the programme , McElroy and Morphett hoped to close the gap between to police and the public . They hoped to show the human side of the policing and that , like other citizens , police officers have feelings , regrets , aspirations and fears . They also hoped that the show would act as a tribute to the courage of police officers , who risk their lives everyday , never knowing if they 'd return home at the end of the day . </P> <H3> Filming locations ( edit ) </H3> <P> Only about half of the footage for each episode was shot on location . Most of the scenes , including scenes in the police station and pub , were filmed at the Seven Network studios in Melbourne . Much of the filming on location was carried out in towns such as Williamstown , and the more established parts of Werribee . The scenes of the outside of the Mount Thomas police station were actually filmed at the old , disused Williamstown police station , which was then a private residence . Scenes at Mount Thomas High School were filmed at Williamstown High School . The town of Castlemaine was most often used as the backdrop for Mount Thomas , seen in almost every episode . Although the Blue Heelers ' pilot was shot in Castlemaine , the cast and crew very rarely returned there to shoot further episodes ; images of Castlemaine were usually just establishing shots . Chris Riley 's fictional Imperial Hotel , for example , was actually the real Imperial Hotel in Castlemaine . Mount Thomas ' fictional Commercial Hotel was filmed at the Willy Tavern in Williamstown . The second Mount Thomas police station , adopted during the programme 's reform of 2004 , was filmed at Newport Railway workshops . The Mount Thomas Hospital was filmed at the Werribee Mercy Hospital . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Described by critics before its launch as `` A Country Practice meets Cop Shop '' , and as `` the contemporary cousin of British cop show , Heartbeat '' , Blue Heelers was not anticipated by critics to become a hugely popular programme . However , it became a hit TV show soon after it began airing . During most of its broadcast , Blue Heelers was very popular in Australia , regularly attracting up to 2.5 million viewers , and up to 3.5 million viewers at its peak . Throughout the show 's broadcast it continually drew a strong audience , regularly appearing among the top - rating prime time programmes on Australian television . Viewership of Blue Heelers never dropped below 1 million viewers . The episodes `` Gold '' and `` Fool 's Gold '' ( episodes 140 and 141 ) , which aired during the programme 's fourth season , were two of the most popular Blue Heelers episodes . Each drew 2.5 million viewers , considered a huge achievement in 1997 . </P> <P> Blue Heelers ' executive producer , Gus Howard believed the show 's popularity was due mainly to the quality of the cast . </P> <P> Much of the success of Blue Heelers has been attributed to one of the best ensemble casts of any drama on television , with most every cast member becoming a household name ... The basic vocation for the show has always been about shedding a little light on the human condition , something Australian audiences have readily identified with . The show epitomises and represents the Australian ethos in a way that truly reflects Australian life . </P> -- Gus Howard , <P> Much of the show 's sixth season , as well as the first 10 episodes of its seventh season , were the most watched episodes of the series . These episodes focus of the death of Maggie Doyle ( played by Lisa McCune ) . Maggie 's being shot and left for dead during episode 255 , `` One More Day '' , was ranked by TV Week as the third most memorable moment of a drama series on Australian television . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Originally Aired </Th> <Th> Viewers ( in millions ) </Th> <Th> Rating </Th> <Th> Drama Rank </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season premiere </Th> <Th> Season finale </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 10 September 1993 </Td> <Td> 22 November 1994 </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 21 February 1995 </Td> <Td> 21 November 1995 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 12 February 1996 </Td> <Td> 26 November 1996 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 10 February 1997 </Td> <Td> 25 November 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 24 February 1998 </Td> <Td> 25 November 1998 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 18.0 </Td> <Td> # 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 10 February 1999 </Td> <Td> 24 November 1999 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 15.6 </Td> <Td> # 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 9 February 2000 </Td> <Td> 22 November 2000 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 13.7 </Td> <Td> # 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 21 February 2001 </Td> <Td> 28 November 2001 </Td> <Td> 1.757 </Td> <Td> 13.4 </Td> <Td> # 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 13 February 2002 </Td> <Td> 20 November 2002 </Td> <Td> 1.508 </Td> <Td> 11.3 </Td> <Td> # 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 12 February 2003 </Td> <Td> 26 November 2003 </Td> <Td> 1.397 </Td> <Td> 10.3 </Td> <Td> # 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 4 February 2004 </Td> <Td> 5 November 2004 </Td> <Td> 1.264 </Td> <Td> 9.3 </Td> <Td> # 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 2 February 2005 </Td> <Td> 26 November 2005 </Td> <Td> 1.209 </Td> <Td> 8.7 </Td> <Td> # 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 1 April 2006 </Td> <Td> 4 June 2006 </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> N / A </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> 2004 revamp : the station bombing ( edit ) </H3> <P> After low ratings in 2003 and 2004 , the producers and executives of Blue Heelers realised that there were apparent problems which could potentially lead to the series 's downfall . In 2004 Blue Heelers lost the top ratings spot to McLeod 's Daughters . During 2003 and 2004 , Australian television drama was also at its `` lowest point in a decade '' and many popular shows were cancelled . As the show remained basically unchanged from its debut , ten years earlier , the production team decided that a revamp was in order . </P> <P> At the beginning of season 11 , the revamp began with new , more modern opening credits , using an electric guitar , rather than an acoustic . Later in that season , a live episode , `` Reasonable Doubt '' , was broadcast in hope of offering a short - term ratings boost and encourage more long - term viewers . Although an immediate success , the live episode did not bring about a sustained increase in ratings . Producers also hoped that a shift in direction , a change of mood and setting , and the addition of four cast members would cement Blue Heelers ' long - term future . They also wanted the show to remain relevant and more accurately reflect today 's modern world : </P> <P> Mount Thomas was created in 1993 and the world has changed ... It will now be more reflective of today 's country towns , not the sleepy backwater it was . It was n't an easy task but the creative team responded brilliantly and there 's a real feeling of excitement again ... The old girl can still dance . And dance to new tunes . </P> -- John Holmes , <P> The main plot , setting and character changes started in July 2004 , with the airing of the episode `` End of Innocence '' . In this episode , the main storyline was the bombing of the Mount Thomas police station . The blast killed popular main character Snr . Const . Jo Parrish ( Jane Allsop ) and recurring cast member Clancy Freeman , and injured the show 's main protagonist , Senior Sergeant Croydon . After the bombing it was revealed that Croydon 's wife , the Reverend Curtis , was missing . It was later revealed she had been brutally raped and murdered . These events brought about sweeping changes to the mood of not only Croydon , but also the mood of the entire show . The Daily Telegraph television writer Marcus Casey commented , `` Mount Thomas has become a darker , grittier place , the people and cops in it transformed by an invasion of evil '' . Consequently , the story changed its focus from the old Mount Thomas police station to the new one that was used until the show 's cancellation in 2006 . The Seven Network feared that in the modern post-9 / 11 world , a show about country police was no longer what audiences wanted . Storylines of the proceeding five episodes focused on the bombing of the station and the 4 new main characters : Rachel Gordon as Amy Fox , Geoff Morrell as Mark Jacobs , Samantha Tolj as Kelly O'Rourke and Danny Raco as Joss Peroni . Popular former cast member William McInnes also returned to the show , temporarily reprising his role as Nick Schultz . Producers hoped the new tone of the series , the new younger actors , and McInnes 's role reprisal would lure back viewers who had stopped watching the programme . This new style of programme that Blue Heelers was embracing was a sign of the show trying to keep up with other larger television shows , particularly the CSI franchise . </P> <P> The revamp of the series resulted in a 25 % ratings increase , bringing the series 's weekly viewership to 1.6 million people . Critical response after the event was reassuring , and it appeared that critics were approving of the drastic moves by Seven and Southern Star : </P> <P> The recent shake - up at the old station has swept aside an unhealthy staleness that had settled on the place and there 's some much - needed fresh energy provided by the new recruits , including Samantha Tolj as true - blue Aussie gal Kelly O'Rourke and Danny Raco as Italian stallion Joss Peroni . </P> -- Debi Enker , <H3> Cancellation ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the hope that viewing would increase , an 11 - episode season in 2006 was commissioned by the Seven Network . However , the ratings spike begun in 2004 was not sufficient for the Seven Network to commit to continuing to produce the show . In January 2006 , Seven officially announced that they had cancelled Blue Heelers , but would air a final shortened season of 11 episodes in mid-2006 . At the time the show was still drawing 1.2 million viewers per week on average , down from the 3.5 million it was drawing at its peak . The announcement was front - page news on nearly all of Australia 's major newspapers including The Sydney Morning Herald , Sydney 's Daily Telegraph , The Melbourne Herald Sun , The Melbourne Age and Brisbane 's Courier Mail . Two different endings were shot for the final episode , which finished filming on 20 December 2005 . The first ending wrapped up all the show 's storylines , while the second left the show open for another season ; the first was version was used . </P> <P> For Blue Heelers ' final season in 2006 , it was moved from its primetime Wednesday - night timeslot , to a lower rating Saturday - night timeslot . In the Saturday timeslot Blue Heelers competed with The Bill , a British police drama which had become quite popular in Australia on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and Saturday Night AFL Coverage on Fox Footy Channel and Network Ten . This move was slammed by leading cast member , John Wood . Blue Heelers cancellation may also be related to Seven 's AFL broadcast , which saw Seven invest $780 m for the 5 - year broadcasting rights of the game . </P> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Blue Heelers episodes <P> Seasons generally ran in Australia from early February to late November . Each season generally consisted of 41 to 42 episodes . The eleventh season however , only consisted of 39 episodes , as the Seven Network had gained the rights to televise the 2004 Athens Olympic Games . In total , 510 episodes were aired : 509 hour - long standard episodes and one live episode . The live episode , titled `` Reasonable Doubts '' , was filmed to celebrate Blue Heelers 10th year on the air . To prepare , the cast was given six days to memorise their lines . </P> <P> The final episode of the 13th season aired as a 2 - hour tribute . It opened with an introduction from John Wood and concluded with a compilation of Blue Heelers moments from over its 13 - season run . </P> <P> Australian television quiz - show , The Weakest Link , hosted by Cornelia Frances , also aired a Blue Heelers special episode on 9 August 2001 . Cast members John Wood , Neil Pigot , Ditch Davey , Jeremy Kewley , Jane Allsop , Suzi Dougherty , Paul Bishop , Caroline Craig and Peta Doodson took part in this special event . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Ep . # </Th> <Th> Season Premiere </Th> <Th> Season Finale </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season 1 </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 10 September 1993 </Td> <Td> 22 November 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season 2 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 21 February 1995 </Td> <Td> 21 November 1995 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season 3 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 12 February 1996 </Td> <Td> 26 November 1996 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season 4 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 10 February 1997 </Td> <Td> 25 November 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season 5 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 24 February 1998 </Td> <Td> 25 November 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season 6 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 10 February 1999 </Td> <Td> 24 November 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season 7 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 9 February 2000 </Td> <Td> 22 November 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season 8 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 21 February 2001 </Td> <Td> 28 November 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season 9 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 13 February 2002 </Td> <Td> 20 November 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season 10 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 12 February 2003 </Td> <Td> 26 November 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season 11 </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 4 February 2004 </Td> <Td> 5 November 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season 12 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 2 February 2005 </Td> <Td> 26 November 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season 13 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 1 April 2006 </Td> <Td> 4 June 2006 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Merchandise ( edit ) </H2> <P> A CD Album titled `` Music From Blue Heelers '' was released in 1995 . It included the Blue Heelers theme music , plus other songs related to the program , many of them Country songs . </P> <P> The first full Blue Heelers novel , Maggie 's Story , was written by Roger Dunn and released in 1997 by Coronet Books . In August 1998 , a second novel , Tom 's Story , written by Cassandra Carter was released by Bolinda Publishing . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Format </Th> <Th> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Music From Blue Heelers </Td> <Td> CD </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blue Heelers Maggie 's Story </Td> <Td> Book </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blue Heelers Tom 's Story </Td> <Td> Book </Td> <Td> August 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blue Heelers </Td> <Td> calendar </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> DVD release ( edit ) </H3> <P> All seasons were released to DVD . They are no longer in print and on July 2013 the production company , Endemol Australia has stated there are no plans at this stage to re-release . On November 2 , 2015 Channel 7 said that there are still no plans to Re-Release Blue Heelers on DVD or Blu - ray . it was announced on May 6 , 2017 that the compete series would be re-released on dvd thought Via Vision . </P> <H2> Re-Release ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> DVD title </Th> <Th> Episodes # </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Region 4 ( Australia ) </Th> <Th> DVD Special Features </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blue Heelers Season 1 - 3 ( Collection 1 ) </Td> <Td> Series 1 , Episodes 1 - 45 <P> Series 2 , Episodes 1 - 41 </P> <P> Series 3 , Episodes 1 - 10 </P> </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 5 July 2017 </Td> <Td> Photo Galleries <P> Commentary on episodes 19 & 44 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blue Heelers Season 4 - 7 ( Collection 2 ) </Td> <Td> Series 3 , Episodes 11 - 42 <P> Series 4 , Episodes 1 - 42 </P> <P> Series 5 , Episodes 1 - 41 </P> <P> Series 6 , Episodes 1 - 42 </P> <P> Series 7 , Episodes 1 - 12 </P> </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 6 September 2017 </Td> <Td> Photo Galleries ( Series 4 - 7 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blue Heelers Season 8 - 10 ( Collection 3 ) </Td> <Td> Series 7 , Episodes 13 - 41 <P> Series 8 , Episodes 1 - 42 </P> <P> Series 9 , Episodes 1 - 41 </P> <P> Series 10 , Episode 1 - 11 </P> </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 4 October 2017 </Td> <Td> Photo Galleries ( Series 8 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blue Heelers Season 11 - 13 ( Collection 4 ) </Td> <Td> Series 10 , Episodes 12 - 42 <P> Series 11 , Episodes 1 - 39 </P> <P> Series 12 , Episodes 1 - 42 </P> <P> Series 13 , Episode 1 - 11 </P> </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 3 November 2017 </Td> <Td> Blue Heelers : Live Episode </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Original release ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> DVD title </Th> <Th> Episodes # </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Region 4 ( Australia ) </Th> <Th> DVD Special Features </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blue Heelers Season 1 </Td> <Td> Season 1 , Episodes 1 - 17 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 2 November 2005 </Td> <Td> Photo Gallery </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blue Heelers Season 2 ( Parts 1&2 ) </Td> <Td> Season 1 , Episodes 18 - 45 <P> Season 2 , Episodes 1 - 9 </P> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 1 December 2005 </Td> <Td> Photo Gallery ; <P> Commentary on episodes 19 and 44 ( season 1 ) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blue Heelers Season 3 ( Parts 1&2 ) </Td> <Td> Season 2 , Episodes 10 - 41 <P> Season 3 , Episodes 1 - 10 </P> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 16 February 2006 </Td> <Td> Photo Gallery </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blue Heelers Season 4 ( Parts 1&2 ) </Td> <Td> Season 3 , Episodes 11 - 42 <P> Season 4 , Episode 1 - 11 </P> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 6 April 2006 </Td> <Td> Photo Gallery </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blue Heelers Season 5 ( Parts 1&2 ) </Td> <Td> Season 4 , Episodes 12 - 42 <P> Season 5 , Episode 1 - 11 </P> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 6 June 2006 </Td> <Td> Photo Gallery </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blue Heelers Season 6 ( Parts 1&2 ) </Td> <Td> Season 5 , Episode 12 - 41 <P> Season 6 , Episode 1 - 12 </P> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 10 August 2006 </Td> <Td> Photo Gallery </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blue Heelers Season 7 ( Parts 1&2 ) </Td> <Td> Season 6 , Episodes 13 - 42 <P> Season 7 , Episodes 1 - 12 </P> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 31 July 2008 </Td> <Td> Photo Gallery </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blue Heelers Season 8 ( Parts 1&2 ) </Td> <Td> Season 7 , Episodes 13 - 41 <P> Season 8 , Episodes 1 - 12 </P> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 1 October 2008 </Td> <Td> Photo Gallery </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blue Heelers Season 9 ( Parts 1&2 ) </Td> <Td> Season 8 , Episode 18 - 42 <P> Season 9 , Episodes 1 - 12 </P> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 5 November 2009 </Td> <Td> Photo Gallery </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blue Heelers Season 10 ( Parts 1&2 ) </Td> <Td> Season 9 , Episodes 13 - 40 <P> Season 10 , Episodes 1 - 12 </P> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 6 May 2010 </Td> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blue Heelers Season 11 ( Parts 1&2 ) </Td> <Td> Season 10 , Episodes 13 - 42 <P> Season 11 , Episode 1 - 10 </P> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 5 August 2010 </Td> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blue Heelers Season 12 </Td> <Td> Season 11 , Episodes 11 - 40 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 4 November 2010 </Td> <Td> Blue Heelers : Live Episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blue Heelers Season 13 ( Parts 1&2 ) </Td> <Td> Season 12 , Episodes 1 - 20 <P> Season 12 , Episodes 21 - 42 </P> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 3 March 2011 </Td> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blue Heelers Season 14 </Td> <Td> Season 13 , Episdodes 1 - 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 June 2011 </Td> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Classic DVD titles ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> DVD title </Th> <Th> Episodes # </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Region 4 ( Australia ) </Th> <Th> DVD Special Features </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Welcome To Mt Thomas </Td> <Td> Season 1 , Episode 1&2 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Earth is Made of Glass </Td> <Td> Season 1 , Episode 3&4 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Spice of Life </Td> <Td> Season 1 , Episode 5&6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Wheel Of Chance </Td> <Td> Season 1 , Episode 7&8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> VHS ( edit ) </H3> <P> Several episodes were released on VHS video cassette format in the later 1990s , including `` In The Gun '' and `` Fair Crack of the Whip '' . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> VHS title </Th> <Th> Episodes # </Th> <Th> Tapes </Th> <Th> Region 4 ( Australia ) </Th> <Th> VHS Special Features </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paranoia - Parts 1&2 </Td> <Td> Season 2 , Episodes 22&23 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 October 1998 </Td> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Double Jeopardy - Parts 1&2 </Td> <Td> Season 2 , Episodes 30&31 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 September 1998 </Td> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brotherly Love - Parts 1&2 </Td> <Td> Season 2 , Episodes 40&41 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 August 1998 </Td> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cops with Heart </Td> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> Behind The Scenes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Awards and nominations ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Blue Heelers <P> In terms of awards , Blue Heelers is regarded as one of the most successful programmes on Australian television . Blue Heelers has been the recipient of many awards , including 25 Logie Awards , five of which are the prestigious Gold Logie , 3 AFI Television Awards , 3 People 's Choice Awards , and 1 AWGIE Awards . Blue Heelers was nominated for a further twelve Gold Logies . Blue Heelers has also won multiple Silver Logies , including numerous Most Popular Actor , Most Popular Actress and Most Popular Programme awards , as well as many Outstanding Awards . Many Blue Heelers cast members have also presented awards at the Logies . In the 2005 50 Years 50 Shows poll , Blue Heelers was voted 37th greatest show on Australian television and ranked within the top ten dramas . </P> <Table> Blue Heelers award summary <Tr> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Wins </Th> <Td> Nominations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gold Logie Awards </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Silver Logie Awards </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AFI Television Awards </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AWGIE Awards </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> People 's Choice Awards </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australian Screen Editors ' Awards </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TOTAL </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> International broadcasting ( edit ) </H2> <P> Blue Heelers had a strong following not only in Australia , but also worldwide ; it has been sold to 108 territories and is shown in over 70 countries . </P> <H3> Australia ( edit ) </H3> <P> Blue Heelers originally aired on Tuesday nights at 7 : 30 pm on the Seven Network , thus it was limited to a PG content level restriction . When the series was hailed as a success it began the transition from this timeslot to the 8 : 30 pm timeslot on the same day . After the move , writers could explore more diverse storylines , as the show was restricted to an M rating . The third and fourth season premiers aired on Monday nights during the 8 : 30 pm timeslot , but the show moved back to its original slot before the next episode . In its fifth season , Blue Heelers moved to the Wednesday night 8 : 30 pm timeslot , which it occupied for most of its run , until the end of its twelfth season . This move was made to make way for hospital drama All Saints . </P> <P> Starting in 2004 , the Seven Network aired Blue Heelers weekdays at 2 : 00 pm . All episodes aired with the final episode airing in 2007 . This made way for the broadcast of early episodes of All Saints . </P> <P> in February 2014 Repeats of Series 12 , Started Airing. and in May 2014 Repeats of Series 13 Aired . On Channel 7TWO . </P> <P> Blue Heelers has also screened on Foxtel The Hallmark Channel in Australia in various timeslots . </P> <H3> New Zealand ( edit ) </H3> <P> In New Zealand Blue Heelers screened on TV One in a popular timeslot . However , following the on - screen death of Maggie Doyle , ratings fell , and the show was moved to a 9 : 30 pm slot on Friday . Following that , the show moved to a late night Thursday slot where the rest of the episodes played out , with the show beginning anywhere between 11 : 30 pm and midnight . It aired its final episode on TV One on 20 March 2008 . </P> <H3> Ireland ( edit ) </H3> <P> Irish broadcaster RTÉ originally began airing Blue Heelers on Friday afternoons at 4 : 30 pm . Episodes were only a few months behind the Australian broadcast . The series took a two - year break in 2000 , before re-commencing in a five - day - a-week timeslot at 10 : 30 am in early 2002 . The show quickly caught up with the Australian broadcast ; resulting in the show being scaled back to the original one episode a week in 2004 , and moved to a late night Thursday timeslot typically around 1 : 00 am . RTÉ commenced broadcasting the final season on 30 May 2008 in a late night Saturday timeslot . RTÉ screened the final episode on 30 November 2008 . RTÉ began re-airing Blue Heelers weekly from episode one , commencing on 24 June 2009 , usually around 4 : 00 am Sunday mornings . RTÉ screened all episodes in their original unedited state . The drama proved very popular in Ireland and rated very well . </P> <H3> Usa ( edit ) </H3> <P> Blue Heelers aired briefly in the United States of America in the early 2000s on the short - lived cable channel Trio ( carried primarily by DirecTV ) . No episode after number 76 was ever shown in the United States , and when Trio changed their programming in 2004 , Blue Heelers was dropped from the schedule . </P> <H3> Canada ( edit ) </H3> <P> Blue Heelers was broadcast on Showcase in Canada , last airing on 15 May 1998 . </P> <P> Iran </P> <P> Blue Heelers is broadcasting on IRIB . All episodes were dubbed in Persian . </P> <H3> Italy ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Italy Blue Heelers was broadcast on Italia 7 Gold ( now called 7 Gold ) , from the 1st to the 6th season . All episodes were dubbed in Italian . </P> <H3> United Kingdom ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the United Kingdom the series was broadcast on most stations on the ITV Network . Many companies tended to screen the show as hour - long episodes in the afternoon ( occasionally with necessary edits to suit the time slot , usually regarding profanity ) . </P> <P> Central Television started in February 1995 with a late night 23.40 slot on Mondays before following other regions with a typically 14.20 slot . Central were one of the most consistent region to broadcast Blue Heelers , completing series 6 by early 2002 . Carlton Television aired Blue Heelers in half - hour episodes originally on Mondays to Wednesdays , starting from 3 January 1995 , however the series then switched to airing hour - long episodes ; Westcountry Television Also followed the half hour format , from early 1995 until September 2001 . When the three Carlton owner station stated a uniformed schedule during 2002 Blue Heelers reverted to two - part half hour episodes ; with the final batch of episodes shown in the regions were from Season 7 finishing on Wednesday 20 November 2002 . </P> <P> Blue Heelers also aired on Anglia Television , Meridian Television and Channel Television , typically Mondays at 2 : 20 pm , during the summer school holidays it was broadcast daily in a morning slot , until late 1998 . Granada and border also screened the series from 1995 in the hour long format but by 1998 dropped the series . Ulster Television ( UTV ) began airing Blue Heelers in early 1995 . The show initially screened 3 times a week , on Monday , Wednesday and Friday afternoons at 1 : 50 pm . They then moved it to the 2 : 20 pm slot later in the series . A few episodes also ran at 11 : 40 pm on Thursday nights , as they were considered unsuitable for daytime viewing . UTV cancelled Blue Heelers in 1998 . </P> <P> Scottish Television began aired hour - long episodes from 1995 , airing on Fridays , and then later on Tuesdays from mid 1996 , until episode 106 , when the series was replaced by Murder She Wrote . The series then reappear on most Saturday afternoon during 1998 until December when the series was dropped . </P> <P> HTV , Yorkshire Television and Tyne Tees Television all chose not to import the show . When the English ITV contractors reformatted as one company in Late 2002 , regionally - run programmes such as Blue Heelers ( which were at different points of the series in each region ) disappeared from screens . No ITV region ever screened the series in full . The show also aired on UK cable channel Carlton Select in the late 1990s , first screening the early episodes daily and then in a weekly slot Fridays at 20.00 as episodes became more recent . Episodes to the later part of the 1997 season were shown before the series was dropped . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Blue Heelers </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> List of Australian television series </Li> <Li> Mount Thomas </Li> <Li> Victoria Police </Li> <Li> List of longest - running Australian television series </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Zuk , Tim . Blue Heelers Awards , Australian Television Information Archive . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Idato , Michael . `` Final Farewell '' , Sydney Morning Herald , 29 May 2006 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hallett , Bryce `` Bush coppers show mettle '' , The Australian , 18 January 1994 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ television.au AUSSIE COP SHOWS </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Blue Heelers Axed , and AFL the Main Suspect '' , Sydney Morning Herald , 14 January 2004 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Blue Heelers Final Episodes to Air in 2006 '' , Southern Star Group , 13 January 2006 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Government of the Commonwealth of Australia . Small Screen , Big Picture , Big Future Archived 1 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , Department of Communications , Information Technology and the Arts , July 2000 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : James , Carol . Heelers hit 150 , TV Week , 5 July 1997 . Retrieved from LisaMcCune.net on 13 August 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Paranoia ( Part 2 ) '' . Blue Heelers . Season 2 . Episode 26 . 1995 - 07 - 25 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Random Breath '' . Blue Heelers . Season 4 . Episode 17 . 1997 - 06 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Fair Crack of the Whip ( Part 1 ) '' . Blue Heelers . Season 4 . Episode 14 . 1996 - 04 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Lord Giveth '' . Blue Heelers . Season 8 . Episode 32 . 2001 - 10 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Small Potatoes '' . Blue Heelers . Season 7 . Episode 22 . 2000 - 07 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Burning Up '' . Blue Heelers . Season 13 . Episode 7 . 2007 - 05 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Unfinished Business '' . Blue Heelers . Season 7 . Episode 9 . 2000 - 04 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Just Deserts '' . Blue Heelers . Season 2 . Episode 33 . 1995 - 10 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Discount Suit '' . Blue Heelers . Season 2 . Episode 39 . 1995 - 11 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Happy Families '' . Blue Heelers . Season 3 . Episode 12 . 1996 - 04 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Moonlighting '' . Blue Heelers . Season 13 . Episode 9 . 2006 - 05 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lost '' . Blue Heelers . Season 12 . Episode 41 . 2005 - 11 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chasing Smoke '' . Blue Heelers . Season 12 . Episode 5 . 2005 - 03 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Killing Time '' . Blue Heelers . Season 12 . Episode 10 . 2006 - 04 - 13 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Blue Heelers in town , Bendigo Advertiser , 8 April 2005 . Retrieved 6 May 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Farmer , Monique . `` Bush Bobbies '' , Sydney Morning Herald 17 January 1994 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Schembri , Jim : `` A Country Cop Show '' , The Age , 14 January 1994 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Webster , Di . Blue Appealers , Who Weekly , 10 February 1997 . Retrieved 3 May 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Webb , Caroline ; Idato , Michael . `` Axe falls on Blue Heelers '' , The Age , 14 January 2006 . Retrieved 26 March 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Castlemaine , Australia , Australia eguide . Retrieved 3 May 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Victorian Government . Famous television locations Archived 2 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , Australian Centre for the Moving Image . Retrieved 3 May 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hobsons Bay City Council . Tourism & Places of Interest . Retrieved 4 May 2008 . Archived 20 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reviewers . Blue Heelers review Archived 20 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , Law4u . Retrieved 12 June 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Freeman , Jane . The top dogs of local TV drama , The Age , 17 April 1997 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ TV Week , 50 most memorable TV moments . Retrieved 8 September 2008 . Archived 8 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` TOP - RATING AUSTRALIAN DRAMA SERIES AND SERIALS ( INCLUDING COMEDY ) ON TELEVISION , 1998 -- 2003 '' . screenaustralia.gov.au . Retrieved 15 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` TOP 20 DRAMA SERIES AND SERIALS SHOWN ON TELEVISION , 2004 -- 2009 '' . screenaustralia.gov.au . Retrieved 15 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Miller , Kylie . Investing in Blue Heelers ' future , The Age , 7 July 2004 . Retrieved 12 July 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Warneke , Ross . The Publicity People Did It , The Age , 8 July 2008 . Retrieved 12 June 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fidgeon , Robert . Blue if Heelers axed , The Herald Sun , 14 July 2004 . Retrieved 12 June 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Casey , Marcus . The Force Is With Them , The Daily Telegraph , 25 August 2005 . Retrieved 12 June 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dennehy , Luke. Blue Heeler sees red , The Herald Sun , 29 April 2006 . Retrieved 26 March 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Can John get Heelers out of the woods ? '' , The Daily Telegraph , 1 July 2004 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fidegon , Robert . New Lease of Life for Blue Heelers , The Herald Sun , 7 August 2008 . Retrieved 12 June 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Enker , Debi . Blue Heelers review , The Age , 24 February 2005 . Retrieved 13 June 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller , Kylie. Heelers stay , The Age , 29 September 2005 . Retrieved 26 March 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Le Marquand , Sarah . Boot for Heelers , The Daily Telegraph , 14 January 2006 . Retrieved 26 March 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nicholson , Sarah . Every Dog Had Its Day , 31 May 2006 , The Courier - Mail . Retrieved 9 September 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Blue Heelers '' ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blue Heelers Returns For Final Season , Seven Network , 13 March 2006 . Retrieved 26 March 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Witham , Katrina . Live and Laughing , The Courier - Mail , 15 April 2004 . Retrieved 9 June 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller , Kylie . Heelers Try New Trick , The Age , 15 April 2004 . Retrieved 9 June 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blundell , Graeme . Cop Out , The Australian , 3 June 2006 . Retrieved 26 March 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zuk , Tim . Blue Heelers season 8 ( 2001 ) episode guide , Australian Television Information Archive . Retrieved 11 July 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Blue Heelers Special '' . The Weakest Link. 2001 - 08 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ AAP . Blue Heelers coming back , The Age , 30 September 2005 . Retrieved 7 May 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Blue Heelers '' ( 1994 ) -- Awards </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Australian Television : Blue Heelers : awards & nominations </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ TV Week editors . History of the Gold Logie , TV Week . Retrieved 8 June 2008 Archived 2 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zuk , Tim . List of Logie Award winners and nominees , Australian Television Information Archive . Retrieved 8 June 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Television Awards 1986 -- 2007 Archived 23 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Australian Film Institute . Retrieved 26 April 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Australian Writers ' Guild Awards . Australian Writers ' Guild Awards of 1997 . @ Australian Television Information Archive . Retrieved 26 April 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Australian Writers ' Guild Awards . Australian Writers ' Guild Awards of 2002 . @ Australian Television Information Archive . Retrieved 26 April 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ People 's Choice Awards . People 's Choice Awards of 1998 . @ Australian Television Information Archive . Retrieved 26 April 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ People 's Choice Awards . People 's Choice Awards of 1999 . @ Australian Television Information Archive . Retrieved 26 April 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tuohy , Wendy . True Blue and Loving It , The Age , 14 May 2000 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zuk , Tim . Series Previously Aired in Canada , Australian Television Information Archive . Retrieved 19 September 2008 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Blue Heelers on IMDb </Li> <Li> Blue Heelers at TV.com </Li> <Li> Blue Heelers at the Australian Television Information Archive </Li> <Li> Blue Heelers at the National Film and Sound Archive </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Blue Heelers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Roz Patterson </Li> <Li> Chris Riley </Li> <Li> Wayne Patterson </Li> <Li> Adam Cooper </Li> <Li> Dash McKinley </Li> <Li> Jack Lawson </Li> <Li> Kelly O'Rourke </Li> <Li> Joss Peroni </Li> <Li> Matt Graham </Li> <Li> Jo Parrish </Li> <Li> Susie Raynor </Li> <Li> Nick Schultz </Li> <Li> Maggie Doyle </Li> <Li> Tess Gallagher </Li> <Li> Ben Stewart </Li> <Li> Mark Jacobs </Li> <Li> Alex Kirby </Li> <Li> Tom Croydon </Li> <Li> P.J. 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Jane the Virgin - wikipedia <H1> Jane the Virgin </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Jane the Virgin </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Drama </Li> <Li> Romantic comedy </Li> <Li> Telenovela </Li> <Li> Satire </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> Juana la virgen by Perla Farías </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developed by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jennie Snyder Urman </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gina Rodriguez </Li> <Li> Andrea Navedo </Li> <Li> Yael Grobglas </Li> <Li> Justin Baldoni </Li> <Li> Ivonne Coll </Li> <Li> Brett Dier </Li> <Li> Jaime Camil </Li> <Li> Elias Janssen </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Narrated by </Th> <Td> Anthony Mendez </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theme music composer </Th> <Td> Gustavo Santaolalla </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Kevin Kiner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English Spanish </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 71 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jennie Snyder Urman </Li> <Li> Ben Silverman </Li> <Li> Gary Pearl </Li> <Li> Jorge Granier </Li> <Li> Brad Silberling </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Paul Sciarrotta </Li> <Li> Meredith Averill </Li> <Li> Corinne Brinkerhoff </Li> <Li> David S. Rosenthal </Li> <Li> Josh Reims </Li> <Li> Gina Lamar </Li> <Li> Mark Grossan </Li> <Li> Sean Canino </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location ( s ) </Th> <Td> Los Angeles , California Manhattan Beach , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lowell Peterson </Li> <Li> Xavier Grobet </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Editor ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eric Lea </Li> <Li> Raul Davalos </Li> <Li> Bruce Green </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Camera setup </Th> <Td> Single - camera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 42 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Poppy Productions </Li> <Li> RCTV International </Li> <Li> Electus Entertainment </Li> <Li> Warner Bros. Television </Li> <Li> CBS Television Studios </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Warner Bros. Television Distribution ( formerly ) </Li> <Li> CBS Television Distribution ( currently ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> The CW </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Audio format </Th> <Td> Dolby Digital 5.1 with Spanish - language dubbing on SAP channel ( where available ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> October 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related shows </Th> <Td> La virgen de la calle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.cwtv.com/shows/jane-the-virgin </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Jane the Virgin is an American satirical romantic comedy - drama telenovela developed by Jennie Snyder Urman , that debuted on The CW on October 13 , 2014 . It is a loose adaptation of the Venezuelan telenovela Juana la Virgen created by Perla Farías . The series stars Gina Rodriguez as Jane Villanueva , a working , religious young Latina virgin , who becomes pregnant after accidentally being artificially inseminated . The program parodies commonly used tropes and devices in Latin telenovelas . </P> <P> Jane the Virgin has received critical acclaim since its premiere . At the 72nd Golden Globe Awards , Gina Rodriguez won the award for Best Actress -- Television Series , Musical or Comedy , while the show was nominated for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy . The series also received the Peabody Award and was named a TV Program of the Year by the American Film Institute . </P> <P> Beginning with the fourth episode of season three , the series ' on - screen title card was modified , with `` The Virgin '' crossed out in favor of a substitute each episode . This mirrored the storyline , in which Jane is no longer a virgin . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Premise </Li> <Li> 2 Cast <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Main </Li> <Li> 2.2 Recurring </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Series overview </Li> <Li> 4 Development and production </Li> <Li> 5 Broadcast </Li> <Li> 6 Reception <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Critical reception <Ul> <Li> 6.1. 1 Critics ' top ten lists </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6.2 Ratings </Li> <Li> 6.3 Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 DVD releases </Li> <Li> 8 Novel </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Premise ( edit ) </H2> <P> Set in Miami , the series details the surprising and unforeseen events that take place in the life of Jane Gloriana Villanueva , a hard - working , religious young Venezuelan American woman whose family tradition and a vow to save her virginity until her marriage to her detective boyfriend are complicated when a doctor mistakenly artificially inseminates her during a checkup . To make matters worse , the biological donor is a married man , a former playboy and cancer survivor who is not only the new owner of the hotel where Jane works , but was also her former teenage crush . In addition to adjusting to pregnancy and then motherhood , in the initial episodes Jane is faced with questions about her professional future and the daunting prospect of choosing between the father of her baby or her boyfriend . As the series evolves , in predictably unpredictable telenovela fashion , the issues shift as her child grows into a toddler , her writing career moves forward , and her family members likewise develop independent plotlines . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Gina Rodriguez as Jane Gloriana Villanueva , a 23 - year - old , religious young Latina woman who becomes pregnant after being artificially inseminated by mistake . After meeting Rafael and hearing his situation , she agrees to carry the baby full term and turn over custody to him and his wife Petra , but only if she is sure her baby will be safe and loved with them . But , as the pregnancy grows , they both start to have feelings for each other . Jane ends up having a baby boy named Mateo Gloriano Rogelio Solano Villanueva . She marries Michael Cordero in the season two finale . In the tenth episode of season three , she becomes widowed when he dies from his gunshot wound . She later finds her feelings resurfacing for Rafael again . Executive producer Jennie Snyder Urman stated that Gina Rodriguez `` was literally the third person that came in '' during the casting . <Ul> <Li> Jenna Ortega as Young Jane , at age 10 , is the most frequent ( 21 chapters as of season 3 ) of the four younger `` Janes '' seen in flashbacks . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Andrea Navedo as Xiomara `` Xo '' Gloriana Villanueva , Jane 's outgoing mother . She was only sixteen years old when she had Jane , which is why Jane would rather keep her virginity until marriage than make the same mistake her mother did . She is a dance teacher , but dreams of having a singing career . She marries Jane 's father in the Season three finale . </Li> <Li> Yael Grobglas as Petra Solano ( birthname : Natalia Andel ) , Rafael 's scheming wife and a member of a shady Czech crime family who got married to Rafael in order to steal his wealth , though over time she did fall in love with him . She later divorces Rafael and in Season 2 , she gives birth to their twin daughters , Anna and Elsa . </Li> <Li> Justin Baldoni as Rafael Solano , the 31 - year - old owner of the Marbella Hotel and the biological father of Jane 's child who has fallen out of love with his wife . As the series progresses , he develops growing feelings for Jane , and divorces Petra after discovering her affair . In season two , he has two daughters with Petra and , in season three , briefly goes to jail . </Li> <Li> Ivonne Coll as Alba Gloriana Villanueva , Jane 's pious maternal grandmother . She is highly religious , and encourages Jane to save her virginity until marriage . Although she rarely speaks English , she understands it , since her granddaughter usually only speaks to her in English . She was in the country illegally until she got her green card in season two . </Li> <Li> Brett Dier as Michael Cordero , Jr. ( seasons 1 - 3 ) , Jane 's 29 - year - old husband who was a detective . He is aware of Petra 's affair , and blackmails her to ensure that her marriage remains intact , so that Jane will give the baby to them , however later he decides to support Jane 's decision to keep the baby . He also dislikes Rafael due to Jane 's , and eventually Rafael 's , attraction to one another . He is the head detective in the hunt for Sin Rostro , a high - profile drug dealer who seems to be based in the Marbella Hotel , however he later quits to become a lawyer . Jane and Michael get married in the season two finale . He dies in season three by an aortic dissection caused by a gunshot . </Li> <Li> Jaime Camil as Rogelio de la Vega , a self - involved , famous telenovela star and Jane 's biological father . He is currently trying to gain a relationship with his newly discovered daughter . He also has feelings for Xiomara , who was his girlfriend in high school . He marries Xiomara in the season three finale . </Li> <Li> Elias Janssen as Mateo Gloriano Rogelio Solano Villanueva , Jane and Rafael 's baby . Named after Jane 's grandfather and Alba 's husband , who died before Jane was born . <Ul> <Li> Aria Rose Garcia as toddler Mateo Gloriano Rogelio Solano Villanueva . Joseph Sanders played the role in the third season . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Anthony Mendez ( voice over ) as the Latin Lover Narrator ; Third - person omniscient . The narration features both metanarration and metafiction . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recurring ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Yara Martinez as Dr. Luisa Alver , Rafael 's lesbian , neurotic , recovering alcoholic sister , and the doctor who accidentally artificially inseminated Jane . </Li> <Li> Bridget Regan as Rose , a former lawyer , former girlfriend of Luisa , and eventually stepmother of Luisa and Rafael who defends Luisa against the malpractice suit . She is later revealed to be the crime lord Sin Rostro , and is arrested in season three . <Ul> <Li> Megan Ketch as Susanna Barnett ( season 2 ) , Michael 's partner who was in fact Rose in disguise . After being discovered , she shot Michael in the chest . </Li> <Li> Elisabeth Röhm as Eileen ( season 3 ) , the second woman whose identity Rose steals for the next three years . In the meantime , the real Eileen murdered Scott . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mia and Ella Allan as Anna and Elsa Solano ( season 2 - present ) , Petra and Rafael 's twin daughters as a result of Petra 's artificial insemination . </Li> <Li> Carlo Rota as Emilio Solano ( season 1 ) , Luisa 's biological father and Rafael 's adopted father . He is murdered by his wife , Rose . </Li> <Li> Michael Rady as Lachlan Moore ( seasons 1 - 2 ) , Rafael 's rival and Petra 's former fiancé . </Li> <Li> Diane Guerrero as Lina Santillan , Jane 's best friend and co-worker . </Li> <Li> Azie Tesfai as Detective Nadine Hansan ( seasons 1 - 2 ) , a police detective and rival , partner , and brief lover to Michael . She was killed taking a bullet that was meant for Michael , after she was revealed to be working with Sin Rostro . </Li> <Li> Camille Collard as Frankie ( season 1 ) , Jane 's co-worker and friend . </Li> <Li> Brian Dare as Luca ( seasons 1 - 2 ) , Jane 's co-worker and friend . </Li> <Li> Vanessa Merrell and Veronica Merrell as Valeria and Victoria ( seasons 1 - 2 ) , twins and Rogelio 's former step - daughters . </Li> <Li> Priscilla Barnes as Magda , Petra 's mother . She is confined to a wheelchair ( but only pretends to be paraplegic ) and she is Petra 's co-conspirator in her plot to steal Rafael 's hotel and wealth . While imprisoned , she was still working against Petra from inside ; she is now out . </Li> <Li> Yael Grobglas also portrays Anezka ( seasons 2 - 4 ) , Petra 's long - lost twin sister who grew up with a rough life in the Czech Republic . At the end of the second season she drugs Petra and begins a scheme with Magda to impersonate Petra so they can gain controlling shares in the Marbella . </Li> <Li> Adam Rodriguez as Jonathan Chavez ( season 2 ) , one of Jane 's teachers at grad school and briefly her love interest . </Li> <Li> Brian Jordan Alvarez as Wesley Masters ( seasons 2 ) , one of Jane 's fellow students at grad school who used her for information to write an article on the Solano family . </Li> <Li> Alano Miller as Roman Zazo ( season 1 ) , Rafael 's best friend and Petra 's lover . He is believed to be murdered in the hotel , causing tension for everyone , including Petra and Rafael . <Ul> <Li> Alano Miller as Aaron Zazo ( season 1 ) , Roman 's twin brother , who appears from `` Chapter Fourteen '' onwards investigating his brother 's murder , is later revealed to be Roman ; it was Aaron who was murdered . Roman is later killed , in self - defense , by Petra . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Rita Moreno as Liliana De La Vega ( seasons 1 - 2 ) , Jane 's paternal grandmother . She is the mother of Rogelio and is always sour on Xiomara and Rogelio 's relationship . </Li> <Li> Cástulo Guerra as Manuel De La Vega ( season 2 ) , Jane 's paternal grandfather . He is the father of Rogelio and has recently came out as gay . </Li> <Li> Dennis Mencia as Mateo Villanueva ( season 2 ) , Alba 's late husband and the maternal grandfather of Jane . His great - grandson is named in honor of him . </Li> <Li> Sofia Pernas as Catalina Maria Mora ( season 3 ) , Jane 's newfound maternal cousin and a brief love interest of Rafael . </Li> <Li> Ricardo Chavira as Bruce ( seasons 3 - present ) , Xiomara 's boyfriend of three years who she becomes briefly engaged to , only to break things off due to her lingering feelings for Rogelio . </Li> <Li> Justina Machado as Darci Factor ( seasons 3 - present ) , Rogelio 's ex-girlfriend and the mother of her and Rogelio 's daughter `` Baby Michaelina de la Vega Factor '' . She runs a matchmaking business . </Li> <Li> Alfonso DiLuca as Jorge ( seasons 3 - present ) , Alba 's love interest and later boyfriend . </Li> <Li> Johnny Messner as Chuck Chesser ( seasons 3 - present ) , the new owner of the rival hotel to the Marbella who serves as a new love interest for Petra . </Li> <Li> Francisco San Martin as Fabian ( seasons 3 - present ) , Rogelio 's costar on telenovela Los Viajes de Guillermo who has a brief fling with Jane . </Li> <Li> Tyler Posey as Adam Alvaro ( seasons 3 - present ) , Jane 's first love and later boyfriend , who is bisexual . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Series overview ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Jane the Virgin episodes <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 22 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> October 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 22 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> October 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> May 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 16 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 20 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> October 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 17 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Development and production ( edit ) </H2> Gina Rodriguez portrays the title role . <P> On June 27 , 2013 , American television network The CW announced that it was planning to release a new show based on the Venezuelan soap opera Juana La Virgen . On February 23 , 2014 , Entertainment Weekly announced that Rodriguez would play the title role of Jane Villanueva . On May 8 , 2014 , during The CW 's 2014 -- 2015 upfronts , the series was officially picked up . On July 18 , 2014 , an extended trailer was released by The CW . On August 8 , 2014 , it was announced that White Collar 's Bridget Regan and Azie Tesfai would join the series as respectively Rose , a former lawyer , and Detective Nadine Hansan , a police detective and rival to Dier 's character . On August 10 , 2014 , TVLine announced that Melrose Place and Emily Owens , M.D. actor Michael Rady would join the series as Lachlan . Filming for season one commenced on July 28 , 2014 . The show is filmed on soundstages in Los Angeles and the pilot was filmed in Huntington Beach , California . On October 21 , 2014 , the show was given a full season order . On January 11 , 2015 , the show was renewed for a second season , set to air during the 2015 -- 16 television season . Its second season premiered on October 12 , 2015 . On March 11 , 2016 , the show was renewed for a third season , which premiered on October 17 , 2016 . On January 8 , 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a fourth season that premiered on October 13 , 2017 . </P> <H2> Broadcast ( edit ) </H2> <P> Jane the Virgin premiered on The CW on October 13 , 2014 , during the 2014 -- 15 television season . Unique to the CW , it is the network 's only program to feature a Spanish language audio track on the second audio program channel ; however , as many CW stations usually do not carry the SAP channel due to a lack of need , this is more limited than the major networks , which are required by the FCC to have a SAP channel for the Descriptive Video Service track , which as a minor network the CW is not required to carry . </P> <P> The show premiered in Canada on Global TV and in Australia on Fox8 on December 1 , 2014 . The first two seasons aired in the United Kingdom on E4. , with the first - run episodes on UK Netflix from season 3 onwards . Sony Channel broadcast the series throughout Southeast Asia as replacements of Sony Entertainment Television in the region ( including BeTV in the Philippines ) . In Canada , new episodes are added each week to the streaming service Shomi , in addition to cable carriage by some providers of American CW affiliates ( Chicago 's WGN - TV , available as a superstation in Canada , carried the series ' first two seasons until it ended its CW affiliation before the 2016 - 17 television season ) . The show premiered in New Zealand on July 24 on Prime . </P> <P> In the Philippines , Jane the Virgin premiered on ABS - CBN on March 28 , 2016 , dubbed in Filipino . The show replaced the local drama series You 're My Home on a late - night timeslot , as part of the Primetime BIDA evening block . Days before the premiere , a teaser showing Gina Rodriguez promoting the show was also released . ABS - CBN only aired the first two seasons , locally editing and splitting the episodes into half - hour segments similar to the network 's teleserye and anime programs . For a total of 74 modified episodes , the season - two finale aired on July 8 , 2016 . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Critical response </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rotten Tomatoes </Th> <Th> Metacritic </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> 100 % ( 50 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 80 % ( 23 reviews ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> 100 % ( 11 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 87 % ( 4 reviews ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> 100 % ( 12 reviews ) </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> 100 % ( 9 reviews ) </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Critical reception ( edit ) </H3> <P> Jane the Virgin has received critical acclaim , with critics praising its writing and Gina Rodriguez 's performance . Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the first season of the show a `` certified fresh '' rating of 100 % based on 50 reviews , with a rating average of 7.7 out of 10 . The site 's consensus states , `` Jane the Virgin 's dubious premise has become part of its unlikely charm -- along with delightfully diverse writing and a knockout performance by Gina Rodriguez . '' Metacritic , another review aggregator , gives the show a score of 80 out of 100 , based on 23 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . </P> <P> The second season also received critical acclaim . On Metacritic , the season holds a 87 out of 100 , based on four reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Rotten Tomatoes gave it a rating of 100 % based on 11 reviews and a rating average of 9.7 out of 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` Jane the Virgin stays true to its over-the - top telenovela roots in season two while layering in more humor and increasingly complex storytelling . '' Maureen Ryan of Variety praised the show , saying that the series `` is envisioned , edited and curated with great deftness and economy , and the fact that it is so entertaining and accessible should not preclude it from being at the center of conversations about the best the medium has to offer . '' </P> Critics ' top ten lists ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) 2014 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=""> <Ul> <Li> No. 3 TV Guide </Li> <Li> No. 3 The Salt Lake Tribune </Li> <Li> No. 6 TV.com </Li> <Li> No. 7 Las Vegas Weekly </Li> <Li> No. 8 Sioux City Journal </Li> <Li> No. 10 Boston Globe </Li> <Li> -- American Film Institute </Li> <Li> -- Associated Press </Li> <Li> -- Chicago Reader </Li> <Li> -- Huffington Post </Li> <Li> -- Los Angeles Times </Li> <Li> -- Philadelphia Daily News </Li> <Li> -- ScreenCrush </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) 2015 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=""> <Ul> <Li> No. 3 Village Voice </Li> <Li> No. 4 Vulture </Li> <Li> No. 4 Slate </Li> <Li> No. 5 The Salt Lake Tribune </Li> <Li> No. 6 Las Vegas Weekly </Li> <Li> No. 7 TV.com </Li> <Li> -- Boob Tube Dude </Li> <Li> -- Criticwire </Li> <Li> -- Variety </Li> <Li> -- The Week </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) 2016 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=""> <Ul> <Li> No. 1 Variety </Li> <Li> No. 2 Boob Tube Dude </Li> <Li> No. 8 MTV </Li> <Li> -- CNN </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) 2017 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=""> <Ul> <Li> No. 6 Variety </Li> <Li> No. 9 TV by the Numbers </Li> <Li> No. 9 USA Today </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Ratings ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Timeslot ( ET ) </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> First aired </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Last aired </Th> <Th> TV season </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Avg . viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Monday 9 : 00 pm </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> October 13 , 2014 </Td> <Td> 1.61 </Td> <Td> May 11 , 2015 </Td> <Td> 1.24 </Td> <Td> 2014 -- 15 </Td> <Td> 177 </Td> <Td> 1.55 </Td> <Td> 0.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> October 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> 1.06 </Td> <Td> May 16 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 0.97 </Td> <Td> 2015 -- 16 </Td> <Td> 180 </Td> <Td> 1.48 </Td> <Td> 0.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> October 17 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 1.09 </Td> <Td> May 22 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.96 </Td> <Td> 2016 -- 17 </Td> <Td> 155 </Td> <Td> 1.60 </Td> <Td> 0.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Friday 9 : 00 pm </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> October 13 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.68 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> 2017 -- 18 </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Accolades ( edit ) </H3> <P> The show has been acknowledged by the People 's Choice Awards , Golden Globe Awards , Critics ' Choice Awards , the Primetime Emmy Awards , the Image Awards and the Television Critics Association as well as honored by the American Film Institute and the George Foster Peabody Awards . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Category </Th> <Th> Recipients </Th> <Th> Outcome </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> America Film Institute Award </Td> <Td> AFI Television Program Of The Year </Td> <Td> Jane the Virgin </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TV Guide Award </Td> <Td> Favorite New Show </Td> <Td> Jane the Virgin </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> People 's Choice Award </Td> <Td> Favorite New TV Comedy </Td> <Td> Jane the Virgin </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Golden Globe Award </Td> <Td> Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy </Td> <Td> Jane the Virgin </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy </Td> <Td> Gina Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peabody Award </Td> <Td> Honoree </Td> <Td> Jane the Virgin </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Critics ' Choice Award </Td> <Td> Best Comedy Series </Td> <Td> Jane the Virgin </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Actress in a Comedy Series </Td> <Td> Gina Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series </Td> <Td> Jaime Camil </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TV Line Performer of the Week </Td> <Td> Honoree </Td> <Td> Jaime Camil ( `` Chapter Twelve '' ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TV Line Performer of the Week </Td> <Td> Honoree </Td> <Td> Gina Rodriguez ( `` Chapter Twenty '' ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Teen Choice Award </Td> <Td> Choice TV Actor : Comedy </Td> <Td> Jaime Camil </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice TV Actress : Comedy </Td> <Td> Gina Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice TV : Breakout Show </Td> <Td> Jane the Virgin </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice TV : Breakout Star </Td> <Td> Gina Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice TV : Liplock </Td> <Td> Gina Rodriguez & Justin Baldoni </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Television Critics Association Award </Td> <Td> Outstanding New Program </Td> <Td> Jane the Virgin </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Achievement in Comedy </Td> <Td> Jane the Virgin </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Individual Achievement in Comedy </Td> <Td> Gina Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Imagen Award </Td> <Td> Best Primetime Television Program -- Comedy </Td> <Td> Jane the Virgin </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Actress -- Television </Td> <Td> Gina Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Supporting Actor -- Television </Td> <Td> Justin Baldoni </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jaime Camil </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Supporting Actress -- Television </Td> <Td> Ivonne Coll </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andrea Navedo </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gold Derby Award </Td> <Td> Best Comedy Series </Td> <Td> Jane the Virgin </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Comedy Lead Actress </Td> <Td> Gina Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Breakthrough Performer </Td> <Td> Gina Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> EWwy Award </Td> <Td> Best Comedy Series </Td> <Td> Jane the Virgin </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Actress -- Comedy </Td> <Td> Gina Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Supporting Actor -- Comedy </Td> <Td> Jaime Camil </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emmy Award </Td> <Td> Outstanding Narrator </Td> <Td> Anthony Mendez </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Voice Arts Award </Td> <Td> Outstanding Narration -- TV or Film , Best Voice over </Td> <Td> Anthony Mendez </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gotham Award </Td> <Td> Breakthrough Series -- Long Form </Td> <Td> Jane the Virgin </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dorian Award </Td> <Td> Campy TV Show of the Year </Td> <Td> Jane the Virgin </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Online Film and Television Association Award </Td> <Td> Best Actress </Td> <Td> Gina Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Guest Actress </Td> <Td> Rita Moreno </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maxwell Weinberg Award </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Arpi Ketendjian CBS Studios </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> NHMC Impact Gala Award </Td> <Td> Honoree </Td> <Td> Gina Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> HOLA Award </Td> <Td> Breakthrough Performance </Td> <Td> Andrea Navedo </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> GiRL POWER Media Role Model Award </Td> <Td> Honoree </Td> <Td> Gina Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Honoree </Td> <Td> Andrea Navedo </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Honoree </Td> <Td> Ivonne Coll </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> International Drama Award </Td> <Td> Best Mini-Series </Td> <Td> Jane the Virgin </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Actress </Td> <Td> Gina Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Director </Td> <Td> Brad Silberling </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paleyfest LA </Td> <Td> Honoree </Td> <Td> Jane the Virgin </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Satellite Award </Td> <Td> Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy </Td> <Td> Jane the Virgin </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy </Td> <Td> Gina Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> NAACP Image Award </Td> <Td> Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series </Td> <Td> Gina Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series </Td> <Td> Jennie Snyder Urman </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series </Td> <Td> Brad Silberling </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Golden Globe Award </Td> <Td> Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy </Td> <Td> Gina Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Critics ' Choice Award </Td> <Td> Best Comedy Series </Td> <Td> Jane the Virgin </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Actress in a Comedy Series </Td> <Td> Gina Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series </Td> <Td> Jaime Camil </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TV Line Performer of the Week </Td> <Td> Honoree </Td> <Td> Yael Grobglas ( `` Chapter Thirty - Six '' ) </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Golden Reel Award </Td> <Td> Best Sound Editing </Td> <Td> Susan Ham , Sharyn Gersh </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> GMS Award </Td> <Td> Best Music Supervision </Td> <Td> Kevin J. Edelman </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Women 's Image Award </Td> <Td> Best Actress in a Comedy </Td> <Td> Gina Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Comedy Series </Td> <Td> Jane the Virgin </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Writing in a Series </Td> <Td> Jennie Snyder Urman ( `` Chapter One : Pilot '' ) </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Artios Award </Td> <Td> Outstanding Achievement in Casting - Comedy </Td> <Td> Alyson Silverberg , Jonathan Clay Harris </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frijolywood Award / Frijoldeoro Award </Td> <Td> Screenwriter in Comedy </Td> <Td> Carolina Rivera </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series </Td> <Td> Jaime Camil </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> NHMC Impact Award </Td> <Td> Outstanding Performance in a Comedy Series </Td> <Td> Andrea Navedo </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cine Award </Td> <Td> Best Comedy Series </Td> <Td> Jane the Virgin </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Actress in a Comedy Series </Td> <Td> Gina Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Supporting Actor </Td> <Td> Jaime Camil </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Supporting Actress </Td> <Td> Ivonne Coll </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Young Artist Award </Td> <Td> Best Performance in a TV Series </Td> <Td> Madison Rojas </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Teen Choice Award </Td> <Td> Choice TV : Comedy </Td> <Td> Jane the Virgin </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice TV : Actor </Td> <Td> Jaime Camil </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice TV : Actress </Td> <Td> Gina Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emmy Award </Td> <Td> Outstanding Narrator </Td> <Td> Anthony Mendez </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> EWwy Award </Td> <Td> Best Actress -- Comedy </Td> <Td> Gina Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Supporting Actor -- Comedy </Td> <Td> Jaime Camil </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Imagen Award </Td> <Td> Best Primetime Television Program -- Comedy </Td> <Td> Jane the Virgin </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Actress -- Television </Td> <Td> Gina Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series </Td> <Td> Jaime Camil </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series </Td> <Td> Andrea Navedo </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TV Line Performer of the Week </Td> <Td> Honoree </Td> <Td> Gina Rodriguez ( `` Chapter Forty - Seven '' ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Golden Globe Award </Td> <Td> Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy </Td> <Td> Gina Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> People 's Choice Award </Td> <Td> Favorite TV Comedy </Td> <Td> Jane the Virgin </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Favorite TV Comedy Actress </Td> <Td> Gina Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Black Reel Award </Td> <Td> Outstanding Actress , Comedy Series </Td> <Td> Gina Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MTV Award </Td> <Td> Best American Story </Td> <Td> Jane the Virgin </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Actor in a Show </Td> <Td> Gina Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> GMS Award </Td> <Td> Best Music Supervision </Td> <Td> Kevin J. Edelman </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Teen Choice Award </Td> <Td> Choice Comedy TV Show </Td> <Td> Jane the Virgin </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Comedy TV Actress </Td> <Td> Gina Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Comedy TV Actor </Td> <Td> Jaime Camil </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Imagen Award </Td> <Td> Best Primetime Television Program -- Comedy </Td> <Td> Jane the Virgin </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series </Td> <Td> Jaime Camil </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series </Td> <Td> Ivonne Coll </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> DVD releases ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Release date </Th> <Th> Ep # </Th> <Th> Additional information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Complete First Season </Td> <Td> September 29 , 2015 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Features <Ul> <Li> Immaculate Creation - ' Behind the Scenes ' </Li> <Li> Getting to Know the Cast </Li> <Li> Gag Reel </Li> <Li> Deleted Scenes </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Complete Second Season </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Features </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Novel ( edit ) </H2> <P> A tie - in novel , based on the book Jane writes in the show , has been published . The story is a historical romance set in Miami during 1902 . In the series , the book 's plot is inspired by the love story of Jane and Michael . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Published </Th> <Th> Publisher </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Snow Falling </Td> <Td> November 14 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Simon & Schuster </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bustle '' . bustle.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rosie Narasaki ( 16 February 2015 ) . `` 7 Reasons You Should Catch Up With ' Jane the Virgin ' '' . Indiewire . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Jane the Virgin ' Is The CW 's Best Show Ever '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Jane The Virgin ' Trailer and Official Synopsis : The CW Presents Adaptation of ' Juana la Virgen ' '' . Novela Lounge . May 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Jane the Virgin ' : See the CW Comedy 's Updated Title '' from The Hollywood Reporter ( November 2 , 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sava , Oliver ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` Adapting a telenovela with Jane the Virgin showrunner Jennie Urman '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Choy , Danny ( September 4 , 2014 ) . `` Latinos in the US : Voiceover Actor Anthony Mendez Talks About His Role in New CW TV Show ' Jane The Virgin ' '' . Latin Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` Jane the Virgin Episode Count Revealed ( Hint : It 's the Shortest Season Yet ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dries , Kate ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` A Show Called Jane the Virgin Might Be the Next Thing on Your DVR '' . Jezebel.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin ' : Gina Rodriguez cast as lead in new CW pilot '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` Gina Rodriguez Lands Title Role in CW 's ' Jane the Virgin ' , Brad Silberling to Direct '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Fall TV Scoop : The CW Orders Four Dramas , Including Flash , iZombie and Jane the Virgin , Passes on Supernatural Spin - Off '' . TV Line . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bridget Regan & Azie Tesfai to Recur on ' Jane the Virgin ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . August 8 , 2014 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Rady Cast in ' Jane the Virgin ' on The CW -- Season 1 '' . TV Line . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` JaneTheVirginWriters on Twitter '' . Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Villarreal , Yvonne ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin ' takes ' wacky ' telenovela premise for a spin '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Connelly , Laylan ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Hollywood thinks Huntington Beach looks great on camera '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' The Flash , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' Get Full - Season Orders at CW '' . Hollywood Reporter . October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Arrow ' , ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' Reign ' , ' The 100 ' , ' The Flash ' , ' Supernatural , ' The Originals ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' renewed by the CW '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 31 , 2015 ) . `` The CW Moves ' Jane the Virgin ' & ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' Premieres Up to Monday October 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' The 100 ' and even ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' renewed : All 11 CW series picked up for 2016 - 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Renews The Flash , Supernatural , Crazy Ex and 4 Others '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TV Premiere Dates 2017 Guide '' . Hollywood Reporter . October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` The CW Announces Fall Premiere Dates '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin and The Flash : Premiere on Fox8 '' . Foxtel . November 10 , 2014 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` E4 Drops ' Jane The Virgin ' After Two Seasons '' . tvwise.co.uk . June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Netflix UK Takes First Window Rights To ' Jane The Virgin ' , Will Stream Season 4 This Autumn '' . tvwise.co.uk . June 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin Full Trailer : Starting March 28 on ABS - CBN ! '' . ABS - CBN Entertainment . March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ABS - CBN Airs the Tagalized Version of ' Jane the Virgini ' on Primetime '' . ABS - CBN Social Media Newsroom . March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin : The Hit American TV Series '' . ABS - CBN Entertainment . March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin : Season 1 ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin Season 2 Review '' . Retrieved 15 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin : Season 2 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen . `` TV Review : ' Jane the Virgin ' Season 2 '' . variety.com . Retrieved 15 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best of 2014 : Television Critic Top Ten Lists '' . Metacritic . December 9 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best of 2015 : Television Critic Top Ten Lists '' . Metacritic . December 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best of 2016 : Television Critic Top Ten Lists '' . Metacritic . December 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/feature/critics-pick-the-top-10-best-tv-shows-of-2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' The Following ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 - 15 Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up , ' Castle ' , ' Life in Pieces ' and ' Scorpion ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' finale and ' The Voice ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 - 16 Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham , ' ' The Voice , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' DWTS ' adjust up , ' Conviction ' and ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` Jane the Virgin Episode Count Revealed ( Hint : It 's the Shortest Season Yet ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' & more remain unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards '' . American Film Institute . December 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Nominees '' . peopleschoice.com . November 4 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Nominations '' . December 11 , 2014 . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes . `` Peabody Awards 2015 Entertainment TV Winners : Full List - Deadline '' . Deadline . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Erik Pedersen . `` Critics ' Choice Television Awards Nominations 2015 '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week : Jane the Virgin 's Jaime Camil '' . February 7 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week : Gina Rodriguez '' . May 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich . `` TCA Award Nominees 2015 : ' Empire ' ' Transparent ' ' Jane the Virgin ' - TVLine '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 67th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Emmys . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.pressacademy.com/award_cat/2015/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patrick Hipes . `` NAACP Image Award Nominations 2015 -- Full List - Deadline '' . Deadline . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Nominations '' . Deadline.com . December 10 , 2015 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patrick Hipes . `` Critics ' Choice Awards Nominations 2016 -- Full List - Deadline '' . Deadline . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week '' . March 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 68th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Emmys . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week : Gina Rodriguez '' . November 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Nominations '' . Deadline.com . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice : Full List of Winners '' . peopleschoice.com . January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Jane the Virgin - ' The Complete 2nd Season ' on DVD , Blu ... PLUS Blu for the ' 1st Season ' ! Also , an MOD re-release for ' The Complete 1st Season ' on DVD , too '' . TVShowsOnDVD . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weldon , Sarah ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` That Jane the Virgin book is coming to life thanks to Simon & Schuster '' . Entertainment Weekly . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Jane the Virgin on IMDb </Li> <Li> Jane the Virgin at TV.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The CW programming </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 2000s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 13 : Fear Is Real </Li> <Li> 4Real </Li> <Li> 7th Heaven </Li> <Li> 90210 </Li> <Li> Aliens in America </Li> <Li> All of Us </Li> <Li> America 's Next Top Model </Li> <Li> The Beautiful Life : TBL </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Geek </Li> <Li> Crowned : The Mother of All Pageants </Li> <Li> CW Now </Li> <Li> Easy Money </Li> <Li> Everybody Hates Chris </Li> <Li> Farmer Wants a Wife </Li> <Li> The Game </Li> <Li> Gilmore Girls </Li> <Li> Girlfriends </Li> <Li> Gossip Girl </Li> <Li> Hidden Palms </Li> <Li> Hitched or Ditched </Li> <Li> In Harm 's Way </Li> <Li> Judge Jeanine Pirro </Li> <Li> Life Is Wild </Li> <Li> Melrose Place </Li> <Li> One Tree Hill </Li> <Li> Online Nation </Li> <Li> Privileged </Li> <Li> Pussycat Dolls Present </Li> <Li> Reaper </Li> <Li> Reba </Li> <Li> Runaway </Li> <Li> Smallville </Li> <Li> Stylista </Li> <Li> The Tyra Banks Show </Li> <Li> The Vampire Diaries </Li> <Li> Valentine </Li> <Li> Veronica Mars </Li> <Li> WWE Friday Night SmackDown </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 18 to Life </Li> <Li> A Wicked Offer </Li> <Li> Beauty & the Beast </Li> <Li> The Bill Cunningham Show ( daytime ) </Li> <Li> Breaking Pointe </Li> <Li> Capture </Li> <Li> The Carrie Diaries </Li> <Li> The Catalina </Li> <Li> Cedric 's Barber Battle </Li> <Li> Containment </Li> <Li> Cult </Li> <Li> Dates </Li> <Li> Emily Owens , M.D. </Li> <Li> Famous in 12 </Li> <Li> Fly Girls </Li> <Li> Frequency </Li> <Li> H8R </Li> <Li> Hart of Dixie </Li> <Li> Hellcats </Li> <Li> High Society </Li> <Li> MADtv </Li> <Li> Nikita </Li> <Li> No Tomorrow </Li> <Li> Oh Sit ! </Li> <Li> The L.A. Complex </Li> <Li> Lifechangers </Li> <Li> Life Unexpected </Li> <Li> The Messengers </Li> <Li> The Next : Fame Is at Your Doorstep </Li> <Li> Perfect Score </Li> <Li> Plain Jane </Li> <Li> Reign </Li> <Li> Remodeled </Li> <Li> Ringer </Li> <Li> The Secret Circle </Li> <Li> Shedding for the Wedding </Li> <Li> Significant Mother </Li> <Li> Star - Crossed </Li> <Li> The Tomorrow People </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The 100 ( since 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Arrow ( since 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ( since 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Dynasty ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> The Flash ( since 2014 ) </Li> <Li> iZombie ( since 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Jane the Virgin ( since 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Legends of Tomorrow ( since 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Masters of Illusion ( since 2014 ) </Li> <Li> The Originals ( since 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Penn & Teller : Fool Us ( since 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Riverdale ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> The Robert Irvine Show ( since 2016 , daytime ) </Li> <Li> Supergirl ( since 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Supernatural ( since 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Valor ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( since 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Upcoming </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Black Lightning ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Life Sentence ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> Category </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> People 's Choice Awards for Favorite New TV Comedy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Love Boat ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Mork & Mindy ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Too Close for Comfort ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Private Benjamin ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Cheers ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Webster ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> The Cosby Show ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> The Golden Girls ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> ALF ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> A Different World / My Two Dads ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Roseanne ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Doogie Howser , M.D. ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> In Living Color / The Simpsons ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Home Improvement ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Martin ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Frasier / Grace Under Fire ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Ellen / Friends ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Caroline in the City ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Cosby ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Veronica 's Closet / Dharma & Greg ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Jesse / Will & Grace ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Stark Raving Mad ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Ed ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> My Wife and Kids ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> 8 Simple Rules ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Two and a Half Men ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Joey ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> My Name Is Earl ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> The Class ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Samantha Who ? ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Gary Unmarried ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Glee ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> $ h * ! My Dad Says ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> 2 Broke Girls ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> The New Normal ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Super Fun Night ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Jane the Virgin ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Scream Queens ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Man with a Plan ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jane_the_Virgin&oldid=815997421 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2014 American television series debuts </Li> <Li> 2010s American comedy television series </Li> <Li> 2010s American drama television series </Li> <Li> American comedy - drama television series </Li> <Li> American LGBT - related television shows </Li> <Li> American television series based on telenovelas </Li> <Li> Comedy telenovelas </Li> <Li> Lesbian - related television programmes </Li> <Li> Peabody Award - winning television programs </Li> <Li> Pregnancy - themed television programs </Li> <Li> Television series by CBS Television Studios </Li> <Li> Television series by Warner Bros. 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American sign language - Wikipedia <H1> American sign language </H1> `` ASL '' redirects here . For other uses , see ASL ( disambiguation ) . `` Canadian Sign Language '' redirects here . For French Canadian Sign Language , see Quebec Sign Language . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> American Sign Language </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Langue des Signes Américaine ( in the Canadian province of Québec ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Native to </Th> <Td> United States , Canada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Td> English - speaking North America </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Native speakers </Th> <Td> 250,000 -- 500,000 in the United States ( 1972 ) L2 users : Used as L2 by many hearing people and by Hawaii Sign Language speakers . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language family </Th> <Td> French Sign - based ( possibly a creole with Martha 's Vineyard Sign Language ) <Ul> <Li> American Sign Language </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dialects </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> African - American Sign </Li> <Li> Bolivian Sign </Li> <Li> Costa Rican Sign </Li> <Li> Ghanaian Sign </Li> <Li> Nigerian Sign </Li> <Li> Francophone African Sign </Li> <Li> Québec Sign </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Writing system </Th> <Td> None are widely accepted si5s ( ASLwrite ) , ASL - phabet , Stokoe notation , SignWriting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Official status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official language in </Th> <Td> none </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recognised minority language in </Th> <Td> Ontario only in domains of : legislation , education and judiciary proceedings . 40 US states recognize ASL to varying degrees , from a foreign language for school credits to the official language of that state 's deaf population . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Language codes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ISO 639 - 3 </Th> <Td> ase </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Glottolog </Th> <Td> asli1244 ASL family amer1248 ASL proper </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Areas where ASL or a dialect / derivative thereof is the national sign language Areas where ASL is in significant use alongside another sign language </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> American Sign Language ( ASL ) is a natural language that serves as the predominant sign language of Deaf communities in the United States and most of Anglophone Canada . Besides North America , dialects of ASL and ASL - based creoles are used in many countries around the world , including much of West Africa and parts of Southeast Asia . ASL is also widely learned as a second language , serving as a lingua franca . ASL is most closely related to French Sign Language ( LSF ) . It has been proposed that ASL is a creole language of LSF , although ASL shows features atypical of creole languages , such as agglutinative morphology . </P> <P> ASL originated in the early 19th century in the American School for the Deaf ( ASD ) in Hartford , Connecticut , from a situation of language contact . Since then , ASL use has propagated widely via schools for the deaf and Deaf community organizations . Despite its wide use , no accurate count of ASL users has been taken , though reliable estimates for American ASL users range from 250,000 to 500,000 persons , including a number of children of deaf adults . ASL users face stigma due to beliefs in the superiority of oral language to sign language , compounded by the fact that ASL is often glossed in English due to the lack of a standard writing system . </P> <P> ASL signs have a number of phonemic components , including movement of the face and torso as well as the hands . ASL is not a form of pantomime , but iconicity does play a larger role in ASL than in spoken languages . English loan words are often borrowed through fingerspelling , although ASL grammar is unrelated to that of English . ASL has verbal agreement and aspectual marking and has a productive system of forming agglutinative classifiers . Many linguists believe ASL to be a subject -- verb -- object ( SVO ) language , but there are several alternative proposals to account for ASL word order . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Classification </Li> <Li> 2 History </Li> <Li> 3 Population </Li> <Li> 4 Geographic distribution </Li> <Li> 5 Regional variation <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Sign production </Li> <Li> 5.2 Sign variants </Li> <Li> 5.3 History and implications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Varieties </Li> <Li> 7 Stigma </Li> <Li> 8 Writing systems </Li> <Li> 9 Phonology </Li> <Li> 10 Grammar <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Morphology <Ul> <Li> 10.1. 1 Fingerspelling </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10.2 Syntax </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Iconicity </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 Notes </Li> <Li> 14 References </Li> <Li> 15 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 16 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Classification ( edit ) </H2> Play media Travis Dougherty explains and demonstrates the ASL alphabet . Voice - over interpretation by Gilbert G. Lensbower . <P> ASL emerged as a language in the American School for the Deaf ( ASD ) , founded in 1817 . This school brought together Old French Sign Language , various village sign languages , and home sign systems ; ASL was created in this situation of language contact . ASL was influenced by its forerunners but distinct from all of them . </P> <P> The influence of French Sign Language ( LSF ) on ASL is readily apparent ; for example , it has been found that about 58 % of signs in modern ASL are cognate to Old French Sign Language signs . However , this is far less than the standard 80 % measure used to determine whether related languages are actually dialects . This suggests that nascent ASL was highly affected by the other signing systems brought by the ASD students , despite the fact that the school 's original director Laurent Clerc taught in LSF . In fact , Clerc reported that he often learned the students ' signs rather than conveying LSF : </P> <P> I see , however , and I say it with regret , that any efforts that we have made or may still be making , to do better than , we have inadvertently fallen somewhat back of Abbé de l'Épée . Some of us have learned and still learn signs from uneducated pupils , instead of learning them from well instructed and experienced teachers . </P> -- Clerc , 1852 , from Woodward 1978 : 336 <P> It has been proposed that ASL is a creole with LSF as the superstrate language and with the native village sign languages as substrate languages . However , more recent research has shown that modern ASL does not share many of the structural features that characterize creole languages . ASL may have begun as a creole and then undergone structural change over time , but it is also possible that it was never a creole - type language . There are modality - specific reasons that sign languages tend towards agglutination , for example the ability to simultaneously convey information via the face , head , torso , and other body parts . This might override creole characteristics such as the tendency towards isolating morphology . Additionally , Clerc and Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet may have used an artificially constructed form of manually coded language in instruction rather than true LSF . </P> <P> Although the United States , the United Kingdom , and Australia share English as a common oral and written language , ASL is not mutually intelligible with British Sign Language ( BSL ) or Auslan . All three languages show degrees of borrowing from English , but this alone is not sufficient for cross-language comprehension . It has been found that a relatively high percentage ( 37 -- 44 % ) of ASL signs have similar translations in Auslan , which for oral languages would suggest that they belong to the same language family . However , this does not seem justified historically for ASL and Auslan , and it is likely that this resemblance is due to the higher degree of iconicity in sign languages in general , as well as contact with English . </P> <P> American Sign Language is growing in popularity among many states . Many people in high school and colleges desire to take it as a foreign language , but until recently , it was not a creditable foreign language elective . The issue was that many did n't consider it a foreign language . ASL users , however , have a very distinct culture and way they interact when talking . Their facial expressions and hand movements reflect what they are conveying . They also have their own sentence structure which sets the language apart . </P> <P> American sign language is now being accepted by many colleges as a foreign language credit ; many states are making it mandatory to accept it . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> A sign language interpreter at a presentation <P> Prior to the birth of ASL , sign language had been used by various communities in the United States . In the United States , as elsewhere in the world , hearing families with deaf children have historically employed ad - hoc home sign , which often reaches much higher levels of sophistication than gestures used by hearing people in spoken conversation . As early as 1541 at first contact by Francisco Vásquez de Coronado , there were reports that the Plains Indians had developed a sign language to communicate between tribes of different languages . </P> <P> In the 19th century , a `` triangle '' of village sign languages developed in New England : one in Martha 's Vineyard , Massachusetts ; one in Henniker , New Hampshire , and one in Sandy River Valley , Maine . Martha 's Vineyard Sign Language ( MVSL ) , which was particularly important for the history of ASL , was used mainly in Chilmark , Massachusetts . Due to intermarriage in the original community of English settlers of the 1690s , and the recessive nature of genetic deafness , Chilmark had a high 4 % rate of genetic deafness. . MVSL was used even by hearing residents whenever a deaf person was present , and also in some situations where spoken language would be ineffective or inappropriate , such as during church sermons or between boats at sea . </P> <P> ASL is thought to have originated in the American School for the Deaf ( ASD ) , founded in Hartford , Connecticut in 1817 . Originally known as The American Asylum , At Hartford , For The Education And Instruction Of The Deaf And Dumb , the school was founded by the Yale graduate and divinity student Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet . Gallaudet , inspired by his success in demonstrating the learning abilities of a young deaf girl Alice Cogswell , traveled to Europe in order to learn deaf pedagogy from European institutions . Ultimately , Gallaudet chose to adopt the methods of the French Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris , and convinced Laurent Clerc , an assistant to the school 's founder Charles - Michel de l'Épée , to accompany him back to the United States . Upon his return , Gallaudet founded the ASD on April 15 , 1817 . </P> <P> The largest group of students during the first seven decades of the school were from Martha 's Vineyard , and they brought MVSL with them . There were also 44 students from around Henniker , New Hampshire , and 27 from the Sandy River valley in Maine , each of which had their own village sign language . Other students brought knowledge of their own home signs . Laurent Clerc , the first teacher at ASD , taught using French Sign Language ( LSF ) , which itself had developed in the Parisian school for the deaf established in 1755 . From this situation of language contact , a new language emerged , now known as ASL . </P> American Sign Language Convention of March 2008 in Austin , Texas <P> More schools for the deaf were founded after ASD , and knowledge of ASL spread to these schools . In addition , the rise of Deaf community organizations bolstered the continued use of ASL . Societies such as the National Association of the Deaf and the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf held national conventions that attracted signers from across the country . This all contributed to ASL 's wide use over a large geographical area , atypical of a sign language . </P> <P> Up to the 1950s , the predominant method in deaf education was oralism -- acquiring oral language comprehension and production . Linguists did not consider sign language to be true `` language '' , but rather something inferior . Recognition of the legitimacy of ASL was achieved by William Stokoe , a linguist who arrived at Gallaudet University in 1955 when this was still the dominant assumption . Aided by the civil rights movement of the 1960s , Stokoe argued for manualism , the use of sign language in deaf education . Stokoe noted that sign language shares the important features that oral languages have as a means of communication , and even devised a transcription system for ASL . In doing so , Stokoe revolutionized both deaf education and linguistics . In the 1960s , ASL was sometimes referred to as `` Ameslan '' , but this term is now considered obsolete . </P> <H2> Population ( edit ) </H2> <P> Counting the number of ASL signers is difficult because ASL users have never been counted by the American census . The ultimate source for current estimates of the number of ASL users in the United States is a report for the National Census of the Deaf Population ( NCDP ) by Schein and Delk ( 1974 ) . Based on a 1972 survey of the NCDP , Schein and Delk provided estimates consistent with a signing population between 250,000 and 500,000 . The survey did not distinguish between ASL and other forms of signing ; in fact , the name `` ASL '' was not yet in widespread use . </P> <P> Incorrect figures are sometimes cited for the population of ASL speakers in the United States based on misunderstandings of known statistics . Demographics of the deaf population have been confused with those of ASL use , since adults who become deaf late in life rarely use ASL in the home . This accounts for currently cited estimations which are greater than 500,000 ; such mistaken estimations can reach as high as 15,000,000 . A 100,000 - person lower bound has been cited for ASL users ; the source of this figure is unclear , but it may be an estimate of prelingual deafness , which is correlated with but not equivalent to signing . </P> <P> ASL is sometimes incorrectly cited as the third - or fourth-most - spoken language in the United States . These figures misquote Schein and Delk ( 1974 ) , who actually concluded that ASL speakers constituted the third - largest population requiring an interpreter in court . Although this would make ASL the third-most used language among monolinguals other than English , it does not imply that it is the fourth-most - spoken language in the United States , since speakers of other languages may also speak English . </P> <H2> Geographic distribution ( edit ) </H2> <P> ASL is used throughout Anglo - America . This contrasts with Europe , where a variety of sign languages are used within the same continent . The unique situation of ASL seems to have been caused by the proliferation of ASL through schools influenced by the American School for the Deaf , wherein ASL originated , and the rise of community organizations for the Deaf . </P> <P> Throughout West Africa , ASL - based sign languages are spoken by educated Deaf adults . These languages , imported by boarding schools , are often considered by associations to be the official sign languages of their countries , and are named accordingly , e.g. Nigerian Sign Language , Ghanaian Sign Language . Such signing systems are found in Benin , Burkina Faso , Ivory Coast , Ghana , Liberia , Mauritania , Mali , Nigeria , and Togo . Due to lack of data , it is still an open question how similar these sign languages are to the variety of ASL used in America . </P> <P> In addition to the aforementioned West African countries , ASL is reported to be used as a first language in Barbados , Bolivia , Cambodia , the Central African Republic , Chad , China ( Hong Kong ) , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Gabon , Jamaica , Kenya , Madagascar , the Philippines , Singapore , and Zimbabwe . ASL is also used as a lingua franca throughout the deaf world , widely learned as a second language . </P> <H2> Regional variation ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Sign production ( edit ) </H3> <P> Sign production can often vary according to location . Signers from the South tend to sign with more flow and ease . Native signers from New York have been reported as signing comparatively more quickly and sharply . Sign production of native Californian signers has also been reported as being fast as well . Research on this phenomenon often concludes this fast - paced production for signers form the coast could be due to the fast - paced nature of living in large metropolitan areas . This conclusion also supports how the ease with which Southern sign could be due to the easy going environment of the South in comparison to that of the East and West coast . </P> <P> Sign production can also vary depending on age and native language . For example , sign production of letters may vary in older signers . Slight differences in finger spelling production can be a signal of age . Additionally , signers who learned American Sign Language as a second language vary in production . For Deaf signers who learned a different sign language before learning American Sign Language , qualities of their native language may show in their ASL production . Some examples of this varied production are finger spelling towards the body instead of away from , and signing certain movement from bottom to top instead of top to bottom . Hearing people that learn American Sign Language also have noticeable differences in signing production . The most notable production difference of hearing people learning American Sign Language is their rhythm and arm posture . </P> <H3> Sign variants ( edit ) </H3> <P> Most popularly there are variants of the signs for English words such as `` birthday '' , `` pizza '' , `` Halloween '' , `` early '' , and `` soon '' . These are just a sample of the most commonly recognized signs with variant based on regional change . The sign for `` school '' is commonly varied between black and white signers . The variation between sign produced by black and white signers is sometimes referred to as Black American Sign Language . </P> <H3> History and implications ( edit ) </H3> <P> The prevalence of residential Deaf schools can account for much of the regional variance of signs and sign productions across the United States . Deaf schools often serve students of the state in which the school resides . This limited access to signers from other regions , combined with the residential quality of Deaf Schools promoted specific use of certain sign variants . Native signers did not have much access to signers from other regions during the beginning years of their education . It is hypothesized that because of this seclusion , certain variants of a sign prevailed over others other due to the choice of variant used by the student of the school / signers in the community . </P> <P> However , American Sign Language does not appear to be vastly varied when compared to other signed languages . This is because when Deaf education was beginning in the United States , many educators flocked to the American School for the Deaf in Hartford , Connecticut . This central location for the first generation of educators in Deaf education to learn American Sign Language allows ASL to be more standardized than it is variant . </P> <H2> Varieties ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Varieties of American Sign Language Variants of ABOUT in Canadian ASL Play media About -- General sign ( Canadian ASL ) Play media About -- Atlantic Variation ( Canadian ASL ) Play media About -- Ontario Variation ( Canadian ASL ) <P> Varieties of ASL are found throughout the world . There is little difficulty in comprehension among the varieties of the United States and Canada . </P> <P> Just as there are accents in speech , there are regional accents in sign . People from the South sign slower than people in the North -- even people from northern and southern Indiana have different styles . </P> -- Walker , Lou Ann ( 1987 ) . A Loss for Words : The Story of Deafness in a Family . New York : HarperPerennial . p. 31 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 091425 - 4 . <P> Mutual intelligibility among these ASL varieties is high , and the variation is primarily lexical . For example , there are three different words for English about in Canadian ASL ; the standard way , and two regional variations ( Atlantic and Ontario ) , as shown in the videos on the right . Variation may also be phonological , meaning that the same sign may be signed in a different way depending on the region . For example , an extremely common type of variation is between the handshapes / 1 / , / L / , and / 5 / in signs with one handshape . </P> <P> There is also a distinct variety of ASL used by the Black Deaf community . Black ASL evolved as a result of racially segregated schools in some states , which included the residential schools for the deaf . Black ASL differs from standard ASL in vocabulary , phonology , and some grammatical structure . While African American English ( AAE ) is generally viewed as more innovating than standard English , Black ASL is more conservative than standard ASL , preserving older forms of many signs . Black sign language speakers use more two - handed signs than in mainstream ASL , are less likely to show assimilatory lowering of signs produced on the forehead ( e.g. KNOW ) and use a wider signing space . Modern Black ASL borrows a number of idioms from AAE ; for instance , the AAE idiom `` I feel you '' is calqued into Black ASL . </P> <P> ASL is used internationally as a lingua franca , and a number of closely related sign languages derived from ASL are used in many different countries . Even so , there have been varying degrees of divergence from standard ASL in these imported ASL varieties . Bolivian Sign Language is reported to be a dialect of ASL , no more divergent than other acknowledged dialects . On the other hand , it is also known that some imported ASL varieties have diverged to the extent of being separate languages . For example , Malaysian Sign Language , which has ASL origins , is no longer mutually comprehensible with ASL and must be considered its own language . For some imported ASL varieties , such as those used in West Africa , it is still an open question how similar they are to American ASL . </P> <P> When communicating with hearing English speakers , ASL - speakers often use what is commonly called Pidgin Signed English ( PSE ) or ' contact signing ' , a blend of English structure with ASL . Various types of PSE exist , ranging from highly English - influenced PSE ( practically relexified English ) to PSE which is quite close to ASL lexically and grammatically , but may alter some subtle features of ASL grammar . Fingerspelling may be used more often in PSE than it is normally used in ASL . There have been some constructed sign languages , known as Manually Coded English ( MCE ) , which match English grammar exactly and simply replace spoken words with signs ; these systems are not considered to be varieties of ASL . </P> <P> Tactile ASL ( TASL ) is a variety of ASL used throughout the United States by and with the deaf - blind . It is particularly common among those with Usher 's syndrome . This syndrome results in deafness from birth followed by loss of vision later in life ; consequently , those with Usher 's syndrome often grow up in the Deaf community using ASL , and later transition to TASL . TASL differs from ASL in that signs are produced by touching the palms , and there are some grammatical differences from standard ASL in order to compensate for the lack of non-manual signing . </P> <H2> Stigma ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2013 the White House published a response to a petition that gained over 37,000 signatures to officially recognize American Sign Language as a community language and a language of instruction in schools . The response is titled `` there should n't be any stigma about American Sign Language '' and addressed that ASL is a vital language for the Deaf and hard of hearing . Stigmas associated with sign languages and the use of sign for educating children often lead to the absence of sign during periods in children 's lives when they can access languages most effectively . Scholars such as Beth S. Benedict advocate not only for bilingualism ( using ASL and English training ) but also for early childhood intervention for children who are deaf . York University psychologist Ellen Bialystok has also campaigned for bilingualism , arguing that those who are bilingual acquire cognitive skills that may help to prevent dementia later in life . </P> <P> The majority of children born to deaf parents are hearing . These children , known as CODAs ( `` Children Of Deaf Adults '' ) are often more culturally Deaf than deaf children , the majority of whom are born to hearing parents . Unlike many deaf children , CODAs acquire ASL as well as Deaf cultural values and behaviors from birth . These bilingual hearing children may be mistakenly labeled as being `` slow learners '' or as having `` language difficulties '' due to preferential attitudes towards spoken language . </P> <H2> Writing systems ( edit ) </H2> The ASL phrase `` American Sign Language '' , written in Stokoe notation The ASL phrase `` American Sign Language '' , written in Sutton SignWriting ASL signs for counting <P> Although there is no well - established writing system for ASL , written sign language dates back almost two centuries . The first systematic writing system for a sign language seems to be that of Roch - Ambroise Auguste Bébian , developed in 1825 . However , written sign language remained marginal among the public . In the 1960s , linguist William Stokoe created Stokoe notation specifically for ASL . It is alphabetic , with a letter or diacritic for every phonemic ( distinctive ) hand shape , orientation , motion , and position , though it lacks any representation of facial expression , and is better suited for individual words than for extended passages of text . Stokoe used this system for his 1965 A Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles . </P> <P> SignWriting , proposed in 1974 by Valerie Sutton , is the first writing system to gain use among the public and the first writing system for sign languages to be included in the Unicode Standard . SignWriting consists of more than 5000 distinct iconic graphs / glyphs . Currently , it is in use in many schools for the Deaf , particularly in Brazil , and has been used in International Sign forums with speakers and researchers in more than 40 countries , including Brazil , Ethiopia , France , Germany , Italy , Portugal , Saudi Arabia , Slovenia , Tunisia , and the United States . Sutton SignWriting has both a printed and an electronically produced form so that persons can use the system anywhere that oral languages are written ( personal letters , newspapers , and media , academic research ) . The systematic examination of the International Sign Writing Alphabet ( ISWA ) as an equivalent usage structure to the International Phonetic Alphabet for spoken languages has been proposed . According to some researchers , SignWriting is not a phonemic orthography and does not have a one - to - one map from phonological forms to written forms . This assertion has been disputed and the process for each country to look at the ISWA and create a phonemic / morphemic assignment of features of each sign language was proposed by researchers Msc . Roberto Cesar Reis da Costa and Madson Barreto in a thesis forum on June 23 , 2014 . The SignWriting community has an open project on Wikimedia Labs to support the various Wikimedia projects on Wikimedia Incubator and elsewhere involving SignWriting . The ASL Wikipedia request was marked as eligible in 2008 and the test ASL Wikipedia has 50 articles written in ASL using SignWriting . </P> <P> The most widely used transcription system among academics is HamNoSys , developed at the University of Hamburg . Based on Stokoe Notation , HamNoSys was expanded to about 200 graphs in order to allow transcription of any sign language . Phonological features are usually indicated with single symbols , though the group of features that make up a handshape is indicated collectively with a symbol . </P> Comparison of ASL writing systems . Sutton SignWriting is on the left , followed by Si5s , then Stokoe notation in the center , with SignFont and its simplified derivation ASL - phabet on the right . <P> Several additional candidates for written ASL have appeared over the years , including SignFont , ASL - phabet , and Si5s . </P> <P> For English - speaking audiences , ASL is often glossed using English words . These glosses are typically all - capitalized and are arranged in ASL order . For example , the ASL sentence DOG NOW CHASE > IX = 3 CAT , meaning `` the dog is chasing the cat '' , uses NOW to mark ASL progressive aspect and shows ASL verbal inflection for the third person ( written with > IX = 3 ) . However , glossing is not used to write the language for speakers of ASL . </P> <H2> Phonology ( edit ) </H2> Main article : American Sign Language phonology Distinctive features in ASL Phonemic handshape / 2 / ( + closed thumb ) Phonemic handshape / 3 / ( − closed thumb ) <P> Each sign in ASL is composed of a number of distinctive components , generally referred to as parameters . A sign may use one hand or both . All signs can be described using the five parameters involved in signed languages , which are handshape , movement , palm orientation , location and non-manual markers . Just as phonemes of sound distinguish meaning in spoken languages , these parameters are the phonemes that distinguish meaning in signed languages like ASL . Changing any one of these may change the meaning of a sign , as illustrated by the ASL signs THINK and DISAPPOINTED : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> THINK <Tr> <Th> handshape </Th> <Td> closed fist with index finger extended </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> orientation </Th> <Td> facing signer 's body </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> location </Th> <Td> tip of finger in contact with forehead </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> movement </Th> <Td> unidirectional single contacting movement </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> DISAPPOINTED <Tr> <Th> handshape </Th> <Td> ( as for THINK ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> orientation </Th> <Td> ( as for THINK ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> location </Th> <Td> tip of finger in contact with chin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> movement </Th> <Td> ( as for THINK ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> There are also meaningful non-manual signals in ASL . This may include movement of the eyebrows , the cheeks , the nose , the head , the torso , and the eyes . </P> <P> William Stokoe proposed that these components are analogous to the phonemes of spoken languages . There has also been a proposal that these are analogous to classes like place and manner of articulation . As in spoken languages , these phonological units can be split into distinctive features . For instance , the handshapes / 2 / and / 3 / are distinguished by the presence or absence of the feature ( ± closed thumb ) , as illustrated to the right . ASL has processes of allophony and phonotactic restrictions . There is ongoing research into whether ASL has an analog of syllables in spoken language . </P> <H2> Grammar ( edit ) </H2> Main article : American Sign Language grammar Two men and a woman signing <H3> Morphology ( edit ) </H3> <P> ASL has a rich system of verbal inflection . This involves both grammatical aspect -- how the action of verbs flows in time -- and agreement marking . Aspect can be marked by changing the manner of movement of the verb ; for example , continuous aspect is marked by incorporating rhythmic , circular movement , while punctual aspect is achieved by modifying the sign so that it has a stationary hand position . Verbs may agree with both the subject and the object , and are marked for number and reciprocity . Reciprocity is indicated by using two one - handed signs ; for example , the sign SHOOT , made with an L - shaped handshape with inward movement of the thumb , inflects to SHOOT , articulated by having two L - shaped hands `` shooting '' at each other . </P> <P> ASL has a productive system of classifiers , which are used to classify objects and their movement in space . For example , a rabbit running downhill would use a classifier consisting of a bent V classifier handshape with a downhill - directed path ; if the rabbit is hopping , the path is executed with a bouncy manner . In general , classifiers are composed of a `` classifier handshape '' bound to a `` movement root '' . The classifier handshape represents the object as a whole , incorporating such attributes as surface , depth , and shape , and is usually very iconic . The movement root consists of a path , a direction and a manner . </P> Fingerspelling ( edit ) Main article : Fingerspelling The American manual alphabet and numbers . <P> ASL possesses a set of 26 signs known as the American manual alphabet , which can be used to spell out words from the English language . These signs make use of the 19 handshapes of ASL . For example , the signs for ' p ' and ' k ' use the same handshape but different orientations . A common misconception is that ASL consists only of fingerspelling ; although such a method ( Rochester Method ) has been used , it is not ASL . </P> <P> Fingerspelling is a form of borrowing , a linguistic process wherein words from one language are incorporated into another . In ASL , fingerspelling is used for proper nouns and for technical terms with no native ASL equivalent . There are also some other loan words which are fingerspelled , either very short English words or abbreviations of longer English words , e.g. O-N from English ' on ' , and A-P-T from English ' apartment ' . Fingerspelling may also be used to emphasize a word that would normally be signed otherwise . </P> <H3> Syntax ( edit ) </H3> <P> The basic word order of ASL is disputed . Most linguists agree that ASL is a subject -- verb -- object ( SVO ) language with various phenomena affecting this basic word order . Basic SVO sentences are signed without any pauses : </P> <P> FATHER -- LOVE -- CHILD `` The father loves the child . '' </P> <P> However , other word orders may also occur , as ASL allows the topic of a sentence to be moved to sentence - initial position , a phenomenon known as topicalization . In object - subject - verb ( OSV ) sentences , the object is topicalized , marked by a forward head - tilt and a pause : </P> <P> CHILD , FATHER -- LOVE `` The father loves the child . '' </P> <P> Even more , word orders can be obtained through the phenomenon of subject copy . In subject copy , the subject is repeated at the end of the sentence , accompanied by head nodding , either for clarification or emphasis : </P> <P> FATHER -- LOVE -- CHILD -- FATHER `` The father loves the child . '' </P> <P> ASL also allows null subject sentences , where the subject is implied rather than stated explicitly . Subjects can be copied even in a null subject sentence , in which the subject is omitted from its original position , yielding a verb -- object -- subject ( VOS ) construction : </P> <P> LOVE -- CHILD -- FATHER `` The father loves the child . '' </P> <P> Topicalization , accompanied with a null subject and a subject copy , can produce yet another word order , object -- verb -- subject ( OVS ) . </P> <P> CHILD , LOVE -- FATHER `` The father loves the child . '' </P> <P> These properties of ASL allow it a variety of word orders , leading many to question which is the true , underlying , `` basic '' order . There are several other proposals that attempt to account for the flexibility of word order in ASL . One proposal is that languages like ASL are best described with a topic -- comment structure , where words are ordered by their importance in the sentence rather than by their syntactic properties . Another hypothesis is that ASL exhibits free word order , in which syntax is not encoded in word order whatsoever , but can be encoded by other means ( e.g. head nods , eyebrow movement , body position ) . </P> <H2> Iconicity ( edit ) </H2> <P> A common misconception is that signs are iconically self - explanatory , that they are a transparent imitation of what they mean , or even that they are pantomime . In fact , many signs bear no resemblance to their referent , either because they were originally arbitrary symbols or because their iconicity has been obscured over time . Even so , in ASL iconicity plays a significant role ; a high percentage of signs resemble their referents in some way . This may be due to the fact that the medium of sign -- three - dimensional space -- naturally allows more iconicity than oral language . </P> <P> In the era of the influential linguist Ferdinand de Saussure , it was assumed that the mapping between form and meaning in language must be completely arbitrary . Although onomatopoeia is a clear exception , since words like ' choo - choo ' bear clear resemblance to the sounds that they mimic , the Saussurean approach was to treat these as marginal exceptions . ASL , with its significant inventory of iconic signs , directly challenges this theory . </P> <P> Research on acquisition of pronouns in ASL has shown that children do not always take advantage of the iconic properties of signs when interpreting their meaning . It has been found that when children acquire the pronoun `` you '' , the iconicity of the point ( at the child ) is often confused , being treated more like a name . This is a similar finding to research in oral languages on pronoun acquisition . It has also been found that iconicity of signs does not affect immediate memory and recall ; less iconic signs are remembered just as well as highly iconic signs . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> American Sign Language grammar </Li> <Li> American Sign Language literature </Li> <Li> Baby sign language </Li> <Li> Bimodal bilingualism </Li> <Li> Great ape language , of which ASL has been one attempted mode </Li> <Li> Legal recognition of sign languages </Li> <Li> Pointing </Li> <Li> Sign name </Li> <Li> ASL interpreting </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ In particular , Martha 's Vineyard Sign Language , Henniker Sign Language , and Sandy River Valley Sign Language were brought to the school by students . These in turn appear to have been influenced by early British Sign Language , and did not involve input from indigenous Native American sign systems . See Padden ( 2010 : 11 ) , Lane , Pillard & French ( 2000 : 17 ) , and Johnson & Schembri ( 2007 : 68 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Abbé Charles - Michel de l'Épée , founder of the Parisian school Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris , was the first to acknowledge that sign language could be used to educate the deaf . An oft - repeated folk tale states that while visiting a parishioner , Épee met two deaf daughters conversing with each other using LSF . The mother explained that her daughters were being educated privately by means of pictures . Épée is said to have been inspired by these deaf children when he established the first educational institution for the deaf . See : <Dl> <Dd> Ruben , Robert J. ( 2005 ) . `` Sign language : Its history and contribution to the understanding of the biological nature of language '' . Acta Oto - laryngologica. 125 ( 5 ) : 464 -- 7 . doi : 10.1080 / 00016480510026287 . PMID 16092534 . </Dd> <Dd> Padden , Carol A. ( 2001 ) . Folk Explanation in Language Survival in : Deaf World : A Historical Reader and Primary Sourcebook , Lois Bragg , Ed . New York : New York University Press . pp. 107 -- 108 . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 9853 - 5 . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whereas deafness was genetically recessive on Martha 's Vineyard , it was dominant in Henniker . On the one hand , this dominance likely aided the development of sign language in Henniker since families would be more likely to have the critical mass of deaf people necessary for the propagation of signing . On the other hand , in Martha 's Vineyard the deaf were more likely to have more hearing relatives , which may have fostered a sense of shared identity that led to more inter-group communication than in Henniker . See Lane , Pillard & French ( 2000 : 39 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Although some surveys of smaller scope measure ASL use , such as the California Department of Education recording ASL use in the home when children begin school , ASL use in the general American population has not been directly measured . See Mitchell et al. ( 2006 : 1 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stokoe himself termed these cheremes , but other linguists have referred to them as phonemes . See Bahan ( 1996 : 11 ) . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mitchell et al. ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Province of Ontario ( 2007 ) . `` Bill 213 : An Act to recognize sign language as an official language in Ontario '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center . `` States that Recognize American Sign Language as a Foreign Language '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 April 2015 . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hammarström , Harald ; Forkel , Robert ; Haspelmath , Martin , eds. ( 2017 ) . `` ASLic '' . Glottolog 3.0 . Jena , Germany : Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hammarström , Harald ; Forkel , Robert ; Haspelmath , Martin , eds. ( 2017 ) . `` American Sign Language '' . Glottolog 3.0 . Jena , Germany : Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ About American Sign Language , Deaf Research Library , Karen Nakamura </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bahan ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Padden ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kegl ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Johnson & Schembri ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ASL as a Foreign Language Fact Sheet '' . www.unm.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilcox Phd , Sherman ( May 2016 ) . `` Universities That Accept ASL In Fulfillment Of Foreign Language Requirements '' . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burke , Sheila ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Bill Passes Requiring Sign Language Students Receive Credit '' . US News . Archived from the original on 2017 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ceil Lucas , 1995 , The Sociolinguistics of the Deaf Community p. 80 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lane , Pillard & French ( 2000 : 17 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Groce , Nora Ellen ( 1985 ) . Everyone Here Spoke Sign Language : Hereditary Deafness on Martha 's Vineyard . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 27041 - X . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` A Brief History of ASD '' . American School for the Deaf . n.d . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Brief History Of The American Asylum , At Hartford , For The Education And Instruction Of The Deaf And Dumb '' . 1893 . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Armstrong & Karchmer ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stokoe , William C. 1960 . Sign Language Structure : An Outline of the Visual Communication Systems of the American Deaf , Studies in linguistics : Occasional papers ( No. 8 ) . Buffalo : Dept. of Anthropology and Linguistics , University of Buffalo . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American Sign Language , ASL or Ameslan '' . Handspeak.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 21 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nyst ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Benoit Duchateau - Arminjon , 2013 , Healing Cambodia One Child at a Time , p. 180 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : American Sign Language at Ethnologue </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rogelio , Contreras ( November 15 , 2002 ) . `` Regional , Cultural , and Sociolinguistic Variation of ASL in the United States '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gallaudet Department of Linguistics ( 2017 - 09 - 16 ) , Do sign languages have accents ? , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Valli , Clayton ( 2005 ) . Linguistics of American Sign Language : An Introduction . Washington , D.C. : Clerc Books . p. 169 . ISBN 1 - 56368 - 283 - 4 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bailey & Dolby ( 2002 : 1 -- 2 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lucas , Bayley & Valli ( 2003 : 36 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Solomon ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bolivian Sign Language at Ethnologue </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hurlbut ( 2003 , 7 . Conclusion ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nakamura , Karen ( 2008 ) . `` About ASL '' . Deaf Resource Library . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Costello ( 2008 : xxv ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Collins ( 2004 : 33 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A critical period for right hemisphere recruitment in American Sign Language processing '' . Nature Neuroscience. 5 : 76 -- 80 . doi : 10.1038 / nn775 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Denworth , Ldyia ( 2014 ) . I Can Hear You Whisper : An Intimate Journey through the Science of Sound and Language . USA : Penguin Group . p. 293 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 525 - 95379 - 1 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bishop & Hicks ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Supalla & Cripps ( 2011 , ASL Gloss as an Intermediary Writing System ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : van der Hulst & Channon ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Armstrong , David F. , and Michael A. Karchmer . `` William C. Stokoe and the Study of Signed Languages . '' Sign Language Studies 9.4 ( 2009 ) : 389 - 397 . Academic Search Premier . Web . 7 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stokoe , William C. ; Dorothy C. Casterline ; Carl G. Croneberg. 1965 . A dictionary of American sign languages on linguistic principles . Washington , D.C. : Gallaudet College Press </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Everson , Michael ; Slevinski , Stephen ; Sutton , Valerie . `` Proposal for encoding Sutton SignWriting in the UCS '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Butler , Center for Sutton Movement Writing , 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SignWriting Symposium Presentation 32 by Roberto Costa and Madson Barreto '' . signwriting.org . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Test wikis of sign languages '' . incubator.wikimedia.org . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Request for ASL Wikipedia '' . meta.wikimedia.org . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baker , Anne ; van den Bogaerde , Beppie ; Pfau , Roland ; Schermer , Trude ( 2016 ) . The Linguistics of Sign Languages : An Introduction . John Benjamins Publishing Company . ISBN 9789027212306 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Valli & Lucas ( 2000 : 86 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Costello ( 2008 : xxiv ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Neidle , Carol ( 2000 ) . The Syntax of American Sign Language : Functional Categories and Hierarchical Structures . Cambridge , MA : The MIT Press . p. 59 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 14067 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Valli , Clayton ( 2005 ) . Linguistics of American Sign Language : An Introduction . Washington , D.C. : Clerc Books . p. 85 . ISBN 1 - 56368 - 283 - 4 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Valli , Clayton ( 2005 ) . Linguistics of American Sign Language : An Introduction . Washington , D.C. : Clerc Books . p. 86 . ISBN 1 - 56368 - 283 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lillo - Martin , Diane ( November 1986 ) . `` Two Kinds of Null Arguments in American Sign Language '' ( PDF ) . Natural Language and Linguistic Theory . 4 ( 4 ) : 415 . doi : 10.1007 / bf00134469 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Costello ( 2008 : xxiii ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Liddell ( 2002 : 60 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Liddell ( 2002 : 61 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Liddell ( 2002 : 62 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Petitto , Laura A. ( 1987 ) . `` On the autonomy of language and gesture : Evidence from the acquisition of personal pronouns in American sign language '' . Cognition . 27 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 52 . doi : 10.1016 / 0010 - 0277 ( 87 ) 90034 - 5 . PMID 3691016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Klima & Bellugi ( 1979 : 27 ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Armstrong , David ; Karchmer , Michael ( 2002 ) , `` William C. Stokoe and the Study of Signed Languages '' , in Armstrong , David ; Karchmer , Michael ; Van Cleve , John , The Study of Signed Languages , Gallaudet University , pp. xi -- xix , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56368 - 123 - 3 , retrieved November 25 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Bahan , Benjamin ( 1996 ) . Non-Manual Realization of Agreement in American Sign Language ( PDF ) . Boston University . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Bailey , Carol ; Dolby , Kathy ( 2002 ) . The Canadian dictionary of ASL . Edmonton , AB : The University of Alberta Press . ISBN 0888643004 . </Li> <Li> Bishop , Michele ; Hicks , Sherry ( 2005 ) . `` Orange Eyes : Bimodal Bilingualism in Hearing Adults from Deaf Families '' ( PDF ) . Sign Language Studies . Gallaudet University Press . 5 ( 2 ) : 188 -- 230 . doi : 10.1353 / sls. 2005.0001 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Collins , Steven ( 2004 ) . Adverbial Morphemes in Tactile American Sign Language . Union Institute & University . </Li> <Li> Costello , Elaine ( 2008 ) . American Sign Language Dictionary . Random House . ISBN 0375426167 . Retrieved November 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Hurlbut , Hope ( 2003 ) , `` A Preliminary Survey of the Signed Languages of Malaysia '' , in Baker , Anne ; van den Bogaerde , Beppie ; Crasborn , Onno , Cross-linguistic perspectives in sign language research : selected papers from TISLR ( PDF ) , Hamburg : Signum Verlag , pp. 31 -- 46 , retrieved December 3 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Johnson , Trevor ; Schembri , Adam ( 2007 ) . Australian Sign Language ( Auslan ) : An introduction to sign language linguistics . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521540569 . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Kegl , Judy ( 2008 ) . `` The Case of Signed Languages in the Context of Pidgin and Creole Studies '' . In Kouwenberg , Silvia ; Singler , John . The Handbook of Pidgin and Creole Studies . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 0521540569 . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Klima , Edward S. ; Bellugi , Ursula ( 1979 ) . The signs of language . Boston : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 80796 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Lane , Harlan ; Pillard , Richard ; French , Mary ( 2000 ) . `` Origins of the American Deaf - World '' ( PDF ) . Sign Language Studies . Gallaudet University Press . 1 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 44 . doi : 10.1353 / sls. 2000.0003 . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Liddell , Scott ( 2002 ) , `` Modality Effects and Conflicting Agendas '' , in Armstrong , David ; Karchmer , Michael ; Van Cleve , John , The Study of Signed Languages , Gallaudet University , pp. xi -- xix , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56368 - 123 - 3 , retrieved November 26 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Lucas , Ceil ; Bayley , Robert ; Valli , Clayton ( 2003 ) . What 's your sign for pizza ? : An introduction to variation in American Sign Language . Washington , DC : Gallaudet University Press . ISBN 1563681447 . </Li> <Li> Mitchell , Ross ; Young , Travas ; Bachleda , Bellamie ; Karchmer , Michael ( 2006 ) . `` How Many People Use ASL in the United States ? : Why Estimates Need Updating '' ( PDF ) . Sign Language Studies . Gallaudet University Press . 6 ( 3 ) . ISSN 0302 - 1475 . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Nyst , Victoria ( 2010 ) , `` Sign languages in West Africa '' , in Brentari , Diane , Sign Languages , Cambridge University Press , pp. 405 -- 432 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88370 - 2 </Li> <Li> Padden , Carol ( 2010 ) , `` Sign Language Geography '' , in Mathur , Gaurav ; Napoli , Donna , Deaf Around the World ( PDF ) , New York : Oxford University Press , pp. 19 -- 37 , ISBN 0199732531 , retrieved November 25 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Solomon , Andrea ( 2010 ) . Cultural and Sociolinguistic Features of the Black Deaf Community ( Honors Thesis ) . Carnegie Mellon University . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Supalla , Samuel ; Cripps , Jody ( 2011 ) . `` Toward Universal Design in Reading Instruction '' ( PDF ) . Bilingual Basics. 12 ( 2 ) . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Valli , Clayton ; Lucas , Ceil ( 2000 ) . Linguistics of American Sign Language . Gallaudet University Press . ISBN 1 - 56368 - 097 - 1 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> van der Hulst , Harry ; Channon , Rachel ( 2010 ) , `` Notation systems '' , in Brentari , Diane , Sign Languages , Cambridge University Press , pp. 151 -- 172 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88370 - 2 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> American Sign Language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator </Td> </Tr> </Table> Find more aboutAmerican Sign Languageat Wikipedia 's sister projects <Ul> <Li> Definitions from Wiktionary </Li> <Li> Media from Wikimedia Commons </Li> <Li> News from Wikinews </Li> <Li> Quotations from Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Texts from Wikisource </Li> <Li> Textbooks from Wikibooks </Li> <Li> Learning resources from Wikiversity </Li> </Ul> Find more aboutAmerican Sign Languageat Wikipedia 's sister projects <Ul> <Li> Definitions from Wiktionary </Li> <Li> Media from Wikimedia Commons </Li> <Li> Textbooks from Wikibooks </Li> <Li> Data from Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> American Sign Language at 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</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Athabaskan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Babine - Witsuwit'en </Li> <Li> Carrier </Li> <Li> Chilcotin </Li> <Li> Chipewyan </Li> <Li> Dogrib </Li> <Li> Gwich'in </Li> <Li> Hän </Li> <Li> Kaska </Li> <Li> Nicola </Li> <Li> Sarcee </Li> <Li> Sekani </Li> <Li> Slavey </Li> <Li> Tagish </Li> <Li> Tahltan </Li> <Li> Tutchone </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inuit </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inuinnaqtun </Li> <Li> Inuktitut </Li> <Li> Inupiaq </Li> <Li> Inuvialuktun </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Iroquoian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cayuga </Li> <Li> Mohawk </Li> <Li> Oneida </Li> <Li> Onondaga </Li> <Li> Seneca </Li> <Li> Tuscarora </Li> <Li> Wyandot </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Salishan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bella Coola </Li> <Li> Comox </Li> <Li> Halkomelem </Li> <Li> Lillooet </Li> <Li> Okanagan </Li> <Li> Saanich </Li> <Li> Sechelt </Li> <Li> Shuswap </Li> <Li> Squamish </Li> <Li> Thompson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wakashan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ditidaht </Li> <Li> Haisla </Li> <Li> Heiltsuk - Oowekyala </Li> <Li> Kwak'wala </Li> <Li> Nuu - chah - nulth </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beothuk </Li> <Li> Haida </Li> <Li> Kutenai </Li> <Li> Tlingit </Li> <Li> Coast Tsimshian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pidgins , creoles and mixed </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Algonquian -- Basque pidgin </Li> <Li> Broken Slavey </Li> <Li> Bungee </Li> <Li> Chiac </Li> <Li> Chinook Jargon </Li> <Li> Labrador Inuit Pidgin French </Li> <Li> Michif </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Immigrant languages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gaelic </Li> <Li> Irish </Li> <Li> Pennsylvania German </Li> <Li> Plautdietsch </Li> <Li> Ukrainian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sign languages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Sign Language </Li> <Li> Quebec Sign Language </Li> <Li> Inuk Sign Language </Li> <Li> Plains Indian Sign Language </Li> <Li> Maritime Sign Language </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> 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English </Li> <Li> Ozark English </Li> <Li> Pacific Northwest English </Li> <Li> Pennsylvania Dutch English </Li> <Li> Philadelphia English </Li> <Li> Puerto Rican English </Li> <Li> Southern American English </Li> <Li> Texan English </Li> <Li> Tidewater English </Li> <Li> Transatlantic English </Li> <Li> Upper Michigan English </Li> <Li> Western American English </Li> <Li> Western New England English </Li> <Li> Western Pennsylvania English </Li> <Li> Yeshiva English </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oral Indigenous Languages </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Families </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Algic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abenaki </Li> <Li> Anishinnabemowin </Li> <Li> Arapaho </Li> <Li> Blackfoot </Li> <Li> Cheyenne </Li> <Li> Cree </Li> <Li> Fox </Li> <Li> Gros Ventre </Li> <Li> Mahican </Li> <Li> Massachusett </Li> <Li> Menominee </Li> <Li> Mi'kmaq </Li> <Li> Mohegan - Pequot </Li> <Li> Munsee </Li> <Li> Myaamia </Li> <Li> Nanticoke </Li> <Li> Narragansett </Li> <Li> Pamlico </Li> <Li> Potawatomi </Li> <Li> Powhatan </Li> <Li> Quiripi </Li> <Li> Shawnee </Li> <Li> Unami </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Etchemin </Li> <Li> Loup </Li> <Li> Nawathinehena </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Austronesian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chamorro </Li> <Li> Hawaiian </Li> <Li> Refaluwasch </Li> <Li> Samoan </Li> <Li> Tokelauan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Caddoan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arikara </Li> <Li> Caddo </Li> <Li> Wichita </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Kitsai </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chinookan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kathlamet </Li> <Li> Tsinúk </Li> <Li> Upper Chinook </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chumashan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Barbareño </Li> <Li> Cruzeño </Li> <Li> Obispeño </Li> <Li> Purisimeño </Li> <Li> Ventureño </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dené -- Yeniseian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ahtna </Li> <Li> Deg Xinag </Li> <Li> Dena'ina </Li> <Li> Gwich'in </Li> <Li> Hän </Li> <Li> Hupa </Li> <Li> Jicarilla </Li> <Li> Koyukon </Li> <Li> Lower Tanana </Li> <Li> Mescalero - Chiricahua </Li> <Li> Navajo </Li> <Li> Tanacross </Li> <Li> Tolowa </Li> <Li> Upper Kuskokwim </Li> <Li> Upper Tanana </Li> <Li> Western Apache </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Cahto </Li> <Li> Eyak </Li> <Li> Holikachuk </Li> <Li> Kwalhioqua - Clatskanie </Li> <Li> Lipan </Li> <Li> Mattole </Li> <Li> Plains Apache </Li> <Li> Tsetsaut </Li> <Li> Tututni </Li> <Li> Upper Umpqua </Li> <Li> Wailaki </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Eskaleut </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inuit </Li> <Li> Inupiat </Li> <Li> Aleut </Li> <Li> Alutiiq </Li> <Li> Central Alaskan Yup'ik </Li> <Li> Central Siberian Yupik </Li> <Li> Chevak Cup'ik </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Iroquoian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cayuga </Li> <Li> Cherokee </Li> <Li> Mohawk </Li> <Li> Oneida </Li> <Li> Onondaga </Li> <Li> Osage </Li> <Li> Seneca </Li> <Li> Tuscarora </Li> <Li> Wyandot </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Erie </Li> <Li> Neutral Huron </Li> <Li> Nottoway </Li> <Li> Susquehannock </Li> <Li> Wenrohronon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kalapuyan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Central Kalapuya </Li> <Li> Northern Kalapuya </Li> <Li> Yoncalla </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Keresan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cochiti Pueblo </Li> <Li> San Felipe -- Santo Domingo </Li> <Li> Zia -- Santa Ana Pueblos </Li> <Li> Western Keres </Li> <Li> Acoma Pueblo </Li> <Li> Laguna Pueblo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Maiduan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Konkow </Li> <Li> Maidu </Li> <Li> Nisenan </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Chico </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Muskogean </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alabama </Li> <Li> Chickasaw </Li> <Li> Choctaw </Li> <Li> Koasati </Li> <Li> Mikasuki </Li> <Li> Muscogee </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Apalachee </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Palaihnihan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Achumawi </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Atsugewi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Plateau Penutian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nez Perce </Li> <Li> Sahaptin </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Klamath </Li> <Li> Molala </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pomoan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Central Pomo </Li> <Li> Eastern Pomo </Li> <Li> Kashaya </Li> <Li> Southeastern Pomo </Li> <Li> Southern Pomo </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Northeastern Pomo </Li> <Li> Northern Pomo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Salishan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Coeur d'Alene </Li> <Li> Columbia - Moses </Li> <Li> Halkomelem </Li> <Li> Klallam </Li> <Li> Lushootseed </Li> <Li> Nooksack </Li> <Li> North Straits Salish </Li> <Li> Okanagan </Li> <Li> Salish </Li> <Li> Thompson </Li> <Li> Twana </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Cowlitz </Li> <Li> Lower Chehalis </Li> <Li> Quinault </Li> <Li> Tillamook </Li> <Li> Upper Chehalis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Siouan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Assiniboine </Li> <Li> Crow </Li> <Li> Dakota </Li> <Li> Hidatsa </Li> <Li> Kansa </Li> <Li> Lakota </Li> <Li> Mandan </Li> <Li> Omaha -- Ponca </Li> <Li> Quapaw </Li> <Li> Stoney </Li> <Li> Winnebago </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Biloxi </Li> <Li> Catawba </Li> <Li> Chiwere </Li> <Li> Mitchigamea </Li> <Li> Moneton </Li> <Li> Ofo </Li> <Li> Tutelo - Saponi </Li> <Li> Woccon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tanoan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jemez </Li> <Li> Kiowa </Li> <Li> Picuris </Li> <Li> Southern Tiwa </Li> <Li> Taos </Li> <Li> Tewa </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Piro Pueblo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tsimshianic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Coast Tsimshian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Uto - Aztecan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Comanche </Li> <Li> Hopi </Li> <Li> Ivilyuat </Li> <Li> Kawaiisu </Li> <Li> Kitanemuk </Li> <Li> Luiseño </Li> <Li> Mono </Li> <Li> Northern Paiute </Li> <Li> O'odham </Li> <Li> Serrano </Li> <Li> Shoshoni </Li> <Li> Timbisha </Li> <Li> Tübatulabal </Li> <Li> Ute - Chemehuevi </Li> <Li> Yaqui </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Cupeño </Li> <Li> Tongva </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wakashan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Makah </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wintuan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nomlaki </Li> <Li> Patwin </Li> <Li> Wintu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Yuk - Utian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Central Sierra Miwok </Li> <Li> Southern Sierra Miwok </Li> <Li> Tule - Kaweah Yokuts </Li> <Li> Valley Yokuts </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Bay Miwok </Li> <Li> Buena Vista Yokuts </Li> <Li> Coast Miwok </Li> <Li> Gashowu Yokuts </Li> <Li> Kings River Yokuts </Li> <Li> Lake Miwok </Li> <Li> Northern Sierra Miwok </Li> <Li> Palewyami </Li> <Li> Plains Miwok </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Yuman -- Cochimí </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cocopah </Li> <Li> Havasupai -- Hualapai </Li> <Li> Ipai </Li> <Li> Kumeyaay </Li> <Li> Maricopa </Li> <Li> Mojave </Li> <Li> Quechan </Li> <Li> Tiipai </Li> <Li> Yavapai </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Isolates </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Haida </Li> <Li> Karuk </Li> <Li> Kutenai </Li> <Li> Siuslaw </Li> <Li> Washo </Li> <Li> Yuchi </Li> <Li> Zuni </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Chitimacha </Li> <Li> Tonkawa </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mixed or Trade Languages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chinook Jargon </Li> <Li> Michif </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Mohawk Dutch </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manual Indigenous languages </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Hand Talk </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anishinaabe Sign Language </Li> <Li> Blackfoot Sign Language </Li> <Li> Cheyenne Sign Language </Li> <Li> Cree Sign Language </Li> <Li> Navajo Sign Language </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Plateau Sign Language </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Isolates </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hawai'i Sign Language </Li> <Li> Inuk Sign Language </Li> <Li> Keresan Pueblo </Li> <Li> Navajo Family Sign Language </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oral settler languages </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> French </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Louisiana <Ul> <Li> Cajun </Li> <Li> Colonial </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Métis </Li> <Li> Missouri </Li> <Li> Muskrat </Li> <Li> New England </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> German </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pennsylvania Dutch </Li> <Li> Hutterite </Li> <Li> Plautdietsch </Li> <Li> Bernese </Li> <Li> Alsatian </Li> <Li> Texas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spanish </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Caló ( Chicano ) </Li> <Li> New Mexican </Li> <Li> Puerto Rican </Li> <Li> Isleño </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manual settler languages </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Francosign </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Sign Language </Li> <Li> Black American Sign Language </Li> <Li> Pro-Tactile American Sign Language </Li> <Li> Puerto Rican Sign Language </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> BANZSL </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Samoan Sign Language </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kentish </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Martha 's Vineyard Sign Language </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Isolates </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sandy River Valley Sign Language </Li> <Li> Henniker Sign Language </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Immigrant languages ( number of speakers in 2010 in millions ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Spanish ( 37 ) </Li> <Li> Varieties of Chinese ( 3 ) </Li> <Li> French ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Tagalog ( 1.6 ) </Li> <Li> Vietnamese ( 1.4 ) </Li> <Li> German ( 1.1 ) </Li> <Li> Korean ( 1.1 ) </Li> <Li> Arabic ( 0.9 ) </Li> <Li> Russian ( 0.9 ) </Li> <Li> Italian ( 0.7 ) </Li> <Li> Portuguese ( 0.7 ) </Li> <Li> Polish ( 0.6 ) </Li> <Li> Hindi ( 0.6 ) </Li> <Li> Persian ( 0.4 ) </Li> <Li> Urdu ( 0.4 ) </Li> <Li> Gujarati ( 0.4 ) </Li> <Li> Japanese ( 0.4 ) </Li> <Li> Greek ( 0.3 ) </Li> <Li> Bosnian / Croatian / Serbian language in the United States ( 0.3 ) </Li> <Li> Armenian ( 0.2 ) </Li> <Li> Khmer ( 0.2 ) </Li> <Li> Hmong ( 0.2 ) </Li> <Li> Hebrew ( 0.2 ) </Li> <Li> Laotian ( 0.2 ) </Li> <Li> Yiddish ( 0.2 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Languages of California </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Indigenous </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Algic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wiyot </Li> <Li> Yurok </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Athabaskan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tolowa </Li> <Li> Hupa </Li> <Li> Mattole </Li> <Li> Cahto </Li> <Li> Wailaki </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chumashan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Obispeño </Li> <Li> Island Chumash </Li> <Li> Purisimeño </Li> <Li> Ineseño </Li> <Li> Barbareño </Li> <Li> Ventureño </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ohlone </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Karkin </Li> <Li> Chochenyo </Li> <Li> Ramaytush </Li> <Li> Tamyen </Li> <Li> Awaswas </Li> <Li> Mutsun </Li> <Li> Rumsen </Li> <Li> Chalon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hokan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chimariko </Li> <Li> Karuk </Li> <Li> Achomawi </Li> <Li> Atsugewi </Li> <Li> Northeastern Pomo </Li> <Li> Eastern Pomo </Li> <Li> Southeastern Pomo </Li> <Li> Northern Pomo </Li> <Li> Central Pomo </Li> <Li> Southern Pomo </Li> <Li> Kashaya </Li> <Li> Washo </Li> <Li> Mojave </Li> <Li> Kumeyaay </Li> <Li> Yana </Li> <Li> Yahi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Penutian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Klamath - Mudoc </Li> <Li> Yokuts </Li> <Li> Wintu </Li> <Li> Bay Miwok </Li> <Li> Coast Miwok </Li> <Li> Lake Miwok </Li> <Li> Plains Miwok </Li> <Li> Central Sierra Miwok </Li> <Li> Northern Sierra Miwok </Li> <Li> Southern Sierra Miwok </Li> <Li> Valley Maidu </Li> <Li> Northeast Maidu </Li> <Li> Northwest Maidu </Li> <Li> Nisenan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shastan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Konomihu </Li> <Li> New River Shasta </Li> <Li> Okwanuchu </Li> <Li> Shasta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Uto Aztecan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cahuilla </Li> <Li> Cupeño </Li> <Li> Kawaiisu </Li> <Li> Kitanemuk </Li> <Li> Luiseño - Juaneño </Li> <Li> Mono </Li> <Li> Northern Paiute </Li> <Li> Panamint </Li> <Li> Serrano </Li> <Li> Tataviam </Li> <Li> Tongva </Li> <Li> Ute </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wintuan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nomlaki </Li> <Li> Patwin </Li> <Li> Southern Patwin </Li> <Li> Wintu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Yokutsan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Buena Vista Yokuts , Chukchansi , Gashowu Yokuts , Kings River Yokuts , Palewyami , Tule - Kaweah Yokuts , Valley Yokuts </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Yukian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Yuki , Wappo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language isolates and Unclassified </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Esselen , Chimariko , Karuk , Salinan , Takelma Plains Sign Talk </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Non-Indigenous </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Indo - European </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American English <Ul> <Li> California English </Li> <Li> Chicano English </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Spanish </Li> <Li> Armenian </Li> <Li> Punjabi </Li> <Li> Russian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chinese </Li> <Li> Korean </Li> <Li> Tagalog </Li> <Li> Vietnamese </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Francosign </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Sign Language </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Italics indicate extinct languages </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Languages of Montana </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Indigenous </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Algonquian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Blackfoot </Li> <Li> Cheyenne </Li> <Li> Gros Ventre </Li> <Li> Ojibwe </Li> <Li> Plains Cree </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Salishan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Montana Salish </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Western Siouan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Assiniboine </Li> <Li> Stoney </Li> <Li> Lakota </Li> <Li> Crow </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language isolates </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kutenai </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Non-Indigenous </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Indo - European </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American English </Li> <Li> Spanish </Li> <Li> German </Li> <Li> Swedish </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Uralic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Finnish </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Languages of Oklahoma </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Indigenous </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alabama * </Li> <Li> Arapaho </Li> <Li> Caddo </Li> <Li> Cayuga </Li> <Li> Cherokee </Li> <Li> Cheyenne </Li> <Li> Chickasaw </Li> <Li> Chiwere ( Iowa and Otoe ) </Li> <Li> Choctaw </Li> <Li> Comanche </Li> <Li> Delaware </Li> <Li> Hitchiti - Mikasuki </Li> <Li> Kansa </Li> <Li> Koasati </Li> <Li> Mescalero - Chiricahua Apache </Li> <Li> Mesquakie ( Fox , Kickapoo , and Sauk ) </Li> <Li> Muscogee </Li> <Li> Osage </Li> <Li> Ottawa </Li> <Li> Pawnee </Li> <Li> Plains Apache </Li> <Li> Ponca </Li> <Li> Potawatomi </Li> <Li> Quapaw </Li> <Li> Seneca </Li> <Li> Shawnee </Li> <Li> Tonkawa </Li> <Li> Wichita </Li> <Li> Wyandot </Li> <Li> Yuchi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sign languages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Sign Language <Ul> <Li> Black American Sign Language </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Plains Sign Talk </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Non-Indigenous </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> English </Li> <Li> German </Li> <Li> Spanish </Li> <Li> Vietnamese </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Italics indicate extinct languages * indicates extinct language in Oklahoma but still spoken elsewhere </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Languages of Alaska </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Indigenous </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aleut </Li> <Li> Alutiiq </Li> <Li> Central Yup'ik </Li> <Li> Siberian Yupik </Li> <Li> Inupiaq </Li> <Li> Tlingit </Li> <Li> Eyak </Li> <Li> Ahtna </Li> <Li> Dena'ina </Li> <Li> Deg Xinag </Li> <Li> Holikachuk </Li> <Li> Upper Kuskokwim </Li> <Li> Koyukon </Li> <Li> Lower Tanana </Li> <Li> Tanacross </Li> <Li> Upper Tanana </Li> <Li> Tsetsaut </Li> <Li> Hän </Li> <Li> Gwich'in </Li> <Li> Haida </Li> <Li> Tsimshian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sign languages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Sign Language </Li> <Li> Inuk Sign Language </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Non-Indigenous </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> English </Li> <Li> Spanish </Li> <Li> Ninilchik </Li> <Li> Tagalog </Li> <Li> Russian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Languages of Hawai ʻi </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official languages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hawaiian language </Li> <Li> English </Li> <Li> Hawaiian Pidgin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sign languages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Sign Language ( ASL ) </Li> <Li> Hawaiʻi Sign Language ( HSL ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Immigrant languages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Spanish </Li> <Li> Italian </Li> <Li> German </Li> <Li> Japanese </Li> <Li> Filipino </Li> <Li> Ilokano </Li> <Li> Cantonese </Li> <Li> Korean </Li> <Li> Portuguese </Li> <Li> Mandarin Chinese </Li> <Li> French </Li> <Li> Samoan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Languages of Quebec </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official language </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> French <Ul> <Li> Brayon </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oral Indigenous languages </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Algonquian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Malecite - Passamaquoddy </Li> <Li> Míkmaq </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Anishinaabemowin ( ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wôbanakiôdwawôgan </Li> <Li> Anicinâbemowin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cree </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atikamekw </Li> <Li> Īyiyū Ayimūn / Īnū Ayimūn </Li> <Li> iyuw iyimuun ( ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ ) </Li> <Li> Innu - aimun </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inuit </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nunavimmiutitut ( ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑎᑐᑦ ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Iroquoian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mohawk </Li> <Li> Wyandot </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manual languages </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Francosign </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Sign Language ( ASL ) </Li> <Li> Pro-Tactile American Sign Language </Li> <Li> Quebec Sign Language </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Plains Sign Talk </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anishinaabe Sign Language </Li> <Li> Cree Sign Language </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Isolate </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inuk Sign Language </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Immigrant languages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> English </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Languages of British Columbia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official language </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> English </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oral Indigenous languages </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Algonquian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nēhiyawēwin ( ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dené -- Yeniseian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dakelh ( ᑕᗸᒡ ) </Li> <Li> Danezaa ZaageɁ ( ᑕᓀᖚ ᖚᗀᐥ ) </Li> <Li> Danezāgé ' </Li> <Li> Nadot'en - Wets'uwet'en </Li> <Li> Tāłtān </Li> <Li> Tlingit </Li> <Li> Tse'khene </Li> <Li> Tsilhqot'in </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Nicola </Li> <Li> Wetal· </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Salishan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Éy7á7juuthem </Li> <Li> Halq̓eméylem / Hul̓q̓umín̓um̓ / hən̓q̓əmin̓əm̓ </Li> <Li> Nłeʔkepmxcín <Ul> <Li> Scw'exmx </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> n̓səl̓xcin <Ul> <Li> sn - səlxcin </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> North Straits Salish <Ul> <Li> SENĆOŦEN </Li> <Li> Malchosen </Li> <Li> Lkwungen </Li> <Li> SEMYOME </Li> <Li> T'Sou - ke </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Nuxalk </Li> <Li> Secwepemctsín </Li> <Li> She shashishalhem </Li> <Li> Sḵwx̱wú7mesh sníchim </Li> <Li> St'át'imcets </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tsimshianic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gitsenimx̱ </Li> <Li> Nisg̱a'a </Li> <Li> Sgüüx̣s ( Ski : xs ) </Li> <Li> Sm'álgyax </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wakashan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Diitiid7aa7tx </Li> <Li> Heiltsuk - Oowekyala <Ul> <Li> Haíɫzaqv </Li> <Li> ' Uik̓ala </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kwak̓wala </Li> <Li> Liq̓wala </Li> <Li> Nuučaan̓uł </Li> <Li> X̄a'islak̓ala </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> other / isolates </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ktunaxa </Li> <Li> X̱aad kíl / X̱aayda kíl </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manual languages </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Francosign </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Sign Language ( ASL ) </Li> <Li> Pro-Tactile American Sign Language </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Plains Sign Talk </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cree Sign Language </Li> <Li> Dane - zaa ( ᑕᓀᖚ ) Sign Language </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Plateau Sign Language </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pidgins , creoles and mixed </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chinook Jargon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Immigrant languages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> French </Li> <Li> Russian </Li> <Li> Ukrainian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Languages of Yukon </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official languages </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> English </Li> <Li> French </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oral Indigenous languages </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Dené -- Yeniseian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dän kʼè </Li> <Li> Dän kʼí </Li> <Li> Dene Zágéʼ </Li> <Li> Gwich'in </Li> <Li> Häł gołan </Li> <Li> Neeʼaandeegnʼ </Li> <Li> Tā̀gish </Li> <Li> Tlingit </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inuit </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Iñupiaq </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manual Languages </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Francosign </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Sign Language </Li> <Li> Quebec Sign Language </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Isolate </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inuk Sign Language </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Trade Languages </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Broken Slavey </Li> <Li> Chinook Jargon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Languages of Nunavut </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official languages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> English </Li> <Li> French </Li> <Li> Inuit Language <Ul> <Li> Inuinnaqtun </Li> <Li> Inuktitut </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oral Indigenous languages </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Dené -- Yeniseian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dënesųłiné ( ᑌᓀᓱᒼᕄᓀ ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inuit </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Inuvialuktun </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Iglulingmiut / Qikiqtaaluk uannangani </Li> <Li> Inuinnaqtun </Li> <Li> Kangiqłniq / Aivilingmiutut / Aivilimmiutut / Aivillirmiut </Li> <Li> Kangiryuarmiutun </Li> <Li> Kivallirmiutut </Li> <Li> Nattiliŋmiutut ( ᓇᑦᓯᓕᖕᒥᐅᑦᑐᑦ ) <Ul> <Li> Utkuhiksalingmiutitut ( ᐅᑦᑯhᐃᒃᓴᓕᖕᒥᐅᑎᑐᑦ ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inuktitut ( ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Iglulingmiut / Qikiqtaaluk uannangani </Li> <Li> Kangiqłniq / Aivilingmiutut / Aivilimmiutut / Aivillirmiut </Li> <Li> Kivallirmiutut </Li> <Li> Nunatsiavummiutut / NunatuKavummiutut </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manual Languages </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Francosign </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Sign Language </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inuit </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inuit Uukturausingit ( ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐆᒃᑐᕋᐅᓯᖏᑦ ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Settler - Colonial Languages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> English </Li> <Li> French </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Francosign languages </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Proto </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Proto - LSF </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Algerian </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Amslanic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Francophone African </Li> <Li> Ghanaian </Li> <Li> Moroccan </Li> <Li> Nigerian </Li> <Li> Sierra Leonean </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Danish </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Malagasy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dutch </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gambian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tunisian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Americas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Libras </Li> <Li> Chilean </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Amslanic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American </Li> <Li> Black ASL </Li> <Li> Bolivian </Li> <Li> Costa Rican </Li> <Li> Dominican </Li> <Li> Jamaican </Li> <Li> Panamanian </Li> <Li> Pro-Tactile ASL </Li> <Li> Puerto Rican </Li> <Li> Quebec </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mexican </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mexican </Li> <Li> Honduran </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asia </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Amslanic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kuala Lumpur </Li> <Li> Burmese </Li> <Li> Cambodian </Li> <Li> Philippine </Li> <Li> Thai </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> BIM </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> BIM </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> BISINDO </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jakarta </Li> <Li> Yogyakarta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Russian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mongolian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Catalan <Ul> <Li> Valencian </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dutch </Li> <Li> Estonian </Li> <Li> French </Li> <Li> Irish </Li> <Li> Italian </Li> <Li> Latvian </Li> <Li> Lithuanian </Li> <Li> Romanian </Li> <Li> Swiss - German </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Amslanic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Greek <Ul> <Li> Cypriot </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Austro - Hungarian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Austrian </Li> <Li> Czech </Li> <Li> Hungarian </Li> <Li> Slovak </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Russian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bulgarian </Li> <Li> Georgian </Li> <Li> Moldovan </Li> <Li> Russian </Li> <Li> Ukrainian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Yugoslav </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Croatian </Li> <Li> Kosovar </Li> <Li> Serbian </Li> <Li> Slovenian </Li> <Li> Yugoslav </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Old Belgian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Flemish </Li> <Li> French Belgian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Danish </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Danish </Li> <Li> Icelandic </Li> <Li> Norwegian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oceania </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australian - Irish </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Italics indicate extinct languages </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Sign language </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> List of sign languages </Li> <Li> List by number of signers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language families </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Sign languages by family </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Afroasiatic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mofu - Gudur </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arabic Sign </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Egyptian </Li> <Li> Kuwaiti </Li> <Li> Libyan </Li> <Li> Qatari Unified </Li> <Li> Yemeni </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Iraqi -- Levantine </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Iraqi </Li> <Li> Levantine Arabic </Li> <Li> Jordanian </Li> <Li> Lebanese </Li> <Li> Palestinian </Li> <Li> Syrian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Possible </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Emirati </Li> <Li> Saudi </Li> <Li> Omani </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Banzsl </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Auslan <Ul> <Li> Papua New Guinean </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> BSL <Ul> <Li> Northern Ireland </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fijian </Li> <Li> Maritime </Li> <Li> NZSL </Li> <Li> Sāmoan </Li> <Li> South African </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Swedish </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Finland - Swedish </Li> <Li> Portuguese </Li> <Li> Teckenspråk </Li> <Li> Viittomakieli </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> E. Trans - Fly </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Meriam </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Francosign </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Proto - LSF </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Algerian </Li> <Li> Catalan <Ul> <Li> Valencian </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Chilean </Li> <Li> Estonian </Li> <Li> French </Li> <Li> Irish <Ul> <Li> Australian - Irish </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Libras </Li> <Li> Lithuanian </Li> <Li> Romanian </Li> <Li> Swiss - German </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Amslanic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American <Ul> <Li> Black ASL </Li> <Li> Protactile </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> BIM </Li> <Li> Bolivian </Li> <Li> Burmese </Li> <Li> Cambodian </Li> <Li> Costa Rican </Li> <Li> Dominican </Li> <Li> Greek <Ul> <Li> Cypriot </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jamaican </Li> <Li> Kuala Lumpur </Li> <Li> Panamanian </Li> <Li> Philippine </Li> <Li> Puerto Rican </Li> <Li> Quebec </Li> <Li> Singapore </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> BISINDO </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jakarta </Li> <Li> Yogyakarta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Francophone African </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ethiopian </Li> <Li> Chadian </Li> <Li> Ghanaian </Li> <Li> Guinean </Li> <Li> LaSiMa </Li> <Li> Moroccan </Li> <Li> Nigerian </Li> <Li> Sierra Leonean </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Austro - Hungarian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Austrian </Li> <Li> Czech </Li> <Li> Hungarian </Li> <Li> Slovak </Li> <Li> Ukrainian </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Russian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bulgarian </Li> <Li> Georgian </Li> <Li> Latvian </Li> <Li> Moldovan </Li> <Li> Mongolian </Li> <Li> Russian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Yugoslav </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Croatian </Li> <Li> Kosovar </Li> <Li> Serbian </Li> <Li> Slovenian </Li> <Li> Yugoslav </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Old Belgian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VGT </Li> <Li> LSFB </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Danish </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Danish </Li> <Li> Icelandic </Li> <Li> Malagasy </Li> <Li> Norwegian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dutch </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dutch </Li> <Li> Gambian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> LIS </Li> <Li> Tunisian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mexican </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> LSM </Li> <Li> Honduran </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Viet - Thai </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hai Phong </Li> <Li> Hanoi </Li> <Li> Ho Chi Minh </Li> <Li> Thai </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germanosign </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> German </Li> <Li> Luxembourgish </Li> <Li> Polish </Li> <Li> Shassi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Indo - European </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Armenian Women 's </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Indo - Pakistani Sign </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bangalore - Madras </Li> <Li> Beluchistan </Li> <Li> Bengali </Li> <Li> Bombay </Li> <Li> Calcutta </Li> <Li> Delhi </Li> <Li> Nepali </Li> <Li> North West Frontier Province </Li> <Li> Punjab - Sindh </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jarrakan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Miriwoong </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kentish </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Old Kentish </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chilmark </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chilmark </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> MVSL </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Meemul Tziij </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Highland Maya </Li> <Li> Nohya </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mirndi </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Djingili </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original Thai Sign </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chiangmai </Li> <Li> Hai Phong </Li> <Li> Old Bangkok </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Paget Gorman </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Namibian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pama -- Nyungan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eltye eltyarrenke </Li> <Li> Iltyeme iltyeme </Li> <Li> Rdaka rdaka </Li> <Li> Manjiljarra </Li> <Li> Warlmanpa </Li> <Li> Warramunga </Li> <Li> Mudburra </Li> <Li> Ngada </Li> <Li> Umpila </Li> <Li> Western Desert </Li> <Li> Western Torres Strait Islander </Li> <Li> Yan - nhaŋu </Li> <Li> Yir Yoront </Li> <Li> Yolŋu </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Diyari </Li> <Li> Jaralde </Li> <Li> Kalkutungu </Li> <Li> Pitha Pitha </Li> <Li> Warluwara </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Paraguayan - Uruguayan Sign </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Paraguay </Li> <Li> Uruguay </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Plains Sign Talk </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hand Talk </Li> <Li> Anishinaabe </Li> <Li> Apsáalooke </Li> <Li> Arikara </Li> <Li> Chaticks si Chaticks </Li> <Li> Cheyenne </Li> <Li> Coahuilteco </Li> <Li> Dane - zaa </Li> <Li> Diné </Li> <Li> Hinono'eino </Li> <Li> Hiraacá </Li> <Li> Icāk </Li> <Li> Karankawa </Li> <Li> Liksiyu </Li> <Li> Maagiadawa </Li> <Li> Meciciya ka pekiskwakehk </Li> <Li> Nakota </Li> <Li> Ni Mii Puu </Li> <Li> Niimíipuu </Li> <Li> Niitsítapi </Li> <Li> Nųmą́khų́ ki </Li> <Li> Nʉmʉnʉʉ </Li> <Li> Omaha </Li> <Li> Palus </Li> <Li> Piipaash </Li> <Li> Ppánkka </Li> <Li> Schitsu'umsh </Li> <Li> Shiwinna </Li> <Li> Sioux </Li> <Li> Taos </Li> <Li> Tickanwa tic </Li> <Li> Tháumgá </Li> <Li> Tsuu T'ina </Li> <Li> Umatilla </Li> <Li> Wazhazhe </Li> <Li> Wichita </Li> <Li> Wíyut'a / Wíblut'e </Li> <Li> Wyandot </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Plateau </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A'aninin </Li> <Li> Kalispel </Li> <Li> ʾa qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam </Li> <Li> Nesilextcl'n </Li> <Li> Secwepemcékst </Li> <Li> Sqeliz </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Providencia -- Cayman Sign </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Provisle </Li> <Li> Old Cayman ( Guyanese ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shuwa gozoku </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nihon Shuwa </Li> <Li> Suhwa </Li> <Li> Táiwān Shǒuyǔ </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Worrorran </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Worora Kinship </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Zhōngguó Shǒuyǔ </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chinese </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Shanghai </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Shanghai </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Hong Kong </Li> <Li> Macau </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Isolates </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Afghan </Li> <Li> Al - Sayyid Bedouin </Li> <Li> Albanian </Li> <Li> Amami Oshima </Li> <Li> Armenian <Ul> <Li> Plaa Pag </Li> <Li> Huay Hai </Li> <Li> Na Sai </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Atgangmuurniq </Li> <Li> Belizean </Li> <Li> Bhutanese </Li> <Li> Bökyi lagda </Li> <Li> Bribri </Li> <Li> Brunca </Li> <Li> Bura </Li> <Li> Chatino </Li> <Li> Cuban </Li> <Li> Diné Family </Li> <Li> Dogon </Li> <Li> Ecuadorian </Li> <Li> Eritrean </Li> <Li> Enga </Li> <Li> Ghandruk </Li> <Li> Ghardaia </Li> <Li> Guatemalan </Li> <Li> Guinea - Bissau </Li> <Li> Henniker </Li> <Li> Hoailona ʻŌlelo </Li> <Li> Jhankot </Li> <Li> Jumla </Li> <Li> Ka'apor </Li> <Li> Kajana </Li> <Li> Kafr Qasim </Li> <Li> Kata Kolok </Li> <Li> Kenyan <Ul> <Li> Somali </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Keresign </Li> <Li> Kisindo </Li> <Li> Konchri Sain </Li> <Li> Lyons </Li> <Li> Macedonian </Li> <Li> Maltese </Li> <Li> Magannar Hannu </Li> <Li> Mardin </Li> <Li> Mauritian </Li> <Li> M'bour </Li> <Li> Mossi </Li> <Li> Mozambican </Li> <Li> Mumu kasa </Li> <Li> Nicaraguan </Li> <Li> Old Costa Rican </Li> <Li> Ottoman </Li> <Li> Pasa kidd </Li> <Li> Penang </Li> <Li> Persian </Li> <Li> Peruvian </Li> <Li> Rennellese </Li> <Li> Rwandan </Li> <Li> Sandy River </Li> <Li> Salvadoran </Li> <Li> Spanish </Li> <Li> Tebul </Li> <Li> Trinidad and Tobago </Li> <Li> Turkish </Li> <Li> Ugandan </Li> <Li> Venezuelan </Li> <Li> West African <Ul> <Li> Adasl </Li> <Li> Burasl </Li> <Li> Mofu - Gudur </Li> <Li> Nanabinsl </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Yiddish </Li> <Li> Yoruban </Li> <Li> Zambian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ethiopian languages </Li> <Li> Laotian languages </Li> <Li> Sri Lankan languages </Li> <Li> Sudanese languages </Li> <Li> Tanzanian languages ( 7 + ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> International Sign </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By region </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Sign languages by region </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oceania </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Australia </Dt> <Dd> Auslan </Dd> <Dd> Australian - Irish </Dd> <Dd> Eltye eltyarrenke </Dd> <Dd> Iltyeme iltyeme </Dd> <Dd> Rdaka rdaka </Dd> <Dd> Manjiljarra </Dd> <Dd> Warlmanpa </Dd> <Dd> Warramunga </Dd> <Dd> Mudburra </Dd> <Dd> Ngada </Dd> <Dd> Umpila </Dd> <Dd> Western Desert </Dd> <Dd> Western Torres Strait Islander </Dd> <Dd> Yir Yoront </Dd> <Dd> Yolŋu </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Hawai'i </Dt> <Dd> Haoilona ʻŌlelo </Dd> <Dt> Sāmoa & America Sāmoa </Dt> <Dd> Sāmoan </Dd> <Dt> Aotearoa New Zealand </Dt> <Dd> NZSL </Dd> <Dt> Solomon Islands </Dt> <Dd> Rennellese </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asia </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Bengal </Dt> <Dd> Bengali </Dd> <Dt> Cambodia </Dt> <Dd> Cambodian </Dd> <Dt> China </Dt> <Dd> Chinese </Dd> <Dt> Indonesia </Dt> <Dd> Indonesian </Dd> <Dd> Kata Kolok ( Benkala , Balinese ) </Dd> <Dt> India </Dt> <Dd> Alipur </Dd> <Dd> Bengali </Dd> <Dd> Indo - Pakistani </Dd> <Dd> Naga </Dd> <Dt> Iran </Dt> <Dd> Persian </Dd> <Dt> Israel </Dt> <Dd> Al - Sayyid Bedouin </Dd> <Dd> Ghardaia </Dd> <Dd> Israeli </Dd> <Dd> Kafr Qasem </Dd> <Dd> Yiddish </Dd> <Dt> Japan </Dt> <Dd> Amami Oshima </Dd> <Dd> Nihon Shuwa </Dd> <Dt> Korea </Dt> <Dd> Korean </Dd> <Dt> Laos </Dt> <Dd> Laotian </Dd> <Dt> Malaysia </Dt> <Dd> Malaysian </Dd> <Dd> Penang </Dd> <Dd> Selangor </Dd> <Dt> Mongolia </Dt> <Dd> Mongolian </Dd> <Dt> Nepal </Dt> <Dd> Ghandruk </Dd> <Dd> Jhankot </Dd> <Dd> Jumla </Dd> <Dd> Nepalese </Dd> <Dt> Philippines </Dt> <Dd> Philippine </Dd> <Dt> Saudi Arabia </Dt> <Dd> Saudi </Dd> <Dt> Singapore </Dt> <Dd> Singapore </Dd> <Dt> Sri Lanka </Dt> <Dd> Sri Lankan </Dd> <Dt> Taiwan </Dt> <Dd> Taiwanese </Dd> <Dt> Tibet </Dt> <Dd> Bökyi lagda </Dd> <Dt> Thailand </Dt> <Dd> Bangkok </Dd> <Dd> Chiangmai </Dd> <Dd> Thai </Dd> <Dd> Pasa kidd </Dd> <Dt> Vietnam </Dt> <Dd> Vietnamese </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Africa </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Algeria </Dt> <Dd> Algerian </Dd> <Dd> Ghardaia </Dd> <Dt> Ghana </Dt> <Dd> Adamorobe </Dd> <Dd> Nanabin </Dd> <Dt> Kenya </Dt> <Dd> Kenyan </Dd> <Dt> Mali </Dt> <Dd> Tebul </Dd> <Dd> LaSiMa </Dd> <Dt> Nigeria </Dt> <Dd> Bura </Dd> <Dd> Magannar Hannu </Dd> <Dt> Senegal </Dt> <Dd> Mbour </Dd> <Dt> Somalia & Djibouti </Dt> <Dd> Somali </Dd> <Dt> South Africa </Dt> <Dd> South African </Dd> <Dt> Tanzania </Dt> <Dd> Tanzanian </Dd> <Dt> Uganda </Dt> <Dd> Ugandan </Dd> <Dt> Zambia </Dt> <Dd> Zambian </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North America </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Plains Sign Talk </Dd> <Dt> Canada </Dt> <Dd> American <Dl> <Dd> Protactile </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> Blackfoot </Dd> <Dd> Cree </Dd> <Dd> Ojibwa </Dd> <Dd> MSL </Dd> <Dd> Quebec </Dd> <Dd> Atgangmuurniq </Dd> <Dd> Plateau </Dd> <Dt> Mexico </Dt> <Dd> Chatino </Dd> <Dd> Mayan </Dd> <Dd> Mexican </Dd> <Dt> United States </Dt> <Dd> American <Dl> <Dd> Black American </Dd> <Dd> Protactile </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> Blackfeet </Dd> <Dd> Cree </Dd> <Dd> Cheyenne </Dd> <Dd> Ojibwa </Dd> <Dd> Keresign </Dd> <Dd> Martha 's Vineyard </Dd> <Dd> Navajo </Dd> <Dd> Navajo Family </Dd> <Dd> Sandy River Valley </Dd> <Dd> Henniker </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central and South America </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Argentina </Dt> <Dd> Argentine </Dd> <Dt> Belize </Dt> <Dd> Belizean </Dd> <Dt> Bolivia </Dt> <Dd> Bolivian </Dd> <Dt> Brazil </Dt> <Dd> Libras </Dd> <Dd> Ka'apor </Dd> <Dt> Cayman </Dt> <Dd> Old Cayman </Dd> <Dt> Chile </Dt> <Dd> Chilean </Dd> <Dt> Colombia </Dt> <Dd> Colombian </Dd> <Dd> Provisle </Dd> <Dt> Costa Rica </Dt> <Dd> Bribri </Dd> <Dd> Brunca </Dd> <Dd> Old Costa Rican </Dd> <Dd> New Costa Rican </Dd> <Dt> Ecuador </Dt> <Dd> Ecuadorian </Dd> <Dt> Guatemalan </Dt> <Dd> Guatemalan </Dd> <Dd> Mayan </Dd> <Dt> Honduras </Dt> <Dd> Honduras </Dd> <Dt> Nicaragua </Dt> <Dd> Nicaraguan </Dd> <Dt> Paraguay </Dt> <Dd> Paraguayan </Dd> <Dt> Peru </Dt> <Dd> Peruvian </Dd> <Dd> Sivia </Dd> <Dt> El Salvador </Dt> <Dd> Salvadoran </Dd> <Dd> Old Salvadoran </Dd> <Dt> Uruguay </Dt> <Dd> Uruguayan </Dd> <Dt> Venezuela </Dt> <Dd> Venezuelan </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Armenia </Dt> <Dd> Armenian </Dd> <Dt> Austria </Dt> <Dd> Austrian </Dd> <Dt> Belgium </Dt> <Dd> Flemish </Dd> <Dd> French Belgian </Dd> <Dt> United Kingdom </Dt> <Dd> British </Dd> <Dt> Croatia </Dt> <Dd> Croatian </Dd> <Dt> Denmark </Dt> <Dd> Danish </Dd> <Dt> Netherlands </Dt> <Dd> Dutch </Dd> <Dt> Estonia </Dt> <Dd> Estonian </Dd> <Dt> Finland </Dt> <Dd> Finnish </Dd> <Dt> France </Dt> <Dd> Ghardaia </Dd> <Dd> French </Dd> <Dd> Lyons </Dd> <Dt> Germany </Dt> <Dd> German </Dd> <Dt> Greece </Dt> <Dd> Greek </Dd> <Dt> Hungary </Dt> <Dd> Hungarian </Dd> <Dt> Iceland </Dt> <Dd> Icelandic </Dd> <Dt> Ireland </Dt> <Dd> Irish </Dd> <Dt> Italy </Dt> <Dd> Italian </Dd> <Dt> Kosovo </Dt> <Dd> Kosovar </Dd> <Dt> Lithuania </Dt> <Dd> Lithuanian </Dd> <Dt> Luxembourg </Dt> <Dd> Luxembourgish </Dd> <Dt> Macedonia </Dt> <Dd> Macedonian </Dd> <Dt> Northern Ireland </Dt> <Dd> Northern Ireland </Dd> <Dt> Norway </Dt> <Dd> Norwegian </Dd> <Dt> Poland </Dt> <Dd> Polish </Dd> <Dt> Portugal </Dt> <Dd> Portuguese </Dd> <Dt> Russia </Dt> <Dd> Russian </Dd> <Dt> Slovenia </Dt> <Dd> Slovenian </Dd> <Dt> Spain </Dt> <Dd> Catalan </Dd> <Dd> Spanish </Dd> <Dd> Valencian </Dd> <Dt> Sweden </Dt> <Dd> Swedish </Dd> <Dt> Switzerland </Dt> <Dd> Swiss </Dd> <Dt> Turkey </Dt> <Dd> Mardin </Dd> <Dd> Turkish </Dd> <Dt> Ukraine </Dt> <Dd> Ukrainian </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> International </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> International Sign </Li> <Li> Makaton </Li> <Li> Monastic </Li> <Li> Signalong </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ASL </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Grammar </Li> <Li> Idioms </Li> <Li> Literature </Li> <Li> Profanity </Li> <Li> Name signs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Extinct languages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chilmark </Li> <Li> Diyari </Li> <Li> Jaralde </Li> <Li> Kalkutungu </Li> <Li> Henniker Sign Language </Li> <Li> Martha 's Vineyard </Li> <Li> Old French </Li> <Li> Old Kent </Li> <Li> Plateau Sign Language </Li> <Li> Pitha Pitha </Li> <Li> Sandy River Valley Sign Language </Li> <Li> Warluwara </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Linguistics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Grammar ( ASL ) </Li> <Li> Bimodal bilingualism </Li> <Li> Cherology </Li> <Li> Handshape / Location / Orientation / Movement / Expression </Li> <Li> Mouthing </Li> <Li> Sign names </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fingerspelling </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American </Li> <Li> British ( two - handed ) </Li> <Li> Catalan </Li> <Li> Chilean </Li> <Li> French </Li> <Li> Hungarian </Li> <Li> Irish </Li> <Li> Japanese </Li> <Li> Korean </Li> <Li> Polish </Li> <Li> Russian </Li> <Li> Serbo - Croatian </Li> <Li> Spanish </Li> <Li> Ukrainian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Writing </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ASL - phabet </Li> <Li> Hamburg Notation System </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Stokoe notation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stokoe notation </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> SignWriting </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> SignWriting </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> si5s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> si5s <Ul> <Li> ASLwrite ( ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language contact </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Contact sign </Li> <Li> Indian Signing System </Li> <Li> Initialized sign </Li> <Li> Manually coded English </Li> <Li> Manually coded language in South Africa </Li> <Li> Manually Coded Malay </Li> <Li> Mouthing </Li> <Li> Paget Gorman Sign System </Li> <Li> Signed Dutch </Li> <Li> Signed French </Li> <Li> Signed German </Li> <Li> Signed Italian </Li> <Li> Signed Japanese </Li> <Li> Signed Polish </Li> <Li> Signed Spanish </Li> <Li> Signing Exact English </Li> <Li> Tecknad svenska </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Bilingual -- bicultural education </Li> <Li> Manually coded language </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Films ( list ) </Li> <Li> Television programmes ( list ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Persons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jabbar Baghtcheban </Li> <Li> Johanna Berglind </Li> <Li> Pär Aron Borg </Li> <Li> Thomas Braidwood </Li> <Li> Laurent Clerc </Li> <Li> Abbé de l'Épée </Li> <Li> Roger Fouts </Li> <Li> Valerie Sutton </Li> <Li> Thomas Gallaudet </Li> <Li> Abbe Sicard </Li> <Li> William Stokoe </Li> <Li> Pierre Pélissier </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Organisations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada </Li> <Li> International Center on Deafness and the Arts </Li> <Li> Mimics and Gesture Theatre </Li> <Li> World Association of Sign Language Interpreters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Miscellaneous </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baby sign language </Li> <Li> CHCI chimpanzee center ( Washoe , Loulis ) </Li> <Li> Open Outcry </Li> <Li> Legal recognition </Li> <Li> Military hand and arm signals </Li> <Li> Monastic sign languages </Li> <Li> Tactile signing </Li> <Li> Tic - tac ( betting ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ^ a Sign - language names reflect the region of origin . Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region . For example , French Sign Language originated in France , but is not related to French . ^ b Denotes the number ( if known ) of languages within the family . No further information is given on these languages . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GND : 4436159 - 2 </Li> <Li> SUDOC : 061614378 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Sign_Language&oldid=866382854 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> American Sign Language </Li> <Li> American Sign Language family </Li> <Li> Deaf culture in the United States </Li> <Li> French Sign Language family </Li> <Li> Fusional languages </Li> <Li> Languages of Barbados </Li> <Li> Languages of Belize </Li> <Li> Languages of Botswana </Li> <Li> Languages of Burundi </Li> <Li> Languages of Canada </Li> <Li> Languages of Grenada </Li> <Li> Languages of Guyana </Li> <Li> Languages of Haiti </Li> <Li> Languages of Saint Kitts and Nevis </Li> <Li> Languages of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines </Li> <Li> Languages of the United States </Li> <Li> Languages of the United States Virgin Islands </Li> <Li> Sign languages of the United States </Li> <Li> Languages of Zimbabwe </Li> <Li> Subject -- verb -- object languages </Li> <Li> 1817 introductions </Li> <Li> Languages attested from the 19th century </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> <Li> Ill - formatted infobox - language images </Li> <Li> ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 </Li> <Li> Articles with Curlie links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers </Li> <Li> Good articles </Li> <Li> Articles containing video clips </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikibooks </Li> </Ul> <H3> Languages </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) </Li> <Li> Brezhoneg </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Corsu </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Emiliàn e rumagnòl </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Fiji Hindi </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Furlan </Li> <Li> Gaelg </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Ligure </Li> <Li> Lumbaart </Li> <Li> Malti </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Napulitano </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Piemontèis </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Rumantsch </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Sardu </Li> <Li> Scots </Li> <Li> Sicilianu </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> سنڌي </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Tarandíne </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> Vèneto </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> Winaray </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 44 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 00 : 39 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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List of multiple births - wikipedia <H1> List of multiple births </H1> For notable twins , see List of twins . <P> This is a list of multiple births , consisting of notable higher order ( 4 + ) multiple births and pregnancies . Twins and triplets are sufficiently common to have their own separate articles . With the use of reproductive technology such as fertility drugs and in vitro fertilization ( IVF ) such births have become increasingly common . This list contains only multiple births which have some claim to notability , such as being the first recorded in a country , the first to survive to adulthood in a country , or the heaviest , lightest or longest lived ( globally ) . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Cases by number <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Twins ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> 1.2 Triplets ( 3 ) </Li> <Li> 1.3 Quadruplets ( 4 ) </Li> <Li> 1.4 Quintuplets ( 5 ) </Li> <Li> 1.5 Sextuplets ( 6 ) </Li> <Li> 1.6 Septuplets ( 7 ) </Li> <Li> 1.7 Octuplets ( 8 ) </Li> <Li> 1.8 Nonuplets ( 9 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 See also </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> </Ul> <H2> Cases by number ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Twins ( 2 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of twins <H3> Triplets ( 3 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of triplets <H3> Quadruplets ( 4 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The Smith quadruplets , born 1750 in Kinsale , a fisherman 's wife . </Li> <Li> Dominica , 1790 : According to The Times , a Dr. Giuseppe of Dominica reported that an unnamed Afro - Dominican woman ( enslaved servant ) living on the estate of Thomas Jemmitt gave birth to four girls , three of them almost eighteen hours after the first was born . All survived birth . </Li> <Li> The Gehri quadruplets ( born September 26 , 1880 , in Switzerland ) were the first recorded to have survived to adulthood . There were two boys ( Oskar and Arthur ) and two girls ( Bertha and Rosa ) . </Li> <Li> The Page quadruplets ( born January 8 , 1890 , in Redwater , Texas ) were the first recorded quadruplets born in the United States . </Li> <Li> The Keys quadruplets ( born June 4 , 1915 , in Hollis , Oklahoma ) were the first same - sex quadruplets known to survive to adulthood . They attended Baylor University on scholarships and graduated in 1937 . Roberta Keys Torn , the last surviving sister , died at 96 years in August 2011 . </Li> <Li> The Johnson quadruplets ( born in 1935 in Dunedin , New Zealand ) were the first surviving set of quadruplets in Australasia . </Li> <Li> The Miles quadruplets ( born on November 28 , 1935 in St Neots , United Kingdom ) are the oldest living quadruplets in the world . </Li> <Li> The Badgett quadruplets ( born February 1 , 1939 , in Galveston , Texas ) were the second surviving set of quadruplets in the United States . The four girls , Geraldine , Joan , Jeanette , and Joyce , were minor celebrities in the 1940s and 1950s . </Li> <Li> The Fultz quadruplets ( born May 23 , 1946 , in Rockingham County , North Carolina ) were the first identical African - American quadruplets on record . </Li> <Li> The Sara quadruplets ( born August 17 , 1950 , in Bellingen , New South Wales ) were the first surviving quadruplets in Australia . There were two boys , Mark and Philip , and two girls , Alison and Judith . </Li> <Li> The Alexander quadruplets ( born September 2 , 1967 , in Auckland , New Zealand ) were the first set of identical quadruplets born in New Zealand . </Li> <Li> The Steeves quadruplets ( Carrie Dawn , Jennie Lee , Mary Beth , and Patty Ann , born December 17 , 1982 , in Calgary , Alberta ) were the first identical set of quadruplets to be born in Canada . </Li> <Li> The Durst quadruplets ( Calli , Kendra , Megan , and Sarah ) are identical quadruplets born February 10 , 1993 , in Robbinsdale , Minnesota . They appeared on the reality television series Four of a Kind . </Li> <Li> The Brino quadruplets ( born September 21 , 1998 , in Woodland Hills , California ) played the twins Sam and David Camden on the television series 7th Heaven . When they all started to look different , the only girl , Myrinda , stopped appearing on the show . Only Nikolas and Lorenzo starred on the show until the series ended in 2007 . </Li> <Li> The Mathias quadruplets ( born February 16 , 2000 , in Lexington , South Carolina ) are Grace , Emily , Mary Claire , and Anna . A home - movie of the girls laughing in unison was featured on America 's Funniest Home Videos and won them over $250,000 as a result . The girls were featured in three 1 - hour episodes of a documentary called `` Super Quads '' in the Discovery Health Channel . </Li> <Li> The Aberdeen / Edwards quadruplets ( born November 7 , 2006 , in San Juan , Trinidad and Tobago ) are four girls , born to Lystra Aberdeen ( aged 27 and mother to a 10 - year - old girl , an 8 - year - old boy , and a 4 - year - old boy ) and her common - law husband Anderson Edwards ( aged 33 ) . This was the first confirmed case in Trinidad . </Li> <Li> The Yarns quadruplets were featured on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , featuring John Travolta ( Season 11 , Episode 97 ) on their birthday , February 20 , 2003 . They are Rhys , Trey , Chase , and Tiana . </Li> <Li> Adhiti , Aakrithi , Akshathy and Aapthi are quadruplets born in Chennai , Tamil Nadu . They appeared in the Tamil film Enna Satham Indha Neram ( 2014 ) . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Quintuplets ( 5 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The Lyon quintuplets ( born April 29 , 1896 ) were the first American quintuplets who were all born alive . The last survivor died on May 14 , 1896 . </Li> </Ul> The Dionne sisters January 21 , 1935 with then - Premier of Ontario Mitchell Hepburn <Ul> <Li> The Dionne quintuplets ( born May 28 , 1934 , near Corbeil , Ontario , Canada ) were the first quintuplets known to survive infancy . The five girls ( Yvonne , Annette , Cecile , Emilie and Marie ) were also the only set of identical quintuplets known to live into adulthood . </Li> <Li> The Fischer quintuplets ( born September 14 , 1963 , in Aberdeen , South Dakota ) were the first known surviving set of American quintuplets . They consisted of one boy and four girls . 3 of the 4 girls are identical : Magdalene , Margaret , and Catherine . </Li> <Li> The Lawson quintuplets ( born July 27 , 1965 , in Auckland , New Zealand ) were the first set of surviving quintuplets conceived through the use of fertility medication and are the only known New Zealand quintuplets : They are one boy ( Samuel ) and four girls ( Deborah , Lisa , Shirlene and Selina ) . </Li> <Li> The Braham quintuplets ( born 31 December 1967 ) were the first quintuplets to be born in Australia . They were conceived naturally and born to Pat and Roger Braham of Tenterfield , New South Wales . In birth order they were Annabel Dorothy , Richard Gibson , Faith Elizabeth , Caroline , and Geoffrey Raymond . Geoffrey died at 4 days old ; the others are still living . </Li> <Li> The Hanson quintuplets ( born November 13 , 1969 , in London ) were the first set to survive in the United Kingdom , as well as the second surviving set of all - girl quintuplets after the Dionne quintuplets . </Li> <Li> The Kienast quintuplets ( born February 24 , 1970 , in Liberty Corners , New Jersey ) were the first surviving set of American quintuplets conceived through fertility medication . </Li> <Li> The Rychert quintuplets ( born May 15 , 1971 , in Gdańsk ) were the first surviving set born in Poland . </Li> <Li> The Brunner quintuplets ( born June 9 , 1978 , in Nancy ) were the first surviving set born in France . Marc , Luc , Gilles , Maud , and Anne were nicknamed `` quintuplés Paris Match , '' and clothed by designer Pierre Cardin , in 17 articles written from 1978 to 1984 . For each article , they were clothed by the couturier Pierre Cardin . </Li> <Li> The Granata quintuplets ( born June 1 , 1981 , in Toledo , Ohio ) were three boys and two girls conceived through the use of fertility medication and born at 28 weeks to Janice and George Granata . They were named ( in birth order ) Britton , Nathan , Amanda , Heather , and Eric . Britton died of lung failure on June 3 , 1981 . In 1983 , the surviving four appeared with Oprah Winfrey on her show , People are Talking , along with their mother and their older sister Jenny . At age 15 , the four appeared on The Jenny Jones Show . </Li> <Li> The Gaither quintuplets ( born August 3 , 1983 , in Indianapolis , Indiana ) were the first surviving African - American quintuplets and were one of only three naturally - conceived American sets in 1983 . </Li> <Li> The Al - Ghamdi quintuplets ( born February 2 , 1988 , in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia ) were the first set to be born in Saudi Arabia . The 5 boys were born to Salha and Saeed Al - Ghamdi . </Li> <Li> The Nur Adlan quintuplets were born in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia on May 20 , 1996 . The three girls and two boys were the first set of Malaysian quintuplets to survive infancy . </Li> <Li> The Cassidy quintuplets were born in Dublin , Ireland on August 16 , 2001 , to Veronica and Kevin Cassidy of Wexford . The three boys ( Conor James , Cian Richard , and Rory Kevin ) and two girls ( Amy Dorothy and Dearbhail Mary ) were the first quintuplets to be born in Ireland . </Li> <Li> The Gonzalez - Moreno quintuplets were born in Phoenix , Arizona on April 26 , 2005 , to Luisa Gonzalez and Enrique Moreno via surrogate mother , Teresa Anderson . The five boys are the first set of quintuplets born via surrogate . The boys , in order of birth , are ; Enrique , Jorge , Gabriel , Javier , Victor and weighed between 3 lb 7oz and 3 lb 15oz . </Li> <Li> The Wilkinson quintuplets ( born July 31 , 2007 , in Phoenix , Arizona ) were born to Jayson and Rachelle Wilkinson of Cedar Park , Texas . The three girls ( Kassidy , Kaydence , and Kyndall ) and two boys ( Rustin and Ryder ) hold the record for the highest combined birth weight of a set of quintuplets at 21 lb ( 9.52 kg ) . </Li> <Li> The Artamkin quintuplets were born in Oxford , England on November 10 , 2007 , to Dimitri and Varvara Artamkin via Cesarean section . They were the first set of quintuplets born to Russian parents . </Li> <Li> The Jones quintuplets ( born January 16 , 2009 , in Austin , Texas ) were four girls and one boy born to Ethan and Casey Jones . In order of birth , they are Brooklyn Faith , Britton Grace , Jack William , Lila Addison , and Ryan Elizabeth . They have an older sister Eliot McKenna , who was four at the time of their birth . All six children were conceived through fertility treatments of intrauterine insemination ( IUI ) and a sperm donor when the couple learned Ethan had an extremely low sperm count . The same donor was used for Eliot and the quintuplets . The Jones quintuplets and their family had a show on TLC called Quints by Surprise that premiered on August 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> The Kroščen quintuplets were born in Prague , Czech Republic on June 2 , 2013 , to Alexandra Kiňová and Antonín Kroščen of Milovice . The four boys ( Michael , Deniel , Martin , and Alex ) and one girl ( Tereza ) were the first recorded quintuplets to be born in the Czech Republic . They have one older brother , Antonio . </Li> <Li> The Busby quintuplets were born on April 8 , 2015 , in Houston , Texas , to Adam and Danielle Busby . The five girls ( Ava Lane , Olivia Marie , Hazel Grace , Parker Kate , and Riley Paige ) are the first set of all female quintuplets born in the United States . Ava and Olivia are identical twins . They have an older sister , Blayke . The Busby quintuplets and their family have a show on TLC called Outdaughtered that premiered on May 10 , 2016 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Sextuplets ( 6 ) ( edit ) </H3> The Gosselin sextuplets with family on the cover of the May 2008 KoreAm <Ul> <Li> The Thorns sextuplets ( born October 2 , 1968 , in Birmingham , England ) were born to Sheila and Barry Thorns . They were the first sextuplets known to have been born alive in the United Kingdom , but one baby died shortly after birth , and another two died within the next two weeks . </Li> <Li> The Letts sextuplets ( born December 15 , 1969 , in London , England ) were born to Rosemary and John Letts two months prematurely at University College Hospital . One boy and four girls survived , ( Cara Dawn , Sharon Marie , Joanne Nadine , Gary John , and Tanya Odile ) one female was stillborn . This was the second case of surviving quintuplets in the United Kingdom . The family immigrated to Canada in 1974 . </Li> <Li> The Rosenkowitz sextuplets ( born January 11 , 1974 , in Cape Town , South Africa ) were the first sextuplets known to survive their infancy . They were conceived using fertility drugs . </Li> <Li> The Nijssen sextuplets ( born September 21 , 1977 , in the Netherlands ) were born to Corry and Sien Nijssen two months prematurely . There were four girls ( Patricia , Priscilla , Mirella , and Ramona ) and two boys ( Ivo and Dennis ) . Dennis died on November 9 , 1977 . They are the only set in the Netherlands . </Li> <Li> The Giannini sextuplets ( born on January 11 , 1980 , in Italy ) were the second sextuplets known to survive their infancy . They were born on the same date as the Rosenkowitz sextuplets , six years later . </Li> <Li> The Vanhove Gadeyne sextuplets ( born on August 17 , 1983 , in Blankenberge , Belgium ) were the first set of sextuplets to have been born in Belgium . The five boys ( Bruno , Jelle , Tom , Lode , Arne ) and one girl ( Veerle ) weighed between 2 lbs 9oz and 3 lbs 3oz at birth . </Li> <Li> The Walton sextuplets ( born on November 18 , 1983 , in Liverpool ) were the first sextuplets born in the United Kingdom known to survive their infancy , and the world 's first all - female sextuplets . They were delivered by Cesarian section at 31 and a half weeks . </Li> <Li> The Dilley sextuplets ( born on May 25 , 1993 , in Indianapolis ) were the first surviving set of sextuplets in the United States . They are two girls ( Brenna Rose and Claire Diane ) and four boys ( Julian Emerson , Quinn Everett , Ian Michael , and Adrian Reed ) . </Li> <Li> The Boniello sextuplets ( born March 24 , 1997 , in Stony Brook , New York ) set a record for the longest gestation of a sextuplet pregnancy in the United States at 29 weeks and one day . They have a younger sister Nadia . This record was broken almost two months later by the Thompson sextuplets . </Li> <Li> The Thompson sextuplets ( born May 8 , 1997 , in Washington , D.C. ) were born to Jacqueline and Linden Thompson . Mrs. Thompson set a record for the longest sextuplet pregnancy in the United States at 29 weeks and six days . One girl was stillborn ; the five survivors are four girls ( Octavia Daniela , Stella Kimberly , Ann Marie Amanda , and Emily Elizabeth ) and one boy ( Richard Linden ) . They are the first African - American sextuplets . They each weighed between 2 lbs 2oz and 2 lbs 6oz . </Li> <Li> The Harris sextuplets ( born July 7 , 2002 , in Alabama ) are two girls ( Kiera Christine and Kalynne Antoinett ) and four boys ( Kaleb Reddrick , Kobe Byshari , Kieran Anthony , and Kyle Jacob ) . They are Alabama 's first set of sextuplets and were the first recorded set of surviving African - American sextuplets . Kaleb has nerve damage ; while Kiera and Kyle are autistic . The Harris family received a new home in a 2005 episode of Extreme Makeover : Home Edition . The Harris ' original three - bedroom , three - bath house was razed and a two - story , 5,000 - square - foot ( 460 m ) home was built . </Li> <Li> The Gosselin sextuplets ( born May 10 , 2004 , in Hershey , Pennsylvania ) were born just shy of 30 weeks gestation to parents Jon and Kate Gosselin . The set has three girls ( Alexis Faith , Hannah Joy , and Leah Hope ) and three boys ( Aaden Jonathan , Collin Thomas , Joel Kevin ) . The parents also have twin girls , Madelyn Kate and Cara Nicole , who were three years old at the time of the sextuplets ' birth . The family was the subject of a reality television show , originally titled Jon & Kate Plus 8 , that aired on TLC in the United States and Canada . The show was initially canceled after Jon and Kate 's divorce , but was revived as Kate Plus 8 after viewer complaints . The series ended in 2011 , with the last episode airing on September 12 of that year , then resumed with a new season in January 2015 . </Li> <Li> The Hayes sextuplets ( born September 14 , 2004 , in Long Branch , New Jersey ) are the first surviving sextuplets to be born in New Jersey . The six children , three boys ( Ryan Peter , Connor James , Eric John ) and three girls ( Tara Rose , Rachel Ann , Rebecca Mary ) , weighed a total of 24 lbs. and 14 oz. , setting a world record for the heaviest set of sextuplets . The Hayes also have two sets of twins , Kevin and Kyle ( eight years old at the time of the sextuplets ' birth ) and Kieran and Meghan ( five years old ) . They are the only family in the United States to have two sets of twins and a set of sextuplets . The family were the subject of a reality television show , Table for 12 , on TLC in the U.S. </Li> <Li> Canada 's first sextuplets ( born January 6 -- 7 , 2007 in Vancouver ) were born at 25 weeks gestation . Two of them died shortly after birth . </Li> <Li> The Carpio sextuplets ( born October 6 , 2008 , in the New York City borough of Queens ) are the first Hispanic sextuplets to be born in America . It is not known if their parents , Victor and Digna Carpio , conceived using fertility treatments . The babies ( Justin , Jadon , Jezreel , Danelia , Genesis , and Joel ) were delivered by Caesarean section at 25 weeks . They were the subject of a reality television show , Sextuplets Take New York . </Li> <Li> The Conway sextuplets ( born on May 22 , 2009 ) in Dunmore in County Tyrone , Northern Ireland were the first recorded sextuplets in Ireland . The four girls and two boys weighed between 1 lb. , 7 oz. and 2 lb. , 2 oz. were fourteen weeks premature and were named Ursula , Shannon , Karla , Kerrie ( died July 20 , 2009 ) , Austin and Eoghan . </Li> <Li> On March 4 , 2013 , the first sextuplets in Trinidad and Tobago and the Caribbean were born at the Maternity Hospital of the Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex at Mount Hope , Trinidad and Tobago to an anonymous Trinidadian couple . Two of them died a few weeks later . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Septuplets ( 7 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The Frustaci septuplets ( born May 21 , 1985 , in Orange , California ) were the first septuplets to be born in the United States . Born at 28 weeks , only two boys and one girl survived ; one daughter was stillborn and three died within 19 days of birth . </Li> <Li> The McCaughey septuplets ( born November 19 , 1997 , in Des Moines , Iowa ) were the world 's first surviving set of septuplets . The four boys ( Kenneth Jr. , Brandon , Nathan , and Joel ) and three girls ( Alexis , Natalie , and Kelsey ) were born at 31 weeks , weighing between 2 lbs. 5 oz. and 3 lbs 4 oz . In 2016 , they became the first set of septuplets to reach maturity . </Li> <Li> The Humair septuplets ( born January 14 , 1998 , in Abha , Saudi Arabia ) were the world 's second surviving set of septuplets . They were born at 32 weeks to 40 - year - old Hasna Mohammed Humair and her husband , Abdullah Mohammed Ali . They had been told to expect four babies . </Li> <Li> The Qahtani septuplets ( born July 12 , 2001 , in Washington , D.C. ) are the fourth set of septuplets to live past infancy . In December 2001 , it was reported that one of the septuplets had died of liver failure and three were still hospitalized . </Li> <Li> A set of septuplets were born on April 18 , 2007 , in a suburb of Algiers , Algeria to Farhat and Souhila Touile . One of the babies , a boy , was stillborn ; the remaining six are girls . </Li> <Li> The Khamis septuplets ( born August 16 , 2008 , in Alexandria , Egypt ) were born to 27 - year - old Ghazala Khamis . They were the fifth set of septuplets to all survive . The newborns , four boys and three girls , had been placed in incubators in four different hospitals since they were premature . The babies ' weights ranged from 1.45 to 2.8 kilograms ( 3.2 to 6.2 lb ) . The mother took fertility drugs in order to produce a son , since she already had three daughters . </Li> <Li> The McGhee septuplets ( born June 9 , 2010 , in Columbus , Ohio ) were born to Mia and Rozonno McGhee at 27 weeks . One girl was stillborn . The other two girls ( Olivia and Madison ) and the four boys ( Rozonno Jr. , Elijah , Isaac , and Josiah ) weighed between 1.5 lb. to a fraction over 2 lbs . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Octuplets ( 8 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The first confirmed birth of octuplets occurred on March 10 , 1967 , in Mexico City , Mexico to Maria Teresa López de Sepulveda . All four boys and four girls died within 13 hours . </Li> <Li> A set of octuplets were born on August 16 , 1979 , to Pasqualina and Stefano Chianese in Naples , Italy . Six of the babies died and two survived . The couple had previously lost a set of sextuplets in 1976 . </Li> <Li> A set of octuplets were born on December 20 , 1985 , to Sevil Capan of İzmir , Turkey . Born prematurely at 28 weeks , six of the octuplets died within 12 hours of birth , and the remaining two died within three days . </Li> <Li> A set of octuplets were born between September 30 and October 2 , 1996 , in a hospital in South London , United Kingdom to Mandy Allwood of Solihull . Allwood was only 19 weeks pregnant when she went into pre-term labor with her six boys ( Adam , Cassius , Donald , Kypros , Martyn , and Nelson ) and two girls ( Layne and Kitali ) . None of her octuplets survived . She had refused selective reduction and her case provoked a media storm in the UK . </Li> <Li> A set of octuplets were born on December 5 , 1996 , in Huelva , Spain to Rosario Clavijo . Two of them were stillborn and six survived . </Li> <Li> The Chukwu octuplets were born in December 1998 in Houston , Texas , United States . The smallest of the octuplets , Odera , died a week after birth . </Li> <Li> A set of octuplets were born between September 13 and September 16 , 2000 , in Milan , Italy to Mariella Mazzara and Giovanni Pierrera of Trapani . One died immediately after birth , two within a few days of birth , and the oldest , Margherita , died a month later on October 10 . </Li> <Li> On January 26 , 2009 , the Suleman octuplets were born in Bellflower , California , United States . One week after birth , the Suleman octuplets became the longest - living octuplets in known history . The children 's names are Noah , Maliyah , Isaiah , Nariyah , Makai , Josiah , Jeremiah and Jonah . They were conceived through IVF . They have six older siblings , including a set of fraternal twins . They are the first octuplets known to survive their infancy . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Nonuplets ( 9 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> A set of nonuplets were born on June 13 , 1971 , in Sydney , Australia to Geraldine Brodrick . They were five boys and four girls ; two of the boys were stillborn and the last of the babies died six days after birth . </Li> <Li> A set of nonuplets were born on March 26 , 1999 , in Malaysia to Zurina Mat Saad . She had five boys and four girls ( Adam , Nuh , Idris , Soleh , Hud , Aishah , Khadijah , Fatimah , and Umi Kalsom ) , but none of them survived more than 6 hours . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of people with the most children </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Aldwell , Alexander . Cork Post Office General Directory , 1884 - 5 ( PDF ) . F. Jackson . p. 156 . Jane Smith , a fisherman 's wife in Kinsale , had four boys at a birth </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Times ( London , England ) '' ( 1636 ) . 2 March 1790 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Samson , Jennifer . `` Quadruplets '' . Facts About Multiples . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2009 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` City of Redwater , Texas '' . Redwater Texas . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ De Leon , J. ( 1891 ) . `` Remarkable Fecundity '' . Columbus Medical Journal . 9 : 19 -- 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Roberta Keys Torn Obituary '' . Houston Chronicle . August 21 , 2011 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sell , Bronwyn . ( May 26 , 2007 ) . `` Plunket , a caring society . '' The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World 's oldest surviving quads celebrate their 80th '' . itv.com . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Badgett Quadruplet of Galveston dies '' . Houston Chronicle . November 9 , 2002 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ahearn , Lorraine ( August 4 , 2002 ) . `` And then there was one '' . The News & Record . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McLagan , Greg ( March 31 , 2009 ) . `` Birthing at Bellingen River District Hospital '' . Courier - Sun . Bellingen , NSW . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harrison , Anna ( October 4 , 2007 ) . `` Quads are still bubbling '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved October 5 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fortney , Valerie ( August 18 , 2007 ) . `` Steeves quadruplets all grown up Archived November 23 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . The Calgary Herald . Retrieved October 15 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Quads will get lifetime of attention : grown quads '' . CTV News . August 25 , 2007 . Retrieved October 15 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levy , Paul ( August 18 , 2007 ) . `` The Durst Quadruplets : Four at fourteen Archived November 13 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lorenzo Brino '' . The Internet Movie Database . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pepin , Rebecca ( May 5 , 2004 ) . `` Mathias quads at 4 - years - old '' . WISTV . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Segal , Nancy L. ( 2006 ) . `` SuperQuads : A Day in the Life '' . Twin Research and Human Genetics 9 ( 4 ) : 609 -- 614 . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Matroo , Carol ( November 9 , 2006 ) . `` Mom gives birth to quadruplets : Four bouncing baby girls ! '' . The Trinidad Guardian . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PreemieCare - RSV ( Respiratory syncytial virus ) Awareness & Prevention '' . preemiecare.org . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shooting with quadruplets '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Lyon Quintuplets </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright , Cynthia . ( 1994 ) . They Were Five : The Dionne Quintuplets Revisited Archived 2009 - 02 - 13 at the Wayback Machine ... Journal of Canadian Studies , 29 ( 4 ) , , 5 - 14 . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Pride of Aberdeen . '' ( September 27 , 1963 ) . Time . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Diagram of combination Archived July 20 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whalen , J. ( January 21 , 2005 ) . `` Quintuplet Facts Archived August 19 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tawhiao , Carly ( 10 September 2009 ) . `` Quins ' gran hits 100 '' . Western Leader ( via Stuff.co.nz ) . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . 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Paris Match 1544 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Geologist is Introduced to Life Sciences '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Granata Quints with Oprah on YouTube '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nation 's first Black Quints , now 17 , attend high school prom Archived 2007 - 11 - 23 at the Wayback Machine ... '' ( May 7 , 2001 ) . Jet . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jones , Lisa C. ( October 1993 ) . `` The Gaither quints grow up - quintuplets ' tenth birthday Archived 2007 - 11 - 23 at the Wayback Machine ... '' Ebony . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` At 17 , Indiana quintuplets back in spotlight at prom . '' ( April 16 , 2001 ) . The Enquirer . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hatrash , Hasan. ( April 12 , 2007 ) . `` Quintuplets Eyeing Scholarships to Fulfill Dreams . '' Arab News . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 4 ) . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cassidy , John . 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Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rebecca Smith , Medical Editor ( 15 November 2007 ) . `` First quintuplets born in Britain for 10 years '' . Telegraph.co.uk . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Russian quintuplets saved by British experts '' . Mail Online . 17 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How faith kept my quintuplets alive , says Russian mum '' . Mail Online . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Russian Quintuplets born in the UK doing well '' . RT International . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mom Gives Birth To Czech Republic 's First Quintuplets '' . Huffington Post . June 2 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Check out my bump ! Czech mother , 23 , shows off her bulging belly as she prepares to give birth to country 's first naturally conceived QUINTUPLETS '' . Daily Mail . London . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steve White ( 30 May 2013 ) . `` Alexandra Kinova : Mum expecting quintuplets without using IVF at odds of 50 million to one '' . mirror . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Texas Woman Gives Birth to First Set of All - Girl Quintuplets in U.S. '' KTLA . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ABC News . `` Texas Hospital Welcomes First All - Girl Quintuplets Ever Born in US '' . ABC News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1968 : Birth of sextuplets stuns Britain . '' ( n.d. ) . On This Day . Retrieved November 13 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sextuplets / England . '' ( October 2 , 1968 ) . CBS Evening News . Retrieved November 13 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2d of the Sextuplets Is Dead in Birmingham . '' ( October 14 , 1968 ) . The New York Times . Retrieved November 13 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Third British Sextuplet Dies . '' ( October 23 , 1968 ) . The New York Times . 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Retrieved January 27 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://blog.al.com/birmingham-news-stories/2009/11/harris_sextuplets_of_alabama_g.html Kaleb has slight nerve damage to his mouth , and Kiera and Kyle have autism </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.harrissextuplets.net/extreme.shtml Extreme Makeover Pictures </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Harris sextuplets , mayor 's homes up for preservation group 's tour '' . AL.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Farr , Gary . ( May 10 , 2004 ) . `` Gives Birth To Sextuplets Archived September 29 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gosselin Sextuplets To Turn 1 Archived 2007 - 05 - 17 at the Wayback Machine ... '' ( May 7 , 2005 ) . WGAL.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DeNicola , Linda . ( September 21 , 2004 ) . `` Police officer and wife celebrating sextuplet Archived July 3 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' News Transcript . 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About.com Health . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/Second-sextuplet-dies-203515681.html '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/Region_s_first_sextuplets_due_next_month-190308901.html '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/SIX_IN_ONE_SHOT-195197121.html '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,174381.html '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Septuplets heartache : the Frustaci story Archived June 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' ( November 20 , 1997 ) . CNN.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Septuplets survive ' miracle ' birth Archived November 23 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' ( November 19 , 1997 ) . CNN.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` McCaughey septuplets get an agent . '' ( December 10 , 1997 ) . CNN.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` McCaughey septuplets turn 1 Archived October 20 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' ( November 18 , 1998 ) . CNN.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Saudi septuplets cause hospital bed shortage . '' ( March 1 , 1998 ) . BBC News . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mother of Saudi septuplets reaches pact with hospital Archived September 28 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' ( March 6 , 1998 ) . Hannibal Courier - Post . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Doctor optimistic about octuplets . '' ( December 22 , 1998 ) . CNN.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hodge , Georgina . ( July 17 , 2001 ) . `` Father of septuplets thanks God for new arrivals Archived September 29 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Irish Examiner . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stolberg , Sheryl Gay . ( July 14 , 2001 ) . `` Septuplets Born in Capital Are Third Set in the World . '' The New York Times . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Septuplets given ' 95 percent ' chance Archived October 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' ( July 16 , 2001 ) . CNN.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` One of Qahtani septuplets dies . '' ( December 26 , 2001 ) . Arab News . Retrieved February 15 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Algerian woman gives birth to septuplets Archived September 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' ( April 23 , 2007 ) . Daily Times . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Algerian woman gives birth to septuplets Archived June 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' ( April 19 , 2007 ) . Monsters and Critics . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) '' Una mujer argelina da a luz a siete bebés . '' ( April 20 , 2007 ) . El Mundo . Retrieved November 13 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` www.cnn.com Egyptian woman gives birth to septuplets . '' Retrieved August 16 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` www.kansascity.com Hospital : Egyptian woman gives birth to septuplets . '' Retrieved August 16 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` First Set Of Sextuplets Born At OSU Medical Center '' . WBNS - 10TV Columbus , Ohio . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 29 ... `` Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Trillion - to - One Chance . '' ( Mar. 17 , 1967 ) . Time . Retrieved June 30 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Octuplets Born in Mexico City . '' ( March 11 , 1967 ) . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Last of Octuplets Dead in Mexico . '' ( March 12 , 1967 ) . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Italian Woman Gives Birth to 8 , but one Dies . '' ( August 17 , 1979 ) . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Italian Octuplet Goes Home . '' ( November 4 , 1979 ) . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Italy / Octuplets . '' ( August 16 , 1979 ) . ABC Evening News . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Italy / Octuplets . '' ( August 17 , 1979 ) . ABC Evening News . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Italy / Octuplets . '' ( August 30 , 1979 ) . NBC Evening News . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Babineck , Mark . ( December 21 , 1998 ) . `` Woman gives birth to first known surviving octuplets Archived September 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Abilene Reporter - News . Retrieved June 30 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hall , Celia & King , Tim . ( October 3 , 1996 ) . `` Mandy Allwood loses all eight of her babies . '' The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved June 30 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spanish Sextuplets Born 10 Weeks Early . '' ( December 6 , 1996 ) . The New York Times . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chukwu octuplets greet new year in critical but stable condition . '' ( January 1 , 1999 ) . CNN.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sicilian mother gives birth to octuplets Archived November 23 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' ( September 17 , 2000 ) . CNN.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` First born octuplet is fourth to die Archived October 4 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' ( October 10 , 2000 ) . CNN.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - Americas - US woman gives birth to octuplets '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Octuplets born in Bellflower ( UPDATED ) '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Octuplets mom gets TV , book offers to tell story , San Francisco Chronicle , February 2 , 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ' Octomom ' Nadya Suleman 's octuplets celebrate 3rd birthday , By Alan Zarembo , January 26 , 2012 , Los Angeles Times </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australian Woman Gives Birth to Nine , Seven of Them Alive . '' ( June 13 , 1971 ) . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 4 Still Survive in Birth of 9 . '' ( June 14 , 1971 ) . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Last of the Nonuplets Dies at Sydney Hospital . '' ( June 20 , 1971 ) . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pinchuk , Stacey . ( 2000 ). A Difficult Choice in a Different Voice : Multiple Births , Selective Reduction and Abortion . Duke Journal of Gender Law & Policy , 7 , p. 29 . Retrieved June 30 , 2007 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_multiple_births&oldid=856715848 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Multiple births </Li> <Li> Lists of groups with specific numbers of members </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL </Li> <Li> CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty </Li> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list </Li> <Li> Articles with Italian - language external links </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from January 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with Spanish - language external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from May 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 03 : 34 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Adipocyte - wikipedia <H1> Adipocyte </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Adipocyte </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Yellow adipose tissue in paraffin section </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latin </Th> <Td> adipocytus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Code </Th> <Td> TH H2. 00.03. 0.01005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Adipocytes , also known as lipocytes and fat cells , are the cells that primarily compose adipose tissue , specialized in storing energy as fat . Adipocytes are derived from mesenchymal stem cells which give rise to adipocytes , osteoblasts , myocytes and other cell types . </P> <P> There are two types of adipose tissue , white adipose tissue ( WAT ) and brown adipose tissue ( BAT ) , which are also known as white fat and brown fat , respectively , and comprise two types of fat cells . Most recently , the presence of beige adipocytes with a gene expression pattern distinct from either white or brown adipocytes has been described . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 White fat cells ( unilocular cells ) </Li> <Li> 2 Brown fat cells ( multilocular cells ) </Li> <Li> 3 Marrow fat cells ( unilocular cells ) </Li> <Li> 4 Lineage </Li> <Li> 5 Cell turnover </Li> <Li> 6 Adipocyte adaptation </Li> <Li> 7 Endocrine functions </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> White fat cells ( unilocular cells ) ( edit ) </H2> Illustration depicting white adipose cells . <P> White fat cells or monovacuolar cells contain a large lipid droplet surrounded by a layer of cytoplasm . The nucleus is flattened and located on the periphery . A typical fat cell is 0.1 mm in diameter with some being twice that size and others half that size . The fat stored is in a semi-liquid state , and is composed primarily of triglycerides and cholesteryl ester . White fat cells secrete many proteins acting as adipokines such as resistin , adiponectin , leptin and apelin . An average human adult has 30 billion fat cells with a weight of 30 lbs or 13.5 kg . If excess weight is gained as an adult , fat cells increase in size about fourfold before dividing and increasing the absolute number of fat cells present . </P> <H2> Brown fat cells ( multilocular cells ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> Brown fat cells or plurivacuolar cells are polygonal in shape . Unlike white fat cells , these cells have considerable cytoplasm , with lipid droplets scattered throughout . The nucleus is round , and , although eccentrically located , it is not in the periphery of the cell . The brown color comes from the large quantity of mitochondria . Brown fat , also known as `` baby fat , '' is used to generate heat . </P> <H2> Marrow fat cells ( unilocular cells ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> Marrow adipocytes , like brown and white adipocytes , are derived from mesenchymal stem cells . The marrow adipose tissue depot is poorly understood in terms of its physiologic function and relevance to bone health . Marrow adipose tissue expands in states of low bone density but additionally expands in the setting of obesity ; . Interestingly , marrow adipose tissue response to exercise approximates that of WAT exercise reduces both adipocyte size as well as MAT volume as quantified by MRI or μCT imaging of bone stained with the lipid binder osmium . </P> <H2> Lineage ( edit ) </H2> <P> Pre-adipocytes are undifferentiated fibroblasts that can be stimulated to form adipocytes . Recent studies shed light into potential molecular mechanisms in the fate determination of pre-adipocytes although the exact lineage of adipocyte is still unclear . The variation of body fat distribution resulting from normal growth is influenced by nutritional and hormonal status in dependence on intrinsic differences in cells found in each adipose depot . </P> <P> Mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into adipocytes , connective tissue , muscle or bone . </P> <P> The term `` lipoblast '' is used to describe the precursor of the adult cell . The term `` lipoblastoma '' is used to describe a tumor of this cell type . </P> <H2> Cell turnover ( edit ) </H2> <P> Even after marked weight loss , the body never loses adipocytes . As a rule , to facilitate changes in weight , the adipocytes in the body merely gain or lose fat content . However , if the adipocytes in the body reach their maximum capacity of fat , they may replicate to allow additional fat storage . </P> <P> Adult rats of various strains became obese when they were fed a highly palatable diet for several months . Analysis of their adipose tissue morphology revealed increases in both adipocyte size and number in most depots . Reintroduction of an ordinary chow diet to such animals precipitated a period of weight loss during which only mean adipocyte size returned to normal . Adipocyte number remained at the elevated level achieved during the period of weight gain . </P> <P> In some reports and textbooks , the number of adipocytes can increase in childhood and adolescence , though the amount is usually constant in adults . Interestingly , individuals who become obese as adults , rather than as adolescents , have no more adipocytes than they had before . </P> <P> People who have been fat since childhood generally have an inflated number of fat cells . People who become fat as adults may have no more fat cells than their lean peers , but their fat cells are larger . In general , people with an excess of fat cells find it harder to lose weight and keep it off than the obese who simply have enlarged fat cells . </P> <P> According to research by Tchoukalova et al. , 2010 , body fat cells could have regional responses to the overfeeding that was studied in adult subjects . In the upper body , an increase of adipocyte size correlated with upper - body fat gain ; however , the number of fat cells was not significantly changed . In contrast to the upper body fat cell response , the number of lower - body adipocytes did significantly increase during the course of experiment . Notably , there was no change in the size of the lower - body adipocytes . </P> <P> Approximately 10 % of fat cells are renewed annually at all adult ages and levels of body mass index without a significant increase in the overall number of adipocytes in adulthood . </P> <H2> Adipocyte adaptation ( edit ) </H2> <P> Obesity is characterized by the expansion of fat mass , through adipocyte size increase ( hypertrophy ) and , to a lesser extent , cell proliferation ( hyperplasia ) . In the fat cells of obese individuals , there is increased production of metabolism modulators , such as glycerol , hormones , and pro-inflammatory cytokines , leading to the development of insulin resistance . </P> <P> Fat production in adipocytes is strongly stimulated by insulin . By controlling the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase and the acetyl - CoA carboxylase enzymes , insulin promotes unsaturated fatty acid synthesis . It also promotes glucose uptake and induces SREBF1 , which activates the transcription of genes that stimulate lipogenesis . </P> <P> SREBF1 ( sterol regulatory element - binding transcription factor 1 ) is a transcription factor synthesized as an inactive precursor protein inserted into the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) membrane by two membrane - spanning helices . Also anchored in the ER membrane is SCAP ( SREBF - cleavage activating protein ) , which binds SREBF1 . The SREBF1 - SCAP complex is retained in the ER membrane by INSIG1 ( insulin - induced gene 1 protein ) . When sterol levels are depleted , INSIG1 releases SCAP and the SREBF1 - SCAP complex can be sorted into COPII - coated transport vesicles that are exported to the Golgi . In the Golgi , SREBF1 is cleaved and released as a transcriptionally active mature protein . It is then free to translocate to the nucleus and activate the expression of its target genes . </P> Proteolytic activation of SREBF - controlled lipid biosynthesis . <P> </P> <P> Clinical studies have repeatedly shown that even though insulin resistance is usually associated with obesity , the membrane phospholipids of the adipocytes of obese patients generally still show an increased degree of fatty acid unsaturation . This seems to point to an adaptive mechanism that allows the adipocyte to maintain its functionality , despite the increased storage demands associated with obesity and insulin resistance . </P> <P> A study conducted in 2013 found that , while INSIG1 and SREBF1 mRNA expression was decreased in the adipose tissue of obese mice and humans , the amount of active SREBF1 was increased in comparison with normal mice and non-obese patients . This downregulation of INSIG1 expression combined with the increase of mature SREBF1 was also correlated with the maintenance of SREBF1 - target gene expression . Hence , it appears that , by downregulating INSIG1 , there is a resetting of the INSIG1 / SREBF1 loop , allowing for the maintenance of active SREBF1 levels . This seems to help compensate for the anti-lipogenic effects of insulin resistance and thus preserve adipocyte fat storage abilities and availability of appropriate levels of fatty acid unsaturation in face of the nutritional pressures of obesity . </P> <H2> Endocrine functions ( edit ) </H2> <P> Adipocytes can synthesize estrogens from androgens , potentially being the reason why being underweight or overweight are risk factors for infertility . Additionally , adipocytes are responsible for the production of the hormone leptin . Leptin is important in regulation of appetite and acts as a satiety factor . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Birbrair , Alexander ; Zhang , Tan ; Wang , Zhong - Min ; Messi , Maria Laura ; Enikolopov , Grigori N. ; Mintz , Akiva ; Delbono , Osvaldo ( 2013 - 03 - 21 ) . `` Role of Pericytes in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration and Fat Accumulation '' . Stem Cells and Development . 22 ( 16 ) : 2298 -- 2314 . ISSN 1547 - 3287 . PMC 3730538 . PMID 23517218 . doi : 10.1089 / scd. 2012.0647 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pool , Robert ( 2001 ) . Fat : fighting the obesity epidemic . Oxford ( Oxfordshire ) : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511853 - 7 . Template : Incorrect citation </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Styner , Maya ; Pagnotti , Gabriel M. ; McGrath , Cody ; Wu , Xin ; Sen , Buer ; Uzer , Gunes ; Xie , Zhihui ; Zong , Xiaopeng ; Styner , Martin A. ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) . `` Exercise Decreases Marrow Adipose Tissue Through ß - Oxidation in Obese Running Mice '' . Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : The Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research . ISSN 1523 - 4681 . PMID 28436105 . doi : 10.1002 / jbmr. 3159 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pagnotti , Gabriel M. ; Styner , Maya ( 2016 ) . `` Exercise Regulation of Marrow Adipose Tissue '' . Frontiers in Endocrinology. 7 : 94 . ISSN 1664 - 2392 . PMC 4943947 . PMID 27471493 . doi : 10.3389 / fendo. 2016.00094 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Styner , Maya ; Pagnotti , Gabriel M. ; Galior , Kornelia ; Wu , Xin ; Thompson , William R. ; Uzer , Gunes ; Sen , Buer ; Xie , Zhihui ; Horowitz , Mark C. ( August 2015 ) . `` Exercise Regulation of Marrow Fat in the Setting of PPARγ Agonist Treatment in Female C57BL / 6 Mice '' . Endocrinology. 156 ( 8 ) : 2753 -- 2761 . ISSN 1945 - 7170 . PMC 4511140 . PMID 26052898 . doi : 10.1210 / en. 2015 - 1213 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Styner , Maya ; Thompson , William R. ; Galior , Kornelia ; Uzer , Gunes ; Wu , Xin ; Kadari , Sanjay ; Case , Natasha ; Xie , Zhihui ; Sen , Buer ( July 2014 ) . `` Bone marrow fat accumulation accelerated by high fat diet is suppressed by exercise '' . Bone. 64 : 39 -- 46 . ISSN 1873 - 2763 . PMC 4041820 . PMID 24709686 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bone. 2014.03. 044 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Scientists closer to finding what causes the birth of a fat cell '' . ScienceDaily . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coskun , Huseyin ; Summerfield , Taryn LS ; Kniss , Douglas A ; Friedman , Avner ( 2010 ) . `` Mathematical modeling of preadipocyte fate determination '' . Journal of Theoretical Biology . 265 ( 1 ) : 87 -- 94 . PMID 20385145 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jtbi. 2010.03. 047 ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fried SK , Lee MJ , Karastergiou K ( 2015 ) . `` Shaping fat distribution : New insights into the molecular determinants of depot - and sex - dependent adipose biology '' . Obesity ( Silver Spring , Md . ) ( Review ) . 23 ( 7 ) : 1345 -- 52 . PMC 4687449 . PMID 26054752 . doi : 10.1002 / oby. 21133 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hong , Ran ; Choi , Dong - Youl ; Do , Nam - Yong ; Lim , Sung - Chul ( 2008 ) . `` Fine - needle aspiration cytology of a lipoblastoma : A case report '' . Diagnostic Cytopathology. 36 ( 7 ) : 508 -- 11 . PMID 18528880 . doi : 10.1002 / dc. 20826 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Faust , IM. ; Johnson , PR ; Stern , JR ; Hirsch , J ( 1978 ) . `` Diet - induced adipocyte number increase in adult rats : a new model of obesity '' . Am J Physiol. 235 ( 3 ) : 279 -- 96 . PMID 696822 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Spalding , K.L. ; Arner , E. ; Westermark , P.L.O. ; Bernard , S. ; Buchholz , B.A. ; Bergmann , O. ; Blomqvist , L. ; Hoffstedt , J. ; Näslund , E. ; Britton , T. ; Concha , H. ; Hassan , M. ; Rydén , M. ; Frisén , J. ; Arner , P. ( 2008 ) . `` Dynamics of fat cell turnover in humans '' . Nature . 453 ( 7196 ) : 783 -- 787 . PMID 18454136 . doi : 10.1038 / nature06902 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pool , Robert ( 2001 ) . Fat : fighting the obesity epidemic . Oxford ( Oxfordshire ) : Oxford University Press . p. 68 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511853 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tchoukalova , YD. ; Votruba , SB ; Tchkonia , T. ; Giorgadze , N. ; Kirkland , JL. ; Jensen , MD. ( 2010 ) . `` Regional differences in cellular mechanisms of adipose tissue gain with overfeeding '' . PNAS. 107 ( 42 ) : 18226 -- 31 . PMC 2964201 . PMID 20921416 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1005259107 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blüher , M ( 2009 ) . `` Adipose Tissue Dysfunction in Obesity '' . Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 117 ( 6 ) : 241 -- 50 . PMID 19358089 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 0029 - 1192044 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kahn , SE ; Hull , RL ; Utzschneider , KM ( 2006 ) . `` Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes '' . Nature . 444 ( 7121 ) : 840 -- 46 . PMID 17167471 . doi : 10.1038 / nature05482 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kahn , BB ; Flier , JS ( 2000 ) . `` Obesity and insulin resistance . '' . J Clin Invest . 106 ( 4 ) : 473 -- 81 . PMC 380258 . PMID 10953022 . doi : 10.1172 / JCI10842 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rawson , RB ( 2003 ) . `` The SREBP pathway -- insights from Insigs and insects '' . Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 4 ( 8 ) : 631 -- 40 . PMID 12923525 . doi : 10.1038 / nrm1174 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Carobbio , S ; Hagen , RM ; Lelliot , CJ ; Slawik , M ; Medina - Gomez , G ; Tan , CY ( 2013 ) . `` Adaptive changes of the Insig1 / SREBP1 / SCD1 set point help adipose tissue to cope with increased storage demands of obesity '' . Diabetes. 62 ( 11 ) : 3697 -- 708 . PMID 23919961 . doi : 10.2337 / db12 - 1748 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nelson , Linda R. ; Bulun , Serdar E. ( 2001 ) . `` Estrogen production and action ☆ '' . Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 45 ( 3 ) : S116 -- 24 . PMID 11511861 . doi : 10.1067 / mjd. 2001.117432 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.protectyourfertility.com/femalerisks.html Archived September 22 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . FERTILITY FACT > Female Risks By the American Society for Reproductive Medicine ( ASRM ) . Retrieved on Jan 4 , 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Klok , M.D. ; Jakobsdottir , S. ; Drent , M.L. ( 2006 ) . `` The role of leptin and ghrelin in the regulation of food intake and body weight in humans : a review '' . The International Association for the Study of Obesity . obesity reviews . 8 ( 1 ) : 12 -- 34 . PMID 17212793 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 789X. 2006.00270. x . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Histology image : 08201loa -- Histology Learning System at Boston University -- `` Connective Tissue : unilocular ( white ) adipocytes '' </Li> <Li> Histology image : 04901lob -- Histology Learning System at Boston University -- `` Connective Tissue : multilocular ( brown ) adipocytes '' </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Connective tissue </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Physiology </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Soft tissue </Li> <Li> Fibrosis </Li> <Li> Scarring </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composition </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Cells </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Resident </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fibroblast </Li> <Li> Fibrocyte </Li> <Li> Reticular cell </Li> <Li> Tendon cell </Li> <Li> Adipocyte </Li> <Li> Melanocyte </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wandering cells </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mast cell </Li> <Li> Macrophage </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Extracellular matrix </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Ground substance </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tissue fluid </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fibers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Collagen fibers </Li> <Li> Reticular fibers <Ul> <Li> COL3A1 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Elastic fibers <Ul> <Li> Elastin </Li> <Li> Fibrillin </Li> <Li> FBN1 <Ul> <Li> FBN2 </Li> <Li> FBN3 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> EMILIN1 </Li> <Li> Elaunin </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Classification </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Proper </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Loose </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Reticular </Li> <Li> Adipose <Ul> <Li> Brown </Li> <Li> White </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dense </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dense irregular connective tissue <Ul> <Li> Submucosa </Li> <Li> Dermis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dense regular connective tissue <Ul> <Li> Ligament </Li> <Li> Tendon </Li> <Li> Aponeurosis </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Embryonic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mucoid </Li> <Li> Mesenchymal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Specialized </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cartilage </Li> <Li> Bone </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Cells in humans derived from mesoderm </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Paraxial </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Mesenchymal stem cell </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Osteochondroprogenitor cell </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bone ( Osteoblast → Osteocyte ) </Li> <Li> Cartilage ( Chondroblast → Chondrocyte ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Myofibroblast </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fat <Ul> <Li> Lipoblast → Adipocyte </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Muscle <Ul> <Li> Myoblast → Myocyte </Li> <Li> Myosatellite cell </Li> <Li> Tendon cell </Li> <Li> Cardiac muscle cell </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Other <Ul> <Li> Fibroblast → Fibrocyte </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Digestive system <Ul> <Li> Interstitial cell of Cajal </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Intermediate </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Renal stem cell </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Angioblast → Endothelial cell </Li> <Li> Mesangial cell <Ul> <Li> Intraglomerular </Li> <Li> Extraglomerular </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Juxtaglomerular cell </Li> <Li> Macula densa cell </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Stromal cell → Interstitial cell → Telocytes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Simple epithelial cell → Podocyte </Li> <Li> Kidney proximal tubule brush border cell </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reproductive system </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sertoli cell </Li> <Li> Leydig cell </Li> <Li> Granulosa cell </Li> <Li> Peg cell </Li> <Li> germ cells <Ul> <Li> spermatozoon </Li> <Li> ovum </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lateral plate / hemangioblast </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Hematopoietic stem cell </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lymphoid <Ul> <Li> Lymphoblast </Li> <Li> see lymphocytes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Myeloid <Ul> <Li> CFU - GEMM </Li> <Li> see myeloid cells </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Circulatory system </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Endothelial progenitor cell </Li> <Li> Endothelial colony forming cell </Li> <Li> Endothelial stem cell </Li> <Li> Angioblast / Mesoangioblast </Li> <Li> Pericyte </Li> <Li> Mural cell </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GND : 4154243 - 5 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adipocyte&oldid=801266588 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Sequestering cells </Li> <Li> Human cells </Li> <Li> Connective tissue cells </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2013 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Bosanski </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 17 : 49 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Mayflower - wikipedia <H1> Mayflower </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other ships , see Mayflower ( ship ) . For other uses , see Mayflower ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor by William Halsall ( 1882 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Name : </Td> <Td> Mayflower </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Owner : </Td> <Td> Christopher Jones ( 1⁄4 of the ship ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maiden voyage : </Td> <Td> Before 1609 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Out of service : </Td> <Td> 1622 -- 1624 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fate : </Td> <Td> most likely taken apart by Rotherhithe shipbreaker c. 1624 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> General characteristics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Class and type : </Td> <Td> Dutch cargo fluyt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tonnage : </Td> <Td> 180 tons + </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Length : </Td> <Td> c. 80 -- 90 ft ( 24 -- 27.5 m ) on deck , 100 -- 110 ft ( 30 -- 33.5 m ) overall . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Decks : </Td> <Td> Around 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Capacity : </Td> <Td> Unknown , but carried c. 135 people during the historical voyage to what they would call Plymouth Colony </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Mayflower was an English ship that famously transported the first English Puritans , known today as the Pilgrims , from Plymouth , England to the New World in 1620 . There were 102 passengers , and the crew is estimated to have been about 30 , but the exact number is unknown . This voyage has become an iconic story in some of the earliest annals of American history , with its story of death and of survival in the harsh New England winter environment . The culmination of the voyage in the signing of the Mayflower Compact was an event which established a rudimentary form of democracy , with each member contributing to the welfare of the community . There was a second ship named Mayflower that made the London to Plymouth , Massachusetts voyage several times . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Mayflower structure and layout <Ul> <Li> 1.1 General layout <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Main deck </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 Gun deck </Li> <Li> 1.1. 3 Gun deck armament </Li> <Li> 1.1. 4 Cargo hold </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Early history </Li> <Li> 3 Voyage <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Speedwell and Mayflower </Li> <Li> 3.2 Mayflower sets sail </Li> <Li> 3.3 Arrival in America </Li> <Li> 3.4 First winter </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Passengers </Li> <Li> 5 Mayflower officers , crew , and others <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Crew members per various sources </Li> <Li> 5.2 Officers and crew </Li> <Li> 5.3 Known Mayflower seamen </Li> <Li> 5.4 Unidentified passenger </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Later history </Li> <Li> 7 Second Mayflower </Li> <Li> 8 Place in history </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 Further reading </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Mayflower structure and layout </H2> <P> The Pilgrim ship Mayflower was square - rigged and beak - bowed with high , castle - like structures fore and aft that served to protect the ship 's crew and the main deck from the elements -- designs that were typical with English merchant ships of the early 17th century . Her stern carried a 30 - foot high , square aft - castle which made the ship extremely difficult to sail against the wind and unable to sail well against the North Atlantic 's prevailing westerlies , especially in the fall and winter of 1620 , and the voyage from England to America took more than two months as a result . The Mayflower 's return trip to London in April -- May 1621 took less than half that time , with the same strong winds now blowing in the direction of the voyage . </P> <P> No dimensions of her hull can be stated exactly , since this was many years before such measurements were standardized . She probably measured about 100 feet ( 30 m ) in length from the forward end at the beak of her prow to the tip of her stern superstructure aft . She was about 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) at her widest point , with the bottom of her keel about 12 feet ( 3.6 m ) below the waterline . William Bradford estimated that Mayflower had a cargo capacity of 180 tons . Surviving records from that time indicate that she could certainly accommodate 180 casks of wine in her cargo hold . The casks were great barrels holding hundreds of gallons of claret wine each . </P> <P> This was a ship that traditionally was heavily armed while on trading routes around Europe , due to the possibility of encountering pirates and privateers of all types . And with its armament , the ship and crew could easily be conscripted by the English monarch at any time in case of conflict with other nations . By 1620 , the Mayflower was aging , nearing the end of the usual 15 - year working life of an English merchant ship in that era . </P> <H3> General layout </H3> <P> The general layout of the ship was as follows : </P> <Ul> <Li> Three masts : mizzen ( aft ) , main ( midship ) , and fore , and also a spritsail in the bow area . </Li> <Li> Three primary levels : main deck , gun deck , and cargo hold . </Li> </Ul> Main deck <P> Aft on the main deck in the stern was the cabin for Master Christopher Jones , measuring about ten by seven feet ( 3 m × 2.1 m ) . Forward of that was the steerage room , which housed a whipstaff ( tiller extension ) for sailing control ; not a wheel , as in later ships . Also here was the ship 's compass and probably also berths for the ship 's officers . Forward of the steerage room was the capstan , a vertical axle used to pull in ropes or cables . Far forward on the main deck , just aft of the bow , was the forecastle space where the ship 's cook prepared meals for the crew ; it may also have been where the ship 's sailors slept . </P> <P> The poop deck was above the cabin of Master Jones , on the ship 's highest level above the stern on the aft castle . The poop house was on this deck , which may have been for passengers ' use either for sleeping or cargo . On normal merchant ships , this space was probably a chart room or a cabin for the master 's mates . </P> Gun deck <P> The gun deck was where the passengers resided during the voyage , in a space measuring about 50 by 25 feet ( 15.2 m × 7.6 m ) with a five - foot ( 1.5 m ) overhead ( ceiling ) . But it was also a dangerous place in conflict , as it had port and starboard gun ports from which cannon could be run out to fire on the enemy . The gun room was in the stern area of the gun deck , to which passengers had no access due to it being the storage space for powder and ammunition for the ship 's cannons and any other weapons belonging to the ship . The gun room might also house a pair of stern chasers , small cannons used to fire out the stern of the ship . Forward on the gun deck in the bow area was a windlass , equipment similar in function to the capstan in steerage , which was used to raise and lower the ship 's main anchor . There were no stairs for the passengers on the gun deck to go up through the gratings to the main deck . To get up to the main deck , passengers were required to climb a wooden or rope ladder . </P> <P> There was no facility for a latrine or privy on the Mayflower , and ship 's crew had to fend for themselves in that regard . Gun deck passengers most likely used a bucket as a chamber pot , affixed to the deck or bulkhead to keep it from being jostled at sea . </P> Gun deck armament <P> The largest gun was a minion cannon which was brass , weighed about 1,200 pounds ( 545 kg ) , and could shoot a 3.5 pound ( 1.6 kg ) cannonball almost a mile ( 1,600 m ) . The Mayflower also had on board a saker cannon of about 800 pounds ( 360 kg ) , and two base cannons that weighed about 200 pounds ( 90 kg ) which shot a 3 to 5 ounce ball ( 85 -- 140 g ) . She carried at least ten pieces of ordnance on the port and starboard sides of her gun deck : seven cannons for long range purposes , and three smaller guns often fired from the stern at close quarters that were filled with musket balls . Later at New Plymouth , Mayflower Master Jones unloaded four of the pieces to help fortify the colony against invaders , and would not have done so unless he was comfortable with the armament that he still had on board . </P> Cargo hold <P> Below the gun deck was the cargo hold where the passengers kept most of their food stores and other supplies . Other items included most of their clothing and bedding . The hold also stored the passengers ' personal weapons and military equipment -- armor , muskets , gunpowder , and shot , as well as swords and bandoliers . It also stored all the tools that the Pilgrims would need , as well as all the equipment and utensils needed to prepare meals in the New World . It is also known that some Pilgrims loaded trade goods on board , including Isaac Allerton , William Mullins , and possibly others ; these also most likely were stored in the cargo hold . </P> <H2> Early history </H2> <P> It is not known when and where the Mayflower was built , but it is likely that she was launched at Harwich in the county of Essex , England . She was designated as `` of Harwich '' in the Port Books of 1609 -- 11 , although later known as `` of London '' . Harwich was also the birthplace of Mayflower master Christopher Jones about 1570 . </P> <P> Captain Jones became master of the Mayflower 11 years prior to the Pilgrims ' voyage , sailing the ship cross-Channel taking English woolens to France and bringing French wine to London . In addition , he had also transported hats , hemp , Spanish salt , hops , and vinegar to Norway , and may have taken the Mayflower whaling in the North Atlantic in the Greenland area . She had traveled to Mediterranean ports , being then owned by Christopher Nichols , Robert Child , Thomas Short , and Christopher Jones , the ship 's master . In 1620 , Jones and Robert Child still owned their quarter shares in the ship , and it was from them that Thomas Weston chartered her in the summer of 1620 to undertake the Pilgrim voyage . Weston had a significant role in the Mayflower voyage , due to his membership in the Company of Merchant Adventurers , and he eventually traveled to the Plymouth Colony himself . </P> <P> There were 26 vessels bearing the same name as the Pilgrim ship in the Port Books of England in the reign of James I ( 1603 -- 1625 ) , and the reason for this popularity of the name has never been found . One particular Mayflower that has caused historical confusion is a Mayflower erroneously identified as one of the 1620 Pilgrims . This ship was partly owned by John Vassall and was outfitted for Queen Elizabeth in 1588 , during the time of the Spanish Armada , a war for which Vassall outfitted several ships . However , there are no records of Vassall 's Mayflower after 1594 . The identity of Captain Jones 's Mayflower is based on records of the time of her home port , her tonnage ( est. 180 -- 200 tons ) , and the master 's name in 1620 in order to avoid confusion with the many other Mayflower ships . </P> <P> Records dating from August 1609 first note Christopher Jones as master and part owner of the Mayflower when his ship was chartered for a voyage from London to Trondheim in Norway and back to London . The ship lost an anchor on her return , due to bad weather , and made short delivery of her cargo of herrings . Litigation resulted , and this was still proceeding in 1612 . </P> <P> Christopher Jones is described in a document of January 1611 as being `` of Harwich '' , and his ship is called the Mayflower of Harwich ( in the county of Essex ) . Records of Jones 's ship Mayflower show that the ship was twice on the Thames at London in 1613 , once in July and again in October and November . Records of 1616 again state that Jones 's ship was on the Thames , carrying a cargo of wine , which suggests that the ship had recently been on a voyage to France , Spain , Portugal , the Canaries , or some other wine - producing land . </P> <P> After 1616 , there is no further record which specifically relates to Jones 's Mayflower until 1624 . This is unusual for a ship trading to London , as it would not usually disappear from the records for such a long time . And no Admiralty court document can be found relating to the pilgrim fathers ' voyage of 1620 , although this might be due to the unusual way in which the transfer of the pilgrims was arranged from Leyden to New England . Or some of the records of the period may have been lost . </P> <H2> Voyage </H2> <H3> Speedwell and Mayflower </H3> Mayflower arrived in the `` Cape Cod fishhook '' , 11 November 1620 ( satellite photo , 1997 ) <P> Approximately 65 passengers embarked the Mayflower in the middle of July 1620 at its home port in the Rotherhithe district of London on the Thames river . The ship then proceeded down the Thames into the English Channel and then on to the south coast of England to anchor at Southampton Water . The Mayflower waited there for a rendezvous on July 22 with the Speedwell . Speedwell was coming from Holland with English separatist Puritans , members of the Leiden congregation who had been living in Holland to escape religious persecution in England . </P> <P> The two ships set sail for America around August 5 , but the Speedwell sprang a leak shortly after , and the two ships were brought into Dartmouth for repairs . They made a new start after the repairs , and they were more than 200 miles ( 320 km ) beyond Land 's End at the southwestern tip of England when Speedwell sprang another leak . It was now early September , and they had no choice but to abandon the Speedwell and make a determination on her passengers . This was a dire event , as the ship had wasted vital funds and was considered very important to the future success of their settlement in America . Both ships returned to Plymouth , where some of the Speedwell passengers joined the Mayflower and others returned to Holland . The Mayflower then continued on her voyage to America , and the Speedwell was sold soon afterwards . </P> <P> Mayflower carried 102 passengers plus a crew of 25 to 30 officers and men , bringing the total to approximately 130 . According to William Bradford , Speedwell was refitted and `` made many voyages ... to the great profit of her owners . '' Bradford later implied that the Speedwell 's master used `` cunning and deceit '' to abort the voyage , possibly by causing leaks in the ship and motivated by a fear of starving to death in America . </P> <H3> Mayflower sets sail </H3> For more details on acquisition of the ship and the planning of the voyage , see Pilgrims ( Plymouth Colony ) . <P> In early September , western gales began to make the North Atlantic a dangerous place for sailing . The Mayflower 's provisions were already quite low when departing Southampton , and they became lower still by delays of more than a month . The passengers had been on board the ship for this entire time , and they were quite worn out and in no condition for a very taxing , lengthy Atlantic journey cooped up in cramped spaces in a small ship . But the Mayflower sailed from Plymouth on September 6 , 1620 with what Bradford called `` a prosperous wind '' . </P> <P> Aboard the Mayflower were many stores that supplied the pilgrims with the essentials needed for their journey and future lives . It is assumed that they carried tools and weapons , including cannon , shot , and gunpowder , as well as some live animals , including dogs , sheep , goats , and poultry . Horses and cattle came later . The ship also carried two boats : a long boat and a `` shallop '' , a 21 - foot boat powered by oars or sails . She also carried 12 artillery pieces ( eight minions and four sakers ) , as the Pilgrims feared that they might need to defend themselves against enemy European forces , as well as the natives . </P> The Mayflower Memorial in Southampton <P> The passage was a miserable one , with huge waves constantly crashing against the ship 's topside deck until a key structural support timber fractured . The passengers had already suffered agonizing delays , shortages of food , and other shortages , and they were now called upon to provide assistance to the ship 's carpenter in repairing the fractured main support beam . This was repaired with the use of a metal mechanical device called a jackscrew , which had been loaded on board to help in the construction of settler homes . It was now used to secure the beam to keep it from cracking further , making the ship seaworthy enough . </P> <P> The crew of the Mayflower had some devices to assist them en route , such as a compass for navigation , as well as a log and line system to measure speed in nautical miles per hour ( knots ) . Time was measured with the ancient method of an hourglass . </P> <H3> Arrival in America </H3> <P> On November 9 , 1620 , they sighted present - day Cape Cod . They spent several days trying to sail south to their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia , where they had obtained permission to settle from the Company of Merchant Adventurers . However , strong winter seas forced them to return to the harbor at Cape Cod hook , well north of the intended area , where they anchored on November 11 . The settlers wrote and signed the Mayflower Compact after the ship dropped anchor at Cape Cod , in what is now Provincetown Harbor , in order to establish legal order and to quell increasing strife within the ranks . </P> <P> On Monday , November 27 , an exploring expedition was launched under the direction of Capt . Christopher Jones to search for a suitable settlement site . As master of the Mayflower , Jones was not required to assist in the search , but he apparently thought it in his best interest to assist the search expedition . There were 34 persons in the open shallop : 24 passengers and 10 sailors . They were obviously not prepared for the bitter winter weather which they encountered on their reconnoiter , the Mayflower passengers not being accustomed to winter weather much colder than back home . They were forced to spend the night ashore due to the bad weather which they encountered , ill - clad in below - freezing temperatures with wet shoes and stockings that became frozen . Bradford wrote , `` Some of our people that are dead took the original of their death here '' on that expedition . </P> <P> The settlers explored the snow - covered area and discovered an empty native village , now known as Corn Hill in Truro . The curious settlers dug up some artificially made mounds , some of which stored corn , while others were burial sites . The modern writer Nathaniel Philbrick claims that the settlers stole the corn and looted and desecrated the graves , sparking friction with the locals . Philbrick goes on to say that they explored the area of Cape Cod for several weeks as they moved down the coast to what is now Eastham , and he claims that the Pilgrims were looting and stealing native stores as they went . He then writes about how they decided to relocate to Plymouth after a difficult encounter with the Nausets at First Encounter Beach in December 1620 . </P> <P> However , the only contemporary account of events , William Bradford 's History of Plymouth Plantation , records only that the pilgrims took `` some '' of the corn , to show to others back at the boat , leaving the rest . They later took what they needed from another store of grain , but paid the natives back in six months , and there was no resulting conflict . </P> <P> Also there was found more of their corn and of their beans of various colors ; the corn and beans they brought away , purposing to give them full satisfaction when they should meet with any of them as , about some six months afterward they did , to their good content . </P> <H3> First winter </H3> <P> During the winter , the passengers remained on board the Mayflower , suffering an outbreak of a contagious disease described as a mixture of scurvy , pneumonia , and tuberculosis . When it ended , only 53 passengers remained -- just over half ; half of the crew died , as well . In the spring , they built huts ashore , and the passengers disembarked from the Mayflower on March 21 , 1621 . </P> <P> The settlers decided to mount `` our great ordnances '' on the hill overlooking the settlement in late February 1621 , due to the fear of attack by the natives . Christopher Jones supervised the transportation of the `` great guns '' -- about six iron cannons that ranged between four and eight feet ( 1.2 to 2.4 m ) in length and weighed almost half a ton . The cannon were able to hurl iron balls 3.5 inches ( 8.9 cm ) in diameter as far as 1,700 yards ( 1.5 km ) . This action made what was no more than a ramshackle village almost into a well - defended fortress . </P> <P> Jones had originally planned to return to England as soon as the Pilgrims found a settlement site . But his crew members began to be ravaged by the same diseases that were felling the Pilgrims , and he realized that he had to remain in Plymouth Harbor `` till he saw his men began to recover . '' The Mayflower lay in New Plymouth harbor through the winter of 1620 -- 21 , then set sail for England on April 5 , 1621 , her empty hold ballasted with stones from the Plymouth Harbor shore . As with the Pilgrims , her sailors had been decimated by disease . Jones had lost his boatswain , his gunner , three quartermasters , the cook , and more than a dozen sailors . </P> <P> The Mayflower made excellent time on her voyage back to England . The westerly winds that had buffeted her coming out pushed her along going home , and she arrived at the home port of Rotherhithe in London on May 6 , 1621 , less than half the time that it had taken her to sail to America . '' </P> <P> Jones died after coming back from a voyage to France on March 5 , 1622 , at about age 52 . For the next two years , the Mayflower lay at her berth in Rotherhithe , not far from Jones ' grave at St. Mary 's church . By 1624 , she was no longer useful as a ship ; her subsequent fate is unknown , but she was probably broken up about that time . </P> <H2> Passengers </H2> For more details on the passenger list , see List of passengers on the Mayflower . <P> Some families traveled together , while some men came alone , leaving families in England and Leiden . Two wives on board were pregnant ; Elizabeth Hopkins gave birth to son Oceanus while at sea , and Susanna White gave birth to son Peregrine in late November while the ship was anchored in Cape Cod Harbor . He is historically recognized as the first European child born in the New England area . One child died during the voyage , and there was one stillbirth during the construction of the colony . </P> <P> According to the Mayflower passenger list , just over a third of the passengers were Puritan Separatists who sought to break away from the established Church of England and create a society along the lines of their religious ideals . Others were hired hands , servants , or farmers recruited by London merchants , all originally destined for the Colony of Virginia . Four of this latter group of passengers were small children given into the care of Mayflower pilgrims as indentured servants . The Virginia Company began the transportation of children in 1618 . Until relatively recently , the children were thought to be orphans , foundlings , or involuntary child labor . At that time , children were routinely rounded up from the streets of London or taken from poor families receiving church relief to be used as laborers in the colonies . Any legal objections to the involuntary transportation of the children were overridden by the Privy Council . For instance it was proven that the four More children were sent to America because they were deemed illegitimate . Three of the four More children died in the first winter in the New World , but Richard lived to be approximately 81 , dying in Salem , probably in 1695 or 1696 . </P> <P> The passengers mostly slept and lived in the low - ceilinged great cabins and on the main deck , which was 75 by 20 feet large ( 23 m × 6 m ) at most . The cabins were thin - walled and extremely cramped , and the total area was 25 ft by 15 ft ( 7.6 m × 4.5 m ) at its largest . Below decks , any person over five feet ( 150 cm ) tall would be unable to stand up straight . The maximum possible space for each person would have been slightly less than the size of a standard single bed . </P> <P> Passengers would pass the time by reading by candlelight or playing cards and games such as Nine Men 's Morris . Meals on board were cooked by the firebox , which was an iron tray with sand in it on which a fire was built . This was risky because it was kept in the waist of the ship . Passengers made their own meals from rations that were issued daily and food was cooked for a group at a time . </P> <P> Upon arrival in America , the harsh climate and scarcity of fresh food were exacerbated by the shortness of provisions due to the delay in departure . Living in these extremely close and crowded quarters , several passengers developed scurvy , a disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C. At the time the use of lemons or limes to counter this disease was unknown , and the usual dietary sources of vitamin C in fruits and vegetables had been depleted , since these fresh foods could not be stored for long periods without their becoming rotten . Passengers who developed scurvy experienced symptoms such as bleeding gums , teeth falling out , and stinking breath . </P> <P> Passengers consumed large amounts of alcohol such as beer with meals . This was known to be safer than water , which often came from polluted sources causing diseases . All food and drink was stored in barrels known as `` hogsheads '' . </P> <P> The passenger William Mullins brought 126 pairs of shoes and 13 pairs of boots in his luggage . Other items included oiled leather and canvas suits , stuff gowns and leather and stuff breeches , shirts , jerkins , doublets , neckcloths , hats and caps , hose , stockings , belts , piece goods , and haberdasherie . At his death , his estate consisted of extensive footwear and other items of clothing , and made his daughter Priscilla and her husband John Alden quite prosperous . </P> <P> No cattle or beasts of draft or burden were brought on the journey , but there were pigs , goats , and poultry . Some passengers brought family pets such as cats and birds . Peter Browne took his large bitch mastiff , and John Goodman brought along his spaniel . </P> <H2> Mayflower officers , crew , and others </H2> <P> According to author Charles Banks , the officers and crew of the Mayflower consisted of a captain , four mates , four quartermasters , surgeon , carpenter , cooper , cooks , boatswains , gunners , and about 36 men before the mast , making a total of about 50 . The entire crew stayed with the Mayflower in Plymouth through the winter of 1620 -- 1621 , and about half of them died during that time . The remaining crewmen returned to England on the Mayflower , which sailed for London on April 5 , 1621 . </P> <H3> Crew members per various sources </H3> <P> Banks states that the crew totaled 36 men before the mast and 14 officers , making a total of 50 . Nathaniel Philbrick estimates between 20 and 30 sailors in her crew whose names are unknown . Nick Bunker states that Mayflower had a crew of at least 17 and possibly as many as 30 . Caleb Johnson states that the ship carried a crew of about 30 men , but the exact number is unknown . </P> <H3> Officers and crew </H3> <Ul> <Li> Captain : Christopher Jones . About age 50 , of Harwich , a seaport in Essex , England , which was also the port of his ship Mayflower . He and his ship were veterans of the European cargo business , often carrying wine to England , but neither had ever crossed the Atlantic . By June 1620 , he and the Mayflower had been hired for the Pilgrims voyage by their business agents in London , Thomas Weston of the Merchant Adventurers and Robert Cushman . Historical marker in London honoring the Mayflower and Captain Jones . </Li> <Li> Masters Mate : John Clark ( Clarke ) , Pilot . By age 45 in 1620 , Clark already had greater adventures than most other mariners of that dangerous era . His piloting career began in England about 1609 . In early 1611 , he was pilot of a 300 - ton ship on his first New World voyage , with a three - ship convoy sailing from London to the new settlement of Jamestown in Virginia . Two other ships were in that convoy , and the three ships brought 300 new settlers to Jamestown , going first to the Caribbean islands of Dominica and Nevis . While in Jamestown , Clark piloted ships in the area carrying various stores . During that time , he was taken prisoner in a confrontation with the Spanish ; he was taken to Havana and held for two years , then transferred to Spain where he was in custody for five years . In 1616 , he was finally freed in a prisoner exchange with England . In 1618 , he was back in Jamestown as pilot of the ship Falcon . Shortly after his return to England , he was hired as pilot for the Mayflower in 1620 . </Li> <Li> Masters Mate : Robert Coppin , Pilot . Coppin had prior New World experience ; he previously hunted whales in Newfoundland and sailed the coast of New England . He was an early investor in the Virginia Company , being named in the Second Virginia Charter of 1609 . He was possibly from Harwich in Essex , the hometown of Captain Jones . </Li> <Li> Masters Mate : Andrew Williamson </Li> <Li> Masters Mate : John Parker </Li> <Li> Surgeon : Doctor Giles Heale . The surgeon on board the Mayflower was never mentioned by Bradford , but his identity was well established . He was essential in providing comfort to all who died or were made ill that first winter . He was a young man from Drury Lane in the parish of St. Giles in the Field , London who had completed his apprenticeship with the Barber - Surgeons in the previous year . On February 21 , 1621 , he was a witness to the death - bed will of William Mullins . He survived the first winter and returned to London on the Mayflower in April 1621 , where he began his medical practice and worked as a surgeon until his death in 1653 . </Li> <Li> Cooper : John Alden . Alden was a 21 - year - old from Harwich in Essex and a distant relative of Captain Jones . He hired on apparently while the Mayflower was anchored at Southampton Waters . He was responsible for maintaining the ship 's barrels , known as hogsheads , which were critical to the passengers ' survival and held the only source of food and drink while at sea ; tending them was a job which required a crew member 's attention . Bradford noted that Alden was `` left to his own liking to go or stay '' in Plymouth rather than return with the ship to England . He decided to remain . </Li> <Li> Quartermaster : ( names unknown ) , 4 men . These men were in charge of maintaining the ship 's cargo hold , as well as the crew 's hours for standing watch . Some of the `` before the mast '' crewmen may also have been in this section . These quartermasters were also responsible for fishing and maintaining all fishing supplies and harpoons . The names of the quartermasters are unknown , but it is known that three of the four men died the first winter . </Li> <Li> Cook : ( name unknown ) . He was responsible for preparing the crew 's meals and maintaining all food supplies and the cook room , which was typically located in the ship 's forecastle ( front end ) . The unnamed cook died the first winter . </Li> <Li> Master Gunner : ( name unknown ) . He was in charge of the ship 's guns , ammunition , and powder . Some of those `` before the mast '' were likely in his charge . He is recorded as going on an exploration on December 6 , 1620 , and was `` sick unto death and so remained all that day , and the next night '' . He died later that winter . </Li> <Li> Boatswain : ( name unknown ) . He was the person in charge of the ship 's rigging and sails , the anchors , and the ship 's longboat . The majority of the crew members `` before the mast '' were most likely under his supervision , working the sails and rigging . The operation of the ship 's shallop was also probably under his control , a light open boat with oars or sails ( see seaman Thomas English ) . William Bradford made this comment about the boatswain : `` the boatswain ... was a proud young man , who would often curse and scoff at the passengers , but when he grew weak they had compassion on him and helped him . '' But despite such assistance , the unnamed boatswain died the first winter . </Li> <Li> Carpenter : ( name unknown ) . He was responsible for making sure that the hull was well - caulked and the masts were in good order . He was the person responsible for maintaining all areas of the ship in good condition and being a general repairman . He also maintained the tools and all necessary items to perform his carpentry tasks . His name is unknown , but his tasks were quite important to the safety and seaworthiness of the ship . </Li> <Li> Swabber : ( various crewmen ) . This was the lowliest position on the ship , responsible for cleaning ( swabbing ) the decks . The swabber usually had an assistant who was responsible for cleaning the ship 's beakhead ( extreme front end ) , which was also the crew 's toilet . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Known Mayflower seamen </H3> <Ul> <Li> John Allerton : A Mayflower seaman who was hired by the company as labor to help in the Colony during the first year , then to return to Leiden to help other church members seeking to travel to America . He signed the Mayflower Compact . He was a seaman on ship 's shallop with Thomas English on exploration of December 6 , 1620 , and died sometime before the Mayflower returned to England in April 1621 . </Li> <Li> ____ Ely : A Mayflower seaman who was contracted to stay for a year , which he did . He returned to England with fellow crewman William Trevor on the Fortune in December 1621 . Genealogist Dr. Jeremy Bangs believes that his name was either John or Christopher Ely ( or Ellis ) , both of whom are documented in Leiden , Holland . </Li> <Li> Thomas English : A Mayflower seaman who was hired to be the master of the shallop ( see Boatswain ) and to be part of the company . He signed the Mayflower Compact . He was a seaman on the ship 's shallop with John Allerton on exploration of December 6 , 1620 , and died sometime before the departure of the Mayflower for England in April 1621 . He appeared in Leiden records as `` Thomas England '' . </Li> <Li> William Trevore ( Trevor ) : A Mayflower seaman who was hired to remain in Plymouth for one year . One reason for his hiring was his prior New World experience . He was one of those seamen to crew the shallop used in coastal trading . He returned to England with _____ Ely and others on the Fortune in December 1621 . In 1623 , Robert Cushman noted that Trevor reported to the Adventurers about what he saw in the New World . He did at some time return as master of a ship and was recorded living in Massachusetts Bay Colony in April 1650 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Unidentified passenger </H3> <Ul> <Li> `` Master '' Leaver : Another passenger not mentioned by Bradford is a person called `` Master '' Leaver . He was named in Mourt 's Relation , London 1622 , under a date of January 12 , 1621 as a leader of an expedition to rescue Pilgrims lost in the forest for several days while searching for housing - roof thatch . It is unknown in what capacity he came to the Mayflower and his given name is unknown . The title of `` Master '' indicates that he was a person of some authority and prominence in the company . He may have been a principal officer of the Mayflower . No more is known of him ; he may have returned to England on the Mayflower 's April 1621 voyage or died of the illnesses that affected so many that first winter . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Later history </H2> <P> Three of Mayflower 's owners applied to the Admiralty court for an appraisal of the ship on May 4 , 1624 , two years after Captain Jones ' death in 1622 ; one of these applicants was Jones ' widow Mrs. Josian ( Joan ) Jones . This appraisal probably was made to determine the valuation of the ship for the purpose of settling the estate of its late master . The appraisal was made by four mariners and shipwrights of Rotherhithe , home and burial place of Captain Jones , where the Mayflower was apparently then lying in the Thames at London . The appraisement is extant and provides information on ship 's gear on board at that time , as well as equipment such as muskets and other arms . The ship may have been laid up since Jones ' death and allowed to get out of repair , as that is what the appraisal indicates . The vessel was valued at one hundred and twenty - eight pounds , eight shillings , and fourpence . </P> <P> What finally became of the Mayflower is an unsettled issue . Charles Edward Banks , an English historian of the Pilgrim ship , claims that the ship was finally broken up , with her timbers used in the construction of a barn at Jordans village in Buckinghamshire . Tradition claims that this barn still exists as the Mayflower Barn , located within the grounds of Old Jordan in South Buckinghamshire . In 1624 , Thomas Russell supposedly added to part of a farmhouse already there with timbers from a ship , believed to be from the Pilgrim ship Mayflower , bought from a shipbreaker 's yard in Rotherhithe . The well - preserved structure was a tourist attraction , receiving visitors each year from all over the world and particularly from America , but it is now privately owned and not open to the public . </P> <H2> Second Mayflower </H2> <P> Another ship called the Mayflower made a voyage from London to Plymouth Colony in 1629 carrying 35 passengers , many from the Pilgrim congregation in Leiden that organized the first voyage . This was not the same ship that made the original voyage with the first settlers . This voyage began in May and reached Plymouth in August . This ship also made the crossing from England to America in 1630 ( as part of the Winthrop Fleet ) , 1633 , 1634 , and 1639 . It attempted the trip again in 1641 , departing London in October of that year under master John Cole , with 140 passengers bound for Virginia . It never arrived . On October 18 , 1642 , a deposition was made in England regarding the loss . </P> <H2> Place in history </H2> Edward Winslow 's home , now the Mayflower House Museum , Plymouth , Massachusetts ( 1754 ) <P> The Pilgrim ship Mayflower has a famous place in American history as a symbol of early European colonization of the future United States . </P> <P> The main record for the voyage of the Mayflower and the disposition of the Plymouth Colony comes from the letters and journal of William Bradford , who was a guiding force and later the governor of the colony . </P> <P> The 400th anniversary of the Mayflower sailing will take place in 2020 . The Harwich Mayflower Project is hoping to build a replica of the ship at Harwich , England . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Biography portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Billericay , where the Pilgrim Fathers met prior to the voyage </Li> <Li> Leigh - on - Sea , where the Mayflower was outfitted </Li> <Li> Pilgrims ( Plymouth Colony ) </Li> <Li> Puritan migration to New England ( 1620 -- 40 ) </Li> <Li> Plymouth Adventure ( directed by Clarence Brown , 1952 ) </Li> <Li> Mayflower : The Pilgrims ' Adventure ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Mayflower II , a replica of the Mayflower in Plymouth , Massachusetts </Li> <Li> Speedwell ( 1577 ship ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Folsom , George . et al. Historical Magazine : and Notes and Queries Concerning the Antiquities , History , and Biography of America . ( C.B. Richardson , 1867 ) page 277 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Johnson 2006 , p. 33 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bertrand Brown , ' To Celebrate the 300th Anniversary of America 's Origin ' , The Journal of Education `` , Vol. 92 , No. 6 ( Trustees of Boston University , August 1920 ) , p. 151 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nathaniel Philbrick , Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community and War ( Penguin Books 2006 ) , p. 24 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nick Bunker , Making Haste from Babylon : The Mayflower Pilgrims and their New World a History ( New York : Knopf 2010 ) , p. 37 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Johnson 2006 , p. 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cross-Section '' . MayflowerHistory.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Johnson 2006 , p. 31 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` MayflowerHistory.com '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Johnson 2006 , pp. 30 -- 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Edward Banks , The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers Who Came to Plymouth on the Mayflower in 1620 , the `` Fortune '' in 1621 , and the `` Anne '' and `` Little James '' in 1623 ( orig . pub : 1929 , reprint : 2006 by Genealogical Publishing Co . ) , p. 19 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Edward Banks , The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers Who came to Plymouth on the `` Mayflower '' in 1620 , the `` Fortune '' in 1621 , and the `` Anne '' and `` Little James '' in 1623 ( orig . pub : 1929 reprint : 2006 by Genealogical Publishing Co . ) , p. 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Mayflower '' . HISTORY.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Charles Edward Banks , The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers Who Came to Plymouth on the `` Mayflower '' in 1620 , the `` Fortune '' in 1621 , and the `` Anne '' and `` Little James '' in 1623 ( orig . pub : 1929 reprint : 2006 by Genealogical Publishing Co . ) , p. 22 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ R.G. Marsden , `` The Mayflower '' , English Historical Review ( 19 October 1904 ) , p. 675 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Edward Banks , The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers Who Came to Plymouth on the `` Mayflower '' in 1620 , the `` Fortune '' in 1621 , and the `` Anne '' and `` Little James '' in 1623 , orig . pub 1929 , reprint 2006 by Genealogical Publishing Co. , p. 17 -- 19 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick , Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community and War , ( Penguin Books 2006 ) , p. 28 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick , Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community and War , ( Penguin Books 2006 ) , p. 29 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hodgson , Godfrey . A Great and Godly Adventure . Public Affairs : New York , 2006 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick , Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community and War , ( Penguin Books 2006 ) , p. 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eugene Aubrey Stratton . Plymouth Colony : Its History and People , 1620 -- 1691 , ( Ancestry Publishing , Salt Lake City , UT , 1986 ) p. 413 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bjoern Moritz , The Pilgrim - Fathers ' Voyage with the Mayflower ( ShipsOnStamps 2003 ) ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ William Bradford . History of Plymouth Plantation by William Bradford , the second Governor of Plymouth ( Boston . 1856 Not in copyright ) p. 448 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George Ernest Bowman , The Mayflower Compact and its signers , ( Boston : Massachusetts Society of Mayflower Descendants , 1920 ) . Photocopies of the 1622 , 1646 and 1669 versions of the document pp. 7 -- 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick , Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community and War , ( Penguin Books 2006 ) , pp. 65 -- 66 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Philbrick , pp. 61 -- 62 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Winslow , Edward ; William Bradford ( 1622 ) . A Relation or Journal of the Beginning and Proceedings of the English Plantation Settled at Plimoth in New England . London , England : John Bellamie . pp. 8 -- 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Philbrick , pp. 65 -- 70 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ William Bradford , William T. Davis ( ed ) , Bradford 's History of Plymouth Plantation , 1606 -- 1646 , ( Scribners 1908 ) p. 25 ( the only written account of the voyage ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick , Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community and War , ( Penguin Books 2006 ) , pp. 90 -- 91 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick , Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community and War , ( Penguin Books 2006 ) , p. 91 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Harris , Saga Of The Pilgrims ( historical analysis ) , ( Globe Newspaper Co. , 1983 ) , webpages ( no links between ) : UCcom - saga1 and UCcom - saga11 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick , Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community and War , ( Penguin Books 2006 ) , pp. 100 -- 101 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick , Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community and War , ( Penguin Books 2006 ) , p. 101 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Donald F. Harris , PhD. , The Mayflower Descendant ( July 1994 ) vol. 44 no . 2 p. 111 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ R.C. Johnson , The Transportation of Vagrant Children from London to Virginia , 1618 -- 1622 , in H.S. Reinmuth ( Ed . ) , Early Stuart Studies : Essays in Honor of David Harris Willson , Minneapolis , 1970 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Mayflower Descendant ( July 2 , 1994 ) vol. 44 no . 2 pp. 110 , 111 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Donald F. Harris , The Mayflower Descendants vol 43 ( July 1993 ) , vol. 44 ( July 1994 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Lindsay , Mayflower Bastard : A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims ( St. Martins Press , New York , 2002 ) Introduction </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Caffrey , Kate . The Mayflower . New York : Stein and Day , 1974 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nathaniel Philbrick , Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community , and War , ( Viking 2006 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson 2006 , p. 195 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Edward Banks , The English ancestry and homes of the Pilgrim Fathers who came to Plymouth on the `` Mayflower '' in 1620 , the `` Fortune '' in 1621 , and the `` Anne '' and the `` Little James '' in 1623 , ( Baltimore : Genealogical Publishing Company , 2006 ) , pp. 73 -- 74 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Edward Banks , The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers : who came to Plymouth on the `` Mayflower '' in 1620 , the `` Fortune '' in 1621 , and the `` Anne '' and the `` Little James '' in 1623 ( Baltimore , MD. : Genealogical Publishing Co. , 2006 ) p. 18 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eugene Aubrey Stratton . Plymouth Colony : Its History and People , 1620 -- 1691 , ( Ancestry Publishing , Salt Lake City , UT , 1986 ) p. 21 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Edward Banks , The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers Who Came to Plymouth on the `` Mayflower '' in 1620 , the `` Fortune '' in 1621 , and the `` Anne '' and `` Little James '' in 1623 , ( orig . pub : 1929 reprint : 2006 by Genealogical Publishing Co . ) , pp. 18 -- 19 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nathaniel Philbrick , Mayflower : A story of Courage , Community and War ( New York : Viking , 2006 ) , p. 25 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nick Bunker , Making Haste from Babylon : The Mayflower Pilgrims and their New World a History ( New York : Knopf 2010 ) , p. 31 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Edward Banks , The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers : who came to Plymouth on the `` Mayflower '' in 1620 , the `` Fortune '' in 1621 , and the `` Anne '' and the `` Little James '' in 1623 ( Baltimore , MD. : Genealogical Publishing Co. , 2006 ) pp. 19 -- 20 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson 2006 , pp. 25 , 28 , 31 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Charles Edward Banks , The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers : who came to Plymouth on the `` Mayflower '' in 1620 , the `` Fortune '' in 1621 , and the `` Anne '' and the `` Little James '' in 1623 ( Baltimore , MD. : Genealogical Publishing Co. , 2006 ) p. 19 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nick Bunker , Making Haste from Babylon : The Mayflower Pilgrims and their New World a History ( New York : Knopf 2010 ) , p. 24 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Johnson 2006 , pp. 32 -- 33 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson 2006 , p. 32 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick , Mayflower : A story of Courage , Community and War ( New York : Viking , 2006 ) , p. 24 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson 2006 , p. 33 -- 34 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Edward Banks , The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers : who came to Plymouth on the `` Mayflower '' in 1620 , the `` Fortune '' in 1621 , and the `` Anne '' and the `` Little James '' in 1623 ( Baltimore , MD. : Genealogical Publishing Co. , 2006 ) pp. 7 -- 8 , 19 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson 2006 , pp. 34 , 46 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Edward Banks , The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers : who came to Plymouth on the `` Mayflower '' in 1620 , the `` Fortune '' in 1621 , and the `` Anne '' and the `` Little James '' in 1623 ( Baltimore , MD. : Genealogical Publishing Co. , 2006 ) pp. 7 , 19 . 27 -- 28 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Johnson 2006 , p. 35 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson 2006 , p. 34 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson 2006 , pp. 34 -- 35 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In the tradition of the sea , each Monday a crew member was appointed the `` liar '' or swabber assistant . This person was the first person caught telling a lie the previous week , and the crew would harass him around the main mast with calls of `` liar , liar . '' ( Johnson , p. 35 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson 2006 , pp. 71 -- 72 , 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eugene Aubrey Stratton . Plymouth Colony : Its History and People , 1620 -- 1691 , ( Ancestry Publishing , Salt Lake City , UT , 1986 ) pp. 21 , 234 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eugene Aubrey Stratton . Plymouth Colony : Its History and People , 1620 -- 1691 , ( Ancestry Publishing , Salt Lake City , UT , 1986 ) pp. 21 , 289 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson 2006 , p. 141 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eugene Aubrey Stratton . Plymouth Colony : Its History and People , 1620 -- 1691 , ( Ancestry Publishing , Salt Lake City , UT , 1986 ) p. 289 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Edward Banks , The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers : who came to Plymouth on the `` Mayflower '' in 1620 , the `` Fortune '' in 1621 , and the `` Anne '' and the `` Little James '' in 1623 ( Baltimore , MD. : Genealogical Publishing Co. , 2006 ) p. 90 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson 2006 , pp. 240 -- 242 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eugene Aubrey Stratton . Plymouth Colony : Its History and People , 1620 -- 1691 , ( Ancestry Publishing , Salt Lake City , UT , 1986 ) pp. 21 , 364 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Edward Banks , The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers : who came to Plymouth on the `` Mayflower '' in 1620 , the `` Fortune '' in 1621 , and the `` Anne '' and the `` Little James '' in 1623 ( Baltimore , MD. : Genealogical Publishing Co. , 2006 ) pp. 8 -- 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ R.G. Marsden , The Mayflower English Historical Review ( 19 October 1904 ) , p. 677 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kate Caffrey , The Mayflower Rowman & Littlefield Publishers ; Reissue edition ( October 18 , 2014 ) , p. 324 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pierson , RichardE. ; Pierson , Jennifer ( 1997 ) . Pierson Millennium . Bowie , Maryland : Heritage Books , Inc . ISBN 0 - 7884 - 0742 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Philbrick , pp. 4 -- 5 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ship Build '' . Harwich Mayflower Project . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bradford , William ( 1908 ) . Davis , William T. , ed . Bradford 's History of Plymouth Plantation , 1606 -- 1646 . Scribners . ( the only written account of the voyage ) </Li> <Li> Marble , Annie Russell ( 1920 ) . The Women Who Came in the Mayflower . Boston : Pilgrim Press </Li> <Li> R.G. Marsden , `` The ' Mayflower , ' '' English Historical Review 19 ( October 1904 ) : 669 -- 80 . </Li> <Li> Philbrick , Nathaniel ( 2006 ) . Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community , and War . Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03760 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Usher , Roland G ( 1984 ) . The Pilgrims and their History . Williamstown , Massachusetts : Corner House Publishers . ISBN 0 - 87928 - 082 - 4 . ( originally published in 1918 ) </Li> <Li> Johnson , Caleb H. ( 2006 ) . The Mayflower and Her Passengers . Indiana : Xlibris . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mayflower . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Mayflower . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Mayflower and Plymouth History </Li> <Li> Mayflower 400 </Li> <Li> Women of the Mayflower and Plymouth Colony by Mary Soule Googins , read before the Medford Historical Society , December 19 , 1921 </Li> <Li> Pilgrim Hall Museum of Plymouth , Massachusetts </Li> <Li> General Society of Mayflower Descendants </Li> <Li> The Mayflower And Her Log ; Azel Ames , Project Gutenberg edition . </Li> <Li> The Mayflower And Her Log ; Azel Ames , Internet Archive edition . </Li> <Li> Exact arrival site of the Mayflower on Satellite Map and NOAA Chart on BlooSee </Li> <Li> The Mayflower II </Li> <Li> Contemporary photos of Plymouth 's Barbican and the Mayflower Steps </Li> <Li> Pilgrims Point , Plymouth ( UK ) A photo of the modern - day Mayflower Steps Arch and Pilgrims Point </Li> <Li> `` Mayflower , The '' . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Mayflower passengers and related topics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mayflower </Li> <Li> List of Mayflower passengers </Li> <Li> Captain Christopher Jones </Li> <Li> Mayflower passengers who died at sea November / December 1620 </Li> <Li> Mayflower passengers who died in the winter of 1620 -- 21 </Li> <Li> The More family </Li> <Li> Cole 's Hill </Li> <Li> Mayflower Compact <Ul> <Li> signatories </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pilgrims </Li> <Li> Plymouth Colony </Li> <Li> Of Plymouth Plantation </Li> <Li> Mourt 's Relation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Separatists </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Priscilla ( Mullins ) Alden </Li> <Li> Isaac Allerton </Li> <Li> Mary Allerton </Li> <Li> William Bradford </Li> <Li> Dorothy Bradford </Li> <Li> Love Brewster </Li> <Li> William Brewster </Li> <Li> Peter Browne </Li> <Li> William Butten </Li> <Li> John Carver ( Plymouth Colony governor ) </Li> <Li> James Chilton </Li> <Li> Mary Chilton </Li> <Li> Francis Cooke </Li> <Li> Humility Cooper </Li> <Li> John Crackston </Li> <Li> Edward Doty </Li> <Li> Moses Fletcher </Li> <Li> Edward Fuller </Li> <Li> Samuel Fuller </Li> <Li> John Howland </Li> <Li> Degory Priest </Li> <Li> Thomas Rogers </Li> <Li> Henry Samson </Li> <Li> George Soule </Li> <Li> Edward Tilley </Li> <Li> John Tilley </Li> <Li> Thomas Tinker </Li> <Li> John Turner </Li> <Li> William White </Li> <Li> Resolved White </Li> <Li> Peregrine White </Li> <Li> Edward Winslow </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other passengers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> John Alden </Li> <Li> John Billington </Li> <Li> Francis Eaton </Li> <Li> Constance Hopkins </Li> <Li> Elizabeth Hopkins </Li> <Li> Oceanus Hopkins </Li> <Li> Stephen Hopkins </Li> <Li> Christopher Martin </Li> <Li> Elinor More </Li> <Li> Jasper More </Li> <Li> Mary More </Li> <Li> Richard More </Li> <Li> William Mullins </Li> <Li> Myles Standish </Li> <Li> Richard Warren </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Native American associates </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Squanto </Li> <Li> Samoset </Li> <Li> Hobbamock </Li> <Li> Massasoit </Li> <Li> Corbitant </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Speedwell </Li> <Li> Fortune <Ul> <Li> passengers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The Anne and Little James <Ul> <Li> passengers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Plymouth Rock </Li> <Li> The Mayflower Society <Ul> <Li> Mayflower House Museum </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pilgrim Hall Museum </Li> <Li> Mayflower II </Li> <Li> Harwich Mayflower Project </Li> <Li> National Monument to the Forefathers </Li> <Li> Pilgrim Monument </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Thanksgiving </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History and traditions </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Canada </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Samuel de Champlain </Li> <Li> Martin Frobisher </Li> <Li> Halifax </Li> <Li> First Nations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pilgrims </Li> <Li> Mayflower </Li> <Li> Plymouth Colony </Li> <Li> Plymouth , Massachusetts </Li> <Li> Plymouth Rock </Li> <Li> Native Americans </Li> <Li> Samoset </Li> <Li> Squanto </Li> <Li> Wampanoag </Li> <Li> Cornucopia </Li> <Li> National Thanksgiving Proclamation </Li> <Li> Franksgiving </Li> <Li> National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation </Li> <Li> William Penn </Li> <Li> Sarah Josepha Hale </Li> <Li> Blackout Wednesday </Li> <Li> Abraham Lincoln </Li> <Li> Mourt 's Relation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cuisine </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Thanksgiving dinner </Li> <Li> Turkey <Ul> <Li> Deep - 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Plagiarism - Wikipedia <H1> Plagiarism </H1> For other uses , see Plagiarism ( disambiguation ) . For Wikipedia policies concerning plagiarism , see Wikipedia : Plagiarism and Wikipedia : Copyright violations . <P> Plagiarism is the `` wrongful appropriation '' and `` stealing and publication '' of another author 's `` language , thoughts , ideas , or expressions '' and the representation of them as one 's own original work . </P> <P> Plagiarism is considered academic dishonesty and a breach of journalistic ethics . It is subject to sanctions such as penalties , suspension , and even expulsion from school or work . Recently , cases of `` extreme plagiarism '' have been identified in academia . The modern concept of plagiarism as immoral and originality as an ideal emerged in Europe in the 18th century , particularly with the Romantic movement . </P> <P> Plagiarism is not in itself a crime , but can constitute copyright infringement . In academia and industry , it is a serious ethical offense . Plagiarism and copyright infringement overlap to a considerable extent , but they are not equivalent concepts , and many types of plagiarism do not constitute copyright infringement , which is defined by copyright law and may be adjudicated by courts . Plagiarism is not defined or punished by law , but rather by institutions ( including professional associations , educational institutions , and commercial entities , such as publishing companies ) . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Etymology </Li> <Li> 2 Legal aspects </Li> <Li> 3 In academia and journalism <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Academia <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Common forms of student plagiarism </Li> <Li> 3.1. 2 Sanctions for student plagiarism </Li> <Li> 3.1. 3 Criminal and negative behaviour by diploma mills </Li> <Li> 3.1. 4 Plagiarism education </Li> <Li> 3.1. 5 Factors influencing student _́ s decision to plagiarize </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Journalism </Li> <Li> 3.3 Self - plagiarism <Ul> <Li> 3.3. 1 A contested definition </Li> <Li> 3.3. 2 Codes of ethics </Li> <Li> 3.3. 3 Factors that justify reuse </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.4 Organizational publications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 In the arts <Ul> <Li> 4.1 The history of the arts </Li> <Li> 4.2 Praisings of artistic plagiarism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 In other contexts <Ul> <Li> 5.1 On the Internet </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 Works cited </Li> <Li> 9 Further reading </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Etymology ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the 1st century , the use of the Latin word plagiarius ( literally `` kidnapper '' ) to denote stealing someone else 's work was pioneered by the Roman poet Martial , who complained that another poet had `` kidnapped his verses '' . Plagiary , a derivative of plagiarus , was introduced into English in 1601 by dramatist Ben Jonson during the Jacobean Era to describe someone guilty of literary theft . </P> <P> The derived form plagiarism was introduced into English around 1620 . The Latin plagiārius , `` kidnapper '' , and plagium , `` kidnapping '' , have the root plaga ( `` snare '' , `` net '' ) , based on the Indo - European root * - plak , `` to weave '' ( seen for instance in Greek plekein , Bulgarian `` плета '' pleta , and Latin plectere , all meaning `` to weave '' ) . </P> <H2> Legal aspects ( edit ) </H2> <P> Although plagiarism in some contexts is considered theft or stealing , the concept does not exist in a legal sense , although the use of someone else 's work in order to gain academic credit may meet some legal definitions of fraud . `` Plagiarism '' specifically is not mentioned in any current statute , either criminal or civil . Some cases may be treated as unfair competition or a violation of the doctrine of moral rights . The increased availability of copyrighted material due to the development of information technology has furthered the debate as to whether copyright offences are criminal . In short , people are asked to use the guideline , `` if you did not write it yourself , you must give credit '' . </P> <P> Plagiarism is not the same as copyright infringement . While both terms may apply to a particular act , they are different concepts , and false claims of authorship generally constitute plagiarism regardless of whether the material is protected by copyright . Copyright infringement is a violation of the rights of a copyright holder , when material whose use is restricted by copyright is used without consent . Plagiarism , in contrast , is concerned with the unearned increment to the plagiarizing author 's reputation , or the obtaining of academic credit , that is achieved through false claims of authorship . Thus , plagiarism is considered a moral offense against the plagiarist 's audience ( for example , a reader , listener , or teacher ) . </P> <P> Plagiarism is also considered a moral offense against anyone who has provided the plagiarist with a benefit in exchange for what is specifically supposed to be original content ( for example , the plagiarist 's publisher , employer , or teacher ) . In such cases , acts of plagiarism may sometimes also form part of a claim for breach of the plagiarist 's contract , or , if done knowingly , for a civil wrong . </P> <H2> In academia and journalism ( edit ) </H2> <P> Within academia , plagiarism by students , professors , or researchers is considered academic dishonesty or academic fraud , and offenders are subject to academic censure , up to and including expulsion . Some institutions use plagiarism detection software to uncover potential plagiarism and to deter students from plagiarizing . Some universities address the issue of academic integrity by providing students with thorough orientations , required writing courses , and clearly articulated honor codes . Indeed , there is a virtually uniform understanding among college students that plagiarism is wrong . Nevertheless , each year students are brought before their institutions ' disciplinary boards on charges that they have misused sources in their schoolwork . '' However , the practice of plagiarizing by use of sufficient word substitutions to elude detection software , known as rogeting , has rapidly evolved as students and unethical academics seek to stay ahead of detection software . </P> <P> An extreme form of plagiarism , known as contract cheating involves students paying someone else , such as an essay mill , to do their work for them . </P> <P> In journalism , plagiarism is considered a breach of journalistic ethics , and reporters caught plagiarizing typically face disciplinary measures ranging from suspension to termination of employment . Some individuals caught plagiarizing in academic or journalistic contexts claim that they plagiarized unintentionally , by failing to include quotations or give the appropriate citation . While plagiarism in scholarship and journalism has a centuries - old history , the development of the Internet , where articles appear as electronic text , has made the physical act of copying the work of others much easier . </P> <P> Predicated upon an expected level of learning / comprehension having been achieved , all associated academic accreditation becomes seriously undermined if plagiarism is allowed to become the norm within academic submissions . </P> <P> For professors and researchers , plagiarism is punished by sanctions ranging from suspension to termination , along with the loss of credibility and perceived integrity . Charges of plagiarism against students and professors are typically heard by internal disciplinary committees , by which students and professors have agreed to be bound . Plagiarism is a common reason for academic research papers to be retracted . </P> <H3> Academia ( edit ) </H3> One form of academic plagiarism involves appropriating a published article and modifying it slightly to avoid suspicion . <P> No universally adopted definition of academic plagiarism exists ; however , this section provides several definitions to exemplify the most common characteristics of academic plagiarism . </P> <P> According to Bela Gipp academic plagiarism encompasses : </P> <P> `` The use of ideas , concepts , words , or structures without appropriately acknowledging the source to benefit in a setting where originality is expected . '' </P> <P> The definition by B. Gipp is an abridged version of Teddi Fishman 's definition of plagiarism , which proposed five elements characteristic of plagiarism . According to T. Fishman , plagiarism occurs when someone : </P> <Ol> <Li> Uses words , ideas , or work products </Li> <Li> Attributable to another identifiable person or source </Li> <Li> Without attributing the work to the source from which it was obtained </Li> <Li> In a situation in which there is a legitimate expectation of original authorship </Li> <Li> In order to obtain some benefit , credit , or gain which need not be monetary </Li> </Ol> <P> Furthermore , plagiarism is defined differently among institutions of higher learning and universities : </P> <Ul> <Li> Stanford sees plagiarism as the `` use , without giving reasonable and appropriate credit to or acknowledging the author or source , of another person 's original work , whether such work is made up of code , formulas , ideas , language , research , strategies , writing or other form . '' </Li> <Li> Yale views plagiarism as the `` ... use of another 's work , words , or ideas without attribution , '' which includes `` ... using a source 's language without quoting , using information from a source without attribution , and paraphrasing a source in a form that stays too close to the original . '' </Li> <Li> Princeton perceives plagiarism as the `` deliberate '' use of `` someone else 's language , ideas , or other original ( not common - knowledge ) material without acknowledging its source . '' </Li> <Li> Oxford College of Emory University characterizes plagiarism as the use of `` a writer 's ideas or phraseology without giving due credit . '' </Li> <Li> Brown defines plagiarism as `` ... appropriating another person 's ideas or words ( spoken or written ) without attributing those word or ideas to their true source . '' </Li> <Li> The U.S. Naval Academy defines plagiarism as `` the use of the words , information , insights , or ideas of another without crediting that person through proper citation . '' </Li> </Ul> Common forms of student plagiarism ( edit ) <P> According to a 2015 survey of teachers and professors by Turnitin there are 10 main forms of plagiarism that students commit : </P> <Ol> <Li> Submitting someone 's work as their own . </Li> <Li> Taking passages from their own previous work without adding citations . </Li> <Li> Re-writing someone 's work without properly citing sources . </Li> <Li> Using quotations , but not citing the source . </Li> <Li> Interweaving various sources together in the work without citing . </Li> <Li> Citing some , but not all passages that should be cited . </Li> <Li> Melding together cited and uncited sections of the piece . </Li> <Li> Providing proper citations , but fails to change the structure and wording of the borrowed ideas enough . </Li> <Li> Inaccurately citing the source . </Li> <Li> Relying too heavily on other people 's work . Fails to bring original thought into the text . </Li> </Ol> Sanctions for student plagiarism ( edit ) <P> In the academic world , plagiarism by students is usually considered a very serious offense that can result in punishments such as a failing grade on the particular assignment , the entire course , or even being expelled from the institution . Generally , the punishment increases as a person enters higher institutions of learning . The seriousness with which academic institutions address student plagiarism may be tempered by a recognition that students may not fully understand what plagiarism is . A 2015 study showed that students who were new to university study did not have a good understanding of even the basic requirements of how to attribute sources in written academic work , yet students were very confident that they understood what referencing and plagiarism are . The same students also had a lenient view of how plagiarism should be penalised . </P> <P> For cases of repeated plagiarism , or for cases in which a student commits severe plagiarism ( e.g. , purchasing an assignment ) , suspension or expulsion may occur . There has been historic concern about inconsistencies in penalties administered for university student plagiarism , and a plagiarism tariff was devised in 2008 for UK higher education institutions in an attempt to encourage some standardization of approaches . </P> <P> However , to impose sanctions , plagiarism needs to be detected . Strategies faculty members use to detect plagiarism include carefully reading students work and making note of inconsistencies in student writing , citation errors and providing plagiarism prevention education to students . It has been found that a significant share of ( university ) teachers do not use detection methods such as using text - matching software . A few more try to detect plagiarism by reading term - papers specifically for plagiarism , while the latter method might be not very effective in detecting plagiarism -- especially when plagiarism from unfamiliar sources needs to be detected . </P> Criminal and negative behaviour by diploma mills ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( May 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> There are allegations that some diploma mills take students ' money for essays , then produce a low standard essay or close their websites without providing the purchased essay . Students then have little time to provide an essay before a deadline . Also diploma mills have allegedly blackmailed students demanding more money than was originally agreed and threatening to reveal plagiarism to the university unless more money is paid . Sorana Vieru of the NUS said , `` We would urge those who are struggling to seek support through their unions and universities rather than looking to a quick fix , and be aware that using these websites could cost not only money but jeopardise their qualifications . '' </P> Plagiarism education ( edit ) <P> Given the serious consequences that plagiarism has for students , there has been a call for a greater emphasis on learning in order to help students avoid committing plagiarism . This is especially important when students move to a new institution that may have a different view of the concept when compared with the view previously developed by the student . Indeed , given the seriousness of plagiarism accusations for a student 's future , the pedagogy of plagiarism education may need to be considered ahead of the pedagogy of the discipline being studied . The need for plagiarism education extends to academic staff , who may not completely understand what is expected of their students or the consequences of misconduct . </P> Factors influencing student _́ S. decision to plagiarize ( edit ) <P> Several studies investigated factors that influence the decision to plagiarize . For example , a panel study with students from German universities found that academic procrastination predicts the frequency plagiarism conducted within six months followed the measurement of academic procrastination . It has been argued that by plagiarizing students cope with the negative consequences that result from academic procrastination such as poor grades . Another study found that plagiarism is more frequent if students perceive plagiarism as beneficial and if they have the opportunity to plagiarize . When students had expected higher sanctions and when they had internalized social norms that define plagiarism as very objectionable , plagiarism was less likely to occur . </P> <H3> Journalism ( edit ) </H3> <P> Since journalism relies on the public trust , a reporter 's failure to honestly acknowledge their sources undercuts a newspaper or television news show 's integrity and undermines its credibility . Journalists accused of plagiarism are often suspended from their reporting tasks while the charges are being investigated by the news organization . </P> <H3> Self - plagiarism ( edit ) </H3> See also : Duplicate publication <P> The reuse of significant , identical , or nearly identical portions of one 's own work without acknowledging that one is doing so or citing the original work is sometimes described as `` self - plagiarism '' ; the term `` recycling fraud '' has also been used to describe this practice . Articles of this nature are often referred to as duplicate or multiple publication . In addition there can be a copyright issue if copyright of the prior work has been transferred to another entity . Self - plagiarism is considered a serious ethical issue in settings where someone asserts that a publication consists of new material , such as in publishing or factual documentation . It does not apply to public - interest texts , such as social , professional , and cultural opinions usually published in newspapers and magazines . </P> <P> In academic fields , self - plagiarism occurs when an author reuses portions of their own published and copyrighted work in subsequent publications , but without attributing the previous publication . Identifying self - plagiarism is often difficult because limited reuse of material is accepted both legally ( as fair use ) and ethically . </P> A contested definition ( edit ) <P> Miguel Roig has written at length about the topic of self - plagiarism and his definition of self - plagiarism as using previously disseminated work is widely accepted among scholars of the topic . However , the `` self - plagiarism '' has been challenged as being self - contradictory , an oxymoron , and on other grounds . </P> <P> For example , Stephanie J. Bird argues that self - plagiarism is a misnomer , since by definition plagiarism concerns the use of others ' material . Bird identifies the ethical issues of `` self - plagiarism '' as those of `` dual or redundant publication . '' She also notes that in an educational context , `` self - plagiarism '' refers to the case of a student who resubmits `` the same essay for credit in two different courses . '' As David B. Resnik clarifies , `` Self - plagiarism involves dishonesty but not intellectual theft . '' </P> <P> According to Patrick M. Scanlon </P> <P> `` Self - plagiarism '' is a term with some specialized currency . Most prominently , it is used in discussions of research and publishing integrity in biomedicine , where heavy publish - or - perish demands have led to a rash of duplicate and `` salami - slicing '' publication , the reporting of a single study 's results in `` least publishable units '' within multiple articles ( Blancett , Flanagin , & Young , 1995 ; Jefferson , 1998 ; Kassirer & Angell , 1995 ; Lowe , 2003 ; McCarthy , 1993 ; Schein & Paladugu , 2001 ; Wheeler , 1989 ) . Roig ( 2002 ) offers a useful classification system including four types of self - plagiarism : duplicate publication of an article in more than one journal ; partitioning of one study into multiple publications , often called salami - slicing ; text recycling ; and copyright infringement . </P> Codes of ethics ( edit ) <P> Some academic journals have codes of ethics that specifically refer to self - plagiarism . For example , the Journal of International Business Studies . Some professional organizations like the Association for Computing Machinery ( ACM ) have created policies that deal specifically with self - plagiarism . Other organizations do not make specific reference to self - plagiarism such as the American Political Science Association ( APSA ) . The organization published a code of ethics that describes plagiarism as `` ... deliberate appropriation of the works of others represented as one 's own . '' It does not make any reference to self - plagiarism . It does say that when a thesis or dissertation is published `` in whole or in part '' , the author is `` not ordinarily under an ethical obligation to acknowledge its origins . '' The American Society for Public Administration ( ASPA ) also published a code of ethics that says its members are committed to : `` Ensure that others receive credit for their work and contributions , '' but it makes no reference to self - plagiarism . </P> Factors that justify reuse ( edit ) <P> Pamela Samuelson , in 1994 , identified several factors she says excuse reuse of one 's previously published work , that make it not self - plagiarism . She relates each of these factors specifically to the ethical issue of self - plagiarism , as distinct from the legal issue of fair use of copyright , which she deals with separately . Among other factors that may excuse reuse of previously published material Samuelson lists the following : </P> <Ol> <Li> The previous work must be restated to lay the groundwork for a new contribution in the second work . </Li> <Li> Portions of the previous work must be repeated to deal with new evidence or arguments . </Li> <Li> The audience for each work is so different that publishing the same work in different places is necessary to get the message out . </Li> <Li> The author thinks they said it so well the first time that it makes no sense to say it differently a second time . </Li> </Ol> <P> Samuelson states she has relied on the `` different audience '' rationale when attempting to bridge interdisciplinary communities . She refers to writing for different legal and technical communities , saying : `` there are often paragraphs or sequences of paragraphs that can be bodily lifted from one article to the other . And , in truth , I lift them . '' She refers to her own practice of converting `` a technical article into a law review article with relatively few changes -- adding footnotes and one substantive section '' for a different audience . </P> <P> Samuelson describes misrepresentation as the basis of self - plagiarism . She also states `` Although it seems not to have been raised in any of the self - plagiarism cases , copyrights law 's fair use defense would likely provide a shield against many potential publisher claims of copyright infringement against authors who reused portions of their previous works . '' </P> <H3> Organizational publications ( edit ) </H3> <P> Plagiarism is presumably not an issue when organizations issue collective unsigned works since they do not assign credit for originality to particular people . For example , the American Historical Association 's `` Statement on Standards of Professional Conduct '' ( 2005 ) regarding textbooks and reference books states that , since textbooks and encyclopedias are summaries of other scholars ' work , they are not bound by the same exacting standards of attribution as original research and may be allowed a greater `` extent of dependence '' on other works . However , even such a book does not make use of words , phrases , or paragraphs from another text or follow too closely the other text 's arrangement and organization , and the authors of such texts are also expected to `` acknowledge the sources of recent or distinctive findings and interpretations , those not yet a part of the common understanding of the profession . '' </P> <H2> In the arts ( edit ) </H2> L.H.O.O.Q. ( 1919 ) , one of Marcel Duchamp 's readymades . <H3> The history of the arts ( edit ) </H3> <P> Through all of the history of literature and of the arts in general , works of art are for a large part repetitions of the tradition ; to the entire history of artistic creativity belong plagiarism , literary theft , appropriation , incorporation , retelling , rewriting , recapitulation , revision , reprise , thematic variation , ironic retake , parody , imitation , stylistic theft , pastiches , collages , and deliberate assemblages . There is no rigorous and precise distinction between practices like imitation , stylistic plagiarism , copy , replica and forgery . These appropriation procedures are the main axis of a literate culture , in which the tradition of the canonic past is being constantly rewritten . </P> <P> Ruth Graham quotes T.S. Eliot -- `` Immature poets imitate ; mature poets steal . Bad poets deface what they take . '' -- she notes that despite the `` taboo '' of plagiarism , the ill - will and embarrassment it causes in the modern context , readers seem to often forgive the past excesses of historic literary offenders . </P> <H3> Praisings of artistic plagiarism ( edit ) </H3> <P> A passage of Laurence Sterne 's 1767 Tristram Shandy condemns plagiarism by resorting to plagiarism . Oliver Goldsmith commented : </P> <P> Sterne 's Writings , in which it is clearly shewn , that he , whose manner and style were so long thought original , was , in fact , the most unhesitating plagiarist who ever cribbed from his predecessors in order to garnish his own pages . It must be owned , at the same time , that Sterne selects the materials of his mosaic work with so much art , places them so well , and polishes them so highly , that in most cases we are disposed to pardon the want of originality , in consideration of the exquisite talent with which the borrowed materials are wrought up into the new form . </P> <H2> In other contexts ( edit ) </H2> <H3> On the Internet ( edit ) </H3> <P> Free online tools are becoming available to help identify plagiarism , and there are a range of approaches that attempt to limit online copying , such as disabling right clicking and placing warning banners regarding copyrights on web pages . Instances of plagiarism that involve copyright violation may be addressed by the rightful content owners sending a DMCA removal notice to the offending site - owner , or to the ISP that is hosting the offending site . The term `` content scraping '' has arisen to describe the copying and pasting of information from websites and blogs . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( October 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Academic dishonesty </Li> <Li> Appropriation ( art ) </Li> <Li> Article spinning </Li> <Li> Contract cheating </Li> <Li> Credit ( creative arts ) </Li> <Li> Cryptomnesia </Li> <Li> Détournement </Li> <Li> Document theft </Li> <Li> Essay mill </Li> <Li> Fair use </Li> <Li> Ghostwriter </Li> <Li> Joke thievery </Li> <Li> Journalism scandals ( plagiarism , fabrication , omission ) </Li> <Li> Multiple publication </Li> <Li> Musical plagiarism </Li> <Li> Parody </Li> <Li> Peer review § Plagiarism </Li> <Li> Plagiarism detection </Li> <Li> Rogeting </Li> <Li> Scientific misconduct <Ul> <Li> Scientific plagiarism in India </Li> <Li> Scientific plagiarism in the United States </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Source criticism </Li> <Li> Swipe ( comics ) </Li> <Li> An Uncommon Story , literary memoir by Ivan Goncharov </Li> <Li> The Anxiety of Influence , a 1973 book by Harold Bloom </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ From the 1995 Random House Compact Unabridged Dictionary : <P> use or close imitation of the language and thoughts of another author and the representation of them as one 's own original work </P> qtd. in Stepchyshyn , Vera ; Nelson , Robert S. ( 2007 ) . Library plagiarism policies . Assoc. of College & Resrch Libraries . p. 65 . ISBN 0 - 8389 - 8416 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ From the Oxford English Dictionary : <P> The action or practice of taking someone else 's work , idea , etc. , and passing it off as one 's own ; literary theft . </P> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Connor , Z ( 2015 ) Extreme plagiarism : The rise of the e-Idiot ? , International Journal of Learning in Higher Education , 20 ( 1 ) , pp1 - 11 . ISSN 2327 - 7955 ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lynch ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Green , Stuart P. ( 2002 ) . `` Plagiarism , Norms , and the Limits of Theft Law : Some Observations on the Use of Criminal Sanctions in Enforcing Intellectual Property Rights '' . Hastings Law Journal . 54 ( 1 ) . SSRN 315562 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Valpy , Francis Edward Jackson ( 2005 ) . Etymological Dictionary of the Latin Language . p. 345 . entry for plagium , quotation : `` the crime of kidnapping . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Newton , Philip M. ; Lang , Christopher ( 1 January 2016 ) . Bretag , Tracey , ed . Handbook of Academic Integrity . Springer Singapore . pp. 249 -- 271 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 981 - 287 - 098 - 8_38 -- via link.springer.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lands , Robert ( 1999 ) Plagiarism is no Crime Archived 2011 - 01 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . published by The Association of Illustrators ( AOI ) , December 1999 . Quotation : <P> Plagiarism may be a taboo in academia , but in art is almost essential . </P> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gabriel , Trip ( 1 August 2010 ) . `` Plagiarism Lines Blur for Students in Digital Age '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lipson , Abigail ( 2003 ) . `` The Responsible Plagiarist '' . About Campus. 8 - issue 3 : 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grove , Jack ( 7 August 2014 ) . `` Sinister buttocks ? Roget would blush at the crafty cheek Middlesex lecturer gets to the bottom of meaningless phrases found while marking essays '' . Times Higher Education . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Susan D. Blum , My Word ! : Plagiarism and College Culture ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cully , P. Plagiarism avoidance in academic submissions . Dublin Institute of Technology , 2013 . Full PDF available for download at : http://arrow.dit.ie/bescharcoth/4/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kock , N ( July 1999 ) . `` A case of academic plagiarism '' . Communications of the ACM. 42 ( 7 ) : 96 -- 104 . doi : 10.1145 / 306549.306594 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kock , N. , Davison , R. ( December 2003 ) . `` Dealing with plagiarism in the information systems research community : a look at factors that drive plagiarism and ways to address them '' . MIS Quarterly , 27 ( 4 ) : 511 -- 32 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clarke , Roger ( 2006 ) . `` Plagiarism by academics : More complex than it seems '' . Journal of the Association for Information Systems . 7 ( 1 ) : 91 -- 121 . ISSN 1536 - 9323 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` plagiarism Archives -- Retraction Watch '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eaton , S.E. ( 2017 ) . Comparative Analysis of Institutional Policy Definitions of Plagiarism : A Pan-Canadian University Study . Interchange : A Quarterly Review of Education , 48 ( 3 ) , 271 - 281 . doi : 10.1007 / s10780 - 017 - 9300 - 7 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gipp , Bela ( 2014 ) . Citation - based Plagiarism Detection : Detecting Disguised and Cross-language Plagiarism using Citation Pattern Analysis . Springer Vieweg . ISBN 978 - 3 - 658 - 06393 - 1 . p. 10 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fishman , Teddi ( Sep 28 -- 30 , 2009 ) . `` We know it when we see it is not good enough : toward a standard definition of plagiarism that transcends theft , fraud , and copyright '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the 4th Asia Pacific Conference on Educational Integrity . p. 5 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What is Plagiarism '' Archived 2012 - 10 - 26 at the Wayback Machine ... Stanford University . 2012 - 07 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Defining and Avoiding Plagiarism : The WPA Statement on Best Practices '' . Princeton University . 2012 - 07 - 27 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Student Honor Code '' . Emory : Oxford College . 2012 - 07 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What is plagiarism ? '' . Brown University Library . 2012 - 07 - 27 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ USNA Statements on Plagiarism - Avoiding Plagiarism US Naval Academy , Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Plagiarism Spectrum '' . Turnitin . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Newton , Philip ( 2 April 2016 ) . `` Academic integrity : a quantitative study of confidence and understanding in students at the start of their higher education '' . 41 ( 3 ) : 482 -- 497 . doi : 10.1080 / 02602938.2015. 1024199 -- via Taylor and Francis + NEJM . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tennant , Peter ; Rowell , Gill ( 2009 -- 2010 ) . `` Benchmark Plagiarism Tariff '' ( PDF ) . plagiarism advice.org . iParadigms Europe . Retrieved 9 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Colella - Sandercock , J.A. , & Alahmadi , H.W. ( 2015 ) . Plagiarism education : Strategies for instructors . International Journal of Learning , Teaching and Educational Research , 13 ( 1 ) , 76 - 84 . Retrieved from http://ijlter.org/index.php/ijlter/article/view/395/190 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sattler , S. , Wiegel , C , and van Veen , F. ( 2015 ) : `` The use frequency of 10 different methods for preventing and detecting academic dishonesty and the factors influencing their use '' In : Studies in Higher Education , ( 2 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Students warned against using ' essay mill ' sites to write dissertations The Guardian </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ireland , Chris ; Huddersfield , University of ; UK ; English , John ; Huddersfield , University of ; UK ( 1 October 2011 ) . `` Let Them Plagiarise : Developing Academic Writing in a Safe Environment '' . 1 ( 1 ) : 165 -- 172 . doi : 10.18552 / joaw. v1i1. 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leung , C.H. , & Cheng , S.C.L. ( 2017 ) . An instructional approach to practical solutions for plagiarism . Universal Journal of Educational Research , 5 ( 9 ) , 1646 - 1652 . doi : 10.13189 / ujer. 2017.050922 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Colella - Sandercock , J.A. , & Alahmadi , H.W. ( 2016 ) . Rethinking Pedagogy : How the Implementation of Transformative Teaching and Learning Can Help Reduce Plagiarism . Paper presented at the 10th Annual International Conference on Teaching and Learning . https://www.oakland.edu/Assets/Oakland/cetl/files-and-documents/Conferences/ConferencePPTs/491RethinkPlagiarismCollella-Sandercock.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gill Byrne ; Chris Ireland ( 2011 ) . `` Using Technology to Prevent Plagiarism : Skilling the Students '' ( PDF ) ( Working Paper ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Serviss , Tricia ( 1 January 2015 ) . Bretag , Tracey Ann , ed . Handbook of Academic Integrity . Springer Singapore . pp. 1 -- 14 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 981 - 287 - 079 - 7_73 - 1 # page - 1 -- via link.springer.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patrzek , J. ; Sattler , S. ; van Veen , F. ; Grunschel , C. ; Fries , S. ( 2014 ) . `` Investigating the Effect of Academic Procrastination on the Frequency and Variety of Academic Misconduct : A Panel Study '' . Studies in Higher Education : 1 -- 16 . doi : 10.1080 / 03075079.2013. 854765 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sebastian Sattler , Peter Graeff , Sebastian Willen : Explaining the Decision to Plagiarize : An Empirical Test of the Interplay Between Rationality , Norms , and Opportunity . In : Deviant Behavior . 34 , 2013 , S. 444 -- 463 , doi : 10.1080 / 01639625.2012. 735909 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Journalism '' . Famous Plagiarists.com / War On Plagiarism.org . Archived from the original on 26 February 2007 . Retrieved 9 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dellavalle , Robert P. ; Banks , Marcus A. ; Ellis , Jeffrey I. ( September 2007 ) . `` Frequently asked questions regarding self - plagiarism : How to avoid recycling fraud '' . Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 57 ( 3 ) : 527 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jaad. 2007.05. 018 . PMC 2679117 . PMID 17707155 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rebecca Attwood . `` Allow me to rephrase , and boost my tally of articles '' . Times Higher Education . 3 July 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hexham , Irving ( 2005 ) . `` The Plague of Plagiarism : Academic Plagiarism Defined '' . UCalgary.ca . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Roig , M. ( 2010 ) . Plagiarism and self - plagiarism : What every author should know . Biochemia Medica , 20 ( 3 ) , 295 - 300 . Retrieved from http://www.biochemia-medica.com/content/plagiarism-and-self-plagiarism-what-every-author-should-know </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Samuelson , Pamela ( August 1994 ) . `` Self - plagiarism or fair use ? '' ( PDF ) . Communications of the ACM. 37 ( 8 ) : 21 -- 5 . doi : 10.1145 / 179606.179731 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roig , M. ( 2005 ) . Re-using text from one 's own previously published papers : An exploratory study of potential self - plagiarism . Psychological Reports , 2005 ( 97 ) , 43 - 49 . doi : 10.2466 / pr0. 97.1. 43 - 49 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roig , M. ( 2011 ) . Avoiding plagiarism , self - plagiarism , and other questionable writing practices : A guide to ethical writing . U.S. Department of Health & Human Services : Office of Research Integrity Retrieved from https://www.google.ca/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&rlz=1C5CHFA_enCA728CA728&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8# </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roig , M. ( 2015 ) . On reusing our previously disseminated work . American Association for the Advancement of Science . Retrieved from https://www.aaas.org/news/reusing-our-previously-disseminated-work </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Broome , M ( November 2004 ) . `` Self - plagiarism : Oxymoron , fair use , or scientific misconduct ? '' . Nursing Outlook . 52 ( 6 ) : 273 -- 4 . doi : 10.1016 / j. outlook. 2004.10. 001 . PMID 15614263 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreescu , Liviu ( November 2012 ) . `` Self - Plagiarism in Academic Publishing : The Anatomy of a Misnomer '' . Science and Engineering Ethics . doi : 10.1007 / s11948 - 012 - 9416 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bird , SJ ( October 2002 ) . `` Self - plagiarism and dual and redundant publications : what is the problem ? Commentary on ' Seven ways to plagiarize : handling real allegations of research misconduct ' '' . Science and Engineering Ethics. 8 ( 4 ) : 543 -- 4 . doi : 10.1007 / s11948 - 002 - 0007 - 4 . PMID 12501723 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Resnik , David B. ( 1998 ) . The Ethics of Science : an introduction , London : Routledge . p. 177 , notes to chapter six , note 3 . Online via Google Books </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scanlon , PM ( 2007 ) . `` Song from myself : an anatomy of self - plagiarism '' . Plagiary. 2 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lorraine Eden . `` JIBS Code of Ethics '' . Journal of International Business Studies . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ACM Policy and Procedures on Plagiarism '' . June 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ American Political Science Association ( 2008 ) . `` A Guide to Professional Ethics in Political Science '' . Second Edition . Section 21.1 . ISBN 1 - 878147 - 05 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ American Society for Public Administration . `` ASPA 's Code of Ethics '' Archived 2011 - 01 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Statement on Standards of Professional Conduct '' . American Historical Association . 2005 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 16 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Derrida ( 1959 ) quotation : ( p. 40 ) : `` The boundaries between permissible and impermissible , imitation , stylistic plagiarism , copy , replica and forgery remain nebulous . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eco ( 1990 ) p. 95 quotation : <P> Each of the types of repetition that we have examined is not limited to the mass media but belongs by right to the entire history of artistic creativity ; plagiarism , quotation , parody , the ironic retake are typical of the entire artistic - literary tradition . Much art has been and is repetitive . The concept of absolute originality is a contemporary one , born with Romanticism ; classical art was in vast measure serial , and the `` modern '' avant - garde ( at the beginning of this century ) challenged the Romantic idea of `` creation from nothingness , '' with its techniques of collage , mustachios on the Mona Lisa , art about art , and so on . </P> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alfrey ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Genette ( 1982 ) note 3 to ch. 7 , p. 433 . quotation : <P> `` transposition '' ... all the other possible terms ( rewriting , rehandling , remake , revision , refection , recasting , etc . ) </P> </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Steiner ( 1998 ) pp. 437 , 459 quotation : <P> ( p. 437 ) There is between ' translation proper ' and ' transmutation ' a vast terrain of ' partial transformation ' . The verbal signs in the original message or statement are modified by one of a multitude of means or by a combination of means . These include paraphrase , graphic illustration , pastiche , imitation , thematic variation , parody , citation in a supporting or undermining context , false attribution ( accidental or deliberate ) , plagiarism , collage , and many others . This zone of partial transformation , of derivation , of alternate restatement determines much of our sensibility and literacy . It is , quite simply , the matrix of culture . </P> <P> ( p. 459 ) We could , in some measure , at least , come closer to a verifiable gradation of the sequence of techniques and aims , which leads from literal translation through paraphrases , mimesis , and pastiche to thematic variation . I have suggested that this sequence is the main axis of a literate culture , that a culture advances , spiralwise , via translations of its own canonic past . </P> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Haywood ( 1987 ) p. 109 , quoting Arnau </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eco ( 1987 ) p. 202 , quoting Arnau </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arnau ( 1959 ) quotation : ( p. 40 ) `` The boundaries between permissible and impermissible , imitation , stylistic plagiarism , copy , replica and forgery remain nebulous . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Graham , Ruth ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Word Theft '' . Poetryfoundation.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mark Ford Love and Theft London Review of Books Vol. 26 No. 23 2 December 2004 pages 34 -- 35 4103 words </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oliver Goldsmith The vicar of Wakefield : a tale , Volume 5 p. xviii </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Apple accused of copyright wrongs '' CNET </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Copyscape Searches For Scraped Content '' . WebProNews . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jones , Del ( August 1 , 2006 ) . `` Authorship gets lost on Web '' . USA Today . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Maura ( May 8 , 2006 ) . `` Online plagiarism strikes blog world '' . The Boston Globe . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Works cited ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Alfrey , Penelope ( 2000 ) . `` Petrarch 's Apes : Originality , Plagiarism and Copyright Principles within Visual Culture '' . MIT Communications Forum . </Li> <Li> Arnau , Frank Translation from the German by Brownjohn , J. Maxwell ( 1961 ) . The Art of the Faker. Little , Brown and Company . </Li> <Li> Derrida , Jacques , Roudinesco , Élisabeth ( 2001 ) ( 2004 ) De Quoi Demain , English translation 2004 by Jeff Fort as For what tomorrow -- : a dialogue , ch. 4 Unforeseeable Freedom </Li> <Li> Blum , Susan D. My Word ! : Plagiarism and College Culture ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Eco , Umberto ( 1987 ) Fakes and Forgeries in Versus , Issues 46 -- 48 , republished in 1990 in The limits of interpretation pp. 174 -- 202 </Li> <Li> Eco , Umberto ( 1990 ) Interpreting Serials in The limits of interpretation , pp. 83 -- 100 , excerpt ; link unavailable </Li> <Li> Gérard Genette ( 1982 ) Palimpsests : literature in the second degree </Li> <Li> Haywood , Ian ( 1987 ) Faking it </Li> <Li> Hutcheon , Linda ( 1985 ) . `` 3 . The Pragmatic Range of Parody '' . A Theory of Parody : The Teachings of Twentieth - Century Art Forms . New York : Methuen . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06938 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Joachimides , Christos M. and Rosenthal , Norman and Anfam , David and Adams , Brooks ( 1993 ) American art in the 20th century : painting and sculpture 1913 -- 1993 </Li> <Li> Lynch , Jack ( 2002 ) The Perfectly Acceptable Practice of Literary Theft : Plagiarism , Copyright , and the Eighteenth Century , in Colonial Williamsburg : The Journal of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation 24 , no . 4 ( Winter 2002 -- 3 ) , pp. 51 -- 54 . Also available online since 2006 at Writing World . </Li> <Li> Paull , Harry Major ( 1928 ) Literary ethics : a study in the growth of the literary conscience Part II , ch. X Parody and Burlesque pp. 133 -- 40 ( public domain work , author died in 1934 ) </Li> <Li> Royal Shakespeare Company ( 2007 ) The RSC Shakespeare -- William Shakespeare Complete Works , Introduction to the Comedy of Errors </Li> <Li> Ruthven , K.K. ( 2001 ) Faking Literature </Li> <Li> Spearing , A.C. ( 1987 ) Introduction section to Chaucer 's The Franklin 's Prologue and Tale </Li> <Li> Spearing , A.C. ( 1989 ) Readings in medieval poetry </Li> <Li> Steiner , George ( 1998 ) After Babel , ch. 6 Topologies of culture , 3rd revised edition </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Plagiarism </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Lipson , Charles ( 2008 ) . Doing Honest Work in College : How to Prepare Citations , Avoid Plagiarism , and Achieve Real Academic Success ( 2nd ed . ) . Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226484778 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Lipson , A. , & Reindl , S.M. ( 2003 ) . http://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ672640 `` The Responsible Plagiarist : Understanding Students Who Misuse Sources , '' About Campus , 8 ( 3 ) , 7 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jude Carroll and Carl - Mikael Zetterling ( 2009 ) . Guiding students away from plagiarism ( in Swedish and English ) ( 1st ed . ) . Stockholm , Sweden : KTH Royal Institute of Technology . pp. 86 -- 167 . ISBN 978 - 91 - 7415 - 403 - 0 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiversity has learning resources about Plagiarism </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Media related to Plagiarism at Wikimedia Commons </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Appropriation in the arts </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By field </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Appropriation </Li> <Li> Bootleg recording </Li> <Li> Contrafact <Ul> <Li> List </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Contrafactum </Li> <Li> Cover version </Li> <Li> Interpolation </Li> <Li> List of musical medleys </Li> <Li> Music mashup </Li> <Li> Music plagiarism </Li> <Li> Musical quotation </Li> <Li> Parody music </Li> <Li> Pasticcio </Li> <Li> Plunderphonics </Li> <Li> Potpourri </Li> <Li> DJ mix </Li> <Li> Quodlibet </Li> <Li> Remix </Li> <Li> Sampling </Li> <Li> Sound collage </Li> <Li> Trope </Li> <Li> Variation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Literature / theatre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Assemblage </Li> <Li> Cut - up technique </Li> <Li> Joke theft </Li> <Li> Trope </Li> <Li> Found poetry </Li> <Li> Flarf poetry </Li> <Li> Verbatim theatre </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Painting / sculpture / comics / photography </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Collage </Li> <Li> Swipe </Li> <Li> Comic strip switcheroo </Li> <Li> Photographic mosaic </Li> <Li> Combine painting </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> By source material </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mona Lisa </Li> <Li> Michelangelo 's David </Li> <Li> Michelangelo 's Pietà </Li> <Li> Statue of Liberty </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinema / television / video </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Video mashup </Li> <Li> Re-cut trailer </Li> <Li> TV format </Li> <Li> Found footage </Li> <Li> Remake </Li> <Li> Parody film </Li> <Li> Collage film </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General concepts </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Intertextual figures </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Allusion </Li> <Li> Calque </Li> <Li> Plagiarism </Li> <Li> Pastiche </Li> <Li> Parody </Li> <Li> Quotation </Li> <Li> Translation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Adaptation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Drama </Li> <Li> Film </Li> <Li> Literary </Li> <Li> Theatre </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other concepts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Assemblage ( art ) </Li> <Li> Bricolage </Li> <Li> Citation </Li> <Li> Derivative work </Li> <Li> Détournement </Li> <Li> Found object </Li> <Li> Homage </Li> <Li> Imitation in art </Li> <Li> Mashup </Li> <Li> Reprise </Li> <Li> Source criticism in the arts </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related artistic concepts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Originality </Li> <Li> Artistic inspiration </Li> <Li> Afflatus </Li> <Li> Genius ( literature ) </Li> <Li> Genre </Li> <Li> Genre studies </Li> <Li> Parody advertisement </Li> <Li> In - joke </Li> <Li> Tribute act </Li> <Li> Fan fiction </Li> <Li> Simulacrum </Li> <Li> Archetypal literary criticism </Li> <Li> Readymades of Marcel Duchamp </Li> <Li> Anti-art </Li> <Li> Pop art </Li> <Li> Aesthetic interpretation </Li> <Li> Western canon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Standard blocks and forms </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jazz standard </Li> <Li> Stock character </Li> <Li> Plot device </Li> <Li> Dramatic structure </Li> <Li> Formula fiction </Li> <Li> Monomyth </Li> <Li> Archetype </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Epoch - marking works </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> L.H.O.O.Q. 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up technique </Li> <Li> Pastiche </Li> <Li> Assemblage </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Features </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Writing style </Li> <Li> Stylistics </Li> <Li> Writer 's voice </Li> <Li> Setting tone </Li> <Li> Grammatical mood </Li> <Li> Tone </Li> <Li> Register </Li> <Li> Rhetorical modes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Forms </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Novel </Li> <Li> Screenplay </Li> <Li> Short story </Li> <Li> Poetry </Li> <Li> Essay </Li> <Li> Joke </Li> <Li> Creative nonfiction </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Beyond the arts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Composition studies </Li> <Li> Technical writing </Li> <Li> Articulation ( sociological ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GND : 4046196 - 8 </Li> <Li> NDL : 01158527 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&oldid=856510845 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Plagiarism </Li> <Li> Scientific misconduct </Li> <Li> Deception </Li> <Li> Theft </Li> <Li> Intellectual works </Li> <Li> Education issues </Li> <Li> Intellectual property law </Li> <Li> Misconduct </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Articles needing more detailed references </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from May 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 </Li> <Li> Articles with too many examples </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Unrecognized language </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Wikiversity </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> Alemannisch </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> تۆرکجه </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Frysk </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Basa Jawa </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Кыргызча </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Limburgs </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> മലയാളം </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Монгол </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Scots </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Тоҷикӣ </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Türkmençe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 54 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 19 : 05 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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Reincarnation - wikipedia <H1> Reincarnation </H1> For other uses , see Reincarnation ( disambiguation ) . `` Past lives '' and `` Transmigration of souls '' redirect here . For other uses , see Past Lives ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Paranormal </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Main articles ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Afterlife </Li> <Li> Angel </Li> <Li> Astral projection </Li> <Li> Astrology </Li> <Li> Aura </Li> <Li> Bilocation </Li> <Li> Clairvoyance </Li> <Li> Close encounter </Li> <Li> Cold spot </Li> <Li> Conjuration </Li> <Li> Cryptid </Li> <Li> Deity </Li> <Li> Demon </Li> <Li> Demonic possession </Li> <Li> Demonology </Li> <Li> Ectoplasm </Li> <Li> Electronic voice phenomenon </Li> <Li> Exorcism </Li> <Li> Extrasensory perception </Li> <Li> Fairy </Li> <Li> Fear of ghosts </Li> <Li> Forteana </Li> <Li> Ghost </Li> <Li> Ghost hunting </Li> <Li> Ghost story </Li> <Li> Haunted house </Li> <Li> Indigo children </Li> <Li> Magic </Li> <Li> Mediumship </Li> <Li> Miracle </Li> <Li> Occult </Li> <Li> Orb </Li> <Li> Omniscience </Li> <Li> Ouija </Li> <Li> Paranormal fiction </Li> <Li> Paranormal television </Li> <Li> Poltergeist </Li> <Li> Precognition </Li> <Li> Preternatural </Li> <Li> Psychic </Li> <Li> Psychic reading </Li> <Li> Psychokinesis </Li> <Li> Psychometry </Li> <Li> Reincarnation </Li> <Li> Remote viewing </Li> <Li> Retrocognition </Li> <Li> Séance </Li> <Li> Shadow people </Li> <Li> Soul </Li> <Li> Spirit </Li> <Li> Spirit photography </Li> <Li> Spirit possession </Li> <Li> Spirit world </Li> <Li> Spiritualism </Li> <Li> Stone Tape </Li> <Li> Supernatural </Li> <Li> Telepathy </Li> <Li> UFO </Li> <Li> UFO sightings </Li> <Li> Ufology </Li> <Li> Will - o ' - the - wisp </Li> </Ul> <P> Haunted locations : </P> <Ul> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> United States </Li> <Li> World </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Skepticism ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Cold reading </Li> <Li> Committee for Skeptical Inquiry </Li> <Li> Debunking </Li> <Li> Hoax </Li> <Li> James Randi Educational Foundation </Li> <Li> Magical thinking </Li> <Li> Prizes for evidence of the paranormal </Li> <Li> Pseudoskepticism </Li> <Li> Scientific skepticism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Related ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Anomalistics </Li> <Li> Argument from ignorance </Li> <Li> Argumentum ad populum </Li> <Li> Bandwagon effect </Li> <Li> Begging the question </Li> <Li> Cognitive dissonance </Li> <Li> Communal reinforcement </Li> <Li> Fallacy </Li> <Li> Falsifiability </Li> <Li> Fringe science </Li> <Li> Groupthink </Li> <Li> Hypnosis </Li> <Li> Junk science </Li> <Li> Protoscience </Li> <Li> Pseudoscience </Li> <Li> Scientific evidence </Li> <Li> Scientific method </Li> <Li> Superstition </Li> <Li> Uncertainty </Li> <Li> Urban legend </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Parapsychology ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Death and culture </Li> <Li> Parapsychology </Li> <Li> Scientific literacy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> The drawing illustrates how the soul travels to any one of the four states of existence after death depending on its karmas , according to Jainism . <P> Reincarnation is the philosophical or religious concept that an aspect of a living being starts a new life in a different physical body or form after each biological death . It is also called rebirth or transmigration , and is a part of the Saṃsāra doctrine of cyclic existence . It is a central tenet of all major Indian religions , namely Jainism , Hinduism , Buddhism , and Sikhism . The idea of reincarnation is found in many ancient cultures , and a belief in rebirth / metempsychosis was held by Greek historic figures , such as Pythagoras , Socrates , and Plato . It is also a common belief of various ancient and modern religions such as Spiritism , Theosophy , and Eckankar , and is found as well in many tribal societies around the world , in places such as Australia , East Asia , Siberia , and South America . </P> <P> Although the majority of denominations within the Abrahamic religions of Christianity , Judaism , and Islam do not believe that individuals reincarnate , particular groups within these religions do refer to reincarnation ; these groups include the mainstream historical and contemporary followers of Kabbalah , the Cathars , Alawites , the Druze , and the Rosicrucians . The historical relations between these sects and the beliefs about reincarnation that were characteristic of Neoplatonism , Orphism , Hermeticism , Manicheanism , and Gnosticism of the Roman era as well as the Indian religions have been the subject of recent scholarly research . Unity Church and its founder Charles Fillmore teaches reincarnation . </P> <P> In recent decades , many Europeans and North Americans have developed an interest in reincarnation , and many contemporary works mention it . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Conceptual definitions </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Origins </Li> <Li> 2.2 Early Hinduism , Jainism and Buddhism <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 Rationale </Li> <Li> 2.2. 2 Comparison </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.3 Early Greece </Li> <Li> 2.4 Classical Antiquity </Li> <Li> 2.5 The Celts </Li> <Li> 2.6 Judaism </Li> <Li> 2.7 Taoism </Li> <Li> 2.8 European Middle Ages <Ul> <Li> 2.8. 1 Norse mythology </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.9 Renaissance and Early Modern period </Li> <Li> 2.10 19th to 20th centuries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Contemporary religious philosophies <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Hinduism </Li> <Li> 3.2 Buddhism </Li> <Li> 3.3 Jainism </Li> <Li> 3.4 Sikhism </Li> <Li> 3.5 African Vodun </Li> <Li> 3.6 Judaism </Li> <Li> 3.7 Native American nations </Li> <Li> 3.8 Christianity </Li> <Li> 3.9 Islam <Ul> <Li> 3.9. 1 Ghulat sects </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.10 Druze </Li> <Li> 3.11 New religious and spiritual movements <Ul> <Li> 3.11. 1 Theosophy </Li> <Li> 3.11. 2 Modern Astrology </Li> <Li> 3.11. 3 Anthroposophy </Li> <Li> 3.11. 4 Scientology </Li> <Li> 3.11. 5 Meher Baba </Li> <Li> 3.11. 6 Spiritism </Li> <Li> 3.11. 7 Wicca </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Reincarnation research </Li> <Li> 5 Reincarnation in the Western world </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Further reading </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Conceptual definitions ( edit ) </H2> <P> The word `` reincarnation '' derives from Latin , literally meaning , `` entering the flesh again '' . The Greek equivalent metempsychosis ( μετεμψύχωσις ) derives from meta ( change ) and empsykhoun ( to put a soul into ) , a term attributed to Pythagoras . An alternate term is transmigration implying migration from one life ( body ) to another . Reincarnation refers to the belief that an aspect of every human being ( or all living beings in some cultures ) continues to exist after death , this aspect may be the soul or mind or consciousness or something transcendent which is reborn in an interconnected cycle of existence ; the transmigration belief varies by culture , and is envisioned to be in the form of a newly born human being , or animal , or plant , or spirit , or as a being in some other non-human realm of existence . The term has been used by modern philosophers such as Kurt Gödel and has entered the English language . Another Greek term sometimes used synonymously is palingenesis , `` being born again '' . </P> <P> Rebirth is a key concept found in major Indian religions , and discussed with various terms . Punarjanman ( Sanskrit : पुनर्जन्मन् ) means `` rebirth , transmigration '' . Reincarnation is discussed in the ancient Sanskrit texts of Hinduism , Buddhism , and Jainism , with many alternate terms such as punarāvṛtti ( पुनरावृत्ति ) , punarājāti ( पुनराजाति ) , punarjīvātu ( पुनर्जीवातु ) , punarbhava ( पुनर्भव ) , āgati - gati ( आगति - गति , common in Buddhist Pali text ) , nibbattin ( निब्बत्तिन् ) , upapatti ( उपपत्ति ) , and uppajjana ( उप्पज्जन ) . These religions believe that this reincarnation is cyclic and an endless Saṃsāra , unless one gains spiritual insights that ends this cycle leading to liberation . The reincarnation concept is considered in Indian religions as a step that starts each `` cycle of aimless drifting , wandering or mundane existence '' , but one that is an opportunity to seek spiritual liberation through ethical living and a variety of meditative , yogic ( marga ) , or other spiritual practices . They consider the release from the cycle of reincarnations as the ultimate spiritual goal , and call the liberation by terms such as moksha , nirvana , mukti and kaivalya . However , the Buddhist , Hindu and Jain traditions have differed , since ancient times , in their assumptions and in their details on what reincarnates , how reincarnation occurs and what leads to liberation . </P> <P> Gilgul , Gilgul neshamot or Gilgulei Ha Neshamot ( Heb . גלגול הנשמות ) refers to the concept of reincarnation in Kabbalistic Judaism , found in much Yiddish literature among Ashkenazi Jews . Gilgul means `` cycle '' and neshamot is `` souls '' . Kabbalistic reincarnation says that humans reincarnate only to humans and to the same sex only : men to men , women to women . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Origins ( edit ) </H3> <P> The origins of the notion of reincarnation are obscure . Discussion of the subject appears in the philosophical traditions of India . The Greek Pre-Socratics discussed reincarnation , and the Celtic Druids are also reported to have taught a doctrine of reincarnation . </P> <P> The ideas associated with reincarnation may have arisen independently in different regions , or they might have spread as a result of cultural contact . Proponents of cultural transmission have looked for links between Iron Age Celtic , Greek and Vedic philosophy and religion , some even suggesting that belief in reincarnation was present in Proto - Indo - European religion . In ancient European , Iranian and Indian agricultural cultures , the life cycles of birth , death , and rebirth were recognized as a replica of natural agricultural cycles . </P> <H3> Early Hinduism , Jainism and Buddhism ( edit ) </H3> <P> The idea of reincarnation has early roots in the Vedic period ( c. 1500 -- c. 500 BCE ) , predating the Buddha and the Mahavira . The concepts of the cycle of birth and death , samsara , and liberation partly derive from ascetic traditions that arose in India around the middle of the first millennium BCE . Though no direct evidence of this has been found , the tribes of the Ganges valley or the Dravidian traditions of South India have been proposed as another early source of reincarnation beliefs . </P> <P> Hinduism 's Rigveda makes references to reincarnation in the Brahmanas layer . Though these early textual layers of the Vedas , from 2nd millennium BCE , mention and anticipate the doctrine of Karma and rebirth , the idea is not fully developed . It is in the early Upanishads , which are pre-Buddha and pre-Mahavira , where these ideas are more explicitly developed in a general way . Detailed descriptions first appear around the mid 1st millennium BCE in diverse traditions , including Buddhism , Jainism and various schools of Hindu philosophy , each of which gave unique expression to the general principle . </P> <P> The texts of ancient Jainism that have survived into the modern era are post-Mahavira , likely from the last centuries of the 1st millennium BCE , and extensively mention rebirth and karma doctrines . The Jaina philosophy assumes that the soul ( Jiva in Jainism , Atman in Hinduism ) exists and is eternal , passing through cycles of transmigration and rebirth . After death , reincarnation into a new body is asserted to be instantaneous in early Jaina texts . Depending upon the accumulated karma , rebirth occurs into a higher or lower bodily form , either in heaven or hell or earthly realm . No bodily form is permanent : everyone dies and reincarnates further . Liberation ( kevalya ) from reincarnation is possible , however , through removing and ending karmic accumulations to one 's soul . From the early stages of Jainism on , a human being was considered the highest mortal being , with the potential to achieve liberation , particularly through asceticism . </P> <P> The early Buddhist texts discuss rebirth as part of the doctrine of Saṃsāra . This asserts that the nature of existence is a `` suffering - laden cycle of life , death , and rebirth , without beginning or end '' . Also referred to as the wheel of existence ( Bhavacakra ) , it is often mentioned in Buddhist texts with the term punarbhava ( rebirth , re-becoming ) . Liberation from this cycle of existence , Nirvana , is the foundation and the most important purpose of Buddhism . Buddhist texts also assert that an enlightened person knows his previous births , a knowledge achieved through high levels of meditative concentration . Tibetan Buddhism discusses death , bardo ( an intermediate state ) , and rebirth in texts such as the Tibetan Book of the Dead . While Nirvana is taught as the ultimate goal in the Theravadin Buddhism , and is essential to Mahayana Buddhism , the vast majority of contemporary lay Buddhists focus on accumulating good karma and acquiring merit to achieve a better reincarnation in the next life . </P> <P> In early Buddhist traditions , Saṃsāra cosmology consisted of five realms through which the wheel of existence cycled . This included hells ( niraya ) , hungry ghosts ( pretas ) , animals ( tiryak ) , humans ( manushya ) , and gods ( devas , heavenly ) . In latter Buddhist traditions , this list grew to a list of six realms of rebirth , adding demi - gods ( asuras ) . </P> Rationale ( edit ) <P> The earliest layers of Vedic text incorporate the concept of life , followed by an afterlife in heaven and hell based on cumulative virtues ( merit ) or vices ( demerit ) . However , the ancient Vedic Rishis challenged this idea of afterlife as simplistic , because people do not live an equally moral or immoral life . Between generally virtuous lives , some are more virtuous ; while evil too has degrees , and the texts assert that it would be unfair for people , with varying degrees of virtue or vices , to end up in heaven or hell , in `` either or '' and disproportionate manner irrespective of how virtuous or vicious their lives were . They introduced the idea of an afterlife in heaven or hell in proportion to one 's merit , and when this runs out , one returns and is reborn . This idea appears in ancient and medieval texts , as the cycle of life , death , rebirth and redeath , such as section 6 : 31 of the Mahabharata and section 6.10 of Devi Bhagavata Purana . </P> Comparison ( edit ) <P> Early texts of Hinduism , Buddhism and Jainism share the concepts and terminology related to reincarnation . They also emphasize similar virtuous practices and karma as necessary for liberation and what influences future rebirths . For example , all three discuss various virtues -- sometimes grouped as Yamas and Niyamas -- such as non-violence , truthfulness , non-stealing , non-possessiveness , compassion for all living beings , charity and many others . </P> <P> Hinduism , Buddhism and Jainism disagree in their assumptions and theories about rebirth . Hinduism relies on its foundational assumption that `` soul , Self exists '' ( Atman , attā ) , in contrast to Buddhist assumption that there is `` no soul , no Self '' ( Anatta , anatman ) . Hindu traditions consider soul to be the unchanging eternal essence of a living being , and what journeys across reincarnations until it attains self - knowledge . Buddhism , in contrast , asserts a rebirth theory without a Self , and considers realization of non-Self or Emptiness as Nirvana ( nibbana ) . Thus Buddhism and Hinduism have a very different view on whether a self or soul exists , which impacts the details of their respective rebirth theories . </P> <P> The reincarnation doctrine in Jainism differs from those in Buddhism , even though both are non-theistic Sramana traditions . Jainism , in contrast to Buddhism , accepts the foundational assumption that soul exists ( Jiva ) and asserts this soul is involved in the rebirth mechanism . Further , Jainism considers asceticism as an important means to spiritual liberation that ends all reincarnation , while Buddhism does not . </P> <H3> Early Greece ( edit ) </H3> A 2nd - century Roman sarcophagus shows the mythology and symbolism of the Orphic and Dionysiac Mystery schools . Orpheus plays his lyre to the left . <P> Early Greek discussion of the concept likewise dates to the 6th century BCE . An early Greek thinker known to have considered rebirth is Pherecydes of Syros ( fl. 540 BCE ) . His younger contemporary Pythagoras ( c. 570 -- c. 495 BCE ) , its first famous exponent , instituted societies for its diffusion . Plato ( 428 / 427 -- 348 / 347 BCE ) presented accounts of reincarnation in his works , particularly the Myth of Er . </P> <P> Authorities have not agreed on how the notion arose in Greece : sometimes Pythagoras is said to have been Pherecydes ' pupil , sometimes to have introduced it with the doctrine of Orphism , a Thracian religion that was to be important in the diffusion of reincarnation , or else to have brought the teaching from India . In Phaedo , Plato makes his teacher Socrates , prior to his death , state : `` I am confident that there truly is such a thing as living again , and that the living spring from the dead . '' However Xenophon does not mention Socrates as believing in reincarnation and Plato may have systematised Socrates ' thought with concepts he took directly from Pythagoreanism or Orphism . </P> <H3> Classical antiquity ( edit ) </H3> See also : metempsychosis <P> The Orphic religion , which taught reincarnation , about the 6th century BC , organized itself into mystery schools at Eleusis and elsewhere , and produced a copious literature . Orpheus , its legendary founder , is said to have taught that the immortal soul aspires to freedom while the body holds it prisoner . The wheel of birth revolves , the soul alternates between freedom and captivity round the wide circle of necessity . Orpheus proclaimed the need of the grace of the gods , Dionysus in particular , and of self - purification until the soul has completed the spiral ascent of destiny to live for ever . </P> <P> An association between Pythagorean philosophy and reincarnation was routinely accepted throughout antiquity . In the Republic Plato makes Socrates tell how Er , the son of Armenius , miraculously returned to life on the twelfth day after death and recounted the secrets of the other world . There are myths and theories to the same effect in other dialogues , in the Chariot allegory of the Phaedrus , in the Meno , Timaeus and Laws . The soul , once separated from the body , spends an indeterminate amount of time in `` formland '' ( see The Allegory of the Cave in The Republic ) and then assumes another body . </P> <P> In later Greek literature the doctrine is mentioned in a fragment of Menander and satirized by Lucian . In Roman literature it is found as early as Ennius , who , in a lost passage of his Annals , told how he had seen Homer in a dream , who had assured him that the same soul which had animated both the poets had once belonged to a peacock . Persius in his satires ( vi. 9 ) laughs at this , it is referred to also by Lucretius and Horace . </P> <P> Virgil works the idea into his account of the Underworld in the sixth book of the Aeneid . It persists down to the late classic thinkers , Plotinus and the other Neoplatonists . In the Hermetica , a Graeco - Egyptian series of writings on cosmology and spirituality attributed to Hermes Trismegistus / Thoth , the doctrine of reincarnation is central . </P> <P> In Greco - Roman thought , the concept of metempsychosis disappeared with the rise of Early Christianity , reincarnation being incompatible with the Christian core doctrine of salvation of the faithful after death . It has been suggested that some of the early Church Fathers , especially Origen , still entertained a belief in the possibility of reincarnation , but evidence is tenuous , and the writings of Origen as they have come down to us speak explicitly against it . </P> <P> Some early Christian Gnostic sects professed reincarnation . The Sethians and followers of Valentinus believed in it . The followers of Bardaisan of Mesopotamia , a sect of the 2nd century deemed heretical by the Catholic Church , drew upon Chaldean astrology , to which Bardaisan 's son Harmonius , educated in Athens , added Greek ideas including a sort of metempsychosis . Another such teacher was Basilides ( 132 -- ? CE / AD ) , known to us through the criticisms of Irenaeus and the work of Clement of Alexandria ( see also Neoplatonism and Gnosticism and Buddhism and Gnosticism ) . </P> <P> In the third Christian century Manichaeism spread both east and west from Babylonia , then within the Sassanid Empire , where its founder Mani lived about 216 -- 276 . Manichaean monasteries existed in Rome in 312 AD . Noting Mani 's early travels to the Kushan Empire and other Buddhist influences in Manichaeism , Richard Foltz attributes Mani 's teaching of reincarnation to Buddhist influence . However the inter-relation of Manicheanism , Orphism , Gnosticism and neo-Platonism is far from clear . </P> <H3> The celts ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the 1st century BCE Alexander Cornelius Polyhistor wrote : </P> <P> The Pythagorean doctrine prevails among the Gauls ' teaching that the souls of men are immortal , and that after a fixed number of years they will enter into another body . </P> <P> Julius Caesar recorded that the druids of Gaul , Britain and Ireland had metempsychosis as one of their core doctrines : </P> <P> The principal point of their doctrine is that the soul does not die and that after death it passes from one body into another ... the main object of all education is , in their opinion , to imbue their scholars with a firm belief in the indestructibility of the human soul , which , according to their belief , merely passes at death from one tenement to another ; for by such doctrine alone , they say , which robs death of all its terrors , can the highest form of human courage be developed . </P> <H3> Judaism ( edit ) </H3> <P> The belief in reincarnation had first existed amongst Jewish mystics in the Ancient World , among whom differing explanation given of the after - life , although with a universal belief in an immortal soul . Today , reincarnation is an esoteric belief within many streams of modern Judaism . Kabbalah ( Jewish mysticism ) , teaches a belief in gilgul , transmigration of souls , and hence the belief in reincarnation is universal in Hasidic Judaism , which regards the Kabbalah as sacred and authoritative , and is also held as an esoteric belief within Modern Orthodox Judaism . In Judaism , the Zohar , first published in the 13th century , discusses reincarnation at length , especially in the Torah portion `` Balak . '' The most comprehensive kabbalistic work on reincarnation , Shaar HaGilgulim , was written by Chaim Vital , based on the teachings of his mentor , the 16th century kabbalist Isaac Luria , who was said to know the past lives of each person through his semi-prophetic abilities . The 18th century Lithuanian master scholar and kabbalist , Rabbi Elijah , known as the Vilna Gaon ( Elijah of Vilna ) , authored a commentary on the biblical Book of Jonah as an allegory of reincarnation . </P> <P> The practice of conversion to Judaism is sometimes understood within Orthodox Judaism in terms of reincarnation . According to this school of thought in Judaism , when non-Jews are drawn to Judaism , it is because they had been Jews in a former life . Such souls may `` wander among nations '' through multiple lives , until they find their way back to Judaism , including through finding themselves born in a gentile family with a `` lost '' Jewish ancestor . </P> <P> There is an extensive literature of Jewish folk and traditional stories that refer to reincarnation . </P> <H3> Taoism ( edit ) </H3> <P> Taoist documents from as early as the Han Dynasty claimed that Lao Tzu appeared on earth as different persons in different times beginning in the legendary era of Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors . The ( ca . 3rd century BC ) Chuang Tzu states : `` Birth is not a beginning ; death is not an end . There is existence without limitation ; there is continuity without a starting - point . Existence without limitation is Space . Continuity without a starting point is Time . There is birth , there is death , there is issuing forth , there is entering in . '' </P> <H3> European middle ages ( edit ) </H3> <P> Around the 11 -- 12th century in Europe , several reincarnationist movements were persecuted as heresies , through the establishment of the Inquisition in the Latin west . These included the Cathar , Paterene or Albigensian church of western Europe , the Paulician movement , which arose in Armenia , and the Bogomils in Bulgaria . </P> <P> Christian sects such as the Bogomils and the Cathars , who professed reincarnation and other gnostic beliefs , were referred to as `` Manichean '' , and are today sometimes described by scholars as `` Neo-Manichean '' . As there is no known Manichaean mythology or terminology in the writings of these groups there has been some dispute among historians as to whether these groups truly were descendants of Manichaeism . </P> Norse mythology ( edit ) Main article : Rebirth in Norse religion Sváfa holding the dying Helgi in their first incarnation of three <P> Reincarnation also appears in Norse mythology , in the Poetic Edda . The editor of the Poetic Edda says that Helgi Hjörvarðsson and his mistress , the valkyrie Sváfa , whose love story is told in the poem Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar , were reborn as Helgi Hundingsbane and the valkyrie Sigrún . Helgi and Sigrún 's love story is the matter of a part of the Völsunga saga and the lays Helgakviða Hundingsbana I and II . They were reborn a second time as Helgi Haddingjaskati and the valkyrie Kára , but unfortunately their story , Káruljóð , only survives in a probably modified form in the Hrómundar saga Gripssonar . </P> <P> The belief in reincarnation may have been commonplace among the Norse since the annotator of the Poetic Edda wrote that people formerly used to believe in it : </P> <P> Sigrun was early dead of sorrow and grief . It was believed in olden times that people were born again , but that is now called old wives ' folly . Of Helgi and Sigrun it is said that they were born again ; he became Helgi Haddingjaskati , and she Kara the daughter of Halfdan , as is told in the Lay of Kara , and she was a Valkyrie . </P> <H3> Renaissance and early modern period ( edit ) </H3> <P> While reincarnation has been a matter of faith in some communities from an early date it has also frequently been argued for on principle , as Plato does when he argues that the number of souls must be finite because souls are indestructible , Benjamin Franklin held a similar view . Sometimes such convictions , as in Socrates ' case , arise from a more general personal faith , at other times from anecdotal evidence such as Plato makes Socrates offer in the Myth of Er . </P> <P> During the Renaissance translations of Plato , the Hermetica and other works fostered new European interest in reincarnation . Marsilio Ficino argued that Plato 's references to reincarnation were intended allegorically , Shakespeare alluded to the doctrine of reincarnation but Giordano Bruno was burned at the stake by authorities after being found guilty of heresy by the Roman Inquisition for his teachings . But the Greek philosophical works remained available and , particularly in north Europe , were discussed by groups such as the Cambridge Platonists . </P> <H3> 19th to 20th centuries ( edit ) </H3> See also : § Reincarnation research American psychologist and philosopher William James ( 1842 -- 1910 ) was an early psychical researcher . <P> By the 19th century the philosophers Schopenhauer and Nietzsche could access the Indian scriptures for discussion of the doctrine of reincarnation , which recommended itself to the American Transcendentalists Henry David Thoreau , Walt Whitman and Ralph Waldo Emerson and was adapted by Francis Bowen into Christian Metempsychosis . </P> <P> By the early 20th century , interest in reincarnation had been introduced into the nascent discipline of psychology , largely due to the influence of William James , who raised aspects of the philosophy of mind , comparative religion , the psychology of religious experience and the nature of empiricism . James was influential in the founding of the American Society for Psychical Research ( ASPR ) in New York City in 1885 , three years after the British Society for Psychical Research ( SPR ) was inaugurated in London , leading to systematic , critical investigation of paranormal phenomena . </P> <P> At this time popular awareness of the idea of reincarnation was boosted by the Theosophical Society 's dissemination of systematised and universalised Indian concepts and also by the influence of magical societies like The Golden Dawn . Notable personalities like Annie Besant , W.B. Yeats and Dion Fortune made the subject almost as familiar an element of the popular culture of the west as of the east . By 1924 the subject could be satirised in popular children 's books . </P> <P> Théodore Flournoy was among the first to study a claim of past - life recall in the course of his investigation of the medium Hélène Smith , published in 1900 , in which he defined the possibility of cryptomnesia in such accounts . Carl Gustav Jung , like Flournoy based in Switzerland , also emulated him in his thesis based on a study of cryptomnesia in psychism . Later Jung would emphasise the importance of the persistence of memory and ego in psychological study of reincarnation : `` This concept of rebirth necessarily implies the continuity of personality ... ( that ) one is able , at least potentially , to remember that one has lived through previous existences , and that these existences were one 's own ... '' Hypnosis , used in psychoanalysis for retrieving forgotten memories , was eventually tried as a means of studying the phenomenon of past life recall . </P> <H2> Contemporary religious philosophies ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Hinduism ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Saṃsāra , Karma , and Moksha <P> The body dies , assert the Hindu traditions , but not the soul , which they assume to be the eternal reality , indestructible and bliss . Everything and all existence is believed to be connected and cyclical in Hinduism , all living beings composed of two things , the soul and the body or matter . Atman does not change and can not change by its innate nature in the Hindu belief . In contrast , the body and personality , can change , constantly changes , is born and dies . Current Karma impacts the future circumstances in this life , as well as the future forms and realms of lives . Good intent and actions lead to good future , bad intent and actions lead to bad future , impacting how one reincarnates , in the Hindu view of existence . </P> Hindus believe the self or soul ( atman ) repeatedly takes on a physical body , until moksha . <P> There is no permanent heaven or hell in Hinduism . In the afterlife , based on one 's karma , the soul is reborn as another being in heaven , hell , or a living being on earth ( human , animal ) . Gods too die once their past karmic merit runs out , as do those in hell , and they return getting another chance on earth . This reincarnation continues , endlessly in cycles , until one embarks on a spiritual pursuit , realizes self - knowledge , and thereby gains mokṣa , the final release out of the reincarnation cycles . This release is believed to be a state of utter bliss , which Hindu traditions believe is either related or identical to Brahman , the unchanging reality that existed before the creation of universe , continues to exist , and shall exist after the universe ends . </P> <P> The Upanishads , part of the scriptures of the Hindu traditions , primarily focus on the liberation from reincarnation . The Bhagavad Gita discusses various paths to liberation . The Upanishads , states Harold Coward , offer a `` very optimistic view regarding the perfectibility of human nature '' , and the goal of human effort in these texts is a continuous journey to self - perfection and self - knowledge so as to end Saṃsāra -- the endless cycle of rebirth and redeath . The aim of spiritual quest in the Upanishadic traditions is find the true self within and to know one 's soul , a state that it believes leads to blissful state of freedom , moksha . </P> <P> The Bhagavad Gita states : </P> <P> Just as in the body childhood , adulthood and old age happen to an embodied being . So also he ( the embodied being ) acquires another body . The wise one is not deluded about this . -- ( 2 : 13 ) </P> <P> As , after casting away worn out garments , a man later takes new ones . So after casting away worn out bodies , the embodied Self encounters other new ones . -- ( 2 : 22 ) </P> <P> When an embodied being transcends , these three qualities which are the source of the body . Released from birth , death , old age and pain , he attains immortality. -- ( 14 : 20 ) </P> <P> There are internal differences within Hindu traditions on reincarnation and the state of moksha . For example , the dualistic devotional traditions such as Madhvacharya 's Dvaita Vedanta tradition of Hinduism champion a theistic premise , assert that human soul and Brahman are different , loving devotion to Brahman ( god Vishnu in Madhvacharya 's theology ) is the means to release from Samsara , it is the grace of God which leads to moksha , and spiritual liberation is achievable only in after - life ( videhamukti ) . The nondualistic traditions such as Adi Shankara 's Advaita Vedanta tradition of Hinduism champion a monistic premise , asserting that the individual human soul and Brahman are identical , only ignorance , impulsiveness and inertia leads to suffering through Saṃsāra , in reality they are no dualities , meditation and self - knowledge is the path to liberation , the realization that one 's soul is identical to Brahman is moksha , and spiritual liberation is achievable in this life ( jivanmukti ) . </P> <H3> Buddhism ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Rebirth ( Buddhism ) and Saṃsāra ( Buddhism ) In this 8 - meter ( 25 - foot ) tall Buddhist relief , made between 1177 and 1249 , Mara , Lord of Death and Desire , clutches a Wheel of Reincarnation which outlines the Buddhist cycle of reincarnation . <P> According to various Buddhist scriptures , Gautama Buddha believed in the existence of an afterlife in another world and in reincarnation , </P> <P> Since there actually is another world ( any world other than the present human one , i.e. different rebirth realms ) , one who holds the view ' there is no other world ' has wrong view ... </P> -- Buddha , Majjhima Nikaya i. 402 , Apannaka Sutta , Translated by Peter Harvey <P> The Buddha also asserted that karma influences rebirth , and that the cycles of repeated births and deaths are endless . Before the birth of Buddha , ancient Indian scholars had developed competing theories of afterlife , including the materialistic school such as Charvaka , which posited that death is the end , there is no afterlife , no soul , no rebirth , no karma , and they described death to be a state where a living being is completely annihilated , dissolved . Buddha rejected this theory , adopted the alternate existing theories on rebirth , criticizing the materialistic schools that denied rebirth and karma , states Damien Keown . Such beliefs are inappropriate and dangerous , stated Buddha , because such annihilationism views encourage moral irresponsibility and material hedonism ; he tied moral responsibility to rebirth . </P> <P> The Buddha introduced the concept that there is no permanent self ( soul ) , and this central concept in Buddhism is called anattā . Major contemporary Buddhist traditions such as Theravada , Mahayana and Vajrayana traditions accept the teachings of Buddha . These teachings assert there is rebirth , there is no permanent self and no irreducible ātman ( soul ) moving from life to another and tying these lives together , there is impermanence , that all compounded things such as living beings are aggregates dissolve at death , but every being reincarnates . The rebirth cycles continue endlessly , states Buddhism , and it is a source of Dukkha ( suffering , pain ) , but this reincarnation and Dukkha cycle can be stopped through nirvana . The anattā doctrine of Buddhism is a contrast to Hinduism , the latter asserting that `` soul exists , it is involved in rebirth , and it is through this soul that everything is connected '' . </P> <P> Different traditions within Buddhism have offered different theories on what reincarnates and how reincarnation happens . One theory suggests that it occurs through consciousness ( Pali : samvattanika - viññana ) or stream of consciousness ( Pali : viññana - sotam , Sanskrit : vijñāna - srotām , vijñāna - santāna , or citta - santāna ) upon death , which reincarnates into a new aggregation . This process , states this theory , is similar to the flame of a dying candle lighting up another . The consciousness in the newly born being is neither identical to nor entirely different from that in the deceased but the two form a causal continuum or stream in this Buddhist theory . Transmigration is influenced by a being 's past karma ( kamma ) . The root cause of rebirth , states Buddhism , is the abiding of consciousness in ignorance ( Pali : avijja , Sanskrit : avidya ) about the nature of reality , and when this ignorance is uprooted , rebirth ceases . </P> A 12th - century Japanese painting showing one of the six Buddhist realms of reincarnation ( rokudō , 六道 ) <P> Buddhist traditions also vary in their mechanistic details on rebirth . Theravada Buddhists assert that rebirth is immediate while the Tibetan schools hold to the notion of a bardo ( intermediate state ) that can last up to 49 days . The bardo rebirth concept of Tibetan Buddhism , along with yidam , developed independently in Tibet without Indian influence , and involves 42 peaceful deities , and 58 wrathful deities . These ideas led to mechanistic maps on karma and what form of rebirth one takes after death , discussed in texts such as The Tibetan Book of the Dead . The major Buddhist traditions accept that the reincarnation of a being depends on the past karma and merit ( demerit ) accumulated , and that there are six realms of existence in which the rebirth may occur after each death . </P> <P> Within Japanese Zen , reincarnation is accepted by some , but rejected by others . A distinction can be drawn between `` folk Zen '' , as in the Zen practiced by devotional lay people , and `` philosophical Zen '' . Folk Zen generally accepts the various supernatural elements of Buddhism such as rebirth . Philosophical Zen , however , places more emphasis on the present moment . </P> <P> Some schools conclude that karma continues to exist and adhere to the person until it works out its consequences . For the Sautrantika school , each act `` perfumes '' the individual or `` plants a seed '' that later germinates . Tibetan Buddhism stresses the state of mind at the time of death . To die with a peaceful mind will stimulate a virtuous seed and a fortunate rebirth ; a disturbed mind will stimulate a non-virtuous seed and an unfortunate rebirth . </P> <H3> Jainism ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Saṃsāra ( Jainism ) and Karma in Jainism 17th - century cloth painting depicting seven levels of Jain hell according to Jain cosmology . Left panel depicts the demi - god and his animal vehicle presiding over each hell . <P> In Jainism , the reincarnation doctrine , along with its theories of Saṃsāra and Karma , are central to its theological foundations , as evidenced by the extensive literature on it in the major sects of Jainism , and their pioneering ideas on these topics from the earliest times of the Jaina tradition . Reincarnation in contemporary Jainism traditions is the belief that the worldly life is characterized by continuous rebirths and suffering in various realms of existence . </P> <P> Karma forms a central and fundamental part of Jain faith , being intricately connected to other of its philosophical concepts like transmigration , reincarnation , liberation , non-violence ( ahiṃsā ) and non-attachment , among others . Actions are seen to have consequences : some immediate , some delayed , even into future incarnations . So the doctrine of karma is not considered simply in relation to one life - time , but also in relation to both future incarnations and past lives . Uttarādhyayana - sūtra 3.3 -- 4 states : `` The jīva or the soul is sometimes born in the world of gods , sometimes in hell . Sometimes it acquires the body of a demon ; all this happens on account of its karma . This jīva sometimes takes birth as a worm , as an insect or as an ant . '' The text further states ( 32.7 ) : `` Karma is the root of birth and death . The souls bound by karma go round and round in the cycle of existence . '' </P> <P> Actions and emotions in the current lifetime affect future incarnations depending on the nature of the particular karma . For example , a good and virtuous life indicates a latent desire to experience good and virtuous themes of life . Therefore , such a person attracts karma that ensures that his future births will allow him to experience and manifest his virtues and good feelings unhindered . In this case , he may take birth in heaven or in a prosperous and virtuous human family . On the other hand , a person who has indulged in immoral deeds , or with a cruel disposition , indicates a latent desire to experience cruel themes of life . As a natural consequence , he will attract karma which will ensure that he is reincarnated in hell , or in lower life forms , to enable his soul to experience the cruel themes of life . </P> <P> There is no retribution , judgment or reward involved but a natural consequences of the choices in life made either knowingly or unknowingly . Hence , whatever suffering or pleasure that a soul may be experiencing in its present life is on account of choices that it has made in the past . As a result of this doctrine , Jainism attributes supreme importance to pure thinking and moral behavior . </P> <P> The Jain texts postulate four gatis , that is states - of - existence or birth - categories , within which the soul transmigrates . The four gatis are : deva ( demi - gods ) , manuṣya ( humans ) , nāraki ( hell beings ) and tiryañca ( animals , plants and micro-organisms ) . The four gatis have four corresponding realms or habitation levels in the vertically tiered Jain universe : demi - gods occupy the higher levels where the heavens are situated ; humans , plants and animals occupy the middle levels ; and hellish beings occupy the lower levels where seven hells are situated . </P> <P> Single - sensed souls , however , called nigoda , and element - bodied souls pervade all tiers of this universe . Nigodas are souls at the bottom end of the existential hierarchy . They are so tiny and undifferentiated , that they lack even individual bodies , living in colonies . According to Jain texts , this infinity of nigodas can also be found in plant tissues , root vegetables and animal bodies . Depending on its karma , a soul transmigrates and reincarnates within the scope of this cosmology of destinies . The four main destinies are further divided into sub-categories and still smaller sub-sub - categories . In all , Jain texts speak of a cycle of 8.4 million birth destinies in which souls find themselves again and again as they cycle within samsara . </P> <P> In Jainism , God has no role to play in an individual 's destiny ; one 's personal destiny is not seen as a consequence of any system of reward or punishment , but rather as a result of its own personal karma . A text from a volume of the ancient Jain canon , Bhagvati sūtra 8.9. 9 , links specific states of existence to specific karmas . Violent deeds , killing of creatures having five sense organs , eating fish , and so on , lead to rebirth in hell . Deception , fraud and falsehood lead to rebirth in the animal and vegetable world . Kindness , compassion and humble character result in human birth ; while austerities and the making and keeping of vows lead to rebirth in heaven . </P> <P> Each soul is thus responsible for its own predicament , as well as its own salvation . Accumulated karma represent a sum total of all unfulfilled desires , attachments and aspirations of a soul . It enables the soul to experience the various themes of the lives that it desires to experience . Hence a soul may transmigrate from one life form to another for countless of years , taking with it the karma that it has earned , until it finds conditions that bring about the required fruits . In certain philosophies , heavens and hells are often viewed as places for eternal salvation or eternal damnation for good and bad deeds . But according to Jainism , such places , including the earth are simply the places which allow the soul to experience its unfulfilled karma . </P> <H3> Sikhism ( edit ) </H3> <P> Founded in the 15th century , Sikhism 's founder Guru Nanak had a choice between the cyclical reincarnation concept of ancient Indian religions and the linear concept of early 7th - century Islam , and he chose the cyclical concept of time . Sikhism teaches reincarnation theory similar to those in Hinduism , but with some differences from its traditional doctrines . Sikh rebirth theories about the nature of existence are similar to ideas that developed during the devotional Bhakti movement particularly within some Vaishnavism traditions , which define liberation as a state of union with God attained through the grace of God . </P> <P> The doctrines of Sikhism teach that the soul exists , and is passed from one body to another in endless cycles of Saṃsāra , until liberation . Each birth begins with karma ( karam ) , and these actions leave a karni ( karmic signature ) on one 's soul which influences future rebirths , but it is God whose grace that liberates . The way out of the reincarnation cycle , asserts Sikhism , is to live an ethical life , devote oneself to God and constantly remember God 's name . The precepts of Sikhism encourage the bhakti of One Lord for mukti ( liberation ) . </P> <H3> African vodun ( edit ) </H3> An Egungun masquerade dance garment in the permanent collection of The Children 's Museum of Indianapolis <P> The Yoruba believe in reincarnation within the family . The names Babatunde ( Father returns ) , Yetunde ( Mother returns ) , Babatunji ( Father wakes once again ) and Sotunde ( The wise man returns ) all offer vivid evidence of the Ifa concept of familial or lineal rebirth . There is no simple guarantee that your grandfather or great uncle will `` come back '' in the birth of your child , however . </P> <P> Whenever the time arrives for a spirit to return to Earth ( otherwise known as The Marketplace ) through the conception of a new life in the direct bloodline of the family , one of the component entities of a person 's being returns , while the other remains in Heaven ( Ikole Orun ) . The spirit that returns does so in the form of a Guardian Ori . One 's Guardian Ori , which is represented and contained in the crown of the head , represents not only the spirit and energy of one 's previous blood relative , but the accumulated wisdom he or she has acquired through a myriad of lifetimes . This is not to be confused with one 's spiritual Ori , which contains personal destiny , but instead refers to the coming back to The Marketplace of one 's personal blood Ori through one 's new life and experiences . </P> <H3> Judaism ( edit ) </H3> See also : Gilgul <P> Jewish mystical texts ( the Kabbalah ) , from their classic Medieval canon onward , teach a belief in Gilgul Neshamot ( Hebrew for metempsychosis of souls : literally `` soul cycle '' , plural `` gilgulim '' ) . The Zohar and the Sefer HaBahir specifically discuss reincarnation . It is a common belief in contemporary Hasidic Judaism , which regards the Kabbalah as sacred and authoritative , though understood in light of a more innate psychological mysticism . Kabbalah also teaches that `` The soul of Moses is reincarnated in every generation . '' Other , Non-Hasidic , Orthodox Jewish groups while not placing a heavy emphasis on reincarnation , do acknowledge it as a valid teaching . Its popularization entered modern secular Yiddish literature and folk motif . </P> <P> The 16th century mystical renaissance in communal Safed replaced scholastic Rationalism as mainstream traditional Jewish theology , both in scholarly circles and in the popular imagination . References to gilgul in former Kabbalah became systematized as part of the metaphysical purpose of creation . Isaac Luria ( the Ari ) brought the issue to the centre of his new mystical articulation , for the first time , and advocated identification of the reincarnations of historic Jewish figures that were compiled by Haim Vital in his Shaar HaGilgulim . Gilgul is contrasted with the other processes in Kabbalah of Ibbur ( `` pregnancy '' ) , the attachment of a second soul to an individual for ( or by ) good means , and Dybuk ( `` possession '' ) , the attachment of a spirit , demon , etc. to an individual for ( or by ) `` bad '' means . </P> <P> In Lurianic Kabbalah , reincarnation is not retributive or fatalistic , but an expression of Divine compassion , the microcosm of the doctrine of cosmic rectification of creation . Gilgul is a heavenly agreement with the individual soul , conditional upon circumstances . Luria 's radical system focused on rectification of the Divine soul , played out through Creation . The true essence of anything is the divine spark within that gives it existence . Even a stone or leaf possesses such a soul that `` came into this world to receive a rectification '' . A human soul may occasionally be exiled into lower inanimate , vegetative or animal creations . The most basic component of the soul , the nefesh , must leave at the cessation of blood production . There are four other soul components and different nations of the world possess different forms of souls with different purposes . Each Jewish soul is reincarnated in order to fulfill each of the 613 Mosaic commandments that elevate a particular spark of holiness associated with each commandment . Once all the Sparks are redeemed to their spiritual source , the Messianic Era begins . Non-Jewish observance of the 7 Laws of Noah assists the Jewish people , though Biblical adversaries of Israel reincarnate to oppose . </P> <P> Among the many rabbis who accepted reincarnation are Nahmanides ( the Ramban ) and Rabbenu Bahya ben Asher , Levi ibn Habib ( the Ralbah ) , Shelomoh Alkabez , Moses Cordovero , Moses Chaim Luzzatto ; early Hasidic masters such as the Baal Shem Tov , Schneur Zalman of Liadi and Nachman of Breslov , as well as virtually all later Hasidic masters ; contemporary Hasidic teachers such as DovBer Pinson and Moshe Weinberger ; and key Mitnagdic leaders , such as the Vilna Gaon and Chaim Volozhin and their school , as well as Rabbi Shalom Sharabi ( known at the RaShaSH ) , the Ben Ish Chai of Baghdad , Baba Sali and Rabbi Joel Landau . Rabbis who have rejected the idea include Saadia Gaon , David Kimhi , Hasdai Crescas , Joseph Albo , Abraham ibn Daud , Leon de Modena , Solomon ben Aderet , Maimonides and Asher ben Jehiel . Among the Geonim , Hai Gaon argued in favour of gilgulim . </P> <H3> Native American nations ( edit ) </H3> <P> Reincarnation is an intrinsic part of many Native American and Inuit traditions . In the now heavily Christian Polar North ( now mainly parts of Greenland and Nunavut ) , the concept of reincarnation is enshrined in the Inuit language . </P> <P> The following is a story of human - to - human reincarnation as told by Thunder Cloud , a Winnebago ( Ho - Chunk tribe ) shaman referred to as T.C. in the narrative . Here T.C. talks about his two previous lives and how he died and came back again to this his third lifetime . He describes his time between lives , when he was `` blessed '' by Earth Maker and all the abiding spirits and given special powers , including the ability to heal the sick . </P> <P> T.C. 's Account of His Two Reincarnations : </P> <P> I ( my ghost ) was taken to the place where the sun sets ( the west ) ... While at that place , I thought I would come back to earth again , and the old man with whom I was staying said to me , `` My son , did you not speak about wanting to go to the earth again ? '' I had , as a matter of fact , only thought of it , yet he knew what I wanted . Then he said to me , `` You can go , but you must ask the chief first . '' Then I went and told the chief of the village of my desire , and he said to me , `` You may go and obtain your revenge upon the people who killed your relatives and you . '' Then I was brought down to earth ... There I lived until I died of old age ... As I was lying ( in my grave ) , someone said to me , `` Come , let us go away . '' So then we went toward the setting of the sun . There we came to a village where we met all the dead ... From that place I came to this earth again for the third time , and here I am . ( Radin , 1923 ) </P> <H3> Christianity ( edit ) </H3> <P> Though the major Christian denominations reject the concept of reincarnation , a large number of Christians profess the belief . In a survey by the Pew Forum in 2009 , 24 % of American Christians expressed a belief in reincarnation . In a 1981 Survey in Europe 31 % of regular churchgoing Catholics expressed a belief in reincarnation . </P> <P> Geddes MacGregor , an Episcopalian priest and professor of Philosophy , makes a case for the compatibility of Christian doctrine and reincarnation . </P> <P> There is evidence that the writing of Origen , a Church father in early Christian times , was mistranslated into Latin due to religious bias and that he taught reincarnation in his lifetime . One of the epistles written by St. Jerome , `` To Avitus '' ( Letter 124 ; Ad Avitum . Epistula CXXIV ) , asserts that Origen 's On First Principles ( Latin : De Principiis ; Greek : Περὶ Ἀρχῶν ) was mistranscribed from Greek into Latin : </P> <P> About ten years ago that saintly man Pammachius sent me a copy of a certain person 's ( Rufinus 's ) rendering , or rather misrendering , of Origen 's First Principles ; with a request that in a Latin version I should give the true sense of the Greek and should set down the writer 's words for good or for evil without bias in either direction . When I did as he wished and sent him the book , he was shocked to read it and locked it up in his desk lest being circulated it might wound the souls of many . </P> <P> Under the impression that Origen was a heretic like Arius , St. Jerome criticizes ideas described in On First Principles . Further in `` To Avitus '' ( Letter 124 ) , St. Jerome writes about `` convincing proof '' that Origen teaches reincarnation in the original version of the book : </P> <P> The following passage is a convincing proof that he holds the transmigration of the souls and annihilation of bodies . ' If it can be shown that an incorporeal and reasonable being has life in itself independently of the body and that it is worse off in the body than out of it ; then beyond a doubt bodies are only of secondary importance and arise from time to time to meet the varying conditions of reasonable creatures . Those who require bodies are clothed with them , and contrariwise , when fallen souls have lifted themselves up to better things , their bodies are once more annihilated . They are thus ever vanishing and ever reappearing . ' </P> <P> The original text of On First Principles has almost completely disappeared . It remains extant as De Principiis in fragments faithfully translated into Latin by St. Jerome and in `` the not very reliable Latin translation of Rufinus . '' </P> <H3> Islam ( edit ) </H3> <P> Islamic scriptures reject any idea of reincarnation of human beings or God . It teaches a linear concept of life , wherein a human being has only one life and upon death he or she is judged by God , then rewarded in heaven or punished in hell . Islam teaches final resurrection and Judgement Day , but there is no prospect for the reincarnation of a human being into a different body or being . During the early history of Islam , some of the Caliphs persecuted all reincarnation - believing people to the point of extinction ( Manichaeism ) in Mesopotamia and Persia ( modern day Iraq and Iran ) . However , some Muslim minority sects such as those found among Sufis , and some Muslims in South Asia and Indonesia have retained their pre-Islamic Hindu and Buddhist beliefs in reincarnation . For instance , historically , South Asian Isma'ilis performed chantas yearly , one of which is for seeking forgiveness of sins committed in past lives . </P> Ghulat sects ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Part of a series on Shia Islam </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beliefs and practices ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Monotheism </Li> <Li> Holy Books </Li> <Li> Prophethood </Li> <Li> Succession to Muhammad </Li> <Li> Imamate </Li> <Li> Angels </Li> <Li> Judgment Day </Li> <Li> Mourning of Muharram </Li> <Li> Intercession </Li> <Li> Clergy </Li> <Li> The Four Companions </Li> <Li> Arba'een Pilgrimage </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Holy days ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Ashura </Li> <Li> Arba'een </Li> <Li> Mawlid </Li> <Li> Eid al - Fitr </Li> <Li> Eid al - Adha </Li> <Li> Eid al - Ghadeer </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> History ( show ) <Ul> <Li> The verse of purification </Li> <Li> Two things </Li> <Li> Mubahala </Li> <Li> Khumm </Li> <Li> Fatimah 's house </Li> <Li> First Fitna </Li> <Li> Second Fitna </Li> <Li> Battle of Karbala </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Branches of Shi'i Islam ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Zaydi Shia </Li> <Li> Imami Shia <Ul> <Li> Twelvers <Ul> <Li> Ja'faris </Li> <Li> Batinis <Ul> <Li> Alevism </Li> <Li> Bektashism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ghulat <Ul> <Li> Alawites </Li> <Li> Hurufism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Qizilbash </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ismāʿīlīs <Ul> <Li> Nizaris </Li> <Li> Taiyabi - Musta'līs <Ul> <Li> Dawoodi </Li> <Li> Sulaymani </Li> <Li> Alavi </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Batiniyya <Ul> <Li> Druze </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pamiris </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Extinct sects </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ahl al - Kisa ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Muhammad </Li> <Li> Ali </Li> <Li> Fatimah </Li> <Li> Hasan </Li> <Li> Hussein </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Holy women ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Fatimah </Li> <Li> Khadija bint Khuwaylid </Li> <Li> Umm Salama </Li> <Li> Zaynab bint Ali </Li> <Li> Umm Kulthum bint Ali </Li> <Li> Umm ul - Banin </Li> <Li> Fatimah bint Hasan </Li> <Li> Sukayna bint Husayn </Li> <Li> Rubab </Li> <Li> Shahrbanu </Li> <Li> Fātimah bint Mūsā </Li> <Li> Hakimah Khātūn </Li> <Li> Narjis </Li> <Li> Fatimah bint Asad </Li> <Li> Umm Farwah bint al - Qasim </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shia Islam portal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The idea of reincarnation is accepted by a few Muslim sects , particularly of the Ghulat , and by other sects in the Muslim world . Alawis belonging to Shia denomination of Islam hold that they were originally stars or divine lights that were cast out of heaven through disobedience and must undergo repeated reincarnation ( or metempsychosis ) before returning to heaven . They can be reincarnated as Christians or others through sin and as animals if they become infidels . </P> <P> Reincarnation was also accepted by some streams of Sufism . Modern Sufis who embrace the idea include Bawa Muhaiyadeen . However Inayat Khan has criticized the idea as unhelpful to the spiritual seeker . </P> <H3> Druze ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> show Part of a series on Druze </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beliefs ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Al - Muwahhidūn / Mowahhid - Ahl at - Tawhīd </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Reincarnation </Li> <Li> Theophany </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Esotericism </Li> <Li> Divine Call </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Seven Durzi pillars </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Taqiya </Li> <Li> Walayah </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Important figures ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Al - Hakim bi-Amr Allah </Li> <Li> Nabi Shu'ayb </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Hamza </Li> <Li> Muhammad Ad - Darazī </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Bahā'a ad - Dīn al - Muqtana </Li> <Li> Al Tanukhi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Texts ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Epistles of Wisdom ( Rasa'il al - Hikma ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Holy places ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Jabal Al Druze </Li> <Li> Nabi Shu'ayb </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Khalwat </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Holy days ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Eid Al Adha </Li> <Li> Ziyarat Al Nabi Shu'ayb </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> History ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Ma'an Dynasty </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Druze Power Struggle ( 1658 -- 67 ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Battle of Ain Dara </Li> <Li> 1834 Sidon Eyalet revolt </Li> <Li> 1838 Druze Revolt </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> 1860 Mount Lebanon civil war </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Hauran Druze Rebellion </Li> <Li> Jabal Druze State </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Jaysh al - Muwahhideen </Li> <Li> Qalb Loze massacre </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Related topics ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Syrian Druze </Li> <Li> Lebanese Druze </Li> <Li> Israeli Druze </Li> <Li> Jordanian Druze </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of Druze </Li> <Li> Religious symbols </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Religion portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> See also : Druze § Beliefs <P> Reincarnation is a paramount tenet in the Druze faith . There is an eternal duality of the body and the soul and it is impossible for the soul to exist without the body . Therefore , reincarnations occur instantly at one 's death . While in the Hindu and Buddhist belief system a soul can be transmitted to any living creature , in the Druze belief system this is not possible and a human soul will only transfer to a human body . Furthermore , a male Druze can only be reincarnated as another male Druze and a female Druze can only be reincarnated as another female Druze . Additionally , souls can not be divided and the number of souls existing is finite . </P> <P> Very few Druzes are able to recall their past but , if they are able to they are called a Nateq . Typically souls who have died violent deaths in their previous incarnation will be able to recall memories . Since death is seen as a quick transient state , mourning is discouraged . Unlike other Abrahamic faiths , heaven and hell are spiritual . Heaven is the ultimate happiness received when soul escapes the cycle of rebirths and reunites with the Creator , while hell is conceptualized as the bitterness of being unable to reunite with the Creator and escape from the cycle of rebirth . </P> <H3> New religious and spiritual movements ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Paranormal </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Main articles ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Afterlife </Li> <Li> Angel </Li> <Li> Astral projection </Li> <Li> Astrology </Li> <Li> Aura </Li> <Li> Bilocation </Li> <Li> Clairvoyance </Li> <Li> Close encounter </Li> <Li> Cold spot </Li> <Li> Conjuration </Li> <Li> Cryptid </Li> <Li> Deity </Li> <Li> Demon </Li> <Li> Demonic possession </Li> <Li> Demonology </Li> <Li> Ectoplasm </Li> <Li> Electronic voice phenomenon </Li> <Li> Exorcism </Li> <Li> Extrasensory perception </Li> <Li> Fairy </Li> <Li> Fear of ghosts </Li> <Li> Forteana </Li> <Li> Ghost </Li> <Li> Ghost hunting </Li> <Li> Ghost story </Li> <Li> Haunted house </Li> <Li> Indigo children </Li> <Li> Magic </Li> <Li> Mediumship </Li> <Li> Miracle </Li> <Li> Occult </Li> <Li> Orb </Li> <Li> Omniscience </Li> <Li> Ouija </Li> <Li> Paranormal fiction </Li> <Li> Paranormal television </Li> <Li> Poltergeist </Li> <Li> Precognition </Li> <Li> Preternatural </Li> <Li> Psychic </Li> <Li> Psychic reading </Li> <Li> Psychokinesis </Li> <Li> Psychometry </Li> <Li> Reincarnation </Li> <Li> Remote viewing </Li> <Li> Retrocognition </Li> <Li> Séance </Li> <Li> Shadow people </Li> <Li> Soul </Li> <Li> Spirit </Li> <Li> Spirit photography </Li> <Li> Spirit possession </Li> <Li> Spirit world </Li> <Li> Spiritualism </Li> <Li> Stone Tape </Li> <Li> Supernatural </Li> <Li> Telepathy </Li> <Li> UFO </Li> <Li> UFO sightings </Li> <Li> Ufology </Li> <Li> Will - o ' - the - wisp </Li> </Ul> <P> Haunted locations : </P> <Ul> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> United States </Li> <Li> World </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Skepticism ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Cold reading </Li> <Li> Committee for Skeptical Inquiry </Li> <Li> Debunking </Li> <Li> Hoax </Li> <Li> James Randi Educational Foundation </Li> <Li> Magical thinking </Li> <Li> Prizes for evidence of the paranormal </Li> <Li> Pseudoskepticism </Li> <Li> Scientific skepticism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Related ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Anomalistics </Li> <Li> Argument from ignorance </Li> <Li> Argumentum ad populum </Li> <Li> Bandwagon effect </Li> <Li> Begging the question </Li> <Li> Cognitive dissonance </Li> <Li> Communal reinforcement </Li> <Li> Fallacy </Li> <Li> Falsifiability </Li> <Li> Fringe science </Li> <Li> Groupthink </Li> <Li> Hypnosis </Li> <Li> Junk science </Li> <Li> Protoscience </Li> <Li> Pseudoscience </Li> <Li> Scientific evidence </Li> <Li> Scientific method </Li> <Li> Superstition </Li> <Li> Uncertainty </Li> <Li> Urban legend </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Parapsychology ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Death and culture </Li> <Li> Parapsychology </Li> <Li> Scientific literacy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Theosophy ( edit ) <P> The Theosophical Society draws much of its inspiration from India . The idea is , according to a recent Theosophical writer , `` the master - key to modern problems '' , including heredity . In the Theosophical world - view reincarnation is the vast rhythmic process by which the soul , the part of a person which belongs to the formless non-material and timeless worlds , unfolds its spiritual powers in the world and comes to know itself . It descends from sublime , free , spiritual realms and gathers experience through its effort to express itself in the world . Afterwards there is a withdrawal from the physical plane to successively higher levels of reality , in death , a purification and assimilation of the past life . Having cast off all instruments of personal experience it stands again in its spiritual and formless nature , ready to begin its next rhythmic manifestation , every lifetime bringing it closer to complete self - knowledge and self - expression . However it may attract old mental , emotional , and energetic karma patterns to form the new personality . </P> Modern astrology ( edit ) <P> Inspired by Helena Blavatsky 's major works , including Isis Unveiled and The Secret Doctrine , astrologers in the early twentieth - century integrated the concepts of karma and reincarnation into the practice of Western astrology . Notable astrologers who advanced this development included Alan Leo , Charles E.O. Carter , Marc Edmund Jones , and Dane Rudhyar . A new synthesis of East and West resulted as Hindu and Buddhist concepts of reincarnation were fused with Western astrology 's deep roots in Hermeticism and Neoplatonism . In the case of Rudhyar , this synthesis was enhanced with the addition of Jungian depth psychology . This dynamic integration of astrology , reincarnation and depth psychology has continued into the modern era with the work of astrologers Steven Forrest and Jeffrey Wolf Green . Their respective schools of Evolutionary Astrology are based on `` an acceptance of the fact that human beings incarnate in a succession of lifetimes . '' </P> Anthroposophy ( edit ) <P> Anthroposophy describes reincarnation from the point of view of Western philosophy and culture . The ego is believed to transmute transient soul experiences into universals that form the basis for an individuality that can endure after death . These universals include ideas , which are intersubjective and thus transcend the purely personal ( spiritual consciousness ) , intentionally formed human character ( spiritual life ) , and becoming a fully conscious human being ( spiritual humanity ) . Rudolf Steiner described both the general principles he believed to be operative in reincarnation , such as that one 's will activity in one life forms the basis for the thinking of the next , and a number of successive lives of various individualities . </P> Scientology ( edit ) See also : Scientology beliefs and practices <P> Past reincarnation , usually termed `` past lives '' , is a key part of the principles and practices of the Church of Scientology . Scientologists believe that the human individual is actually a thetan , an immortal spiritual entity , that has fallen into a degraded state as a result of past - life experiences . Scientology auditing is intended to free the person of these past - life traumas and recover past - life memory , leading to a higher state of spiritual awareness . This idea is echoed in their highest fraternal religious order , the Sea Organization , whose motto is `` Revenimus '' or `` We Come Back '' , and whose members sign a `` billion - year contract '' as a sign of commitment to that ideal . L. Ron Hubbard , the founder of Scientology , does not use the word `` reincarnation '' to describe its beliefs , noting that : `` The common definition of reincarnation has been altered from its original meaning . The word has come to mean ' to be born again in different life forms ' whereas its actual definition is ' to be born again into the flesh of another body . ' Scientology ascribes to this latter , original definition of reincarnation . '' </P> <P> The first writings in Scientology regarding past lives date from around 1951 and slightly earlier . In 1960 , Hubbard published a book on past lives entitled Have You Lived Before This Life . In 1968 he wrote Mission into Time , a report on a five - week sailing expedition to Sardinia , Sicily and Carthage to see if specific evidence could be found to substantiate L. Ron Hubbard 's recall of incidents in his own past , centuries ago . </P> Meher Baba ( edit ) <P> The Indian spiritual teacher Meher Baba stated that reincarnation occurs due to desires and once those desires are extinguished the ego - mind ceases to reincarnate . </P> Spiritism ( edit ) Tomb of Allan Kardec , founder of spiritism . The inscription says in French `` To be born , die , again be reborn , and so progress unceasingly , such is the law '' . <P> Spiritism is a Christian philosophy codified in the 19th century by the French educator Allan Kardec . Spiritism teaches reincarnation or rebirth into human life after death . This basically distinguishes Spiritism from Spiritualism . According to the Spiritist doctrine , free will and cause and effect are the corollaries of reincarnation , and reincarnation provides a mechanism for man 's spiritual evolution in successive lives . </P> Wicca ( edit ) <P> Wicca is a neo-pagan religion focused on nature , guided by the philosophy of Wiccan Rede that advocates Harm None , Do As Ye Will . The concept of karmic return in Wicca states that our deeds return to us threefold , or multiple times to teach us lessons ( The Threefold Law ) , whether in this lifetime or the next . Reincarnation therefore is an accepted part of the Wiccan faith . Wiccans also believe in death and afterlife as important experiences for the soul to transform and prepare for future lifetimes . </P> <H2> Reincarnation research ( edit ) </H2> <P> Psychiatrist Ian Stevenson , from the University of Virginia , investigated many reports of young children who claimed to remember a past life . He conducted more than 2,500 case studies over a period of 40 years and published twelve books , including Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation and Where Reincarnation and Biology Intersect . Stevenson methodically documented each child 's statements and then identified the deceased person the child identified with , and verified the facts of the deceased person 's life that matched the child 's memory . He also matched birthmarks and birth defects to wounds and scars on the deceased , verified by medical records such as autopsy photographs , in Reincarnation and Biology . </P> <P> Stevenson searched for disconfirming evidence and alternative explanations for the reports , and believed that his strict methods ruled out all possible `` normal '' explanations for the child 's memories . However , a significant majority of Stevenson 's reported cases of reincarnation originated in Eastern societies , where dominant religions often permit the concept of reincarnation . Following this type of criticism , Stevenson published a book on European Cases of the Reincarnation Type . Other people who have undertaken reincarnation research include Jim B. Tucker , Antonia Mills , Satwant Pasricha , Godwin Samararatne , and Erlendur Haraldsson . </P> <P> Skeptics such as Paul Edwards have analyzed many of these accounts , and called them anecdotal , while also suggesting that claims of evidence for reincarnation originate from selective thinking and from the false memories that often result from one 's own belief system and basic fears , and thus can not be counted as empirical evidence . Carl Sagan referred to examples apparently from Stevenson 's investigations in his book The Demon - Haunted World as an example of carefully collected empirical data , though he rejected reincarnation as a parsimonious explanation for the stories . Sam Harris cited Stevenson 's works in his book The End of Faith as part of a body of data that seems to attest to the reality of psychic phenomena . </P> <P> Stevenson claimed there were a handful of cases that suggested evidence of xenoglossy . These included two where a subject under hypnosis could allegedly converse with people speaking the foreign language , instead of merely being able to recite foreign words . Sarah Thomason , a linguist at the University of Michigan , reanalyzed these cases , concluding that `` the linguistic evidence is too weak to provide support for the claims of xenoglossy . '' </P> <P> Ian Wilson argued that a large number of Stevenson 's cases consisted of poor children remembering wealthy lives or belonging to a higher caste . He speculated that such cases may represent a scheme to obtain money from the family of the alleged former incarnation . The philosopher Keith Augustine has written `` the vast majority of Stevenson 's cases come from countries where a religious belief in reincarnation is strong , and rarely elsewhere , seems to indicate that cultural conditioning ( rather than reincarnation ) generates claims of spontaneous past - life memories . '' According to the research of Robert Baker many of the alleged past - life experiences investigated by Stevenson and other parapsychologists can be explained in terms of known psychological factors . Baker has written that recalling past lives is a mixture of cryptomnesia and confabulation . The philosopher Paul Edwards noted that reincarnation invokes assumptions and is inconsistent with modern science . </P> <P> Objections to claims of reincarnation include the facts that the vast majority of people do not remember previous lives and there is no mechanism known to modern science that would enable a personality to survive death and travel to another body . Researchers such as Stevenson have acknowledged these limitations . </P> <H2> Reincarnation in the Western world ( edit ) </H2> <P> During recent decades , many people in the West have developed an interest in reincarnation . Recent studies have indicated that some Westerners accept the idea of reincarnation including certain contemporary people who were from Catholic families , modern Neopagans , followers of Spiritism , Theosophists and students of esoteric philosophies such as Kabbalah , and Gnostic and Esoteric Christianity as well as followers of Indian religions . Demographic survey data from 1999 -- 2002 shows a significant minority of people from Europe and America , where there is reasonable freedom of thought and access to ideas but no outstanding recent reincarnationist tradition , believe we had a life before we were born , will survive death and be born again physically . The mean for the Nordic countries is 22 % . The belief in reincarnation is particularly high in the Baltic countries , with Lithuania having the highest figure for the whole of Europe , 44 % . The lowest figure is in East Germany , 12 % . In Russia , about one - third believes in reincarnation . The effect of communist anti-religious ideas on the beliefs of the populations of Eastern Europe seems to have been rather slight , if any , except apparently in East Germany . Overall , 22 % of respondents in Western Europe believe in reincarnation . According to a 2005 Gallup poll 20 percent of U.S. adults believe in reincarnation . Recent surveys by the Barna Group , a Christian research nonprofit organization , have found that a quarter of U.S. Christians , including 10 percent of all born again Christians , embrace the idea . </P> The 14th Dalai Lama has stated his belief that it would be difficult for science to disprove reincarnation . <P> Skeptic Carl Sagan asked the Dalai Lama what he would do if a fundamental tenet of his religion ( reincarnation ) were definitively disproved by science . The Dalai Lama answered , `` If science can disprove reincarnation , Tibetan Buddhism would abandon reincarnation ... but it 's going to be mighty hard to disprove reincarnation . '' </P> <P> Ian Stevenson reported that belief in reincarnation is held ( with variations in details ) by adherents of almost all major religions except Christianity and Islam . In addition , between 20 and 30 percent of persons in western countries who may be nominal Christians also believe in reincarnation . </P> <P> One 1999 study by Walter and Waterhouse reviewed the previous data on the level of reincarnation belief and performed a set of thirty in - depth interviews in Britain among people who did not belong to a religion advocating reincarnation . The authors reported that surveys have found about one fifth to one quarter of Europeans have some level of belief in reincarnation , with similar results found in the USA . In the interviewed group , the belief in the existence of this phenomenon appeared independent of their age , or the type of religion that these people belonged to , with most being Christians . The beliefs of this group also did not appear to contain any more than usual of `` new age '' ideas ( broadly defined ) and the authors interpreted their ideas on reincarnation as `` one way of tackling issues of suffering '' , but noted that this seemed to have little effect on their private lives . </P> <P> Waterhouse also published a detailed discussion of beliefs expressed in the interviews . She noted that although most people `` hold their belief in reincarnation quite lightly '' and were unclear on the details of their ideas , personal experiences such as past - life memories and near - death experiences had influenced most believers , although only a few had direct experience of these phenomena . Waterhouse analyzed the influences of second - hand accounts of reincarnation , writing that most of the people in the survey had heard other people 's accounts of past - lives from regression hypnosis and dreams and found these fascinating , feeling that there `` must be something in it '' if other people were having such experiences . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Spirituality portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Reincarnation in popular culture </Li> <Li> Afterlife </Li> <Li> Arthur Flowerdew </Li> <Li> Arthur Guirdham </Li> <Li> Bhavacakra </Li> <Li> Cyclic model </Li> <Li> Incarnation </Li> <Li> Joan Grant </Li> <Li> Karmic astrology </Li> <Li> Life review </Li> <Li> Lifetimes True Accounts of Reincarnation </Li> <Li> Metempsychosis </Li> <Li> Mind uploading </Li> <Li> Palingenesis </Li> <Li> Past life regression </Li> <Li> Planes of existence </Li> <Li> Pre-existence </Li> <Li> Shanti Devi </Li> <Li> Soulmate </Li> <Li> Spiritism </Li> <Li> Subtle body </Li> <Li> Xenoglossy </Li> <Li> Zalmoxis </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Norman C. McClelland 2010 , pp. 24 -- 29 , 171 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mark Juergensmeyer & Wade Clark Roof 2011 , pp. 271 -- 272 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Stephen J. Laumakis 2008 , pp. 90 -- 99 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rita M. Gross ( 1993 ) . Buddhism After Patriarchy : A Feminist History , Analysis , and Reconstruction of Buddhism . State University of New York Press . p. 148 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4384 - 0513 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Norman C. McClelland 2010 , pp. 102 -- 103 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ see Charles Taliaferro , Paul Draper , Philip L. Quinn , A Companion to Philosophy of Religion . John Wiley and Sons , 2010 , page 640 , Google Books </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gananath Obeyesekere , Imagining Karma : Ethical Transformation in Amerindian , Buddhist , and Greek Rebirth . University of California Press , 2002 , page 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hitti , Philip K ( 2007 ) ( 1924 ) . Origins of the Druze People and Religion , with Extracts from their Sacred Writings ( New Edition ) . Columbia University Oriental Studies . 28 . London : Saqi . pp. 13 -- 14 . ISBN 0 - 86356 - 690 - 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heindel , Max ( 1985 ) ( 1939 , 1908 ) The Rosicrucian Christianity Lectures ( Collected Works ) : The Riddle of Life and Death . Oceanside , California . 4th edition . ISBN 0 - 911274 - 84 - 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ An important recent work discussing the mutual influence of ancient Greek and Indian philosophy regarding these matters is The Shape of Ancient Thought by Thomas McEvilley </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Popular psychology , belief in life after death and reincarnation in the Nordic countries , Western and Eastern Europe '' ( PDF ) . ( 54.8 KB ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ metempsychosis , Etymology Dictionary , Douglas Harper ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carl Huffman ( 2014 ) , Pythagoras , 4.1 The Fate of the Soul -- Metempsychosis Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , Stanford University </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oxford Dictionaries ( 2016 ) . `` Transmigration '' . Oxford University Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Encyclopædia Britannica '' . Concise.britannica.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 25 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Keown 2013 , pp. 35 -- 40 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christopher Key Chapple ( 2006 ) . Jainism and Ecology : Nonviolence in the Web of Life . Motilal Banarsidass . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 2045 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Karl Sigmund . `` Gödel Exhibition : Gödel 's Century '' . Goedelexhibition.at . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Heart of Hinduism : Reincarnation and Samsara '' . Hinduism.iskcon.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Monier Monier - Williams ( 1872 ) . A Sanskrit - English Dictionary . Oxford University Press . p. 582 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ronald Wesley Neufeldt ( 1986 ) . Karma and Rebirth : Post Classical Developments . State University of New York Press . pp. 88 -- 89 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87395 - 990 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas William Rhys Davids ; William Stede ( 1921 ) . Pali - English Dictionary . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 95 , 144 , 151 , 361 , 475 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1144 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Bowker 2014 , pp. 84 -- 85 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gavin Flood ( 2010 ) , Brill 's Encyclopedia of Hinduism ( Editor : Knut Jacobsen ) , Volume II , Brill , ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 17893 - 9 , pages 881 -- 884 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Klaus Klostermaier , Mokṣa and Critical Theory , Philosophy East and West , Vol. 35 , No. 1 ( Jan. , 1985 ) , pages 61 -- 71 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Norman E. Thomas ( April 1988 ) , Liberation for Life : A Hindu Liberation Philosophy , Missiology , Volume 16 , Number 2 , pp 149 -- 160 ; Gerhard Oberhammer ( 1994 ) , La Délivrance dès cette vie : Jivanmukti , Collège de France , Publications de l'Institut de Civilisation Indienne . Série in - 8 ° , Fasc. 61 , Édition - Diffusion de Boccard ( Paris ) , ISBN 978 - 2868030610 , pages 1 -- 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Obeyesekere 2005 , p. 1 - 2 , 108 , 126 -- 128 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mark Juergensmeyer & Wade Clark Roof 2011 , pp. 272 -- 273 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Irving Steiger Cooper ( 1920 ) . Reincarnation : The Hope of the World . Theosophical Society in America . p. 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Diodorus Siculus thought the Druids might have been influenced by the teachings of Pythagoras . Diodorus Siculus v. 28.6 ; Hippolytus Philosophumena i. 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ one modern scholar has speculated that Buddhist missionaries had been sent to Britain by the Indian king Ashoka . Donald A. Mackenzie , Buddhism in pre-Christian Britain ( 1928 : 21 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ M. Dillon and N. Chadwick , The Celtic Realms , Weidenfeld & Nicolson , London , </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ara , Mitra ( 2008 ) . Eschatology in the Indo - Iranian traditions : The Genesis and Transformation of a Doctrine . Peter Lang Publishing Inc. , New York , USA . ISBN 1 - 4331 - 0250 - 1 . pp. 99 -- 100 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Damien Keown ( 2013 ) . Buddhism : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . pp. 28 , 32 -- 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 966383 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Flood , Gavin . Olivelle , Patrick . 2003 . The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism . Malden : Blackwell . pg. 273 - 4 . `` The second half of the first millennium BCE was the period that created many of the ideological and institutional elements that characterize later Indian religions . The renouncer tradition played a central role during this formative period of Indian religious history ... Some of the fundamental values and beliefs that we generally associate with Indian religions in general and Hinduism in particular were in part the creation of the renouncer tradition . These include the two pillars of Indian theologies : samsara -- the belief that life in this world is one of suffering and subject to repeated deaths and births ( rebirth ) ; moksa / nirvana -- the goal of human existence ... '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gavin D. Flood , An Introduction to Hinduism , Cambridge University Press ( 1996 ) , UK ISBN 0 - 521 - 43878 - 0 p. 86 -- `` A third alternative is that the origin of transmigration theory lies outside of vedic or sramana traditions in the tribal religions of the Ganges valley , or even in Dravidian traditions of south India . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Krishnan , Yuvraj ( 1997 ) . The Doctrine of Karma . Delhi , IN : Motilal Barnasidass . p. 13 . ISBN 81 - 208 - 1233 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ R.D. Ranade ( 1926 ) . A Constructive Survey of Upanishadic Philosophy . Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan . pp. 147 -- 148 . Quote : There we definitely know that the whole hymn is address to a departed spirit , and the poet ( of the Rigvedic hymn ) says that he is going to recall the departed soul in order that it may return again and live . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Atsushi Hayakawa ( 2014 ) . Circulation of Fire in the Veda . LIT Verlag Münster . pp. 66 -- 67 , 101 -- 103 with footnotes . ISBN 978 - 3 - 643 - 90472 - 0 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Stephen J. Laumakis 2008 , p. 90 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A.M. Boyer ( 1901 ) , Etude sur l'origine de la doctrine du samsara , Journal Asiatique , Volume 9 , Issue 18 , pages 451 -- 453 , 459 -- 468 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vallee Pussin ( 1917 ) . The way to Nirvana : six lectures on ancient Buddhism as a discipline of salvation . Cambridge University Press . pp. 24 -- 25 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Padmanabh Jaini 1980 , pp. 217 -- 236 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Paul Dundas ( 2003 ) . The Jains . Routledge . pp. 14 -- 16 , 102 -- 105 . ISBN 978 - 0415266055 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Padmanabh Jaini 1980 , pp. 226 - 228 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kristi L. Wiley ( 2009 ) . The A to Z of Jainism . Scarecrow . p. 186 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6337 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Padmanabh Jaini 1980 , pp. 227 - 228 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Dundas ( 2003 ) . The Jains . Routledge . pp. 104 -- 105 . ISBN 978 - 0415266055 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jeffery D Long ( 2013 ) . Jainism : An Introduction . I.B. Tauris . pp. 36 -- 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85773 - 656 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Dundas ( 2003 ) . The Jains . Routledge . pp. 55 -- 59 . ISBN 978 - 0415266055 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John E. Cort ( 2001 ) . Jains in the World : Religious Values and Ideology in India . Oxford University Press . pp. 118 -- 119 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 803037 - 9 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jeff Wilson ( 2010 ) . Saṃsāra and Rebirth , in Buddhism . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / obo / 9780195393521 - 0141 . ISBN 9780195393521 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kevin Trainor ( 2004 ) . Buddhism : The Illustrated Guide . Oxford University Press . pp. 62 -- 63 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517398 - 7 . ; Quote : `` Buddhist doctrine holds that until they realize nirvana , beings are bound to undergo rebirth and redeath due to their having acted out of ignorance and desire , thereby producing the seeds of karma '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edward Conze ( 2013 ) . Buddhist Thought in India : Three Phases of Buddhist Philosophy . Routledge . p. 71 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 54231 - 4 . , Quote : `` Nirvana is the raison d'être of Buddhism , and its ultimate justification . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gethin , Rupert ( 1998 ) , Foundations of Buddhism , Oxford University Press , p. 119 , ISBN 978 - 0192892232 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Williams , Anthony Tribe , Buddhist thought : a complete introduction to the Indian tradition . Routledge , 2000 , page 84 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Merv Fowler ( 1999 ) . Buddhism : Beliefs and Practices . Sussex Academic Press . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 898723 - 66 - 0 . , Quote : `` For a vast majority of Buddhists in Theravadin countries , however , the order of monks is seen by lay Buddhists as a means of gaining the most merit in the hope of accumulating good karma for a better rebirth . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christopher Gowans ( 2004 ) . Philosophy of the Buddha : An Introduction . Routledge . p. 169 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 46973 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert DeCaroli ( 2004 ) . Haunting the Buddha : Indian Popular Religions and the Formation of Buddhism . Oxford University Press . pp. 94 -- 103 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 803765 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Akira Sadakata ( 1997 ) . Buddhist Cosmology : Philosophy and Origins . Kōsei Publishing 佼成 出版 社 , Tokyo . pp. 68 -- 70 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 333 - 01682 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James Hastings ; John Alexander Selbie ; Louis Herbert Gray ( 1922 ) . Volume 12 : Suffering - Zwingli . Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics . T. & T. Clark . pp. 616 -- 618 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jessica Frazier & Gavin Flood 2011 , pp. 84 -- 86 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kusum P. Merh ( 1996 ) . Yama , the Glorious Lord of the Other World . Penguin . pp. 213 -- 215 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 246 - 0066 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anita Raina Thapan ( 2006 ) . The Penguin Swami Chinmyananda Reader . Penguin Books . pp. 84 -- 90 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 400062 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jessica Frazier ; Gavin Flood ( 2011 ) . The Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies . Bloomsbury Academic . pp. 84 -- 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 9966 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patrul Rinpoche ; Dalai Lama ( 1998 ) . The Words of My Perfect Teacher : A Complete Translation of a Classic Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism . Rowman Altamira . pp. 95 -- 96 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 9027 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yuvraj Krishan ( 1997 ) . The Doctrine of Karma : Its Origin and Development in Brāhmaṇical , Buddhist , and Jaina Traditions . Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan . pp. 17 -- 27 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1233 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Louis de La Vallée - Poussin ( 1917 ) . The way to Nirvana : six lectures on ancient Buddhism as a discipline of salvation . Cambridge University Press . pp. 24 -- 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yuvraj Krishan ( 1988 ) , Is Karma Evolutionary ? , Journal of Indian Council of Philosophical Research , Volume 6 , pages 24 -- 26 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Williams , Anthony Tribe & Alexander Wynne 2012 , pp. 30 -- 42 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael D. Coogan ( 2003 ) . The Illustrated Guide to World Religions . Oxford University Press . p. 192 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 521997 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Carpenter ; Ian Whicher ( 2003 ) . Yoga : The Indian Tradition . Routledge . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 79606 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rita Langer ( 2007 ) . Buddhist Rituals of Death and Rebirth : Contemporary Sri Lankan Practice and Its Origins . Routledge . pp. 53 -- 54 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 15873 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( a ) Christmas Humphreys ( 2012 ) . Exploring Buddhism . Routledge . pp. 42 -- 43 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 22877 - 3 . ( b ) Brian Morris ( 2006 ) . Religion and Anthropology : A Critical Introduction . Cambridge University Press . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85241 - 8 . , Quote : `` ( ... ) anatta is the doctrine of non-self , and is an extreme empiricist doctrine that holds that the notion of an unchanging permanent self is a fiction and has no reality . According to Buddhist doctrine , the individual person consists of five skandhas or heaps -- the body , feelings , perceptions , impulses and consciousness . The belief in a self or soul , over these five skandhas , is illusory and the cause of suffering . '' ( c ) Richard Gombrich ( 2006 ) . Theravada Buddhism . Routledge . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 90352 - 8 . , Quote : `` ( ... ) Buddha 's teaching that beings have no soul , no abiding essence . This ' no - soul doctrine ' ( anatta - vada ) he expounded in his second sermon . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( a ) Anatta , Encyclopedia Britannica ( 2013 ) , Quote : `` Anatta in Buddhism , the doctrine that there is in humans no permanent , underlying soul . The concept of anatta , or anatman , is a departure from the Hindu belief in atman ( `` the self '' ). `` ; ( b ) Steven Collins ( 1994 ) , Religion and Practical Reason ( Editors : Frank Reynolds , David Tracy ) , State Univ of New York Press , ISBN 978 - 0791422175 , page 64 ; `` Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not - self ( Pali : anattā , Sanskrit : anātman , the opposed doctrine of ātman is central to Brahmanical thought ) . Put very briefly , this is the ( Buddhist ) doctrine that human beings have no soul , no self , no unchanging essence . '' ; ( c ) Edward Roer ( Translator ) , Shankara 's Introduction , p. 2 , at Google Books to Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad , pages 2 -- 4 ; ( d ) Katie Javanaud ( 2013 ) , Is The Buddhist ' No - Self ' Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana ? , Philosophy Now ; ( e ) David Loy ( 1982 ) , Enlightenment in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta : Are Nirvana and Moksha the Same ? , International Philosophical Quarterly , Volume 23 , Issue 1 , pages 65 -- 74 ; ( f ) KN Jayatilleke ( 2010 ) , Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge , ISBN 978 - 8120806191 , pages 246 -- 249 , from note 385 onwards ; </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John C. Plott et al ( 2000 ) , Global History of Philosophy : The Axial Age , Volume 1 , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 8120801585 , page 63 , Quote : `` The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept . As we have already observed , this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bruce M. Sullivan ( 1997 ) . Historical Dictionary of Hinduism . Scarecrow . pp. 235 -- 236 ( See : Upanishads ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 3327 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Klaus K. Klostermaier ( 2007 ) . A Survey of Hinduism : Third Edition . State University of New York Press . pp. 119 -- 122 , 162 -- 180 , 194 -- 195 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 7082 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kalupahana 1992 , pp. 38 - 39 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ G Obeyesekere ( 1980 ) . Wendy Doniger , ed . Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions . University of California Press . pp. 137 -- 141 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03923 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Libby Ahluwalia ( 2008 ) . Understanding Philosophy of Religion . Folens . pp. 243 -- 249 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85008 - 274 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harold Coward ; Julius Lipner ; Katherine K. Young ( 1989 ) . Hindu Ethics . State University of New York Press . pp. 85 -- 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88706 - 764 - 8 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Naomi Appleton ( 2014 ) . Narrating Karma and Rebirth : Buddhist and Jain Multi-Life Stories . Cambridge University Press . pp. 76 -- 89 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 91640 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kristi L. Wiley ( 2004 ) . Historical Dictionary of Jainism . Scarecrow . p. 91 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 5051 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kristi L. Wiley ( 2004 ) . Historical Dictionary of Jainism . Scarecrow . pp. 10 -- 12 , 111 -- 112 , 119 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 5051 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gananath Obeyesekere ( 2006 ) . Karma and Rebirth : A Cross Cultural Study . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 107 -- 108 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 2609 - 0 . ; Kristi L. Wiley ( 2004 ) . Historical Dictionary of Jainism . Scarecrow . pp. 118 -- 119 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 5051 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John E. Cort ( 2001 ) . Jains in the World : Religious Values and Ideology in India . Oxford University Press . pp. 118 -- 123 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 803037 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schibli , S. , Hermann , Pherekydes of Syros , p. 104 , Oxford Univ . Press 2001 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The dates of his life can not be fixed exactly , but assuming the approximate correctness of the statement of Aristoxenus ( ap . Porph . V.P. 9 ) that he left Samos to escape the tyranny of Polycrates at the age of forty , we may put his birth round about 570 BCE , or a few years earlier . The length of his life was variously estimated in antiquity , but it is agreed that he lived to a fairly ripe old age , and most probably he died at about seventy - five or eighty . '' William Keith Chambers Guthrie , ( 1978 ) , A history of Greek philosophy , Volume 1 : The earlier Presocratics and the Pythagoreans , page 173 . Cambridge University Press </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Linforth , Ivan M. ( 1941 ) The Arts of Orpheus Arno Press , New York , OCLC 514515 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Long , Herbert S. ( 1948 ) A Study of the doctrine of metempsychosis in Greece , from Pythagoras to Plato ( Long 's 1942 Ph. D. dissertation ) Princeton , New Jersey , OCLC 1472399 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Long , Herbert S. ( 16 February 1948 ) `` Plato 's Doctrine of Metempsychosis and Its Source '' The Classical Weekly 41 ( 10 ) : pp. 149 -- 155 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Menander , The Inspired Woman </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lucian , Gallus , 18 et seq . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Poesch , Jessie ( 1962 ) `` Ennius and Basinio of Parma '' Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 25 ( 1 / 2 ) : pp. 116 -- 118 , page 117 , FN15 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lucretius , ( i . 124 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Horace , Epistles , II . i . 52 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Virgil , The Aeneid , vv. 724 et seq . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The book Reincarnation in Christianity , by the theosophist Geddes MacGregor ( 1978 ) asserted that Origen believed in reincarnation . MacGregor is convinced that Origen believed in and taught about reincarnation but that his texts written about the subject have been destroyed . He admits that there is no extant proof for that position . The allegation was also repeated by Shirley MacLaine in her book Out On a Limb . Origen does discuss the concept of transmigration ( metensomatosis ) from Greek philosophy , but it is repeatedly stated that this concept is not a part of the Christian teaching or scripture in his Comment on the Gospel of Matthew ( which survives only in a 6th - century Latin translatio ) : `` In this place ( when Jesus said Elijah was come and referred to John the Baptist ) it does not appear to me that by Elijah the soul is spoken of , lest I fall into the doctrine of transmigration , which is foreign to the Church of God , and not handed down by the apostles , nor anywhere set forth in the scriptures '' ( 13 : 1 : 46 -- 53 , see Commentary on Matthew , Book XIII </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Much of this is documented in R.E. Slater 's book Paradise Reconsidered . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richard Foltz , Religions of the Silk Road , New York : Palgrave Macmillan , 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Julius Caesar , `` De Bello Gallico '' , VI </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Essential Judaism : A Complete Guide to Beliefs , Customs & Rituals , By George Robinson , Simon and Schuster 2008 , page 193 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mind in the Balance : Meditation in Science , Buddhism , and Christianity '' , p. 104 , by B. Alan Wallace </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Between Worlds : Dybbuks , Exorcists , and Early Modern Judaism '' , p. 190 , by J.H. Chajes </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jewish Tales of Reincarnation ' , By Yonasson Gershom , Yonasson Gershom , Jason Aronson , Incorporated , 31 Jan 2000 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yonasson Gershom ( 1999 ) , Jewish Tales of Reincarnation . Northvale , NJ : Jason Aronson . ISBN 0765760835 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chuang Tzŭ : Mystic , Moralist , and Social Reformer ( translated by Herbert Allen Giles ) . 1889 . p. 304 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Newadvent.org '' . Newadvent.org. 1911 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steven Runciman , The Medieval Manichee : A Study of the Christian Dualist Heresy , 1982 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 28926 - 2 , Cambridge University Press , The Bogomils , Google Books </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For example Dondaine , Antoine . O.P. Un traite neo-manicheen du XIIIe siecle : Le Liber de duobus principiis , suivi d'un fragment de rituel Cathare ( Rome : Institutum Historicum Fratrum Praedicatorum , 1939 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Newadvent.org '' . Newadvent.org. 1907 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bellow 's translation of Helgakviða Hundingsbana II '' . Sacred-texts.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` the souls must always be the same , for if none be destroyed they will not diminish in number . '' Republic X , 611 . The Republic of Plato By Plato , Benjamin Jowett Edition : 3 Published by Clarendon press , 1888 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In a letter to his friend George Whatley written May 23 , 1785 : Jennifer T. Kennedy , Death Effects : Revisiting the conceit of Franklin 's Memoir , Early American Literature , 2001 . JSTOR </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsilio Ficino , Platonic Theology , 17.3 -- 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Again , Rosalind in `` As You Like It '' ( Act III. , Scene 2 ) , says : I was never so be-rhimed that I can remember since Pythagoras 's time , when I was an Irish rat '' -- alluding to the doctrine of the transmigration of souls . '' William H. Grattan Flood , quoted at Libraryireland.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boulting , 1914 . pp. 163 -- 64 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Berger , Arthur S. ; Berger , Joyce ( 1991 ) . The Encyclopedia of Parapsychology and Psychical Research . Paragon House Publishers . ISBN 1 - 55778 - 043 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schopenhauer , A : `` Parerga und Paralipomena '' ( Eduard Grisebach edition ) , On Religion , Section 177 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nietzsche and the Doctrine of Metempsychosis , in J. Urpeth & J. Lippitt , Nietzsche and the Divine , Manchester : Clinamen , 2000 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Shirleymaclaine.com '' . Shirleymaclaine.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Hammerman , Lisa Lenard , The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Reincarnation , Penguin , p. 34 . For relevant works by James , see ; William James , Human Immortality : Two Supposed Objections to the Doctrine ( the Ingersoll Lecture , 1897 ) , The Will to Believe , Human Immortality ( 1956 ) Dover Publications , ISBN 0 - 486 - 20291 - 7 , The Varieties of Religious Experience : A Study in Human Nature ( 1902 ) , ISBN 0 - 14 - 039034 - 0 , Essays in Radical Empiricism ( 1912 ) Dover Publications 2003 , ISBN 0 - 486 - 43094 - 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richmal Crompton , More William , George Newnes , London , 1924 , XIII . William and the Ancient Souls ; `` The memory usually came in a flash . For instance , you might remember in a flash when you were looking at a box of matches that you had been Guy Fawkes . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Théodore Flournoy , Des Indes à la planète Mars , Étude sur un cas de somnambulisme avec glossolalie , Éditions Alcan et Eggimann , Paris et Genève , 1900 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mark Juergensmeyer & Wade Clark Roof 2011 , p. 272 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jeaneane D. Fowler 1997 , p. 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mukul Goel ( 2008 ) . Devotional Hinduism : Creating Impressions for God . iUniverse . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 50524 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christopher Chapple ( 1986 ) , Karma and creativity , State University of New York Press , ISBN 0 - 88706 - 251 - 2 , pages 60 - 64 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jeaneane D. Fowler 1997 , p. 11 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Julius Lipner ( 2012 ) . Hindus : Their Religious Beliefs and Practices . Routledge . pp. 263 -- 265 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 24061 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jacobsen , Knut A. `` Three Functions Of Hell In The Hindu Traditions . '' Numen 56.2 -- 3 ( 2009 ) : 385 -- 400 . ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials . Web . 16 Sept. 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Julius Lipner ( 2012 ) . Hindus : Their Religious Beliefs and Practices . Routledge . pp. 251 -- 252 , 283 , 366 -- 369 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 24061 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roy W. Perrett ( 1998 ) . Hindu Ethics : A Philosophical Study . University of Hawaii Press . pp. 53 -- 54 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 2085 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bruce M. Sullivan ( 2001 ) . The A to Z of Hinduism . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 137 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 4070 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jeaneane D. Fowler 1997 , pp. 111 - 112 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yong Choon Kim ; David H. Freeman ( 1981 ) . Oriental Thought : An Introduction to the Philosophical and Religious Thought of Asia . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 15 -- 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8226 - 0365 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jack Sikora ( 2002 ) . Religions of India : A User Friendly and Brief Introduction to Hinduism , Buddhism , Sikhism , and the Jains . iUniverse . pp. 17 -- 19 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4697 - 1731 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harold Coward 2008 , p. 129 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harold Coward 2008 , pp. 129 , also see pages 130 -- 155 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chapple 2010 , p. 98 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chapple 2010 , p. 107 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chapple 2010 , p. 582 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jeaneane D. Fowler ( 2002 ) . Perspectives of Reality : An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism . Sussex Academic Press . pp. 340 -- 347 , 373 -- 375 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 898723 - 93 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Loy , David ( 1982 ) . `` Enlightenment in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta : Are Nirvana and Moksha the Same ? '' . International Philosophical Quarterly . 22 ( 1 ) : 65 -- 74 . doi : 10.5840 / ipq19822217 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jeaneane D. Fowler ( 2002 ) . Perspectives of Reality : An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism . Sussex Academic Press . pp. 238 -- 240 , 243 -- 245 , 249 -- 250 , 261 -- 263 , 279 -- 284 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 898723 - 93 - 6 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Peter Harvey ( 2012 ) . An Introduction to Buddhism : Teachings , History and Practices . Cambridge University Press . pp. 32 -- 33 , 38 -- 39 , 46 -- 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85942 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ronald Wesley Neufeldt ( 1986 ) . Karma and Rebirth : Post Classical Developments . State University of New York Press . pp. 123 -- 131 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87395 - 990 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ray Billington ( 2002 ) . Understanding Eastern Philosophy . Routledge . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 79348 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ray Billington ( 2002 ) . Understanding Eastern Philosophy . Routledge . pp. 43 -- 44 , 58 -- 60 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 79349 - 5 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Damien Keown ( 2004 ) . A Dictionary of Buddhism ( Articles titled ucchedavāda , śāśvata - vāda , rebirth ) . Oxford University Press . pp. 80 , 162 , 225 , 255 , 315 . ISBN 978 - 0198605607 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Norman C. McClelland ( 2010 ) . Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma . McFarland . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5675 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David J. Kalupahana ( 1975 ) . Causality : The Central Philosophy of Buddhism . University Press of Hawaii . pp. 115 -- 119 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 0298 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Harvey ( 2012 ) . An Introduction to Buddhism : Teachings , History and Practices . Cambridge University Press . pp. 57 -- 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85942 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oliver Leaman ( 2002 ) . Eastern Philosophy : Key Readings . Routledge . pp. 23 -- 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 68919 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Malcolm B. Hamilton ( 12 June 2012 ) . The Sociology of Religion : Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives . Routledge . pp. 73 -- 80 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 97626 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Raju , P.T. ( 1985 ) . Structural Depths of Indian Thought . State University of New York Press . pp. 147 -- 151 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88706 - 139 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Norman C. McClelland ( 2010 ) . Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma . McFarland . p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5675 - 8 . ; Hugh Nicholson ( 2016 ) . The Spirit of Contradiction in Christianity and Buddhism . Oxford University Press . pp. 23 -- 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 045534 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rahula , Walpola ( 1990 ) . What the Buddha Taught . London : Gordon Fraser . p. 51 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trainor 2004 , p. 58 , Quote : `` Buddhism shares with Hinduism the doctrine of Samsara , whereby all beings pass through an unceasing cycle of birth , death and rebirth until they find a means of liberation from the cycle . However , Buddhism differs from Hinduism in rejecting the assertion that every human being possesses a changeless soul which constitutes his or her ultimate identity , and which transmigrates from one incarnation to the next ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert E. Buswell Jr. ; Donald S. Lopez Jr. ( 2013 ) . The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism . Princeton University Press . pp. 708 -- 709 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 4805 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( M. 1.256 ) `` Post-Classical Developments in the Concepts of Karma and Rebirth in Theravada Buddhism . '' by Bruce Matthews . in Karma and Rebirth : Post-Classical Developments State Univ of New York Press : 1986 ISBN 0 - 87395 - 990 - 6 pg 125 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Collins , Steven . Selfless persons : imagery and thought in Theravāda Buddhism Cambridge University Press , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 39726 - X pg 215 , Google Books </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( D. 3.105 ) `` Post-Classical Developments in the Concepts of Karma and Rebirth in Theravada Buddhism . by Bruce Matthews . in Karma and Rebirth : Post-Classical Developments State Univ of New York Press : 1986 ISBN 0 - 87395 - 990 - 6 pg 125 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David J. Kalupahana ( 1975 ) . Causality : The Central Philosophy of Buddhism . University Press of Hawaii . p. 83 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 0298 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ William H. Swatos ; Peter Kivisto ( 1998 ) . Encyclopedia of Religion and Society . Rowman Altamira . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 8956 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ His Holiness the Dalai Lama , How to Practice : The Way to a Meaningful Life ( New York : Atria Books , 2002 ) , p. 46 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bruce Matthews in Ronald Wesley Neufeldt , editor , Karma and Rebirth : Post Classical Developments . SUNY Press , 1986 , page 125 . Google.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Harvey , The Selfless Mind . Curzon Press 1995 , page 247 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert E. Buswell Jr. ; Donald S. Lopez Jr. ( 2013 ) . The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism . Princeton University Press . pp. 49 -- 50 , 708 -- 709 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 4805 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Connected Discourses of the Buddha . A Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya , Bhikkhu Bodhi , Translator . Wisdom Publications . Sutta 44.9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Karma - gliṅ - pa ; Chogyam Trungpa ; Francesca Fremantle ( 2000 ) . The Tibetan Book of the Dead : The Great Liberation Through Hearing in the Bardo . Shambhala Publications . pp. xi , xvii -- xxiii . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57062 - 747 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Karma - gliṅ - pa ; Chogyam Trungpa ; Francesca Fremantle ( 2000 ) . The Tibetan Book of the Dead : The Great Liberation Through Hearing in the Bardo . Shambhala Publications . pp. 4 -- 23 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57062 - 747 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trainor 2004 , pp. 210 -- 211 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trainor 2004 , pp. 62 -- 63 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McClelland , Norman C. ( 2010 ) , Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma , McFarland , p. 281 , ISBN 9780786456758 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Warner , Brad ( 2005 ) , Hardcore Zen , Wisdom Publications , p. 155 , ISBN 9780861719891 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Transform Your Life : A Blissful Journey , page 52 ) , Tharpa Publications ( 2001 , US ed. 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 9789067 - 4 - 0 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Padmanabh Jaini 1980 , pp. 226 -- 228 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tara Sethia ( 2004 ) . Ahimsā , Anekānta , and Jainism . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 30 -- 31 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 2036 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kuhn , Hermann ( 2001 ) pp. 226 -- 230 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Krishan , Yuvraj ( 1997 ) : p. 43 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kuhn , Hermann ( 2001 ) pp. 70 -- 71 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kuhn , Hermann ( 2001 ) pp. 64 -- 66 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kuhn , Hermann ( 2001 ) p. 15 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rankin , Aidan ( 2006 ) p. 67 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jaini , Padmanabh ( 1998 ) p. 108 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Jain hierarchy of life classifies living beings on the basis of the senses : five - sensed beings like humans and animals are at the top , and single sensed beings like microbes and plants are at the bottom . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jaini , Padmanabh ( 1998 ) pp. 108 -- 09 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jaini , Padmanabh ( 2000 ) p. 130 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Krishan , Yuvraj ( 1997 ) p. 44 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kuhn , Hermann ( 2001 ) p. 28 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kuhn , Hermann ( 2001 ) p. 69 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kuhn , Hermann ( 2001 ) pp. 65 -- 66 , 70 -- 71 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ W.O. Cole ; Piara Singh Sambhi ( 2016 ) . Sikhism and Christianity : A Comparative Study . Springer . pp. 13 -- 14 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 349 - 23049 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arvind - Pal Singh Mandair ( 2013 ) . Sikhism : A Guide for the Perplexed . Bloomsbury Academic . p. 176 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 5366 - 1 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Arvind - Pal Singh Mandair ( 2013 ) . Sikhism : A Guide for the Perplexed . A&C Black . pp. 145 -- 147 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 0231 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Gordon Melton ; Martin Baumann ( 2002 ) . Religions of the world : a comprehensive encyclopedia of beliefs and practices . 2 . ABC - CLIO . p. 632 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 223 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eric J. Lott ( 1988 ) . Vision , Tradition , Interpretation : Theology , Religion , and the Study of Religion . Walter de Gruyter . pp. 49 -- 53 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 009761 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Flood , Gavin ( 1996 ) . An introduction to Hinduism . Cambridge University Press . p. 137 . 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ISBN 1 - 57067 - 212 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ANALYSIS December 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Pewforum.org '' . Pewforum.org . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spiritual-wholeness.org '' . Spiritual-wholeness.org . Archived from the original on 2001 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cranston , Sylvia . Reincarnation in Christianity : A New Vision of the Role of Rebirth in Christian Thought ( Quest Books ) ( 9780835605014 ) : Geddes MacGregor : Books . Amazon.com . ISBN 0835605019 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Big Book of Reincarnation '' , by Roy Stemman , p. 14 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Church Fathers : Letter 124 ( Jerome ) '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Hieronymus_Stridonensis_cps2 , Epistolae , 124 , p0 '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cross , F.L. , and Elizabeth A. Livingstone . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( Second Edition ) . New York : Oxford University Press , 1984 . p. 1009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jane Idelman Smith ; Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad ( 2002 ) . The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection . Oxford University Press . pp. 23 -- 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 028880 - 8 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Norman C. McClelland 2010 , pp. 122 -- 123 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John L. Esposito ( 2004 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of Islam . Oxford University Press . pp. 137 , 249 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 975726 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Norman L. Geisler ; Abdul Saleeb ( 2002 ) . Answering Islam : The Crescent in Light of the Cross . Baker Academic . p. 109 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8010 - 6430 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Norman C. McClelland 2010 , pp. 122 - 123 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilson , Peter Lamborn , Scandal : Essays in Islamic Heresy , Brooklyn , NY : Autonomedia. ( 1988 ) . ISBN 0 - 936756 - 13 - 6 hardcover 0 - 936756 - 12 - 2 paperback </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peters , Francis E. ; Esposito , John L. ( 2006 ) . The children of Abraham : Judaism , Christianity , Islam . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12769 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alawis , Countrystudies.us , U.S. Library of Congress . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ see his To Die Before Death : The Sufi Way of Life </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gnostic liberation front The Sufi Message of Hazrat Inayat Khan </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seabrook , W.B. , Adventures in Arabia , Harrap and Sons 1928 , ( chapters on Druze religion ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dwairy , Marwan ( 2006 ) `` The Psychosocial Function Of Reincarnation Among Druze In Israel '' Culture , Medicine and Psychiatry , page 29 -- 53 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lewis , James ( 2002 ) . The Encyclopedia of Cults , Sects , and New Religions . Prometheus Books . ISBN 1615927387 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Theosophy and reincarnation '' . Blavatskytrust.org.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jutta Woods . `` The Theosophical Heritage in Modern Astrology . '' The Mountain Astrologer . Aug / Sept 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steven Forrest and Jeffrey Wolf Green . `` About Evolutionary Astrology '' . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See e.g. Reincarnation and Karma by Steiner </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steiner , Karmic Relationships , volumes 1 -- 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Scientology Church & Religion -- What is Scientology ? '' . Scientology . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baba , Meher ( 1967 ) , Discourses , Volume III , Sufism Reoriented , 1967 , ISBN 1 - 880619 - 09 - 1 , p. 96 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David J. Hess ( 1 November 2010 ) . Spirits and Scientists : Ideology , Spiritism and Brazilian Culture . Pennsylvania State University Press . pp. 16 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 271 - 04080 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Wicca and Witchcraft , Raven Grimassi </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cadoret , Remi . Book Review : European Cases of the Reincarnation Type The American Journal of Psychiatry , April 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shroder , T ( 2007 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Ian Stevenson ; Sought To Document Memories Of Past Lives in Children '' . The Washington Post . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mills '' . Signs of Reincarnation . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rockley , Richard . ( 2002 ) . `` Book Review : Children who Remember Previous Lives '' . SkepticReport . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edwards , Paul . ( 1996 , reprinted in 2001 ) . Reincarnation : A Critical Examination . Prometheus Books . ISBN 1 - 57392 - 921 - 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sagan , Carl ( 1996 ) . Demon Haunted World . Random House . p. 300 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 53512 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harris , Sam ( September 17 , 2005 ) . The End of Faith ( Reprint ed . ) . W.W. Norton . p. 41 . ISBN 0393327655 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomason , Sarah G ... `` Xenoglossy '' . In Gordon Stein . ( 1996 ) . The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal . Prometheus Books . ISBN 1 - 57392 - 021 - 5 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilson , Ian . ( 1981 ) . Mind Out of Time : Reincarnation Investigated . Gollancz . ISBN 0 - 575 - 02968 - 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Case Against Immortality '' . Infidels.org . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baker , Robert A. ( 1996 ) . Hidden Memories : Voices and Visions from Within . Prometheus Books . ISBN 0 - 87975 - 576 - 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cogan , Robert . ( 1998 ) . Critical Thinking : Step by Step . University Press of America . pp. 202 -- 203 . ISBN 0 - 7618 - 1067 - 6 `` Edwards catalogs common sense objections which have been made against reincarnation. 1 ) How does a soul exist between bodies ? 2 ) Tertullian 's objection : If there is reincarnation , why are not babies born with the mental abilities of adults ? 3 ) Reincarnation claims an infinite series of prior incarnations . Evolution teaches that there was a time when humans did not yet exist . So reincarnation is inconsistent with modern science . 4 ) If there is reincarnation , then what is happening when the population increases ? 5 ) If there is reincarnation , then why do so few , if any people , remember past lives ? ... To answer these objections believers in reincarnation must accept additional assumptions ... Acceptance of these silly assumptions , Edwards says , amounts to a crucifixion of one 's intellect . '' <Ul> <Li> Edwards , Paul . ( 1996 , reprinted in 2001 ) . Reincarnation : A Critical Examination . Prometheus Books . ISBN 1 - 57392 - 921 - 2 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shroder , Tom ( 2007 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Ian Stevenson ; Sought To Document Memories Of Past Lives in Children '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tony Walter and Helen Waterhouse , `` A Very Private Belief : Reincarnation in Contemporary England '' . Sociology of Religion , Vol. 60 , 1999 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Popular psychology , belief in life after death and reincarnation in the Nordic countries , Western and Eastern Europe '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Boundaries of Knowledge in Buddhism , Christianity , and Science '' , by Paul David Numrich , p. 13 , Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht , ISBN 9783525569870 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jane Henry ( 2005 ) . Parapsychology : research on exceptional experiences Routledge , p. 224 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walter , T. ; Waterhouse , H. ( 1999 ) . `` A very private belief : Reincarnation in contemporary England '' . Sociology of Religion . 60 ( 2 ) : 187 -- 197 . doi : 10.2307 / 3711748 . JSTOR 3711748 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waterhouse , H. ( 1999 ) . `` Reincarnation belief in Britain : New age orientation or mainstream option ? '' . Journal of Contemporary Religion . 14 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 109 . doi : 10.1080 / 13537909908580854 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 26 . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Bibliography ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> John Bowker ( 2014 ) . God : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 870895 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Chapple , Christopher Key , W Sargeant ( Translator ) ( 2010 ) . The Bhagavad Gita : Twenty - fifth -- Anniversary Edition . State University of New York Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4384 - 2840 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Harold Coward ( 2008 ) . The Perfectibility of Human Nature in Eastern and Western Thought : The Central Story . State University of New York Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 7336 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jeaneane D. Fowler ( 1997 ) . Hinduism : Beliefs and Practices . Sussex Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 898723 - 60 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Padmanabh Jaini ( 1980 ) . Wendy Doniger , ed . Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03923 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Kalupahana , David J. ( 1992 ) , A history of Buddhist philosophy , Motilal Banarsidass </Li> <Li> Keown , Damien ( 2013 ) . Buddhism : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 966383 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Mark Juergensmeyer ; Wade Clark Roof ( 2011 ) . Encyclopedia of Global Religion . SAGE Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 6656 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Stephen J. Laumakis ( 2008 ) . An Introduction to Buddhist Philosophy . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 46966 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Norman C. McClelland ( 2010 ) , Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma , McFarland , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5675 - 8 </Li> <Li> Giannis Stamatellos ( 2013 ) , `` Plotinus on Transmigration : a Reconsideration '' , Journal of Ancient Philosophy 7 , 1 </Li> <Li> Obeyesekere , Gananath ( 2005 ) . Wendy Doniger , ed . Karma and Rebirth : A Cross Cultural Study . Motilal Banarsidass . ISBN 978 - 8120826090 . </Li> <Li> Trainor , Kevin ( 2004 ) . Buddhism : The Illustrated Guide . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517398 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Paul Williams ; Anthony Tribe ; Alexander Wynne ( 2012 ) , Buddhist Thought , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 52088 - 4 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article 's further reading may not follow Wikipedia 's content policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing less relevant or redundant publications with the same point of view ; or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Alegretti , Wagner , Retrocognitions : An Investigation into Memories of Past Lives and the Period Between Lives . ISBN 0 - 9702131 - 6 - 6 , 2004 . </Li> <Li> Archiati , Pietro , Reincarnation in Modern Life : Toward a new Christian Awareness . ISBN 0 - 904693 - 88 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Atkinson , William Walker , Reincarnation and the Law of Karma : A Study of the Old - new World - doctrine of Rebirth and Spiritual Cause and Effect , Kessinger Publishing , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 7661 - 0079 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Baba , Meher , Discourses , Sufism Reoriented , 1967 , ISBN 1 - 880619 - 09 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Bache , Christopher M. , Lifecycles , Reincarnation and the Web of Life , 1991 , ISBN 1 - 55778 - 645 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Besant , A.W. , Reincarnation , Published by Theosophical Pub . Society , 1892 . </Li> <Li> Boulting , W. Giordano Bruno , His Life , Thought , and Martyrdom , London : Kegan Paul , 1914 . </Li> <Li> Bowman , Carol , Children 's Past Lives , 1998 , ISBN 0 - 553 - 57485 - X . </Li> <Li> Bowman , Carol , Return from Heaven , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 06 - 103044 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Cerminara , Gina , Many Mansions : The Edgar Cayce Story on Reincarnation , 1990 , ISBN 0 - 451 - 03307 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Childs , Gilbert and Sylvia , Your Reincarnating Child : Welcoming a soul to the world . ISBN 1 - 85584 - 126 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Doniger O'Flaherty , Wendy ( 1980 ) . Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 03923 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Doore , Gary , What Survives ? , 1990 , ISBN 0 - 87477 - 583 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Edwards , Paul , Reincarnation : A Critical Examination ISBN 1 - 57392 - 921 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Foltz , Richard , Religions of the Silk Road , New York : Palgrave Macmillan , 2010 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 62125 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Gyatso , Geshe Kelsang , Joyful Path of Good Fortune , pp 336 -- 47 , Tharpa Publications ( 2nd . ed. , 1995 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 948006 - 46 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Gyatso , Geshe Kelsang , Living Meaningfully , Dying Joyfully : The Profound Practice of Transference of Consciousness , Tharpa Publications ( 1999 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 948006 - 63 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Head , Joseph and Cranston , S.L. , editors , Reincarnation : The Phoenix Fire Mystery , 1994 , ISBN 0 - 517 - 56101 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jefferson , Warren . 2009 . `` Reincarnation Beliefs of North American Indians : Soul Journeys , Metamorphoses , and Near - Death Experiences . '' Summertown , TN : Native Voices . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57067 - 212 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Heindel , Max , The Rosicrucian Cosmo - Conception ( Part I , Chapter IV : Rebirth and the Law of Consequence ) , 1909 , ISBN 0 - 911274 - 34 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Leland , Kurt . The Unanswered Question : Death , Near - Death , and the Afterlife . Hampton Roads Publishing ( 2002 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57174 - 299 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Emily Williams Kelly , Science , the Self , and Survival after Death , Rowman , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Klemp , H. ( 2003 ) . Past lives , dreams , and soul travel . Minneapolis , MN : Eckankar . ISBN 1 - 57043 - 182 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Luchte , James , Pythagoras and the Doctrine of Transmigration : Wandering Souls , Bloomsbury Publishing , 2009 , ISBN 978 - 1441131027 . </Li> <Li> Newton , Michael , Life Between Lives : Hypnotherapy for Spiritual Regression , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 7387 - 0465 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Newton , Michael , Destiny of Souls : New Case Studies of Life Between Lives , 2000 , ISBN 1 - 56718 - 499 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Nikhilananda , Swami . Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna , ( 8th Ed . 1992 ) ISBN 0 - 911206 - 01 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Prophet , Elizabeth Clare , Erin L. Prophet , Reincarnation : The Missing Link in Christianity , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 922729 - 27 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Palamidessi Tommaso , The Memory of Past Lives and Its Technique , ed . Archeosofica , 1977 . </Li> <Li> Ramster , Peter , In Search of Lives Past , ISBN 0 - 646 - 00021 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Rinehart , Robin , ed. , Contemporary Hinduism , ( 2004 ) . </Li> <Li> Roberts , Jane . Seth Speaks : The Eternal Validity of the Soul , ( 1972 ) . ISBN 1 - 878424 - 07 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Semkiw , Walter , Return of the Revolutionaries : The Case for Reincarnation and Soul Groups Reunited , 2003 , ISBN 1 - 57174 - 342 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Steiner , Rudolf , Karmic Relationships : Esoteric studies , 8 volumes , various dates , Rudolf Steiner Press . ISBN 0 - 85440 - 260 - 8 and others . </Li> <Li> Steiner , Rudolf , A Western Approach to Reincarnation and Karma : selected lectures and writings ; ed. and intr . by René Querido . Hudson , NY : Anthroposophic Press , c1997 , ISBN 0 - 88010 - 399 - X . </Li> <Li> Steinpach , Richard , Hidden Connections Determine Our Earth - Life , 1988 , ISBN 1 - 57461 - 013 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Stevenson , Ian ( 1980 ) . Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation , second ( revised and enlarged ) edition , University of Virginia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 0872 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Taylor , Michael , `` Master of the Rose '' , Comstar Media LLC , 1997 -- 2007 , ISBN 1 - 933866 - 07 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Tucker , Jim ( 2005 ) . Life Before Life : A Scientific Investigation of Children 's Memories of Previous Lives , ISBN 0 - 312 - 32137 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Weiss , Brian L. , Only Love is real : the story of soulmates reunited , 1996 , ISBN 0 - 446 - 51945 - 6 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Reincarnation ( category ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiversity has learning resources about Reincarnation and Christianity </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The Columbia Encyclopedia : Transmigration of Souls or Metempsychosis </Li> <Li> The Catholic Encyclopedia : Metempsychosis </Li> <Li> Jewish View of Reincarnation </Li> <Li> Philosophy of Incarnation - series of ebooks `` The New Cosmic Philosophy '' </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Reincarnation research </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Principal Field Researchers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Erlendur Haraldsson </Li> <Li> Antonia Mills </Li> <Li> Satwant Pasricha </Li> <Li> Ian Stevenson </Li> <Li> Jim B. Tucker </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other Researchers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Robert Almeder </Li> <Li> Carol Bowman </Li> <Li> Stephen E. Braude </Li> <Li> Gina Cerminara </Li> <Li> C.T.K. Chari </Li> <Li> Curt Ducasse </Li> <Li> Peter Fenwick </Li> <Li> Joe Fisher </Li> <Li> Théodore Flournoy </Li> <Li> Andrea Foulkes </Li> <Li> Yonassan Gershom </Li> <Li> Arthur Guirdham </Li> <Li> Raynor Johnson </Li> <Li> Ian Lawton </Li> <Li> Frederick Lenz </Li> <Li> Vicki Mackenzie </Li> <Li> Raymond Moody </Li> <Li> Gardner Murphy </Li> <Li> Michael Newton </Li> <Li> Jane Roberts </Li> <Li> D. 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Confederate States Army - Wikipedia <H1> Confederate States Army </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Confederate States Army </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Battle flag of the Confederate States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Active </Th> <Td> February 28 , 1861 -- May 26 , 1865 ( 4 years , 2 months and 4 weeks ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> Confederate States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Army </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Size </Th> <Td> <P> 1,082,119 total who served </P> <Ul> <Li> 464,646 peak in 1863 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Part of </Th> <Td> C.S. War Department </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Colors </Th> <Td> Cadet gray </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> March </Th> <Td> `` Dixie '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Engagements </Th> <Td> <P> American Indian Wars Cortina Troubles American Civil War </P> <Ul> <Li> Sumter </Li> <Li> First Manassas </Li> <Li> Wilson 's Creek </Li> <Li> Henry and Donelson </Li> <Li> Shenandoah </Li> <Li> South Mills </Li> <Li> Richmond </Li> <Li> Harpers Ferry </Li> <Li> Munfordville </Li> <Li> Shepherdstown </Li> <Li> Chambersburg Raid </Li> <Li> Mississippi River </Li> <Li> Peninsula </Li> <Li> Shiloh </Li> <Li> Jackson 's Valley Campaign </Li> <Li> Second Manassas </Li> <Li> Sharpsburg </Li> <Li> Hartsville </Li> <Li> Fredericksburg </Li> <Li> Murfreesborough </Li> <Li> Chancellorsville </Li> <Li> Gettysburg </Li> <Li> Vicksburg </Li> <Li> Corydon </Li> <Li> Chickamauga </Li> <Li> Chattanooga </Li> <Li> Wilderness </Li> <Li> Atlanta </Li> <Li> Spotsylvania </Li> <Li> New Hope Church </Li> <Li> Pickett 's Mill </Li> <Li> Cold Harbor </Li> <Li> Sabine Pass </Li> <Li> Plymouth </Li> <Li> Fort Pillow </Li> <Li> Petersburg </Li> <Li> St. Albans </Li> <Li> Kennesaw Mountain </Li> <Li> Jonesborough </Li> <Li> Franklin </Li> <Li> Nashville </Li> <Li> Appomattox Court House </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Commander - in - Chief </Th> <Td> Jefferson Davis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General - in - Chief </Th> <Td> Robert E. Lee </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Confederate States Army ( C.S.A. ) was the military land force of the Confederate States of America ( Confederacy ) during the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) . On February 28 , 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president , Jefferson Davis . Davis was a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy , and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the Mexican -- American War . He had also been a United States Senator from Mississippi and U.S. Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce . On March 1 , 1861 , on behalf of the Confederate government , Davis assumed control of the military situation at Charleston , South Carolina , where South Carolina state militia besieged Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor , held by a small U.S. Army garrison . By March 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army . </P> <P> An accurate count of the total number of individuals who served in the Confederate Army is not possible due to incomplete and destroyed Confederate records ; estimates of the number of individual Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men . This does not include an unknown number of slaves who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army , such as construction of fortifications and defenses or driving wagons . Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war , they do not represent the size of the army at any given date . These numbers do not include men who served in Confederate States Navy . </P> <P> Although most of the soldiers who fought in the American Civil War were volunteers , both sides by 1862 resorted to conscription , primarily as a means to force men to register and to volunteer . In the absence of exact records , estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees are about double the 6 percent of United States soldiers who were conscripts . </P> <P> Confederate casualty figures also are incomplete and unreliable . The best estimates of the number of deaths of Confederate soldiers are about 94,000 killed or mortally wounded in battle , 164,000 deaths from disease and between 26,000 and 31,000 deaths in United States prison camps . One estimate of Confederate wounded , which is considered incomplete , is 194,026 . These numbers do not include men who died from other causes such as accidents , which would add several thousand to the death toll . </P> <P> The main Confederate armies , the Army of Northern Virginia under General Robert E. Lee and the remnants of the Army of Tennessee and various other units under General Joseph E. Johnston , surrendered to the U.S. on April 9 , 1865 ( officially April 12 ) , and April 18 , 1865 ( officially April 26 ) . Other Confederate forces surrendered between April 16 , 1865 and June 28 , 1865 . By the end of the war , more than 100,000 Confederate soldiers had deserted , and some estimates put the number as high as one third of Confederate soldiers . The Confederacy 's government effectively dissolved when it fled Richmond in April and exerted no control of the remaining armies . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Prelude </Li> <Li> 2 Establishment <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Control and conscription </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Morale and motivations <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Religion </Li> <Li> 3.2 Slavery and white supremacism </Li> <Li> 3.3 Desertion </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Organization <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Command </Li> <Li> 4.2 Personnel organization </Li> <Li> 4.3 Ranks and insignia </Li> <Li> 4.4 Armies and prominent leaders </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Supply and logistics </Li> <Li> 6 Native Americans and the Confederate army <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Cherokee </Li> <Li> 6.2 Choctaw </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 African Americans and the Confederate Army <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Using slaves as soldiers <Ul> <Li> 7.1. 1 Opposition from Confederates </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.2 Treatment of black civilians </Li> <Li> 7.3 Treatment of black prisoners of war <Ul> <Li> 7.3. 1 Prisoner exchanges with the United States </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Statistics and size </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 Notes </Li> <Li> 11 Further reading <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Historiography </Li> <Li> 11.2 Primary sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Prelude ( edit ) </H2> <P> By the time Abraham Lincoln took office as President of the United States on March 4 , 1861 , the seven seceding slave states had formed the Confederate States . The Confederacy seized federal property , including nearly all U.S. Army forts , within its borders . Lincoln was determined to hold the forts remaining under U.S. control when he took office , especially Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston , South Carolina . By the time Lincoln was sworn in as president , the Provisional Confederate Congress had authorized the organization of a large Provisional Army of the Confederate States ( PACS ) . </P> <P> Under orders from Confederate President Jefferson Davis , C.S. troops under the command of General P.G.T. Beauregard bombarded Fort Sumter on April 12 -- 13 , 1861 , forcing its capitulation on April 14 . The United States were outraged by the Confederacy 's attack and demanded war . It rallied behind Lincoln 's call on April 15 , for all the states to send troops to recapture the forts from the secessionists , to put down the rebellion and to preserve the United States intact . Four more slave states then joined the Confederacy . Both the United States and the Confederate States began in earnest to raise large , mostly volunteer , armies with the objectives of putting down the rebellion and preserving the Union , on the one hand , or of establishing independence from the United States , on the other . </P> <H2> Establishment ( edit ) </H2> Private Edwin Francis Jemison , whose image became one of the most famous portraits of the young soldiers of the war . <P> The Confederate Congress provided for a Confederate army patterned after the United States Army . It was to consist of a large provisional force to exist only in time of war and a small permanent regular army . The provisional , volunteer army was established by an act of the Provisional Confederate Congress passed on February 28 , 1861 , one week before the act which established the permanent regular army organization , passed on March 6 . Although the two forces were to exist concurrently , very little was done to organize the Confederate regular army . </P> <Ul> <Li> The Provisional Army of the Confederate States ( PACS ) began organizing on April 27 . Virtually all regular , volunteer , and conscripted men preferred to enter this organization since officers could achieve a higher rank in the Provisional Army than they could in the Regular Army . If the war had ended successfully for them , the Confederates intended that the PACS would be disbanded , leaving only the ACSA . </Li> <Li> The Army of the Confederate States of America ( ACSA ) was the regular army and was authorized to include 15,015 men , including 744 officers , but this level was never achieved . The men serving in the highest rank as Confederate States generals , such as Samuel Cooper and Robert E. Lee , were enrolled in the ACSA to ensure that they outranked all militia officers . ACSA ultimately existed only on paper . The organization of the ACSA did not proceed beyond the appointment and confirmation of some officers . Three state regiments were later denominated `` Confederate '' regiments but this appears to have had no practical effect on the organization of a regular Confederate Army and no real effect on the regiments themselves . </Li> </Ul> <P> Members of all the Confederate States military forces ( the army , the navy , and the marine corps ) are often referred to as `` Confederates '' , and members of the Confederate army were referred to as `` Confederate soldiers '' . Supplementing the Confederate army were the various state militias of the Confederacy : </P> <Ul> <Li> Confederate States State Militias were organized and commanded by the state governments , similar to those authorized by the United States ' Militia Act of 1792 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Control and Conscription ( edit ) </H3> A cartoon from the war , showing the Confederates forcibly drafting a Unionist man into the Confederate army . The Unionist man objects , with the Confederates threatening to lynch him if he does not comply . <P> Control and operation of the Confederate army was administered by the Confederate States War Department , which was established by the Confederate Provisional Congress in an act on February 21 , 1861 . The Confederate Congress gave control over military operations , and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the President of the Confederate States of America on February 28 , 1861 , and March 6 , 1861 . On March 8 the Confederate Congress passed a law that authorized Davis to issue proclamations to call up no more than 100,000 men . The War Department asked for 8,000 volunteers on March 9 , 20,000 on April 8 , and 49,000 on and after April 16 . Davis proposed an army of 100,000 men in his message to Congress on April 29 . </P> <P> On August 8 , 1861 , the Confederacy called for 400,000 volunteers to serve for one or three years . In April 1862 , the Confederacy passed the first conscription law in either C.S. or U.S. history , the Conscription Act , which made all able bodied white men between the ages of 18 and 35 liable for a three - year term of service in the PACS . It also extended the terms of enlistment for all one - year soldiers to three years . Men employed in certain occupations considered to be most valuable for the home front ( such as railroad and river workers , civil officials , telegraph operators , miners , druggists and teachers ) were exempt from the draft . The act was amended twice in 1862 . On September 27 , the maximum age of conscription was extended to 45 . On October 11 , the Confederate Congress passed the so - called `` Twenty Negro Law '' , which exempted anyone who owned 20 or more slaves , a move that caused deep resentment among conscripts who did not own slaves . </P> <P> The Confederate Congress made several more amendments over the course of the war to address losses suffered in battle as well as the United States ' greater supply of manpower . In December 1863 , they abolished the practice of allowing a rich drafted man to hire a substitute to take his place in the ranks . Substitution had also been practiced in the United States , leading to similar resentment from the lower classes . In February 1864 , the age limits were extended to between 17 and 50 . Challenges to the subsequent acts came before five state supreme courts ; all five upheld them . </P> <H2> Morale and motivations ( edit ) </H2> An 1861 Confederate recruiting poster from Virginia , urging men to join the Confederate cause and fight off the U.S. Army , which it refers to as a `` brutal and desperate foe '' . <P> In his 2010 book Major Problems in the Civil War , historian Michael Perman says that historians are of two minds on why millions of men seemed so eager to fight , suffer and die over four years : </P> <P> Some historians emphasize that Civil War soldiers were driven by political ideology , holding firm beliefs about the importance of liberty , Union , or state rights , or about the need to protect or to destroy slavery . Others point to less overtly political reasons to fight , such as the defense of one 's home and family , or the honor and brotherhood to be preserved when fighting alongside other men . Most historians agree that , no matter what he thought about when he went into the war , the experience of combat affected him profoundly and sometimes affected his reasons for continuing to fight . </P> -- Michael Perman , Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2010 ) , p. 178 . <P> Educated soldiers drew upon their knowledge of American history to justify their costs . McPherson says : </P> <Dl> <Dd> Confederate and Union soldiers interpreted the heritage of 1776 in opposite ways . Confederates professed to fight for liberty and independence from a too radical government ; Unionists said they fought to preserve the nation conceived in liberty from dismemberment and destruction ... The rhetoric of liberty that had permeated the letters of Confederate volunteers in 1861 , grew even stronger as the war progressed . '' </Dd> </Dl> <P> The most popular press coming out of Richmond before and during the Civil War sought to inspire a sense of patriotism , Confederate identity , and moral high ground in the southern population though newspaper media . </P> <H3> Religion ( edit ) </H3> <P> The southern churches met the shortage of Army chaplains by sending missionaries . The Southern Baptists started in 1862 and had a total of 78 missionaries . Presbyterians were even more active with 112 missionaries and early 1865 . Other missionaries were funded and supported by the Episcopalians , Methodists , and Lutherans . One result was wave after wave of revivals in the Army . Religion played a major part in the lives of Confederate soldiers . Some men with a weak religious affiliation became committed Christians , and saw their military service in terms of God 's wishes . Religion strengthened the soldiers ' loyalty to comrades and the Confederacy . Military historian Samuel J. Watson argues that Christian faith was a major factor in combat motivation . The soldiers ' faith was consoling for the loss of comrades ; it was a shield against fear ; it helped cut down on drinking and fighting ; it enlarged the soldiers community of close friends and helped make up for long - term separation from home . </P> <H3> Slavery and white supremacism ( edit ) </H3> <P> In his 1997 book For Cause and Comrades , which examines the motivations of the American Civil War 's soldiers , historian James M. McPherson contrasts the views of Confederate soldiers regarding slavery to that of the colonial American revolutionaries of the 18th century . He stated that while the American colonists of the 1770s saw an incongruity with slave ownership and proclaiming to be fighting for liberty , the Confederacy 's soldiers did not , as the Confederate ideology of white supremacy negated any contradiction between the two : </P> <P> Unlike many slaveholders in the age of Thomas Jefferson , Confederate soldiers from slaveholding families expressed no feelings of embarrassment or inconsistency in fighting for their own liberty while holding other people in slavery . Indeed , white supremacy and the right of property in slaves were at the core of the ideology for which Confederate soldiers fought . </P> -- James M. McPherson , For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War ( 1997 ) , p. 106 , emphasis added . <P> McPherson states that Confederate soldiers did not discuss the issue of slavery as often as United States soldiers did , because most Confederate soldiers readily accepted as an obvious fact that they were fighting to perpetuate slavery and thus did not feel the need to debate over it : </P> <P> ( O ) nly 20 percent of the sample of 429 Southern soldiers explicitly voiced proslavery convictions in their letters or diaries . As one might expect , a much higher percentage of soldiers from slaveholding families than from nonslaveholding families expressed such a purpose : 33 percent , compared with 12 percent . Ironically , the proportion of Union soldiers who wrote about the slavery question was greater , as the next chapter will show . There is a ready explanation for this apparent paradox . Emancipation was a salient issue for Union soldiers because it was controversial . Slavery was less salient for most Confederate soldiers because it was not controversial . They took slavery for granted as one of the Southern ' rights ' and institutions for which they fought , and did not feel compelled to discuss it . </P> -- James M. McPherson , For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War ( 1997 ) , pp. 109 -- 110 , emphasis added . <P> Continuing , McPherson also stated that of the hundreds of Confederate soldiers ' letters he had examined , none of them contained any anti-slavery sentiment whatsoever : </P> <P> Although only 20 percent of the soldiers avowed explicit proslavery purposes in their letters and diaries , none at all dissented from that view . </P> -- James M. McPherson , For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War ( 1997 ) , p. 110 , emphasis in original . <P> But McPherson admits flaws in his sampling of letters . Soldiers from slaveholding families were overrepresented by 100 % : </P> <P> Nonslaveholding farmers are underrepresented in the Confederate sample . Indeed , while about one - third of all Confederate soldiers belonged to slaveholding families , slightly more than two - thirds of the sample whose slaveholding status is known did so . </P> -- James M. McPherson , For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War ( 1997 ) , p. ix . <P> In some cases , Confederate men were motivated to join the army in response to the United States ' actions in regards to opposition to slavery . After U.S. President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation , some Confederate soldiers welcomed the move , as they believed it would strengthen pro-slavery sentiment in the Confederacy and thus , lead to greater enlistment of white men into the Confederate army . </P> <P> One Confederate soldier from Texas gave his reasons for fighting for the Confederacy , stating that `` we are fighting for our property '' , contrasting this with the motivations of Union soldiers , who he claimed were fighting for the `` flimsy and abstract idea that a negro is equal to an Anglo '' . One Louisianan artillery soldier stated , `` I never want to see the day when a negro is put on an equality with a white person . There is too many free niggers ... now to suit me , let alone having four millions . '' A North Carolinian soldier stated , `` ( A ) white man is better than a nigger . '' </P> <P> In 1894 , Virginian and former Confederate soldier John S. Mosby , reflecting back on his role in the war , stated in a letter to a friend that `` I 've always understood that we went to war on account of the thing we quarreled with the North about . I 've never heard of any other cause than slavery . '' </P> <H3> Desertion ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Desertion § American Civil War <P> At many points during the war , and especially near the end , Confederate armies were very poorly fed . Back home their families were in worsening condition and faced starvation and marauders . Many soldiers went home temporarily ( `` absent without official leave '' ) and quietly returned when their family problems had been resolved . By September 1864 , however , President Davis publicly admitted that two thirds of the soldiers were absent , `` most of them without leave . '' The problem escalated rapidly after that , and fewer and fewer men returned . Soldiers who were fighting in defense of their homes realized that they had to desert to fulfill that duty . Historian Mark Weitz argues that the official count of 103,400 deserters is too low . He concludes that most of the desertions came because the soldier felt he owed a higher duty to his own family than to the Confederacy . </P> <P> Confederate policies generally were severe . For example , on August 19 , 1862 General Stonewall Jackson approved the court - martial sentence of execution for three soldiers for desertion . He rejected pleas for clemency from the soldier 's regimental commander . Jackson 's goal was to maintain discipline in a volunteer army whose homes were under threat of enemy occupation . </P> <P> Historians have emphasized how soldiers from poor families deserted because they were urgently needed at home . Local pressures mounted as United States forces occupied more and more of the Confederacy , putting more and more families at risk . One Confederate officer at the time noted , `` The deserters belong almost entirely to the poorest class of non slave - holders whose labor is indispensable to the daily support of their families '' and that `` When the father , husband or son is forced into the service , the suffering at home with them is inevitable . It is not in the nature of these men to remain quiet in the ranks under such circumstances . '' </P> <P> Some soldiers also deserted from ideological motivations . A growing threat to the solidarity of the Confederacy was dissatisfaction in the Appalachian mountain districts caused by lingering unionism and a distrust of the slave power . Many of their soldiers deserted , returned home , and formed a military force that fought off regular army units trying to punish them . North Carolina lost 23 % of its soldiers ( 24,122 ) to desertion . The state provided more soldiers per capita than any other Confederate state , and had more deserters as well . </P> <P> Young Mark Twain deserted long before he became a famous writer and lecturer , but he often commented upon the episode in comic fashion . Beneath his desertion from a Missouri State Guard unit was his deep unease about losing his personal honor , his fear of facing death as a soldier , and his rejection of a Southern identity as a professional author . </P> <H2> Organization ( edit ) </H2> CSA M1857 Napoleon Artillery Piece <P> Because of the destruction of any central repository of records in Richmond in 1865 and the comparatively poor record - keeping of the time , there can be no definitive number that represents the strength of the Confederate States Army . Estimates range from 500,000 to 2,000,000 men who were involved at any time during the war . Reports from the War Department began at the end of 1861 ( 326,768 men ) , 1862 ( 449,439 ) , 1863 ( 464,646 ) , 1864 ( 400,787 ) , and `` last reports '' ( 358,692 ) . Estimates of enlistments throughout the war were 1,227,890 to 1,406,180 . </P> <P> The following calls for men were issued : </P> <Ul> <Li> March 6 , 1861 : 100,000 volunteers and militia </Li> <Li> January 23 , 1862 : 400,000 volunteers and militia </Li> <Li> April 16 , 1862 , the First Conscription Act : conscripted white men ages 18 to 35 for the duration of hostilities </Li> <Li> September 27 , 1862 , the Second Conscription Act : expanded the age range to 18 to 45 , with implementation beginning on July 15 , 1863 </Li> <Li> February 17 , 1864 , the Third Conscription Act : ages 17 to 50 </Li> <Li> March 13 , 1865 , authorized up to 300,000 African American troops but was never fully implemented . </Li> </Ul> <P> The CSA was initially a ( strategically ) defensive army , and many soldiers were resentful when Lee led the Army of Northern Virginia in an invasion of the North in the Antietam Campaign . </P> <H3> Command ( edit ) </H3> Further information : General officers in the Confederate States Army General Robert Edward Lee , the Confederacy 's most famous general . <P> The army did not have a formal overall military commander , or general - in - chief , until late in the war . The Confederate President , Jefferson Davis , himself a former U.S. Army officer and U.S. Secretary of War , served as commander - in - chief and provided the strategic direction for Confederate land and naval forces . The following men had varying degrees of control : </P> <Ul> <Li> Robert E. Lee was `` charged with the conduct of military operations in the armies of the Confederacy '' from March 13 to May 31 , 1862 . He was referred to as Davis ' military adviser but exercised broad control over the strategic and logistical aspects of the Army , a role similar in nature to the current Chief of Staff of the United States Army . On June 1 , he assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia , which was considered the most important of all the Confederate field armies . </Li> <Li> Braxton Bragg was similarly `` charged with the conduct of military operations in the armies of the Confederacy '' from February 24 , 1864 ( after he was relieved of field command following the Battle of Chattanooga ) to January 31 , 1865 . This role was a military advisory position under Davis . </Li> <Li> Lee was formally designated general - in - chief by an act of Congress ( January 23 , 1865 ) and served in this capacity from January 31 to April 9 , 1865 . </Li> </Ul> <P> The lack of centralized control was a strategic weakness for the Confederacy , and there are few instances of multiple armies acting in concert across multiple theaters to achieve a common objective . ( An exception to this was in late 1862 when Lee 's invasion of Maryland was coincident with two other actions : Bragg 's invasion of Kentucky and Earl Van Dorn 's advance against Corinth , Mississippi . All three initiatives were unsuccessful , however . ) Likewise , an extreme example of `` States Rights '' control of C.S. soldiers was Georgia Governor Joseph E. Brown , who not only reportedly tried to keep Georgia troops from leaving the State of Georgia in 1861 but also tried to keep them from C.S. government control when U.S. forces entered Georgia in 1864 . </P> <P> Many of the Confederacy 's senior military leaders ( including Robert E. Lee , Albert Sidney Johnston , James Longstreet ) and even President Jefferson Davis were former U.S. Army and , in smaller numbers , U.S. Navy officers who had been opposed to , disapproved of , or were at least unenthusiastic about secession but resigned their U.S. commissions upon hearing that their states had left the Union . They felt that they had no choice but to help defend their homes . President Abraham Lincoln was exasperated to hear of such men who professed to love their country but were willing to fight against it . </P> <H3> Personnel organization ( edit ) </H3> <P> As in the U.S. Army , the Confederate army 's soldiers were organized by military specialty . The combat arms included infantry , cavalry and artillery . </P> <P> Although fewer soldiers might comprise a squad or platoon , the smallest infantry maneuver unit in the Army was a company of 100 soldiers . Ten companies were organized into an infantry regiment , which theoretically had 1,000 men . In reality , as disease , desertions and casualties took their toll , and the common practice of sending replacements to form new regiments took hold , most regiments were greatly reduced in strength . By the mid-war , most regiments averaged 300 -- 400 men , with Confederate units slightly smaller on average than their U.S. counterparts . For example , at the pivotal Battle of Chancellorsville , the average U.S. Army infantry regiment 's strength was 433 men , versus 409 for Confederate infantry regiments . </P> <P> Rough unit sizes for CSA combat units during the war : </P> <Ul> <Li> Corps - 24,000 to 28,000 </Li> <Li> Division - 6,000 to 14,000 </Li> <Li> Brigade - 800 to 1,700 </Li> <Li> Regiment - 350 to 400 </Li> <Li> Company - 35 to 40 </Li> </Ul> <P> Regiments , which were the basic units of army organization through which soldiers were supplied and deployed , were raised by individual states . They were generally referred by number and state , for example 1st Texas , 12th Virginia . To the extent the word `` battalion '' was used to describe a military unit , it referred to a multi-company task force of a regiment or a near - regimental size unit . Throughout the war , the Confederacy raised the equivalent of 1,010 regiments in all branches , including militias , versus 2,050 regiments for the U.S. Army . </P> <P> Four regiments usually formed a brigade , although as the number of men in many regiments became greatly reduced , especially later in the war , more than four were often assigned to a brigade . Occasionally , regiments would be transferred between brigades . Two to four brigades usually formed a division . Two to four divisions usually formed a corps . Two to four corps usually formed an army . Occasionally , a single corps might operate independently as if it were a small army . The Confederate States Army consisted of several field armies , named after their primary area of operation . The largest Confederate field army was the Army of Northern Virginia , whose surrender at Appomattox Courthouse in 1865 marked the end of major combat operations in the US Civil War . </P> <P> Companies were commanded by captains and had two or more lieutenants . Regiments were commanded by colonels . Lieutenant colonels were second in command . At least one major was next in command . Brigades were commanded by brigadier generals although casualties or other attrition sometimes meant that brigades would be commanded by senior colonels or even a lower grade officer . Barring the same type of circumstances which might leave a lower grade officer in temporary command , divisions were commanded by major generals and corps were commanded by lieutenant generals . A few corps commanders were never confirmed as lieutenant generals and exercised corps command for varying periods of time as major generals . Armies of more than one corps were commanded by ( full ) generals . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Corporal of the Artillery division of the Confederate States of America Army . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Confederate mortar crew at Warrington , Florida in 1861 , across from Fort Pickens . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Confederate artillery at Charleston Harbor , 1863 . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Ranks and insignia ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Ranks and insignia of the Confederate States <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="11"> Officer rank structure of the Confederate Army </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General </Th> <Th> Colonel </Th> <Th> Lieutenant colonel </Th> <Th> Major </Th> <Th> Captain </Th> <Th> First lieutenant </Th> <Th> Second lieutenant </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> </Table> An 1895 illustration showing the uniforms of the Confederate army contrasted with those of the U.S. Army . <Ul> <Li> General ( CSA ) </Li> <Li> Colonel ( Infantry shown ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant - colonel ( Headquarters shown ) </Li> <Li> Major ( Medical Corps shown ) </Li> <Li> Captain ( Marine Corps shown ) </Li> <Li> 1st Lieutenant ( Artillery shown ) </Li> <Li> 2nd Lieutenant ( Cavalry shown ) </Li> </Ul> <P> There were four grades of general officer ( general , lieutenant general , major general , and brigadier general ) , but all wore the same insignia regardless of grade . This was a decision made early in the conflict . The Confederate Congress initially made the rank of brigadier general the highest rank . As the war progressed , the other general - officer ranks were quickly added , but no insignia for them was created . ( Robert E. Lee was a notable exception to this . He chose to wear the rank insignia of a colonel . ) Only seven men achieved the rank of ( full ) general ; the highest ranking ( earliest date of rank ) was Samuel Cooper , Adjutant General and Inspector General of the Confederate States Army . </P> <P> Officers ' uniforms bore a braid design on the sleeves and kepi , the number of adjacent strips ( and therefore the width of the lines of the design ) denoting rank . The color of the piping and kepi denoted the military branch . The braid was sometimes left off by officers since it made them conspicuous targets . The kepi was rarely used , the common slouch hat being preferred for its practicality in the Southern climate . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="11"> Enlisted rank structure </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sergeant Major </Th> <Th> Quartermaster Sergeant </Th> <Th> Ordnance Sergeant </Th> <Th> First Sergeant </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sergeant </Th> <Th> Corporal </Th> <Th> Musician </Th> <Th> Private </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> no insignia </Th> <Th> no insignia </Th> </Tr> </Table> <P> Branch colors were used for color of chevrons -- blue for infantry , yellow for cavalry , and red for artillery . This could differ with some units , however , depending on available resources or the unit commander 's desire . Cavalry regiments from Texas , for example , often used red insignia and at least one Texas infantry regiment used black . </P> <P> The CSA differed from many contemporaneous armies in that all officers under the rank of brigadier general were elected by the soldiers under their command . The Confederate Congress authorized the awarding of medals for courage and good conduct on October 13 , 1862 , but war time difficulties prevented the procurement of the needed medals . To avoid postponing recognition for their valor , those nominated for the awards had their names placed on a Roll of Honor , which would be read at the first dress parade after its receipt and be published in at least one newspaper in each state . </P> <H3> Armies and prominent leaders ( edit ) </H3> <P> The C.S. Army was composed of independent armies and military departments that were constituted , renamed , and disbanded as needs arose , particularly in reaction to offensives launched by the United States . These major units were generally named after states or geographic regions ( in comparison to the U.S. Army 's custom of naming armies after rivers ) . Armies were usually commanded by full generals ( there were seven in the C.S. Army ) or lieutenant generals . Some of the more important armies and their commanders were : </P> A painting of Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia fighting the U.S. Army at Spotsylvania in 1864 . <Ul> <Li> Army of Arkansas -- Sterling Price , Edmund Kirby Smith </Li> <Li> Army of Central Kentucky -- Simon B. Buckner , Albert Sidney Johnston </Li> <Li> Army of East Tennessee -- Edmund Kirby Smith ( later renamed Army of Kentucky ) </Li> <Li> Army of Eastern Kentucky -- Humphrey Marshall </Li> <Li> Army of the Kanawha -- Henry A. Wise , John B. Floyd , Robert E. Lee </Li> <Li> Army of Kentucky -- Edmund Kirby Smith ( eventually commander of all forces West of the Mississippi ) </Li> <Li> Army of Louisiana -- Braxton Bragg . Paul O. Hébert </Li> <Li> Army of Mississippi <Ul> <Li> March 1862 -- November 1862 : P.G.T. Beauregard , Albert Sidney Johnston , Braxton Bragg , William J. Hardee , Leonidas Polk , ( also known as the Army of the Mississippi ; redesignated Army of Tennessee on November 20 , 1862 ) </Li> <Li> December 1862 -- July 1863 : John C. Pemberton , Earl Van Dorn , ( 1863 ) William W. Loring ( also known as Army of Vicksburg ) </Li> <Li> July 1863 -- June 1864 : William J. Hardee , Leonidas Polk , William W. Loring ( also known as the Army of the Mississippi ; redesignated III Corps , Army of Tennessee in May 1864 , but continued to use its old name ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Army of Middle Tennessee -- John C. Breckinridge </Li> <Li> Army of Missouri -- Sterling Price </Li> <Li> Army of Mobile -- Jones M. Withers , Braxton Bragg , John B. Villepigue , Samuel Jones , William L. Powell , John H. Forney </Li> <Li> Army of New Mexico -- Henry H. Sibley </Li> <Li> Army of Northern Virginia -- Joseph E. Johnston , Gustavus W. Smith , Robert E. Lee <Ul> <Li> First Corps , Army of Northern Virginia </Li> <Li> Second Corps , Army of Northern Virginia </Li> <Li> Third Corps , Army of Northern Virginia </Li> <Li> Fourth Corps , Army of Northern Virginia , often styled `` Anderson 's Corps '' </Li> <Li> Cavalry Corps , Army of Northern Virginia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Army of the Northwest -- Robert S. Garnett , Henry R. Jackson , William W. Loring , Edward Johnson </Li> <Li> Army of the Peninsula -- John B. Magruder , Daniel H. Hill </Li> <Li> Army of Pensacola -- Adley H. Gladden , Braxton Bragg , Samuel Jones </Li> <Li> Army of the Potomac -- P.G.T. Beauregard , Joseph E. Johnston </Li> <Li> Army of the Shenandoah -- Joseph E. Johnston </Li> <Li> Army of Tennessee -- Braxton Bragg , Samuel Gibbs French , William J. Hardee , Daniel H. Hill , John Bell Hood , Joseph E. Johnston , Richard Taylor <Ul> <Li> First Corps , Army of Tennessee </Li> <Li> Second Corps , Army of Tennessee </Li> <Li> Third Corps , Army of Tennessee </Li> <Li> Forrest 's Cavalry Corps -- Nathan Bedford Forrest </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Army of the Trans - Mississippi -- Thomas C. Hindman , Theophilus Holmes , Edmund Kirby Smith ( also known as the Army of the Southwest ) </Li> <Li> Army of the Valley ( also known as Second Corps , Army of Northern Virginia ) -- Jubal Early </Li> <Li> Army of the West -- Earl van Dorn , John P. McCown , Dabney H. Maury , Sterling Price </Li> <Li> Army of West Tennessee -- Earl Van Dorn </Li> <Li> Army of Western Louisiana -- Richard Taylor , John G. Walker </Li> </Ul> <P> Some other prominent Confederate generals who led significant units operating sometimes independently in the CSA included Thomas J. `` Stonewall '' Jackson , James Longstreet , J.E.B. Stuart , Gideon Pillow , and A.P. Hill . </P> <H2> Supply and logistics ( edit ) </H2> A group of Confederate soldiers - possibly an artillery unit captured at Island No. 10 and taken at POW Camp Douglas ( Chicago ) ; photograph possibly by D.F. Brandon . Main article : Confederate States of America § Transportation systems <P> The supply situation for most Confederate armies was dismal , even when they were victorious on the battlefield . The central government was short of money so each state government had to supply its own regiments . The lack of central authority and the ineffective railroads , combined with the frequent unwillingness or inability of Southern state governments to provide adequate funding , were key factors in the Confederate army 's demise . The Confederacy early on lost control of most of its major river and ocean ports to capture or blockade . The road system was poor , and it relied more and more on a heavily overburdened railroad system . U.S. forces destroyed track , engines , cars , bridges and telegraph lines as often as possible , knowing that new equipment was unavailable to the Confederacy . Occasional raids into the North were designed to bring back money and supplies . In 1864 , the Confederates burned down Chambersburg , a Pennsylvania city they had raided twice in the years before , due to its failure to pay an extortion demand . </P> <P> As a result of severe supply problems , as well as the lack of textile factories in the Confederacy and the successful U.S. naval blockade of Southern ports , the typical Confederate soldier was rarely able to wear the standard regulation uniform , particularly as the war progressed . While on the march or in parade formation , Confederate armies often displayed a wide array of dress , ranging from faded , patched - together regulation uniforms ; rough , homespun uniforms colored with homemade dyes such as butternut ( a yellow - brown color ) , and even soldiers in a hodgepodge of civilian clothing . After a successful battle , it was not unusual for victorious Confederate troops to procure U.S. Army uniform parts from captured supplies and dead U.S. soldiers ; this would occasionally cause confusion in later battles and skirmishes . </P> <P> Individual states were expected to supply their soldiers , which led to a lack of uniformity . Some states ( such as North Carolina ) were able to better supply their soldiers , while other states ( such as Texas ) were unable for various reasons to adequately supply their troops as the war continued . </P> <P> Furthermore , each state often had its own uniform regulations and insignia , which meant that the `` standard '' Confederate uniform often featured a variety of differences based on the state the soldier came from . For example , uniforms for North Carolina regiments often featured a colored strip of cloth on their shoulders to designate what part of the service the soldier was in . Confederate soldiers also frequently suffered from inadequate supplies of shoes , tents , and other gear , and would be forced to innovate and make do with whatever they could scrounge from the local countryside . While Confederate officers were generally better - supplied and were normally able to wear a regulation officer 's uniform , they often chose to share other hardships -- such as the lack of adequate food -- with their troops . </P> Confederate troops marching west on East Patrick Street , Frederick , Maryland , September 12 , 1862 . <P> Confederate soldiers were also faced with inadequate food rations , especially as the war progressed . There was plenty of meat in the Confederacy . The unsolvable problem was shipping it to the armies , especially when Lee 's army in Virginia was at the end of a long , tenuous supply line . United States victory at Vicksburg in 1863 shut off supplies from Texas and the west . </P> <P> By 1863 Confederate generals such as Robert E. Lee often spent as much time and effort searching for food for their men as they did in planning strategy and tactics . Individual commanders often had to `` beg , borrow or steal '' food and ammunition from whatever sources were available , including captured U.S. depots and encampments , and private citizens regardless of their loyalties . Lee 's campaign against Gettysburg and southern Pennsylvania ( a rich agricultural region ) was driven in part by his desperate need of supplies , especially food . </P> <P> General Sherman 's total warfare reduced the ability of the South to produce food and ship it to the armies or its cities . Coupled with the U.S. blockade of all ports the devastation of plantations , farms and railroads meant the Confederacy increasingly lost the capacity to feed its soldiers and civilians . </P> <H2> Native Americans and the Confederate Army ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Native Americans in the American Civil War <P> Native Americans served in both the United States and Confederate military during the American Civil War . They fought knowing they might jeopardize their freedom , unique cultures , and ancestral lands if they ended up on the losing side of the Civil War . During the Civil War 28,693 Native Americans served in the U.S. and Confederate armies , participating in battles such as Pea Ridge , Second Manassas , Antietam , Spotsylvania , Cold Harbor , and in Federal assaults on Petersburg . Many Native American tribes , such as the Creek and the Choctaw , were slaveholders themselves , and thus , found a political and economic commonality with the Confederacy . </P> <P> At the beginning of the war , Albert Pike was appointed as Confederate envoy to Native Americans . In this capacity he negotiated several treaties , one such treaty was the Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws conducted in July 1861 . The treaty covered sixty - four terms covering many subjects like Choctaw and Chickasaw nation sovereignty , Confederate States of America citizenship possibilities , and an entitled delegate in the House of Representatives of the Confederate States of America . The Cherokee , Choctaw , Seminole , Catawba , and Creek tribes were the only tribes to fight on the Confederate side . The Confederacy wanted to recruit Indians east of the Mississippi River in 1862 , so they opened up a recruiting camp in Mobile , Alabama `` at the foot of Stone Street '' . The Mobile Advertiser and Register would advertise for a chance at military service . </P> <P> A Chance for Active Service . The Secretary of War has authorized me to enlist all the Indians east of the Mississippi River into the service of the Confederate States , as Scouts . In addition to the Indians , I will receive all white male citizens , who are good marksmen . To each member , Fifty Dollars Bounty , clothes , arms , camp equipage &c : furnished . The weapons shall be Enfield Rifles . For further information address me at Mobile , Ala . ( Signed ) S.G. Spann , Comm'ing Choctaw Forces . </P> -- Jacqueline Anderson Matte , They Say the Wind Is Red <H3> Cherokee ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Cherokee in the American Civil War Cherokee confederates reunion in New Orleans , 1903 . <P> Stand Watie , along with a few Cherokee , sided with the Confederate army , in which he was made colonel and commanded a battalion of Cherokee . Reluctantly , on October 7 , 1861 , Chief Ross signed a treaty transferring all obligations due to the Cherokee from the United States to the Confederate States . In the treaty , the Cherokee were guaranteed protection , rations of food , livestock , tools and other goods , as well as a delegate to the Confederate Congress at Richmond . </P> <P> In exchange , the Cherokee would furnish ten companies of mounted men , and allow the construction of military posts and roads within the Cherokee Nation . However , no Indian regiment was to be called on to fight outside Indian Territory . As a result of the Treaty , the 2nd Cherokee Mounted Rifles , led by Col. John Drew , was formed . Following the Battle of Pea Ridge , Arkansas , March 7 -- 8 , 1862 , Drew 's Mounted Rifles defected to the United States forces in Kansas , where they joined the Indian Home Guard . In the summer of 1862 , U.S. troops captured Chief Ross , who was paroled and spent the remainder of the war in Washington and Philadelphia proclaiming Cherokee loyalty to the United States Army . </P> <P> William Holland Thomas , the only white chief of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians , recruited hundreds of Cherokees for the Confederate army , particularly for Thomas ' Legion . The Legion , raised in September 1862 , fought until the end of the War . </P> <H3> Choctaw ( edit ) </H3> Jackson McCurtain , Lieutenant Colonel of the First Choctaw Battalion in Oklahoma , CSA . <P> Choctaw Confederate battalions were formed in Indian Territory and later in Mississippi in support of the southern cause . The Choctaws , who were expecting support from the Confederates , got little . Webb Garrison , a Civil War historian , describes their response : when Confederate Brigadier General Albert Pike authorized the raising of regiments during the fall of 1860 , Seminoles , Creeks , Chickasaws , Choctaws , and Cherokees responded with considerable enthusiasm . Their zeal for the Confederate cause , however , began to evaporate when they found that neither arms nor pay had been arranged for them . A disgusted officer later acknowledged that `` with the exception of a partial supply for the Choctaw regiment , no tents , clothing , or camp , and garrison equipage was furnished to any of them . '' </P> <H2> African Americans and the Confederate Army ( edit ) </H2> An 1862 illustration showing Confederates escorting kidnapped African American civilians south into slavery . A similar instance occurred in Pennsylvania , when the Army of Northern Virginia invaded it in 1863 to fight the U.S. at Gettysburg . An 1862 illustration of a Confederate officer forcing slaves at gunpoint to fire a cannon at U.S. soldiers in battle . A similar instance occurred at the first Battle of Bull Run , where slaves were forced by the Confederates to load and fire a cannon at U.S. forces . An 1864 cartoon lampooning the Confederacy 's deliberating on the use of black soldiers , showing them defecting en masse towards U.S. lines if such proposals were adopted . `` Marlboro '' , an African - American bodyservant to a white Confederate soldier . Main article : Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War § Confederacy <P> With so many white males conscripted into the army and roughly 40 % of its population unfree , the work required to maintain a functioning society in the Confederacy ended up largely on the backs of slaves . Even Georgian governor Joseph E. Brown noted that `` the country and the army are mainly dependent upon slave labor for support . '' African American slave labor was used in a wide variety of logistical support roles for the Confederacy , from infrastructure and mining , to teamster and medical roles such as hospital attendants and nurses . </P> <H3> Using slaves as soldiers ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Confederacy did not allow African Americans to join the army , including both free blacks and slaves . The idea of arming the Confederacy 's slaves for use as soldiers was speculated on from the onset of the war , but such proposals were not seriously considered by Jefferson Davis or others in the Confederate administration until late in the war , when severe manpower shortages were faced . Gary Gallagher says , `` When Lee publicly advocated arming slaves in early 1865 , he did so as a desperate expedient that might prolong Southern military resistance . '' . After acrimonious debate the Confederate Congress agreed in March , 1865 . The war was nearly over by then and very few slaves ended up being enlisted before the Confederate armies all surrendered . </P> Opposition from Confederates ( edit ) <P> As early as November 1864 , some Confederates knew that the chance of securing victory against the U.S. was slim . Despite lacking foreign assistance and recognition and facing slim chances of victory against superior U.S. assets , Confederate newspapers such as the Georgian Atlanta Southern Confederacy continued to maintain their position and oppose the idea of armed black men in the Confederate army , even late in the war as January 1865 . They stated that it was incongruous with the Confederacy 's goals and views regarding African Americans and slavery . The Georgian newspaper opined that using black men as soldiers would be an embarrassment to Confederates and their children , saying that although African Americans should be used for slave labor , they should not be used as armed soldiers , opining that : </P> <Dl> <Dd> Such an act on our part , would be a stigma on the imperishable pages of history , of which all future generations of Southrons would be ashamed . These are some of the additional considerations which have suggested themselves to us . Let us put the negro to work , but not to fight . Atlanta Southern Confederacy ( January 20 , 1865 ) Macon , Georgia . </Dd> </Dl> <P> Prominent Confederates such as R.M.T. Hunter and Georgian Democrat Howell Cobb opposed arming slaves , saying that it was `` suicidal '' and would run contrary to the Confederacy 's ideology . Opposing such a move , Cobb stated that African Americans were untrustworthy and innately lacked the qualities to make good soldiers , and that using them would cause many Confederates to quit the army . </P> <P> The overwhelming support most Confederates had for maintaining black slavery was the primary cause of their strong opposition to using African Americans as armed soldiers . Maintaining the institution of slavery was the primary goal of the Confederacy 's existence , and thus , using their slaves as soldiers was incongruous with that goal . According to historian Paul D. Escott : </P> <P> ( F ) or a great many of the most powerful southerners the idea of arming and freeing the slaves was repugnant because the protection of slavery had been and still remained the central core of Confederate purpose ... Slavery was the basis of the planter class 's wealth , power , and position in society . The South 's leading men had built their world upon slavery and the idea of voluntarily destroying that world , even in the ultimate crisis , was almost unthinkable to them . Such feelings moved Senator R.M.T. Hunter to deliver a long speech against the bill to arm the slaves . </P> <P> Though most Confederates were opposed to the idea of using black soldiers , a small number suggested the idea . An acrimonious and controversial debate was raised by a letter from Patrick Cleburne urging the Confederacy to raise black soldiers by offering emancipation ; Jefferson Davis refused to consider the proposal and issued instructions forbidding the matter from being discussed . It would not be until Robert E. Lee wrote the Confederate Congress urging them that the idea would take serious traction . </P> <P> On March 13 , 1865 , the Confederate Congress passed General Order 14 by a single vote in the Confederate senate , and Jefferson Davis signed the order into law . The order was issued March 23 , but as it was late in the war , only a few African American companies were raised in the Richmond area before the town was captured by the U.S. Army and placed back under U.S. control . </P> <P> According to historian James M. McPherson in 1994 , `` no black soldiers fought in the Confederate army , unless they were passing as white . '' He noted that some Confederates brought along `` their body servants , who in many cases had grown up with them '' and that `` on occasion some of those body servants were known to have picked up a rifle ... But there was no official recruitment of black soldiers in the Confederate army until the very end of the war '' , when it was brought about only by a `` desperate shortage of manpower . '' </P> <H3> Treatment of black civilians ( edit ) </H3> <P> In some cases , the Confederates forced their African American slaves to fire upon U.S. soldiers at gunpoint , such as at the first Battle of Bull Run . According to John Parker , one such slave who was forced by the Confederates to fight U.S. soldiers , `` Our masters tried all they could to make us fight ... They promised to give us our freedom and money besides , but none of us believed them ; we only fought because we had to . '' Parker stated that had he been given an opportunity , he would have turned against his Confederate captors , and `` could do it with pleasure '' . According to abolitionist Henry Highland Garnet in 1862 , he had met a slave who `` had unwillingly fought on the side of Rebellion '' , but said slave had since defected to `` the side of Union and universal liberty . '' </P> <P> During the Siege of Yorktown ( 1862 ) , The United States Army 's elite sniper unit , the 1st United States Sharpshooters , was devastatingly effective at shooting Confederate artillerymen defending the city . In response , some Confederate artillery crews started forcing slaves to load the cannons . `` They forced their negroes to load their cannon , '' reported a U.S. officer . `` They shot them if they would not load the cannon , and we shot them if they did . '' </P> <P> In other cases , under explicit orders from their commanders , Confederate armies would often forcibly kidnap free African American civilians during their incursions into U.S. territory , sending them south into Confederate territory and thus enslaving them , as was the case with the Army of Northern Virginia when it invaded Pennsylvania in 1863 . </P> <H3> Treatment of black prisoners of War ( edit ) </H3> <P> The usage of black men as U.S. soldiers by the U.S. , combined with Abraham Lincoln 's issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation , profoundly angered the Confederacy , with the Confederates calling it uncivilized . As a response , in May 1863 the Confederacy passed a law demanding `` full and ample retaliation '' against the United States , stating that any black person captured in `` arms against the Confederate States '' or giving aid and comfort to their enemies would be turned over to state authorities , where they could be tried as slave insurrectionists ; a capital offense punishable with a sentence of death . However , Confederate authorities feared retaliation , and as such no black prisoner was ever put on trial and executed . </P> <P> James McPherson states that `` Confederate troops sometimes murdered black soldiers and their officers as they tried to surrender . In most cases , though , Confederate officers returned captured black soldiers to slavery or put them to hard labor on southern fortifications . '' African American USCT soldiers were often singled out by the Confederates and suffered extra violence when captured by them . They were often the victims of battlefield massacres and atrocities at the hands of the Confederates , most notably at Fort Pillow in Tennessee and at the Battle of the Crater in Virginia . </P> Prisoner exchanges with the United States ( edit ) <P> The Confederate law declaring black U.S. soldiers as being insurrectionist slaves , combined with the Confederacy 's discriminatory mistreatment of captured black U.S. soldiers , became a stumbling block for prisoner exchanges between the United States and the Confederacy , as the U.S. government in the Lieber Code officially objected to the Confederacy 's discriminatory mistreatment of prisoners of war on basis of color . The Republican Party 's platform of the 1864 presidential election reflected this view , as it too condemned the Confederacy 's discriminatory mistreatment of captured black U.S. soldiers . According to the authors of Liberty , Equality , Power , `` Expressing outrage at this treatment , in 1863 the Lincoln administration suspended the exchange of prisoners until the Confederacy agree to treat white and black prisoners alike . The Confederacy refused . '' </P> <H2> Statistics and size ( edit ) </H2> Julian Scott 's 1873 painting , Surrender of a Confederate Soldier . <P> Incomplete and destroyed records make an accurate count of the number of men who served in the Confederate army impossible . Historians provide estimates of the actual number of individual Confederate soldiers between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men . </P> <P> The exact number is unknown . Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served in each army at any time during the war , they do not represent the size of the armies at any given date . Confederate casualty figures are as incomplete and unreliable as the figures on the number of Confederate soldiers . The best estimates of the number of deaths of Confederate soldiers appear to be about 94,000 killed or mortally wounded in battle , 164,000 deaths from disease and between 26,000 and 31,000 deaths in U.S. prison camps . In contrast , about 25,000 U.S. soldiers died as a result of accidents , drowning , murder , killed after capture , suicide , execution for various crimes , execution by the Confederates ( 64 ) , sunstroke , other and not stated . Confederate casualties for all these reasons are unavailable . Since some Confederate soldiers would have died for these reasons , more total deaths and total casualties for the Confederacy must have occurred . One estimate of Confederate wounded , which is considered incomplete , is 194,026 ; another is 226,000 . At the end of the war 174,223 men of the Confederate forces surrendered to the U.S. Army . </P> <P> Compared to the U.S. Army at the time , the Confederate army was not very ethnically diverse . Ninety - one percent of Confederate soldiers were native - born white men and only 9 % were foreign - born white men , Irishmen being the largest group with others including Germans , French , Mexicans , and British . A small number of Asian men were forcibly inducted into the Confederate army against their will when they arrived in Louisiana from overseas . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> American Civil War portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Confederate States Navy </Li> <Li> Blockade runners of the American Civil War </Li> <Li> General - in - Chief of the Confederate States Army </Li> <Li> Confederate Government Civil War units </Li> <Li> Confederate Regular Army officers , list of </Li> <Li> Confederate States Marine Corps </Li> <Li> Military of the Confederate States of America </Li> <Li> Uniforms of the American Civil War </Li> <Li> Uniforms of the Confederate military </Li> <Li> Bibliography of the American Civil War </Li> <Li> Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln </Li> <Li> Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant </Li> <Li> Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.civilwar.org/learn/articles/civil-war-facts </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ C.S. War Dept. , p. 402 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ On February 8 , 1861 , delegates from the first seven Deep South slave states which had already declared their secession from the Union of the United States of America met at Montgomery , the state capital of Alabama , adopted the Provisional Constitution of the Confederate States . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Records of the number of individuals who served in the United States Army are more extensive and reliable , but still are not entirely accurate . Estimates of the number of individual Union soldiers range between 1,550,000 and 2,400,000 , with a number between 2,000,000 and 2,200,000 most likely . Union Army records show slightly more than 2,677,000 enlistments but this number apparently includes many re-enlistments . These numbers do not include sailors who served in United States Navy or United States Marine Corps . These figures represent the total number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war , not the size of the army at any given date . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Albert Burton Moore , Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy ( 1924 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In comparison , the best estimates of the number of deaths of United States soldiers are 110,100 killed or mortally wounded in battle , 224,580 deaths from disease and 30,192 deaths in Confederate prison camps , although some historians also dispute these figures . The best conjecture for United States Army wounded is 275,175 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Confederate forces at Mobile , Alabama , and Columbus , Georgia , also had already surrendered on April 14 , 1865 , and April 16 , 1865 , respectively . U.S. and Confederate units fought a battle at Columbus , Georgia , before surrender on April 16 , 1865 , and a small final battle at Palmito Ranch , Texas , on May 12 , 1865 . In areas more distant from the main theaters of operations , Confederate forces in Alabama and Mississippi under Lieutenant General Richard Taylor , in Arkansas under Brigadier General M. Jeff Thompson , in Louisiana and Texas under General E. Kirby Smith and in Indian Territory under Brigadier General Stand Watie surrendered on May 4 , 1865 , May 12 , 1865 , May 26 , 1865 ( officially June 2 , 1865 ) , and June 28 , 1865 , respectively . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eric Foner ( 1988 ) . Reconstruction : America 's Unfinished Revolution , 1863 - 1877 . p. 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamner , Christopher . `` Deserters in the Civil War Teachinghistory.org '' . teachinghistory.org . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Eicher , pp. 70 , 66 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United States . War Dept ( 1900 ) . Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies . p. 134 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John George Nicolay ; John Hay ( 1890 ) . Abraham Lincoln : A History . The Century Co. p. 264 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McPherson , James M. ; Lamb , Brian ( May 22 , 1994 ) . `` James McPherson : What They Fought For , 1861 - 1865 '' . Booknotes . National Cable Satellite Corporation . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Foner , Eric ( 1988 ) . Reconstruction : America 's Unfinished Revolution , 1863 -- 1877 . United States of America : Harper & Row . p. 15 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 093716 - 5 . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . ( T ) he Confederacy enacted the first conscription laws in American history ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Civil War Conscription Laws : November 15 , 2012 by Margaret Wood . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Faust , Patricia L. ed Historical Times Encyclopedia of the Civil War : New York , 1986 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Loewen , James W. ( 2007 ) . Lies My Teacher Told Me : Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong . New York : The New Press . pp. 224 -- 226 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56584 - 100 - 0 . OCLC 29877812 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' Civil War Conscription Laws `` : November 15 , 2012 by Margaret Wood . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mississippi Law Journal ( 2000 ) . `` ' Necessity Knows No Law ' : Vested Rights and Styles of Reasoning in the Confederate Conscription Cases '' ( PDF ) . Mississippi Law Journal . Mississippi ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Perman , Michael ; Taylor , Amy Murrell ( 2010 ) . Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction . Cengage . p. 178 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James McPherson , For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War ( 1998 ) pp 104 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ayers , edited by Edward L. ; Gallagher , , Gary W. ; Torget , Andrew J. ( 2006 ) . Crucible of the Civil War Virginia from secession to commemoration . Charlottesville : University of Virginia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 3049 - 7 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ W. Harrison Daniel , `` Southern Protestantism and Army Missions in the Confederacy . '' Mississippi Quarterly 17.4 ( 1964 ) : 179 + . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dollar , Kent T. ( 2005 ) . Soldiers of the Cross : Soldier - Christians and the Impact of the War on their Faith . Mercer University Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Woodworth , Steven E. ( 2001 ) . While God is Marching On . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilson , Charles Reagan ( 1980 ) . Baptized in Blood . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller , Randall ; Stout , Harry ; Wilson , Reagan ( 1998 ) . `` Religion and the American Civil War '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Samuel J. Watson , `` Religion and combat motivation in the Confederate armies . '' Journal of Military History 58 # 1 ( 1994 ) : 29 + . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sheehan - Dean , Aaron ( 2009 ) . Why Confederates Fought : Family and Nation in Civil War Virginia . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McPherson , James M. ( 1997 ) . For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 106 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509 - 023 - 3 . OCLC 34912692 . Confederate soldiers from slaveholding families expressed no feelings of embarrassment or inconsistency in fighting for their own liberty while holding other people in slavery . Indeed , white supremacy and the right of property in slaves were at the core of the ideology for which Confederate soldiers fought . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McPherson , James M. ( 1997 ) . For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War . New York City , New York : Oxford University Press , Inc . pp. 109 -- 110 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509 - 023 - 3 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . It would be wrong , however , to assume that Confederate soldiers were constantly preoccupied with this matter . In fact , only 20 percent of the sample of 429 Southern soldiers explicitly voiced proslavery convictions in their letters or diaries . As one might expect , a much higher percentage of soldiers from slaveholding families than from nonslaveholding families expressed such a purpose : 33 percent , compared with 12 percent . Ironically , the proportion of Union soldiers who wrote about the slavery question was greater , as the next chapter will show . There is a ready explanation for this apparent paradox . Emancipation was a salient issue for Union soldiers because it was controversial . Slavery was less salient for most Confederate soldiers because it was not controversial . They took slavery for granted as one of the Southern ' rights ' and institutions for which they fought , and did not feel compelled to discuss it . Although only 20 percent of the soldiers avowed explicit proslavery purposes in their letters and diaries , none at all dissented from that view . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James M. McPherson , For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War ( 1997 ) , p. ix . `` In both the Union and Confederate samples , foreign - born soldiers are substantially underrepresented . In the Union sample only 9 percent of the men were born abroad compared with 24 percent of all Union soldiers . Unskilled and even skilled laborers are underrepresented in both samples . Nonslaveholding farmers are underrepresented in the Confederate sample . Indeed , while about one - third of all Confederate soldiers belonged to slaveholding families , slightly more than two - thirds of the sample whose slaveholding status is known did so ... Officers are overrepresented in both samples . While some 10 percent of Civil War soldiers served as officers for at least half of their time in the army , 47 percent of the Confederate sample and 35 percent of the Union sample did so . Both samples are also skewed toward those who volunteered in 1861 -- 62 and therefore contain disproportionately few draftees ... '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McPherson , James M. ( 1997 ) . For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War . New York City , New York . p. 107 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509 - 023 - 3 . OCLC 34912692 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . The Proclamation is worth three hundred thousand soldiers to our Government at least ... It shows exactly what this war was brought about for and the intention of its damnable authors . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McPherson , James M. ( 1997 ) . For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War . New York City , New York : Oxford University Press , Inc. p. 117 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509 - 023 - 3 . OCLC 34912692 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McPherson , James M. ( 1997 ) . For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War . New York City , New York : Oxford University Press , Inc. p. 109 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509 - 023 - 3 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coski , John M. ( 2005 ) . The Confederate Battle Flag : America 's Most Embattled Emblem . United States of America : First Harvard University Press . p. 26 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01722 - 6 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lozada , Carlos ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` How people convince themselves that the Confederate flag represents freedom , not slavery : Historian John M. Coski examines the fights over the symbol 's meaning in ' The Confederate Battle Flag : America 's Most Embattled Emblem . ' '' . The Washington Post . Washington , D.C. : Graham Holdings Company . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Williams ( 2011 ) . Rich Man 's War : Class , Caste , and Confederate Defeat in the Lower Chattahoochee Valley . University of Georgia Press . p. 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mark A. Weitz , A higher duty : desertion among Georgia troops during the Civil War ( U of Nebraska Press , 2005 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ K.M.L. `` Stonewall 's Rush to Judgment , '' Civil War Times ( 2010 ) 49 # 2 pp 51 + . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ella Lonn , Desertion during the Civil War ( 1928 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter S. Bearman , `` Desertion as localism : Army unit solidarity and group norms in the US Civil War . '' Social Forces 70 # 2 ( 1991 ) : 321 - 342 . in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Foner , Eric ( March 1989 ) . `` The South 's Inner Civil War : The more fiercely the Confederacy fought for its independence , the more bitterly divided it became . To fully understand the vast changes the war unleashed on the country , you must first understand the plight of the Southerners who did n't want secession '' . American Heritage . Vol. 40 no . 2 . p. 3 . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Doyle , Patrick J. ( 2013 ) . `` Understanding the Desertion of South Carolinian Soldiers during the Final Years of the Confederacy '' . Historical Journal . 56 ( 03 ) : 657 -- 679 . doi : 10.1017 / s0018246x13000046 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rand Dotson , `` ' The grave and scandalous evil infected to your people ' : The erosion of Confederate loyalty in Floyd County , Virginia . '' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography ( 2000 ) : 393 - 434 . in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Otten , James T. ( 1974 ) . `` Disloyalty in the Upper Districts of South Carolina During the Civil War '' . South Carolina Historical Magazine . 75 ( 2 ) : 95 -- 110 . JSTOR 27567243 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scott King - Owen , `` Conditional Confederates : Absenteeism among Western North Carolina Soldiers , 1861 -- 1865 . '' Civil War History 2011 ; 57 ( 4 ) : 349 - 379 . online </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Giuffre , Katherine A. ( 1997 ) . `` First in Flight : Desertion as Politics in the North Carolina Confederate Army '' . Social Science History . 21 ( 02 ) : 245 -- 263 . doi : 10.2307 / 1171275 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schmitz , Neil ( 2007 ) . `` Mark Twain , Traitor '' . Arizona Quarterly . 63 ( 4 ) : 25 -- 37 . doi : 10.1353 / arq. 2007.0025 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 71 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Official Records , Series IV , Vol . III , pp. 1161 -- 62 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Historical times illustrated encyclopedia of the Civil War . Faust , Patricia L. , Delaney , Norman C. , Frank and Virginia Williams Collection of Lincolniana ( Mississippi State University . Libraries ) ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Harper & Row. 1986 . ISBN 0061812617 . OCLC 13796662 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Civil War Book of Lists , p. 56 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 1921 - , Boatner , Mark Mayo , ( 1959 ) . The Civil War dictionary . Northrop , Allen C. , , Miller , Lowell I. , . New York : D. McKay Co . ISBN 0679500138 . OCLC 445154 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 807 . There were seven full generals in the CSA ; John Bell Hood held `` temporary full general '' rank , which was withdrawn by the Confederate Congress . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Civil War News & Views Open Discussion Forum '' . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George Edgar Turner , Victory rode the rails : the strategic place of the railroads in the Civil War ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Everard H. Smith , `` Chambersburg : Anatomy of a Confederate Reprisal . '' American Historical Review 96 # 2 ( 1991 ) : 432 - 455 . in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steven G. Collins , `` System in the South : John W. Mallet , Josiah Gorgas , and uniform production at the confederate ordnance department . '' Technology and culture ( 1999 ) 40 # 3 pp : 517 -- 544 in Project MUSE . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vandiver , Frank E. ( 1944 ) . `` Texas and the Confederate Army 's Meat Problem '' . Southwestern Historical Quarterly . 47 ( 3 ) : 225 -- 233 . JSTOR 30236034 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Larry J. Daniel , Soldiering in the Army of Tennessee : A Portrait of Life in a Confederate Army ( 2003 ) ch 4 on inadequate rations </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : W. David Baird ; et al. ( January 5 , 2009 ) . `` '' We are all Americans `` , Native Americans in the Civil War '' . Native Americans.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rodman , Leslie . The Five Civilized Tribes and the American Civil War ( PDF ) . p. 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Native Americans in the Civil War '' . Ethic Composition of Civil War Forces ( C.S & U.S.A. ) . January 5 , 2009 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rodman , Leslie . The Five Civilized Tribes and the American Civil War ( PDF ) . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Matte , Jacqueline ( 2002 ) . `` Refugees - Six Towns Choctaw , 1830 -- 1890 '' . They Say the Wind is Red . New South Books . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58838 - 079 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Garrison , Webb ( 1995 ) . `` Padday Some Day '' . More Civil War Curiosities . Rutledge Hill Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55853 - 366 - 0 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Loewen , James W. ( 2007 ) . Lies My Teacher Told Me : Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong . New York : The New Press . p. 193 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56584 - 100 - 0 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . White Southerners founded the Confederacy on the ideology of white supremacy . Confederate soldiers on their way to Antietam and Gettysburg , their two main forays into U.S. states , put this ideology into practice : they seized scores of free black people in Maryland and Pennsylvania and sold them south into slavery . Confederates maltreated black U.S. troops when they captured them . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Symonds , Craig L. ( 2001 ) . American Heritage History of the Battle of Gettysburg . New York : HarperCollins . pp. 49 -- 54 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 019474 - X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Loewen , James W. ( 1999 ) . Lies Across America : What American Historic Sites Get Wrong . New York City , New York : Touchstone , Simon & Schuster , Inc. p. 350 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 87067 - 3 . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Lee 's troops seized scores of free black people in Maryland and Pennsylvania and sent them south into slavery . This was in keeping with Confederate national policy , which virtually re-enslaved free people of color into work gangs on earthworks throughout the south . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Simpson , Brooks D. ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` The Soldiers ' Flag ? '' . Crossroads . WordPress . ( T ) he Army of Northern Virginia was under orders to capture and send south supposed escaped slaves during that army 's invasion of Pennsylvania in 1863 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Masur , Kate ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` Slavery and Freedom at Bull Run '' . The New York Times . New York : The New York Times Company . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hall , Andy ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Memory : Frederick Douglass ' Black Confederate '' . Dead Confederates : A Civil War Blog . WordPress . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levine , p. 62 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Journal of the Senate at an Extra Session of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia , Convened under the Proclamation of the Governor , March 25 , 1863 , p. 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levine , pp. 62 -- 63 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jaime Amanda Martinez , Confederate Slave Impressment in the Upper South ( U. North Carolina Press , 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levine , pp. 17 -- 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gary W. Gallagher ( 2002 ) . Lee and His Army in Confederate History . p. 169 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davis , William C. ( 2002 ) . Look Away ! : A History of the Confederate States of America . New York : The Free Press . p. 402 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2771 - 9 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Durden , Robert F. ( 1875 ) . The Gray and the Black : The Confederate Debate on Emancipation . Louisiana State University . pp. 156 -- 58 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Howell Cobb letter to James A. Seddon January 1865 , Cobb , Howell ( January 8 , 1865 ) . `` Letter to James A. Seddon '' . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hall , Andy ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Real Confederates Did n't Know About Black Confederates '' . Dead Confederates : A Civil War Blog . WordPress . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . ( E ) arnest and vituperative opposition to the enlistment of slaves in Confederate service was widespread , even as the concussion of U.S. artillery rattled the panes in the windows of the capitol in Richmond . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh ( 1911 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11 ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levin , Kevin M. ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` The Most Pernicious Idea : 150 Years Later '' . Civil War Memory . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2015 . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul D. Escott , After Secession : Jefferson Davis and the Failure of Confederate Nationalism ( 1992 ) , p. 254 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Vol . LII , Part 2 , pp. 586 -- 92 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McPherson , James M. ( 1991 ) . `` Chapter 17 : The Decision to Raise a Negro Army , 1864 -- 1865 '' . The Negro 's Civil War : How American Blacks Felt and Acted During the War for the Union . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 48860 - 2 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Durden , Robert F. ( 2000 ) . The Gray and the Black : The Confederate Debate on Emancipation . Louisiana : LSU Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` General Orders No. 14 '' . Civil War on the Western Border : The Missouri - Kansas Conflict , 1855 -- 1865 . Kansas City : The Kansas City Public Library . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . ( I ) t does not extend freedom to the slaves who serve , giving them little personal motivation to support the Southern cause . Ultimately , very few blacks serve in the Confederate armed forces , as compared to hundreds of thousands who serve for the Union . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arnold , James R. ; Wiener , Roberta ; Weitz , Seth A. ( 2011 ) . `` Congress , Confederate '' . American Civil War : The Essential Reference Guide . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO , LLC . p. 56 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 905 - 9 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Confederate Law authorizing the enlistment of black soldiers , March 13 , 1865 , as promulgated in a military order '' . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ E. Merton Coulter ( 1950 ) . The Confederate States of America , 1861 -- 1865 . LSU Press . pp. 267 -- 68 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.historynet.com/killers-in-green-coats.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David G. Smith , `` Race and Retaliation : The Capture of African Americans During the Gettysburg Campaign . '' in Peter Wallenstein and Bertram Wyatt - Brown , ed. , Virginia 's Civil War ( 2004 ) pp : 122 - 37 . online </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ted Alexander , `` ' A Regular Slave Hunt ' : The Army of Northern Virginia and Black Civilians in the Gettysburg Campaign , '' North & South 4 ( September 2001 ) : 82 -- 89 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grant , Ulysses ( August 23 , 1863 ) . `` Letter to Abraham Lincoln '' . Cairo , Illinois . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2014 . Retrieved May 3 , 2014 . I have given the subject of arming the Negro my hearty support . This , with the emancipation of the Negro , is the heaviest blow yet given the Confederacy . The South rave a greatdeel about it and profess to be very angry . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hall , Andy ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Understanding Fort Pillow : ' Full and Ample Retaliation ' '' . Dead Confederates : A Civil War Blog . WordPress . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Williams , George W. , History of the Negro Race in America from 1619 to 1880 : Negros as Slaves , as Soldiers , and as Citizens , vol. II , New York : G.P. Putnam Son 's , 1883 , pp. 351 -- 352 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Congress of the Confederate States of America ( May 1 , 1863 ) . `` No. 5 '' . Joint Resolution on the Subject of Retaliation . Virginia . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carolyn L. Karcher , First Woman in the Republic ... , p. 725 ( n. 153 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Murrin , John ; McPherson , James M. ; Johnson , Paul ; Fahs , Alice ; Gerstle , Gary ( 2009 ) . Liberty , Liberty , Equality , Power . Cengage Learning . p. 433 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cornish , Dudley Taylor ( 1965 ) . The Sable Arm : Negro Troops in the Union Army , 1861 -- 1865 . New York : W.W. Norton . pp. 173 -- 180 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robertson , James I. , Jr. ; Pegram , William . `` The Boy Artillerist '' : Letters of Colonel William Pegram , C.S.A . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 98 , no . 2 ( The Trumpet Unblown : The Old Dominion in the Civil War ) , ( 1990 ) , pp. 242 -- 43 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Murrin , John ; McPherson , James M. ; Johnson , Paul ; Fahs , Alice ; Gerstle , Gary ( 2009 ) . Liberty , Equality , Power : Enhanced Concise Fourth Edition . Belmont , California : Cengage Learning . p. 433 . Confederate troops sometimes murdered black soldiers and their officers as they tried to surrender . In most cases , though , Confederate officers returned captured black soldiers to slavery or put them to hard labor on southern fortifications ... Expressing outrage at this treatment , in 1863 the Lincoln administration suspended the exchange of prisoners until the Confederacy agree to treat white and black prisoners alike . The Confederacy refused . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Townsend , E.D. ( April 24 , 1863 ) . `` SECTION III. -- Deserters -- Prisoners of war -- Hostages -- Booty on the battle - field '' . INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF ARMIES OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE FIELD . Washington . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2001 . Retrieved April 7 , 2001 . 58 . The law of nations knows of no distinction of color , and if an enemy of the United States should enslave and sell any captured persons of their Army , it would be a case for the severest retaliation , if not redressed upon complaint . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Republican Party of the United States ( June 7 , 1864 ) . `` Republican Party Platform of 1864 '' . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2015 . ( T ) he Government owes to all men employed in its armies , without regard to distinction of color , the full protection of the laws of war -- and that any violation of these laws , or of the usages of civilized nations in time of war , by the Rebels now in arms , should be made the subject of prompt and full redress . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Long , E.B. The Civil War Day by Day : An Almanac , 1861 -- 1865 . Garden City , NY : Doubleday , 1971 . OCLC 68283123 . p. 705 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet : America 's Wars '' . United States Department of Veterans Affairs . November 2008 . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Long , 1971 , p. 711 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davis , Burke ( 1960 ) . Civil War : Strange and Fascinating Facts . Random House . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Inglish , Patty ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Chinese Soldiers Who Fought in the American Civil War for the Union and the Confederacy '' . HubPages . Interestingly , some Chinese were ' Shanghaied ' into the Confederate Army in New Orleans when they disembarked ships coming into port . They thought they were being invited to games and fun ; and , they were not alone -- other ethnic groups were mustered into the Confederate forces this way ... This seems to have been usual for the 14th Louisiana Infantry , tricking Chinese and Filipino men into service . Because many of the Filipino men had Hispanic surnames , many are lost to history as having been Asian servicemen . In fact , many of them had lived in Mexico . Missing or empty url = ( help ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Adams , George Worthington ( 1940 ) . `` Confederate Medicine '' . Journal of Southern History . 6 # 2 . JSTOR 2191203 . </Li> <Li> Allardice , Bruce ( 1997 ) . West Points of the Confederacy : Southern Military Schools and the Confederate Army . Civil War History . 43 # 4 . </Li> <Li> Bledsoe , Andrew S. Citizen - Officers : The Union and Confederate Volunteer Junior Officer Corps in the American Civil War . Baton Rouge , Louisiana : Louisiana State University Press , 2015 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 6070 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Crawford , Martin ( 1991 ) . `` Confederate Volunteering and Enlistment in Ashe County , North Carolina , 1861 -- 1862 '' . Civil War History . 37 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 50 . doi : 10.1353 / cwh. 1991.0031 . </Li> <Li> Crute Jr , Joseph H. ( 1987 ) . Units of the Confederate States Army ( 2nd ed . ) . Gaithersburg : Olde Soldier Books . ISBN 0 - 942211 - 53 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Daniel , Larry J. ( 2003 ) . Soldiering in the Army of Tennessee : A Portrait of Life in a Confederate Army . </Li> <Li> Eicher , David J. ( 2001 ) . Civil War High Commands . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 3641 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Freemon , Frank R. ( 1987 ) . `` Administration of the Medical Department of the Confederate States Army , 1861 to 1865 '' . Southern Medical Journal . 80 : 630 -- 637 . doi : 10.1097 / 00007611 - 198705000 - 00019 . </Li> <Li> Faust , Drew ( 1987 ) . Christian Soldiers : The Meaning of Revivalism in the Confederate Army . </Li> <Li> Haughton , Andrew ( 2000 ) . Training , Tactics and Leadership in the Confederate Army of Tennessee : Seeds of Failure . </Li> <Li> Jones , Adam Matthew . `` ' The land of my birth and the home of my heart ' : Enlistment Motivations for Confederate Soldiers in Montgomery County , Virginia , 1861 -- 1862 . ' '' ( MA thesis Virginia Tech , 2014 ) . online bibliography , pp 123 -- 30 . </Li> <Li> Levine , Bruce ( 2005 ) . Confederate Emancipation : Southern Plans to Free and Arm Slaves during the Civil War . </Li> <Li> Logue , Larry M. ( 1993 ) . `` Who Joined the Confederate Army ? Soldiers , Civilians , and Communities in Mississippi '' . Journal of Social History . 26 # 3 . JSTOR 3788629 . </Li> <Li> Sheehan - Dean , Aaron . `` Justice Has Something to Do with It : Class Relations and the Confederate Army . '' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 113 ( 2005 ) : </Li> </Ul> <P> 340 - 377 . </P> <Ul> <Li> Sheehan - Dean , Aaron . Why Confederates Fought : Family and Nation in Civil War Virginia ( 2007 ) . online </Li> <Li> Warner , Ezra J. Generals in Gray : Lives of the Confederate Commanders ( LSU Press , 1959 ) . </Li> <Li> Weinert , Richard P. , Jr. ( 1991 ) . The Confederate Regular Army . White Mane Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 942597 - 27 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Weitz , Mark A. ( 2005 ) . More Damning than Slaughter : Desertion in the Confederate Army . U of Nebraska Press . </Li> <Li> Wiley , Bell Irvin . The Life of Johnny Reb : The Common Soldier of the Confederacy ( 1943 ) . </Li> <Li> Watson , Samuel J ( 1994 ) . `` Religion and combat motivation in the Confederate armies '' . Journal of Military History . 58 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 55 . doi : 10.2307 / 2944178 . </Li> <Li> Wright , Marcus J. ( 1983 ) . General Officers of the Confederate Army . J.M. Carroll & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8488 - 0009 - 3 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Historiography ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Sheehan - Dean , Aaron . `` The Blue and Gray in Black and White : Assessing the Scholarship on Civil War Soldiers , '' in ' Aaron Sheehan - Dean , ed. , ' The View from the Ground : Experiences of Civil War Soldiers ( University Press of Kentucky , 2007 ) pp 9 -- 30 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Primary sources ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Confederate States . War Dept . Regulations for the Army of the Confederate States . Richmond : J.W. Randolph . 1863 . </Li> <Li> Robson , John S. ( 2007 ) . How A One - Legged Rebel Lives : Reminiscences of the Civil War ; The Story of the Campaigns of Stonewall Jackson . Kessinger Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84685 - 665 - 5 . </Li> <Li> U.S. War Department ( 1880 -- 1901 ) , The War of the Rebellion : a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies , U.S. Government Printing Office </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Confederate States Army . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Confederate States of America </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Confederate soldiers </Li> <Li> The American Civil War 's rank insignia </Li> <Li> A Manual of Military Surgery ( 1863 ) . 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List of Football clubs in England by competitive honours won - wikipedia <H1> List of Football clubs in England by competitive honours won </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> This is an old revision of this page , as edited by 105.6. 144.81 ( talk ) at 23 : 31 , 28 August 2017 . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this revision , which may differ significantly from the current revision . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Revision as of 23 : 31 , 28 August 2017 by 105.6. 144.81 ( talk ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search The Aston Villa team of 1899 that won the Football League First Division and the Sheriff of London Charity Shield as well as a range of county honours . <P> This is a list of the competitive honours won by football clubs in England ( inaccurate article as someone made all officially recognised defunct trophies , obsolete and not a true reflection of history of club honours in England ) . It lists every football club to have won a competitive domestic honour contested by elite teams at the national level in England , as well as six European competitions which have existed at different times , and the two global competitions FIFA has recognised . </P> <P> These honours consist of the English football championship -- The Football League up to 1992 or Premier League thereafter -- the FA Cup , the EFL Cup , the FA Community Shield and its predecessor the Sheriff of London Charity Shield , the now - defunct Full Members Cup and League Super Cup competitions for clubs during the ban from European competition , the League Centenary Trophy for elite clubs to celebrate 100 years of the Football League , the UEFA Champions League ( formerly the European Cup ) , the UEFA Europa League ( formerly the UEFA Cup ) and its predecessor the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup , the now - defunct UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup and UEFA Intertoto Cup competitions , the UEFA Super Cup , and the FIFA Club World Cup which was merged with the Intercontinental Cup . </P> <P> Competitive football started in England with the FA Cup , the oldest football competition in the world , which was first held in the 1871 -- 72 season ; Wanderers beat Royal Engineers 1 -- 0 in the final . League football followed in the subsequent decade when The Football League was founded in 1888 by Aston Villa director William McGregor , with Preston North End winning the first title . The Football League , which was renamed the First Division upon expansion of the league in 1892 , remained the highest division of the English football league system until 1992 when the Premier League was founded . The English equivalent of the super cup began in 1898 with the inauguration of the Sheriff of London Charity Shield pitting the best professional and amateur sides of the year against each other , the trophy would develop into the FA Charity Shield in 1908 , and was later renamed the FA Community Shield in 2002 . The Football League also added another cup competition in 1960 , when it founded the League Cup , invitation to which is restricted to the 92 members of the league . That first tournament was won by Aston Villa , who beat Rotherham United 3 -- 2 on aggregate after extra time . Manchester United have won a record number of League Championships ( 20 ) . Arsenal hold the record for FA Cup wins ( 13 ) . Liverpool hold the record number of League Cup titles ( 8 ) . </P> <P> European competition started in 1955 with the European Cup and the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup , which was succeeded by the UEFA Cup for the 1971 -- 72 season . The Cup Winners ' Cup followed in 1960 but was discontinued in 1999 . As of the 2016 -- 17 season , 34 English teams have competed in the three main European competitions , 13 of which have lifted at least one trophy , with five of those winning the European Cup -- Aston Villa , Liverpool , Manchester United , Nottingham Forest and Chelsea . Liverpool hold the record for the number of European Cups ( 5 ) and UEFA Cups ( 3 ) . </P> <P> Intercontinental competition started in 1960 with the Intercontinental Cup , which consisted of a two - legged tie between the European Cup and the South American Copa Libertadores winners from 1960 to 1979 . By 1971 , European participation in the Intercontinental Cup became a running question , and many European teams withdrew ; Liverpool in 1977 and 1978 , and Nottingham Forest in 1979 . In 1980 , it became known as the Toyota Cup , and consisted of a single match played in Japan . The last edition was played in 2004 , whereupon it was replaced by the FIFA Club World Cup , a knock - out tournament featuring the champions of all six continental confederations . Manchester United were the first and , as of 2017 , are the only English team to win either of these competitions , winning the Intercontinental Cup in 1999 and the Club World Cup in 2008 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Key and data sources <Ul> <Li> 1.1 English Football League and Premier League competitions <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Defunct </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 The FA competitions <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 1 Defunct </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.3 UEFA competitions <Ul> <Li> 1.3. 1 Defunct </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.4 FIFA competitions <Ul> <Li> 1.4. 1 Defunct </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 English clubs who have won competitive honours </Li> <Li> 3 Clubs ' most recent honours won in England </Li> <Li> 4 Footnotes </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Key and data sources </H2> <H3> English Football League and Premier League competitions </H3> <Dl> <Dd> EFC = English football champions . The Premier League ( since 1992 ) succeeded the Football League First Division ( 1888 until 1992 ) as the top - division </Dd> <Dd> EFLC = EFL Cup ( since 1960 ) </Dd> </Dl> Defunct <Dl> <Dd> League Super Cup ( one - off tournament held between 1985 and 1986 ) </Dd> <Dd> Full Members Cup ( held from 1985 to 1992 ) </Dd> <Dd> League Centenary Trophy ( held during 1988 -- 89 season to celebrate Football League 's 100th birthday . The sister tournament , the Football League Centenary Tournament , is not included here because of its unusual match rules and non-competitive format ) </Dd> </Dl> <H3> The FA competitions </H3> <Dl> <Dd> FAC = FA Cup ( since 1871 ) </Dd> <Dd> FACS = FA Community Shield ( since 1908 ) , formerly known as the FA Charity Shield ( until 2002 ) </Dd> </Dl> Defunct <Dl> <Dd> Sheriff of London Charity Shield , predecessor to the FA Community Shield above ( 1898 until 1907 ) . The post-1907 fundraising matches for the Shield are not included because they no longer had FA involvement . </Dd> </Dl> <H3> UEFA competitions </H3> <Dl> <Dd> UCL = UEFA Champions League ( since 1955 ) , formerly known as the European Cup ( until 1992 ) </Dd> <Dd> UEL = UEFA Europa League ( since 1971 ) , formerly known as the UEFA Cup ( until 2009 ) </Dd> <Dd> USC = UEFA Super Cup ( since 1972 ) </Dd> </Dl> Defunct <Dl> <Dd> Inter-Cities Fairs Cup ( held from 1955 to 1971 . Although not organised by UEFA , it is included here under UEFA as it is the official predecessor to the UEL ) </Dd> <Dd> UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup ( held from 1960 until 1999 , merged with the UEL ) </Dd> <Dd> UEFA Intertoto Cup ( held from 1995 to 2008 ) </Dd> </Dl> <H3> FIFA competitions </H3> <Dl> <Dd> FCWC = FIFA Club World Cup ( since 2000 ) </Dd> </Dl> Defunct <Dl> <Dd> Intercontinental Cup ( held from 1960 to 2004 . Although not organised by FIFA , it is included here under FIFA as it was officially merged with the FCWC ) </Dd> </Dl> <H2> English clubs who have won competitive honours </H2> <Dl> <Dd> Correct as of 6 August 2017 . Numbers in bold are record totals for that competition . Clubs in italics are Double winners : they have won two or more of these trophies in the same season at least once ( not including FACS , IC , or defunct trophies ) . Trophies that were shared between two clubs are counted as honours for both teams . Clubs tied in total honours are listed chronologically by most recent honour won . Obs . indicates obsolete or defunct trophies organised by the respective football association ( below table is misleading , you can not change the history of clubs and make their trophies obsolete . All so called `` Obs . '' trophies are all officially recognised by their respective bodies . Whoever made change please adjust back ) . See the key above for the specific defunct trophies included . </Dd> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> EFL and PL </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> The FA </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> UEFA </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> FIFA </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Club </Th> <Th> EFC </Th> <Th> EFLC </Th> <Th> Obs . </Th> <Th> FAC </Th> <Th> FACS </Th> <Th> Obs . </Th> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> UCL </Th> <Th> UEL </Th> <Th> USC </Th> <Th> Obs . </Th> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> FCWC </Th> <Th> Obs . </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manchester United </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> 3 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Liverpool </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 3 </Td> <Td> 3 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arsenal </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chelsea </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 4 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tottenham Hotspur </Th> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> 4 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 3 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aston Villa </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 3 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Everton </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manchester City </Th> <Td> 4 </Td> <Td> 4 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 4 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Newcastle United </Th> <Td> 4 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nottingham Forest </Th> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 4 </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 3 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wolverhampton Wanderers </Th> <Td> 3 </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 4 </Td> <Td> 4 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Blackburn Rovers </Th> <Td> 3 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sheffield Wednesday </Th> <Td> 4 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 3 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sunderland </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Leeds United </Th> <Td> 3 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West Bromwich Albion </Th> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West Ham United </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 3 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 4 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sheffield United </Th> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 4 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Leicester City </Th> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 3 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portsmouth </Th> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Burnley </Th> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bolton Wanderers </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 4 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Huddersfield Town </Th> <Td> 3 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wanderers </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Derby County </Th> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 4 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preston North End </Th> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 4 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ipswich Town </Th> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Corinthian </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 3 </Td> <Td> 3 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Birmingham City </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Norwich City </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cardiff City </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bury </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Old Etonians </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wigan </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Swansea City </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Middlesbrough </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fulham </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Crystal Palace </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Luton Town </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reading </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wimbledon </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coventry City </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oxford United </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southampton </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stoke City </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Swindon Town </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Queens Park Rangers </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Blackpool </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Charlton Athletic </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Barnsley </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bradford City </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brighton & Hove Albion </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Queen 's Park </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notts County </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Blackburn Olympic </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Old Carthusians </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Clapham Rovers </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Royal Engineers </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oxford University </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Clubs ' most recent honours won in England </H2> <P> Correct as of 25 August 2017 . Years in bold indicate the club that won the honour most recently . Obs . indicates obsolete or defunct trophies organised by the respective football association . See the key above for the specific defunct trophies included . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> EFL and PL </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> The FA </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> UEFA </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> FIFA </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Club </Th> <Th> EFC </Th> <Th> EFLC </Th> <Th> Obs . </Th> <Th> FAC </Th> <Th> FACS </Th> <Th> Obs . </Th> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> UCL </Th> <Th> UEL </Th> <Th> USC </Th> <Th> Obs . </Th> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> FCWC </Th> <Th> Obs . </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arsenal </Th> <Td> 2004 </Td> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manchester United </Th> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chelsea </Th> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Leicester City </Th> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manchester City </Th> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wigan </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Swansea City </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Liverpool </Th> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 1906 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Birmingham City </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portsmouth </Th> <Td> 1949 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> 1949 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tottenham Hotspur </Th> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> 1902 </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1963 </Td> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Newcastle United </Th> <Td> 1927 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> 1909 </Td> <Td> 1907 </Td> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Middlesbrough </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2004 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2004 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fulham </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Blackburn Rovers </Th> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> 1987 </Td> <Td> 1928 </Td> <Td> 1912 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aston Villa </Th> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> 1996 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> 1901 </Td> <Td> 1996 </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West Ham United </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Everton </Th> <Td> 1987 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Leeds United </Th> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nottingham Forest </Th> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> 1959 </Td> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Crystal Palace </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sheffield Wednesday </Th> <Td> 1930 </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1935 </Td> <Td> 1935 </Td> <Td> 1905 </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wimbledon </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Luton Town </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reading </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coventry City </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1987 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1987 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1987 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oxford United </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Norwich City </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ipswich Town </Th> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wolverhampton Wanderers </Th> <Td> 1959 </Td> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1980 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southampton </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Derby County </Th> <Td> 1975 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> 1975 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1975 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1975 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Burnley </Th> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1914 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sunderland </Th> <Td> 1936 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1936 </Td> <Td> 1903 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stoke City </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1972 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Swindon Town </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1969 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West Bromwich Albion </Th> <Td> 1920 </Td> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1968 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Queens Park Rangers </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bolton Wanderers </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Blackpool </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1953 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Charlton Athletic </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1947 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1947 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1947 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preston North End </Th> <Td> 1890 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1938 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1938 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1938 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cardiff City </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1927 </Td> <Td> 1927 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1927 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1927 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Huddersfield Town </Th> <Td> 1926 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1922 </Td> <Td> 1922 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1926 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1926 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sheffield United </Th> <Td> 1898 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1925 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1898 </Td> <Td> 1925 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1925 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Barnsley </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1912 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1912 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1912 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bradford City </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1911 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1911 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1911 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brighton & Hove Albion </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1910 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1910 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1910 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Corinthian </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1904 </Td> <Td> 1904 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1904 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bury </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1903 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1903 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1903 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Queen 's Park </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1899 </Td> <Td> 1899 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1899 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notts County </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1894 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1894 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1894 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Blackburn Olympic </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1883 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1883 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1883 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Old Etonians </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1882 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1882 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1882 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Old Carthusians </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1881 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1881 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1881 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Clapham Rovers </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1880 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1880 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1880 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wanderers </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1878 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1878 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1878 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Royal Engineers </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1875 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1875 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1875 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oxford University </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1874 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1874 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1874 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Footnotes </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cardiff City are a Welsh side who play in the English football league system and won the 1927 FA Cup . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Swansea City are a Welsh side who play in the Premier League of the English football league system and won the 2013 -- 14 Football League Cup . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Queen 's Park are a Scottish side who competed in the 1899 Sheriff of London Charity Shield and shared the honour . </Li> </Ol> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of English football champions </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11715/10676765/leeds-united-englands-13th-biggest-club-according-to-sky-sports-study </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA.com - Classic Club : Manchester United '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of the FA Cup '' . The FA . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A date to remember '' . The FA. 2004 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The History of The Football League '' . The Football League . Archived from the original on 11 April 2008 . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Past Winners '' . The Football League . 18 November 2010 . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A History of The Premier League '' . Premier League . Archived from the original on 5 December 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New shield for new season '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` League Cup Past Winners '' . The Football League . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` League Cup - Winners Table '' . s201259309 . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New format provides fresh impetus '' . UEFA . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup '' . UEFA . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` English sides in Europe '' . The FA . Archived from the original on 7 March 2009 . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` European Cup roll of honour '' . UEFA . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Risolo , Don ( 2010 ) . Soccer Stories : Anecdotes , Oddities , Lore , and Amazing Feats p. 109 . U of Nebraska Press . Retrieved 29 February 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Toyota Cup : figures , records and a giant - killer '' . FIFA. 2004 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ross , James ( 1 Sep 2016 ) . `` England - List of Champions '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ross , James ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` England - Football League Cup Finals '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 29 March 2016 . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Screen Sport Super Cup Summary '' . www.fchd.info . Football Club History Database . Archived from the original on 5 July 2017 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Football League Full Members ' Cup Summary '' . www.fchd.info . Football Club History Database . Archived from the original on 5 July 2017 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mercantile Credit Centenary Trophy 1988 '' . footballdatabase.eu . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ross , James ( 26 May 2016 ) . `` England FA Challenge Cup Finals '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ross , James ( 18 August 2016 ) . `` England - List of FA Charity / Community Shield Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 8 September 2016 ) . `` European Champions ' Cup Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 8 September 2016 ) . `` UEFA Cup '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 18 August 2016 ) . `` European Super Cup '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 26 January 2000 ) . `` Fairs ' Cup '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 26 January 2000 ) . `` European Cup Winners ' Cup '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 15 January 2010 ) . `` UEFA Intertoto Cup '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leme de Arruda , Marcelo ; Di Maggio , Roberto ( 12 January 2017 ) . `` FIFA Club World Cup Cup '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Magnani , Loris ; Stokkermans , Karel ( 30 April 2005 ) . `` Intercontinental Club Cup '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` The Introduction Page of the RSSSF -- The Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . </Li> <Li> `` Football Club History Database Index '' . www.fchd.info . Football Club History Database . </Li> <Li> `` FA Cup Final statistics '' . The Football Association . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . </Li> <Li> `` League Cup Roll of Honour '' . Football League Cup . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . </Li> <Li> `` Past Winners of the Football League '' . The Football League . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . </Li> <Li> `` A History of the Premier League '' . Premier League . Archived from the original on 5 December 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . </Li> <Li> `` UEFA Champions League History '' . UEFA . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . </Li> <Li> `` UEFA Cup History '' . UEFA . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . </Li> <Li> `` UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup History '' . UEFA . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 25 . </Li> <Li> `` FIFA Club World Cup '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 25 December 2011 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 20 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Men 's football in England </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The Football Association </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National teams </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> England </Li> <Li> B </Li> <Li> C </Li> <Li> U-21 </Li> <Li> U-20 </Li> <Li> U-19 </Li> <Li> U-18 </Li> <Li> U-17 </Li> <Li> U-16 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> League competitions </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Level 1 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Premier League </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Levels 2 -- 4 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> English Football League ( EFL ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Levels 5 -- 6 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> National League </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Levels 7 -- 8 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Isthmian League </Li> <Li> Northern Premier League </Li> <Li> Southern League </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Levels 9 -- 10 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Combined Counties League </Li> <Li> East Midlands Counties League ( level 10 only ) </Li> <Li> Eastern Counties League </Li> <Li> Essex Senior League ( level 9 only ) </Li> <Li> Hellenic League </Li> <Li> Midland League </Li> <Li> Northern Counties East League </Li> <Li> Northern League </Li> <Li> North West Counties League </Li> <Li> Southern Counties East League </Li> <Li> South West Peninsula League ( level 10 only ) </Li> <Li> Spartan South Midlands League </Li> <Li> Southern Combination League </Li> <Li> United Counties League </Li> <Li> Wessex League </Li> <Li> Western League </Li> <Li> West Midlands ( Regional ) League ( level 10 only ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cup competitions </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> FA cups </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> FA Cup </Li> <Li> FA Community Shield </Li> <Li> FA Trophy </Li> <Li> FA Vase </Li> <Li> FA Inter-League Cup </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> League cups </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> EFL Cup </Li> <Li> EFL Trophy </Li> <Li> Northern Premier League Cup </Li> <Li> Isthmian League Cup </Li> <Li> Southern League Cup </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> County cups </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of County Cups </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Reserve and youth football </Li> <Li> Defunct leagues </Li> <Li> Defunct cups </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lists </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of clubs </Li> <Li> List of clubs by honours won </Li> <Li> Current managers </Li> <Li> Stadiums by capacity </Li> <Li> Record home attendances </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Venues </Li> <Li> Competitions </Li> <Li> Trophies and awards </Li> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Records </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> UEFA Football clubs listed by honours won </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> England </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Scotland </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_football_clubs_in_England_by_competitive_honours_won&oldid=797749779 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lists of football clubs in England </Li> <Li> Football clubs in England </Li> <Li> Association football in England lists </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use British English from February 2017 </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from March 2012 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Article </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> More </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Русский </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This version of the page has been revised . Besides normal editing , the reason for revision may have been that this version contains factual inaccuracies , vandalism , or material not compatible with the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Madylin Sweeten - wikipedia <H1> Madylin Sweeten </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Madylin Sweeten </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Madylin Anne Michele Sweeten ( 1991 - 06 - 27 ) June 27 , 1991 ( age 26 ) Brownwood , Texas , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other names </Th> <Td> Mady Sweeten </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actress </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1991 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Relatives </Th> <Td> Sawyer and Sullivan Sweeten ( twin brothers ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Madylin Anne Michele Sweeten ( born June 27 , 1991 ) is an American actress and comedian , best known for playing the role of Ally Barone on the CBS television sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond from 1996 -- 2005 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 Career </Li> <Li> 3 Filmography </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Sweeten was born in Brownwood , Texas , to Timothy Lynn Sweeten and Elizabeth Anne Millsap . Sweeten has younger , twin brothers , Sullivan and the late Sawyer ( 1995 -- 2015 ) , who played her twin brothers Geoffrey and Michael Barone on the sitcom . Sweeten comes from a family of nine children . The names of rest of her siblings are Claudia , Maysa , Emma , Guiliana , Elliette , and Jaymeson . The family now lives in Southern California . </P> <H2> Career ( edit ) </H2> <P> Sweeten began her acting career by attending Performance Talent School of Performing Arts in San Saba , Texas , at age 3 . While attending Performance , Sweeten , at age four , was cast in the television movie A Promise to Carolyn . From there , she went on to book several commercials in Dallas . Madylin also captured the title of World 's Universal Beauty , a title that is part of the oldest children 's scholarship competition called `` Our Little Miss '' . Later that year , she auditioned for several television pilot roles in Los Angeles and was discovered by producers of Everybody Loves Raymond . Sweeten played Ally Barone , the eldest child and only daughter of Raymond and Debra Barone for nine seasons , starting in 1996 , until the show 's end in 2005 . </P> <P> While building her television career , Sweeten has also been involved in several feature films . These include , The Christmas Path , A Dog of Flanders , a voice - over on Toy Story 2 and the critically acclaimed film and winner of the 2003 Sundance Film Festival Grand Jury Prize , American Splendor . </P> <P> In 2008 , she played a small role as a co-worker of Jerry 's in Eagle Eye . </P> <P> Since 2013 , she made appearances in shorts and independent films . </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <Table> Film and television <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> A Promise to Carolyn </Td> <Td> Young Debra </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1996 -- 2005 </Td> <Td> Everybody Loves Raymond </Td> <Td> Ally Barone </Td> <Td> Main Cast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> The Christmas Path </Td> <Td> Dora </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> A Dog of Flanders </Td> <Td> Young Aloise </Td> <Td> Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Toy Story 2 </Td> <Td> Additional Voices </Td> <Td> Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ask Me No Questions </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> American Splendor </Td> <Td> Danielle </Td> <Td> Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lucy 2 ( Film ) </Td> <Td> Darla Dimple </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Eagle Eye </Td> <Td> Becky </Td> <Td> Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> The Next Steps </Td> <Td> Denise </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Christmas Party Conversations : Part II </Td> <Td> Party Girl # 2 </Td> <Td> Short </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 - 2015 </Td> <Td> TMI Hollywood </Td> <Td> Various / Herself - Sketch Actor </Td> <Td> 32 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Wedding Frisk </Td> <Td> Sarah </Td> <Td> Short ( executive producer , co-writer ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Human Centipede 3 Parody with Bree Olson </Td> <Td> Mad Doctor </Td> <Td> Short </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The 5 Minute Sketch Show </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mommy </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Short ( executive producer ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Our Friends Are F * cking </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Short </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Spare Change </Td> <Td> Claire </Td> <Td> Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sam and Me </Td> <Td> Lauren Frederick </Td> <Td> Movie </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Free Family Tree , Genealogy and Family History - MyHeritage '' . Familytreelegends.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Both Madylin and her mother , Elizabeth Anne Millsap , confirmed 9 children on an episode of TLC 's `` What Not to Wear '' ( S10 / E14 - 2013 ) . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Biography portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Madylin Sweeten on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Will & Grace , season 2 / season 3 ( 2000 ) : Hayes ; McCormack ; Messing ; Mullally </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Sex and the City , season 4 ( 2001 ) : Cattrall ; Davis ; Nixon ; Parker </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Everybody Loves Raymond season 6 / season 7 ( 2002 ) : Boyle ; Garrett ; Heaton ; Roberts ; Romano ; Sweeten </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Sex and the City , season 6 ( 2003 ) : Cattrall ; Davis ; Nixon ; Parker </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Desperate Housewives , season 1 ( 2004 ) : Bowen ; Chavira ; Cross ; Culp ; Denton ; Hatcher ; Huffman ; Kasch ; Longoria ; Metcalfe ; Moses ; Sheridan ; Strong </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Desperate Housewives , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) : Bart ; Bowen ; Brooks ; Chavira ; Cross ; Culp ; Denton ; Hatcher ; Huffman ; B. Kinsman ; S. Kinsman ; Longoria ; Moses ; Savant ; Sheridan ; Strong ; Woodard </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> The Office , season 2 / season 3 ( 2006 ) : Baker ; Baumgartner ; Carell ; Denman ; Fischer ; Flannery ; Hardin ; Kaling ; Kinsey ; Krasinski ; Lieberstein ; Novak ; Nunez ; Smith ; Wilson </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> The Office , season 3 / season 4 ( 2007 ) : Baker ; Baumgartner ; Carell ; Denman ; Fischer ; Flannery ; Hardin ; Kaling ; Kinsey ; Krasinski ; Lieberstein ; Novak ; Nunez ; Smith ; Wilson </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> 30 Rock , season 2 / season 3 ( 2008 ) : Adsit ; Baldwin ; Bowden ; Fey ; Friedlander ; Krakowski ; McBrayer ; Morgan ; Powell </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Glee , season 1 ( 2009 ) : Agron ; Colfer ; Gallagher ; Gilsig ; Lynch ; Mays ; McHale ; Michele ; Monteith ; Morris ; Morrison ; Riley ; Rivera ; Salling ; Shum ; Sussman ; Talton ; Theba ; Ushkowitz </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Complete list </Li> <Li> ( 1994 -- 1999 ) </Li> <Li> ( 2000 -- 2009 ) </Li> <Li> ( 2010 -- 2019 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 100739733 </Li> <Li> LCCN : no2009137852 </Li> <Li> ISNI : 0000 0000 7115 8607 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madylin_Sweeten&oldid=825926690 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1991 births </Li> <Li> American child actresses </Li> <Li> American film actresses </Li> <Li> American television actresses </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> People from Brownwood , Texas </Li> <Li> Actresses from Texas </Li> <Li> 20th - century American actresses </Li> <Li> 21st - century American actresses </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> BLP articles lacking sources from November 2010 </Li> <Li> All BLP articles lacking sources </Li> <Li> Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> تۆرکجه </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 05 : 26 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees - wikipedia <H1> List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees </H1> Jump to : navigation , search The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . <P> The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , established in 1983 and located in Cleveland , Ohio , United States , is dedicated to recording the history of some of the best - known and most influential musicians , bands , producers , and others that have in some major way influenced the music industry , particularly in the area of rock and roll . Originally , there were four categories of induction : performers , non-performers , early influences , and lifetime achievement . In 2000 , `` sidemen '' was introduced as a category . </P> <P> The only category that has seen new inductees every single year is the performers category . Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are then sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers that receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2010 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . As of 2017 , new inductees will be honored at an annual ceremony held alternately in New York and at the Hall of Fame in Cleveland ; prior to that , the ceremonies rotated between Cleveland , New York , and Los Angeles . </P> <P> The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has garnered criticism for allegedly allowing the nomination process to be controlled by a few individuals , nominating too many artists in too many genres that are not entirely rock , ignoring entire rock genres , and using technicalities to induct groups who may not have been among the top vote getters . The Sex Pistols , who were inducted in 2006 , refused to attend the ceremony ; John Lydon writing a note , read out by Jann Wenner , calling the museum a `` piss stain . '' </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Inductees <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Performers </Li> <Li> 1.2 Early influences </Li> <Li> 1.3 Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) </Li> <Li> 1.4 Award for Musical Excellence </Li> <Li> 1.5 Singles </Li> <Li> 1.6 Sidemen </Li> <Li> 1.7 Lifetime achievement </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Multiple inductees </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Inductees ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Performers ( edit ) </H3> <P> The performers category is meant for recording artists and bands that have `` influence and significance to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll . '' Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who then evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers who receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2011 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . In 2012 , six additional bands and groups were inducted as performers by a special committee , due to the controversial nature of their band being excluded when their lead singer was inducted . `` There was a lot of discussion about this , '' said Terry Stewart , a member of the nominating committee . `` There had always been conversations about why the groups were n't included when the lead singers were inducted . Very honestly , nobody could really answer that question -- it was so long ago ... We decided we 'd sit down as an organization and look at that . This is the result . '' </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Image </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Inducted members </Th> <Th> Inducted by </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Berry , Chuck Chuck Berry </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Keith Richards </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brown , James James Brown </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Steve Winwood </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Charles , Ray Ray Charles </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Quincy Jones </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cooke , Sam Sam Cooke </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Herb Alpert </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Domino , Fats Fats Domino </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Billy Joel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Everly Brothers ! The Everly Brothers </Td> <Td> Don Everly and Phil Everly . </Td> <Td> Neil Young </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Holly , Buddy Buddy Holly </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Fogerty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lewis , Jerry Lee Jerry Lee Lewis </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hank Williams Jr . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Little Richard </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Roberta Flack </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Presley , Elvis Elvis Presley </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Julian and Sean Lennon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Coasters ! The Coasters </Td> <Td> Carl Gardner , Cornell Gunter , Billy Guy , and Will `` Dub '' Jones . </Td> <Td> Lester Sill </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cochran , Eddie Eddie Cochran </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mick Jones </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Diddley , Bo Bo Diddley </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ZZ Top </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Franklin , Aretha Aretha Franklin </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Keith Richards </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gaye , Marvin Marvin Gaye </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nick Ashford and Valerie Simpson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Haley , Bill Bill Haley </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chuck Berry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> King , B.B. B.B. King </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> McPhatter , Clyde Clyde McPhatter </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ben E. King </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nelson , Ricky Ricky Nelson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Fogerty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Orbison , Roy Roy Orbison </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bruce Springsteen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Perkins , Carl Carl Perkins </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sam Phillips </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robinson , Smokey Smokey Robinson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Daryl Hall and John Oates </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Turner , Big Joe Big Joe Turner </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Doc Pomus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Waters , Muddy Muddy Waters </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paul Butterfield </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wilson , Jackie Jackie Wilson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Peter Wolf </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Beach Boys ! The Beach Boys </Td> <Td> Al Jardine , Mike Love , Brian Wilson , Carl Wilson , and Dennis Wilson . </Td> <Td> Elton John </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Beatles ! The Beatles </Td> <Td> George Harrison , John Lennon , Paul McCartney , and Ringo Starr . </Td> <Td> Mick Jagger </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Drifters ! The Drifters </Td> <Td> Ben E. King , Rudy Lewis , Clyde McPhatter , Johnny Moore , Bill Pinkney , Charlie Thomas , and Gerhart Thrasher . </Td> <Td> Billy Joel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dylan , Bob Bob Dylan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bruce Springsteen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Supremes ! The Supremes </Td> <Td> Florence Ballard , Diana Ross , and Mary Wilson . </Td> <Td> Little Richard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dion ! Dion </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lou Reed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Redding , Otis Otis Redding </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Little Richard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rolling Stones ! The Rolling Stones </Td> <Td> Mick Jagger , Brian Jones , Keith Richards , Ian Stewart , Mick Taylor , Charlie Watts , Ronnie Wood , and Bill Wyman . </Td> <Td> Pete Townshend </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Temptations ! The Temptations </Td> <Td> Melvin Franklin , Eddie Kendricks , David Ruffin , Otis Williams , Paul Williams , Dennis Edwards . </Td> <Td> Daryl Hall and John Oates </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wonder , Stevie Stevie Wonder </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paul Simon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ballard , Hank Hank Ballard </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Boz Scaggs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Darin , Bobby Bobby Darin </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paul Anka </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Four Seasons ! The Four Seasons </Td> <Td> Tom DeVito , Bob Gaudio , Nick Massi , and Frankie Valli . </Td> <Td> Bob Crewe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Four Tops ! Four Tops </Td> <Td> Renaldo `` Obie '' Benson , Abdul `` Duke '' Fakir , Lawrence Payton , and Levi Stubbs . </Td> <Td> Stevie Wonder </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kinks ! The Kinks </Td> <Td> Mick Avory , Dave Davies , Ray Davies , and Pete Quaife . </Td> <Td> Graham Nash </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Platters ! The Platters </Td> <Td> David Lynch , Herb Reed , Paul Robi , Zola Taylor , and Tony Williams . </Td> <Td> Phil Spector </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Simon & Garfunkel </Td> <Td> Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel . </Td> <Td> James Taylor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Who ! The Who </Td> <Td> Roger Daltrey , John Entwistle , Keith Moon , and Pete Townshend . </Td> <Td> Bono </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Baker , LaVern LaVern Baker </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chaka Khan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Byrds ! The Byrds </Td> <Td> Gene Clark , Michael Clarke , David Crosby , Chris Hillman , and Roger McGuinn . </Td> <Td> Don Henley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hooker , John Lee John Lee Hooker </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bonnie Raitt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Impressions ! The Impressions </Td> <Td> Curtis Mayfield , Sam Gooden , Fred Cash , Arthur Brooks , Richard Brooks , and Jerry Butler . </Td> <Td> Tracy Chapman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pickett , Wilson Wilson Pickett </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bobby Brown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Reed , Jimmy Jimmy Reed </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ZZ Top </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Turner , Ike & Tina Ike & Tina Turner </Td> <Td> Ike Turner and Tina Turner . </Td> <Td> Phil Spector </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bland , Bobby ! Bobby `` Blue '' Bland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> B.B. King </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Booker T. & the M.G. 's </Td> <Td> Booker T. Jones , Steve Cropper , Donald `` Duck '' Dunn , Al Jackson Jr. , and Lewie Steinberg . </Td> <Td> Jim Stewart </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cash , Johnny Johnny Cash </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lyle Lovett </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Isley Brothers ! The Isley Brothers </Td> <Td> Ernie Isley , Marvin Isley , O'Kelly Isley Jr. , Ronald Isley , Rudolph Isley , and Chris Jasper . </Td> <Td> Little Richard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hendrix Experience , The Jimi The Jimi Hendrix Experience </Td> <Td> Jimi Hendrix , Mitch Mitchell , and Noel Redding . </Td> <Td> Neil Young </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sam & Dave </Td> <Td> Sam Moore and Dave Prater . </Td> <Td> Billy Joel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds </Td> <Td> Jeff Beck , Eric Clapton , Chris Dreja , Jim McCarty , Jimmy Page , Keith Relf , and Paul Samwell - Smith . </Td> <Td> The Edge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brown , Ruth Ruth Brown </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bonnie Raitt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cream </Td> <Td> Ginger Baker , Jack Bruce , and Eric Clapton . </Td> <Td> ZZ Top </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Creedence Clearwater Revival </Td> <Td> Doug Clifford , Stu Cook , John Fogerty , and Tom Fogerty . </Td> <Td> Bruce Springsteen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Doors ! The Doors </Td> <Td> John Densmore , Robby Krieger , Ray Manzarek , and Jim Morrison . </Td> <Td> Eddie Vedder </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lymon & The Teenagers , Frankie Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers </Td> <Td> Herman Santiago , Jimmy Merchant , Sherman Garnes , Frankie Lymon , and Joe Negroni </Td> <Td> Boyz II Men </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> James , Etta Etta James </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> k.d. lang </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Morrison , Van Van Morrison </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robbie Robertson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sly and the Family Stone </Td> <Td> Gregg Errico , Larry Graham , Jerry Martini , Cynthia Robinson , Freddie Stone , Rosie Stone , and Sly Stone . </Td> <Td> George Clinton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Animals ! The Animals </Td> <Td> Eric Burdon , Chas Chandler , Alan Price , John Steel , and Hilton Valentine . </Td> <Td> Dave Pirner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Band ! The Band </Td> <Td> Rick Danko , Levon Helm , Garth Hudson , Richard Manuel , and Robbie Robertson . </Td> <Td> Eric Clapton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eddy , Duane Duane Eddy </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mick Jones </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Grateful Dead </Td> <Td> Tom Constanten , Jerry Garcia , Donna Jean Godchaux , Keith Godchaux , Mickey Hart , Robert Hunter , Bill Kreutzmann , Phil Lesh , Ron McKernan , Brent Mydland , Bob Weir , and Vince Welnick . </Td> <Td> Bruce Hornsby </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John , Elton Elton John </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Axl Rose </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lennon , John John Lennon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paul McCartney </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Marley , Bob Bob Marley </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bono </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stewart , Rod Rod Stewart </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jeff Beck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Allman Brothers Band ! The Allman Brothers Band </Td> <Td> Duane Allman , Gregg Allman , Dickey Betts , Jai Johanny Johanson , Berry Oakley , and Butch Trucks . </Td> <Td> Willie Nelson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Green , Al Al Green </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Natalie Cole </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Joplin , Janis Janis Joplin </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Melissa Etheridge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Led Zeppelin </Td> <Td> John Bonham , John Paul Jones , Jimmy Page , and Robert Plant </Td> <Td> Steven Tyler and Joe Perry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Martha and the Vandellas </Td> <Td> Rosalind Ashford , Annette Beard , Betty Kelly , Lois Reeves , and Martha Reeves . </Td> <Td> Fred Schneider and Kate Pierson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Young , Neil Neil Young </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eddie Vedder </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Zappa , Frank Frank Zappa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lou Reed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bowie , David David Bowie </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Madonna and David Byrne </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Knight & the Pips , Gladys Gladys Knight & the Pips </Td> <Td> William Guest , Gladys Knight , Merald `` Bubba '' Knight , and Edward Patten . </Td> <Td> Mariah Carey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jefferson Airplane </Td> <Td> Marty Balin , Jack Casady , Spencer Dryden , Paul Kantner , Jorma Kaukonen , and Grace Slick . </Td> <Td> Mickey Hart and Phil Lesh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Little Willie John </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stevie Wonder </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pink Floyd </Td> <Td> Syd Barrett , David Gilmour , Nick Mason , Roger Waters , and Rick Wright . </Td> <Td> Billy Corgan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Shirelles ! The Shirelles </Td> <Td> Shirley Alston Reeves , Addie Harris , Doris Kenner - Jackson , and Beverly Lee . </Td> <Td> Merry Clayton , Marianne Faithfull and Darlene Love </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Velvet Underground ! The Velvet Underground </Td> <Td> John Cale , Sterling Morrison , Lou Reed , and Maureen Tucker . </Td> <Td> Patti Smith </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bee Gees </Td> <Td> Barry Gibb , Maurice Gibb , and Robin Gibb . </Td> <Td> Brian Wilson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Buffalo Springfield </Td> <Td> Richie Furay , Dewey Martin , Bruce Palmer , Stephen Stills , and Neil Young . </Td> <Td> Tom Petty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Crosby , Stills & Nash </Td> <Td> David Crosby , Graham Nash , and Stephen Stills . </Td> <Td> James Taylor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jackson 5 , The The Jackson 5 </Td> <Td> Jackie Jackson , Jermaine Jackson , Marlon Jackson , Michael Jackson , and Tito Jackson . </Td> <Td> Diana Ross </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mitchell , Joni Joni Mitchell </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Shawn Colvin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Parliament - Funkadelic </Td> <Td> Jerome Brailey , George Clinton , Bootsy Collins , Raymond Davis , Tiki Fulwood , Glenn Goins , Michael Hampton , Fuzzy Haskins , Eddie Hazel , Walter Morrison , Cordell Mosson , William `` Billy Bass '' Nelson , Garry Shider , Calvin Simon , Grady Thomas , and Bernie Worrell . </Td> <Td> Prince </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rascals ! The ( Young ) Rascals </Td> <Td> Eddie Brigati , Felix Cavaliere , Gene Cornish , and Dino Danelli . </Td> <Td> Steven Van Zandt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eagles </Td> <Td> Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Bernie Leadon , Randy Meisner , Timothy B. Schmit , and Joe Walsh . </Td> <Td> Jimmy Buffett </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Fleetwood Mac </Td> <Td> Lindsey Buckingham , Mick Fleetwood , Peter Green , Danny Kirwan , Christine McVie , John McVie , Stevie Nicks , and Jeremy Spencer . </Td> <Td> Sheryl Crow </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mamas & The Papas ! The Mamas & the Papas </Td> <Td> Denny Doherty , Cass Elliot , John Phillips , and Michelle Phillips . </Td> <Td> Shania Twain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Price , Lloyd Lloyd Price </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tony Rich </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Santana </Td> <Td> Jose Chepito Areas , David Brown , Michael Carabello , Gregg Rolie , Carlos Santana , and Michael Shrieve . </Td> <Td> John Popper </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Vincent , Gene Gene Vincent </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Fogerty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Joel , Billy Billy Joel </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ray Charles </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mayfield , Curtis Curtis Mayfield </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sean Combs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> McCartney , Paul Paul McCartney </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Neil Young </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Shannon , Del Del Shannon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Art Alexakis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Springfield , Dusty Dusty Springfield </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Elton John </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Springsteen , Bruce Bruce Springsteen </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bono </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Staple Singers , The The Staple Singers </Td> <Td> Cleotha Staples , Mavis Staples , Pervis Staples , Pops Staples , and Yvonne Staples . </Td> <Td> Lauryn Hill </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Clapton , Eric Eric Clapton </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robbie Robertson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Earth , Wind & Fire </Td> <Td> Philip Bailey , Larry Dunn , Johnny Graham , Ralph Johnson , Al McKay , Fred White , Maurice White , Verdine White , and Andrew Woolfolk . </Td> <Td> Lil Kim </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lovin ' Spoonful , The The Lovin ' Spoonful </Td> <Td> Steve Boone , Joe Butler , John Sebastian , and Zal Yanovsky . </Td> <Td> John Mellencamp </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Moonglows , The The Moonglows </Td> <Td> Prentiss Barnes , Harvey Fuqua , Peter Graves , Billy Johnson , and Bobby Lester . </Td> <Td> Paul Simon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Raitt , Bonnie Bonnie Raitt </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Melissa Etheridge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Taylor , James James Taylor </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paul McCartney </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Aerosmith </Td> <Td> Tom Hamilton , Joey Kramer , Joe Perry , Steven Tyler , and Brad Whitford . </Td> <Td> Kid Rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Burke , Solomon Solomon Burke </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mary J. Blige </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Flamingos , The The Flamingos </Td> <Td> Jake Carey , Zeke Carey , Johnny Carter , Tommy Hunt , Terry `` Buzzy '' Johnson , Sollie McElroy , Nate Nelson , and Paul Wilson . </Td> <Td> Frankie Valli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> NSYNC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Queen </Td> <Td> John Deacon , Brian May , Freddie Mercury , and Roger Taylor . </Td> <Td> Dave Grohl and Taylor Hawkins </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Simon , Paul Paul Simon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Marc Anthony </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Steely Dan </Td> <Td> Walter Becker and Donald Fagen . </Td> <Td> Moby </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Valens , Ritchie Ritchie Valens </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ricky Martin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hayes , Isaac Isaac Hayes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Alicia Keys </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lee , Brenda Brenda Lee </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jewel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Petty and the Heartbreakers , Tom Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers </Td> <Td> Tom Petty , Ron Blair , Mike Campbell , Howie Epstein , Stan Lynch , and Benmont Tench . </Td> <Td> Jakob Dylan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pitney , Gene Gene Pitney </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Darlene Love </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ramones </Td> <Td> Dee Dee Ramone , Joey Ramone , Johnny Ramone , Marky Ramone , and Tommy Ramone . </Td> <Td> Eddie Vedder </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Talking Heads </Td> <Td> David Byrne , Chris Frantz , Jerry Harrison , and Tina Weymouth . </Td> <Td> Anthony Kiedis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> AC / DC </Td> <Td> Brian Johnson , Phil Rudd , Bon Scott , Cliff Williams , Angus Young , and Malcolm Young . </Td> <Td> Steven Tyler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Clash , The The Clash </Td> <Td> Terry Chimes , Topper Headon , Mick Jones , Paul Simonon , and Joe Strummer . </Td> <Td> The Edge and Tom Morello </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Costello & the Attractions , Elvis Elvis Costello & the Attractions </Td> <Td> Elvis Costello , Steve Nieve , Bruce Thomas , and Pete Thomas . </Td> <Td> Elton John </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Police , The The Police </Td> <Td> Stewart Copeland , Sting , and Andy Summers . </Td> <Td> Gwen Stefani </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Righteous Brothers , The The Righteous Brothers </Td> <Td> Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley . </Td> <Td> Billy Joel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Browne , Jackson Jackson Browne </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bruce Springsteen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dells , The The Dells </Td> <Td> Verne Allison , Chuck Barksdale , Johnny Carter , Johnny Funches , Marvin Junior , and Michael McGill . </Td> <Td> Robert Townsend </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Harrison , George George Harrison </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Petty and Jeff Lynne </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Prince </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Outkast and Alicia Keys </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Seger , Bob Bob Seger </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kid Rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Traffic </Td> <Td> Jim Capaldi , Dave Mason , Steve Winwood , and Chris Wood . </Td> <Td> Dave Matthews </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ZZ Top </Td> <Td> Frank Beard , Billy Gibbons , and Dusty Hill . </Td> <Td> Keith Richards </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guy , Buddy Buddy Guy </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eric Clapton and B.B. King </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> O'Jays , The The O'Jays </Td> <Td> Eddie Levert , Bobby Massey , William Powell , Sammy Strain , and Walter Williams . </Td> <Td> Justin Timberlake </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Pretenders </Td> <Td> Martin Chambers , Pete Farndon , James Honeyman - Scott , and Chrissie Hynde . </Td> <Td> Neil Young </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sledge , Percy Percy Sledge </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rod Stewart </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> U2 </Td> <Td> Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , and Larry Mullen , Jr ... </Td> <Td> Bruce Springsteen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Black Sabbath </Td> <Td> Geezer Butler , Tony Iommi , Ozzy Osbourne , and Bill Ward . </Td> <Td> James Hetfield and Lars Ulrich </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Blondie </Td> <Td> Clem Burke , Jimmy Destri , Nigel Harrison , Debbie Harry , Frank Infante , Chris Stein , and Gary Valentine . </Td> <Td> Shirley Manson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Davis , Miles Miles Davis </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Herbie Hancock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lynyrd Skynyrd </Td> <Td> Bob Burns , Allen Collins , Steve Gaines , Ed King , Billy Powell , Artimus Pyle , Gary Rossington , Ronnie Van Zant , and Leon Wilkeson . </Td> <Td> Kid Rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sex Pistols </Td> <Td> Paul Cook , Steve Jones , Glen Matlock , John Lydon , and Sid Vicious . </Td> <Td> Jann Wenner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five </Td> <Td> Melvin `` Melle Mel '' Glover , Nathaniel `` The Kidd Creole '' Glover , Eddie `` Scorpio '' Morris , Joseph `` Grandmaster Flash '' Sadler , Robert Keith `` Keef Cowboy '' Wiggins , and Guy Todd `` Rahiem '' Williams . </Td> <Td> Jay - Z </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> R.E.M. </Td> <Td> Bill Berry , Peter Buck , Mike Mills , and Michael Stipe . </Td> <Td> Eddie Vedder </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ronettes , The The Ronettes </Td> <Td> Estelle Bennett , Ronnie Spector , and Nedra Talley . </Td> <Td> Keith Richards </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Smith , Patti Patti Smith </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Zack de la Rocha </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Van Halen </Td> <Td> Michael Anthony , Sammy Hagar , David Lee Roth , Alex Van Halen , and Eddie Van Halen . </Td> <Td> Velvet Revolver </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Clark Five , The Dave The Dave Clark Five </Td> <Td> Dave Clark , Lenny Davidson , Rick Huxley , Denis Payton , and Mike Smith . </Td> <Td> Tom Hanks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cohen , Leonard Leonard Cohen </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lou Reed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Madonna </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Justin Timberlake </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mellencamp , John John Mellencamp </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Billy Joel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ventures , The The Ventures </Td> <Td> Bob Bogle , Nokie Edwards , Gerry McGee , Mel Taylor , and Don Wilson . </Td> <Td> John Fogerty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Beck , Jeff Jeff Beck </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jimmy Page </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Little Anthony and the Imperials </Td> <Td> Clarence Collins , Anthony Gourdine , Tracy Lord , Glouster `` Nat '' Rogers , Sammy Strain , and Ernest Wright Jr . </Td> <Td> Smokey Robinson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Metallica </Td> <Td> Cliff Burton , Kirk Hammett , James Hetfield , Jason Newsted , Robert Trujillo , and Lars Ulrich . </Td> <Td> Flea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Run - DMC </Td> <Td> Darryl `` D.M.C. '' McDaniels , Jason `` Jam - Master Jay '' Mizell , and Joseph `` DJ Run '' Simmons . </Td> <Td> Eminem </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Womack , Bobby Bobby Womack </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ron Wood </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ABBA </Td> <Td> Benny Andersson , Agnetha Fältskog , Anni - Frid Lyngstad , and Björn Ulvaeus . </Td> <Td> Barry and Robin Gibb </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Genesis </Td> <Td> Tony Banks , Phil Collins , Peter Gabriel , Steve Hackett , and Mike Rutherford . </Td> <Td> Trey Anastasio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cliff , Jimmy Jimmy Cliff </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wyclef Jean </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hollies , The The Hollies </Td> <Td> Bernie Calvert , Allan Clarke , Bobby Elliott , Eric Haydock , Tony Hicks , Graham Nash , and Terry Sylvester . </Td> <Td> Steven Van Zandt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stooges , The The Stooges </Td> <Td> Dave Alexander , Ron Asheton , Scott Asheton , Iggy Pop , and James Williamson . </Td> <Td> Billie Joe Armstrong </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Alice Cooper </Td> <Td> Alice Cooper , Michael Owen Bruce , Glen Buxton , Dennis Dunaway , and Neal Smith . </Td> <Td> Rob Zombie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Diamond , Neil Neil Diamond </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paul Simon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dr. John </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Legend </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Love , Darlene Darlene Love </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bette Midler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Waits , Tom Tom Waits </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Neil Young </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Beastie Boys </Td> <Td> Michael `` Mike D '' Diamond , Adam `` Ad - Rock '' Horovitz , and Adam `` MCA '' Yauch . </Td> <Td> Chuck D and LL Cool J </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Blue Caps ! The Blue Caps </Td> <Td> Backing band for Gene Vincent . Inducted : Tommy Facenda , Cliff Gallup , Dickie Harrell , Bobby Jones , Johnny Meeks , Jack Neal , Paul Peek , and Willie Williams . </Td> <Td> Smokey Robinson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Comets ! The Comets </Td> <Td> Backing band for Bill Haley . Inducted : Joey Ambrose , Franny Beecher , Danny Cedrone , Johnny Grande , Ralph Jones , Marshall Lytle , Rudy Pompilli , Al Rex , Dick Richards , and Billy Williamson . </Td> <Td> Smokey Robinson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Crickets ! The Crickets </Td> <Td> Backing band for Buddy Holly . Inducted : Jerry Allison , Sonny Curtis , Joe B. Mauldin , and Niki Sullivan . </Td> <Td> Smokey Robinson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Donovan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Mellencamp </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Famous Flames ! The Famous Flames </Td> <Td> Backing vocal group for James Brown . Inducted : Bobby Bennett , Bobby Byrd , Lloyd Stallworth , and Johnny Terry . </Td> <Td> Smokey Robinson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guns N ' Roses </Td> <Td> Steven Adler , Duff McKagan , Dizzy Reed , Axl Rose , Slash , Matt Sorum , and Izzy Stradlin . </Td> <Td> Green Day </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Midnighters ! The Midnighters </Td> <Td> Backing vocal group for Hank Ballard . Inducted : Henry Booth , Billy Davis , Cal Green , Arthur Porter , Lawson Smith , Charles Sutton , Norman Thrasher , and Sonny Woods . </Td> <Td> Smokey Robinson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Miracles ! The Miracles </Td> <Td> Backing vocal group for Smokey Robinson . Inducted : Claudette Rogers , Bobby Rogers , Ronald White , Marv Tarplin , and Pete Moore . </Td> <Td> Smokey Robinson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nyro , Laura Laura Nyro </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bette Midler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Red Hot Chili Peppers </Td> <Td> Flea , John Frusciante , Jack Irons , Anthony Kiedis , Josh Klinghoffer , Cliff Martinez , Hillel Slovak , and Chad Smith . </Td> <Td> Chris Rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Small Faces / Faces </Td> <Td> Kenney Jones , Ronnie Lane , Ian McLagan , Steve Marriott , Rod Stewart , and Ronnie Wood . </Td> <Td> Steven Van Zandt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Heart </Td> <Td> Michael DeRosier , Roger Fisher , Steve Fossen , Howard Leese , Ann Wilson , and Nancy Wilson . </Td> <Td> Chris Cornell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> King , Albert Albert King </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Mayer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Newman , Randy Randy Newman </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Don Henley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Public Enemy </Td> <Td> Flavor Flav , Professor Griff , Terminator X , and Chuck D . </Td> <Td> Harry Belafonte and Spike Lee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rush </Td> <Td> Geddy Lee , Alex Lifeson , and Neil Peart . </Td> <Td> Dave Grohl and Taylor Hawkins </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Summer , Donna Donna Summer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kelly Rowland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gabriel , Peter Peter Gabriel </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chris Martin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hall & Oates </Td> <Td> Daryl Hall and John Oates . </Td> <Td> Questlove </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kiss </Td> <Td> Peter Criss , Ace Frehley , Gene Simmons , and Paul Stanley . </Td> <Td> Tom Morello </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nirvana </Td> <Td> Kurt Cobain , Dave Grohl , and Krist Novoselic . </Td> <Td> Michael Stipe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ronstadt , Linda Linda Ronstadt </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Glenn Frey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stevens , Cat Cat Stevens </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Art Garfunkel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Butterfield Blues Band , The Paul The Paul Butterfield Blues Band </Td> <Td> Paul Butterfield , Mike Bloomfield , Elvin Bishop , Mark Naftalin , Jerome Arnold , Billy Davenport , and Sam Lay . </Td> <Td> Peter Wolf </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jett & the Blackhearts , Joan Joan Jett & the Blackhearts </Td> <Td> Joan Jett , Gary Ryan , Lee Crystal , and Ricky Byrd . </Td> <Td> Miley Cyrus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Reed , Lou Lou Reed </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Patti Smith </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Green Day </Td> <Td> Billie Joe Armstrong , Tré Cool , and Mike Dirnt . </Td> <Td> Fall Out Boy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Vaughan , Stevie Ray Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble </Td> <Td> Stevie Ray Vaughan , Chris Layton , Tommy Shannon , and Reese Wynans . </Td> <Td> John Mayer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Withers , Bill Bill Withers </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stevie Wonder </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cheap Trick </Td> <Td> Bun E. Carlos , Rick Nielsen , Tom Petersson , and Robin Zander . </Td> <Td> Kid Rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chicago </Td> <Td> Peter Cetera , Terry Kath , Robert Lamm , Lee Loughnane , James Pankow , Walter Parazaider , and Danny Seraphine . </Td> <Td> Rob Thomas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Deep Purple </Td> <Td> Ritchie Blackmore , David Coverdale , Rod Evans , Ian Gillan , Roger Glover , Glenn Hughes , Jon Lord , and Ian Paice </Td> <Td> Lars Ulrich </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N.W.A </Td> <Td> DJ Yella , Ice Cube , MC Ren , Eazy - E , and Dr. Dre </Td> <Td> Kendrick Lamar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Miller , Steve Steve Miller </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Black Keys </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Electric Light Orchestra </Td> <Td> Bev Bevan , Jeff Lynne , Richard Tandy , and Roy Wood </Td> <Td> Dhani Harrison </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Baez , Joan Joan Baez </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jackson Browne </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Journey </Td> <Td> Jonathan Cain , Aynsley Dunbar , Steve Perry , Gregg Rolie , Neal Schon , Steve Smith , and Ross Valory </Td> <Td> Pat Monahan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pearl Jam </Td> <Td> Jeff Ament , Matt Cameron , Stone Gossard , Dave Krusen , Mike McCready , and Eddie Vedder </Td> <Td> David Letterman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tupac Shakur </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Snoop Dogg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Jon Anderson , Bill Bruford , Steve Howe , Tony Kaye , Trevor Rabin , Chris Squire , Rick Wakeman , and Alan White </Td> <Td> Geddy Lee and Alex Lifeson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bon Jovi </Td> <Td> Jon Bon Jovi , David Bryan , Hugh McDonald , Richie Sambora , Alec John Such and Tico Torres </Td> <Td> Howard Stern </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Cars </Td> <Td> Elliot Easton , Greg Hawkes , David Robinson , Ric Ocasek and Benjamin Orr </Td> <Td> Brandon Flowers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dire Straits </Td> <Td> Alan Clark , Guy Fletcher , John Illsley , David Knopfler , Mark Knopfler and Pick Withers </Td> <Td> John Illsley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Moody Blues </Td> <Td> Graeme Edge , Justin Hayward , Denny Laine , John Lodge , Mike Pinder and Ray Thomas </Td> <Td> Ann Wilson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nina Simone </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mary J. Blige </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ^ Note 1 . These backing bands were inducted by a separate committee , and not by the ballot voting used for all other performer inductees . </P> <P> ^ Note 2 . This artist was later inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame after inducting someone else . </P> <P> ^ Note 3 . This artist was already a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when they inducted someone else . </P> <P> ^ Note 4 . Dire Straits were the first artist in the hall 's history to not have an official induction speaker . Band member John Illsley did the induction speech himself . </P> <H3> Early influences ( edit ) </H3> Woody Guthrie , inducted in 1988 . Louis Armstrong , inducted in 1990 . Pete Seeger , inducted in 1996 . Charles Brown , inducted in 1999 . <P> Artists inducted into the early influences category are those `` whose music predated rock and roll but had an impact on the evolution of rock and roll and inspired rock 's leading artists . '' Unlike the performers category , these inductees are selected by a committee . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Rodgers , Jimmie Jimmie Rodgers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Yancey , Jimmy Jimmy Yancey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Johnson , Robert Robert Johnson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jordan , Louis Louis Jordan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Walker , T - Bone T - Bone Walker </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Williams , Hank Hank Williams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Guthrie , Woody Woody Guthrie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Lead Belly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Les Paul </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Ink Spots ! The Ink Spots </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Smith , Bessie Bessie Smith </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Soul Stirrers ! The Soul Stirrers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Christian , Charlie Charlie Christian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Armstrong , Louis Louis Armstrong </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Rainey , Ma Ma Rainey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Howlin ' Wolf </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> James , Elmore Elmore James </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Longhair , Professor Professor Longhair </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Washington , Dinah Dinah Washington </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Dixon , Willie Willie Dixon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Orioles , The The Orioles </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Seeger , Pete Pete Seeger </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Jackson , Mahalia Mahalia Jackson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Monroe , Bill Bill Monroe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Jelly Roll Morton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Brown , Charles Charles Brown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Cole , Nat ! Nat King Cole </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Holiday , Billie Billie Holiday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Jackson , Wanda Wanda Jackson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> King , Freddie Freddie King </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 5 Royalses ! The `` 5 '' Royales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Tharpe , Sister Rosetta Sister Rosetta Tharpe </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ^ A. Inducted members : Bill Kenny , Charlie Fuqua , Deek Watson , and Orville `` Hoppy '' Jones . ^ B. Inducted members : Roy Crain Sr. , R.H. Harris , Jesse Farley , and E.A. Rundless . ^ C. Inducted members : Sonny Til , Tommy Gaither , George Nelson , Johnny Reed , and Alexander Sharp . ^ D. Inducted members : Bob Wills , Tommy Duncan , Leon McAuliffe , Johnny Gimble , Joe `` Jody '' Holley , Tiny Moore , Herb Remington , Eldon Shamblin , and Al Stricklin . ^ E. Nominated as a performer . ^ F. Inducted members : John L. Tanner , Eugene Tanner , James E. Moore , Obadiah H. Carter and Lowman Pauling , Jr </P> <H3> Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegün Award ) ( edit ) </H3> Carole King , inducted in 1990 Dick Clark , inducted in 1993 Clive Davis , inducted in 2000 <P> The non-performer category honors `` songwriters , producers , disc jockeys , record executives , journalists and other industry professionals who have had a major influence on the development of rock and roll . '' Several of the inductees in this category were in fact prominent performers as well . The inductees in this category are selected by the same committee that chooses the early influences . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . This category has been criticized for inducting those that have `` been coming to the dinner for years and paying for their tickets '' and not revealing their full criteria . In 2008 , this category was renamed the `` Ahmet Ertegün Award '' . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Freed , Alan Alan Freed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Phillips , Sam Sam Phillips </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chess , Leonard Leonard Chess </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ertegun , Ahmet Ahmet Ertegun </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Leiber ! Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wexler , Jerry Jerry Wexler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Gordy , Jr. , Berry Berry Gordy , Jr . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Spector , Phil Phil Spector </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Gerry Goffin and Carole King </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Holland -- Dozier -- Holland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Bartholomew , Dave Dave Bartholomew </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Bass , Ralph Ralph Bass </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Fender , Leo Leo Fender </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Graham , Bill Bill Graham </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Pomus , Doc Doc Pomus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Clark , Dick Dick Clark </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Gabler , Milt Milt Gabler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Otis , Johnny Johnny Otis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Ackerman , Paul Paul Ackerman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Donahue , Tom Tom Donahue </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Nathan , Syd Syd Nathan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Toussaint , Allen Allen Toussaint </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Martin , George George Martin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Davis , Clive Clive Davis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Blackwell , Chris Chris Blackwell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Stewart , Jim Jim Stewart </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Ostin , Mo Mo Ostin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Geffen , David David Geffen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Blackwell , Otis Otis Blackwell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Shuman , Mort Mort Shuman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stone , Jesse Jesse Stone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Holzman , Jac Jac Holzman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Rupe , Art Art Rupe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Kirshner , Don Don Kirshner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Adler , Lou Lou Adler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Jones , Quincy Quincy Jones </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Epstein , Brian Brian Epstein </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Andrew Loog Oldham </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Berns , Bert Bert Berns </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Award for Musical Excellence ( edit ) </H3> Leon Russell , inducted in 2011 . <P> This category , which replaced sidemen , `` honors those musicians , producers and others who have spent their careers out of the spotlight working with major artists on various parts of their recording and live careers . '' </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Russell , Leon Leon Russell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Matassa , Cosimo Cosimo Matassa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Dowd , Tom Tom Dowd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Johns , Glyn Glyn Johns </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> E Street Band </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Ringo Starr </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Nile Rodgers </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ^ G. Inducted members : Garry Tallent , Roy Bittan , Max Weinberg , Steven Van Zandt , Nils Lofgren , Patti Scialfa , Clarence Clemons , Danny Federici , Vini Lopez , David Sancious . </P> <H3> Singles ( edit ) </H3> <P> At the 2018 ceremony , a new induction category for singles was announced by Steven Van Zandt . According to Van Zandt , the category is `` a recognition of the excellence of the singles that shaped rock ' n ' roll , kind of a rock ' n ' roll jukebox , records by artists not in the Rock Hall -- which is not to say these artists will never be in the Rock Hall . They just are not in the Rock Hall at the moment . '' </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Artist </Th> <Th> Song ( Year ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats </Td> <Td> `` Rocket 88 '' ( 1951 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Link Wray </Td> <Td> `` Rumble '' ( 1958 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Chubby Checker </Td> <Td> `` The Twist '' ( 1960 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> The Kingsmen </Td> <Td> `` Louie Louie '' ( 1963 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Procol Harum </Td> <Td> `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ( 1967 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Steppenwolf </Td> <Td> `` Born to Be Wild '' ( 1968 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Sidemen ( edit ) </H3> <P> Established in 2000 , the sidemen category `` honors those musicians who have spent their careers out of the spotlight , performing as backup musicians for major artists on recording sessions and in concert . '' A separate committee , composed mainly of producers , chooses the inductees . In 2010 , the category was renamed to `` Award for Musical Excellence '' . According to Joel Peresman , the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation , `` This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized . '' </P> James Burton , inducted in 2001 . <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Instrument </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Blaine , Hal Hal Blaine </Td> <Td> Drums </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Curtis , King King Curtis </Td> <Td> Saxophone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Jamerson , James James Jamerson </Td> <Td> Bass guitar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Moore , Scotty Scotty Moore </Td> <Td> Guitar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Palmer , Earl Earl Palmer </Td> <Td> Drums </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Burton , James James Burton </Td> <Td> Guitar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Johnson , Johnnie Johnnie Johnson </Td> <Td> Piano </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Atkins , Chet Chet Atkins </Td> <Td> Guitar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Benjamin , Benny Benny Benjamin </Td> <Td> Drums </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Cramer , Floyd Floyd Cramer </Td> <Td> Piano </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Douglas , Steve Steve Douglas </Td> <Td> Saxophone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Walter , Little Little Walter </Td> <Td> Harmonica </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Black , Bill Bill Black </Td> <Td> Bass guitar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Fontana , D.J. D.J. Fontana </Td> <Td> Drums </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Oldham , Spooner Spooner Oldham </Td> <Td> Keyboard </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Lifetime achievement ( edit ) </H3> <P> The following were inducted for `` Lifetime Achievement in the Non-Performer Category . '' </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Hammond , John John Hammond </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Ertegun , Nesuhi Nesuhi Ertegun </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wenner , Jann Jann Wenner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Barsalona , Frank Frank Barsalona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Stein , Seymour Seymour Stein </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Multiple inductees ( edit ) </H2> <P> As of 2017 , 22 performers have been inducted twice or more ; fourteen have been recognized as a solo artist and with a band and seven have been inducted with two separate bands . Eric Clapton is the only one to be inducted three times : as a solo artist , with Cream and The Yardbirds . Clyde McPhatter was the first to ever be inducted twice and is one of three artists to be inducted first as a solo artist and then as a member of a band , the other artists being Neil Young and Rod Stewart . Stephen Stills is the only artist to be inducted twice in the same year . Crosby , Stills & Nash , inducted in 1997 , is the only band to see all of its inducted members be inducted with other acts : David Crosby with The Byrds in 1991 , Stephen Stills with Buffalo Springfield in 1997 , and Graham Nash with The Hollies in 2010 . </P> <P> One inducted band was a spinoff of another inducted band : Journey was founded by two former members of Santana . </P> <P> The Beatles , inducted in 1988 , is the second band to have all of its members be inducted , as well as the only band to have each of its members be inducted for their solo careers as their second induction . Ringo Starr is the first inductee to be inducted twice in different categories ( The Beatles were inducted in the performers category in 1988 and Starr was inducted as a solo artist in the Award for Musical Excellence category in 2015 ) . He also holds the record for the longest time between first and second inductions , at 27 years . Both of Stills ' inductions happened during the 1997 ceremony and Clapton and McPhatter were inducted in back - to - back years ( 1987 / 88 for McPhatter , 1992 / 93 for Clapton , as well as his solo induction in 2000 ) . </P> <P> The Traveling Wilburys are the only band to have all of its members be inducted without the band itself having been inducted : Roy Orbison as a solo artist in 1987 , Bob Dylan as a solo artist in 1988 , George Harrison with the Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 2004 , Tom Petty with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers in 2002 , and Jeff Lynne with the Electric Light Orchestra in 2017 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> First </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Second </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Third </Th> <Th> Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Beck , Jeff Jeff Beck </Td> <Td> Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> zzzzz ! Solo career </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Carter , Johnny Johnny Carter </Td> <Td> Flamingos ! The Flamingos </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Dells ! The Dells </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Clapton , Eric Eric Clapton </Td> <Td> Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Cream </Td> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Solo career </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Crosby , David David Crosby </Td> <Td> Byrds ! The Byrds </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Crosby , Stills & Nash </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gabriel , Peter Peter Gabriel </Td> <Td> Genesis ! Genesis </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Solo career </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Harrison , George George Harrison </Td> <Td> Beatles ! The Beatles </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> zzzzz ! Solo career </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Jackson Five ! The Jackson Five </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> zzzzz ! Solo career </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lennon , John John Lennon </Td> <Td> Beatles ! The Beatles </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> zzzzz ! Solo career </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mayfield , Curtis Curtis Mayfield </Td> <Td> Impressions ! The Impressions </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> zzzzz ! Solo career </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> McCartney , Paul Paul McCartney </Td> <Td> Beatles ! The Beatles </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> zzzzz ! Solo career </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> McPhatter , Clyde Clyde McPhatter </Td> <Td> zzzzz ! Solo career </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Drifters ! The Drifters </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nash , Graham Graham Nash </Td> <Td> Crosby , Stills & Nash </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Hollies ! The Hollies </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Page , Jimmy Jimmy Page </Td> <Td> Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Led Zeppelin </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Reed , Lou Lou Reed </Td> <Td> Velvet Underground ! The Velvet Underground </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> zzzzz ! Solo career </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rolie , Gregg Gregg Rolie </Td> <Td> Santana </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Journey </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Simon , Paul Paul Simon </Td> <Td> Simon and Garfunkel </Td> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> zzzzz ! Solo career </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Starr , Ringo Ringo Starr </Td> <Td> Beatles ! The Beatles </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Award For Musical Excellence , Solo career </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stewart , Rod Rod Stewart </Td> <Td> zzzzz ! Solo career </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Faces </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stills , Stephen Stephen Stills </Td> <Td> Buffalo Springfield </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Crosby , Stills & Nash </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Strain , Sammy ! Sammy Strain </Td> <Td> The O'Jays </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Little Anthony & The Imperials </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wood , Ronnie Ronnie Wood </Td> <Td> Rolling Stones ! The Rolling Stones </Td> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Faces </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Young , Neil Neil Young </Td> <Td> zzzzz ! Solo career </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Buffalo Springfield </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> General </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> `` Inductee list '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 02 . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Specific </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inductees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Induction Ceremony and Process '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Troy L. ( 2016 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Cleveland will host Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Ceremony every two years '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( April 4 , 2001 ) . `` Rock Hall of Fame Fallout : ' There Is Resentment Building Up '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Selvin , Joel ( November 14 , 2007 ) . `` View : Rock and Roll Hall offers lackluster candidates '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sinkevics , John ( March 11 , 2007 ) . `` Hall voters ' bias leaves prog - rock out -- again '' . The Grand Rapids Press . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Hall Voting Scandal : Rock Group Actually Won '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 10 Most COntroversial Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Moments '' . billboard.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Were not coming . Were not your monkey and so what ? '' ( sic ) Official announcement from the Sex Pistols regarding the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on February 24 , 2006 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Crickets , Famous Flames , Comets , Miracles , Midnighters and Blue Caps added to Rock Hall induction ceremony '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Famers '' . Future Rock Legends . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Everly Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Coasters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Beach Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Beatles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Drifters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Supremes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Temptations '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Four Seasons '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Four Tops '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Kinks '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Platters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Simon & Garfunkel '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Who '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Byrds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Impressions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ike & Tina Turner '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Booker T . & The M.G. 's '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Isley Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Jimi Hendrix Experience '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sam & Dave '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Yardbirds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cream '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Creedence Clearwater Revival '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Doors '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sly & The Family Stone '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Animals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Grateful Dead '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Allman Brothers Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Martha & The Vandellas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gladys Knight & the Pips '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jefferson Airplane '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Shirelles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Velvet Underground '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Bee Gees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Springfield '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Crosby , Stills & Nash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Jackson Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Parliament - Funkadelic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Rascals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eagles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fleetwood Mac '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Mamas & The Papas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Santana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Staple Singers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Soeder , John ( September 22 , 1999 ) . `` Canton 's O'Jays , Aerosmith among Rock Hall finalists '' . The Plain Dealer . p. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Flamingos '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Queen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Steely Dan '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ramones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Talking Heads '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AC / DC '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Clash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Elvis Costello & the Attractions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Police '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Righteous Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Dells '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Traffic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ZZ Top '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The O'Jays '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Pretenders '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U2 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Black Sabbath '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Blondie '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lynyrd Skynyrd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sex Pistols '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` R.E.M. '' Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Ronettes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Van Halen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Dave Clark Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Ventures '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Little Anthony and the Imperials '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Metallica '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Run - D.M.C. '' Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ABBA '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Genesis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Hollies '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Stooges '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alice Cooper Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Beastie Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Blue Caps '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Comets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Crickets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Famous Flames '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Midnighters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Miracles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Small Faces / Faces '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Heart '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Public Enemy '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rush '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Daryl Hall and John Oates '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kiss '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nirvana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Paul Butterfield Blues Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Joan Jett & the Blackhearts '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lou Reed '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Green Day '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stevie Ray Vaughan & Double Trouble '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cheap Trick '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chicago '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Deep Purple '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` N.W.A '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Electric Light Orchestra '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Journey '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Yes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Cars '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dire Straits '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Moody Blues '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dire Straits Awkwardly Enter Rock Hall Of Fame Without An Induction Speaker Or A Performance '' . Stereogum. 15 April 2018 . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Ink Spots '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Soul Stirrers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Orioles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The `` 5 '' Royales `` . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roger Friedman ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` Golden Globes : Stars Fill in Blanks ; Rock Hall of Fame '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Inductees for 2008 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame official website . December 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Class of 2017 Inductions '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inducts Songs for the First Time , Including ' Born to Be Wild ' & ' Louie Louie ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame introduces new category for singles '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Neil Diamond , Alice Cooper , Dr. John , Darlene Love and Tom Waits headed into Rock Hall '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hal Blaine '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` King Curtis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` James Jamerson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Scotty Moore '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Earl Palmer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` James Burton '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Johnnie Johnson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chet Atkins '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Benny Benjamin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Floyd Cramer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Steve Douglas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Little Walter '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bill Black '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` DJ Fontana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spooner Oldham '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame makes Clapton first triple inductee '' . CNN . March 7 , 2000 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Classes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_inductees&oldid=843485061 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Music - related lists </Li> <Li> Lists of musicians </Li> <Li> Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from December 2014 </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles containing potentially dated statements </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> Featured lists </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> مصرى </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 5 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 13 : 05 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Carol Ann Susi - wikipedia <H1> Carol Ann Susi </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Carol Ann Susi </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> ( 1952 - 02 - 02 ) February 2 , 1952 Brooklyn , New York , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) ( aged 62 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cause of death </Th> <Td> Cancer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Td> American </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actress </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1974 -- 2014 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Carol Ann Susi ( February 2 , 1952 -- November 11 , 2014 ) was an American actress . She was known for providing the voice of recurring unseen character Mrs. Wolowitz , mother of Howard Wolowitz , on the television series The Big Bang Theory . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Career </Li> <Li> 2 Personal life </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Career ( edit ) </H2> <P> Susi made her first screen appearance in Kolchak : The Night Stalker . Other television and film credits included : McMillan & Wife , Coyote Ugly , Just Go with It , The Big Bang Theory , Becker , Grey 's Anatomy , That ' 70s Show , Out of Practice , Cats & Dogs , Just Shoot Me , Married ... with Children , Night Court , The King of Queens , Death Becomes Her , Seinfeld , The Secret of My Success , My Blue Heaven , and Sabrina , the Teenage Witch . She also had extensive experience in live theatre and voiced a character on the video game installment of CSI : NY . </P> <H2> Personal life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Carol Ann Susi was born in Brooklyn , of Italian descent . She studied acting at HB Studio in New York City before moving to Los Angeles in the 1970s . </P> <P> Susi died of cancer on November 11 , 2014 , in Los Angeles , California , at age 62 . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Jason ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Carol Ann Susi , ' Big Bang Theory 's ' Mrs. Wolowitz , Dead at 62 '' . The Wrap . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Big Bang Theory actress dies at 62 '' . The Globe and Mail . November 12 , 2014 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morris , Joan ( March 14 , 2009 ) . `` Who 's the Voice of ' Big Bang ' Mother ? '' . Contra Costa Times . p. 2A . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Salem , Rob ( January 24 , 2009 ) . `` Nerd herd doing a bang - up job '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` TV Q&A with Rob Owen '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robinson , Johnny ( September 27 , 1974 ) . `` Radio and TV plus Video Versions '' . Lewiston Evening Journal . p. 21 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Drake , Sylvie ( September 16 , 1988 ) . `` ' Ladies ' Room ' Lives Up to Expectations of Racy Domain '' . Los Angeles Times . p . C6 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ( December 19 , 1995 ) . `` Ollstein 's ' Pot Roast ' Is Rich in Flavor '' . Los Angeles Times . p . F8 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Carol Ann Susi , ' Big Bang Theory 's Mrs. Wolowitz , Dead '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Carol Ann Susi , Voice Behind Big Bang Theory 's Mrs. Wolowitz , Dead at 62 '' . TV Line . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Carol Ann Susi on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> GND : 1061791513 </Li> <Li> VIAF : 311656933 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carol_Ann_Susi&oldid=823767932 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1952 births </Li> <Li> 2014 deaths </Li> <Li> 20th - century American actresses </Li> <Li> 21st - century American actresses </Li> <Li> Actresses from Los Angeles </Li> <Li> Actresses from New York City </Li> <Li> Actresses of Italian descent </Li> <Li> American film actresses </Li> <Li> American people of Italian descent </Li> <Li> American television actresses </Li> <Li> American voice actresses </Li> <Li> Deaths from cancer in California </Li> <Li> Deaths from cancer of unknown primary origin </Li> <Li> People from Brooklyn </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> تۆرکجه </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> 6 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 3 February 2018 , at 08 : 02 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Cluster analysis - Wikipedia <H1> Cluster analysis </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the supervised learning approach , see Statistical classification . <Table> <Tr> <Th> Machine learning and data mining </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Problems ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Classification </Li> <Li> Clustering </Li> <Li> Regression </Li> <Li> Anomaly detection </Li> <Li> Association rules </Li> <Li> Reinforcement learning </Li> <Li> Structured prediction </Li> <Li> Feature engineering </Li> <Li> Feature learning </Li> <Li> Online learning </Li> <Li> Semi-supervised learning </Li> <Li> Unsupervised learning </Li> <Li> Learning to rank </Li> <Li> Grammar induction </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Supervised learning ( classification regression ) ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Decision trees </Li> <Li> Ensembles ( Bagging , Boosting , Random forest ) </Li> <Li> k - NN </Li> <Li> Linear regression </Li> <Li> Naive Bayes </Li> <Li> Neural networks </Li> <Li> Logistic regression </Li> <Li> Perceptron </Li> <Li> Relevance vector machine ( RVM ) </Li> <Li> Support vector machine ( SVM ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clustering ( show ) <Ul> <Li> BIRCH </Li> <Li> CURE </Li> <Li> Hierarchical </Li> <Li> k - means </Li> <Li> Expectation -- maximization ( EM ) </Li> <Li> DBSCAN </Li> <Li> OPTICS </Li> <Li> Mean - shift </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dimensionality reduction ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Factor analysis </Li> <Li> CCA </Li> <Li> ICA </Li> <Li> LDA </Li> <Li> NMF </Li> <Li> PCA </Li> <Li> t - SNE </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Structured prediction ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Graphical models ( Bayes net , CRF , HMM ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anomaly detection ( show ) <Ul> <Li> k - NN </Li> <Li> Local outlier factor </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Neural nets ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Autoencoder </Li> <Li> Deep learning </Li> <Li> Multilayer perceptron </Li> <Li> RNN </Li> <Li> Restricted Boltzmann machine </Li> <Li> SOM </Li> <Li> Convolutional neural network </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reinforcement learning ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Q - learning </Li> <Li> SARSA </Li> <Li> Temporal difference ( TD ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Theory ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Bias - variance dilemma </Li> <Li> Computational learning theory </Li> <Li> Empirical risk minimization </Li> <Li> Occam learning </Li> <Li> PAC learning </Li> <Li> Statistical learning </Li> <Li> VC theory </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Machine - learning venues ( show ) <Ul> <Li> NIPS </Li> <Li> ICML </Li> <Li> ML </Li> <Li> JMLR </Li> <Li> ArXiv : cs. LG </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Related articles ( show ) <Ul> <Li> List of datasets for machine - learning research </Li> <Li> Outline of machine learning </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Machine learning portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> The result of a cluster analysis shown as the coloring of the squares into three clusters . <P> Cluster analysis or clustering is the task of grouping a set of objects in such a way that objects in the same group ( called a cluster ) are more similar ( in some sense or another ) to each other than to those in other groups ( clusters ) . It is a main task of exploratory data mining , and a common technique for statistical data analysis , used in many fields , including machine learning , pattern recognition , image analysis , information retrieval , bioinformatics , data compression , and computer graphics . </P> <P> Cluster analysis itself is not one specific algorithm , but the general task to be solved . It can be achieved by various algorithms that differ significantly in their notion of what constitutes a cluster and how to efficiently find them . Popular notions of clusters include groups with small distances among the cluster members , dense areas of the data space , intervals or particular statistical distributions . Clustering can therefore be formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem . The appropriate clustering algorithm and parameter settings ( including values such as the distance function to use , a density threshold or the number of expected clusters ) depend on the individual data set and intended use of the results . Cluster analysis as such is not an automatic task , but an iterative process of knowledge discovery or interactive multi-objective optimization that involves trial and failure . It is often necessary to modify data preprocessing and model parameters until the result achieves the desired properties . </P> <P> Besides the term clustering , there are a number of terms with similar meanings , including automatic classification , numerical taxonomy , botryology ( from Greek βότρυς `` grape '' ) and typological analysis . The subtle differences are often in the usage of the results : while in data mining , the resulting groups are the matter of interest , in automatic classification the resulting discriminative power is of interest . </P> <P> Cluster analysis was originated in anthropology by Driver and Kroeber in 1932 and introduced to psychology by Zubin in 1938 and Robert Tryon in 1939 and famously used by Cattell beginning in 1943 for trait theory classification in personality psychology . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Definition </Li> <Li> 2 Algorithms <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Connectivity - based clustering ( hierarchical clustering ) </Li> <Li> 2.2 Centroid - based clustering </Li> <Li> 2.3 Distribution - based clustering </Li> <Li> 2.4 Density - based clustering </Li> <Li> 2.5 Recent developments </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Evaluation and assessment <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Internal evaluation </Li> <Li> 3.2 External evaluation </Li> <Li> 3.3 Cluster tendency </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Applications </Li> <Li> 5 See also <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Specialized types of cluster analysis </Li> <Li> 5.2 Techniques used in cluster analysis </Li> <Li> 5.3 Data projection and preprocessing </Li> <Li> 5.4 Other </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Definition ( edit ) </H2> <P> The notion of a `` cluster '' can not be precisely defined , which is one of the reasons why there are so many clustering algorithms . There is a common denominator : a group of data objects . However , different researchers employ different cluster models , and for each of these cluster models again different algorithms can be given . The notion of a cluster , as found by different algorithms , varies significantly in its properties . Understanding these `` cluster models '' is key to understanding the differences between the various algorithms . Typical cluster models include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Connectivity model s : for example , hierarchical clustering builds models based on distance connectivity . </Li> <Li> Centroid model s : for example , the k - means algorithm represents each cluster by a single mean vector . </Li> <Li> Distribution model s : clusters are modeled using statistical distributions , such as multivariate normal distributions used by the expectation - maximization algorithm . </Li> <Li> Density model s : for example , DBSCAN and OPTICS defines clusters as connected dense regions in the data space . </Li> <Li> Subspace model s : in biclustering ( also known as co-clustering or two - mode - clustering ) , clusters are modeled with both cluster members and relevant attributes . </Li> <Li> Group model s : some algorithms do not provide a refined model for their results and just provide the grouping information . </Li> <Li> Graph - based model s : a clique , that is , a subset of nodes in a graph such that every two nodes in the subset are connected by an edge can be considered as a prototypical form of cluster . Relaxations of the complete connectivity requirement ( a fraction of the edges can be missing ) are known as quasi-cliques , as in the HCS clustering algorithm . </Li> <Li> Neural model s : the most well known unsupervised neural network is the self - organizing map and these models can usually be characterized as similar to one or more of the above models , and including subspace models when neural networks implement a form of Principal Component Analysis or Independent Component Analysis . </Li> </Ul> <P> A `` clustering '' is essentially a set of such clusters , usually containing all objects in the data set . Additionally , it may specify the relationship of the clusters to each other , for example , a hierarchy of clusters embedded in each other . Clusterings can be roughly distinguished as : </P> <Ul> <Li> Hard clustering : each object belongs to a cluster or not </Li> <Li> Soft clustering ( also : fuzzy clustering ) : each object belongs to each cluster to a certain degree ( for example , a likelihood of belonging to the cluster ) </Li> </Ul> <P> There are also finer distinctions possible , for example : </P> <Ul> <Li> Strict partitioning clustering : each object belongs to exactly one cluster </Li> <Li> Strict partitioning clustering with outliers : objects can also belong to no cluster , and are considered outliers </Li> <Li> Overlapping clustering ( also : alternative clustering , multi-view clustering ) : objects may belong to more than one cluster ; usually involving hard clusters </Li> <Li> Hierarchical clustering : objects that belong to a child cluster also belong to the parent cluster </Li> <Li> Subspace clustering : while an overlapping clustering , within a uniquely defined subspace , clusters are not expected to overlap </Li> </Ul> <H2> Algorithms ( edit ) </H2> Main category : Cluster analysis algorithms <P> Clustering algorithms can be categorized based on their cluster model , as listed above . The following overview will only list the most prominent examples of clustering algorithms , as there are possibly over 100 published clustering algorithms . Not all provide models for their clusters and can thus not easily be categorized . An overview of algorithms explained in Wikipedia can be found in the list of statistics algorithms . </P> <P> There is no objectively `` correct '' clustering algorithm , but as it was noted , `` clustering is in the eye of the beholder . '' The most appropriate clustering algorithm for a particular problem often needs to be chosen experimentally , unless there is a mathematical reason to prefer one cluster model over another . It should be noted that an algorithm that is designed for one kind of model will generally fail on a data set that contains a radically different kind of model . For example , k - means can not find non-convex clusters . </P> <H3> Connectivity - based clustering ( hierarchical clustering ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Hierarchical clustering <P> Connectivity based clustering , also known as hierarchical clustering , is based on the core idea of objects being more related to nearby objects than to objects farther away . These algorithms connect `` objects '' to form `` clusters '' based on their distance . A cluster can be described largely by the maximum distance needed to connect parts of the cluster . At different distances , different clusters will form , which can be represented using a dendrogram , which explains where the common name `` hierarchical clustering '' comes from : these algorithms do not provide a single partitioning of the data set , but instead provide an extensive hierarchy of clusters that merge with each other at certain distances . In a dendrogram , the y - axis marks the distance at which the clusters merge , while the objects are placed along the x-axis such that the clusters do n't mix . </P> <P> Connectivity based clustering is a whole family of methods that differ by the way distances are computed . Apart from the usual choice of distance functions , the user also needs to decide on the linkage criterion ( since a cluster consists of multiple objects , there are multiple candidates to compute the distance ) to use . Popular choices are known as single - linkage clustering ( the minimum of object distances ) , complete linkage clustering ( the maximum of object distances ) or UPGMA ( `` Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean '' , also known as average linkage clustering ) . Furthermore , hierarchical clustering can be agglomerative ( starting with single elements and aggregating them into clusters ) or divisive ( starting with the complete data set and dividing it into partitions ) . </P> <P> These methods will not produce a unique partitioning of the data set , but a hierarchy from which the user still needs to choose appropriate clusters . They are not very robust towards outliers , which will either show up as additional clusters or even cause other clusters to merge ( known as `` chaining phenomenon '' , in particular with single - linkage clustering ) . In the general case , the complexity is O ( n 3 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathcal ( O ) ) ( n ^ ( 3 ) ) ) for agglomerative clustering and O ( 2 n − 1 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathcal ( O ) ) ( 2 ^ ( n - 1 ) ) ) for divisive clustering , which makes them too slow for large data sets . For some special cases , optimal efficient methods ( of complexity O ( n 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathcal ( O ) ) ( n ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) are known : SLINK for single - linkage and CLINK for complete - linkage clustering . In the data mining community these methods are recognized as a theoretical foundation of cluster analysis , but often considered obsolete . They did however provide inspiration for many later methods such as density based clustering . </P> <Ul> <Li> Linkage clustering examples </Li> <Li> <P> Single - linkage on Gaussian data . At 35 clusters , the biggest cluster starts fragmenting into smaller parts , while before it was still connected to the second largest due to the single - link effect . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Single - linkage on density - based clusters . 20 clusters extracted , most of which contain single elements , since linkage clustering does not have a notion of `` noise '' . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Centroid - based clustering ( edit ) </H3> Main article : k - means clustering <P> In centroid - based clustering , clusters are represented by a central vector , which may not necessarily be a member of the data set . When the number of clusters is fixed to k , k - means clustering gives a formal definition as an optimization problem : find the k cluster centers and assign the objects to the nearest cluster center , such that the squared distances from the cluster are minimized . </P> <P> The optimization problem itself is known to be NP - hard , and thus the common approach is to search only for approximate solutions . A particularly well known approximate method is Lloyd 's algorithm , often just referred to as `` k - means algorithm '' ( although another algorithm introduced this name ) . It does however only find a local optimum , and is commonly run multiple times with different random initializations . Variations of k - means often include such optimizations as choosing the best of multiple runs , but also restricting the centroids to members of the data set ( k - medoids ) , choosing medians ( k - medians clustering ) , choosing the initial centers less randomly ( k - means++ ) or allowing a fuzzy cluster assignment ( fuzzy c - means ) . </P> <P> Most k - means - type algorithms require the number of clusters - k - to be specified in advance , which is considered to be one of the biggest drawbacks of these algorithms . Furthermore , the algorithms prefer clusters of approximately similar size , as they will always assign an object to the nearest centroid . This often leads to incorrectly cut borders of clusters ( which is not surprising since the algorithm optimizes cluster centers , not cluster borders ) . </P> <P> K - means has a number of interesting theoretical properties . First , it partitions the data space into a structure known as a Voronoi diagram . Second , it is conceptually close to nearest neighbor classification , and as such is popular in machine learning . Third , it can be seen as a variation of model based clustering , and Lloyd 's algorithm as a variation of the Expectation - maximization algorithm for this model discussed below . </P> <Ul> <Li> k - means clustering examples </Li> <Li> <P> K - means separates data into Voronoi - cells , which assumes equal - sized clusters ( not adequate here ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> K - means can not represent density - based clusters </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Distribution - based clustering ( edit ) </H3> <P> The clustering model most closely related to statistics is based on distribution models . Clusters can then easily be defined as objects belonging most likely to the same distribution . A convenient property of this approach is that this closely resembles the way artificial data sets are generated : by sampling random objects from a distribution . </P> <P> While the theoretical foundation of these methods is excellent , they suffer from one key problem known as overfitting , unless constraints are put on the model complexity . A more complex model will usually be able to explain the data better , which makes choosing the appropriate model complexity inherently difficult . </P> <P> One prominent method is known as Gaussian mixture models ( using the expectation - maximization algorithm ) . Here , the data set is usually modeled with a fixed ( to avoid overfitting ) number of Gaussian distributions that are initialized randomly and whose parameters are iteratively optimized to better fit the data set . This will converge to a local optimum , so multiple runs may produce different results . In order to obtain a hard clustering , objects are often then assigned to the Gaussian distribution they most likely belong to ; for soft clusterings , this is not necessary . </P> <P> Distribution - based clustering produces complex models for clusters that can capture correlation and dependence between attributes . However , these algorithms put an extra burden on the user : for many real data sets , there may be no concisely defined mathematical model ( e.g. assuming Gaussian distributions is a rather strong assumption on the data ) . </P> <Ul> <Li> Expectation - maximization ( EM ) clustering examples </Li> <Li> <P> On Gaussian - distributed data , EM works well , since it uses Gaussians for modelling clusters </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Density - based clusters can not be modeled using Gaussian distributions </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Density - based clustering ( edit ) </H3> <P> In density - based clustering , clusters are defined as areas of higher density than the remainder of the data set . Objects in these sparse areas - that are required to separate clusters - are usually considered to be noise and border points . </P> <P> The most popular density based clustering method is DBSCAN . In contrast to many newer methods , it features a well - defined cluster model called `` density - reachability '' . Similar to linkage based clustering , it is based on connecting points within certain distance thresholds . However , it only connects points that satisfy a density criterion , in the original variant defined as a minimum number of other objects within this radius . A cluster consists of all density - connected objects ( which can form a cluster of an arbitrary shape , in contrast to many other methods ) plus all objects that are within these objects ' range . Another interesting property of DBSCAN is that its complexity is fairly low - it requires a linear number of range queries on the database - and that it will discover essentially the same results ( it is deterministic for core and noise points , but not for border points ) in each run , therefore there is no need to run it multiple times . OPTICS is a generalization of DBSCAN that removes the need to choose an appropriate value for the range parameter ε ( \ displaystyle \ varepsilon ) , and produces a hierarchical result related to that of linkage clustering . DeLi - Clu , Density - Link - Clustering combines ideas from single - linkage clustering and OPTICS , eliminating the ε ( \ displaystyle \ varepsilon ) parameter entirely and offering performance improvements over OPTICS by using an R - tree index . </P> <P> The key drawback of DBSCAN and OPTICS is that they expect some kind of density drop to detect cluster borders . On data sets with , for example , overlapping Gaussian distributions - a common use case in artificial data - the cluster borders produced by these algorithms will often look arbitrary , because the cluster density decreases continuously . On a data set consisting of mixtures of Gaussians , these algorithms are nearly always outperformed by methods such as EM clustering that are able to precisely model this kind of data . </P> <P> Mean - shift is a clustering approach where each object is moved to the densest area in its vicinity , based on kernel density estimation . Eventually , objects converge to local maxima of density . Similar to k - means clustering , these `` density attractors '' can serve as representatives for the data set , but mean - shift can detect arbitrary - shaped clusters similar to DBSCAN . Due to the expensive iterative procedure and density estimation , mean - shift is usually slower than DBSCAN or k - Means . Besides that , the applicability of the mean - shift algorithm to multidimensional data is hindered by the unsmooth behaviour of the kernel density estimate , which results in over-fragmentation of cluster tails . </P> <Ul> <Li> Density - based clustering examples </Li> <Li> <P> Density - based clustering with DBSCAN . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> DBSCAN assumes clusters of similar density , and may have problems separating nearby clusters </P> </Li> <Li> <P> OPTICS is a DBSCAN variant that handles different densities much better </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recent developments ( edit ) </H3> <P> In recent years considerable effort has been put into improving the performance of existing algorithms . Among them are CLARANS ( Ng and Han , 1994 ) , and BIRCH ( Zhang et al. , 1996 ) . With the recent need to process larger and larger data sets ( also known as big data ) , the willingness to trade semantic meaning of the generated clusters for performance has been increasing . This led to the development of pre-clustering methods such as canopy clustering , which can process huge data sets efficiently , but the resulting `` clusters '' are merely a rough pre-partitioning of the data set to then analyze the partitions with existing slower methods such as k - means clustering . Various other approaches to clustering have been tried such as seed based clustering . </P> <P> For high - dimensional data , many of the existing methods fail due to the curse of dimensionality , which renders particular distance functions problematic in high - dimensional spaces . This led to new clustering algorithms for high - dimensional data that focus on subspace clustering ( where only some attributes are used , and cluster models include the relevant attributes for the cluster ) and correlation clustering that also looks for arbitrary rotated ( `` correlated '' ) subspace clusters that can be modeled by giving a correlation of their attributes . Examples for such clustering algorithms are CLIQUE and SUBCLU . </P> <P> Ideas from density - based clustering methods ( in particular the DBSCAN / OPTICS family of algorithms ) have been adopted to subspace clustering ( HiSC , hierarchical subspace clustering and DiSH ) and correlation clustering ( HiCO , hierarchical correlation clustering , 4C using `` correlation connectivity '' and ERiC exploring hierarchical density - based correlation clusters ) . </P> <P> Several different clustering systems based on mutual information have been proposed . One is Marina Meilă 's variation of information metric ; another provides hierarchical clustering . Using genetic algorithms , a wide range of different fit - functions can be optimized , including mutual information . Also message passing algorithms , a recent development in computer science and statistical physics , has led to the creation of new types of clustering algorithms . </P> <H2> Evaluation and assessment ( edit ) </H2> <P> Evaluation ( or `` validation '' ) of clustering results is as difficult as the clustering itself . Popular approaches involve `` internal '' evaluation , where the clustering is summarized to a single quality score , `` external '' evaluation , where the clustering is compared to an existing `` ground truth '' classification , `` manual '' evaluation by a human expert , and `` indirect '' evaluation by evaluating the utility of the clustering in its intended application . </P> <P> Internal evaluation measures suffer from the problem that they represent functions that themselves can be seen as a clustering objective . For example , one could cluster the data set by the Silhouette coefficient ; except that there is no known efficient algorithm for this . By using such an internal measure for evaluation , we rather compare the similarity of the optimization problems , and not necessarily how useful the clustering is . </P> <P> External evaluation has similar problems : if we have such `` ground truth '' labels , then we would not need to cluster ; and in practical applications we usually do not have such labels . On the other hand , the labels only reflect one possible partitioning of the data set , which does not imply that there does not exist a different , and maybe even better , clustering . </P> <P> Neither of these approaches can therefore ultimately judge the actual quality of a clustering , but this needs human evaluation , which is highly subjective . Nevertheless , such statistics can be quite informative in identifying bad clusterings , but one should not dismiss subjective human evaluation . </P> <H3> Internal evaluation ( edit ) </H3> See also : Determining the number of clusters in a data set <P> When a clustering result is evaluated based on the data that was clustered itself , this is called internal evaluation . Those that use a gold standard are called external measures and are discussed in the next section - although when they are symmetric they may also be used as measures between two clusters for internal evaluation . These methods usually assign the best score to the algorithm that produces clusters with high similarity within a cluster and low similarity between clusters . One drawback of using internal criteria in cluster evaluation is that high scores on an internal measure do not necessarily result in effective information retrieval applications . Additionally , this evaluation is biased towards algorithms that use the same cluster model . For example , k - means clustering naturally optimizes object distances , and a distance - based internal criterion will likely overrate the resulting clustering . </P> <P> Therefore , the internal evaluation measures are best suited to get some insight into situations where one algorithm performs better than another , but this shall not imply that one algorithm produces more valid results than another . Validity as measured by such an index depends on the claim that this kind of structure exists in the data set . An algorithm designed for some kind of models has no chance if the data set contains a radically different set of models , or if the evaluation measures a radically different criterion . For example , k - means clustering can only find convex clusters , and many evaluation indexes assume convex clusters . On a data set with non-convex clusters neither the use of k - means , nor of an evaluation criterion that assumes convexity , is sound . </P> <P> The following methods can be used to assess the quality of clustering algorithms based on internal criterion : </P> <Ul> <Li> Davies -- Bouldin index </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The Davies -- Bouldin index can be calculated by the following formula : </Dd> <Dd> D B = 1 n ∑ i = 1 n max j ≠ i ( σ i + σ j d ( c i , c j ) ) ( \ displaystyle DB = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( n ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \ max _ ( j \ neq i ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ sigma _ ( i ) + \ sigma _ ( j ) ) ( d ( c_ ( i ) , c_ ( j ) ) ) ) \ right ) ) </Dd> <Dd> where n is the number of clusters , c x ( \ displaystyle c_ ( x ) ) is the centroid of cluster x ( \ displaystyle x ) , σ x ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( x ) ) is the average distance of all elements in cluster x ( \ displaystyle x ) to centroid c x ( \ displaystyle c_ ( x ) ) , and d ( c i , c j ) ( \ displaystyle d ( c_ ( i ) , c_ ( j ) ) ) is the distance between centroids c i ( \ displaystyle c_ ( i ) ) and c j ( \ displaystyle c_ ( j ) ) . Since algorithms that produce clusters with low intra-cluster distances ( high intra-cluster similarity ) and high inter-cluster distances ( low inter-cluster similarity ) will have a low Davies -- Bouldin index , the clustering algorithm that produces a collection of clusters with the smallest Davies -- Bouldin index is considered the best algorithm based on this criterion . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Dunn index </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The Dunn index aims to identify dense and well - separated clusters . It is defined as the ratio between the minimal inter-cluster distance to maximal intra-cluster distance . For each cluster partition , the Dunn index can be calculated by the following formula : </Dd> <Dd> D = min 1 ≤ i < j ≤ n d ( i , j ) max 1 ≤ k ≤ n d ′ ( k ) , ( \ displaystyle D = ( \ frac ( \ min _ ( 1 \ leq i < j \ leq n ) d ( i , j ) ) ( \ max _ ( 1 \ leq k \ leq n ) d ^ ( \ prime ) ( k ) ) ) \ , , ) </Dd> <Dd> where d ( i , j ) represents the distance between clusters i and j , and d ' ( k ) measures the intra-cluster distance of cluster k . The inter-cluster distance d ( i , j ) between two clusters may be any number of distance measures , such as the distance between the centroids of the clusters . Similarly , the intra-cluster distance d ' ( k ) may be measured in a variety ways , such as the maximal distance between any pair of elements in cluster k . Since internal criterion seek clusters with high intra-cluster similarity and low inter-cluster similarity , algorithms that produce clusters with high Dunn index are more desirable . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Silhouette coefficient </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The silhouette coefficient contrasts the average distance to elements in the same cluster with the average distance to elements in other clusters . Objects with a high silhouette value are considered well clustered , objects with a low value may be outliers . This index works well with k - means clustering , and is also used to determine the optimal number of clusters . </Dd> </Dl> <H3> External evaluation ( edit ) </H3> <P> In external evaluation , clustering results are evaluated based on data that was not used for clustering , such as known class labels and external benchmarks . Such benchmarks consist of a set of pre-classified items , and these sets are often created by ( expert ) humans . Thus , the benchmark sets can be thought of as a gold standard for evaluation . These types of evaluation methods measure how close the clustering is to the predetermined benchmark classes . However , it has recently been discussed whether this is adequate for real data , or only on synthetic data sets with a factual ground truth , since classes can contain internal structure , the attributes present may not allow separation of clusters or the classes may contain anomalies . Additionally , from a knowledge discovery point of view , the reproduction of known knowledge may not necessarily be the intended result . In the special scenario of constrained clustering , where meta information ( such as class labels ) is used already in the clustering process , the hold - out of information for evaluation purposes is non-trivial . </P> <P> A number of measures are adapted from variants used to evaluate classification tasks . In place of counting the number of times a class was correctly assigned to a single data point ( known as true positives ) , such pair counting metrics assess whether each pair of data points that is truly in the same cluster is predicted to be in the same cluster . </P> <P> Some of the measures of quality of a cluster algorithm using external criterion include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Purity : Purity is a measure of the extent to which clusters contain a single class . Its calculation can be thought of as follows : For each cluster , count the number of data points from the most common class in said cluster . Now take the sum over all clusters and divide by the total number of data points . Formally , given some set of clusters M ( \ displaystyle M ) and some set of classes D ( \ displaystyle D ) , both partitioning N ( \ displaystyle N ) data points , purity can be defined as : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> 1 N ∑ m ∈ M max d ∈ D m ∩ d ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( m \ in M ) \ max _ ( d \ in D ) ( m \ cap d ) ) </Dd> <Dd> Note that this measure does n't penalise having many clusters . So for example , a purity score of 1 is possible by putting each data point in its own cluster . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Rand measure ( William M. Rand 1971 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The Rand index computes how similar the clusters ( returned by the clustering algorithm ) are to the benchmark classifications . One can also view the Rand index as a measure of the percentage of correct decisions made by the algorithm . It can be computed using the following formula : </Dd> <Dd> R I = T P + T N T P + F P + F N + T N ( \ displaystyle RI = ( \ frac ( TP + TN ) ( TP + FP + FN + TN ) ) ) </Dd> <Dd> where T P ( \ displaystyle TP ) is the number of true positives , T N ( \ displaystyle TN ) is the number of true negatives , F P ( \ displaystyle FP ) is the number of false positives , and F N ( \ displaystyle FN ) is the number of false negatives . One issue with the Rand index is that false positives and false negatives are equally weighted . This may be an undesirable characteristic for some clustering applications . The F - measure addresses this concern , as does the chance - corrected adjusted Rand index . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> F - measure </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The F - measure can be used to balance the contribution of false negatives by weighting recall through a parameter β ≥ 0 ( \ displaystyle \ beta \ geq 0 ) . Let precision and recall ( both external evaluation measures in themselves ) be defined as follows : </Dd> <Dd> P = T P T P + F P ( \ displaystyle P = ( \ frac ( TP ) ( TP + FP ) ) ) </Dd> <Dd> R = T P T P + F N ( \ displaystyle R = ( \ frac ( TP ) ( TP + FN ) ) ) </Dd> <Dd> where P ( \ displaystyle P ) is the precision rate and R ( \ displaystyle R ) is the recall rate . We can calculate the F - measure by using the following formula : </Dd> <Dd> F β = ( β 2 + 1 ) ⋅ P ⋅ R β 2 ⋅ P + R ( \ displaystyle F_ ( \ beta ) = ( \ frac ( ( \ beta ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) \ cdot P \ cdot R ) ( \ beta ^ ( 2 ) \ cdot P + R ) ) ) </Dd> <Dd> Notice that when β = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ beta = 0 ) , F 0 = P ( \ displaystyle F_ ( 0 ) = P ) . In other words , recall has no impact on the F - measure when β = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ beta = 0 ) , and increasing β ( \ displaystyle \ beta ) allocates an increasing amount of weight to recall in the final F - measure . </Dd> <Dd> Also note that T N ( \ displaystyle TN ) is not taken into account and can vary from 0 upward without bound . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Jaccard index </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The Jaccard index is used to quantify the similarity between two datasets . The Jaccard index takes on a value between 0 and 1 . An index of 1 means that the two dataset are identical , and an index of 0 indicates that the datasets have no common elements . The Jaccard index is defined by the following formula : </Dd> <Dd> J ( A , B ) = A ∩ B A ∪ B = T P T P + F P + F N ( \ displaystyle J ( A , B ) = ( \ frac ( A \ cap B ) ( A \ cup B ) ) = ( \ frac ( TP ) ( TP + FP + FN ) ) ) </Dd> <Dd> This is simply the number of unique elements common to both sets divided by the total number of unique elements in both sets . </Dd> <Dd> Also note that T N ( \ displaystyle TN ) is not taken into account and can vary from 0 upward without bound . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Dice index </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The Dice symmetric measure doubles the weight on T P ( \ displaystyle TP ) while still ignoring T N ( \ displaystyle TN ) and is equivalent to F1 - the F - measure with β = 1 ( \ displaystyle \ beta = 1 ) : </Dd> <Dd> J ( A , B ) = A ∩ B A ∪ B = 2 T P 2 T P + F P + F N ( \ displaystyle J ( A , B ) = ( \ frac ( A \ cap B ) ( A \ cup B ) ) = ( \ frac ( 2TP ) ( 2TP + FP + FN ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Fowlkes -- Mallows index ( E.B. Fowlkes & C.L. Mallows 1983 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The Fowlkes - Mallows index computes the similarity between the clusters returned by the clustering algorithm and the benchmark classifications . The higher the value of the Fowlkes - Mallows index the more similar the clusters and the benchmark classifications are . It can be computed using the following formula : </Dd> <Dd> F M = T P T P + F P ⋅ T P T P + F N ( \ displaystyle FM = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( TP ) ( TP + FP ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( TP ) ( TP + FN ) ) ) ) ) </Dd> <Dd> where T P ( \ displaystyle TP ) is the number of true positives , F P ( \ displaystyle FP ) is the number of false positives , and F N ( \ displaystyle FN ) is the number of false negatives . The F M ( \ displaystyle FM ) index is the geometric mean of the precision and recall P ( \ displaystyle P ) and R ( \ displaystyle R ) , and is thus also known as the G - measure , while the F - measure is their harmonic mean . Moreover , precision and recall are also known as Wallace 's indices B I ( \ displaystyle B ^ ( I ) ) and B I I ( \ displaystyle B ^ ( II ) ) . Chance normalized versions of recall , precision and G - measure correspond to Informedness , Markedness and Matthews Correlation and relate strongly to Kappa . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> The mutual information is an information theoretic measure of how much information is shared between a clustering and a ground - truth classification that can detect a non-linear similarity between two clusterings . Normalized mutual information is a family of corrected - for - chance variants of this that has a reduced bias for varying cluster numbers . </Li> <Li> Confusion matrix </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> A confusion matrix can be used to quickly visualize the results of a classification ( or clustering ) algorithm . It shows how different a cluster is from the gold standard cluster . </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Cluster tendency ( edit ) </H3> <P> To measure cluster tendency is to measure to what degree clusters exist in the data to be clustered , and may be performed as an initial test , before attempting clustering . One way to do this is to compare the data against random data . On average , random data should not have clusters . </P> <Ul> <Li> Hopkins statistic </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> There are multiple formulations of the Hopkins Statistic . A typical one is as follows . Let X ( \ displaystyle X ) be the set of n ( \ displaystyle n ) data points in d ( \ displaystyle d ) dimensional space . Consider a random sample ( without replacement ) of m ≪ n ( \ displaystyle m \ ll n ) data points with members x i ( \ displaystyle x_ ( i ) ) . Also generate a set Y ( \ displaystyle Y ) of m ( \ displaystyle m ) uniformly randomly distributed data points . Now define two distance measures , u i ( \ displaystyle u_ ( i ) ) to be the distance of y i ∈ Y ( \ displaystyle y_ ( i ) \ in Y ) from its nearest neighbor in X and w i ( \ displaystyle w_ ( i ) ) to be the distance of x i ∈ X ( \ displaystyle x_ ( i ) \ in X ) from its nearest neighbor in X . We then define the Hopkins statistic as : </Dd> <Dd> H = ∑ i = 1 m u i d ∑ i = 1 m u i d + ∑ i = 1 m w i d , ( \ displaystyle H = ( \ frac ( \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( m ) ( u_ ( i ) ^ ( d ) ) ) ( \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( m ) ( u_ ( i ) ^ ( d ) ) + \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( m ) ( w_ ( i ) ^ ( d ) ) ) ) \ , , ) </Dd> <Dd> With this definition , uniform random data should tend to have values near to 0.5 , and clustered data should tend to have values nearer to 1 . </Dd> <Dd> However , data containing just a single Gaussian will also score close to 1 , as this statistic measures deviation from a uniform distribution , not multimodality , making this statistic largely useless in application ( as real data never is remotely uniform ) . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Applications ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> Biology , computational biology and bioinformatics </Dt> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dt> Plant and animal ecology </Dt> <Dd> cluster analysis is used to describe and to make spatial and temporal comparisons of communities ( assemblages ) of organisms in heterogeneous environments ; it is also used in plant systematics to generate artificial phylogenies or clusters of organisms ( individuals ) at the species , genus or higher level that share a number of attributes </Dd> <Dt> Transcriptomics </Dt> <Dd> clustering is used to build groups of genes with related expression patterns ( also known as coexpressed genes ) as in HCS clustering algorithm . Often such groups contain functionally related proteins , such as enzymes for a specific pathway , or genes that are co-regulated . High throughput experiments using expressed sequence tags ( ESTs ) or DNA microarrays can be a powerful tool for genome annotation , a general aspect of genomics . </Dd> <Dt> Sequence analysis </Dt> <Dd> clustering is used to group homologous sequences into gene families . This is a very important concept in bioinformatics , and evolutionary biology in general . See evolution by gene duplication . </Dd> <Dt> High - throughput genotyping platforms </Dt> <Dd> clustering algorithms are used to automatically assign genotypes . </Dd> <Dt> Human genetic clustering </Dt> <Dd> The similarity of genetic data is used in clustering to infer population structures . </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Medicine </Dt> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dt> Medical imaging </Dt> <Dd> On PET scans , cluster analysis can be used to differentiate between different types of tissue in a three - dimensional image for many different purposes . </Dd> <Dt> Analysis of antimicrobial activity </Dt> <Dd> Cluster analysis can be used to analyse patterns of antibiotic resistance , to classify antimicrobial compounds according to their mechanism of action , to classify antibiotics according to their antibacterial activity . </Dd> <Dt> IMRT segmentation </Dt> <Dd> Clustering can be used to divide a fluence map into distinct regions for conversion into deliverable fields in MLC - based Radiation Therapy . </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Business and marketing </Dt> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dt> Market research </Dt> <Dd> Cluster analysis is widely used in market research when working with multivariate data from surveys and test panels . Market researchers use cluster analysis to partition the general population of consumers into market segments and to better understand the relationships between different groups of consumers / potential customers , and for use in market segmentation , Product positioning , New product development and Selecting test markets . </Dd> <Dt> Grouping of shopping items </Dt> <Dd> Clustering can be used to group all the shopping items available on the web into a set of unique products . For example , all the items on eBay can be grouped into unique products . ( eBay does n't have the concept of a SKU ) </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> World wide web </Dt> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dt> Social network analysis </Dt> <Dd> In the study of social networks , clustering may be used to recognize communities within large groups of people . </Dd> <Dt> Search result grouping </Dt> <Dd> In the process of intelligent grouping of the files and websites , clustering may be used to create a more relevant set of search results compared to normal search engines like Google . There are currently a number of web based clustering tools such as Clusty . </Dd> <Dt> Slippy map optimization </Dt> <Dd> Flickr 's map of photos and other map sites use clustering to reduce the number of markers on a map . This makes it both faster and reduces the amount of visual clutter . </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Computer science </Dt> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dt> Software evolution </Dt> <Dd> Clustering is useful in software evolution as it helps to reduce legacy properties in code by reforming functionality that has become dispersed . It is a form of restructuring and hence is a way of direct preventative maintenance . </Dd> <Dt> Image segmentation </Dt> <Dd> Clustering can be used to divide a digital image into distinct regions for border detection or object recognition . </Dd> <Dt> Evolutionary algorithms </Dt> <Dd> Clustering may be used to identify different niches within the population of an evolutionary algorithm so that reproductive opportunity can be distributed more evenly amongst the evolving species or subspecies . </Dd> <Dt> Recommender systems </Dt> <Dd> Recommender systems are designed to recommend new items based on a user 's tastes . They sometimes use clustering algorithms to predict a user 's preferences based on the preferences of other users in the user 's cluster . </Dd> <Dt> Markov chain Monte Carlo methods </Dt> <Dd> Clustering is often utilized to locate and characterize extrema in the target distribution . </Dd> <Dt> Anomaly detection </Dt> <Dd> Anomalies / outliers are typically - be it explicitly or implicitly - defined with respect to clustering structure in data . </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Social science </Dt> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dt> Crime analysis </Dt> <Dd> Cluster analysis can be used to identify areas where there are greater incidences of particular types of crime . By identifying these distinct areas or `` hot spots '' where a similar crime has happened over a period of time , it is possible to manage law enforcement resources more effectively . </Dd> <Dt> Educational data mining </Dt> <Dd> Cluster analysis is for example used to identify groups of schools or students with similar properties . </Dd> <Dt> Typologies </Dt> <Dd> From poll data , projects such as those undertaken by the Pew Research Center use cluster analysis to discern typologies of opinions , habits , and demographics that may be useful in politics and marketing . </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Others </Dt> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dt> Field robotics </Dt> <Dd> Clustering algorithms are used for robotic situational awareness to track objects and detect outliers in sensor data . </Dd> <Dt> Mathematical chemistry </Dt> <Dd> To find structural similarity , etc. , for example , 3000 chemical compounds were clustered in the space of 90 topological indices . </Dd> <Dt> Climatology </Dt> <Dd> To find weather regimes or preferred sea level pressure atmospheric patterns . </Dd> <Dt> Petroleum geology </Dt> <Dd> Cluster analysis is used to reconstruct missing bottom hole core data or missing log curves in order to evaluate reservoir properties . </Dd> <Dt> Physical geography </Dt> <Dd> The clustering of chemical properties in different sample locations . </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cluster analysis . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Specialized types of cluster analysis ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Balanced clustering </Li> <Li> Clustering high - dimensional data </Li> <Li> Conceptual clustering </Li> <Li> Consensus clustering </Li> <Li> Constrained clustering </Li> <Li> Data stream clustering </Li> <Li> HCS clustering </Li> <Li> Sequence clustering </Li> <Li> Spectral clustering </Li> </Ul> <H3> Techniques used in cluster analysis ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Artificial neural network ( ANN ) </Li> <Li> Nearest neighbor search </Li> <Li> Neighbourhood components analysis </Li> <Li> Latent class analysis </Li> <Li> Affinity propagation </Li> </Ul> <H3> Data projection and preprocessing ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Dimension reduction </Li> <Li> Principal component analysis </Li> <Li> Multidimensional scaling </Li> </Ul> <H3> Other ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Cluster - weighted modeling </Li> <Li> Curse of dimensionality </Li> <Li> Determining the number of clusters in a data set </Li> <Li> Parallel coordinates </Li> <Li> Structured data analysis </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Bailey , Ken ( 1994 ) . `` Numerical Taxonomy and Cluster Analysis '' . 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One 2 Ka 4 - Wikipedia <H1> One 2 Ka 4 </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> One 2 Ka 4 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Shashilal K. Nair </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Nazir Ahmed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Sanjay Chhel Raaj Kumar Dahima Manoj Lalwani </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> Shah Rukh Khan Juhi Chawla Jackie Shroff </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> A.R. Rahman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> S. Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Hussain Burmawala </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Glamour Films </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Dreamz Unlimited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 30 March 2001 ( 2001 - 03 - 30 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 173 mins </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> Hindi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> ₹ 12 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 35 crore or US $5.1 million in 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> ₹ 13.82 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 41 crore or US $5.9 million in 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> One 2 Ka 4 ( One times 2 is 4 ) is an Indian action crime film directed by Shashilal K. Nair . The film stars Shah Rukh Khan , Juhi Chawla and Jackie Shroff . The score and soundtrack were composed by A.R. Rahman . This film is now owned by Shah Rukh Khan 's Red Chillies Entertainment . It is remake of Hollywood movie One Good Cop . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Synopsis </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Soundtrack </Li> <Li> 4 Box office <Ul> <Li> 4.1 India </Li> <Li> 4.2 Overseas </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Synopsis ( edit ) </H2> <P> The story is about two friends and cops , Javed ( Jackie Shroff ) and Arun ( Shahrukh Khan ) , who are both Special Task Force officers and partners . </P> <P> Javed is a widower who is bringing up his 4 children with a lot of love and effort while Arun is his carefree , hotheaded , trigger - happy albeit well - meaning subordinate and brother - like friend . </P> <P> In a routine raid and bust operation , Javed and Arun lay their hands on the notorious drug lord , KKV ( Nirmal Pandey ) with the help of Inspector Sawant ( Raj Zutshi ) . Later in court , KKV walks away using his powerful connections . </P> <P> While on a subsequent drug raid , Javed is shot down by an unknown assailant - shortly after revealed to possibly be a rogue officer within the Special Forces department . According to the killer 's hairstyle , it 's obvious that the killer 's actually Sawant . Arun 's devastated and realizes that Javed left his four kids behind in his care in his will . </P> <P> The kids , though , all dislike him at first but then grow to like him a lot . Arun then meets a housekeeper Geeta ( Juhi Chawla ) who develops a close relationship with the kids on account of also having had a close almost brother - sister like personal rapport with Javed when he was alive . </P> <P> Meanwhile , Arun continues the case to hunt down the killer who took his best friends life along with Sawant . Things take a dramatic turn when Arun sees a girl resembling Geeta dancing in a nightclub with the prime suspect in Javed 's murder . At first unable to come to terms with what he has stumbled on ... He loses his temper at the children and creates a furore . </P> <P> A few days later , it is revealed Geeta was an undercover agent for the secret police , who testifies against Arun in court and makes the judge believe he is a drug dealer . Geeta gets him suspended . With no hope left , Arun uses his own skills to find Javed 's murderer . Arun realizes that JD 's corrupted . When Arun goes to JD 's residence , JD was already murdered . KKV , Chief , & JD are partners in crime . KKV kills the Chief . The police destroy KKV 's henchmen . KKV 's about to reveal that Javed 's killer 's name , but Sawant shoots KKV & Sawant lies to Arun that KKV killed Javed . Arun , Geeta , & Javed 's kids mistakenly believe that KKV killed Javed . KKV reveals that Sawant killed Javed . Sawant finally kills KKV . Sawant also killed JD . Sawant killed Javed , so he could take his post a Senior Task Force officer . Sawant shoots Arun , but Arun 's still alive . Javed 's children manage to pull a rope , so a hard object can fall onto Sawant 's head & Arun manages to beat up Sawant in a funny way . Arun kills Sawant . The film ends with Arun and Geeta together looking after Javed 's children . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Shahrukh Khan as Arun Verma </Li> <Li> Juhi Chawla as Geeta Choudhary </Li> <Li> Jackie Shroff as Javed Abbas </Li> <Li> Nirmal Pandey as Krishan Kant Virmani ( KKV ) </Li> <Li> Dilip Joshi as Champak </Li> <Li> Raj Zutshi as Inspector Sawant </Li> <Li> Akash Khurana as Commissioner </Li> <Li> Keith Stevenson as Chief </Li> <Li> Sahila Chadda as Bipasha </Li> <Li> Suresh Chatwal as Inspector Rajendra </Li> <Li> Madhur Mittal </Li> <Li> Fatima Sana Shaikh </Li> <Li> M. Rehman Naushad Ali as Broker </Li> </Ul> <H2> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> One 2 Ka 4 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by A.R. Rahman </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> Panchathan Record Inn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Feature film soundtrack </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 41 : 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Sa Re Ga Ma </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer </Th> <Td> A.R. Rahman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> A.R. Rahman chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Zubeidaa ( 2000 ) Zubeidaa 2000 </Td> <Td> ' ' ' One 2 Ka 4 ' ' ' ( 2001 ) </Td> <Td> Nayak : The Real Hero ( 2001 ) Nayak : The Real Hero 2001 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A.R. Rahman composed the soundtrack of the film , and lyrics were written by Majrooh Sultanpuri and Mehboob . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> # </Th> <Th> Song </Th> <Th> Artist ( s ) </Th> <Th> Lyrics </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Allay Allay '' </Td> <Td> Shaan , Sukhwinder Singh , Srinivas </Td> <Td> Majrooh Sultanpuri </Td> <Td> 05 : 58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Haye Dil Ki Bazi Laga '' </Td> <Td> Alka Yagnik , Sonu Nigam </Td> <Td> Mehboob </Td> <Td> 04 : 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` I Am Sorry '' </Td> <Td> Udit Narayan , Shaan , Srinivas & Kavita Paudwal </Td> <Td> Majrooh Sultanpuri </Td> <Td> 05 : 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Khamoshiyan Gungunane Lagi ( Part I ) '' </Td> <Td> Lata Mangeshkar , Sonu Nigam </Td> <Td> Mehboob </Td> <Td> 05 : 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Khamoshiyan Gungunane Lagi ( Part II ) '' </Td> <Td> Lata Mangeshkar , Sonu Nigam </Td> <Td> Mehboob </Td> <Td> 05 : 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` One Two Ka Four '' </Td> <Td> Clinton Cerejo </Td> <Td> Majrooh Sultanpuri </Td> <Td> 03 : 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Osaka Muraiya '' </Td> <Td> Rageshwari , Sonu Nigam </Td> <Td> Majrooh Sultanpuri </Td> <Td> 05 : 44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Sona Nahin Na Sahi '' </Td> <Td> Alka Yagnik , Udit Narayan </Td> <Td> Majrooh Sultanpuri </Td> <Td> 06 : 15 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Box Office ( edit ) </H2> <P> One 2 Ka 4 grossed ₹ 11.20 crore ( US $1.6 million ) in India and $565,000 ( ₹ 2.62 crore ) in other countries , for a worldwide total of ₹ 13.82 crore ( US $2.0 million ) , against its ₹ 12 crore ( US $1.7 million ) budget . It had a worldwide opening weekend of ₹ 4.89 crore ( US $710,000 ) , and grossed ₹ 8.01 crore ( US $1.2 million ) in its first week . It is the 21st - highest - grossing film of 2001 worldwide . </P> <H3> India ( edit ) </H3> <P> It opened on Friday , 30 March 2001 , across 260 screens , and earned ₹ 77 lakh ( US $110,000 ) nett on its opening day . It grossed ₹ 2.14 crore ( US $310,000 ) nett in its opening weekend , and had a first week of ₹ 3.71 crore ( US $540,000 ) nett . The film earned a total of ₹ 6.63 crore ( US $960,000 ) nett , and was declared `` Below Average '' by Box Office India . It is the 20th - highest - grossing film of 2001 in India . </P> <H3> Overseas ( edit ) </H3> <P> It had an opening weekend of $275,000 ( ₹ 1.27 crore ) and went on to gross $375,000 ( ₹ 1.74 crore ) in its first week . The film earned a total of $565,000 ( ₹ 2.62 crore ) at the end of its theatrical run . Overseas , It is the 12th - highest - grossing film of 2001 . </P> <Table> ' One 2 Ka 4 ' worldwide collections breakdown <Tr> <Th> Territory </Th> <Th> Territory wise Collections break - up </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Nett Gross : ₹ 6.63 crore ( US $960,000 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Distributor share : ₹ 3.35 crore ( US $490,000 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total Gross : ₹ 11.20 crore ( US $1.6 million ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> International ( Outside India ) </Td> <Td> $565,000 ( ₹ 2.62 crore ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Worldwide </Td> <Td> ₹ 13.82 crore ( US $2.0 million ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` One 2 Ka 4 Budget '' . Box Office India . 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` One 2 Ka 4 Box office '' . Box Office India . 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Red Chillies Entertainments '' . www.redchillies.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top Worldwide Grossers 2001 '' . Box Office India . 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top India Total Nett Gross 2001 '' . Box Office India . 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top Overseas Gross 2001 '' . Box Office India . 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> One 2 Ka 4 on IMDb </Li> <Li> Full movie at YouTube </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> A.R. Rahman </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vande Mataram ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Jana Gana Mana ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Connections ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Raunaq ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Soundtracks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Roja ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Kadhalan ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Rangeela ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Bombay ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Jeans ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Padayappa ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Alaipayuthey ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Lagaan ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Kannathil Muthamittal ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Water ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Rang De Basanti ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Guru ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Sivaji ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Delhi - 6 ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Blue ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Couples Retreat ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Ye Maaya Chesave ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Raavanan ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Puli ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Enthiran ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jhootha Hi Sahi ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> 127 Hours ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Rockstar ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> People Like Us ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Ekk Deewana Tha ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Jab Tak Hai Jaan ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Kadal ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Godfather ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Maryan ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Raanjhanaa ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Highway ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Kochadaiiyaan ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Million Dollar Arm ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Lekar Hum Deewana Dil ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> The Hundred - Foot Journey ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Kaaviya Thalaivan ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Lingaa ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> I ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> O Kadhal Kanmani ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Tamasha ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Muhammad : The Messenger of God ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> 24 ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Kaatru Veliyidai ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Mersal ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Musicals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bombay Dreams ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Classic Incantations ( 2012 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Concert tours </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A.R. Rahman Jai Ho Concert : The Journey Home World Tour ( 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> SuperHeavy </Li> <Li> `` Jai Ho ! ( You Are My Destiny ) '' ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> `` It 's My Birthday '' ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_2_Ka_4&oldid=856972332 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2001 films </Li> <Li> Indian films </Li> <Li> 2000s Hindi - language films </Li> <Li> Films scored by A.R. Rahman </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from November 2015 </Li> <Li> Use Indian English from November 2015 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Album infoboxes lacking a cover </Li> <Li> Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> नेपाल भाषा </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> 3 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 18 : 29 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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River valley civilization - wikipedia <H1> River valley civilization </H1> <P> A river valley civilization or river culture is an agricultural nation or civilization situated beside and drawing sustenance from a river . A `` civilization '' means a society with large permanent settlements featuring urban development , social stratification , specialization of labour , centralized organization , and written or other formal means of communication . A river gives the inhabitants a reliable source of water for drinking and agriculture . Additional benefits include fishing , fertile soil due to annual flooding , and ease of transportation . The first great civilizations , such as those in Mesopotamia and Egypt , all grew up in river valleys . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Causes </Li> <Li> 3 Early civilizations <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Mesopotamia </Li> <Li> 3.2 Egypt </Li> <Li> 3.3 Indus valley </Li> <Li> 3.4 Yellow River </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 Further reading </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Civilization first began in 3500 BC , which along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the Middle East ; the name given to that civilization , Mesopotamia , means `` land between the rivers '' . The Nile valley in Egypt had been home to agricultural settlements as early as 5500 BC , but the growth of Egypt as a civilization began around 3100 BC . A third civilization grew up along the Indus River around 2600 BC , in parts of what are now India and Pakistan . The fourth great river civilization emerged around 1700 BC along the Yellow River in China , also known as the Huang - He River Civilization . </P> <H2> Causes ( edit ) </H2> <P> Civilizations tended to grow up in river valleys for a number of reasons . The most obvious is access to a usually reliable source of water for agriculture and human needs . Plentiful water , and the enrichment of the soil due to annual floods , made it possible to grow excess crops beyond what was needed to sustain an agricultural village . This allowed for some members of the community to engage in non-agricultural activities such as construction of buildings and cities ( the root of the word `` civilization '' ) , metal working , trade , and social organization . Boats on the river provided an easy and efficient way to transport people and goods , allowing for the development of trade and facilitating central control of outlying areas . </P> <H2> Early civilizations ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Mesopotamia ( edit ) </H3> <P> Mesopotamia was the earliest river valley civilization , starting to form around 3500 BC . The civilization was created after regular trading started relationships between multiple cities and states around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers . Mesopotamian cities became self - run civil governments . One of the cities within this civilization , Uruk , was the first literate society in history . Eventually , they all joined together to irrigate the two rivers in order to make their dry land fertile for agricultural growth . The increase in successful farming in this civilization allowed population growth throughout the cities and states within Mesopotamia . </P> <H3> Egypt ( edit ) </H3> <P> Egypt also created irrigation systems from its local river , the Nile River , more intricate than previous systems . The Egyptians would rotate legumes with cereal which would stop salt buildup from the fresh water and enhance the fertility of their fields . The Nile River also allowed easier travel among the civilization , eventually resulting in the creation of two kingdoms in the north and south areas of the river until both were unified into one society by 3000 BC . </P> <H3> Indus valley ( edit ) </H3> <P> Much of the history of the Indus valley civilization is unknown . Discovered in the 1920s , Harappan society remains a mystery because the Harappan system of writing has not yet been deciphered . It was larger than either Egypt or Mesopotamia . Historians have found no evidence of violence or a ruling class ; there are no distinctive burial sites and there is not a lot of evidence to suggest a formal military . However , historians believe that the lack of knowledge about the ruling class and the military is mainly due to the inability to read Harappan writing . </P> <H3> Yellow river ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Yellow River ( Huang He ) area became settled around 4000 BCE . Many tribes settled along the river , sixth longest in the world , which was distinguished by its heavy load of yellow silt and its periodic devastating floods . A major impetus for the tribes to unite into a single kingdom by around 1500 BCE was the desire to find a solution to the frequent deadly floods . The Yellow River is often called `` The Cradle of Chinese Civilization '' . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Hydraulic empire </Li> <Li> Irrigation </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ McCannon , John ( 2008 ) . Barron 's AP World History . Barron 's Educational Series Inc . pp. 57 -- 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7641 - 3822 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The River Valley Civilization Guide '' . rivervalleycivilizations.com . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rivers and Civilization : What 's the Link ? . Mindsparks. 2007 . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57596 - 251 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mountjoy , Shane ( 2005 ) . Rivers in World History : The Indus River . Chelsea House Publishers . p. 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Indus River Valley Civilization '' . The River Valley Civilization Guide . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adrian Cole and Stephen Ortega , The Thinking Past ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2015 ) , 83 , 95 - 101 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adrian Cole and Stephen Ortega , The Thinking Past ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2015 ) , 83 , 95 - 101 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adrian Cole and Stephen Ortega , The Thinking Past ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2015 ) , 106 - 108 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Yellow River , Rivervalleycivilizations.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Szczepanski , Kallie ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Yellow River and its role in Chinese history '' . Thoughtco . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Clayton , Peter A. & Dent , John ( 1973 ) . The Ancient River Civilizations : Western Man & the Modern World . Elsevier . ISBN 9780080172095 </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River_valley_civilization&oldid=865728362 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Agriculture </Li> <Li> Civilizations </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 19 : 24 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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2008 World Series - wikipedia <H1> 2008 World Series </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 2008 World Series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Team ( Wins ) </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Manager ( s ) </Td> <Td> Season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Philadelphia Phillies ( 4 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Charlie Manuel </Td> <Td> 92 -- 70 , . 568 , GA : 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tampa Bay Rays ( 1 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Joe Maddon </Td> <Td> 97 -- 65 , . 599 , GA : 2 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dates </Th> <Td> October 22 -- 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MVP </Th> <Td> Cole Hamels , Philadelphia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Umpires </Th> <Td> Tim Welke ( crew chief ) , Kerwin Danley , Fieldin Culbreth , Tom Hallion , Jeff Kellogg , Tim Tschida </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hall of Famers </Th> <Td> Phillies : Pat Gillick ( GM ) Rays : None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ALCS </Th> <Td> Tampa Bay Rays defeated Boston Red Sox , 4 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NLCS </Th> <Td> Philadelphia Phillies defeated Los Angeles Dodgers , 4 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Broadcast </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> Fox ( English ) Fox Deportes ( Spanish ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TV announcers </Th> <Td> Joe Buck , Tim McCarver , Chris Myers , Ken Rosenthal ( English ) Ángel Torres , Miguel Morales , Cos Villa ( Spanish ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Radio </Th> <Td> <P> National : </P> <Ul> <Li> ESPN ( English ) </Li> <Li> ESPN Deportes Radio ( Spanish ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Philadelphia : </P> <Ul> <Li> WPHT ( English ) </Li> <Li> WDAS ( AM ) ( Spanish ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Tampa Bay : </P> <Ul> <Li> WHNZ ( English ) </Li> <Li> WGES ( AM ) ( Spanish ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Radio announcers </Th> <Td> <P> National : </P> <Ul> <Li> Jon Miller , Joe Morgan ( English ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Philadelphia : </P> <Ul> <Li> Harry Kalas , Scott Franzke , Larry Andersen , Chris Wheeler ( English ) </Li> <Li> Danny Martinez , Bill Kulik , Juan Ramos ( Spanish ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Tampa Bay : </P> <Ul> <Li> Dave Wills , Andy Freed , Dewayne Staats , Joe Magrane ( English ) </Li> <Li> Ricardo Tavaras , Enrique Oliu ( Spanish ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> ← 2007 </Td> <Td> World Series </Td> <Td> 2009 → </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The 2008 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball 's ( MLB ) 2008 season . The 104th edition of the World Series , it was a best - of - seven playoff between the National League ( NL ) champion Philadelphia Phillies and the American League ( AL ) champion Tampa Bay Rays ; the Phillies won the series , four games to one . The 2008 World Series is notable because it is the only Fall Classic to involve a mid-game suspension and resumption ( two days later ) . </P> <P> The Series began on Wednesday , October 22 , and ( after weather delays had postponed the end of Game 5 ) concluded the following Wednesday , October 29 . The AL 's 4 -- 3 win in the 2008 All - Star Game gave the Rays home field advantage for the series , meaning no more than three games would be played at the Phillies ' stadium Citizens Bank Park . The Phillies won their second championship in their 126 - year history to bring the city of Philadelphia its first championship in 25 years ( since the 1983 NBA Finals ) . This was the first postseason series lost by a MLB team based in the state of Florida ; previously , the Rays and Florida Marlins were 8 -- 0 in post-season series . </P> <P> The Phillies advanced to the World Series after defeating the Milwaukee Brewers and the Los Angeles Dodgers in the NL 's Divisional Series and Championship Series , respectively . The team won its position in the playoffs after its second consecutive NL East division title . This was the Phillies ' first World Series appearance in fifteen years . The Tampa Bay Rays advanced to the World Series after defeating the Chicago White Sox and the Boston Red Sox in the AL 's Division Series and Championship Series , respectively . The team earned its first trip to the postseason in franchise history after winning the AL East division title , only one season after finishing in last place . This was the first Series since 2001 without a wild - card team . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Teams <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Philadelphia Phillies </Li> <Li> 1.2 Tampa Bay Rays </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Summary </Li> <Li> 3 Game summaries <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Game 1 </Li> <Li> 3.2 Game 2 </Li> <Li> 3.3 Game 3 </Li> <Li> 3.4 Game 4 </Li> <Li> 3.5 Game 5 <Ul> <Li> 3.5. 1 Implications of the suspension </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.6 Composite score </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Weather conditions </Li> <Li> 5 Broadcasting </Li> <Li> 6 Ratings </Li> <Li> 7 Umpiring </Li> <Li> 8 Impact and aftermath <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Phillies </Li> <Li> 8.2 Rays </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Teams ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Philadelphia Phillies ( edit ) </H3> Philadelphia left - hander Cole Hamels , pictured here during the 2010 regular season , won Game 1 and pitched six effective innings in Game 5 , and was named the World Series MVP . Main article : 2008 Philadelphia Phillies season <P> Philadelphia opened the season by posting a winning record in the opening month of April . The team scored 60 runs over a five - game span in late May and went 14 -- 4 into the beginning of June . The team lost 9 of 11 games to end June , but came out of the All - Star break with a 9 -- 6 record following the midseason hiatus . The Phillies posted the best road record in the National League , at 44 -- 37 . Philadelphia traded sweeps with the Los Angeles Dodgers in August and went 13 -- 3 in their last 16 games , to win the National League East title for the second consecutive season . They defeated the Milwaukee Brewers in the Division Series , 3 -- 1 , and the Dodgers in the Championship Series , 4 -- 1 , to book their place in the 2008 Fall Classic . This was the Phillies ' first World Series appearance in fifteen years . </P> <H3> Tampa Bay Rays ( edit ) </H3> Main article : 2008 Tampa Bay Rays season <P> The Tampa Bay Rays also began the season ( their first after dropping the `` Devil '' from their name ) with a winning record in the opening month of April . The Rays became the first team since 1903 to have the league 's best record on Memorial Day ( the last Monday in May ) after finishing in last place the previous season . The team went 16 -- 10 in June , but lost seven consecutive games leading up to the All - Star break . In August , the Rays lost seven games to finish out the month with an overall record of 84 -- 51 . The team concluded the season , albeit with a 13 -- 14 record in September , by winning the American League East title for the first time in franchise history . As the Devil Rays , they had never finished with a winning record , nor finished higher than fourth in their division . The Rays beat the Chicago White Sox 3 -- 1 in the American League Division Series . In the American League Championship Series , Tampa Bay defeated the Boston Red Sox in seven games ( 4 -- 3 ) , to advance to their first World Series in franchise history . The Rays became the third MLB team in the post-1969 `` Divisional Era '' to make the World Series in their first trip to the playoffs , joining the 1969 New York Mets and the 1997 Florida Marlins . </P> <H2> Summary ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Philadelphia Phillies ( 2008 champions of the National League ) defeated the Tampa Bay Rays ( American League champions ) four games to one , played in St. Petersburg and Philadelphia from Wednesday , October 22 to Wednesday , October 29 , 2008 . </P> <P> NL Philadelphia Phillies ( 4 ) vs. AL Tampa Bay Rays ( 1 ) </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Game </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Score </Th> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> Time </Th> <Th> Attendance </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> October 22 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia Phillies - 3 , Tampa Bay Rays - 2 </Td> <Td> Tropicana Field </Td> <Td> 3 : 23 </Td> <Td> 40,783 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> October 23 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia Phillies - 2 , Tampa Bay Rays - 4 </Td> <Td> Tropicana Field </Td> <Td> 3 : 05 </Td> <Td> 40,843 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> October 25 </Td> <Td> Tampa Bay Rays - 4 , Philadelphia Phillies - 5 </Td> <Td> Citizens Bank Park </Td> <Td> 3 : 41 </Td> <Td> 45,900 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> October 26 </Td> <Td> Tampa Bay Rays - 2 , Philadelphia Phillies - 10 </Td> <Td> Citizens Bank Park </Td> <Td> 3 : 08 </Td> <Td> 45,903 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> October 27 , 29 </Td> <Td> Tampa Bay Rays - 3 , Philadelphia Phillies - 4 </Td> <Td> Citizens Bank Park </Td> <Td> 3 : 28 </Td> <Td> 45,940 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Game summaries ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Game 1 ( edit ) </H3> The teams on the field before Game 1 <Table> Wednesday , October 22 , 2008 8 : 37 pm ( EDT ) at Tropicana Field in St. Petersburg , Florida <Tr> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philadelphia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tampa Bay </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="24"> WP : Cole Hamels ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Scott Kazmir ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Brad Lidge ( 1 ) Home runs : PHI : Chase Utley ( 1 ) TB : Carl Crawford ( 1 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Philadelphia Phillies scored the first runs of the Series when Chase Utley hit a home run with Jayson Werth on base in the top of the first inning . The Phillies loaded the bases in the second inning , but were unable to score when Shane Victorino was thrown out at home plate by B.J. Upton . The Tampa Bay Rays loaded the bases in the bottom of the third inning ; however , Upton grounded into an inning - ending double play and the score remained 2 -- 0 . The Phillies extended their lead when Carlos Ruiz batted in Victorino in the fourth inning . In the bottom of the inning , a solo home run from Carl Crawford pulled the Rays within two runs . The Rays added their second run the following inning when a double by Akinori Iwamura scored Jason Bartlett . Tampa Bay starting pitcher Scott Kazmir was removed after six innings ; J.P. Howell and Grant Balfour combined to shut out the Phillies for 11⁄3 innings . Ryan Madson relieved Phillies ' starter Cole Hamels in the eighth inning , pitching a single perfect inning . In the top of the ninth inning , two Phillies ' runners reached base . Tampa Bay 's Trever Miller was brought on and threw four pitches -- striking out Ryan Howard -- before he was relieved . Philadelphia stranded two runners , on second and third base , and entered the bottom of the ninth inning ahead by one run . Philadelphia 's Brad Lidge struck out the first two batters he faced and retired the third batter to get the save . </P> <H3> Game 2 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> Thursday , October 23 , 2008 8 : 37 pm ( EDT ) at Tropicana Field in St. Petersburg , Florida <Tr> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tampa Bay </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> x </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="24"> WP : James Shields ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Brett Myers ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : PHI : Eric Bruntlett ( 1 ) TB : None </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Tampa Bay scored the first runs of the game in the first inning when Akinori Iwamura and B.J. Upton scored on consecutive ground outs by Carlos Peña and Evan Longoria respectively . The following inning Upton singled , scoring Dioner Navarro . Rocco Baldelli attempted to score from second base , but was thrown out by right fielder Jayson Werth , keeping the Rays lead at 3 -- 0 . Cliff Floyd extended the Rays lead to four runs after leading off the bottom of the fourth inning with a single , advancing to third base , and scoring on a Jason Bartlett sacrifice bunt . Rays starter James Shields shut out the Phillies through 52⁄3 innings , before being relieved by Dan Wheeler who pitched an additional scoreless inning . Eric Bruntlett hit a home run in the top of the eighth inning to bring the score to 4 -- 1 . The Phillies added a second run in the top of the ninth inning , but were unable to score any more runs ; Tampa Bay 's win tied the Series at one game apiece . Game two stands as the only World Series game ever won by Tampa Bay . </P> <H3> Game 3 ( edit ) </H3> Philadelphia first baseman Ryan Howard , pictured during 2007 spring training , hit his first home run of the postseason in Game 3 . <Table> Saturday , October 25 , 2008 8 : 37 pm ( EDT ) at Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania <Tr> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tampa Bay </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philadelphia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="24"> WP : J.C. Romero ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : J.P. Howell ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : TB : None PHI : Carlos Ruiz ( 1 ) , Chase Utley ( 2 ) , Ryan Howard ( 1 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The third game of the Series was delayed for an hour and 31 minutes because of rain . Country music star Tim McGraw , son of Phillies reliever Tug McGraw , spread his father 's ashes on the pitching mound of Citizens Bank Park , prior to the game 's start . The Phillies scored in the bottom of the first inning after Jimmy Rollins led off with a single and eventually scored when Chase Utley grounded out . In the next half inning , Tampa Bay 's Carl Crawford doubled , stole third base and scored on a Gabe Gross sacrifice fly to center field . Carlos Ruiz gave the Phillies their second lead of the night when he hit a solo home run in the bottom of the second inning . Starting pitchers Matt Garza and Jamie Moyer pitched six and 61⁄3 innings respectively . The 2 -- 1 score remained unchanged until the sixth inning when Chase Utley and Ryan Howard hit the 14th back - to - back home runs in World Series history . Crawford scored his second run of the game in the top of the seventh inning when he was batted in by Gross again . Dioner Navarro continued the rally by scoring on a Jason Bartlett ground out -- bringing the score to 4 -- 3 . In the top of the eighth inning , B.J. Upton led off with a single , stole second and third , and scored on a throwing error to tie the game . Eric Bruntlett was hit by a pitch leading off the bottom of the ninth , moved to second on a wild pitch and to third on a throwing error . Tampa Bay intentionally walked the next two batters to load the bases , creating a force play at the plate . They then brought the infield in ( including right fielder Ben Zobrist who was brought in to be a fifth infielder ) hoping to convert any groundball into a force out at home and preventing the game winning run . However , Bruntlett scored the winning run on Ruiz 's 45 - foot infield single , the first walk - off infield single in World Series history , giving the Phillies a 2 -- 1 lead in the series . </P> <H3> Game 4 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> Sunday , October 26 , 2008 8 : 29 pm ( EDT ) at Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania <Tr> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tampa Bay </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philadelphia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> x </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="24"> WP : Joe Blanton ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Andy Sonnanstine ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : TB : Carl Crawford ( 2 ) , Eric Hinske ( 1 ) PHI : Ryan Howard 2 ( 3 ) , Joe Blanton ( 1 ) , Jayson Werth ( 1 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Philadelphia took a 1 -- 0 lead in the bottom of the first inning , as Jimmy Rollins led off with a double and scored when Pat Burrell later walked with the bases loaded . The Phillies doubled their lead in the third inning when Chase Utley reached base on a fielding error and scored on Pedro Feliz 's single . The Rays scored their first run when Carl Crawford hit a solo home run in the top of the fourth inning . Ryan Howard 's three - run home run in the bottom of the inning brought the score to 5 -- 1 . Tampa Bay 's Eric Hinske hit a pinch - hit home run to bring the Rays within three runs , but Phillies pitcher Joe Blanton responded with a home run of his own to re-extend the lead to four ; it was the first time a pitcher hit a home run in the World Series since Ken Holtzman in game 4 of the 1974 World Series . Blanton pitched six innings , giving up two runs on four hits to acquire his first win of the Series . Jayson Werth hit a two - run home run in the eighth inning -- the Phillies ' third of the game -- to bring the score to 8 -- 2 . Later in the inning , Ryan Howard 's second home run , and fifth RBI , increased the Phillies ' lead to eight runs . Philadelphia 's four relief pitchers combined for three shutout innings , giving up one hit . Due to the late completion of the previous game , Games 3 and 4 each ended on the same calendar day . </P> <H3> Game 5 ( edit ) </H3> Tampa Bay third baseman Evan Longoria , pictured during the 2008 regular season , got his first hit in Game 5 . <Table> Monday , October 27 , 2008 ( started ) and Wednesday , October 29 , 2008 ( completed ) 8 : 29 pm ( EDT ) at Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania <Tr> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tampa Bay </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philadelphia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> x </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="24"> WP : J.C. Romero ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : J.P. Howell ( 0 -- 2 ) Sv : Brad Lidge ( 2 ) Home runs : TB : Rocco Baldelli ( 1 ) PHI : None </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Philadelphia scored in the first inning for the third consecutive game , taking a 2 -- 0 lead when Shane Victorino batted in Jayson Werth and Chase Utley . Tampa Bay cut the lead in half in the fourth inning ; Carlos Peña doubled and was batted in on Evan Longoria 's single , both players ' first hits of the Series . The Rays then tied the game in the sixth inning when B.J. Upton scored from second base on a Peña single . </P> <P> The game was suspended after the top of the sixth inning due to rain , making it the first game in World Series history not to be played through to completion or declared a tie . Phillies starter Cole Hamels , making his fifth start , had pitched six innings when the umpires suspended play and received a no - decision as the game was tied 2 - 2 in the top of the 6th . </P> <P> After the game was suspended , umpiring crew chief Tim Tschida told reporters that he and his crew ordered the players off the field because the wind and rain threatened to make the game `` comical . '' Chase Utley agreed , saying that by the middle of the sixth inning , `` the infield was basically under water . '' Rain continued to fall in Philadelphia on Tuesday , further postponing the game to Wednesday , October 29 . </P> <P> The game resumed with the Phillies batting in the bottom of the sixth inning . Pinch hitter Geoff Jenkins led off with a double and was bunted to third by Rollins . Jayson Werth then batted in Jenkins to take the lead for the Phillies , 3 -- 2 . In the top of the seventh inning , Rocco Baldelli re-tied the game at three runs with a solo home run . Later in the inning , Utley faked a throw to first , then threw Bartlett out at home for the third out in a play later described as having saved the Series for the Phillies . In the bottom of the seventh , Pat Burrell led off with a double . Eric Bruntlett , pinch - running for Burrell , scored on a single by Pedro Feliz to put the Phillies up by a run again , 4 -- 3 . In the top of the ninth , Brad Lidge gave up a single and a stolen base , but was able to strike out Eric Hinske to win the World Series for the Phillies . </P> <P> The Phillies won the Series despite committing at least one error in each game . This game also marked only the second time in MLB history that 1st inning runs were scored in the first 5 games played in a World Series ( the first being in 2003 ) . </P> Implications of the suspension ( edit ) The grounds crew covers the field with a tarpaulin during the Game 5 rain delay . <P> Under normal conditions , games are considered to be official games after five innings , or four and a half if the home team is leading at that point . However , post-season games are operated by the Commissioner 's Office , thus are subject to the Commissioner 's discretion of how to handle the scheduling of the games . So , with rain in the forecast for Philadelphia , Commissioner Bud Selig informed both the Rays and the Phillies management before the game began that a team would not be allowed to clinch the Series in a rain - shortened game . </P> <P> Because of the rainfall , Game 5 was suspended after the top of the sixth inning . Rain continued to fall in Philadelphia on Tuesday , October 28 , and the game ultimately resumed on Wednesday , October 29 , at Citizens Bank Park . Official MLB records will show that even though the game was finished on October 29 , the game was officially played two days earlier , and was completed on that date . </P> <P> This was the first game in World Series history to be suspended . There had been three tied games in the history of the World Series : 1907 , 1912 , and 1922 , all of them called due to darkness . In general , no ties would be needed under modern rules , which provide for suspension of a tied game and resumption of it at the next possible date . Weather has caused numerous delays and postponements in Series history ( notable postponements beforehand coming in 1911 , 1962 , 1975 , 1986 , 1996 and 2006 ) , but never any suspended games before 2008 . </P> <P> Although not officially a suspended game , the most notorious postponement of a World Series was the 1989 World Series in which the start of Game 3 was delayed ten days , the longest in World Series history , due to the Loma Prieta earthquake striking the San Francisco Bay Area . </P> <P> Several Nevada sports betting agencies treated the suspended game as a completed game and a win for the Phillies on Monday , October 27 . Under Nevada house rules , the final score of a baseball game is determined by reverting to the last completed full inning , and the Phillies led 2 -- 1 at the end of the fifth inning . Game 5 side bets on Philadelphia were paid off while bets on totals and run - line bets were refunded . </P> <P> During the following offseason , Selig 's interpretation of the rules became codified , as the 30 Major League Baseball club owners approved a rule change stipulating that all `` postseason games and games added to the regular season to determine qualifiers for the postseason '' become suspended games if they are called before nine innings are played , regardless of whether the game would otherwise qualify as an official game , or the score at the time the game is called . The game is resumed when conditions permit at the same location from the point of suspension . </P> <H3> Composite score ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philadelphia Phillies </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tampa Bay Rays </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="24"> Total attendance : 219,369 Average attendance : 43,874 Winning player 's share : $351,504 Losing player 's share : $223,390 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Weather conditions ( edit ) </H2> <P> Games 3 and 5 of the World Series were delayed by rain storms in Philadelphia , with the start of Game 3 on Saturday , October 25 being delayed an hour and 31 minutes ( with that game ending at 1 : 47 am EDT Sunday , October 26 ) . Game 5 , begun on Monday , October 27 , was suspended after the top of the 6th inning and resumed Wednesday , October 29 . Wet weather which affected Game 5 continued into Tuesday in the Philadelphia area , as Major League Baseball officials studied radar data to determine when Game 5 of the World Series would continue under conditions deemed `` appropriate . '' Up to this point , there had never been a rain - shortened game in Series history , and this was the first suspension . As a result , had it been necessary to play them , Games 6 and 7 in St. Petersburg , originally scheduled for October 29 and 30 , were postponed until a later date . </P> <P> With temperatures plummeting towards 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) and with a cold rain falling at Citizens Bank Park , some of the Phillies and Rays players opted for an `` Elmer Fudd '' look , wearing specially made caps with built - in ear flaps . The caps , manufactured by New Era , were introduced during this year 's spring training but were not used on the field until Game 5 . New Era also supplied regular ball caps to both teams , which some players continued to wear despite the cold weather . </P> <H2> Broadcasting ( edit ) </H2> Harry Kalas , pictured at the World Series parade , called the World Series as a Phillies broadcaster , and got to call a Phillies World Series win , something he could n't do in 1980 , while his son , Todd , called the series for the Rays . <P> The games were televised on Fox in the United States with Joe Buck and Tim McCarver ( himself a former Phillies broadcaster ) as booth announcers and Chris Myers and Ken Rosenthal as field reporters . Jeanne Zelasko hosted the pre-game and post-game show with Kevin Kennedy and Mark Grace ( Games 1 , 2 ) or Eric Karros ( Games 3 , 4 , 5 ) . Fox Sports en Español did the simulcast of the Series in Spanish - language with Ángel Torres , Miguel Morales and Cos Villa behind the microphones . Fox 's broadcasts were also streamed online at MLB.com . </P> <P> On radio , the Series was broadcast nationally by ESPN Radio with Jon Miller and Joe Morgan announcing , and a Spanish broadcast on ESPN Deportes Radio . Locally , Dave Wills , Andy Freed , Dewayne Staats and Joe Magrane called the Series in English for the Rays on WHNZ - AM in Tampa , with Ricardo Tavaras and Enrique Oliu working the Spanish broadcast on St. Petersburg 's WGES - AM . Harry Kalas , Scott Franzke , Larry Andersen , and Chris Wheeler called the Phillies ' English broadcasts on WPHT - AM in Philadelphia , with Spanish announcers Danny Martinez , Bill Kulik and Juan Ramos on WUBA . Following their contractual obligations , the non-flagship stations on the teams ' radio networks carried the ESPN Radio broadcasts . MLB.com also carried the local radio broadcasts for online streaming , while XM Satellite Radio aired the local and national feeds to its subscribers . For Harry Kalas , this series brought together a father and son calling the series for different teams , with his son , Todd , calling the Series in English for the Rays . </P> <P> For international viewers , MLB International televised the game with commentators Rick Sutcliffe and Dave O'Brien . This feed was also carried to U.S. service personnel stationed around the globe via the American Forces Network . </P> <P> This World Series win had significance for McCarver and Harry Kalas . Both had been Phillies broadcasters in 1980 , but neither had gotten to call that year 's World Series . McCarver was a backup commentator for Game of the Week on NBC , but he was not part of the network 's Series announcing team . For Kalas , MLB radio - broadcasting regulations forbade local stations from producing live coverage of World Series games , instead forcing them to air the national CBS Radio feed of the games . Philadelphia fans were so outraged about this afterward that they started a letter - writing campaign to the Commissioner 's Office , demanding a change to the rule . The following year , MLB amended its broadcasting contracts to allow World Series teams ' flagship radio stations to air the games with local announcers , due at least in part to this outcry from Philadelphia fans . In 2008 , both called the Phillies ' World Series win . </P> <H2> Ratings ( edit ) </H2> <P> The ratings for the 2008 World Series are among the worst in Major League Baseball 's history . The 8.4 rating set a record low , sinking below the 10.1 set two years earlier in 2006 . 2008 bears the distinction of being the first World Series to draw fewer than 10.0 . Game three 's 6.1 rating also set a record for the lowest rated individual game . </P> <P> In fairness , the Series suffered from factors beyond MLB 's control . Game 3 was delayed 1 : 31 for weather and , consequently , ended at 1 : 47 am . Game 5 was also suspended after 5.5 innings and resumed two days later . These factors likely brought the ratings down . </P> <P> Today , the ratings for 2008 are tied for second worst . The 2010 World Series also generated an 8.4 , and the 2012 World Series set a fresh record low with 7.6 ( though this was a sweep , which usually draws lower ratings ) . The 6.1 in game 3 of the 2008 World Series is currently tied with Game 3 of the 2012 World Series for the lowest rated individual game in World Series history . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Game </Th> <Th> Ratings ( households ) </Th> <Th> Share ( households ) </Th> <Th> American audience ( in millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 9.2 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 14.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 8.1 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 12.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 6.1 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 9.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 9.3 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 15.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> 9.6 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 15.8 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Umpiring ( edit ) </H2> The scoreboard at Citizens Bank Park immediately following Game 5 <P> In Game 2 , home plate umpire Kerwin Danley appealed a call to the first base umpire after calling strike three ; the first base umpire called ball four to award the Rays ' Rocco Baldelli a walk . Baldelli indicated that the calls did not come up in the locker room , and he did not believe they had an effect on the results . </P> <P> In Game 3 , Phillies ' pitcher Jamie Moyer threw the ball to Ryan Howard to force out the Rays ' Carl Crawford at first base , despite umpire Tom Hallion calling Crawford safe in the game . In Game 4 , Evan Longoria tagged Rollins at third base , though umpire Tim Welke had ruled Rollins safe . The league admitted these errors between Games 4 and 5 . </P> <H2> Impact and aftermath ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Phillies ( edit ) </H3> President Barack Obama meets with the 2008 World Series champion Philadelphia Phillies at the White House -- May 15 , 2009 <P> The Phillies ' second World Series championship brought about a series of firsts , not just for them , but for Philadelphia . In winning their first championship since 1980 , the Phillies brought the city of Philadelphia its first major professional sports championship since the 76ers swept the 1983 NBA Finals , breaking the alleged Curse of Billy Penn . </P> <P> In summing up the firsts and given how long the city 's sports fans have waited , Phillies President David Montgomery said that `` our first name is Philadelphia '' , and he and manager Charlie Manuel dedicated the championship to the city of Philadelphia and the fans . Manuel also dedicated the championship to his mother , who died on the day of Game 2 of the NLCS . Phil Sheridan of The Philadelphia Inquirer said that the 25 years without a championship `` helped define this city as a sports town for way too long . It was long enough to turn passion too often to anger . Maybe this championship will turn the vinegar back into wine , '' and said that the fans `` waited forever and a day . '' </P> <P> On Halloween , October 31 , approximately two million fans lined Broad Street for a ticker - tape parade , making it the largest gathering for a championship parade in Philadelphia since the Flyers won the 1974 Stanley Cup Finals . This parade had significance for Phillies pitcher Jamie Moyer and Phillies broadcaster Harry Kalas , as they both were at the 1980 parade . Moyer grew up in the Philadelphia area as a Phillies fan and whose childhood hero was Steve Carlton , a member of the 1980 team , and whom he won against in his first Major League start . He was at both of the Phillies ' World Series parades , skipping school to attend in 1980 , and as a pitcher in 2008 . Kalas was at both parades , as a broadcaster for the Phillies . When comparing the parade to the one in 1980 , he told WCAU - TV that `` this is bigger ... the biggest I 've ever seen . '' </P> <P> In 2010 , Philadelphia sports fans picked both of the Phillies ' World Series wins as the two greatest moments in Philadelphia sports , picking the 2008 championship as the greatest moment . </P> <P> The Phillies returned to the World Series in 2009 , the first defending champion to return to the Series since the 2001 New York Yankees . During that season they finished first in the National League East with a 93 -- 69 mark , and eliminated the Rockies and the Dodgers in the NL playoffs . They would lose to the Yankees in six games . </P> <P> Subsequent regular season meetings between the Rays and the Phillies would be relatively uncommon . The Rays only visited Philadelphia twice within the next seven years ( in 2012 and 2015 ) . </P> <P> This would be the last professional sports championship for the city of Philadelphia until the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the New England Patriots 41 - 33 in Super Bowl LII in 2018 . </P> <H3> Rays ( edit ) </H3> <P> For the Rays , at the same time the ticker - tape parade went down Broad Street in Philadelphia , thousands of Rays ' fans attended a rally at Straub Park in St. Petersburg , celebrating their 2008 season . </P> <P> Mayor Rick Baker said that the rally `` really needed to be done . There was so much demand in the community . They did n't win the World Series but they won the AL . And we want to celebrate that and thank them . '' He and Tampa Mayor Pam Iorio addressed the fans during the rally . </P> <P> Though the Rays missed the playoffs in 2009 , they earned a winning record of 84 -- 78 , placing them third behind the Red Sox and eventual champion Yankees . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 2008 Asia Series </Li> <Li> 2008 Japan Series </Li> <Li> 2007 Korean Series </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> Inline citations </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Gilbert , Steve ( October 21 , 2008 ) . `` Umpires for World Series announced '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2008 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Young caps marathon goodbye to Yankee Stadium with sac fly in 15th '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . July 15 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2008 . Retrieved September 17 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mandel , Ken ( October 30 , 2008 ) . `` Octoberphest ! Phillies win World Series '' . MLB.com . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2009 . Retrieved December 22 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sheridan , Phil ( October 30 , 2008 ) . `` WORLD CHAMPS ! -- 28 years later , Phillies again are baseball 's best '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . A1 . Retrieved February 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Playoff and World Series Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Joyce , C. Alan ( 2008 ) . The World Almanac and Book of Facts ( 2009 ed. ; paperback ed . ) . New York . pp. 914 -- 917 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60057 - 105 - 3 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` PHI 2008 Batting Gamelogs '' . BaseballReference.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ortiz , Jorge L. ( October 25 , 2008 ) . `` Phillies assert themselves to take Game 1 '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 25 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cherry , Gene ; Osmond , Ed ( September 28 , 2008 ) . `` Phillies claim NL East but wildcard spot up for grabs '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 16 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Burrell 's blasts help send Phils past Brewers , into NLCS '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . October 5 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2008 . Retrieved October 16 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Corner , Jahmal ( October 16 , 2008 ) . `` Phillies beat Dodgers to reach World Series '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 16 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mandel , Ken ( October 16 , 2008 ) . `` Phils reach first World Series since ' 93 '' . MLB.com . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2008 . Retrieved October 16 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Tampa Bay 2008 Game logs '' . BaseballReference.com . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2008 . Retrieved October 25 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kazmir Leads Rays Over Rangers 7 - 3 '' . TampaBayOnline.com . Associated Press . May 26 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2009 . Retrieved November 10 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cherry , Gene ; Sonia Oxley ( September 27 , 2008 ) . `` Rays claim AL East title to cap turnaround '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2008 . Retrieved September 28 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Upton 's two homers set tone as Rays wrap up spot in ALCS '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . October 6 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2008 . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( October 19 , 2008 ) . `` Sox 's playoff run ends with loss to Rays '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2008 World Series Game 1 - Philadelphia Phillies vs. Tampa Bay Rays '' . Retrosheet . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2008 World Series Game 2 - Philadelphia Phillies vs. Tampa Bay Rays '' . Retrosheet . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2008 World Series Game 3 - Tampa Bay Rays vs. Philadelphia Phillies '' . Retrosheet . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2008 World Series Game 4 - Tampa Bay Rays vs. Philadelphia Phillies '' . Retrosheet . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2008 World Series Game 5 - Tampa Bay Rays vs. Philadelphia Phillies '' . Retrosheet . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World Series Game one '' . Box Score . MLB.com . October 22 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2008 . Retrieved October 22 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World Series Game two '' . Box Score . MLB.com . October 23 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( October 25 , 2008 ) . `` Rain does n't dampen enthusiasm '' . MLB.com . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2008 . Retrieved October 25 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Footer , Alyson ( October 26 , 2008 ) . `` Howard ends homerless drought '' . MLB.com . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2008 . Retrieved October 26 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQyPTtnvHcA YouTube video of the Rays ' five - man infield in the bottom of the ninth </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World Series Game three '' . Box Score . MLB.com . October 25 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2008 . Retrieved October 25 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leach , Matthew ( October 26 , 2008 ) . `` Blanton picks right time for first homer '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World Series Game four '' . Box Score . MLB.com . October 26 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2008 . Retrieved October 26 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World Series Game five '' . Box Score . MLB.com . October 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2008 . Retrieved October 27 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hoch , Bryan ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` In a first , World Series game suspended '' . MLB.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2008 . Retrieved October 28 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wojciechowski , Gene ( October 27 , 2008 ) . `` Selig made correct call in suspending Game 5 '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2008 . Retrieved October 30 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Frank ; Salisbury , Jim ( February 13 , 2009 ) . `` How the defining play unfolded for the Phillies '' . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2009 . Retrieved March 13 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fine , Larry ; John O'Brien ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` Suspension leaves World Series in the balance '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 28 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` Game 5 will not resume on Tuesday '' . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2008 . Retrieved October 28 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FAQs on the suspended Game 5 '' . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2008 . Retrieved October 28 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sports books pay as if Phillies won '' . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2008 . Retrieved October 28 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ownership approves two major rules amendments '' . MLB.com . January 15 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2009 . Retrieved February 2 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Geisler Young , LLC - . `` World Series Gate Receipts and Player Shares '' . Baseball Almanac . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2009 . Retrieved June 14 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hoch , Bryan ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` Game 5 will not resume on Tuesday '' . MLB.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2008 . Retrieved October 28 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ' Duk ( October 27 , 2008 ) . `` ' Elmer Fudd ' caps become hip during cold and wet World Series '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved October 28 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tentative 2008 MLB Postseason Schedule '' . World Series . MLB.com . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2008 . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tim McCarver 's flying start . Salon.com . October 23 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sandomir , Richard ( October 30 , 2008 ) . `` In 78 Minutes , Not Much to See or Say '' . New York Times . p . B17 . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Miller 2010 , pp. 169 -- 173 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robinson , Joshua ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` Umpires in Spotlight For the Wrong Reasons '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved November 1 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Umpires admit second missed World Series call in as many games '' . ESPN . Associated Press . October 27 , 2008 . Retrieved November 1 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Phillies receive trophy '' . MLB.com . October 29 , 2008 . Retrieved February 19 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( October 30 , 2008 ) . `` Thrilla in Phila : Game 5 unforgettable '' . MLB.com . phillies.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nunnally , Derrick ( November 1 , 2008 ) . `` A party for , oh , 2 million of their closest friends '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . F2 . Some in the news media guessed two million , about the same number long tied to Flyers parades in ' 74 and ' 75 , and more than the current population of Philly . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lin , Jennifer ; Steele , Allison ; Dwight Ott ( October 31 , 2008 ) . `` Parade for the Champs ; Noon High : Million - plus expected at celebration '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . A1 . In the annals of Philadelphia sports parades , the biggest crowd turned out for the 1974 celebration of the Flyers ' Stanley Cup . More than two million fans flocked to Broad Street . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rubinkam , Michael ( October 31 , 2008 ) . `` Fans roar as Phillies parade through city '' . FOXNews.com . Associated Press . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Stamm , Dan ( November 1 , 2008 ) . `` Watch : Phillies Speak From the Parade of Champions '' . NBCPhiladelphia.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Antonen , Mel ( July 16 , 2007 ) . `` Phillies are No. 1 in loss column '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Current Phillies starter Jamie Moyer grew up in ( Philadelphia ) ... In 1986 , as a member of the Cubs , Moyer beat the Phillies and his boyhood hero , Steve Carlton ... for his first big - league win . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kram , Mark ( May 6 , 2010 ) . `` Fans pick 2008 World Series as top Philadelphia sports moment '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved March 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ghiroli , Brittany ( October 31 , 2008 ) . `` Rays ' fans celebrate at rally '' . TampabayRays.MLB.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2011 . </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dt> Bibliography </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Miller , Randy ( 2010 ) . Harry the K : The Remarkable Life of Harry Kalas . Philadelphia : Running Press . ISBN 0 - 7624 - 3896 - 7 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Baseball portal </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2008 World Series . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> 2008 World Series at WorldSeries.com ( MLB.com ) </Li> <Li> 2008 World Series at Baseball Almanac </Li> <Li> 2008 World Series at Baseball-Reference.com </Li> <Li> The 2008 Post-Season Games ( box scores and play - by - play ) at Retrosheet </Li> <Li> ESPN - MLB Playoffs - 2008 World Series - Tampa Bay Rays vs. Philadelphia Phillies </Li> <Li> Phillies Championship page </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> 2008 Major League Baseball postseason </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> World Series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> American League Championship Series </Li> <Li> National League Championship Series </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> American League Division Series </Li> <Li> National League Division Series </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> American League teams </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Boston Red Sox </Li> <Li> Chicago White Sox </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim </Li> <Li> Tampa Bay Rays </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National League teams </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chicago Cubs </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Dodgers </Li> <Li> Milwaukee Brewers </Li> <Li> Philadelphia Phillies </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> 2008 MLB season by team </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> AL East </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baltimore </Li> <Li> Boston </Li> <Li> New York </Li> <Li> Tampa Bay </Li> <Li> Toronto </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> AL Central </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chicago </Li> <Li> Cleveland </Li> <Li> Detroit </Li> <Li> Kansas City </Li> <Li> Minnesota </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> AL West </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Los Angeles </Li> <Li> Oakland </Li> <Li> Seattle </Li> <Li> Texas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> NL East </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atlanta </Li> <Li> Florida </Li> <Li> New York </Li> <Li> Philadelphia </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NL Central </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chicago </Li> <Li> Cincinnati </Li> <Li> Houston </Li> <Li> Milwaukee </Li> <Li> Pittsburgh </Li> <Li> St. Louis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NL West </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arizona </Li> <Li> Colorado </Li> <Li> Los Angeles </Li> <Li> San Diego </Li> <Li> San Francisco </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 2008 MLB draft </Li> <Li> 2008 All - Star Game </Li> <Li> 2008 World Series </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> World Series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> No World Series was held in 1904 because the NL champions refused to participate ; no World Series was held in 1994 due to a players ' strike . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1900s -- 1910s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1900 1901 1902 1903 </Li> <Li> 1904 </Li> <Li> 1905 </Li> <Li> 1906 </Li> <Li> 1907 </Li> <Li> 1908 </Li> <Li> 1909 </Li> <Li> 1910 </Li> <Li> 1911 </Li> <Li> 1912 </Li> <Li> 1913 </Li> <Li> 1914 </Li> <Li> 1915 </Li> <Li> 1916 </Li> <Li> 1917 </Li> <Li> 1918 </Li> <Li> 1919 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1920s -- 1930s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1920 </Li> <Li> 1921 </Li> <Li> 1922 </Li> <Li> 1923 </Li> <Li> 1924 </Li> <Li> 1925 </Li> <Li> 1926 </Li> <Li> 1927 </Li> <Li> 1928 </Li> <Li> 1929 </Li> <Li> 1930 </Li> <Li> 1931 </Li> <Li> 1932 </Li> <Li> 1933 </Li> <Li> 1934 </Li> <Li> 1935 </Li> <Li> 1936 </Li> <Li> 1937 </Li> <Li> 1938 </Li> <Li> 1939 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1940s -- 1950s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1940 </Li> <Li> 1941 </Li> <Li> 1942 </Li> <Li> 1943 </Li> <Li> 1944 </Li> <Li> 1945 </Li> <Li> 1946 </Li> <Li> 1947 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1949 </Li> <Li> 1950 </Li> <Li> 1951 </Li> <Li> 1952 </Li> <Li> 1953 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1955 </Li> <Li> 1956 </Li> <Li> 1957 </Li> <Li> 1958 </Li> <Li> 1959 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1960s -- 1970s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1961 </Li> <Li> 1962 </Li> <Li> 1963 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1965 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1967 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1969 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1973 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980s -- 1990s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s -- 2010s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pre-World Series champions </Li> <Li> World Series champions </Li> <Li> Most Valuable Players </Li> <Li> Starting pitchers </Li> <Li> Babe Ruth Award </Li> <Li> Commissioner 's Trophy </Li> <Li> World Series ring </Li> <Li> Appearances </Li> <Li> Streaks </Li> <Li> Droughts </Li> <Li> Series ( by franchise ) </Li> <Li> Broadcasters </Li> <Li> TV ratings </Li> <Li> ALCS </Li> <Li> NLCS </Li> <Li> ALDS </Li> <Li> NLDS </Li> <Li> ALWC </Li> <Li> NLWC </Li> <Li> Game 7 </Li> <Li> 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake </Li> <Li> Dauvray Cup </Li> <Li> Temple Cup </Li> <Li> Chronicle - Telegraph Cup </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book : World Series </Li> <Li> Category : World Series </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Philadelphia Phillies 2008 World Series champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dd> 4 Eric Bruntlett </Dd> <Dd> 5 Pat Burrell </Dd> <Dd> 6 Ryan Howard </Dd> <Dd> 7 Pedro Feliz </Dd> <Dd> 8 Shane Victorino </Dd> <Dd> 10 Geoff Jenkins </Dd> <Dd> 11 Jimmy Rollins </Dd> <Dd> 12 Matt Stairs </Dd> <Dd> 16 J.C. Romero </Dd> <Dd> 19 Greg Dobbs </Dd> <Dd> 21 Adam Eaton </Dd> <Dd> 26 Chase Utley </Dd> <Dd> 27 Chris Coste </Dd> <Dd> 28 Jayson Werth </Dd> <Dd> 35 Cole Hamels ( NLCS and World Series MVP ) </Dd> <Dd> 37 Chad Durbin </Dd> <Dd> 38 Kyle Kendrick </Dd> <Dd> 39 Brett Myers </Dd> <Dd> 43 J.A. Happ </Dd> <Dd> 45 Tom Gordon </Dd> <Dd> 47 Scott Eyre </Dd> <Dd> 50 Jamie Moyer </Dd> <Dd> 51 Carlos Ruiz </Dd> <Dd> 54 Brad Lidge </Dd> <Dd> 55 Clay Condrey </Dd> <Dd> 56 Joe Blanton </Dd> <Dd> 57 Rudy Seánez </Dd> <Dd> 63 Ryan Madson </Dd> <Dd> 99 So Taguchi </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dd> Manager 41 Charlie Manuel </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> Bench Coach 22 Jimy Williams </Dd> <Dd> First Base Coach 15 Davey Lopes </Dd> <Dd> Third Base Coach 2 Steve Smith </Dd> <Dd> Hitting Coach 25 Milt Thompson </Dd> <Dd> Pitching Coach 30 Rich Dubee </Dd> <Dd> Bullpen Coach 31 Ramon Henderson </Dd> <Dd> Interim Bullpen Coach 29 Roly de Armas </Dd> <Dd> Catching Instructor 17 Mick Billmeyer </Dd> <Dd> General Manager Pat Gillick </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dd> Regular season </Dd> <Dd> National League Division Series </Dd> <Dd> National League Championship Series </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Philadelphia Phillies </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Established in 1883 </Li> <Li> Formerly the Philadelphia Quakers </Li> <Li> Based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Franchise </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Seasons </Li> <Li> Records </Li> <Li> Players </Li> <Li> Owners and executives </Li> <Li> Managers </Li> <Li> Broadcasters </Li> <Li> Opening Day starting pitchers </Li> <Li> First - round picks </Li> <Li> No - hitters </Li> <Li> Award winners and league leaders </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ballparks </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Recreation Park </Li> <Li> Baker Bowl </Li> <Li> Shibe Park </Li> <Li> Veterans Stadium </Li> <Li> Citizens Bank Park </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> Spring training </Dt> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> Fogel Field </Dd> <Dd> Coffee Pot Park </Dd> <Dd> Rickwood Field </Dd> <Dd> Cooke Field </Dd> <Dd> City Park / Ninth Street Park </Dd> <Dd> Wilmington Park </Dd> <Dd> Flamingo Field </Dd> <Dd> Clearwater Athletic Field </Dd> <Dd> Jack Russell Memorial Stadium </Dd> <Dd> Carpenter Complex / Spectrum Field </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ashburn Alley </Li> <Li> Baseball Wall of Fame </Li> <Li> By Saam </Li> <Li> Curse of Billy Penn </Li> <Li> Dan Baker </Li> <Li> Franchise awards </Li> <Li> Harry Kalas </Li> <Li> `` High Hopes '' </Li> <Li> Hot Pants Patrol </Li> <Li> Maje McDonnell </Li> <Li> Paul Richardson </Li> <Li> Philadelphia Phillies ( NFL ) </Li> <Li> Phillie Phanatic </Li> <Li> Phillies Turn Back the Clock </Li> <Li> Richie Ashburn </Li> <Li> Sports Hall of Fame </Li> <Li> `` The Sound of Philadelphia '' </Li> <Li> Tony Lucadello </Li> <Li> `` Whoomp ! ( There It Is ) '' </Li> <Li> `` The World Series Defense '' ( It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episode ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lore </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1993 World Series Game 6 </Li> <Li> 2018 MLB Little League Classic </Li> <Li> Black Friday </Li> <Li> Black Saturday </Li> <Li> The Cardiac Kids </Li> <Li> The Four Aces </Li> <Li> Macho Row </Li> <Li> Perfect games <Ul> <Li> Jim Bunning </Li> <Li> Roy Halladay </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The Phold </Li> <Li> `` Team to Beat '' </Li> <Li> Whiz Kids </Li> <Li> Wheeze Kids </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rivalries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> New York Mets </Li> <Li> Pittsburgh Pirates </Li> <Li> Philadelphia Athletics ( City Series ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Important figures </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Wall of Fame members </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Grover Cleveland Alexander </Li> <Li> Dick Allen </Li> <Li> Richie Ashburn </Li> <Li> Bob Boone </Li> <Li> Larry Bowa </Li> <Li> Jim Bunning </Li> <Li> Pat Burrell </Li> <Li> Johnny Callison </Li> <Li> Steve Carlton </Li> <Li> Gavvy Cravath </Li> <Li> Darren Daulton </Li> <Li> Ed Delahanty </Li> <Li> Del Ennis </Li> <Li> Dallas Green </Li> <Li> Billy Hamilton </Li> <Li> Granny Hamner </Li> <Li> Willie Jones </Li> <Li> Harry Kalas </Li> <Li> Chuck Klein </Li> <Li> John Kruk </Li> <Li> Mike Lieberthal </Li> <Li> Greg Luzinski </Li> <Li> Garry Maddox </Li> <Li> Sherry Magee </Li> <Li> Charlie Manuel </Li> <Li> Tug McGraw </Li> <Li> Paul Owens </Li> <Li> Robin Roberts </Li> <Li> Juan Samuel </Li> <Li> Curt Schilling </Li> <Li> Mike Schmidt </Li> <Li> Chris Short </Li> <Li> Curt Simmons </Li> <Li> Tony Taylor </Li> <Li> Jim Thome </Li> <Li> Sam Thompson </Li> <Li> John Vukovich </Li> <Li> Cy Williams </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Franchise record holders </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> John Coleman </Li> <Li> Bill Duggleby </Li> <Li> Lenny Dykstra </Li> <Li> Kid Gleason </Li> <Li> Ryan Howard </Li> <Li> George McQuillan </Li> <Li> José Mesa </Li> <Li> Lefty O'Doul </Li> <Li> Jimmy Rollins </Li> <Li> Curt Schilling </Li> <Li> Kent Tekulve </Li> <Li> Chase Utley </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Retired numbers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> 14 </Li> <Li> 20 </Li> <Li> 32 </Li> <Li> 36 </Li> <Li> 42 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Key personnel </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Owner : Limited partnership ( John S. Middleton , Jim & Pete Buck , David Montgomery , & Pat Gillick ) </Li> <Li> President : Andy MacPhail </Li> <Li> General Manager : Matt Klentak </Li> <Li> Manager : Gabe Kapler </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> World Series championships ( 2 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NL pennants ( 7 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1915 </Li> <Li> 1950 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Division championships ( 11 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Minor league affiliates </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> AAA </Dt> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> Lehigh Valley IronPigs </Dd> <Dt> AA </Dt> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> Reading Fightin Phils </Dd> <Dt> A Adv . </Dt> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> Clearwater Threshers </Dd> <Dt> </Dt> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> Lakewood BlueClaws </Dd> <Dt> Short A </Dt> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> Williamsport Crosscutters </Dd> <Dt> Rookie </Dt> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> GCL Phillies East </Dd> <Dd> GCL Phillies West </Dd> <Dd> DSL Phillies Red </Dd> <Dd> DSL Phillies White </Dd> <Dt> Rosters </Dt> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> Minor league rosters </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Broadcasting </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> NBC Sports Philadelphia </Li> <Li> WCAU </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Radio </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 94 WIP ( English flagship station ) </Li> <Li> El Pasaporte ( Spanish flagship station ) </Li> <Li> Phillies radio network affiliates </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Broadcasters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tom McCarthy </Li> <Li> John Kruk </Li> <Li> Ben Davis </Li> <Li> Mike Schmidt </Li> <Li> Scott Franzke </Li> <Li> Larry Andersen </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Seasons ( 136 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1880s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1880 1881 1882 1883 </Li> <Li> 1884 </Li> <Li> 1885 </Li> <Li> 1886 </Li> <Li> 1887 </Li> <Li> 1888 </Li> <Li> 1889 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1890s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1890 </Li> <Li> 1891 </Li> <Li> 1892 </Li> <Li> 1893 </Li> <Li> 1894 </Li> <Li> 1895 </Li> <Li> 1896 </Li> <Li> 1897 </Li> <Li> 1898 </Li> <Li> 1899 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1900s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1900 </Li> <Li> 1901 </Li> <Li> 1902 </Li> <Li> 1903 </Li> <Li> 1904 </Li> <Li> 1905 </Li> <Li> 1906 </Li> <Li> 1907 </Li> <Li> 1908 </Li> <Li> 1909 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1910s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1910 </Li> <Li> 1911 </Li> <Li> 1912 </Li> <Li> 1913 </Li> <Li> 1914 </Li> <Li> 1915 </Li> <Li> 1916 </Li> <Li> 1917 </Li> <Li> 1918 </Li> <Li> 1919 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1920s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1920 </Li> <Li> 1921 </Li> <Li> 1922 </Li> <Li> 1923 </Li> <Li> 1924 </Li> <Li> 1925 </Li> <Li> 1926 </Li> <Li> 1927 </Li> <Li> 1928 </Li> <Li> 1929 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1930s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1930 </Li> <Li> 1931 </Li> <Li> 1932 </Li> <Li> 1933 </Li> <Li> 1934 </Li> <Li> 1935 </Li> <Li> 1936 </Li> <Li> 1937 </Li> <Li> 1938 </Li> <Li> 1939 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1940s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1940 </Li> <Li> 1941 </Li> <Li> 1942 </Li> <Li> 1943 </Li> <Li> 1944 </Li> <Li> 1945 </Li> <Li> 1946 </Li> <Li> 1947 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1949 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1950s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1950 </Li> <Li> 1951 </Li> <Li> 1952 </Li> <Li> 1953 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1955 </Li> <Li> 1956 </Li> <Li> 1957 </Li> <Li> 1958 </Li> <Li> 1959 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1960s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1961 </Li> <Li> 1962 </Li> <Li> 1963 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1965 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1967 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1969 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1973 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Tampa Bay Rays </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Established in 1998 </Li> <Li> Formerly the Tampa Bay Devil Rays </Li> <Li> Based in St. Petersburg , Florida , ( Tampa Bay ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Franchise </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Players </Li> <Li> Managers </Li> <Li> Owners and executives </Li> <Li> Broadcasters <Ul> <Li> Radio Network </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Awards </Li> <Li> Records </Li> <Li> No - hitters </Li> <Li> Opening Day starting pitchers </Li> <Li> First - round draft picks </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> History <Ul> <Li> Baseball in the Tampa Bay Area </Li> <Li> Seasons </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Expansion </Li> <Li> Expansion draft </Li> <Li> All articles </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ballparks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tropicana Field </Li> <Li> Rays Ballpark ( proposed ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Spring training </Dt> <Dd> Al Lang Stadium </Dd> <Dd> Charlotte Sports Park </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Raymond </Li> <Li> The Rookie </Li> <Li> Dick Crippen </Li> <Li> The Happy Heckler </Li> <Li> Defenders of the Game </Li> <Li> Cowbell </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lore </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 9 = 8 </Li> <Li> Game 162 </Li> <Li> 2013 AL Wild Card tie - breaker game </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rivalries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Miami Marlins </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Key personnel </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Owner : Stuart Sternberg </Li> <Li> President : Brian Auld </Li> <Li> President of Baseball Operations : Matthew Silverman </Li> <Li> General Manager : Erik Neander </Li> <Li> Manager : Kevin Cash </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> American League pennants ( 1 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2008 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Division titles ( 2 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wild - Card berths ( 2 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Retired numbers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 12 </Li> <Li> 42 </Li> <Li> 66 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Minor league affiliates </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Durham Bulls ( AAA ) </Li> <Li> Montgomery Biscuits ( AA ) </Li> <Li> Charlotte Stone Crabs ( A Adv . ) </Li> <Li> Bowling Green Hot Rods ( A ) </Li> <Li> Hudson Valley Renegades ( Short A ) </Li> <Li> Princeton Rays ( Rookie Adv . ) </Li> <Li> GCL Rays ( Rookie ) </Li> <Li> DSL Rays 1 ( Rookie ) </Li> <Li> DSL Rays 2 ( Rookie ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Seasons ( 21 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Fox Major League Baseball </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related programs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Cheap Seats ( 2010 -- 2011 ) </Li> <Li> MLB Whiparound </Li> <Li> Major League Baseball Game of the Week </Li> <Li> Thursday Night Baseball ( 1997 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> This Week in Baseball ( 2000 -- 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> DirecTV N3D </Li> <Li> FoxBox </Li> <Li> FoxTrax </Li> <Li> Scooter </Li> <Li> Television contracts ( cable ) </Li> <Li> MLB Network </Li> <Li> World Series television ratings </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> National coverage </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fox ( 1996 -- present ) </Li> <Li> FS1 ( 2014 -- present ) </Li> <Li> FS2 ( 2014 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Fox Deportes ( 2012 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Fox Family Channel ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Fox Sports Net ( 1997 -- 1999 ) </Li> <Li> FX ( 1997 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FSN affiliates </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arizona ( Arizona Diamondbacks ) </Li> <Li> Detroit ( Detroit Tigers ) </Li> <Li> Florida ( Miami Marlins & Tampa Bay Rays ) </Li> <Li> Kansas City ( Kansas City Royals ) </Li> <Li> Midwest ( St. Louis Cardinals ) </Li> <Li> North ( Minnesota Twins ) </Li> <Li> Ohio ( Cincinnati Reds ) </Li> <Li> San Diego ( San Diego Padres ) </Li> <Li> South ( Atlanta Braves ) </Li> <Li> Southeast ( Atlanta Braves ) </Li> <Li> Southwest ( Texas Rangers ) </Li> <Li> West ( Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ) </Li> <Li> Wisconsin ( Milwaukee Brewers ) </Li> <Li> Sun ( Miami Marlins & Tampa Bay Rays ) </Li> <Li> SportsTime Ohio ( Cleveland Indians ) </Li> <Li> YES Network ( New York Yankees ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former FSN affiliates </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bay Area ( Oakland Athletics & San Francisco Giants ; 1998 -- 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Chicago ( Chicago Cubs & Chicago White Sox , 1998 -- 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Houston ( Houston Astros , 2009 - 2012 ) </Li> <Li> New York ( New York Mets , 1998 -- 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Rocky Mountain ( Colorado Rockies , 1997 - 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fox / MyTV O&O Stations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> New York City : WNYW 5 ( Yankees , 1999 -- 2001 ) , WWOR 9 ( N.Y. Giants , 1951 -- 1957 ; Brooklyn Dodgers , 1950 -- 1957 ; Mets , 1962 -- 1998 ; Yankees , 2005 -- 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Los Angeles : KTTV 11 ( Dodgers , 1958 -- 1992 ) , KCOP 13 ( Dodgers , 2002 -- 2005 ; Angels , 2006 -- 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Chicago : WFLD 32 ( White Sox , 1968 -- 1972 , 1982 -- 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Philadelphia : WTXF 29 ( Phillies , 1983 -- 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Dallas -- Fort Worth : KDFW 4 & KDFI 27 ( Texas Rangers , 2001 -- 2009 ) </Li> <Li> San Francisco -- Oakland : KTVU 2 ( Giants , 1961 -- 2007 ; Athletics , 1973 -- 1974 ) , KICU 36 ( Athletics , 1999 -- 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Boston : WFXT 25 ( Red Sox , 2000 -- 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Washington , D.C. : WTTG 5 ( Senators , 1948 -- 1958 ) , WDCA 20 ( Nationals , 2005 -- 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Houston : KRIV 26 ( Astros , 1979 -- 1982 ) , KTXH 20 ( Astros , 1983 -- 1997 , 2008 -- 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Detroit : WJBK 2 ( Tigers , 1953 -- 1974 ; 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Minneapolis -- Saint Paul : KMSP 9 ( Twins , 1979 -- 1988 , 1998 -- 2002 ) , WFTC 29 ( Twins , 1990 -- 1992 , 2005 -- 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Commentators </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All - Star Game </Li> <Li> ALCS </Li> <Li> ALDS </Li> <Li> NLCS </Li> <Li> NLDS </Li> <Li> World Series </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Key figures </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kenny Albert </Li> <Li> Dick Bremer </Li> <Li> Thom Brennaman </Li> <Li> Joe Buck </Li> <Li> Joe Davis </Li> <Li> Aaron Goldsmith </Li> <Li> Mike Joy </Li> <Li> Justin Kutcher </Li> <Li> Josh Lewin </Li> <Li> Tom McCarthy </Li> <Li> Mel Proctor </Li> <Li> John Rooney </Li> <Li> Dave Sims </Li> <Li> Dick Stockton </Li> <Li> Daron Sutton </Li> <Li> Matt Vasgersian </Li> <Li> Rich Waltz </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Color commentators </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rod Allen </Li> <Li> Bob Brenly </Li> <Li> Joe Girardi </Li> <Li> Mark Grace </Li> <Li> Mark Gubicza </Li> <Li> Rex Hudler </Li> <Li> Eric Karros </Li> <Li> Steve Lyons </Li> <Li> Rick Manning </Li> <Li> Tim McCarver </Li> <Li> José Mota </Li> <Li> A.J. Pierzynski </Li> <Li> Harold Reynolds </Li> <Li> Frank Robinson </Li> <Li> Ken Singleton </Li> <Li> John Smoltz </Li> <Li> Jeff Torborg </Li> <Li> Tom Verducci </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Guest commentators </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bret Boone </Li> <Li> David Cone </Li> <Li> Terry Francona </Li> <Li> Luis Gonzalez </Li> <Li> Ozzie Guillén </Li> <Li> Al Leiter </Li> <Li> David Ortiz </Li> <Li> A.J. Pierzynski </Li> <Li> Lou Piniella </Li> <Li> Jimmy Rollins </Li> <Li> Nick Swisher </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Field reporters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Erin Andrews </Li> <Li> Curt Menefee </Li> <Li> Chris Myers </Li> <Li> Ken Rosenthal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio hosts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Greg Amsinger </Li> <Li> Kevin Burkhardt </Li> <Li> Chip Caray </Li> <Li> Brian Kenny </Li> <Li> Keith Olbermann </Li> <Li> Patrick O'Neal </Li> <Li> Chris Rose </Li> <Li> Rob Stone </Li> <Li> Jeanne Zelasko </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio analysts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eric Byrnes </Li> <Li> Keith Hernandez </Li> <Li> Raúl Ibañez </Li> <Li> Gabe Kapler </Li> <Li> Kevin Kennedy </Li> <Li> Kevin Millar </Li> <Li> C.J. 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by - play </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Charley Steiner ( 1998 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Jon Miller ( 1998 -- 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Dan Shulman ( 2002 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Gary Thorne ( 2008 -- 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Jon Sciambi ( 2010 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Analysts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kevin Kennedy ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Dave Campbell ( 1999 -- 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Chris Singleton ( 2011 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio hosts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Joe D'Ambrosio ( 1998 -- 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Marc Kestecher ( 2008 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> AL Championship Series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NL Championship Series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> AL Division Series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NL Division Series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> AL Wild Card Game </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NL Wild Card Game </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> All - Star Game </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> World Series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related programs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ESPN Major League Baseball </Li> <Li> Major League Baseball Game of the Week </Li> <Li> Sunday Night Baseball </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Commentators </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All - Star Game </Li> <Li> ALCS </Li> <Li> ALDS </Li> <Li> NLCS </Li> <Li> NLDS </Li> <Li> World Series </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lore </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1998 Major League Baseball home run record chase </Li> <Li> Death of Osama bin Laden </Li> <Li> Grand Slam Single </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Tie - breaker games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1998 NL Wild Card Playoff </Li> <Li> 1999 NL Wild Card Playoff </Li> <Li> 2007 NL Wild Card Playoff </Li> <Li> 2008 AL Central Playoff </Li> <Li> 2009 AL Central Playoff </Li> <Li> 2013 AL Wild Card tie - breaker </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Divisional Series games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Flip Play </Li> <Li> `` The Bug Game '' </Li> <Li> Roy Halladay 's postseason no - hitter </Li> <Li> `` The Illegal Slide Game '' </Li> <Li> `` The 53 - Minute 7th Inning '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> World Series games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Last Night of the Yankee Dynasty </Li> <Li> Game 6 of the 2011 World Series </Li> <Li> Walk - off Obstruction </Li> <Li> End of the Curse of the Billy Goat </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chicago Cubs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Steve Bartman ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Curse of the Billy Goat </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New York Yankees </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry </Li> <Li> Curse of the Bambino </Li> <Li> Final game at Yankee Stadium ( 2008 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Major League Baseball on the radio </Li> <Li> Home Run Derby </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2008_World_Series&oldid=841230586 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> World Series </Li> <Li> 2008 Major League Baseball season </Li> <Li> Tampa Bay Rays postseason </Li> <Li> Philadelphia Phillies postseason </Li> <Li> 2008 in sports in Florida </Li> <Li> 2008 in sports in Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Baseball in Philadelphia </Li> <Li> Sports competitions in Philadelphia </Li> <Li> 2008 in Philadelphia </Li> <Li> Baseball in Florida </Li> <Li> Sports competitions in St. Petersburg , Florida </Li> <Li> 21st century in St. Petersburg , Florida </Li> <Li> October 2008 sports events </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from June 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from November 2013 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 18 : 01 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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Languages of Belgium - wikipedia <H1> Languages of Belgium </H1> `` Belgian languages '' redirects here . For the hypothetical extinct language , see Belgian language . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Languages of Belgium </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official languages </Th> <Td> Dutch ( 1st : ~ 55 % , 2nd : 13 % ) French ( 1st : ~ 36 % , 2nd : ~ 45 % ) German ( 1st : 0.4 % , 2nd : 22 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regional languages </Th> <Td> <P> languages : West Flemish , Limburgish , Luxembourgish </P> dialects : East Flemish , Brabantian Low Dietsch ( dialects of Dutch ) , , Walloon , Picard , Champenois , Lorrain , ( French dialects ) Moselle Franconian , Ripuarian ( German dialects ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Main foreign languages </Th> <Td> English ( 2nd : 38 % ) , Spanish ( 2nd : 5 % ) , Italian ( 1st : 2 % , 2nd : 1 % ) , Arabic ( 1st : 3 % , 2nd : 1 % ) , Turkish ( 1st : 1 % ) , Portuguese , Yiddish </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sign languages </Th> <Td> Flemish Sign Language ( VGT ) , French Belgian Sign Language ( LSFB ) , German Sign Language ( DGS ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Common keyboard layouts </Th> <Td> Belgian AZERTY </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Source </Th> <Td> ( 1 ) ( Europa.eu ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture of Belgium </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> People </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Languages </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mythology and folklore ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Mythology </Li> <Li> folklore </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cuisine </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Festivals </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Religion </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Art </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Literature </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Music and performing arts ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Music </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Media ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Television </Li> <Li> Cinema </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sport </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Monuments ( show ) <Ul> <Li> World Heritage Sites </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Symbols ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Flag </Li> <Li> Coat of arms </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Belgium portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Two bilingual signs ( both in Dutch and French ) on a street in Brussels <P> The Kingdom of Belgium has three official languages : Dutch , French , and German . A number of non-official , minority languages and dialects are spoken as well . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Official languages <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Legal status </Li> <Li> 1.2 Dutch </Li> <Li> 1.3 French </Li> <Li> 1.4 German </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Use </Li> <Li> 3 Multilingualism </Li> <Li> 4 Non-official languages <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Romance <Ul> <Li> 4.1. 1 Walloon </Li> <Li> 4.1. 2 Picard </Li> <Li> 4.1. 3 Champenois </Li> <Li> 4.1. 4 Lorrain </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.2 Germanic <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 1 Flemish </Li> <Li> 4.2. 2 Limburgish </Li> <Li> 4.2. 3 Low Dietsch </Li> <Li> 4.2. 4 Luxembourgish </Li> <Li> 4.2. 5 Yiddish </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.3 Sign Languages <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 1 LSFB </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2 VGT </Li> <Li> 4.3. 3 DGS </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.4 Main foreign languages </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Also see </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <H2> Official languages ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Legal status ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Belgium Constitution guarantees , since the country 's independence , freedom of language in the private sphere . Article 30 specifies that `` the use of languages spoken in Belgium is optional ; only the law can rule on this matter , and only for acts of the public authorities and for legal matters . '' For those public authorities , there is extensive language legislation concerning Dutch , French and German , even though the Belgian Constitution does not explicitly mention which languages enjoy official status . Article 4 does however divide the country into linguistic areas , which form the basis of the federal structure : `` Belgium has four linguistic areas : The French - speaking area , the Dutch - speaking area , the bilingual area of Brussels Capital and the German - speaking area . '' </P> <P> Before the federal structure and the language legislation gradually introduced in the 20th century , French was generally the only language used by public authorities . For example , the Dutch version of the Constitution has enjoyed equal status to the original French one only since 1967 , and the German version only since 1991 . </P> A traffic sign worded in both French and Dutch ( as from top to bottom ) in Brussels <P> Of the inhabitants of Belgium , roughly 59 % belong to the Flemish Community , 40 % to the French Community and 1 % to the German - speaking Community , though these figures relating to official Belgian languages include unknown numbers of immigrants and their children speaking a foreign language as primary language , and of Belgian regional migrants which may be assumed to largely balance one another for natively French and Dutch speakers . Though the standard form of Dutch used in Belgium is almost identical to that spoken in the Netherlands and the different dialects spread across the border , it is often colloquially called `` Flemish '' . </P> <H3> Dutch ( edit ) </H3> See also : Flemish <P> Dutch is the official language of the Flemish Community and the Flemish Region ( merged to Flanders ) and , along with French , an official language of the Brussels - Capital Region . The main Dutch dialects spoken in Belgium are Brabantian , West Flemish , East Flemish and Limburgish . All these are spoken across the border in the Netherlands as well , and West Flemish is also spoken in French Flanders . Much like English , Flemish dialects have adopted much more French and other Romance vocabulary through mutual cultural exchange throughout history when compared with other Dutch dialects and as such they are not always readily intelligible for Dutch speakers outside Flanders . Words which are unique to Belgian Dutch are called belgicisms ( as are words used primarily in Belgian French ) . The original Brabantian dialect of Brussels has been very much influenced by French . It is now spoken by a minority in the Capital region since the language of most inhabitants shifted during the Frenchification of Brussels . </P> <H3> French ( edit ) </H3> See also : Belgian French <P> The second-most spoken primary ( Belgian ) language , used natively by almost 40 % of the population , is French . It is the official language of the French Community ( which , like the Flemish Community , is a political entity ) , the dominant language in Wallonia ( having also a small German - speaking Community ) as well as the Brussels - Capital Region . Almost all of the inhabitants of the Capital region speak French as either their primary language ( 50 % ) or as a lingua franca ( 45 % ) . There are also many Flemish people who speak French as a second language . Belgian French is in most respects identical to standard , Parisian French , but differs in some points of vocabulary , pronunciation , and semantics . </P> <H3> German ( edit ) </H3> <P> German is the least prevalent official language in Belgium , spoken natively by less than 1 % of the population . The German - speaking Community of Belgium numbers 77,000 , residing in an area of Belgium that was ceded by the former German Empire as part of the Treaty of Versailles , which concluded World War I. In 1940 , Nazi Germany re-annexed the region following its invasion of Belgium during World War II ; after the war it was returned to Belgium . </P> <H2> Use ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Language legislation in Belgium and Communities , regions and language areas of Belgium <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="5"> Distribution of languages of Belgium </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Dutch ( Flemish ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 60 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> French </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 40 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> German </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 0.4 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In national politics , politicians can freely choose to speak in any of the three official languages . In turn , the Belgian parliament provides simultaneous interpretation for those who require it to assist in communication . </P> <P> Education is provided by the Communities , Dutch in the Flemish Community ( Flanders and Brussels ) , French in the French Community ( Wallonia and Brussels ) , German in the German - speaking community . Instruction in other languages is prohibited in government - funded schools except for foreign language subjects . However , the English language has become increasingly used in higher education . </P> <P> Also all official correspondence and communication with the government ( e.g. tax papers , local politics , ID / passport requests , building permits etc . ) must be in the official language of the region or community . Inhabitants of a few municipalities are granted an exception to these rules . </P> <H2> Multilingualism ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2006 , the Université Catholique de Louvain , the country 's largest French - speaking university , published a report with the introduction ( translated ) : </P> <P> This issue regarding economies is devoted to the demand for knowledge of languages in Belgium and in its three regions ( Brussels , Flanders , Wallonia ) . The surveys show that Flanders is clearly more multilingual , which is without doubt a well - known fact , but the difference is considerable : whereas 59 % and 53 % of the Flemings know French or English respectively , only 19 % and 17 % of the Walloons know Dutch or English . The measures advocated by the Marshall Plan are heading towards the proper direction , but are doubtlessly quite insufficient to fully overcome the lag . ( This particular 2006 -- 2009 ' Marshall Plan ' was devised in 2004 and published in 2005 to uplift the Walloon economy . ) </P> <P> Within the report , professors in economics Ginsburgh and Weber further show that of the Brussels ' residents , 95 % declared they can speak French , 59 % Dutch , and 41 % know the non-local English . Of those under the age of forty , 59 % in Flanders declared that they could speak all three , along with 10 % in Wallonia and 28 % in Brussels . In each region , Belgium 's third official language , German , is notably less known than those . </P> <H2> Non-official languages ( edit ) </H2> Regional languages and dialects of the Benelux area A linguistic map of the original languages in Wallonia , now largely replaced by standard Belgian French <P> In addition to the three official languages , others are spoken in Belgium , like in Wallonia , where French became dominant only relatively recently . Sometimes seen as dialects , the varieties related to French have been recognized by the French Community as separate languages ( langues régionales endogènes , lit . ' regional native languages ' ) since 1990 , without , however , taking any further significant measures to support those varieties . </P> <H3> Romance ( edit ) </H3> Walloon ( edit ) <P> Walloon is the historical language of southern Belgium , and most of the areas where French is now spoken were Walloon - speaking . It is also the traditional national language of the Walloons . Though it has been recognized , like other vernaculars in Belgium , since 1990 , it is mainly spoken by older people , though younger Walloons may claim some knowledge . It is mainly used in rural regions , and is used in theaters and literature , though not in schools . </P> Picard ( edit ) <P> Another language related to French , and a historic language of the region , Picard , was recognized by the government of the French Community in 1990 . Western Belgium has its core area in France , stretching into the western part of Wallonia . </P> Champenois ( edit ) <P> Champenois was also legally recognized in 1990 . It is mainly spoken in Champagne , France , and a small part of Wallonia . </P> Lorrain ( edit ) <P> Like the other indigenous languages closely related to French , Lorrain was recognized in 1990 . It is mainly spoken in Gaume , a part of Belgian Lorraine . </P> <H3> Germanic ( edit ) </H3> Flemish ( edit ) <P> Flanders too has a number of dialects , but linguists regard these as varieties of Dutch rather than a separate Flemish language with the exception of Limburgish and West Flemish . The main Dutch dialects in Belgium are Brabantian and East Flemish . Standard Dutch , as spoken in Belgium , is mostly influenced by Brabantian . There are literary traditions in both the East Flemish and West Flemish dialects . </P> Limburgish ( edit ) <P> Limburgish is a language spoken mainly in north - eastern Belgium and the south - eastern Netherlands , in the Belgian and Dutch provinces of Limburg . It is closely related to Dutch but has more German influences . </P> Low Dietsch ( edit ) <P> Low Dietsch is a Germanic language or dialect in the north - east of the Belgian province of Liege , in the kernel area of the historical ( and linguistically mixed ) Duchy of Limburg . It is spoken in towns and villages such as Plombières ( Bleiberg ) , Gemmenich , Hombourg , Montzen and Welkenraedt . By linguists , the variety is classified as a transition between Limburgish and Ripuarian . It has been defined as either varieties of Dutch or of German . Low Dietsch is acknowledged as an internal regional language by the Walloon authority since 1992 . The Low Dietsch was the favorite foreign language of Andrew Jackson for its sound and eloquency . Low Dietsch is practically identical to the German dialect in the northern part of the neighbouring official German - speaking region of Belgium . The different definition is due to the fact that the German - speaking region was annexed by Belgium in 1919 , whereas the `` Low Dietsch '' area has been part of Belgium since 1830 . </P> Luxembourgish ( edit ) <P> Luxembourgish , a Moselle Franconian language formerly regarded as a variety of German , is native to Arelerland , the eastern part of the Belgian province of Luxembourg , including the city of Arlon ( Arel ) . Here it has largely been replaced by Belgian French in recent decades , contrarily to its flourishing on the other side of the border , in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg . </P> <P> The language has , since 1990 , been recognised by the Walloon authorities as Francique ( Franconian ) . It was the only non-Romance language recognized in the 1990 decree . </P> Yiddish ( edit ) <P> Yiddish is spoken by many among the 20,000 Ashkenazi Jews living in Antwerp . The Yiddish community there is among the strongest in Europe , and one of the few Jewish communities worldwide in which Yiddish remains the dominant language ( others include Kiryas Joel , New York , and similar Ashkenazi neighborhoods in the United States , London , Paris , Montreal and Israel ) . </P> <H3> Sign languages ( edit ) </H3> LSFB ( edit ) <P> LSFB , or French Belgian Sign Language , is used primarily in Wallonia and Brussels and is related to LSF and other Francosign languages . It developed from Old Belgian Sign Language which came about as a result of contact between Lyons Sign Language and LSF . </P> VGT ( edit ) <P> Like LSFB , Flemish Sign Language , or VGT , is a Francosign language descended from Old Belgian Sign Language which is used primarily in Flanders with five major regional dialects : West Flanders , East Flanders , Antwerp , Flemish Brabant , and Limburg . Moreover , there is dialectal variation between men and women speakers due to historical developments of the language . </P> DGS ( edit ) <P> Unlike VGT and LSFB , DGS , or German Sign Language , is unrelated to LSF and comprises its own language family . DGS is related to PJM and Shassi . It is primarily used around the German - speaking communities of Belgium , although German and DGS are unrelated . </P> <H3> Main foreign languages ( edit ) </H3> <P> Languages spoken by immigrants from recent decades and their descendants include Berber ( Riffian ) , Arabic ( Maghrebi ) , Spanish , Turkish , Portuguese , Italian , Greek , Polish and English . </P> <H2> Also see ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Language legislation in Belgium </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 386 Europeans and their Languages '' ( PDF ) . ec.europa.eu . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 01 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Footnote : Of the inhabitants of Belgium , roughly 59 % belong to the Flemish Community , 40 % to the French Community and 1 % to the German - speaking Community , though these figures relating to official Belgian languages include unknown numbers of immigrants and their children speaking a foreign language as primary language , and of Belgian regional migrants which may be assumed to largely balance one another for natively French and Dutch speakers . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Van Parijs , Philippe , Professor of economic and social ethics at the UCLouvain , Visiting Professor at Harvard University and the KULeuven . `` Belgium 's new linguistic challenges '' ( PDF ) . KVS Express ( supplement to newspaper De Morgen ) March -- April 2007 : Article from original source ( pdf 4.9 MB ) pages 34 -- 36 republished by the Belgian Federal Government Service ( ministry ) of Economy -- Directorate -- general Statistics Belgium . Archived from the original ( pdf 0.7 MB ) on 2007 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 05 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) -- The linguistic situation in Belgium ( and in particular various estimations of the population speaking French and Dutch in Brussels ) is discussed in detail . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Van autochtoon naar allochtoon '' . De Standaard ( newspaper ) online ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 05 . Meer dan de helft van de Brusselse bevolking is van vreemde afkomst . In 1961 was dat slechts 7 procent . ( More than half of the Brussels ' population is of foreign origin . In 1961 this was only 7 percent . ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bayenet , Benoît , Professor at the Université Libre de Bruxelles , in 2004 Economical Advisor to the federal Vice Prime Minister & Justice Minister , and to the Walloon Region 's Minister of Economy and Employment ; Vandendorpe , Luc , Direction Politique économique , Ministry of the Walloon Region ( 2004 ) . `` Le plan Marshall : cinq actions prioritaires pour l'avenir wallon ( The Marshall plan : five prioritary actions for the Walloon future ) '' . OVER. WERK journal of Steunpunt WAV ( in French ) . Acco ( 4 / 2005 ) . ISSN 1379 - 7034 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ginsburgh , Victor , Université Catholique de Louvain ; Weber , Shlomo , Professor of Economics and Director of the Center for Economic Studies of the Southern Methodist University , Dallas , USA , and having a seat in the expert panel of the International Monetary Fund . ( June 2006 ) . `` La dynamique des langues en Belgique '' ( PDF ) . Regards économiques , Publication préparée par les économistes de l'Université Catholique de Louvain ( in French ) . 19 ( Numéro 42 ) : 282 -- 9 . doi : 10.1159 / 000013462 . PMID 10213829 . Archived from the original ( pdf 0.7 MB ) on 2006 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 07 . Ce numéro de Regards économiques est consacré à la question des connaissances linguistiques en Belgique et dans ses trois régions ( Bruxelles , Flandre , Wallonie ) . Les enquêtes montrent que la Flandre est bien plus multilingue , ce qui est sans doute un fait bien connu , mais la différence est considérable : alors que 60 % et 53 % des Flamands connaissent le français ou l'anglais respectivement , seulement 20 % et 17 % des Wallons connaissent le néerlandais ou l'anglais . Les mesures préconisées par le Plan Marshall vont dans la bonne direction , mais sont sans doute très insuffisantes pour combler le retard ... 95 pour cent des Bruxellois déclarent parler le français , alors que ce pourcentage tombe à 59 pour cent pour le néerlandais . Quant à l'anglais , il est connu par une proportion importante de la population à Bruxelles ( 41 pour cent ) ... Le syndrome d'H ( ... ) frappe la Wallonie , où à peine 19 et 17 pour cent de la population parlent respectivement le néerlandais et l'anglais . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ( Summary : `` Slechts 19 procent van de Walen spreekt Nederlands '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Taalunie. 2006 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 26 . -- The article shows the interest in the Ginsburg - Weber report , by the French - language Belgian newspaper Le Soir and the Algemeen Dagblad in the Netherlands ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schoors , Koen . `` Réformer sans tabous - Question 1 : les langues -- La connaissance des langues en Belgique : Reactie '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Itinera Institute . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 14 . Hoewel in beide landsdelen de jongeren inderdaad meer talen kennen dan de ouderen , is de talenkloof tussen Vlaanderen en Wallonië toch gegroeid . Dit komt omdat de talenkennis in Vlaanderen sneller is toegenomen dan die in Wallonië ... Het probleem aan Franstalige kant is dus groot en er is , verassend genoeg , niet echt een verbetering of oplossing in zicht ... het is met de kennis van het Engels ongeveer even pover gesteld als met de kennis van het Nederlands . Tot daar dus de verschoning van de povere talenkennis aan Waalse zijde als een rationele individuele keuze in een markt met externe effecten . Het is merkwaardig dat de auteurs dit huizenhoge probleem met hun verklaring expliciet toegeven , maar er bij het formuleren van beleidsadviezen dan toch maar van uit gaan dat hun model juist is . ( Although in both parts of the country the young indeed know more languages than the elder , the languages chasm between Flanders and Wallonia has nevertheless grown . This is because the knowledge of languages in Flanders has increased faster than that in Wallonia ... Thus the problem at the French - speaking side is large and there is , quite surprisingly , not really an improvement or solution in sight ... the knowledge of English is in about as poor a state as the knowledge of Dutch . So far , about the excuse for the poor knowledge of languages on the Walloon side as a rational individual choice in a market with external effects . It is remarkable that the authors by their statement explicitly acknowledge this towering problem , but in formulating governance advices still assume their model to be correct . ) -- Reaction on the Ginsburgh - Weber report ; <Dl> <Dd> -- -- . `` La connaissance des langues en Belgique -- Reactions '' ( PDF ) ( in French ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 06 - 16 . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Décret Valmy Féaux , 14 December 1990 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Conseil des Langues régionales endogènes , e </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ La protection des langues minoritaires en Europe : vers une nouvelle décennie ( in French ) . Council of Europe . 2010 . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 871 - 6726 - 2 . </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook document `` 2006 edition '' . </Li> <Li> Ethnologue , Languages of the World </Li> <Li> Ethnologue , Languages of the World ( BE ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Languages of Belgium </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official languages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dutch </Li> <Li> French </Li> <Li> German </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germanic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brabantian </Li> <Li> East Flemish </Li> <Li> Limburgish </Li> <Li> Low Dietsch </Li> <Li> West Flemish </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Romance </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Champenois </Li> <Li> Lorrain </Li> <Li> Picard </Li> <Li> Walloon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Francosign </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Flemish Sign Language </Li> <Li> French Belgian Sign Language </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germanosign </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> German Sign Language </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Languages and dialects of Benelux </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Dutch <Ul> <Li> Brabantian </Li> <Li> East Flemish </Li> <Li> Hollandic <Ul> <Li> South Hollandic </Li> <Li> Utrechts - 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Bridal chorus - wikipedia <H1> Bridal chorus </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The `` Bridal Chorus '' ( German : Treulich geführt ) from the 1850 opera Lohengrin by German composer Richard Wagner is a march played for the bride 's entrance at many formal weddings throughout the Western world . In English - speaking countries it is generally known as `` Here Comes the Bride '' or `` Wedding March '' , though `` wedding march '' refers to any piece in march tempo accompanying the entrance or exit of the bride , notably Felix Mendelssohn 's `` Wedding March '' . The piece was made popular when it was used as the processional at the wedding of Victoria the Princess Royal to Prince Frederick William of Prussia in 1858 . </P> <P> The chorus is sung in Lohengrin by the women of the wedding party after the ceremony , as they accompany the heroine Elsa to her bridal chamber . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Text </Li> <Li> 2 Religious attitudes </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Text ( edit ) </H2> <P> Although at most weddings the chorus is usually played on an organ without vocal singing , in Lohengrin the wedding party sings these words at the beginning of act three . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Treulich geführt '' ( 1 : 45 ) Historical performance ; courtesy of Musopen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <P> Treulich geführt ziehet dahin , wo euch der Segen der Liebe bewahr ' ! Siegreicher Mut , Minnegewinn eint euch in Treue zum seligsten Paar . Streiter der Tugend , schreite voran ! Zierde der Jugend , schreite voran ! Rauschen des Festes seid nun entronnen , Wonne des Herzens sei euch gewonnen ! Duftender Raum , zur Liebe geschmückt , nehm ' euch nun auf , dem Glanze entrückt . Treulich geführt ziehet nun ein , wo euch der Segen der Liebe bewahr ' ! Siegreicher Mut , Minne so rein eint euch in Treue zum seligsten Paar . </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Faithfully guided , draw near to where the blessing of love shall preserve you ! Triumphant courage , the reward of love , joins you in faith as the happiest of couples ! Champion of virtue , proceed ! Jewel of youth , proceed ! Flee now the splendour of the wedding feast , may the delights of the heart be yours ! This sweet - smelling room , decked for love , now takes you in , away from the splendour . Faithfully guided , draw now near to where the blessing of love shall preserve you ! Triumphant courage , love so pure , joins you in faith as the happiest of couples ! </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Eight women then sing a blessing to a separate melody . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <P> Wie Gott euch selig weihte , zu Freude weihn euch wir . In Liebesglücks Geleite denkt lang ' der Stunde hier ! </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The chorus then repeats the first section , gradually proceeding offstage . </P> <H2> Religious attitudes ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Here Comes the Bride '' On organ ( Kevin MacLeod ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Many pastors of the Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod oppose the `` Bridal Chorus '' because of both pre-First World War Lutheran opposition to the theater and the pagan elements of Wagner 's operas . The Roman Catholic Church generally does not use the `` Bridal Chorus '' ; one diocese 's guidelines regarding the chorus states that the chorus is a secular piece of music , that it is not a processional to the altar in the opera , and especially that its frequent use in film and television associate it with sentimentality rather than worship . The song is also not used in Eastern Orthodox weddings . It is also not used in Jewish weddings due to Wagner 's antisemitism and his popularity with the Nazis . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Pleck , Elizabeth Hafkin ( 2000 ) . Celebrating the Family : Ethnicity , Consumer Culture , and Family Rituals . Harvard University Press . p. 212 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod . `` Wedding March '' . The Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2008 . Retrieved November 18 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Diocese of San Diego Office of Liturgy and Spirituality ( 2000 ) . `` Guidelines for Wedding Music '' ( PDF ) . Diocese of San Diego . Archived from the original (. pdf ) on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved November 18 , 2007 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` Lohengrin : Act 3 , scene 1 . `` Treulich geführt ziehet dahin '' ( Chor ) '' at MusicBrainz ( information and list of recordings ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Richard Wagner </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Operas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Die Feen </Li> <Li> Das Liebesverbot </Li> <Li> Rienzi </Li> <Li> Der fliegende Holländer </Li> <Li> Tannhäuser </Li> <Li> Lohengrin </Li> <Li> Tristan und Isolde </Li> <Li> Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg </Li> <Li> Der Ring des Nibelungen <Ul> <Li> Das Rheingold </Li> <Li> Die Walküre </Li> <Li> Siegfried </Li> <Li> Götterdämmerung </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Parsifal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unfinished operas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Die Hochzeit </Li> <Li> Die Laune des Verliebten </Li> <Li> Männerlist größer als Frauenlist </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opera excerpts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Bridal Chorus '' </Li> <Li> `` Ride of the Valkyries '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Discographies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Der fliegende Holländer </Li> <Li> Tannhäuser </Li> <Li> Lohengrin </Li> <Li> Tristan und Isolde </Li> <Li> Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg </Li> <Li> Der Ring des Nibelungen <Ul> <Li> Das Rheingold </Li> <Li> Die Walküre </Li> <Li> Siegfried </Li> <Li> Götterdämmerung </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Parsifal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Film adaptations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Parsifal ( 1904 film ) </Li> <Li> Parsifal ( 1982 film ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Non-operatic music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Symphony in C major ( 1832 ) </Li> <Li> Polonia Overture ( 1836 ) </Li> <Li> Das Liebesmahl der Apostel ( 1843 ) </Li> <Li> Faust Overture ( 1844 , rev. 1855 ) </Li> <Li> Wesendonck Lieder ( 1858 ) </Li> <Li> Siegfried Idyll ( 1870 ) </Li> <Li> Kaisermarsch </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Writings </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Art and Revolution </Li> <Li> The Artwork of the Future </Li> <Li> Autobiographic Sketch </Li> <Li> A Communication to My Friends </Li> <Li> Das Judenthum in der Musik ( Jewishness in Music ) </Li> <Li> Leubald </Li> <Li> Mein Leben </Li> <Li> Music of the Future </Li> <Li> Opera and Drama </Li> <Li> Die Sieger </Li> <Li> Wieland der Schmied </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inventions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Holztrompete </Li> <Li> Wagner tuba </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bayreuth Festival </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bayreuther Blätter </Li> <Li> Bayreuth canon </Li> <Li> Bayreuth Circle </Li> <Li> Bayreuth Festival </Li> <Li> Bayreuth Festspielhaus </Li> <Li> Jahrhundertring </Li> <Li> Richard Wagner Foundation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wagner family </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Houston Stewart Chamberlain </Li> <Li> Ludwig Geyer </Li> <Li> Cosima Wagner </Li> <Li> Katharina Wagner </Li> <Li> Minna Wagner </Li> <Li> Nike Wagner </Li> <Li> Siegfried Wagner </Li> <Li> Wieland Wagner </Li> <Li> Winifred Wagner </Li> <Li> Wolfgang Wagner </Li> <Li> Eva Wagner - 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Ark Encounter - wikipedia <H1> Ark Encounter </H1> <Table> Ark Encounter <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Noah 's Ark at Ark Encounter ( 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Slogan </Th> <Td> `` It 's bigger than imagination '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Grant County , Kentucky , United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coordinates </Th> <Td> 38 ° 37 ′ 20 '' N 84 ° 35 ′ 32 '' W / 38.622240 ° N 84.592282 ° W / 38.622240 ; - 84.592282 Coordinates : 38 ° 37 ′ 20 '' N 84 ° 35 ′ 32 '' W / 38.622240 ° N 84.592282 ° W / 38.622240 ; - 84.592282 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theme </Th> <Td> Noah 's Ark </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner </Th> <Td> Ark Encounter , LLC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Operated by </Th> <Td> Answers in Genesis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opened </Th> <Td> July 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 07 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Operating season </Th> <Td> Year - round </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Visitors per annum </Th> <Td> 862,471 - 1 million ( July 2017 -- June 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> arkencounter.com </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Status </Th> <Td> Open </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Ark Encounter is a creationist theme park that opened in Grant County , Kentucky on July 7 , 2016 . The centerpiece of the park is a large representation of Noah 's Ark from the Genesis flood narrative contained in the Bible . It is 510 feet ( 155 m ) long , 85 feet ( 26 m ) wide , and 51 feet ( 16 m ) high . </P> <P> Ark Encounter is operated by Answers in Genesis ( AiG ) , a young Earth creationist ( YEC ) organization that also operates the Creation Museum 45 miles ( 70 km ) away in Petersburg , Kentucky . The theme park promotes pseudoscientific young Earth creationist beliefs about the age of the universe , age of the Earth , and co-existence of man and non-avian dinosaurs . </P> <P> After feasibility studies projected that the park would be a boon to the state 's tourism industry , the Ark Encounter received tax incentives from the city , county , and state to induce its construction . This drew criticism from groups concerned with the separation of church and state . A dispute over AiG 's hiring practices was adjudicated in U.S. federal court , which found in 2016 that the organization could require Ark Encounter employees to sign a statement of faith as a condition of their employment , prompting criticism of the park 's discriminatory hiring practices . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Visitor experience </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Planning </Li> <Li> 2.2 Purchase of site </Li> <Li> 2.3 Design and construction </Li> <Li> 2.4 Opening </Li> <Li> 2.5 Subsequent events </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 In the media </Li> <Li> 4 Attendance </Li> <Li> 5 Tax incentives controversies </Li> <Li> 6 Hiring policies controversy </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Visitor experience ( edit ) </H2> A model of a Scutosaurus displayed inside Ark Encounter is identified as a representative of the pareiasaur `` kind '' . <P> The ark contains 132 bays , each standing about 18 feet ( 5.5 m ) high , arranged into three decks . Visitors enter on the lowest deck and move between decks on ramps constructed through the center of the ark . Bays on the first deck contain models of some animals that AiG believes were on the ark ; there are no live animals within the ark . However , the attraction has a petting zoo . The models are meant to represent `` kinds '' of animals , which AiG says gave rise to modern animals through a process of rapid speciation following the flood . Among the models presented , according to AiG co-founder Mark Looey prior to the Ark 's opening , are dinosaurs and a pair of unicorns . </P> <P> The second deck contains more animal models , along with dioramas of Noah 's workshop and a blacksmith . Bays on the third deck contain displays presenting AiG 's ideas of what may have happened inside and outside the ark during the flood . Displays in three of the bays display artifacts from the Green Collection and promote the Museum of the Bible , a Washington , D.C. attraction constructed by the Green family , who donated to the Ark Encounter 's construction . RoadsideAmerica.com wrote that the displays depicting the sinful state of the world before the flood , including a priest sacrificing an infant to an unnamed snake god and people murdered in a gladiatorial event in an arena , were among the most memorable exhibits in the attraction . </P> <P> The ark is held 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) off the ground by a series of concrete towers . The starboard side of the hull merges into three 80 - foot ( 24 m ) masonry towers containing stairwells , elevators , and restrooms . The Ararat Ridge Zoo , a petting zoo , is also part of the attraction . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Planning ( edit ) </H3> <P> On December 1 , 2010 , the young Earth creationism group Answers in Genesis ( AiG ) and the for - profit corporation Ark Encounter , LLC announced that they would partner to build a theme park called Ark Encounter that , as they claimed , would `` lend credence to the biblical account of a catastrophic flood and to dispel doubts that Noah could have fit two of every kind of animal onto a 500 - foot - long ark '' . The partners projected that the fully completed park would cost $150 million , which they intended to raise privately . </P> <P> Under a program enacted by the Kentucky General Assembly in 2010 , Ark Encounter investors applied for economic development incentives that would allow them to recoup 25 percent of the project 's construction costs by keeping a portion of the park 's sales taxes during its first ten years of operation . Receipt of the incentives would be contingent upon Ark Encounter meeting established performance goals upon opening . A press release from Kentucky Governor Steve Beshear 's office cited a feasibility study commissioned by Ark Encounter , LLC and conducted by consumer research corporation America 's Research Group Limited , Inc . The company had also conducted the feasibility study for AiG 's Ark Encounter and an attitudinal survey included in Ken Ham 's book Already Gone ; ARC founder C. Britt Beemer was credited as a co-author of the book . This projected the park could employ 900 people , attract as many as 1.6 million visitors in its first year of operation , and generate a $214 million economic impact for the region . The group selected an 800 - acre ( 320 ha ) parcel near Interstate 75 in Grant County , Kentucky , near the city of Williamstown and about 45 miles ( 70 km ) from AiG 's Creation Museum in Petersburg , Kentucky . </P> <P> The city of Williamstown designated a 1.25 - mile ( 2.01 km ) radius around the Ark Encounter site as a tax increment financing district , meaning 75 percent of sales and property taxes collected in the district would return to Ark Encounter for a period of 30 years . Employees working in the district would also pay a 2 percent employment tax over the same time frame that would go to the Ark Encounter . The Grant County Industrial Development Authority paid Ark Encounter , LLC $195,000 to compensate the corporation for the fact that word of their interest in building the attraction in Grant County had leaked early , causing land prices to double in the area . Further , the Grant County Fiscal Court discounted the sale price of 100 acres ( 40 ha ) of the site to influence the final selection . Citing the proffered incentives , Ark Encounter , LLC made the Grant County site their final selection and scheduled groundbreaking for August 2011 . Plans for additional phases of the park include a model of the Tower of Babel , along with replicas of an ancient walled city and a first - century Middle Eastern village . </P> <H3> Purchase of site ( edit ) </H3> <P> Ark Encounter , LLC finalized the purchase of the entire Ark Encounter site in February 2012 . At that time , AiG announced the decision to construct the park in phases , saying it had raised only $5 million of the $24 million needed to begin construction . The first phase included a full - scale model of Noah 's Ark and a petting zoo . Plans for five subsequent phases included replicas of an ancient walled city , a first - century Middle Eastern village , and the Tower of Babel ; an aviary ; and a 500 - seat special effects theater . </P> Ken Ham , the founder of Answers in Genesis , the group behind Ark Encounter <P> In December 2013 , the city of Williamstown offered $62 million using tax increment financing of bonds to jump - start construction on the Ark Encounter . The unrated bonds were backed by the Ark Encounter 's projected future revenues , but the city was not liable for repaying them in the event that the revenues did n't materialize . At the time of the offering , Ark Encounter , LLC had raised approximately $14 million toward construction of the park . A group of atheist objectors to the Ark Encounter attempted to disrupt the offering by registering for the sale themselves and conducting a public relations campaign against the bonds . In early January 2014 , only $26.5 million in bonds had been sold ; if at least $55 million in bonds were not sold by February 6 , all of the bonds would be automatically redeemed . On February 27 , 2014 , AiG founder Ken Ham announced that his February 4 debate on the viability of creationism with TV personality Bill Nye `` the Science Guy '' had spurred bond sales , and that the Ark Encounter had raised enough money to begin construction . AiG officials said the final cost of the park at its opening exceeded $100 million , including $62 million from the Williamstown bond offering and $36 million from individual donations . The second phase of the park construction is projected to commence in 2018 or 2019 . </P> <P> The 2014 Kentucky General Assembly allocated $1.15 million to Grant County for road improvements to accommodate the heavier traffic expected to be generated by the Ark Encounter . The Assembly also projected the need for $9.1 million in 2017 to improve the Interstate 75 interchange at Williamstown , but this allocation was beyond the scope of the state 's two - year road funding plan . The 2016 General Assembly allocated $10 million to create a new interchange between Kentucky Route 36 ( KY 36 ) and Interstate 75 . Until the improvements are completed , AiG is paying for workers to direct traffic on KY 36 near the Ark Encounter . After the initial allocation by the state , AiG invested $500,000 of its own money into improving KY 36 ; this , and better - than - expected traffic flow , led to the Kentucky Department of Transportation scaling back the proposed improvements , awarding a $3.5 million contract in December 2017 . The project is projected to be completed November 2 , 2018 . </P> <P> In July 2014 , with the approved tax incentives set to expire if work on the park had not begun , Ark Encounter withdrew the approved application and filed a new one to receive incentives on the $73 million first phase . The new application required a new feasibility study to be conducted . AiG paid for the study , again conducted by Hunden Strategic Partners , which projected a more conservative 400,000 visitors a year , 787 new jobs , and a $40 million economic impact . Shortly after the application was given preliminary approval by the Kentucky Tourism Development Finance Authority , Kentucky House Speaker Greg Stumbo said he believed the incentives to be unconstitutional ; he added that he expected the state to be sued and lose a costly lawsuit over the issue . </P> <H3> Design and construction ( edit ) </H3> <P> Cary Summers , who headed Herschend Family Entertainment from 1992 to 1998 , was hired as the lead consultant for the Ark Encounter . Patrick Marsh , who helped design exhibits for the Creation Museum and previously designed attractions for Universal Studios Florida , was part of the planning and design team . The Troyer Group , a construction firm in Mishawaka , Indiana , was contracted to oversee construction of the ark , which was constructed by Amish builders using traditional timber framing techniques . In total , over 1,000 craftsman were employed in the ark 's construction . As possible , board pulling was used rather than steaming . Steel nails were used to conform with building code regulations . </P> Lighting at the Ark Encounter is designed to resemble oil lamps . <P> While the builders originally planned to hold the ark together with wooden pegs , modern building codes required the builders to use steel fasteners , thus 95 tons of metal plates and bolts were used to connect the wood together . The electric lighting inside was designed to look like oil lamps . According to AiG , the Ark Encounter is the largest timber frame structure in the United States . </P> <P> AiG considered twelve different possible lengths for the biblical cubit , and AiG chose to use a length of 20.1 inches ( 51 cm ) ; this produced plans for an ark measuring 510 feet ( 155 m ) long , 85 feet ( 26 m ) wide , and 51 feet ( 16 m ) high . The Ark Encounter consists of approximately 3,300,000 board feet ( 7,800 m ) of wood . The framing of the ark consists mostly of Englemann spruce , while the exterior is made of pine ; some of the logs were as long as 50 feet ( 15 m ) long and 36 inches ( 91 cm ) in diameter . </P> <P> The park 's structures and infrastructure were constructed using environmentally friendly Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED ) certified methods , including geothermal heating , rainwater capture , active and passive solar heating . The Washington Post wrote that the decision to use such techniques was exemplary of `` a fundamental shift in how religiously conservative Christians think of two basic biblical ideas : dominion and stewardship '' . Construction crews began clearing timber from the site late in 2012 in order to remove the shagbark hickory trees before the endangered Indiana bats migrated to the area to nest in them . Much of the wood used to build the Ark Encounter was sourced from renewable forests or trees infested by beetles . During construction , former President Jimmy Carter toured the Ark Encounter , accepting an invitation from LeRoy Troyer , president of the Troyer Group . </P> <H3> Opening ( edit ) </H3> <P> Ark Encounter opened on July 7 , 2016 , a date ( 7 / 7 ) chosen to correspond with Genesis 7 : 7 : `` And Noah and his sons and his wife and his sons ' wives entered the ark to escape the waters of the flood . '' AiG also announced that , for the first 40 days and 40 nights of Ark Encounter 's operation -- an allusion to the inundation period ( rain and subterranean hydrological eruptions ) of the biblical flood -- it would extend its hours of operation , offering day and evening tickets . On July 5 , AiG held a ribbon - cutting ceremony for the Ark Encounter , during which members of the media and an estimated 7,000 donors to the project were given an early tour of the ark . According to the park 's publicists , there were 30,000 visitors in its first six days of operation ( an average of 5,000 per day ) . </P> A monument erected by the AiG Board of Directors just prior to Ark Encounter 's opening , with signage referencing a similar monument from Joshua 4 <P> Tri-State Freethinkers planned to protest the Ark Encounter 's opening with a nearby billboard depicting people drowning around Noah 's Ark with the caption `` Genocide and Incest Park : Celebrating 2,000 years of myths '' , but billboard companies Lamar Advertising Company and Event Advertising and Promotions LLC rejected the design . The Courier - Journal reported that approximately 150 opponents of the Ark Encounter gathered near the highway exit to protest the park on its opening day . Eric Hovind of Creation Today led a counter-protest during which he offered to pay for any of the ark protesters to tour the ark ; the Northern Kentucky Tribune reported that 21 anti-ark protesters accepted Hovind 's offer . </P> <P> The next day , popular science communicator Bill Nye accepted Ken Ham 's invitation to tour the Ark Encounter , and they had an informal debate as they toured the structure . Nye stated , `` It 's all very troubling . You have hundreds of school kids there who have already been indoctrinated and who have been brainwashed . ( ... ) This is about the absolutely wrong idea that the Earth is 6,000 years old that 's alarming to me . '' Earlier in the debate , Ham stated , `` My biggest concern is you 're teaching generations of young people that they 're just animals . '' Footage from Nye 's visit was subsequently included in the documentary film Bill Nye : Science Guy , which was released in 2017 . </P> <P> The Freedom From Religion Foundation , an organization that advocates for the separation of church and state , sent letters to over 1,000 public school districts in Kentucky , Tennessee , Ohio , Indiana and West Virginia warning them not to organize field trips to the Ark Encounter , arguing that such trips would `` expose children to religious proselytizing in violation of the constitutional separation of church and state . '' Grant County , Kentucky Education Commissioner Stephen Pruitt responded that approval of field trips is a decision of local school boards but that such trips should be directly related to curriculum . He said it is not appropriate for `` outside third parties to dictate field trip selections . '' Contending that FFRF was incorrect in their assertion , Ham posted on his blog that he would encourage public school groups to visit the ark by offering admission of $1 per child and no charge for accompanying teachers for the remainder of 2016 . </P> <H3> Subsequent events ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Tri-State Freethinkers has protested annually at the Ark Encounter on the anniversary of its opening , citing its hiring practices , anti-evolution teachings , and acceptance of state tax incentives as causes for protestors ' concerns . Local media coverage estimated the size of the 2018 protest to be between 120 and 200 people . </P> <P> In December 2016 , for the holiday season , AiG lit the Ark with rainbow colors , the purpose being to `` reclaim the symbol from the gay rights movement '' and remind viewers of the Noahic covenant . In February 2017 , Ken Ham announced AiG would permanently continue the rainbow lighting . Permanent lights were installed in July 2017 . AiG also plans to open a `` Rainbow Garden '' near the petting zoo where flowers create a rainbow display . </P> <P> In November 2017 , construction began on a 2,500 - seat theater on the park 's grounds . The theater was originally projected to be completed in time to host the `` Equipping Families to Stand '' conference , scheduled for July 18 , 2018 , but construction has been delayed , and the building is now projected to open before the end of 2018 . AiG also announced a new children 's play area scheduled to open in spring 2019 and an expansion to the petting zoo projected to open by mid-2019 . </P> <H2> In the media ( edit ) </H2> View of the Ark Encounter from the exterior ground level , October 2016 <P> On October 22 , 2016 , the Ark Encounter hosted the premiere of evangelist Ray Comfort 's film The Atheist Delusion . </P> <P> Rock and Roll Hall of Famer Ozzy Osbourne and his son , Jack , visited the Ark Encounter in April 2017 to film an episode of their reality television series Ozzy & Jack 's World Detour . The episode , entitled `` Kentucky Fried Osbournes '' , aired on A&E on November 29 , 2017 . </P> <P> Ark Encounter was designated the `` Sight of the Week '' for January 1 -- 7 , 2018 , by Doug Kirby 's RoadsideAmerica.com . The site gave Ark Encounter its highest rating ( `` The Best '' ) , noting , `` the Ark is an attraction that should be visited -- if only because it 's unlikely that you 'll ever visit anything else like it . '' The review characterized the ark as `` a very nuts - and - bolts American Ark , with Noah and his clan in the mold of self - sufficient Pilgrims and innovative pioneers '' ( emphasis in original ) . </P> <H2> Attendance ( edit ) </H2> <P> AiG initially predicted yearly attendance for the attraction of 1.4 - 2.2 million people . After a year of operation , AiG reported attendance of about 1 million , attributing the lower number to opening in the middle of tourist season . </P> <P> On February 24 , 2017 , Executive Director of the Grant County Chamber of Commerce Jamie Baker stated that the Ark had drawn additional tourism to the area , and that the challenge now was to expand accommodation and other local amenities in order to convert this into economic growth for the county . In March , the Northern Kentucky Convention and Visitors Bureau presented the Ark Encounter with its Star of Tourism award for 2016 . Bureau President Eric Summe reported a $23 million increase in visitor spending in nearby Boone , Kenton , and Campbell counties in 2016 over 2015 , the year that the region hosted the Major League Baseball All - Star Game ; Summe attributed a large part of the increase in spending and hotel occupancy to the opening of the Ark Encounter and an expansion of its sister attraction , AiG 's Creation Museum . In June 2017 , Mayor Jim Wells of Dry Ridge , Kentucky stated that the Ark Encounter had a positive effect on the town , with hotel occupancy rates increasing from 60 to 98 percent since the opening of the attraction . In July 2018 , Nashville - based Athena Hospitality Group broke ground on a hotel and restaurant development in Dry Ridge , citing the need for more accommodations for Ark Encounter visitors as the motivation . The planned development will accommodate three hotels and three restaurants , with the first hotel , an 80 - room Comfort Suites projected to open in the third quarter of 2019 . </P> <P> AiG President Ken Ham has criticized media reports reporting low regional economic benefits and wrote an op - ed to the Lexington Herald - Leader criticizing a June 2017 story it published on the attraction 's effects . </P> <P> At the end of Ark Encounter 's second year , AiG reported an attendance of 1 million visitors for the year . Subsequently , The Courier - Journal reported that the Freedom From Religion Foundation had disputed those numbers based upon data obtained through open records requests made to Grant County . According to the Foundation , the amount of money collected by the Grant County via its safety assessment fee on ticket sales indicated that only 862,471 people visited the attraction between July 2017 and June 2018 . In response , AiG spokesman Mark Looy told the paper that this method for calculating attendance was not reliable because it did not include non-paying guests such as children under 5 , annual pass holders , and those with lifetime passes , all of whom are admitted to the park for free . </P> <H2> Tax incentives controversies ( edit ) </H2> <P> Organizations dedicated to supporting the separation of church and state were divided on the question of providing tax incentives for the Ark Encounter . Barry W. Lynn of Americans United for Separation of Church and State opined that `` The government should not be giving tax incentives for religious projects . Religion should be supported by voluntary donations , not the government . '' Bill Sharp , the staff attorney for the American Civil Liberties Union of Kentucky , countered that `` Courts have found that giving such tax exemptions on a nondiscriminatory basis does not violate the establishment clause , even when the tax exemption goes to a religious purpose . '' Edwin Kagin of American Atheists brought up the difficulty of litigating against the incentives provided by state laws , saying , `` The legislation is so drafted that they will give this incentive to any organization that is going to increase tourism in Kentucky , and there 's no question whatsoever that this group will . '' The editorial board of the Lexington Herald - Leader wrote that `` Ark Encounters ( sic ) is a private company seeking to make a profit off of a biblical theme . As such , it seems as entitled to apply for incentives from promised profits as any other private , for - profit company in Kentucky . '' Still , the board was critical of using the incentives to attract low - paying jobs and to facilitate construction of an attraction it characterized as hostile `` to science , knowledge and education '' , which could be off - putting to `` the kind of employers that will provide good - paying jobs with a future '' . </P> <P> Governor Beshear favored the incentives , stating `` The people of Kentucky did n't elect me governor to debate religion . They elected me governor to create jobs , '' Beshear said , adding , `` There 's nothing even remotely unconstitutional about a for - profit organization coming in and investing $150 million to create jobs in Kentucky and bring tourism to Kentucky . '' Responding to an open records request by the Lexington Herald - Leader , Beshear 's office later admitted it had not seen the feasibility study cited in its press release , and an administration representative said that the state tourism department would have to conduct its own study in order for the park to be eligible for the incentives . The state - commissioned study by Hunden Strategic Partners and paid for by Ark Encounter , LLC , projected that the park would draw nearly 1.4 million visitors a year , but could require the state to widen the Interstate 75 interchange at Williamstown , at an additional cost to the state of about $11 million . In an editorial in late December 2010 , The Courier - Journal questioned the potential cost to the state government of the project , including highway upgrades and the likelihood that increases to hospitality industry infrastructure would seek further subsidies . In May 2011 , the Kentucky Tourism Development Finance Authority voted unanimously to grant incentives of up to $43.1 million to Ark Encounter , LLC . for the project , by then projected to cost $172 million . </P> <P> In June 2017 , Grant County Judge Executive Stephen P. Wood told the Lexington Herald - Leader that the tax incentives offered to the Ark Encounter were `` a really bad deal for taxpayers '' . Although the valuation of the property within Ark Encounter 's tax increment financing district increased from $1.3 million in 2011 to $55 million in 2017 , under the terms of its deal with Ark Encounter , the county only retained $63,000 of the $250,000 in property taxes collected within the district , with the rest returning to the park . School taxes were exempted from the deal , and Grant County Schools saw a 58 % increase in property tax revenue from 2016 to 2017 . </P> <P> In April 2017 , the city of Williamstown implemented a `` safety assessment '' of 50 cents per ticket sold at the Ark Encounter , the Williamstown Family Fun Park , and Main Street Gardens to upgrade the city 's emergency equipment to sufficiently serve the attractions . AiG maintained that , as the largest of the three attractions , the assessment placed an undue share of the cost on Ark Encounter . After Williamstown officials rejected AiG 's request to cap its share of the cost , first at $350,000 and later at $500,000 , Ark Encounter LLC sold the main parcel of land for the attraction to its non-profit affiliate , Crosswater Canyon , for $10 and requested an exemption from the fee based on their status as a religious entity . County officials rejected that request . </P> <P> On July 18 , 2017 , the state of Kentucky notified Ark Encounter that the sale of the property to Crosswater Canyon put them in breach of their agreement for $18 million in tax incentives . Three days later , Crosswater Canyon reversed the sale , transferring the land back to Ark Encounter , LLC for $10 . On July 25 , Ark Encounter said they would pay the safety assessment and had been collecting it on tickets sold beginning July 1 . In a public statement , AiG spokesman Mark Looy said , `` The filing for an exemption as a religious non-profit ( as permitted in the ordinance ) , was done in an attempt to get the county to change the wording as it currently stands , which would exempt the Ark Encounter . It was not to avoid paying its fair share , as some articles have suggested . '' AiG gave no official explanation for the transfer of land to or from Crosswater Canyon , which Williamstown officials had feared could be an attempt to avoid paying property taxes . The Grant County News and Express reported in December 2017 that the safety assessment had generated approximately $213,000 for the city in four months , with less than $500 of that amount being paid by attractions other than Ark Encounter . </P> <P> In its first year of operation , Ark Encounter generated over $2.28 million in sales taxes for the state of Kentucky , a figure which excluded the period during which the attraction was owned by Crosswater Canyon . Ark Encounter received a rebate of $1.8 million of the collected taxes , the maximum amount allowed for the year under terms of its agreement with the state . </P> <H2> Hiring policies controversy ( edit ) </H2> An Ark Encounter display describing the Genesis creation narrative . An Ark Encounter display promoting a relatively rapid formation of the Grand Canyon as a result of the Genesis flood . Ark Encounter employees must sign a statement that they agree with tenets of young Earth creationism such as the Genesis creation narrative and flood geology . <P> Americans United for the Separation of Church and State petitioned the Kentucky Tourism Development Finance Authority in August 2014 to withdraw its preliminary approval of tax incentives for the Ark Encounter because of AiG 's hiring practices , which required all applicants to profess Christianity and sign a statement of faith attesting to their beliefs in young Earth creationism and that homosexuality is sinful among other requirements . Zovath countered that the Ark Encounter 's hiring policies had not been written yet and that the hiring policies of AiG should not be a factor because Ark Encounter , LLC was the entity receiving the incentives . In response to Americans United 's petition , a spokesman for the Kentucky Tourism , Arts and Heritage Cabinet said , `` As a condition of any incentive program , all projects must follow all state and federal laws , including all laws related to hiring . '' Following Americans United 's petition , the Lexington Herald - Leader editorial board also called for the incentives to be rescinded . </P> <P> In October , Kentucky Tourism Arts and Heritage Cabinet Secretary Bob Stewart wrote to AiG requesting `` express written assurance from Ark Encounter that it will not discriminate in any way on the basis of religion in hiring for the project '' . Citing the Supreme Court 's decision in Burwell v. Hobby Lobby , which found that individuals had the right `` to run their businesses as for - profit corporations in the manner required by their religious beliefs '' , AiG refused , insisting that Ark Encounter had the right to `` include religion as a criteria in its future hiring decisions '' . In December 2014 , Stewart announced that the incentives would be withdrawn , because the facility was to be used for religious indoctrination instead of as a tourist attraction , and because of complaints of hiring discrimination . During the Christmas holidays , AiG conducted a billboard public relations campaign in support of the project in several metropolitan areas in Kentucky and a digital billboard in New York City 's Times Square . </P> <P> Ark Encounter LLC , filed a religious discrimination lawsuit against the state in February 2015 . Freedom Guard chief counsel Mike Johnson represented AiG for free in the suit , which alleged the state of Kentucky violated Ark Encounter 's First Amendment free speech rights by denying the incentives . AiG officials maintained that the incentives , potentially worth $18 million , were not necessary to complete construction of the ark , but they would accelerate the timeline for constructing additional phases of the Ark Encounter . After conservative Matt Bevin was elected to succeed Steve Beshear as governor in November 2015 , Kentucky Senate Majority Leader Damon Thayer said he would encourage the new governor 's administration to restore the tax incentives and render AiG 's lawsuit moot , but Ham insisted that AiG preferred to have the matter adjudicated to set a legal precedent . </P> <P> On January 25 , 2016 , Federal Judge Gregory F. Van Tatenhove of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky ruled in favor of AiG in the case of Ark Encounter LLC et al. vs. Bob Stewart et al. , ordering the state to commence processing the application for the tax rebate incentives that would become available once the Ark Encounter opened . Bevin announced that the state would not appeal Van Tatenhove 's decision , and later replaced four of the nine members on the Tourism Development Finance Authority . Ark Encounter began advertising to fill 300 to 400 jobs in the park in April 2016 ; applicants were required to sign a statement of faith before being hired . Two weeks later , the Tourism Development Finance Authority approved the incentives . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Flood myth and List of flood myths </Li> <Li> Noah 's Ark replicas and derivatives </Li> <Li> Religious cosmology </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Meehan , Mary ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` Massive ark attraction set to open in Northern Kentucky '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Lexington , Kentucky : The McClatchy Company . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sherter , Alain . `` Visitors , protesters turn out for Ark Encounter opening in Grant County '' . wkyt.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Goodstein , Laurie ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) . `` A Noah 's Ark in Kentucky , Dinosaurs Included '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` That sinking feeling '' . New Scientist. 231 ( 3086 ) : 18 -- 19 . 2016 - 08 - 13 . doi : 10.1016 / S0262 - 4079 ( 16 ) 31456 - 7 . ISSN 0262 - 4079 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ortiz , Erik ( July 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Absolutely Wrong ' : Bill Nye Takes on Noah 's Ark Exhibit '' . NBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lost city , found pyramid : understanding alternative archaeologies and pseudoscientific practices . Card , Jeb J. , , Anderson , David S. , 1978 - . Tuscaloosa . p. 86 . ISBN 9780817319113 . OCLC 952421434 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Loftus , Tom ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Ark Park Tax Incentives Worth Up to $18 M Approved '' . Courier - Journal . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ward , Karla ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` Noah 's Ark takes shape in Grant County '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Lexington , Kentucky : The McClatchy Company . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weed , Alexis ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Noah 's Ark opens at Kentucky theme park '' . CNN . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blackford , Linda ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Massive Noah 's Ark park opens in Kentucky '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Lexington , Kentucky : The McClatchy Company . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sirianni , Maura ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Ark Encounter opens in northern Kentucky '' . WDRB . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Westerman , Ashley ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Life - Size Noah 's Ark To Open Amid A Flood Of Skepticism '' . National Public Radio . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` These Creationists Have a Bigger Plan than a Giant Ark '' . The Herald . June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gabbat , Adam ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Creators of the lost ark : replica of Noah 's vessel unveiled in Kentucky '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pilcher , James ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Who pays for the new ark ? Taxpayers help '' . Cincinnati Enquirer . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Noah 's Ark '' . RoadsideAmerica.com . January 1 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2018 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Shapiro , Bobby ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` What to know if you 're visiting Ark Encounter '' . The Courier - Journal . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Alford , Roger ( December 3 , 2010 ) . `` Full - scale replica of Noah 's Ark planned in Kentucky '' . USA Today . The Associated Press News Service . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Plans announced for ' Noah 's Ark ' attraction in NKY '' . WISTV . November 30 , 2010 . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hopkins , Shawntaye ( December 2 , 2010 ) . `` Beshear defends use of tax incentives '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Lexington , Kentucky : The McClatchy Company . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Blackford , Linda B. ( December 18 , 2010 ) . `` State cited feasibility study it had n't seen on Ark park '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Lexington , Kentucky : The McClatchy Company . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Goodstein , Laurie ( December 5 , 2010 ) . `` In Kentucky , Noah 's Ark Theme Park Is Planned '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Lindsay ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Noah 's Ark Rises in Kentucky , Dinosaurs and All '' . Newsweek . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Blackford , Linda B. ( August 9 , 2011 ) . `` Noah 's Ark theme park to get deep discount on property taxes '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Lexington , Kentucky : The McClatchy Company . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hansel , Mark ( June 11 , 2011 ) . `` Ark park could break ground in August '' . Cincinnati Enquirer . Cincinnati . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Booker , Ted ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Mishawaka firm builds a new Noah 's ark -- without the flood '' . South Bend Tribune . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ky . Noah 's Ark attraction gets final piece of land '' . kypost.com . Cincinnati : E.W. Scripps Company . Associated Press . February 16 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Final Piece of Land for Full - size Ark Purchased '' . Answers In Genesis . February 16 , 2012 . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . Accordingly , the Ark Encounter will be built in multiple phases ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Our Greatest Need '' . Ark Encounter . February 16 , 2012 . Retrieved 30 April 2017 ... $24 million price tag ... </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` From the Makers of the Creation Museum Comes ' Ark Encounter , ' a Noah 's Ark Theme Park '' . National Religious Broadcasters . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Demeropolis , Tom ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` Will the Ark Encounter Rain $4 Billion On the Region 's Economy ? '' . Cincinnati Business Courier . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Blackford , Linda B. ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` City seeks to jump - start stalled Ark Encounter park with $62 million ' junk ' bond offering '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . The McClatchy Company . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chappatta , Brian ( January 3 , 2014 ) . `` Planned Ark park in Northern Ky. faces collapse without more bond buyers '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Lexington , Kentucky : The McClatchy Company . Bloomberg News . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovan , Dylan ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` Noah 's ark project spurred by evolution debate '' . Associated Press . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Brammer , Jack ; Cheves , John ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Lawmakers approve road - building plan , scholarship bill in final hours of legislative session '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Lexington , Kentucky : The McClatchy Company . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wartman , Scott ( April 23 , 2016 ) . `` State will pay for revamped exit for Ark Encounter '' . Cincinnati Enquirer . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Road improvements coming to KY 36 near Ark '' . Grant County News and Express . December 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Loftus , Tom ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Tax incentives sought for Noah 's Ark theme park '' . The Messenger . Madisonville , Kentucky . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Blackford , Linda B. ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Ark park impact in dispute '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brammer , Jack ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` Stumbo : State tax incentives for Noah 's Ark theme park violate constitution '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lovan , Dylan T. ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` New Noah 's Ark in Ky. aims to prove truth of Bible '' . Associated Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hansel , Mark ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` Ark park construction to start this year in Grant '' . The Messenger . Madisonville , Kentucky . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boyd , Gordon ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Ark Encounter opens to praise , protests '' . WAVE . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ramey , Corinne ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Meet the Creationist Group Building a Life - Size Noah 's Ark '' . Curbed.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hope floats : Builders of life - size Noah 's Ark put faith in $50 million tourism project '' . USA Today . November 19 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schneider , Roger ( July 3 , 2016 ) . `` Anabaptist craftsmen use skills to help create ark attraction '' . Goshen News . Goshen , Indiana . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kennicott , Philip ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Noah 's Ark replica shows conservative Christians are embracing green building '' . Washington Post . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Timber ! Grant 's Ark Park is a go '' . The Messenger . Madisonville , Kentucky . January 31 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 5 Must - See New Architecture Projects For 2016 '' . The Urban Developer . January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walsh , Sarah ( 10 June 2016 ) . `` Former president Jimmy Carter visits planned Ark Encounter theme park in Kentucky '' . WCPO Cincinnati . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A flagship for a biblical worldview , The Washington Post , 8 July 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Law , Jeannie ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Ken Ham 's Ark Encounter to Host Millions of Visitors in 40 Days , 40 Nights Opening '' . Christian Post . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wartman , Scott ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Thousands descend on rural Ky. town to board ark '' . Cincinnati Enquirer . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Engel , Liz ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Repeat business key to Ark Encounter success : Can attraction keep people coming back ? '' . WCPO . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Atheist Group 's Anti-Ark Encounter Billboard Rejected '' . ABC News . Associated Press . May 11 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2016 . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hansel , Mark ( July 9 , 2016 ) . `` Ark Encounter protesters and supporters share common ground in an unlikely place '' . The Northern Kentucky Tribune . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Contrera , Jessica ( July 10 , 2016 ) . `` Bill Nye Visited a Noah 's Ark He Does n't Believe Should Exist '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nye , Bill & Ham , Ken ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` Nye / Ham : The Second Debate Premiere ( video - 117 : 04 ) '' . YouTube . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nye , Bill & Ham , Ken ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` Nye / Ham : The Second Debate Premiere ( video - 11 : 43 ) '' . YouTube . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Addiego , Walter ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` The evolution of the science guy '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Public schools warned about taking field trips to Noah 's Ark park '' . kentucky.com . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Associated Press , WCPO Staff ( 12 July 2016 ) . `` Noah 's Ark , Ark Encounter , Answers in Genesis : Public schools warned against visiting Noah 's ark attraction in N. Kentucky '' . WCPO Cincinnati . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lotus , Tom ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Can public schools take field trip to ark park ? '' . Courier Journal . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blackford , Linda ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ark park offers $1 admission to public school kids after field - trip warning '' . Lexington Herald Leader . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Protesters gather at Ark Encounter on anniversary '' . Grant County News and Express . July 11 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wartman , Scott ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Kentucky Ark Builder Wants to Take Rainbow Back '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ham , Ken ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` We 're Keeping the Rainbow at the Ark Encounter '' . Answers in Genesis . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eads , Morgan ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` A Christian Theme Park Claims It Is ' Taking Back ' the Rainbow From the LGBTQ Community '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Puckett , Jeffrey Lee ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Ark Encounter Thrills Gay Nation With Rainbow Light Display ; Twitter Explodes '' . The Courier - Journal . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Ark celebrates 2nd year , eyes expansion '' . Grant County News and Express . July 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ark Encounter building expansion to host larger events '' . WLWT - TV . November 14 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Malado , Jardine ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Ray Comfort 's ' The Atheist Delusion ' movie to premiere at Ark Encounter in October '' . The Christian Times . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zaimov , Stoyan ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Ken Ham Celebrates 400K Visitors to Ark Encounter , Says He 's on Mission With Ray Comfort to Reach Unbelievers '' . The Christian Post . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Amanda ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Crazy Train ' Ozzy Osbourne makes stop in Grant County '' . Grant County News . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ark Encounter Makes Enormous Impact in First Year '' . Answers in Genesis . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James , Josh ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` Ark Encounter , Protesters Mark One - Year Anniversary '' . WUKY . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Lawrance ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` 1 Year After Opening , Ark Encounter 's Attendance and Impact is Growing '' . WDRB . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Lawrence ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ark Encounter ' park bringing a flood of tourists to Grant County , Kentucky '' . WDRB . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . The ark did exactly what it said it would do </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NKY Tourism Report : Ark Encounter , Kona Ice Honored '' . The River City News . March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ashwill , Vickie ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Ark Encounter helped tide of Northern Kentucky tourism rise in 2016 '' . WCPO . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weber , Don ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` As One Year Anniversary Approaches , Ark Encounter a Boon for Dry Ridge Hospitality Businesses , Mayor Says '' . Spectrum News . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Hotel development breaks ground in Dry Ridge '' . Grant County News and Express . July 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ham , Ken ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` The Secularist Media War Against the Ark Continues '' . Answers in Genesis . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ham , Ken ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Economic Benefits of Ark Park Unfairly Downplayed '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Knight , Cameron ( July 5 , 2018 ) . `` Ark Encounter reports 1 million visitors in second year '' . Cincinnati Enquirer . Retrieved July 30 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Novelly , Thomas ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` Not as many people are flooding into Ark Encounter as projected '' . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Embracing the Ark Incentives mean cheap jobs , poor state image '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . December 3 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Alford , Roger ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Noah 's Ark theme park gets go - ahead in Kentucky '' . The Herald - Dispatch . Huntington , WV . Associated Press . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A costly modern Ark '' . The Courier - Journal ( Editorial ) . Tysons Corner , VA : Gannett Company . December 28 , 2010 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 08 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Blackford , Linda ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Town expected flood of business after Noah 's Ark opened . So far , it 's a trickle '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Williamstown plans to reject Noah 's Ark tax exemption request '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . June 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Blackford , Linda ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` After months of disagreement , Noah 's Ark operators say they will pay safety tax '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ark Encounter requests safety fee exemption '' . Grant County News . June 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Blackford , Linda ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` After state suspends tax break , Noah 's Ark park transfers land back to for - profit entity '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Grant County News and Express '' . Grant County News and Express . December 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Blackford , Linda ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Noah 's Ark theme park getting $1.8 million state tax rebate after first year '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Group opposes tax incentives for Noah 's Ark park '' . Associated Press State Wire . August 23 , 2014 . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Costello , Carol ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Kentucky 's magnificent , controversial ark '' . CNN . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` No more state aid for Ark Park '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Lexington , Kentucky . August 27 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blackford , Linda B. ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` Ark tax incentives in limbo over hiring '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blackford , Linda B. ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` State denies $18 M in incentive '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovan , Dylan ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Kentucky : No tax breaks for Noah 's Ark project '' . Associated Press State Wire . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tax Breaks Are Withdrawn For Park That 's Site of a New Noah 's Ark '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . December 11 , 2014 . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baker - Nantz , Jaime ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Ark is n't sunk ; ' it 's happening ' '' . The Messenger . Madisonville , Kentucky . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` AiG to file discrimination suit against Kentucky '' . WHAS . February 3 , 2015 . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Loftus , Tom ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Noah 's Ark park moves ahead with or without state help '' . The Messenger . Madisonville , Kentucky . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Williams , Chris ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Ky. lawmaker supports Ark Encounter tax breaks '' . WHAS . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovan , Dylan ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Ark Encounter Builder Wins Legal Battle Over Tax Incentive '' . WPCO.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caproni , Erin ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Judge Rules on Ark Encounter Incentives '' . Cincinnati Business Courier . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blackford , Linda B. ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` Noah 's Ark park -- State awards $18 million tax break to theme park '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovan , Dylan ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Noah 's Ark job float your boat ? Then you must be Christian '' . Associated Press State Wire . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official Website : https://arkencounter.com/ </Li> <Li> Media related to Ark Encounter at Wikimedia Commons </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Creation science </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> People </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Andrew A. Snelling </Li> <Li> Carl Wieland </Li> <Li> Duane Gish </Li> <Li> Frank Lewis Marsh </Li> <Li> George McCready Price </Li> <Li> Harold W. Clark </Li> <Li> Henry M. Morris </Li> <Li> John Baumgardner </Li> <Li> John C. Sanford </Li> <Li> John C. Whitcomb </Li> <Li> John D. Morris </Li> <Li> John Hartnett </Li> <Li> Ken Ham </Li> <Li> Kent Hovind </Li> <Li> Kurt Wise </Li> <Li> Larry Vardiman </Li> <Li> Marcus R. Ross </Li> <Li> Paul Nelson </Li> <Li> Raymond Vahan Damadian </Li> <Li> Robert V. Gentry </Li> <Li> Russell Humphreys </Li> <Li> Thomas G. Barnes </Li> <Li> Walt Brown </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Organizations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Answers in Genesis ( AIG ) </Li> <Li> Anti-Evolution League of America </Li> <Li> Biblical Creation Society ( BCS ) </Li> <Li> Caleb Foundation </Li> <Li> Creation Ministries International ( CMI ) </Li> <Li> Creation Research Society ( CRS ) </Li> <Li> Creation Science Movement ( CSM ) </Li> <Li> Geoscience Research Institute ( GRI ) </Li> <Li> Institute for Creation Research ( ICR ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Facilities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Creationist museums </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lawsuits </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hendren v. Campbell ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> McLean v. Arkansas ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Edwards v. Aguillard ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Webster v. New Lenox School District ( 1990 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Legal and philosophical </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Creation and evolution in public education </Li> <Li> Creation -- evolution controversy </Li> <Li> Creationism </Li> <Li> Creationist cosmologies </Li> <Li> Cryptozoology </Li> <Li> Objections to evolution </Li> <Li> Omphalos hypothesis </Li> <Li> Pseudoscience </Li> <Li> `` Teach the Controversy '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ark_Encounter&oldid=865162580 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Amusement parks opened in 2016 </Li> <Li> 2016 establishments in Kentucky </Li> <Li> Amusement parks in Kentucky </Li> <Li> Tourist attractions in Grant County , Kentucky </Li> <Li> Noah 's Ark </Li> <Li> Young Earth creationism </Li> <Li> Creation science </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> <Li> Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images </Li> <Li> Commons category without a link on Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Français </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 22 October 2018 , at 04 : 46 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Provisions of Oxford - Wikipedia <H1> Provisions of Oxford </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The Provisions of Oxford were constitutional reforms developed in 1258 to resolve a dispute between the English barons and King Henry III . They asserted the right of the barons to representation in the king 's government and , like the earlier Magna Carta , demonstrated the ability of the barons to press their concerns in opposition to the monarchy . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Setting </Li> <Li> 2 Provisions <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Linguistic innovation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Later developments </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Setting ( edit ) </H2> <P> When in the spring of 1258 King Henry III of England sought financial aid from a new Parliament , he was confronted by a group of barons who insisted on a new commission of reform , in the shape of a council of twenty - four members , twelve selected by the crown , twelve by the barons . The Provisions of Oxford were the reform programme the twenty - four , including Simon de Montfort , 6th Earl of Leicester , set out . </P> <H2> Provisions ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Provisions set up a new form of government , with a 15 - member Privy Council ( nine baronial ) to advise the king and oversee the entire administration as a standing body . They also confirmed that `` there be three parliaments a year ... to treat of the common wants of the kingdom , and of the king . '' At the parliaments , the Fifteen would be checked and monitored by another body of twelve representative barons . Meanwhile the men selected ( by four electors appointed by the Twenty - four ) were to supervise ministerial appointments , local administration and the custody of royal castles ; while recommendations for an inquest into local ( mis - ) government , and further measures of reform were also set out . </P> <H3> Linguistic innovation ( edit ) </H3> <P> A written confirmation of the agreement was sent to the sheriffs of all the counties of England trilingually , in Latin , French and , significantly , in Middle English . The use of the English language was symbolic of the Anglicisation of the government of England and an antidote to the Francization which had taken place in the decades immediately before . The Provisions were the first government documents to be published in English since the Norman Conquest two hundred years before . </P> <H2> Later developments ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Provisions of Oxford were confirmed and extended in 1259 by the Provisions of Westminster . The administrative controls of the Provisions of Oxford were overthrown by Henry , helped by a papal bull , in 1261 , seeding the start of the Second Barons ' War ( 1263 -- 1267 ) , which was won by the King and his royalist supporters ; and they were annulled for the last time in 1266 by the Dictum of Kenilworth . However the administrative and legislative reforms the barons had initiated were taken up and confirmed in the Statute of Marlborough . </P> <P> The 1258 Provisions had a significant effect upon the development of the English Common Law , limiting in part the expansion of royal jurisdiction by way of the number of available writs , but in the main confirming the importance of the common law of the land for all , from king to commoner . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Quia Emptores </Li> <Li> Cestui que </Li> <Li> Henry de Bracton </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ R. Wickson , The Community of the Realm in Thirteenth Century England ( London 1970 ) p. 50 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : J.R. Tanner , ed. , The Cambridge Medieval History ( Cambridge 1929 ) p. 277 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Provisions , quoted in R. Wickson , The Community of the Realm in Thirteenth Century England ( London 1970 ) p. 107 - 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ R. Berkhofer , The Experience of Power in Medieval Europe ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ English and its Historical Development , Part 20 ( English was re-established in Britain ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : S.H. Steinberg , A New Dictionary of British History ( London 1963 ) p. 280 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ R. Wickson , The Community of the Realm in Thirteenth Century England ( London 1970 ) p. 53 and p. 81 - 2 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1911 Encyclopedia - Provisions of Oxford </Li> <Li> The Provisions of Oxford ( 1258 ) and Westminster ( 1259 ) England Calling </Li> <Li> Rothwell , H. ' English Historical Documents , 1189 - 1327 ' pages 356 - 61 . Available on Google Books . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Documents of the English baronial reform movement , 1258 -- 1267 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Provisions of Oxford ( 1258 ) </Li> <Li> Provisions of Westminster ( 1259 ) </Li> <Li> Treaty of Paris ( 1259 ) </Li> <Li> Mise of Amiens ( 1264 ) </Li> <Li> Mise of Lewes ( 1264 ) </Li> <Li> Peace of Canterbury ( 1264 ) </Li> <Li> Dictum of Kenilworth ( 1266 ) </Li> <Li> Statute of Marlborough ( 1267 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article relating to law in the United Kingdom , or its constituent jurisdictions , is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Provisions_of_Oxford&oldid=834367997 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1250s in law </Li> <Li> 1258 in England </Li> <Li> 13th - century historical documents </Li> <Li> Barons ' Wars </Li> <Li> Constitutional laws of England </Li> <Li> Political charters </Li> <Li> Medieval English law </Li> <Li> Political history of medieval England </Li> <Li> Henry III of England </Li> <Li> United Kingdom law stubs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 </Li> <Li> All stub articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> 5 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 10 : 42 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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The C++ Programming Language - wikipedia <H1> The C++ Programming Language </H1> This article is about the book . For the language itself , see C++ . <Table> The C++ Programming Language <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Cover of the fourth edition . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> Bjarne Stroustrup </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cover artist </Th> <Td> Brian Gakeadumele </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Subject </Th> <Td> C++ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> Addison -- Wesley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publication date </Th> <Td> 1985 ( 1st edition ) 1991 ( 2nd ) 1997 ( 3rd ) 2000 ( special ) 2013 ( 4th ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ISBN </Th> <Td> 020112078X ( 1st ) ISBN 0201539926 ( 2nd ) ISBN 0201889544 ( 3rd ) ISBN 0201700735 ( sp . ) ISBN 0321563840 ( 4th ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> OCLC </Th> <Td> 59193992 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dewey Decimal </Th> <Td> 005.13 / 3 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> LC Class </Th> <Td> QA76. 73. C153 S77 1986 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The C++ Programming Language is a computer programming book first published in October 1985 . It was the first book to describe the C++ programming language , written by the language 's creator , Bjarne Stroustrup . In the absence of an official standard , the book served for several years as the de facto documentation for the evolving C++ language , until the release of the ISO / IEC 14882 : 1998 : Programming Language C++ standard on 1 September 1998 . As the standard further evolved with the standardization of language and library extensions and with the publication of technical corrigenda , later editions of the book were updated to incorporate the new changes . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The first edition of The C++ Programming Language was published in 1985 . As C++ evolved , a second edition was published in July 1991 , reflecting the changes made . </P> <P> The third edition of the book was first published on 30 June 1997 ; a hardcover version of the third edition , with two new appendices , was later published as The C++ Programming Language : Special Edition on 11 February 2000 . Both the softcover third edition and the hardcover `` special edition '' have since undergone several reprintings , with corrections . </P> <P> C++ Solutions ( ISBN 0 - 201 - 30965 - 3 ) is a companion book to the finest third edition of The C++ Programming Language . It contains solutions to selected exercises of The C++ Programming Language . </P> <P> The fourth edition of the book , which incorporates C + + 11 , was released on May 19 , 2013 . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Design and Evolution of C++ </Li> <Li> The C Programming Language </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Stroustrup , Bjarne ( 2013 - 05 - 12 ) . `` Books by Bjarne Stroustrup '' . Bjarne Stroustrup 's homepage . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stroustrup , Bjarne ( 2004 - 09 - 08 ) . `` The C++ Programming Language ( Third Edition and Special Edition ) '' . Bjarne Stroustrup 's homepage . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stroustrup , Bjarne ( 2012 - 12 - 09 ) . `` The C++ Programming Language ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Amazon Product Page . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_C%2B%2B_Programming_Language&oldid=844116136 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1986 books </Li> <Li> Addison - Wesley books </Li> <Li> Books about C++ </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages to import images to Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 2 June 2018 , at 18 : 33 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Mac Davis - wikipedia <H1> Mac Davis </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Mac Davis </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Davis performing at the Alabama Music Hall of Fame Concert in 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Background information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Birth name </Th> <Td> Morris Mac Davis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> ( 1942 - 01 - 21 ) January 21 , 1942 ( age 75 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Origin </Th> <Td> Lubbock , Texas , United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genres </Th> <Td> Country , pop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation ( s ) </Th> <Td> Singer - songwriter , actor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Instruments </Th> <Td> Vocals , guitar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1968 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Labels </Th> <Td> Columbia , Casablanca , MCA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Associated acts </Th> <Td> Nancy Sinatra , Kenny Rogers , Dolly Parton , Elvis Presley , Crystal Gayle , Irving Berlin </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Morris Mac Davis ( born January 21 , 1942 ) , known as Mac Davis , is a country music singer , songwriter , and actor , originally from Lubbock , Texas , who has enjoyed much crossover success . His early work writing for Elvis Presley produced the hits `` Memories '' , `` In the Ghetto , '' `` Do n't Cry Daddy , '' and `` A Little Less Conversation . '' A subsequent solo career in the 1970s produced hits such as `` Baby , Do n't Get Hooked on Me , '' making him a well - known name in pop music . He also starred in his own variety show , a Broadway musical , and various films and TV shows . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Personal history </Li> <Li> 2 Career as a songwriter </Li> <Li> 3 Success as a singer </Li> <Li> 4 Acting career </Li> <Li> 5 Family life </Li> <Li> 6 Discography </Li> <Li> 7 Filmography </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Personal history ( edit ) </H2> <P> Davis graduated at 16 from Lubbock High School in Lubbock , Texas . He spent his childhood years with his sister Linda , living and working at the former College Courts , an efficiency apartment complex owned by his father , T.J. Davis , located at the intersection of College Avenue and 5th Street . Davis describes his father , who was divorced from Davis ' mother , as `` very religious , very strict , and very stubborn '' . Though Davis was physically small , he had a penchant for getting into fistfights . `` In those days , it was all about football , rodeo , and fistfights . Oh , man , I got beat up so much while I was growing up in Lubbock , '' Davis said in a March 2 , 2008 , interview with the Lubbock Avalanche - Journal newspaper . `` I was 5 feet , 9 inches , and weighed 125 pounds . I joined Golden Gloves , but did n't do good even in my ( own ) division . '' After he finished high school , Davis moved to Atlanta , Georgia , where his mother lived , to get out of Lubbock . </P> <H2> Career as a songwriter ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This biographical article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this biographical article by adding secondary or tertiary sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Once he was settled in Atlanta , he organized a rock and roll group called the Zots , and made two singles for OEK Records , managed and promoted by OEK owner Oscar Kilgo . Davis also worked for the Vee Jay record company ( home to such R&B stars as Gene Chandler , Jerry Butler , and Dee Clark ) as a regional manager , and later also served as a regional manager for Liberty Records . </P> Mac Davis Lane intersects Avenue Q ( U.S. Highway 84 ) in Davis 's hometown of Lubbock . <P> Davis became famous as a songwriter and got his start as an employee of Nancy Sinatra 's company , Boots Enterprises , Inc . Davis was with Boots for several years in the late 1960s . During his time there , he played on many of Sinatra 's recordings , and she worked him into her stage shows . Boots Enterprises also acted as Davis ' publishing company , publishing songs such as `` In the Ghetto '' , `` Friend , Lover , Woman , Wife '' , `` Home '' , `` It 's Such a Lonely Time of Year '' , and `` Memories '' , which were recorded by Elvis Presley , Nancy Sinatra , B.J. Thomas , and many others . Davis left Boots Enterprises in 1970 to sign with Columbia Records , taking all of his songs with him . </P> <P> One of the songs he wrote in 1968 , called `` A Little Less Conversation '' , was recorded by Elvis Presley ( and would become a posthumous success for Presley years later ) . Shortly after , Presley recorded Davis ' song `` In the Ghetto '' in his sessions in Memphis . According to maverick record producer Jimmy Bowen , `` Ghetto '' was originally pitched to Sammy Davis , Jr . Mac , guitar in hand , played the song in a studio , with onlookers such as Rev. Jesse Jackson and other members of the black activist community . Davis , the only Caucasian man in the room at the time , eventually told Bowen , `` I do n't know whether to thank ya , or to kill ya . '' Davis eventually recorded the tune after Presley 's version became a success , and was released in a Ronco In Concert compilation in 1975 . It was later released on a campy Rhino Records Golden Throats compilation in 1991 . The song became a success for Presley and he continued to record more of Davis ' material , such as `` Memories '' , `` Do n't Cry Daddy '' and `` Clean Up Your Own Backyard '' . Bobby Goldsboro also recorded some of Davis 's songs , including `` Watching Scotty Grow '' , which became a number one Adult Contemporary success for Goldsboro in 1971 . Other artists who recorded his material included Vikki Carr , O.C. Smith , and Kenny Rogers and The First Edition . `` I Believe in Music '' , often considered to be Davis 's signature song , was recorded by several artists ( including Marian Love , B.J. Thomas , Louis Jordan , Perry Como , Helen Reddy , and Davis himself ) before it finally became a success in 1972 for the group Gallery . </P> <P> Later , he also became known as a country singer . During the 1970s , many of his songs `` crossed over '' , successfully scoring on both the country and popular music charts , including `` Baby , Do n't Get Hooked on Me '' ( a number one Grammy - nominated success ) , `` One Hell of a Woman '' ( popular no . 11 ) , and `` Stop and Smell the Roses '' ( a no . 9 popular hit ) . Also , during the 1970s , he was very active as an actor , appearing in several movies , as well as hosting his own successful variety show . </P> <H2> Success as a singer ( edit ) </H2> <P> Davis soon decided to pursue a career of his own in country music ; he was signed to Columbia Records in 1970 . After several years of enriching the repertoires of other artists , his big success came two years after signing with Columbia . He topped the Country and Pop charts with the song `` Baby Do n't Get Hooked on Me . '' It sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc by the Recording Industry Association of America in September 1972 . </P> <P> Some of Davis 's lyrics invoked overtly sexual relationships . In the song `` Baby Do n't Get Hooked on Me '' , he pleads with a woman not to become too enamored with him , because he does not want to commit to a full - time relationship . Other successful songs , such as `` Naughty Girl '' and `` Baby Spread Your Love on Me '' , contained similar lyrics . Many country songs from other artists that were popular during the 1970s and 1980s also featured sexual themes . </P> <P> In 1974 , Davis was awarded the Academy of Country Music 's Entertainer of the Year award . Some of Davis 's other successes include the songs `` Stop and Smell the Roses '' ( a number one Adult Contemporary success in 1974 ) ( popular no . 9 ) , `` One Hell of a Woman '' ( pop no . 11 ) , `` Rock'n'Roll ( I Gave You The Best Years Of My Life ) '' ( pop no . 15 ) , and `` Burnin ' Thing '' ( pop no . 53 ) . At the end of the 1970s , he moved to Casablanca Records , which was best known at the time for its successes with disco star Donna Summer and rock'n'roll band Kiss . His first success for the company in 1980 was the novelty song `` It 's Hard To Be Humble '' , a light - hearted look at how popularity and good looks could go to one 's head . The song became his first Country music top 10 and a rare top 30 hit in the UK . ( It was translated into Dutch as `` Het is moeilijk bescheiden te blijven '' and became a hit for the Dutch singer Peter Blanker in 1981 ) . Later that year , he also had another top 10 song with `` Let 's Keep It That Way '' . In November , `` Rock'n'Roll ( I Gave You The Best Years Of My Life ) '' was played by KHJ in Los Angeles as its last song before it switched from Top 40 to Country music . He achieved other successful songs , such as `` Texas In My Rear View Mirror '' and `` Hooked on Music '' , which became his biggest Country music success in 1981 , going to no . 2 . In 1985 , he recorded his last top 10 country music success with the song `` I Never Made Love ( Till I Made Love With You ) '' . </P> <P> On January 19 , 1985 , Davis performed `` God Bless the USA '' at the 50th Presidential Inaugural Gala , held the day before the second inauguration of Ronald Reagan . </P> <H2> Acting career ( edit ) </H2> <P> From 1974 to 1976 , Davis had his own television variety show on NBC , The Mac Davis Show . He made his feature film debut opposite Nick Nolte in the football film , North Dallas Forty ( 1979 ) and was listed as one of 12 `` Promising New Actors of 1979 '' by Screen World magazine . </P> <P> Davis also starred in the 1981 comedy film Cheaper To Keep Her , playing a divorced detective who worked for a neurotic feminist attorney . He tracked down husbands who were failing to pay alimony to their ex-wives , to fund his own alimony payments for his own ex-wife . The film received mainly negative reviews and was not a box - office success . </P> <P> In 1980 , Davis hosted an episode of The Muppet Show . He performed `` Baby , Do n't Get Hooked On Me '' and `` It 's Hard To Be Humble '' . </P> <P> In 1983 , he appeared in The Sting II , as Jake Hooker , a younger relative of Johnny Hooker , who was played by Robert Redford in The Sting . </P> <P> Davis played Will Rogers in the Broadway production of The Will Rogers Follies . </P> <P> In 1998 , Davis starred in the sports comedy Possums , which debuted at the Sundance Film Festival . </P> <P> Davis served as the balladeer for the 2000 telefilm The Dukes of Hazzard : Hazzard in Hollywood , replacing Don Williams , who had served the part in 1997 's The Dukes of Hazzard : Reunion ! , and Waylon Jennings , who narrated the original Dukes of Hazzard television show . Davis was the first balladeer to appear on - screen to welcome the audience and provide exposition . </P> <P> Davis was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2000 . He was awarded a star symbol on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , located at 7080 Hollywood Boulevard , for his contribution to the recording industry . </P> <P> In 2001 , Davis played a fellow karaoke competitor to Jon Gries 's Sunny Holiday in the Polish brothers ' film Jackpot . In the film , a dispute began between Sunny 's manager , played by Garrett Morris , and Davis 's character about what song he should sing . The manager suggested Davis 's `` Baby , Do n't Get Hooked On Me '' , which Davis 's character claimed just was not him . </P> <P> In 2001 - 02 , Davis voiced the character of Barber Bingo on two episodes of the animated TV series Oswald - `` Henry Needs A Haircut '' and `` The Naughty Cat '' . </P> <P> Between 1999 and 2004 , Davis provided the character voices of Sheriff Buford ( two episodes ) and a talk radio host named `` the Sports Jock '' ( two episodes ) , on the animated series King of the Hill . </P> <P> Davis also guest - starred briefly in the 8 Simple Rules episode `` Let 's Keep Going , Part II '' in April 2004 . </P> <P> He had a recurring role as Rodney Carrington 's father - in - law in the sitcom Rodney . </P> <H2> Family Life ( edit ) </H2> <P> He has married three times and has three children : Joel Scott , Noah Claire , and Cody Luke . </P> <P> Marriages : </P> <Ul> <Li> Fran Cook : 1963 - 1968 ( divorced ) ; one son , Joel Scott </Li> <Li> Sarah Barg : 1971 -- 1976 ( divorced ) </Li> <Li> Lise Kristen Gerard : 1982 -- present ( two children , Noah Claire and Cody Luke ) </Li> </Ul> <P> At 21 , he married a Georgian , Fran Cook , and when their son , Joel , was born a year later , he shifted from playing rock bands to learning the music business via Liberty Records ' publishing division . The Liberty job got him to Los Angeles and made it easier to `` pitch his own tunes '' to record producers . `` One day Fran decided to do her own thing and she wanted me to do mine . '' They divorced , and she returned to Atlanta , where she still lives with Joel . </P> <P> Mac next met Sarah Barg , then 16 and living in his apartment building with her mother . Two years later , they were married . `` We talked about having a family , but I was waiting for her to grow up , '' he says . She left him in 1976 for Glen Campbell and had one child ( Dillon ) with Campbell , whom she also left shortly after Dillon 's birth . `` Obviously , I was right , '' Davis once stated . </P> <P> In 1980 , Davis started to date a young nurse , Lise Gerard . They married in 1982 when she was 24 , and they subsequently had two children . </P> <H2> Discography ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Mac Davis discography <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <Table> Film <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Studio </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> North Dallas Forty </Td> <Td> Seth Maxwell </Td> <Td> Paramount Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> Cheaper to Keep Her </Td> <Td> Bill Dekker </Td> <Td> American Cinema Releasing </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Sting II </Td> <Td> Jake Hooker </Td> <Td> Universal Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Possums </Td> <Td> Will Clark </Td> <Td> Ignite Entertainment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Angel 's Dance </Td> <Td> Norman </Td> <Td> Promark Entertainment Group </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Jackpot </Td> <Td> Sammy Bones </Td> <Td> Sony Pictures Classics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Where the Red Fern Grows </Td> <Td> Hod Bellington </Td> <Td> Walt Disney Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> True Vinyl </Td> <Td> Frank Thompson </Td> <Td> Mistral Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> The Wendell Baker Story </Td> <Td> Agent Buck </Td> <Td> Franchise Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Beer for My Horses </Td> <Td> Reverend J.D. Parker </Td> <Td> Roadside Attractions </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Television <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1974 -- 1976 </Td> <Td> The Mac Davis Show </Td> <Td> Himself ( Host -- Performer ) </Td> <Td> TV variety show ( 35 episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> Mac Davis : Sounds Like Home </Td> <Td> Himself ( Host -- Performer ) </Td> <Td> TV special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> Mac Davis : I Believe in Christmas </Td> <Td> Himself ( Host -- Performer ) </Td> <Td> TV special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> The Mac Davis Special </Td> <Td> Himself ( Host -- Performer ) </Td> <Td> TV special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> A Mac Davis Special - Christmas Odyssey : 2010 </Td> <Td> Himself ( Host -- Performer ) </Td> <Td> TV special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> A Christmas Special ... with Love , Mac Davis </Td> <Td> Himself ( Host -- Performer ) </Td> <Td> TV special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> Mac Davis 10th Anniversary Special : I Still Believe in Music </Td> <Td> Himself ( Host -- Performer ) </Td> <Td> TV special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> The Mac Davis Special : I 'll Be Home for Christmas </Td> <Td> Himself ( Host -- Performer ) </Td> <Td> TV special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> The Mac Davis Christmas Special : Christmas Is a Song </Td> <Td> Himself ( Host -- Performer ) </Td> <Td> TV special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mac Davis Special : The Music of Christmas </Td> <Td> Himself ( Host -- Performer ) </Td> <Td> TV special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Brothers - in - Law </Td> <Td> T.K. ' Tom ' Kenny </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Webster </Td> <Td> Uncle Jake Tyler </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Almost Home '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Tall Tales & Legends </Td> <Td> Davy Crockett </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Davy Crockett '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> What Price Victory </Td> <Td> Jake Ramson </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Blackmail </Td> <Td> Norm </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman </Td> <Td> Larry Smiley </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Just Say Noah '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 -- 1996 </Td> <Td> The Client </Td> <Td> Waldo Gaines </Td> <Td> Recurring role ( 3 episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> For My Daughter 's Honor </Td> <Td> Norm Dustin </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Daytona Beach </Td> <Td> Reese Elliot </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Still Holding On : The Legend of Cadillac Jack </Td> <Td> Clayton </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> King of the Hill </Td> <Td> Sports Jock / Sheriff Buford / Announcer ( voice ) </Td> <Td> 5 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Chicken Soup for the Soul </Td> <Td> Sheriff Riley </Td> <Td> Episode : `` It 's Never Too Late '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> That ' 70s Show </Td> <Td> St. Peter </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Holy Crap '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> The Dukes of Hazzard : Hazzard in Hollywood ! </Td> <Td> The Balladeer </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Murder , She Wrote : The Last Free Man </Td> <Td> Sheriff Underwood </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 -- 2003 </Td> <Td> Oswald </Td> <Td> Barber Bingo / Bingo ( voice ) </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 Simple Rules </Td> <Td> Guitar Player </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Let 's Keep Going : Part 2 '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Johnny Bravo </Td> <Td> Bee Bearded Man / Narrator / Troubadour ( voice ) </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> Rodney </Td> <Td> Carl ( Trina 's Father ) </Td> <Td> Recurring role ( 13 episodes ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ William Kerns ( 2008 - 03 - 02 ) . `` Mac Davis remembers his days in Lubbock Lubbock Online Lubbock Avalanche - Journal '' . Lubbock Online . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Murrells , Joseph ( 1978 ) . The Book of Golden Discs ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p. 310 . ISBN 0 - 214 - 20512 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` KHJ Goes Country Format Change Archive '' . Formatchange.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived October 31 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived July 23 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mac Davis and Fran Cook Married Divorced Children Ex '' . FamousHookups.com. 1942 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hyatt , Wesley ( 1999 ) . The Billboard Book of No. 1 Adult Contemporary Hits ( Billboard Publications ) , page 91 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Milestones : Sep. 13 , 1982 '' . TIME. 1982 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Buchalter , Gail ( 1980 - 05 - 26 ) . `` Mac Attack ! - Mac Davis '' . People.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Wolff , Kurt . The Rough Guide to Country Music . Penguin Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1858285344 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mac Davis . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Mac Davis discography at Discogs </Li> <Li> Nashvillesongwritersfoundation.com </Li> <Li> Songwritershalloffame.org </Li> <Li> Interview with Mac Davis </Li> <Li> Mac Davis biography at Allmusic </Li> <Li> Mac Davis on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Mac Davis </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Song Painter </Li> <Li> I Believe in Music </Li> <Li> Baby , Do n't Get Hooked on Me </Li> <Li> Stop and Smell the Roses </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Baby Do n't Get Hooked on Me '' </Li> <Li> `` One Hell of a Woman '' </Li> <Li> `` Stop and Smell the Roses '' </Li> <Li> `` I Never Made Love ( Till I Made It with You ) '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 24786851 </Li> <Li> LCCN : n85199288 </Li> <Li> ISNI : 0000 0000 6309 2484 </Li> <Li> GND : 134577833 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb138930298 ( data ) </Li> <Li> MusicBrainz : 79e92ede - a055 - 4736 - 916c - 5f0c771f5922 </Li> <Li> IATH : w6p39w5g </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mac_Davis&oldid=800946807 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1942 births </Li> <Li> American country singers </Li> <Li> American country rock singers </Li> <Li> American country singer - songwriters </Li> <Li> American male film actors </Li> <Li> American male singers </Li> <Li> American male stage actors </Li> <Li> Jamie Records artists </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> Lubbock High School alumni </Li> <Li> People from Lubbock , Texas </Li> <Li> Songwriters from Texas </Li> <Li> Songwriters Hall of Fame inductees </Li> <Li> Vee - Jay Records artists </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> BLP articles lacking sources from January 2013 </Li> <Li> All BLP articles lacking sources </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> Articles lacking reliable references from January 2013 </Li> <Li> All articles lacking reliable references </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers </Li> <Li> Place of birth missing ( living people ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 18 : 21 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Mac_Davis&oldid=800946807 | 3,870,440,321,647,745,000 |
A Star Is Born ( 2018 film ) - wikipedia <H1> A Star Is Born ( 2018 film ) </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> A Star Is Born </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Bradley Cooper </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bill Gerber </Li> <Li> Jon Peters </Li> <Li> Bradley Cooper </Li> <Li> Todd Phillips </Li> <Li> Lynette Howell Taylor </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eric Roth </Li> <Li> Bradley Cooper </Li> <Li> Will Fetters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> A Star Is Born by William A. Wellman Robert Carson Dorothy Parker Alan Campbell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bradley Cooper </Li> <Li> Lady Gaga </Li> <Li> Andrew Dice Clay </Li> <Li> Dave Chappelle </Li> <Li> Sam Elliott </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Matthew Libatique </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Jay Cassidy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production companies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Warner Bros. Pictures </Li> <Li> Live Nation Productions </Li> <Li> Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Pictures </Li> <Li> Gerber Pictures </Li> <Li> Peters Entertainment </Li> <Li> Joint Effort </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Warner Bros. Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> August 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 31 ) ( Venice ) </Li> <Li> October 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 05 ) ( United States ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 135 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $36 -- 40 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $255.9 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A Star Is Born is a 2018 American music - themed romantic drama film produced and directed by Bradley Cooper ( in his directorial debut ) and written by Cooper , Eric Roth and Will Fetters . A remake of the 1937 film of the same name , it stars Cooper , Lady Gaga , Andrew Dice Clay , Dave Chappelle , and Sam Elliott , and follows a hard - drinking musician ( Cooper ) who discovers and falls in love with a young singer ( Gaga ) . It marks the fourth remake of the original 1937 film , after the 1954 musical , the 1976 rock musical and the 2013 Bollywood romance film . </P> <P> Talks of a remake of A Star Is Born began in 2011 , with Clint Eastwood attached to direct and Beyoncé set to star . The film was in development hell for several years with various actors approached to co-star , including Christian Bale , Leonardo DiCaprio , Will Smith , and Tom Cruise . In March 2016 , Cooper signed on to star and direct , and Lady Gaga joined the cast in August 2016 . Principal photography began at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in April 2017 . </P> <P> A Star Is Born premiered at the 75th Venice International Film Festival on August 31 , 2018 , and was theatrically released in the United States on October 5 , 2018 , by Warner Bros . The film has grossed over $255 million worldwide and received critical acclaim , with praise for Cooper , Gaga and Elliott 's performances and Cooper 's direction , as well as the screenplay , cinematography and music . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Development </Li> <Li> 3.2 Music </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Release </Li> <Li> 5 Reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Box office </Li> <Li> 5.2 Critical response </Li> <Li> 5.3 Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Plot </H2> <P> Jackson Maine , a famous country music singer privately battling an alcohol and drug addiction , plays a concert in California . His main support is Bobby , his manager and significantly older half - brother . After the show , Jackson happens upon a drag bar where he witnesses a performance by Ally , a waitress and singer - songwriter . Jackson is amazed by her talent ; they spend the night speaking to each other , where Ally discloses to him the troubles she has faced in pursuing a professional music career . </P> <P> Jackson invites Ally to his next show . Despite her initial refusal she attends and , with Jackson 's encouragement , sings on stage with him . Jackson invites Ally to go on tour with him , and they form a romantic relationship . In Arizona , Ally and Jackson visit the ranch where Jackson grew up and where his father is buried , only to discover that Bobby sold the land . Angered at his betrayal , Jackson punches Bobby , who subsequently quits as his manager . Before doing so , Bobby reveals that he did inform Jackson about the sale , but the latter was too inebriated to notice . </P> <P> While on tour Ally meets Rez , a record producer who offers her a contract . Although visibly bothered , Jackson still supports her decision . Rez refocuses Ally away from country music and towards pop . Jackson misses one of Ally 's performances after he passes out drunk in public ; he recovers at the home of his friend Noodles , and later makes up with Ally . There he proposes to Ally with a ring made from a loop of guitar string , and they are married that same day . </P> <P> During Ally 's performance on Saturday Night Live , Bobby reconciles with Jackson . Later , Jackson and Ally fight after he drunkenly voices his disapproval of Ally 's new image and music , which is nominated for Grammy Awards . At the Grammys , a visibly intoxicated Jackson performs in a tribute to Roy Orbison , and Ally wins the Best New Artist award . When she goes up on stage to receive her award , Jackson follows her , where he wets himself and passes out . Ally 's father Lorenzo berates Jackson and Ally helps him sober up . Jackson joins a drug rehabilitation program shortly thereafter . </P> <P> Jackson recovers in rehab , where he discloses to his counselor that he attempted suicide as a teenager . He tearfully apologizes to Ally for his behavior , and returns home . Ally wishes to bring Jackson to perform with her on the European leg of her tour ; Rez refuses , prompting Ally to cancel the remainder of the tour so she can care for Jackson . </P> <P> Rez later confronts Jackson , informing him of Ally 's decision to cancel her tour and accusing him of holding Ally back . That evening , Ally lies to Jackson , and tells him that her record label has cancelled her tour so she can focus on her second album . Jackson promises that he will come to her concert that night , but after Ally leaves , he hangs himself in their garage . </P> <P> Ally becomes inconsolable after Jackson 's death . She is visited by Bobby , who explains Jackson 's death was his own fault and not hers . Ally takes a song that Jackson had written but never performed and sings it at a tribute concert , introducing herself as Ally Maine . </P> <H2> Cast </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bradley Cooper as Jackson Maine , an established singer - songwriter and alcoholic . He is Ally 's mentor and love interest . </Li> <Li> Lady Gaga as Ally Campana - Maine , a nightclub singer - songwriter who is discovered by Jackson . </Li> <Li> Sam Elliott as Bobby Maine , Jackson 's older brother and manager . </Li> <Li> Dave Chappelle as George `` Noodles '' Stone , Jackson 's close friend , himself a retired musician . </Li> <Li> Andrew Dice Clay as Lorenzo Campana , Ally 's father . </Li> <Li> Anthony Ramos as Ramon , Ally 's friend . </Li> <Li> Michael Harney as Wolfie , a limo driver and friend of Lorenzo . </Li> <Li> Rafi Gavron as Rez Gavron , a music producer and Ally 's manager . </Li> </Ul> <P> Additionally , Rebecca Field appears as Gail , Shangela Laquifa Wadley as the drag bar emcee , Willam Belli as drag queen Emerald , Greg Grunberg as Jackson 's driver Phil , and Ron Rifkin as Carl . Lukas Nelson & Promise of the Real appear as Jackson 's band , Eddie Griffin appears as a local preacher and Luenell appears as a cashier . Marlon Williams , Brandi Carlile , Halsey , Alec Baldwin , and Don Roy King cameo as themselves . </P> <H2> Production </H2> <H3> Development </H3> <P> In January 2011 , it was announced that Clint Eastwood was in talks to direct Beyoncé in a third American remake of the 1937 film A Star Is Born ; however , the project was delayed due to Beyoncé 's pregnancy . In April 2012 , writer Will Fetters told Collider that the script was inspired by Kurt Cobain . Talks with Christian Bale , Leonardo DiCaprio , Tom Cruise , Johnny Depp , and Will Smith to play the male lead failed to come to fruition . On October 9 , 2012 , Beyoncé left the project , and it was reported that Bradley Cooper was in talks to star . Eastwood was interested in Esperanza Spalding to play the female lead . </P> <P> On March 24 , 2015 , Warner Bros. announced that Cooper was in final talks to make his directorial debut with the film , and potentially to star with Beyoncé , who was again in talks to join ; Cooper did become the male lead . On August 16 , 2016 , it was reported that Lady Gaga had officially become attached and the studio had green - lit the project to begin production early 2017 . It marks the fourth remake of the original 1937 film , after the 1954 musical , the 1976 rock musical and the 2013 Bollywood romance film . On November 9 , 2016 , it was reported that Ray Liotta was in talks to join the film in the role of the manager to Cooper 's character , though he ultimately was not involved . On March 17 , 2017 , Sam Elliott joined the film , with Andrew Dice Clay entering negotiations to play Lorenzo , the father of Lady Gaga 's character . Clay was selected over Robert De Niro , John Turturro and John Travolta . In April 2017 , Rafi Gavron , Michael Harney , and Rebecca Field also joined the cast . </P> <P> Filming began on April 17 , 2017 . In May , Dave Chappelle was cast in the film . In April 2018 , it was announced that Halsey would have a small role . </P> <H3> Music </H3> Main article : A Star Is Born ( 2018 soundtrack ) <P> After seeing him perform at Desert Trip festival , Cooper approached Lukas Nelson ( son of country music singer Willie Nelson ) and asked him to help work on the film . Nelson agreed and wrote several songs , which he sent to the producers . Nelson subsequently met Lady Gaga and began writing songs with her and she , in turn , provided backing vocals on two tracks on his self - titled 2017 album . The soundtrack , performed by Gaga and Cooper , was released on October 5 , 2018 , by Interscope Records . The studio announced that the album `` features 19 songs in a wide range of musical styles + 15 dialogue tracks that will take you on a journey that mirrors the experience of seeing the film . '' </P> <H2> Release </H2> <P> A Star Is Born had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on August 31 , 2018 . It also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival , the San Sebastián International Film Festival , and the Zurich Film Festival in September 2018 . The film was theatrically released in the United States on October 5 , 2018 , distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures , after initially having been set for September 28 , 2018 , and May 18 , 2018 , releases . </P> <H2> Reception </H2> <H3> Box Office </H3> <P> As of October 29 , 2018 , A Star Is Born has grossed $149.9 million in the United States and Canada , and $106 million in other territories , for a total worldwide gross of $255.9 million , against a production budget of $36 -- 40 million . </P> <P> In the United States and Canada , A Star Is Born grossed $1.35 million from select Tuesday and Wednesday night screenings , and $15.8 million on its first day , including $3.2 million from Thursday night previews . It went on to debut to $42.9 million for the weekend and finished second at the box office , behind fellow newcomer Venom . The film remained in second place in its second , third and fourth weekends , grossing a respective $28 million , $19.3 million and $14.1 million . </P> <P> Outside North America , the film was released day - and - date with the U.S. in 31 other countries , and made $14.2 million in its opening weekend ; its largest markets were the United Kingdom ( $5.3 million ) , France ( $2.1 million ) and Germany ( $1.9 million ) . </P> <H3> Critical response </H3> The performances of Bradley Cooper , Lady Gaga , and Sam Elliott ( all three seen here at the film 's screening at the 2018 Toronto International Film Festival ) , as well as Cooper 's direction , garnered widespread critical acclaim . <P> On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , A Star Is Born holds an approval rating of 90 % based on 394 reviews , with an average rating of 8.1 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` With appealing leads , deft direction , and an affecting love story , A Star Is Born is a remake done right -- and a reminder that some stories can be just as effective in the retelling . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 88 out of 100 , based on 60 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported film - goers gave it a 90 % positive score . </P> <P> Alonso Duralde of TheWrap gave the film a positive review , saying , `` Cooper and Lady Gaga are dynamite together ; this is a story that lives and dies by the central relationship and the instant chemistry that must blossom between them , and these two have it in spades , '' and praised the musical numbers , describing them as `` electrifying '' . Owen Gleiberman of Variety lauded Cooper 's directing , co-writing , and acting , and called the film `` a transcendent Hollywood movie '' . Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B+ , singling out Gaga 's performance , saying , `` she deserves praise for her restrained , human - scale performance as a singer whose real - girl vulnerability feels miles away from the glittery meat - dress delirium of her own stage persona . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine found the film superior to its previous iterations and similarly praised Cooper 's direction , the writing , as well the performances and chemistry of Cooper and Gaga . She stated : `` You come away feeling something for these people , flawed individuals who are trying to hold their cracked pieces of self together -- or to mend the cracks of those they love , '' also describing Gaga 's performance as a `` knockout . '' </P> <P> In his review for Los Angeles Times , Justin Chang called the film `` remarkable , '' and praised Cooper for his fresh take on the well - worn formula of 1937 film , as well his direction , the performances , writing , and the cinematography . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 4.5 out of five stars , and deemed it as a `` modern classic , '' hailing the performances of Cooper and Gaga , and Cooper 's direction . He found the film 's screenplay and the original songs `` seamless '' and `` terrific , '' and also called the film a major Oscar contender of the year and one of the year 's best films . The Washington Post 's Ann Hornaday described the film as `` lavishly delightful '' and `` earthly convincing , '' and added that it `` offers a suitably jaundiced glimpse of starmaking machinery at its most cynical , but also its most thrilling and gratifying . '' She similarly praised Cooper 's direction , the performances and chemistry of Cooper and Gaga , and the supporting performances , particularly Andrew Dice Clay and Sam Elliott . </P> <P> While praising the direction , acting , and writing , Michael Phillips in the Chicago Tribune argues that a A Star is Born 's formula has always been very seductive to audiences , even when it has been written poorly , and Cooper 's few missteps include being a bit of a scene hog . Admitting audiences love it , and he just liked it , Phillips drew attention to a skeptical review by Lindsey Romaine of Medium.com who criticized the story 's marginalization of the Gaga character in dealing with Cooper 's manipulative addict . She at least wanted a scene where Gaga 's character processed her behavior of letting the addict boyfriend get away with it . Phillips argued that it is in part the skillful musicianship which gets audiences to blow past such flaws . </P> <H3> Accolades </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Date of ceremony </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hollywood Music in Media Awards </Td> <Td> November 14 , 2018 </Td> <Td> Best Original Song -- Feature Film </Td> <Td> `` Shallow '' by Lady Gaga , Mark Ronson , Anthony Rossomando , and Andrew Wyatt </Td> <Td> Pending </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Music Supervision -- Film </Td> <Td> Julianne Jordan and Julia Michels </Td> <Td> Pending </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Soundtrack Album </Td> <Td> A Star Is Born </Td> <Td> Pending </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Venice Film Festival </Td> <Td> September 8 , 2018 </Td> <Td> Smithers Foundation Award </Td> <Td> A Star Is Born </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Book : A Star Is Born ( 2018 film ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> List of films featuring the deaf and hard of hearing </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Yang , Rachel ( September 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Star Is Born ' Director Bradley Cooper Talks Jon Peters Allegations '' . Variety . Retrieved October 8 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` First Look at Lady Gaga in A Star is Born Remake '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born ( billing block ) '' . Warner Bros. Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born trailer with Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga '' . Film-news.co.uk . June 7 , 2018 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Star is Born '' . warnerbros.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Star is Born '' . Toronto International Film Festival . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( August 22 , 2018 ) . `` How ' A Star Is Born ' Re-created the `` Man 's World '' of Music , Coachella Concert Scenes `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 17 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Venom ' Still Showing $80 M Fangs ; ' A Star Is Born ' Hitting $42 M+ High Note In Record October Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved October 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` A Star Is Born ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 30 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Magrath , Andrea ( January 21 , 2011 ) . `` A Star Is Born ... again : Clint Eastwood in talks to direct Beyonce in yet another remake of Hollywood classic '' . Daily Mail . London . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 1 , 2012 ) . `` Screenwriter Will Fetters Talks Clint Eastwood 's A STAR IS BORN ; Says Script Was Inspired by Kurt Cobain '' . Collider.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 9 , 2012 ) . `` Beyonce exits Eastwood 's ' A Star Is Born ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Bradley Cooper To Make Directing Debut , Hopes To Star With Beyonce In ' A Star Is Born ' For Warner Bros '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bart , Peter ; Fleming Jr , Mike ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Bart & Fleming : Bradley Cooper & Lady Gaga Road Test ' A Star Is Born ' Team - Up '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Lady Gaga Looking Like A Strong Match With Bradley Cooper In ' A Star Is Born ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Lady Gaga Joins Bradley Cooper 's ' A Star Is Born ' Remake '' . Variety . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Star Is Born ' Gets Warner Bros Green Light ; Bradley Cooper Directs , Stars With Lady Gaga '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Noelfi , Joel ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` How Lady Gaga 's A Star Is Born evolved with Jennifer Lopez , Beyoncé , more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 11 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Ray Liotta in Talks to Join Lady Gaga in ' A Star Is Born ' Remake '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Sam Elliott Joins Bradley Cooper & Lady Gaga In ' A Star Is Born ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Andrew Dice Clay In Negotiations To Join ' A Star Is Born ' In Key Role '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andrew Dice Clay Says He Beat Robert De Niro , John Travolta for ' A Star Is Born ' Role </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' A Star Is Born ' Adds Rafi Gavron & Michael Harney '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` Dave Chappelle Joins ' A Star Is Born ' Redo '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` Sony Pictures Makes Deal With Halsey For Movie Inspired By Singer 's Life '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Finn , Timothy ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` He 's worked with Neil Young , Gaga and his dad , Willie Nelson . Now he 's coming to KC '' . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephens , Samantha ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` How Lady Gaga Brought Lukas Nelson and Promise of the Real 's `` Find Yourself '' to Life `` . CMT . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ @ Interscope ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` # AStarIsBornSoundtrack features 19 songs in a wide range of musical styles + 15 dialogue tracks that will take you on a journey that mirrors the experience of seeing the film '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chu , Henry ( July 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Star Is Born ' to World Premiere at Venice Film Festival '' . Variety . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ; Hammond , Pete . `` Bradley Cooper 's ' A Star Is Born ' Headed To Venice After 1st Hollywood Screening Impresses Exhibitors -- Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Orlova - Alvarez , Tamara ; Alvarez , Joe ( September 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Lady Gaga ' A Star Is Born ' Premiere Toronto Film Festival 2018 '' . Ikon London Magazine . Retrieved September 29 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` Toronto : Timothee Chalamet Starrer ' Beautiful Boy , ' Dan Fogelman 's ' Life Itself ' Among Festival Lineup '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wiseman , Andreas ( August 14 , 2018 ) . `` Damien Chazelle 's ' First Man ' , Alfonso Cuaron 's ' Roma ' , Bradley Cooper 's ' A Star Is Born ' Head To San Sebastian Fest '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lawrence , Derek ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's A Star Is Born shifts release date back to fall 2018 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Bradley Cooper - Lady Gaga Movie ' A Star Is Born ' Gets 2018 Release Date '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin . `` Bradley Cooper - Lady Gaga 's ' Star is Born ' Moves to May 2018 '' . Variety . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Sony Swings Past $1 Billion As ' Venom ' Bites $35 M+ ; ' First Man ' Lands Third With $16 M+ -- Sunday AM '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved October 14 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Halloween ' Scares Up Second - Best October Opening With $77 M+ ; Best Debut For Blumhouse & Carpenter Canon ; Great Launch For Miramax '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved October 21 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Halloween ' Screams $32 M Second Weekend As October B.O. Moves Toward Record '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Venom ' Sinks Teeth Into $205 M Global Bow ; Sets Biggest October Debut WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Greenblatt , Leah ( August 31 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper make ( mostly ) beautiful music in A Star Is Born : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chang , Justin ( September 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Star Is Born , ' ' Beautiful Boy ' bring stories of love and addiction to Toronto '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 14 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born ( 2018 ) reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Find CinemaScore '' ( Type `` Star Is Born , A '' in the search box ) . CinemaScore . Retrieved October 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso ( August 31 , 2018 ) . `` A Star Is Born Film Review : Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga Reinvigorate a Classic '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( August 31 , 2018 ) . `` Venice Film Review : Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga in A Star Is Born '' . Variety . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( August 31 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga Delivers a Knockout Performance in A Star Is Born '' . Time . Retrieved September 14 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( October 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Star Is Born ' Review : Cooper , Lady Gaga Hit All the Right Notes '' . Rolling Stone . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann ( September 21 , 2018 ) . `` Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga 's hotly anticipated ' A Star is Born ' is here -- and it is lavishly delightful '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( October 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Star is Born ' review : Bradley Cooper goes Gaga in directing debut '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( October 18 , 2018 ) . `` How destructive male behavior in ' A Star is Born ' is eclipsed by beautiful music '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yang , Rachel ( October 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' , ' A Star Is Born ' Lead 2018 Hollywood Music in Media Awards Nominees '' . Variety . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Collateral Awards of the 75th Venice Film Festival '' . Venice Biennale . September 7 , 2018 . Retrieved October 19 , 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links </H2> <Ul> <Li> Film portal </Li> <Li> Lady Gaga portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> A Star Is Born on IMDb </Li> <Li> A Star Is Born at the TCM Movie Database </Li> <Li> A Star Is Born at Box Office Mojo </Li> <Li> A Star Is Born ( trailer ) on YouTube </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> A Star Is Born </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1937 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1954 soundtrack <Ul> <Li> `` The Man That Got Away '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1976 soundtrack <Ul> <Li> `` Evergreen '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2018 soundtrack <Ul> <Li> `` La Vie en rose '' </Li> <Li> `` Shallow '' </Li> <Li> `` Always Remember Us This Way '' </Li> <Li> `` Is That Alright ? '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'll Never Love Again '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> What Price Hollywood ? </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Star_Is_Born_(2018_film)&oldid=866527911 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2018 films </Li> <Li> 2010s musical films </Li> <Li> 2010s romantic drama films </Li> <Li> 2010s romantic musical films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> American musical drama films </Li> <Li> American romantic drama films </Li> <Li> American romantic musical films </Li> <Li> Directorial debut films </Li> <Li> Films about alcoholism </Li> <Li> Films about music and musicians </Li> <Li> Films based on musicals based on films </Li> <Li> Films produced by Bradley Cooper </Li> <Li> Musical film remakes </Li> <Li> Screenplays by Eric Roth </Li> <Li> Warner Bros. films </Li> <Li> Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films </Li> <Li> Malpaso Productions films </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from December 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2018 </Li> <Li> All articles containing potentially dated statements </Li> <Li> Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 粵語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 22 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 21 : 57 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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The Jungle Book ( 2016 film ) - wikipedia <H1> The Jungle Book ( 2016 film ) </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Jungle Book </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Jon Favreau </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jon Favreau </Li> <Li> Brigham Taylor </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> Justin Marks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Disney 's The Jungle Book </Li> <Li> The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bill Murray </Li> <Li> Ben Kingsley </Li> <Li> Idris Elba </Li> <Li> Lupita Nyong'o </Li> <Li> Scarlett Johansson </Li> <Li> Giancarlo Esposito </Li> <Li> Christopher Walken </Li> <Li> Neel Sethi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> John Debney </Li> <Li> ( The Jungle Book themes composed by George Bruns ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Bill Pope </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Mark Livolsi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Walt Disney Pictures </Li> <Li> Fairview Entertainment </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> April 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 04 ) ( El Capitan Theatre ) </Li> <Li> April 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 15 ) ( United States ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 106 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $177 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $966.6 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Jungle Book is a 2016 American fantasy adventure film directed and produced by Jon Favreau , produced by Walt Disney Pictures , and written by Justin Marks . Based on Rudyard Kipling 's eponymous collective works and inspired by Walt Disney 's 1967 animated film of the same name , The Jungle Book is a live - action / CGI film that tells the story of Mowgli , an orphaned human boy who , guided by his animal guardians , sets out on a journey of self - discovery while evading the threatening Shere Khan . The film introduces Neel Sethi as Mowgli and also features the voices of Bill Murray , Ben Kingsley , Idris Elba , Lupita Nyong'o , Scarlett Johansson , Giancarlo Esposito , and Christopher Walken . </P> <P> Favreau , Marks , and producer Brigham Taylor developed the film 's story as a balance between Disney 's animated adaptation and Kipling 's original works , borrowing elements from both into the film . Principal photography commenced in 2014 , with filming taking place entirely in Los Angeles . The film required extensive use of computer - generated imagery to portray the animals and settings . </P> <P> The Jungle Book was released in North America in Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , IMAX 3D , D - Box , and premium large formats , on April 15 , 2016 . It became a critical and commercial success , grossing over $966 million , making it the fifth - highest - grossing film of 2016 and the 40th - highest - grossing film of all time , praised for its visual effects , musical score , direction , faithfulness to the original animated film , and vocal performances , particularly those of Murray , Kingsley , and Elba . The film won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects at the 89th Academy Awards . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Voice cast </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Development and casting </Li> <Li> 3.2 Filming and visual effects </Li> <Li> 3.3 Sound </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Music <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Soundtrack <Ul> <Li> 4.1. 1 Track listing </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Release <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Home media </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Reception <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Box office <Ul> <Li> 6.1. 1 United States and Canada </Li> <Li> 6.1. 2 Other countries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6.2 Critical response </Li> <Li> 6.3 Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Sequel </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Mowgli is a `` man cub '' raised by the wolf Raksha and her pack , led by Akela , in an Indian jungle ever since he was brought to them as a baby by the black panther Bagheera . Bagheera trains Mowgli to learn the ways of the wolves , but the boy faces certain challenges and falls behind his wolf siblings , while Akela disapproves of him using human tricks like building tools instead of learning the ways of the pack . </P> <P> One day , during the dry season , the jungle animals gather to drink the water that remains as part of a truce during a drought that enables the jungle 's wildlife to drink without fear of being eaten by their predators . The truce is disrupted when a scarred tiger named Shere Khan arrives , detecting Mowgli 's scent in the large crowd . Resentful against man for scarring him , he issues a warning that he will kill Mowgli at the end of the drought . After the drought ends , the wolves debate whether they should keep Mowgli or not . Mowgli decides to leave the jungle for the safety of his pack . Bagheera agrees with the decision and volunteers to guide him to the nearby man village . </P> <P> En route , Shere Khan ambushes them and injures Bagheera , but Mowgli manages to escape . Later , Mowgli meets an enormous python named Kaa who hypnotizes him . While under her influence , Mowgli sees a vision of his father being mauled while protecting him from Shere Khan . The vision also warns of the destructive power of the `` red flower '' ( fire ) . Kaa attempts to devour Mowgli , but she is attacked by a large brown sloth bear named Baloo , rescuing an unconscious Mowgli . Baloo and Mowgli bond while retrieving some difficult - to - access honey for Baloo , and the boy agrees to stay with Baloo until the winter season arrives . Upon learning that Mowgli has left the jungle , Shere Khan kills Akela and threatens the pack to lure Mowgli out . </P> <P> Bagheera eventually finds Mowgli and Baloo and is angered that Mowgli has not joined the humans as agreed , but Baloo calms him down and persuades both of them to sleep on it . During the night , Mowgli finds a herd of Indian elephants gathered around a ditch and uses his vines to save a baby elephant from the ditch . Although Baloo and Bagheera are both impressed , Baloo realizes that he can not guarantee Mowgli 's safety after learning that he is being hunted by Shere Khan . Baloo agrees to push Mowgli away to get him to continue onward to the man village . </P> <P> Mowgli is kidnapped by the `` Bandar - log '' ( monkeys ) who present him to their leader , a giant ape named King Louie . Assuming that all humans can make fire , King Louie offers Mowgli protection from Shere Khan in exchange for it . Baloo distracts King Louie while Bagheera tries to sneak him out , but their plan is discovered . As King Louie chases Mowgli through his temple , he informs Mowgli of Akela 's death . King Louie 's rampage eventually causes his temple to collapse on top of him . Furious that Baloo and Bagheera never told him about Akela 's death , Mowgli goes to confront Shere Khan alone . </P> <P> Mowgli steals a lit torch at the village to use as a weapon and heads back to the jungle , accidentally starting a wildfire in the process . He confronts Shere Khan , who argues that Mowgli has made himself the enemy of the jungle by causing the wildfire . Mowgli throws the torch into the water , giving Shere Khan the advantage . Baloo , Bagheera , and the wolf pack intervene and hold Shere Khan off , giving Mowgli enough time to set a trap . He lures Shere Khan up a dead tree and onto a branch , which breaks under the tiger 's weight and Shere Khan falls into the fire to his death . Mowgli then directs the elephants to divert the river and put out the fire . </P> <P> In the aftermath with Shere Khan no longer posing as a threat , Raksha becomes the new leader of the wolf pack . Mowgli decides to utilize his equipment and tricks for his own use , having found his true home and calling with his wolf family , Baloo , and Bagheera . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of The Jungle Book characters Neel Sethi , the actor who portrayed Mowgli <Ul> <Li> Neel Sethi as Mowgli , a young boy who was raised by wolves . <Ul> <Li> Kendrick Reyes as toddler Mowgli </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ritesh Rajan as Mowgli 's father </Li> </Ul> <H3> Voice cast ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Bill Murray as Baloo , a sloth bear who befriends Mowgli . </Li> <Li> Ben Kingsley as Bagheera , a black panther who is Mowgli 's mentor and protector . </Li> <Li> Idris Elba as Shere Khan , a fearsome , scar - faced tiger with a grudge against humans . </Li> <Li> Lupita Nyong'o as Raksha , a female wolf who is Mowgli 's adoptive mother . </Li> <Li> Scarlett Johansson as Kaa , an enormous python . </Li> <Li> Giancarlo Esposito as Akela , a male wolf who leads the pack . </Li> <Li> Christopher Walken as King Louie , a giant ape who rules the Bandar - log . </Li> <Li> Garry Shandling as Ikki , a porcupine that observes the Water Truce . </Li> <Li> Brighton Rose as Grey Brother , a wolf cub that is Mowgli 's adoptive brother . </Li> <Li> Jon Favreau as Fred , a Pygmy Hog . </Li> <Li> Sam Raimi as a giant squirrel . </Li> <Li> Russell Peters as Rocky , a rhinoceros . </Li> <Li> Madeleine Favreau as Raquel , a rhinoceros . </Li> <Li> Sara Arrington as an antelope . </Li> </Ul> <P> Emjay Anthony , Max Favreau , Chloe Hechter , Asher Blinkoff , Knox Gagnon , Sasha Schrieber , and Kai Schrieber voice the Young Wolves . </P> <P> Dee Bradley Baker , Artie Esposito , Sean Johnson , and Allan Trautman provide additional animal voices . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Development and casting ( edit ) </H3> `` The idea of going out to the jungle and shooting this , it just felt like it would n't have the magic that the 1967 film had had . There was a dreamlike quality to it . There was a surreal quality to it . It was a high - water mark for character animation and to me , that 's what I remember about it . And so I wanted to make sure we preserved that ... But what ( Alan ) Horn said was : Look at the technology . Look at Life of Pi , Avatar . Why not use the technology to create a whole world that transports you ? Let 's really embrace this new technology and see what we can do if we push its limit . '' <P> -- Jon Favreau on approaching the film 's technical intent . </P> <P> On July 9 , 2013 , Walt Disney Pictures announced that a live - action adaptation of Rudyard Kipling 's short story collection The Jungle Book was in development , with Justin Marks set to write the script . The film would be Disney 's second live - action adaptation of Kipling 's works , following the 1994 film and the 1998 direct - to - video film Mowgli 's Story ; and the studio 's fourth overall after the 1967 animated film . Jon Favreau was confirmed as director on November 5 , 2013 . Favreau as a child used to watch Disney 's 1967 animated film . He felt the need to strike a balance between the two films by retaining the buoyant spirit of the 1967 film , including some of its memorable songs , while crafting a film with more realism and peril . He also stressed the importance of nature and realized how things have shifted during Kipling 's time and now , `` In Kipling 's time , nature was something to be overcome . Now nature is something to be protected . '' He was encouraged by Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn to take advantage of the film 's setting and story as an opportunity to use the latest advancements in photorealistic rendering , computer - generated imagery , and motion capture technologies . The story of the film is not independently taken from Kipling 's works , but also borrows cinematic inspirations from other films , including the child - mentor relationship in Shane ( 1953 ) , the establishment of rules in a dangerous world from Goodfellas ( 1990 ) and the use of a shadowy jungle figure in Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) . </P> <P> The cast was announced between March and August 2014 , with Idris Elba being announced to voice Shere Khan during early stages and Bill Murray eventually confirmed as the voice of Baloo in August 2014 . Between then , Scarlett Johansson , Ben Kingsley , and Christopher Walken were confirmed to play Kaa , Bagheera , and King Louie . Favreau decided to cast Johansson to play Kaa , originally a male character , as he felt the original film was `` a little too male - oriented . '' Favreau and Marks noticed the lack of female characters in the 1967 film version and wanted to address that by featuring Raksha 's character more prominently , as in Kipling 's tales . Lupita Nyong'o was cast as Raksha as Favreau believed her voice imbued the emotion required for the role , `` Lupita has tremendous depth of emotion in her performance . There 's an emotional underpinning she brings , and a strength , and we wanted that for this surrogate mother . Much of that comes from her voice . '' Favreau also decided to change King Louie from an orangutan to a gigantopithecus due to the fact that orangutans are not native to India , where the story takes place . His character was given a slight alteration from the 1967 film and was partly inspired by Marlon Brando 's character Colonel Kurtz in Apocalypse Now , as well as incorporating Walken 's own physical mannerisms . In regards to Louie 's changes , Favreau stated , `` We created this looming figure that was trying to extract the secret of fire from Mowgli . And also this gave Mowgli the idea that if he had fire , he could have power over Shere Khan , whether it was good or bad . So there was a Lord of the Rings aspect to that ; the fire was almost like the ring in that was going to give someone ultimate power , but corrupt them as well as create destruction . '' The film is dedicated to Garry Shandling , who voiced a porcupine in the film and died of a pulmonary embolism before the film 's release . </P> <P> The search for casting Mowgli was extensive , with thousands of children auditioning from the United States , the United Kingdom , New Zealand , and Canada . Eventually , newcomer Neel Sethi was confirmed for the role , with casting director Rebecca Williams describing him as embodying `` the heart , humor , and daring of the character . He 's warm and accessible , yet also has an intelligence well beyond his years and impressed us all with his ability to hold his own in any situation . '' Sethi underwent parkour training in preparation for the role . Pixar Animation Studios assisted in the development of the story , as well as providing suggestions for the film 's end credits sequence . </P> <H3> Filming and visual effects ( edit ) </H3> <P> Principal photography took place entirely on sound stages at L.A. Center Studios in downtown Los Angeles . The animal characters were created entirely in computer animation , with the assistance of footage of real animal movement , the actors recording their lines , and performance capture for reference . The production team underwent a thorough process to realistically convey the animals ' speaking , while still making them perceptually believable to the audience . Favreau researched earlier films featuring anthropomorphic animals -- including Walt Disney 's animated features , such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Bambi , as well as modern films such as Babe -- and adopted certain techniques from those films into The Jungle Book . Nearly 70 separate species of animals native to India are featured in the film , with several species being portrayed as `` 150 % larger '' than their actual counterparts . </P> <P> Jim Henson 's Creature Shop was brought in to provide animal puppet figures for Sethi to act against , although none appear in the finished film . The animal puppets were performed by Artie Esposito , Sean Johnson , Allan Trautman , and April Warren . Favreau utilized motion capture with certain actors , expressing a desire to avoid overusing the technology in order to prevent evoking an uncanny valley effect . </P> <P> Moving Picture Company ( MPC ) and Weta Digital created the film 's visual effects . MPC developed new software for animating muscular structure in the animals . Around 1,000 remote jungle locations in India were photographed and used as reference in post-production . Weta was responsible for animating the King Louie sequence , with visual effects supervisor Keith Miller adding that , `` It was important for Jon to see Christopher Walken in the creature . So we took some of the distinctive Walken facial features -- iconic lines , wrinkles and folds -- and integrated them into the animated character . '' Favreau expressed desire in wanting the film 's 3D shots to imbue the abilities of the multiplane camera system utilized in Disney 's earlier animated films . At Favreau 's behest , the idea was extended into the film 's version of the Walt Disney Pictures opening production logo , which was recreated as `` a hand - painted , cel - animated multi-plane logo '' in homage to the animated films of that era , also incorporating the word `` Presents '' in the same style as the 1967 film 's opening credits . The film 's ending also features the original physical book that opened the 1967 film . </P> <H3> Sound ( edit ) </H3> <P> Director Jon Favreau and composer John Debney sought to recreate the Fantasound experience Walt Disney , himself , had in mind . When mixing the soundtrack in Dolby Atmos , as Favreau said , `` we isolated instruments when we could . And in the sound mix , we created a Fantasound mix . If you see the film in Atmos , you will feel that there are instruments that move around the theater . '' A mention for Fantasound appears in the film 's closing credits . </P> <H2> Music ( edit ) </H2> <P> The musical score for The Jungle Book was composed and conducted by frequent Favreau collaborator John Debney , mostly drawing from George Bruns ' original music . Though Favreau decided not to make the film a musical , nevertheless , he and Debney incorporated several songs from the 1967 animated film . `` The Bare Necessities , '' written by Terry Gilkyson , is performed by Murray and Sethi , and a cover version by Dr. John is featured in the end credits . `` I Wan'na Be Like You '' and `` Trust in Me '' -- written by the Sherman Brothers -- are performed by Walken and Johansson , respectively ; Richard M. Sherman wrote revised lyrics for Walken 's version of `` I Wan'na Be Like You . '' Johansson 's rendition of `` Trust in Me '' was produced by Mark Ronson and appears in the end credits only . </P> <H3> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Jungle Book ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Film score by John Debney </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> April 15 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 2015 -- 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio </Th> <Td> Sony Pictures Studios ( score ) Esplanade Studios , New Orleans Chalice Recording Studios Music Shed Studios , New Orleans </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Orchestral , swing jazz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 74 : 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Walt Disney </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer </Th> <Td> John Debney </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> John Debney chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> The Young Messiah ( 2016 ) </Td> <Td> The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) </Td> <Td> Mother 's Day ( 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Walt Disney Records released the film 's soundtrack on April 15 , 2016 . </P> Track listing ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Writer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Performer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` The Bare Necessities '' </Td> <Td> Terry Gilkyson </Td> <Td> Dr. John and The Nite Trippers </Td> <Td> 3 : 36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Trust in Me '' </Td> <Td> Richard M. Sherman , Robert B. Sherman </Td> <Td> Scarlett Johansson </Td> <Td> 2 : 55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` Main Titles / Jungle Run '' </Td> <Td> John Debney & George Bruns </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` Wolves / Law of the Jungle '' </Td> <Td> John Debney </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` Water Truce '' </Td> <Td> John Debney </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 : 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` Rains Return '' </Td> <Td> John Debney </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` Mowgli 's Leaving / Elephant Theme '' </Td> <Td> John Debney </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 : 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` Shere Khan Attacks / Stampede '' </Td> <Td> John Debney </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 06 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> `` Kaa / Baloo to the Rescue '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 : 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> `` Honeycomb Climb '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 : 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . </Td> <Td> `` Man Village '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 . </Td> <Td> `` Mowgli and the Pit '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 : 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 . </Td> <Td> `` Monkeys Kidnap Mowgli '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 . </Td> <Td> `` Arriving at King Louie 's Temple '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 : 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 . </Td> <Td> `` Cold Lair Chase '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 : 03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 . </Td> <Td> `` Red Flower '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 : 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 . </Td> <Td> `` To the River '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 : 05 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 . </Td> <Td> `` Shere Khan 's War Theme '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 . </Td> <Td> `` Shere Khan and the Fire '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 : 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 . </Td> <Td> `` Elephant Waterfall '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 : 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 . </Td> <Td> `` Mowgli Wins the Race '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 : 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 . </Td> <Td> `` Jungle Book Closes '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 . </Td> <Td> `` I Wan'na Be Like You '' </Td> <Td> Richard M. Sherman , Robert B. Sherman </Td> <Td> Christopher Walken </Td> <Td> 3 : 02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 . </Td> <Td> `` The Bare Necessities '' </Td> <Td> Terry Gilkyson </Td> <Td> Bill Murray , Kermit Ruffins </Td> <Td> 3 : 01 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Total length : </Td> <Td> 74 : 17 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Note 1 . ^ Original `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' melody composed by Leigh Harline ; Walt Disney Pictures logo melody composed by Mark Mancina . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> Jon Favreau at the premiere of The Jungle Book in Sydney , Australia <P> The film was originally scheduled for October 9 , 2015 , but the film 's release date was later postponed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures to April 15 , 2016 . The film was released in the Dolby Vision format in Dolby Cinema in the United States , and is the first film to be released in Dolby Vision 3D ( in a few select theaters in New York City and Chicago ) . The Jungle Book held its world premiere at the El Capitan Theatre on April 4 , 2016 . It was released in 15 countries , a week ahead of its U.S. debut on April 15 , in countries like Argentina , Australia , Russia , Malaysia , and most notably in India on April 8 . The release date in India was strategic for the film as it coincided with the Indian New Year and was a holiday in most parts of the country . The film had a special Hindi version with famous actors giving their voices to the main characters , including Irrfan Khan as Baloo , Om Puri as Bagheera , Priyanka Chopra as Ka , Nana Patekar as Sher Khan and Shefali Shah as Raksha , for its Indian audiences as the book and the Disney series based on it had been immensely popular in India in 1990s . Disney India also commissioned a contemporary recording of `` Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai '' ( originally used for the popular Indian version of Japanese anime series Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli ) , overseen by the original Hindi song 's composers Vishal Bhardwaj and Gulzar , and released it as part of the film 's promotional campaign in India . </P> <H3> Home Media ( edit ) </H3> <P> The film was released digitally on August 23 , 2016 , and on DVD and Blu - ray on August 30 ( August 22 in the UK ) . A 3D Blu - ray was said to be coming by the end of the year . The film topped the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart for two consecutive weeks . In the United States , the DVD and Blu - ray releases sold 2,027,137 units by December 2016 and have grossed $46 million as of August 2018 . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Box Office ( edit ) </H3> <P> The film became a huge financial success and a sleeper hit . It briefly held the record for the biggest remake of all time until the studio 's own Beauty and the Beast surpassed it the following year . It grossed $364 million in the United States and Canada and $602.5 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $966.6 million , against a budget of $175 million . Worldwide , the film was released across 28,000 RealD 3D screens and had an IMAX worldwide opening of $20.4 million from 901 IMAX screens , a new record for a PG film . It grossed a total of $39 million in IMAX screens worldwide . On May 13 , it became the second film of 2016 ( after the studio 's own Zootopia ) to pass the $800 million mark . On June 10 , it became the third film of 2016 after Zootopia and Captain America : Civil War to pass the $900 million mark . Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $258 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film , making it the sixth-most profitable release of 2016 . </P> United States and Canada ( edit ) <P> Projections for its opening weekend in the United States and Canada were continuously revised upwards , starting from $60 million to as high as $88 million , with female and older male quadrants being the prime draw . The Jungle Book was shown across 4,028 theaters of which 3,100 theaters ( 75 % ) were in 3D , including 376 IMAX screens , 463 premium large format screens , and 145 D - Box locations . It opened Friday , April 15 , 2016 , on around 9,500 screens across 4,028 theaters , and earned $32.4 million , the fourth - biggest April Friday . This includes $4.2 million from Thursday previews , the biggest preview number for a Disney live - adaptation film ( tied with Maleficent ) , an almost unheard - of for a PG title which rarely attracts many ticketbuyers later in the night . In total , it earned $103.3 million in its opening weekend , exceeding expectations by 40 % and recorded the biggest PG - rated April opening ( breaking Hop 's record ) , the second - biggest Disney live - action adaptation opening ( behind Alice in Wonderland ) , and the second - biggest April opening ( behind Furious 7 ) . It also performed exceptionally well in both 3D and IMAX formats , where they both generated an income of $44 million and $10.4 million of the film 's opening - weekend gross , respectively , the later broke the record for the biggest April Disney release IMAX opening . Notably , it also became the only second PG - rated release to ever open above $100 million ( following Alice in Wonderland ) and the third film of 2016 overall to open above $100 million ( following Deadpool and Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ) . It earned $130.7 million in its first full week , the second - biggest for a Disney live - action adaptation , behind only Alice in Wonderland 's $146.6 million seven - day gross . </P> <P> Buoyed by excellent word of mouth and benefiting from spring break , it fell only by 40 % in its second weekend earning $61.5 million , still maintaining the top position and far surpassing newcomer The Huntsman : Winter 's War . That puts The Jungle Book in the top fifteen second weekends of all time and in terms of films that opened above $100 million , it scored the fourth - smallest drop behind Shrek 2 ( − 33 % ) , Spider - Man ( − 39 % ) , and Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( − 39 % ) . Of those numbers , $5.6 million came from IMAX shows for a two weekend cumulative total of $18.4 million which represents about 10 % of its entire North American box office gross . It crossed $200 million on its twelfth day of release and managed to hold the top spot for the third consecutive weekend with $43.7 million from 4,041 theaters ( an addition of 13 more theaters ) , a fall of only 29 % , outgrossing the next six pictures combined ( including the openings of three newcomers ) and recorded the sixth - biggest third weekend of all time . Moreover , the 29 % drop is the smallest third - weekend drop ( from its second weekend ) for a $100 million opener ever . Disney added an additional 103 theaters for the film 's fourth weekend of release which propelled its theater count to 4,144 theaters , but nevertheless , it was overtaken by Disney 's own Captain America : Civil War after experiencing a 50 % decline . It passed $300 million on its thirtieth day of release , on May 14 , as it continued to witness marginal declines in the wake of several new releases weekend after weekend . It made 3.53 times its opening weekend numbers , which is one of the biggest of all time for a film opening above $100 million . It became one of the few surprise hits and one of the highest - grossing films of the year , alongside Finding Dory , The Secret Life of Pets , and Zootopia , centered around talking animals to dominate the year - end chart . </P> Other countries ( edit ) <P> The film was released in approximately 70 countries . Outside the US and Canada , it opened across 15 markets and 69 IMAX screens a week ahead of its US debut , and faced notable competition from newcomer The Huntsman : Winter 's War and holdover Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , the latter of which was entering its third weekend . The reason behind the divided release pattern was because Disney wanted to get some space before Captain America : Civil War releases in early May , as well as availing school holidays and avoiding local competitors . It eventually grossed $31.7 million , debuting at first place in all markets and second overall at the international box office , behind Dawn of Justice , which was playing across 67 markets . In its second weekend , it expanded to an additional 49 countries ( 88 % of its total marketplace ) and grossed $138.6 million from 64 countries , easily topping the international box office , a bulk of it came from China . Approximately 63 % or $85 million of that came from 3D screenings , with the largest 3D opening haul represented by China ( 98 % ) , Germany ( 83 % ) , Brazil ( 73 % ) , Russia ( 60 % ) , Mexico ( 47 % ) , and the UK ( 39 % ) . $10 million alone came from 525 IMAX screens , a record for a PG and April release . It further continued to hold the top spot in its third weekend after adding another $98.9 million from 53 territories , falling only by a marginal 32 % . IMAX generated another $6.1 million from 484 IMAX theaters for a three - weekend total of $20.6 million . After three straight No. 1 runs , it was finally dethroned by the studio 's Captain America : Civil War in its fourth weekend . </P> <P> In India , it scored the second - biggest opening day for a Hollywood film , earning $1.51 million ( behind Avengers : Age of Ultron ) from around 1,500 screens and went on to score the second - biggest Hollywood opening weekend of all time , with $8.4 million from 1,600 screens , behind only Furious 7 in terms of local as well as U.S. currency , performing better than expected and its initial $5 -- 6 million opening projection . Its opening weekend in India alone surpassed the entire lifetime total of Disney 's other live - fantasy adaptations -- Cinderella , Maleficent , Oz the Great and Powerful , and Alice in Wonderland -- in the country . It then went on to score the biggest opening and single week for a Hollywood film with $15.1 million . In its second weekend , it dropped just by a mere 40 % to $4.97 million . In just ten days , it became the fourth - highest - grossing Hollywood film there with $21.2 million . On Wednesday , April 19 -- its twelfth day of release -- it surpassed Furious 7 to become the highest - grossing Hollywood / foreign release of all time there . By the end of its theatrical run , the film made an estimated $38.8 million with half of its revenue -- 58 % -- coming from local dubbed versions , compared to Avengers : Age of Ultron , which saw 45 % of its revenue from dubbed versions . </P> <P> In China , where the film was locally known as Fantasy Forest , expectations were high , with projections going as high $154 -- 200 million or more . Ultimately , it was unable to hit these marks . Before the release of the film in the state , Disney had a very successful run at the box office with Zootopia the previous month , in which anthropomorphic animals were the central figure . Forbes noted that The Jungle Book was precisely the sort of film that Chinese audiences love with its 3D visuals , heartwarming story , and talking animal cast . It earned around $12 million on its opening day , including $300,000 worth of previews from 65,000 screenings . Buoyed by good word of mouth and positive reception ( albeit mostly from audiences with polarized reception from Chinese critics ) , it rose 72 % on its second day to $20 million . Through its opening weekend it grossed $48.5 million , including $5.1 million from 279 IMAX screens , a new record for April release . Its opening marked the biggest Walt Disney Pictures film opening ever , the second - biggest for a family film ( behind Kung Fu Panda 3 ) , the second - biggest April debut ( behind Furious 7 ) , and the fourth - biggest Disney opening ( behind Avengers : Age of Ultron , Iron Man 3 , and Star Wars : The Force Awakens ) . It topped the daily box office through the whole opening week and went on to remain at the top of the box office for a second weekend , after dropping by a mere 20 % to $29.8 million , despite facing some competitions . It ended its run there with a total of $150.1 million after thirty days of playing in theaters , adding $1.2 million on its last day . Albeit falling just below expectations , it nevertheless emerged as a huge financial success and becoming the fourth - biggest Disney release there . </P> <P> In the United Kingdom and Ireland , it had an opening weekend total of £ 9.9 million ( $14.1 million ) from 594 theaters and in France with $8.1 million . Elsewhere , the highest openings were recorded in Russia and the CIS ( $7.4 million ) , Germany ( $5.1 million ) , Spain ( $3.9 million ) , Australia ( $2.8 million ) , Argentina ( $2.3 million ) , and in Malaysia , where it scored the biggest opening weekend for a live - action Disney film with $2.3 million . In the UK , it became the first film of 2016 to earn over £ 5 million in three straight weekends and the first film since Jurassic World , Spectre , and Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( all 2015 films ) to achieve such an accomplishment , and the first film of 2016 to earn above £ 40 million ( $58 million ) . In South Korea , it faced competition with Warcraft , but ended up debuting atop the charts with $6.2 million . It has so far grossed a total of $18 million there . </P> <P> It opened in Japan on August 11 , alongside the superhero film X-Men : Apocalypse and delivered a four - day opening of $6.2 million from 676 screens ( $3 million in two days ) , debuting at second place behind The Secret Life of Pets . Although the opening figure was considered mediocre , Deadline Hollywood noted that Japan is a market that can see big multiples . It fell just 30 % in its second weekend earning $2.1 million for an eleven - day total of $13.7 million . </P> <P> In total earnings , its biggest markets outside of the US and Canada were China ( $150.1 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $66.2 million ) and India ( $38.8 million ) . It was the highest - grossing film of 2016 in Europe with a total of $209 million , the United Kingdom and Ireland , and in India ( although it was later surpassed by Sultan , in terms of Hollywood / imported films , it is still the biggest ) . </P> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> The vocal performances of Bill Murray ( left ) , Idris Elba ( middle ) , and Ben Kingsley ( right ) were particularly praised . <P> The film received praise for its visual effects , vocal performances , direction , musical score , and its faithfulness to the animated film . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 95 % based on 300 reviews , with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` As lovely to behold as it is engrossing to watch , The Jungle Book is the rare remake that actually improves upon its predecessors -- all while setting a new standard for CGI . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 77 out of 100 , based on 49 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an overall positive score of 92 % . Ninety - seven percent of the audience gave the film an A or a B , and it got A 's from both the under - and over-25 crowd and A+ among those under 18 years of age and also for the over-50 audience . </P> <P> Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote , `` Exceptionally beautiful to behold and bolstered by a stellar vocal cast , this umpteenth film rendition of Rudyard Kipling 's tales of young Mowgli 's adventures amongst the creatures of the Indian jungle proves entirely engaging , even if it 's ultimately lacking in subtext and thematic heft . '' Andrew Barker of Variety felt that this version `` ca n't rival the woolly looseness of Disney 's 1967 animated classic , of course , but it succeeds on its own so well that such comparisons are barely necessary . '' Robbie Collin of The Telegraph gave the film four stars out of five , and deemed it `` a sincere and full - hearted adaptation that returns to Kipling for fresh inspiration . '' Alonso Duralde of The Wrap says `` This ' Book ' might lack the post-vaudeville razzamatazz of its predecessor , but director Jon Favreau and a team of effects wizards plunge us into one of the big screen 's most engrossing artificial worlds since Avatar . '' Peter Bradshaw , writing for The Guardian , gave the film four out of five stars and felt that the film had a touch of Apocalypto in it , finding the plot elements to be similar to those in The Lion King . He wrote that the film was `` spectacular , exciting , funny and fun '' and that it `` handsomely revives the spirit of Disney 's original film . '' Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood wrote that the film had laughs , excitement , an exceptional voice cast and , most importantly , a lot of heart , calling it a cinematic achievement like no other . He particularly praised Murray 's performance and the visual effects , deeming it `` simply astonishing . '' Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly graded the film an `` A -- , '' calling it one of the biggest surprises of 2016 . He , however , felt the two songs were rather unnecessary and distracting , and believed the film to be a little too frightening for children . </P> <P> Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film three - and - a-half stars , pointing out the CGI as the apex achievement of the film . He labelled it `` a beautifully rendered , visually arresting take on Rudyard Kipling 's oft - filmed tales '' but found the musical numbers to be trivial , saying that without the musical numbers , the film might have been a more exhilarating streamlined adventure . Los Angeles Times ' Kenneth Turan remarked that `` The Jungle Book is the kind of family film calculated to make even those without families wish they had one to take along . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded the film three - and - a-half stars out of four , labeling it scary and thrilling , yet unique and unforgettable , and adding that it `` fills us with something rare in movies today -- a sense of wonder . '' The Village Voice 's Bilge Ebiri hailed the film as fast and light and that it `` manages to be just scary enough to make us feel the danger of solitude in the middle of a massive jungle , but never indulgent or gratuitous . '' The New York Times ' Manohla Dargis was less enthusiastic . Cath Clarke of Time Out compared Elba 's character of Shere Khan to Scar from The Lion King , calling him `` baddie of the year . '' Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com also had high praise for Elba 's portrayal of Shere Khan stating : `` His loping menace is envisioned so powerfully that he 'd be scary no matter what , but the character becomes a great villain through imaginative empathy . We understand and appreciate his point - of - view , even though carrying it out would mean the death of Mowgli . '' </P> <P> The film 's visual effects and 3D photography were compared to those of Avatar , Gravity , Hugo , and Life of Pi . Sarah Ward of Screen International wrote that the level of detail on display in the film `` is likely to evoke the same jaw - dropping reaction as James Cameron 's box office topper . '' Entertainment Weekly called it `` one of the few 3D movies that actually benefits from being in 3D . '' The film also had a positive reception from Indian contemporary critics and publications , such as The Times of India , The Hindu , India Today , The Indian Express , and The Economic Times . </P> <P> The film also had its share of criticism with most reviewers criticizing the inconsistent tone of the film and the director 's indecision to stick to one vision . Sam C. Mac of Slant Magazine wrote , `` Jon Favreau draws heavily on his film 's animated predecessor for plot , characterizations , songs , and set pieces , but does n't know how to fit these familiar elements into his own coherent vision '' . Josh Spiegel of Movie Mezzanine also echoed these feelings , saying that the film `` stumbles because the people involved are n't willing to fully commit to either making a near - shot - for - shot remake or going in a completely different direction '' . Rene Rodriguez of the Miami Herald felt that the movie was soulless , writing that `` The better these talking beasts look , the more the film resembles a gorgeous screen saver . You admire The Jungle Book , but you ca n't lose yourself in it '' . </P> <H3> Accolades ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of accolades received by The Jungle Book ( 2016 film ) <H2> Sequel ( edit ) </H2> <P> Following the film 's early financial and critical success , the studio has begun working on a sequel . Jon Favreau is reported to return as director and Neel Sethi is reported to reprise his role as Mowgli , while screenwriter Justin Marks is also in negotiations to return . It was announced on April 25 , 2016 , that Favreau and Marks will return to direct and write , and the sequel could potentially have a release sometime in 2019 and will be shot back - to - back with a remake of The Lion King . However , it was reported in March 2017 that the sequel was put on hold in order for Favreau to instead focus mainly on The Lion King . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Jungle Book : Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . The Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` THE JUNGLE BOOK ( 2D ) ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . March 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ FilmL. A. ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` 2016 Feature Film Study '' ( PDF ) . FilmL. A. Feature Film Study : Page 25 . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book : Production Notes '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . The Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Luke Y. ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau Says ' The Jungle Book ' Will Be His ' Avatar , ' Reveals New Images '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Turan , Kenneth ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' is a sweet and scary triumph of modern moviemaking '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Oscars : ' La La Land ' Ties Record With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rawal , Sugandha ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau breathes new life to Kipling classic ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Business Standard . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Justin Marks To Adapt Live - Action ' Jungle Book ' Reboot At Disney '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Remember When Disney Made 2 Jungle Book Movies in the ' 90s ? '' . E ! Online . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Jon Favreau in Talks to Direct ' Jungle Book ' for Disney '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rebecca Keegan ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' director Jon Favreau keeps the 19th century Kipling tone but updates the classic for modern times '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rainey , James ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` How Jon Favreau Combined CGI and One Real Boy to Remake ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Idris Elba to Voice Man - Eating Tiger in Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Scarlett Johansson , Lupita Nyong'o in Talks for Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Ben Kingsley to Voice Bagheera in Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' Adds Christopher Walken & Giancarlo Esposito '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Errico , Marcus ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Jon Favreau Breaks Down Disney 's Live - Action ' Jungle Book ' Teaser : From the Digital Toolbox to the ' Bear Necessities ' '' . Yahoo ! Movies . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , Kyle ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau on the Subtle SFX Beauty of The Jungle Book and Casting Lupita Nyong'o '' . New York . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Inside The Jungle Book 's king - sized change to King Louie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Giardina , Carolyn ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : How Jon Favreau Juggled Walt Disney 's Legacy and Digital Effects That Go Beyond ' Avatar ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' Finds its Mowgli in Newcomer Neel Sethi '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Drew . `` 9 Things Disney Fans Need to Know About The Jungle Book , According to Jon Favreau '' . Disney Insider . The Walt Disney Company . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mallenbaum , Carly ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` CGI power ! ' The Jungle Book ' was shot entirely in downtown L.A. '' USA Today . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` Human Mowgli is at the heart of ' Jungle Book ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Virtual Production for ' Jungle Book ' Detailed During HPA Tech Retreat '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Desowitz , Bill ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : How They Pulled Off the Oscar - Bound VFX Hybrid '' . Indiewire . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reif , Alex ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Fantasound Returns in 2016 with the Jungle Book '' . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` John Debney to Score Jon Favreau 's ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Film Music Reporter . August 7 , 2014 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gilsdorf , Ethan ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau brings CG realism to ' The Jungle Book ' '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Records Set To Release The Jungle Book Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Burbank , California : Walt Disney Records . April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 23 , 2014 ) . `` Warner Bros. Pushes Release Date of ' Jungle Book : Origins ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock . `` Jon Favreau 's ' Jungle Book ' Switches Places With ' Finest Hours , ' Pushed to Spring 2016 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Dolby Cinema Release Could Push Forward the New Format '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Anita Busch ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Wild With $101 M To $103.6 M ; ' Barbershop ' Cuts $20 M+ ; ' Criminal ' In Cooler -- Box Office Sunday AM '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fatema Etemadi ; Maya Anderma ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Premiere : Hollywood Reflects on a Disney Classic '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book : 5 reasons you should watch Jon Favreau film with your kids this weekend '' . The Indian Express . April 8 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kenneth Rapoza ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` What Indians Are Really Saying About Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhushan , Nyay ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Irrfan Khan On Why ' The Jungle Book ' Has Resonated in India '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's Jungle Book remake branded ' too scary for kids ' by Indian censor '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.ondvdreleases.com/2590-the-jungle-book.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Disney 's The Jungle Book Blu - ray and Digital HD Details '' . Comingsoon.net . July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold ( 8 September 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book , ' ' Me Before You ' Debut at Top of Disc Sales Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold ( 14 September 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Notches Second Week Atop Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) - Video Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Moviegoers Flocking To Superhero Films , Talking Animal Toons And Almost Nothing Else '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tom Grater ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` How well do Hollywood remakes fare at the box office ? '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Rules With A Mighty $103 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' A $337 M Offshore Beast As ' Huntsman ' Musters $80 M ; ' Zootopia ' Tops $900 M Global -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' The Jungle Book '' to Cross $800 M Mark Globally `` . The Walt Disney Company . May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Passes $500 M Overseas On Way To $800 M WW , To Top ' Deadpool ' In UK '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Roars to $900 Million at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` No. 6 ' The Jungle Book ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Anita Busch and Nancy Tartaglione ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' , ' Barbershop : The Next Cut ' To Ignite Weekend Box Office -- Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` How ' Batman V Superman ' Will Turn A Profit Despite Critical Kryptonite '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' expected to swing past $70 million in box office debut '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dave McMarry ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' to Rule Box Office Kingdom With $70 Million Opening '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' and ' Barbershop 3 ' Seek Strong Opening Weekends '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 16 , 2016 ) . `` Friday Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Earns Huge $32.4 M For $90 - 95M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Jon Favreau 's ' Jungle Book ' Swings to Stellar $4.2 M Thursday Night '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Overcomes PG Stigma , Wowing Audiences of All Ages '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Scores Huge $103.6 M U.S. Debut , Climbs to $291 M Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Captivates Moviegoers and Captures Box Office '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Opens with Massive $103 Million , Global Cume Tops $290 M '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Ends First Week With $130 M U.S. , Tops $400 M Worldwide Today '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Still A Box Office Bestseller With $60.8 M , ' Huntsman ' Trips With $20.1 M -- Saturday AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Tops With Huge $60 M Weekend , ' Batman V Superman ' Passes ' Iron Man ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Repeats , ' Huntsman ' Falls On His Axe and ' Zootopia ' Tops $900 M Worldwide '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' Tops $200 M U.S. In Just 12 Days '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro and Anita Busch ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' King Again , Reigns On Newcomer Parade : ' Keanu ' , ' Mother 's Day ' & ' Ratchet & Clank ' -- Monday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Snags Record - Low Third Weekend Plunge For A $100 M+ Opener '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Forecast : ' Captain America : Civil War ' Looks to Become Fourth $200 + Million Opener '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Civil War ' B.O. Slowed By Moms , But Still 5th - Best Opening Of All - Time With $178 M -- Monday AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Captain America : Civil War ' Opens to Mighty $181.8 M in U.S. , Hits $678.4 M Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( May 15 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Hits $828 M , ' Mother 's Day ' Crumbles Again '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Swings With $57.1 M Overseas Through Thursday -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' At $487.7 M Offshore ; ' Jungle Book ' Swings With $31.7 M ; ' Huntsman ' Misses Mark ; ' Zootopia ' Sets Dis China Record -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Jumps To $138.6 M ; Passing $300 M WW Today , ' Batman v Superman ' At $829 M WW -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Grabs $200.4 M In Debut ; ' Jungle Book ' A Beast , And With ' Zootopia ' Disney Has $1.24 B From Three Titles -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rob Cain ( April 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Rocks India 's Box Office With Second Best Debut Ever For A Hollywood Film '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Batman V Superman ' Nears $800 M Worldwide , ' Jungle Book ' And ' Huntsman ' Open Overseas '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nyay Bhushan ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Indian Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Second Highest Hollywood Opening Ever in India '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Swings to $57 Million at International Box Office , Breaks Big Record in India '' . Variety . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Don Groves ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Back - End Profits In Prospect For Shah Rukh Khan 's ' Fan ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nyay Bhushan ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` India Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Becomes Top Hollywood Release Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nyay Bhushan ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Disney India Getting Out of Bollywood Production ( Report ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nyay Bhushan ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Film Revenue in India Rises 10 Percent , Boosted by Dubbed Versions '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` On Screen China : Disney Hopes ' Jungle ' will Rumble Box Office '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rob Cain ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' Swings In China To $12 Million Opening Day , 250 % Better Than ' Zootopia ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Will Join The $1 Billion Club '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rob Cain ( April 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Flouts Bad Weather In China For $20 Million Saturday , Huge 72 % Fri - Sat Jump '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Disney ' Jungle Book ' China Date Follows ' Zootopia ' Hit , Leads Shanghai Park '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Swings $50 Million Opening for Disney '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Goes Bananas With $50 M Bow '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' Alice ' Sees $62.7 M In Offshore Looking Glass ; ' Warcraft ' Scores $31.7 M ; ' X-Men ' Cumes $183.4 M -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` China Goes Wild For ' Jungle Book ' With $50 Million Debut Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Holds Ahead of ' Huntsman , ' ' Sassy Girl ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Angry Birds Movie ' Takes Off With $43 M ; ' Captain America : Civil War ' Hits $647 M Offshore , $943 M WW -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book ahead of the pack in UK while Mirren eyes a hit '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Captain America unseats Jungle Book at UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` X-Men gang up on an exhausted Captain America at UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Warcraft ' At $300 M+ WW Through Monday With $156 M China Weekend ; ' Conjuring 2 ' Scares Up $51.5 M -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( July 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Tarzan ' Takes $18.8 M In First Offshore Swing ; ' TMNT2 ' Kicks Up $26 M China Bow ; ' Pets ' Purrs -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dory ' Swims Past $100 M Overseas ; ' Pets ' Is Cat 's Meow In UK ; ' Warcraft ' Tops $400 M WW -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad ' Rounds Up $243 M Overseas & $465 M Global Cumes ; ' Pets ' Prancing To $600 M WW -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Pets ' Goes Top as ' Shin Godzilla ' Breaks Record '' . Variety . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( August 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pets ' Pushes ' Suicide Squad ' From # 1 Offshore Perch , Collars $675 M WW ; Supervillains Gain On $600 M -- Intl B.O. '' Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gavin J. Blair ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Ghostbusters ' Opens at No. 4 with $2.4 M ; ' Secret Life of Pets ' Stays No. 1 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' TMNT 2 ' Powers Up $34 M In Debut ; ' Warcraft ' Jumps To $70 M Cume ; ' X-Men ' Crosses $400 M WW -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom and Ireland and Malta Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Salman Khan 's ' Sultan ' Goes To The Mat ; Will Wrestling Drama Break Bollywood Bank ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` Jungle Book , The ( United States , 2016 ) '' . ReelViews . James Berardinelli . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Joe . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Review : Disney Goes Wild '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company , Inc . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Zoller Seitz , Matt . `` THE JUNGLE BOOK '' . RogerEbert . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd . `` The Jungle Book review : all of the talking animals , ranked '' . Vox . Vox Media . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Han , Angie ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Early Buzz : Critics Go Wild for Disney 's 3D Remake '' . / Film . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beatrice Verhoeven ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' Is a ' Jaw - Dropper ' and ' Technical Marvel , ' Critics Say '' . The Wrap . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ WSJ Staff ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` What Critics Are Saying About ' The Jungle Book , ' ' Barbershop : The Next Cut ' and ' Criminal ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barker , Andrew ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` Forget about your worries , this new Jungle Book makes perfect sense -- review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Duralde , Alonso ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Review : ' Babe ' Meets Rudyard Kipling in Mostly Satisfying Remake '' . The Wrap . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book review -- spectacular revival of Disney 's family favourite '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Review : Disney 's New Version Is A Stunning Visual Marvel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chris Nashawaty ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : It all looks real as boy meets talking animals '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kenneth Turan ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' is a sweet and scary triumph of modern moviemaking '' . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Travis ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` MOVIE REVIEW The Jungle Book '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bilge Ebiri ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` In ' The Jungle Book , ' Disney Builds a Better Reboot '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Manohla Dargis ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Recycled ' Jungle Book ' Puts a Real Boy in a Forest of Pixels '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clarke , Cath ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book '' . Time Out . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' Is A Towering Visual Achievement '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ward , Sarah ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : Review '' . Screen International . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mehta , Ankita ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' movie review round - up : What critics have to say about Neel Sethi - starrer '' . International Business Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rasquinha , Reagan Gavin ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book Movie Review '' . The Times of India . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ghosh , Sankhayan ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book : The law of the jungle prevails '' . The Hindu . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhattacharya , Ananya ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book movie review : Neel Sethi brings alive Rudyard Kipling 's Mowgli '' . India Today . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Langer , Shalini ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book movie review , four stars '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Balapurwala , Tasneem ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' review : A visual and aural treat ! '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/the-jungle-book </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://moviemezzanine.com/jungle-book-essay/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.miami.com/039the-jungle-book039-soulless-adventure-pg-article </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book 2 ' in the Works With Jon Favreau , Justin Marks ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Stakes Out Release Dates for ' Jungle Book 2 , ' ' Maleficent 2 ' and More '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Claims Dates for Several New Movies ; Confirms ' Jungle Book 2 , ' ' Mary Poppins ' Sequel '' . Variety . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau Offers Updates on ' The Lion King ' and ' The Jungle Book 2 ' '' . Collider . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Sean Bailey On How Disney 's Live - Action Division Found Its ' Beauty And The Beast ' Mojo '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jungle Book director Favreau has temporarily put down a sequel for that film to instead focus on a live - action musical version of The Lion King , one that will take the Jungle Book 's photo - realistic technology further , and will fully exploit the Elton John songs from the original </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Disney portal </Li> <Li> Film in the United States portal </Li> <Li> Film portal </Li> <Li> 2010s portal </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Jungle Book ( 2016 film ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> The Jungle Book on IMDb </Li> <Li> The Jungle Book at Box Office Mojo </Li> <Li> The Jungle Book at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> The Jungle Book at Metacritic </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Rudyard Kipling 's The Jungle Book </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Books </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) </Li> <Li> The Second Jungle Book ( 1895 ) </Li> <Li> All the Mowgli Stories ( 1933 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mowgli stories </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Mowgli 's Brothers '' </Li> <Li> `` Kaa 's Hunting '' </Li> <Li> `` Tiger ! 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National Institutes of Health - Wikipedia <H1> National Institutes of Health </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` NIH '' redirects here . For other uses , see NIH ( disambiguation ) . <Table> National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> National Institutes of Health logo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Aerial photo of the NIH Mark O. Hatfield Clinical Research Center , Bethesda , Maryland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Agency overview </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Formed </Th> <Td> 1887 ( 1887 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preceding agency </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hygienic Laboratory </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> Bethesda , Maryland , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Employees </Th> <Td> 20,262 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Annual budget </Th> <Td> US $30.9 bn ( as of 2010 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Agency executive </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Francis S. Collins , Director </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parent agency </Th> <Td> Department of Health & Human Services </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Child agencies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> National Cancer Institute </Li> <Li> National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases </Li> <Li> National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases </Li> <Li> National Heart , Lung , and Blood Institute </Li> <Li> National Library of Medicine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.nih.gov </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and public health research , founded in the late 1870s . It is part of the United States Department of Health and Human Services with facilities mainly located in Bethesda , Maryland . It conducts its own scientific research through its Intramural Research Program ( IRP ) and provides major biomedical research funding to non-NIH research facilities through its Extramural Research Program . </P> <P> As of 2013 , the IRP had 1,200 principal investigators and more than 4,000 postdoctoral fellows in basic , translational , and clinical research , being the largest biomedical research institution in the world , while , as of 2003 , the extramural arm provided 28 % of biomedical research funding spent annually in the U.S. , or about US $26.4 billion . </P> <P> The NIH comprises 27 separate institutes and centers of different biomedical disciplines and is responsible for many scientific accomplishments , including the discovery of fluoride to prevent tooth decay , the use of lithium to manage bipolar disorder , and the creation of vaccines against hepatitis , Haemophilus influenzae ( HIB ) , and human papillomavirus ( HPV ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Directors </Li> <Li> 3 Locations and campuses </Li> <Li> 4 Research <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Public Access Policy </Li> <Li> 4.2 NIH Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee </Li> <Li> 4.3 NIH Toolbox </Li> <Li> 4.4 Economic impact </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Funding <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Research project grants </Li> <Li> 5.2 Grant allocation bias controversy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Stakeholders <Ul> <Li> 6.1 General public </Li> <Li> 6.2 Extramural researchers and scientists </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Commercial partnerships </Li> <Li> 8 Institutes and centers </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> The Laboratory of Hygiene in 1887 Ida A. Bengtson , a bacteriologist who in 1916 was the first woman hired to work in the Hygienic Laboratory . Dedication of first six NIH buildings by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940 NIH campus in Bethesda , Maryland , in 1945 <P> NIH 's roots extend back to a Marine Hospital Service in the late 1790s that provided medical relief to sick and disabled men in the U.S. Navy . By 1870 , a network of marine hospitals had developed and was placed under the charge of a medical officer within the Bureau of the Treasury Department . In the late 1870s , Congress allocated funds to investigate the causes of epidemics like cholera and yellow fever , and it created the National Board of Health , making medical research an official government initiative . </P> <P> In 1887 a laboratory for the study of bacteria , the Hygienic Laboratory , was established at the Marine Hospital in New York . In the early 1900s , Congress began appropriating funds for the Marine Hospital Service . By 1922 , this organization changed its name to Public Health Services and established a Special Cancer Investigations laboratory at Harvard Medical School . This marked the beginning of a partnership with universities . In 1930 the Hygienic Laboratory was re-designated as the National Institute of Health by the Ransdell Act and was given $750,000 to construct two NIH buildings . Over the next few decades , Congress would increase its funding tremendously to the NIH , and various institutes and centers within the NIH were created for specific research programs . In 1944 , the Public Health Service Act was approved , and National Cancer Institute became a division of NIH . In 1948 , the name changed from National Institute of Health to National Institutes of Health . </P> <P> In the 1960s virologist and cancer researcher Chester M. Southam injected HeLa cancer cells into patients at the Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital . When three doctors resigned after refusing to inject patients without their consent , the experiment gained considerable media attention . The NIH was a major source of funding for Southam 's research and had required all research involving human subjects to obtain their consent prior to any experimentation . Upon investigating all of their grantee institutions , the NIH discovered that the majority of them did not protect the rights of human subjects . From then on , the NIH has required all grantee institutions to approve any research proposals involving human experimentation with review boards . </P> <P> In 1967 the Division of Regional Medical Programs was created to administer grants for research for heart disease , cancer , and strokes . That same year , the NIH director lobbied the White House for increased federal funding in order to increase research and the speed with which health benefits could be brought to the people . An advisory committee was formed to oversee further development of the NIH and its research programs . By 1971 cancer research was in full force and President Nixon signed the National Cancer Act , initiating a National Cancer Program , President 's Cancer Panel , National Cancer Advisory Board , and 15 new research , training , and demonstration centers . </P> <P> Funding for the NIH has often been a source of contention in Congress , serving as a proxy for the political currents of the time . During the 1980s , President Reagan repeatedly tried to cut funding for research , only to see Congress partly restore funding . The political contention over NIH funding slowed the nation 's response to the AIDS epidemic ; while AIDS was reported in newspaper articles from 1981 , no funding was provided for research on the disease . In 1984 National Cancer Institute scientists found implications that `` variants of a human cancer virus called HTLV - III are the primary cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) , '' a new epidemic that gripped the nation . It was not until July 1987 , as NIH celebrated its 100th anniversary , that President Reagan announced a committee to research the HIV epidemic . </P> <P> By the 1990s , the NIH committee focus had shifted to DNA research , and launched the Human Genome Project . </P> <P> In 1992 the NIH encompassed nearly 1 percent of the federal government 's operating budget and controlled more than 50 percent of all funding for health research , and 85 percent of all funding for health studies in universities . In 2001 President Bush banned federally funded stem - cell research , a ban which President Obama revoked in 2009 . </P> <P> Under the Clinton administration 1993 - 2001 the NIH budget doubled . Since then , funding essentially remained flat , and during the decade following the financial crisis , the NIH budget struggled to keep up with inflation . </P> <H2> Directors ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Joseph J. Kinyoun , served August 1887 - April 30 , 1899 </Li> <Li> Milton J. Rosenau , served May 1 , 1899 -- September 30 , 1909 </Li> <Li> John F. Anderson , served October 1 , 1909 -- November 19 , 1915 </Li> <Li> George W. McCoy , served November 20 , 1915 -- January 31 , 1937 </Li> <Li> Lewis R. Thompson , served February 1 , 1937 -- January 31 , 1942 </Li> <Li> Rolla Dyer , served February 1 , 1942 -- September 30 , 1950 </Li> <Li> William H. Sebrell , Jr , served October 1 , 1950 -- July 31 , 1955 </Li> <Li> James Augustine Shannon , served August 1 , 1955 -- August 31 , 1968 </Li> <Li> Robert Q. Marston , served September 1 , 1968 -- January 21 , 1973 </Li> <Li> Robert Stone , served May 29 , 1973 -- January 31 , 1975 </Li> <Li> Donald S. Fredrickson , served July 1 , 1975 -- June 30 , 1981 </Li> <Li> James B. Wyngaarden , served April 29 , 1982 -- July 31 , 1989 </Li> <Li> Bernadine Healy , served April 9 , 1991 -- June 30 , 1993 </Li> <Li> Harold E. Varmus , served November 23 , 1993 -- December 31 , 1999 </Li> <Li> Elias A. Zerhouni , served May 2 , 2002 -- October 31 , 2008 </Li> <Li> Francis S. Collins , served August 17 , 2009 -- Present </Li> </Ul> <H2> Locations and campuses ( edit ) </H2> <P> Intramural research is primarily conducted at the main campus in Bethesda , Maryland , and the surrounding communities . The National Institute on Aging and the National Institute on Drug Abuse are located in Baltimore , Maryland , and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences is located in the Research Triangle region of North Carolina . The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases maintains its Rocky Mountain Labs in Hamilton , Montana , with an emphasis on BSL3 and BSL4 laboratory work . </P> <H2> Research ( edit ) </H2> Clinical Center -- Building 10 <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2011 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> NIH devotes 10 % of its funding to research within its own facilities ( intramural research ) . The institution gives 80 % of its funding in research grants to extramural ( outside ) researchers . Of this extramural funding , a certain percentage ( 2.8 % in 2014 ) must be granted to small businesses under the SBIR / STTR program . The extramural funding consists of about 50,000 grants to more than 325,000 researchers at more than 3000 institutions . In FY 2010 , NIH spent US $10.7 bn ( not including temporary funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 ) on clinical research , US $7.4 bn on genetics - related research , US $6.0 bn on prevention research , US $5.8 bn on cancer , and US $5.7 bn on biotechnology . </P> <H3> Public access policy ( edit ) </H3> Main article : NIH Public Access Policy <P> In 2008 a Congressional mandate called for investigators funded by the NIH to submit an electronic version of their final manuscripts to the National Library of Medicine 's research repository , PubMed Central ( PMC ) , no later than 12 months after the official date of publication . The NIH Public Access Policy was the first public access mandate for a U.S. public funding agency . </P> <H3> NIH interagency pain research coordinating committee ( edit ) </H3> <P> On February 13 , 2012 , the National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) announced a new group of individuals assigned to research pain . This committee is composed of researchers from different organizations and will focus to `` coordinate pain research activities across the federal government with the goals of stimulating pain research collaboration ... and providing an important avenue for public involvement '' ( `` Members of new , '' 2012 ) . With a committee such as this research will not be conducted by each individual organization or person but instead a collaborating group which will increase the information available . With this hopefully more pain management will be available including techniques for arthritis sufferers . </P> <H3> NIH Toolbox ( edit ) </H3> <P> In September 2006 , the NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research started a contract for the NIH Toolbox for the Assessment of Neurological and Behavioral Function to develop a set of state - of - the - art measurement tools to enhance collection of data in large cohort studies . Scientists from more than 100 institutions nationwide contributed . In September 2012 , the NIH Toolbox was rolled out to the research community . NIH Toolbox assessments are based , where possible , on Item Response Theory and adapted for testing by computer . </P> <H3> Economic impact ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2000 , the Joint Economic Committee of Congress reported NIH research , which was funded at $16 billion a year in 2000 , that some econometric studies had given a rate of return of 25 to 40 percent per year by reducing the economic cost of illness in the US . It found that of the 21 drugs with the highest therapeutic impact on society introduced between 1965 and 1992 , public funding was `` instrumental '' for 15 . As of 2011 NIH - supported research helped to discover 153 new FDA - approved drugs , vaccines , and new indications for drugs in the 40 years prior . In 2015 , the National Bureau of Economic Research estimated $10 million invested in research generated two to three new patents . </P> <H2> Funding ( edit ) </H2> <P> Budget and politics . To allocate funds , the NIH must first obtain its budget from Congress . This process begins with institute and center ( IC ) leaders collaborating with scientists to determine the most important and promising research areas within their fields . IC leaders discuss research areas with NIH management who then develops a budget request for continuing projects , new research proposals , and new initiatives from the Director . NIH submits its budget request to the Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) , and the HHS considers this request as a portion of its budget . Many adjustments and appeals occur between NIH and HHS before the agency submits NIH 's budget request to the Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) . OMB determines what amounts and research areas are approved for incorporation into the President 's final budget . The President then sends NIH 's budget request to Congress in February for the next fiscal year 's allocations . The House and Senate Appropriations Subcommittees deliberate and by fall , Congress usually appropriates funding . This process takes approximately 18 months before the NIH can allocate any actual funds . </P> <P> In 1999 Congress increased the NIH 's budget by $2.3 billion to $17.2 billion in 2000 . In 2009 Congress again increased the NIH budget to $31 billion in 2010 . In March 2017 , President Trump proposed to cut the 2018 budget by 18.3 % , or about $5.8 billion to $25.9 billion . </P> <P> Over the last century , the responsibility to allocate funding has shifted from the OD and Advisory Committee to the individual ICs and Congress increasingly set apart funding for particular causes . In the 1970s , Congress began to earmark funds specifically for cancer research , and in the 1980s there was a significant amount allocated for AIDS / HIV research . </P> <P> Decision criteria . NIH employs five broad decision criteria in its funding policy . First , ensure the highest quality of scientific research by employing an arduous peer review process . Second , seize opportunities that have the greatest potential to yield new knowledge and that will lead to better prevention and treatment of disease . Third , maintain a diverse research portfolio in order to capitalize on major discoveries in a variety of fields such as cell biology , genetics , physics , engineering , and computer science . Fourth , address public health needs according to the disease burden ( e.g. , prevalence and mortality ) . And fifth , construct and support the scientific infrastructure ( e.g. , well - equipped laboratories and safe research facilities ) necessary to conduct research . </P> <P> In 2007 the director of the agency stated `` responsibilities for identifying ... FCOIs ( financial conflict of interest ) must remain with grantee institutions '' but institutions that administer grants have no interest to identify grantee 's conflicts of interest . </P> <P> The NIH issued dozens of waivers for NIH 's advisory committee members up to 2012 . Such waivers exempt a conflicted government employee from ethics laws . Since 2005 the U.S. Office of Government Ethics had documented only three times where the NIH consulted with the office as required by law , and none of the waivers in question had to do with a member of an advisory committee . Advisory committee members advise the Institute on policy and procedures affecting the external research programs and provide a second level of review for all grant and cooperative agreement applications considered by the Institute for funding . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article contains weasel words : vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information . Such statements should be clarified or removed . ( December 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article or section appears to be slanted towards recent events . Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and add more content related to non-recent events . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Research project grants ( edit ) </H3> <P> Researchers outside NIH , that is , at universities or other institutions can apply for research project grants ( RPGs ) from the NIH. There are numerous funding mechanisms for different project types ( e.g. , basic research , clinical research etc . ) and career stages ( e.g. , early career , postdoc fellowships etc . ) . Importantly , the NIH regularly issues requests for applications ( RFAs ) , e.g. , on timely medical problems ( such as Zika virus research in early 2016 ) . In addition , researchers can apply for investigator - initiated grants whose subject is completely determined by the scientist . </P> <P> Number of applicants and funding success . The total number of unique applicants has increased substantially , from about 60,000 investigators who had applied during the period from 1999 to 2003 to slightly less than 90,000 in who had applied during the period from 2011 to 2015 . However , the `` cumulative investigator rate , '' that is , the likelihood that unique investigators are funded over a 5 - year window has declined from 43 % to 31 % . </P> <P> R01 grants are the major funding mechanism and include investigator - initiated projects ( as opposed to NIH - initiated requests for applications ) . The roughly 27,000 to 29,000 R01 applications had a funding success of 17 - 19 % during 2012 though 2014 . Similarly , the 13,000 to 14,000 R21 applications had a funding success of 13 - 14 % during the same period . </P> <P> Government shutdown </P> <P> When a government shutdown occurs , the NIH continues to treat people who are already enrolled in clinical trials , but does not start any new clinical trials and does not admit new patients who are not already enrolled in a clinical trial , except for the most critically ill , as determined by the NIH Director . </P> <P> Gender and sex bias </P> <P> In 2014 it was announced that the NIH is directing scientists to perform their experiments with both female and male animals , or cells derived from females as well as males if they are studying cell cultures , and that the NIH would take the balance of each study design into consideration when awarding grants . However , the announcement also stated that this rule would probably not apply when studying sex - specific diseases ( for example , ovarian or testicular cancer ) . </P> <H3> Grant allocation bias controversy ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2011 a paper published in Science found that black researchers were 10 % less likely to win NIH R01 grants ( the oldest and most widely used ) than white researchers , after controlling for `` educational background , country of origin , training , previous research awards , publication record , and employer characteristics . '' It also found that black researchers are significantly less likely to resubmit an unapproved grant than white researchers . The study lead and economist Donna Grant said that grant reviewers do not have access to the applicant race , but may infer it from biographies or names . She also speculated that the decreased re-submission rate may be due to lack of mentoring . The study , which was commissioned by the NIH , included in its analysis 83,000 grant applications , made between 2000 and 2006 . Dr. Otis W. Brawley , chief medical officer at the American Cancer Society and a black man , commented on the cause of the disparity as one unrelated to racism per se , but rather to the reviewers ' unconscious tendency to more likely give the benefit of the doubt to someone they are familiar with , in a scientific world where black researchers tend to keep a lower profile than other groups . The study did not reveal similar difficulties for members of other races and ethnic groups ( e.g. , Hispanics ) . </P> <H2> Stakeholders ( edit ) </H2> <P> Many groups are highly invested in NIH funding . </P> <H3> General public ( edit ) </H3> <P> One of the goals of the NIH is to `` expand the base in medical and associated sciences in order to ensure a continued high return on the public investment in research . '' Taxpayer dollars funding NIH are from the taxpayers , making them the primary beneficiaries of advances in research . Thus , the general public is a key stakeholder in the decisions resulting from the NIH funding policy . Congress theoretically represents the public interest as the NIH Advisory Committee allocates to the NIH , and the funds to the Director . However , many in the general public do not feel their interests are being accurately represented . As a result , individuals have formed patient advocacy groups to represent their own interests . Patient advocacy groups tend to focus on specific aspects of health care or diseases . Advocates get involved in many different areas such as organizing awareness campaigns , promoting patients ' rights , and enhancing health policy initiatives . Most importantly , patient advocacy groups are often involved with advisory panels to ensure that current projects and those projects being considered for funding will directly impact patients ' lives , improve delivery of care , and provide support for tertiary care . Advocacy groups strive to promote a health care system that is beneficial for all parties involved . Through congressional representation , NIH Advisory Committee efforts , and patient advocacy groups , the public is able to influence funding allocation as well as the policy itself . </P> <H3> Extramural researchers and scientists ( edit ) </H3> <P> Other important stakeholders of the NIH funding policy are the researchers and scientists themselves . Extramural researchers differ from intramural researchers in that they are not employed by the NIH but must apply for funding . Throughout the history of the NIH , the amount of funding received has increased , but the proportion to each IC remains relatively constant . The individual ICs then decide who will receive the grant money and how much will be allotted . Research funding is important to extramural researchers for multiple reasons . Without the help of an NIH grant ( or a similar type of funding ) , researchers and scientists are unable to pursue their own research interests but are obliged to follow the agenda of the company or university for which they work . This could potentially hinder discoveries in novel research areas . In 2000 , Brian Jacobs and Lars Lefgren researched extensively the impact of NIH grants on basic research and development , and the careers of grant recipients . For the period of 1980 -- 2000 , they reviewed all postdoctoral research grants and standard research grants for those who received funding and those who did not . Jacobs and Lefgren found that scientists who received postdoctoral research grants were 20 percent more likely to be published within the first five years after receiving the grant . They also found that scientists who received grants were 11 percent more likely to have one publication and 23 percent more likely to have five publications . Due to the ' publish or perish ' standard that many researchers face , NIH funding can have a great impact on researchers ' careers . Receiving a standard research grant also has a significant impact on researchers . Young scientists who receive a first - time grant ( R01 ) usually produce more than one additional publication in the five - year period after they receive the grant . Those who receive an NIH grant will typically receive $252,000 more in NIH funding in the following six to ten years , and a statistically significant relationship exists between scientists receiving NIH grants and their research productivity throughout their careers . </P> <P> Policy changes on who receives funding also significantly affect researchers . For example , the NIH has recently attempted to approve more first - time NIH R01 applicants , or the research grant applications of young scientists . To encourage the participation of young scientists who potentially think outside the box , the application process has been shortened and made easier . In addition , first - time applicants are being offered more funding for their research grants than those who have received grants in the past . Although this change provides greater opportunities for young scientists , it also places older , more experienced scientists at a funding disadvantage . </P> <H2> Commercial partnerships ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2011 and 2012 the Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General published a series of audit reports revealing that throughout the fiscal years 2000 -- 2010 , institutes under the aegis of the NIH , did not comply with the time and amount requirements specified in appropriations statutes , in awarding federal contracts to commercial partners , committing the federal government to tens of millions of dollars of expenditure ahead of appropriation of funds from Congress . </P> <H2> Institutes and centers ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of NIH ICs <P> The NIH is composed of 27 separate institutes and centers ( ICs ) that conduct and coordinate research across different disciplines of biomedical science . These are : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> National Cancer Institute </Li> <Li> National Eye Institute </Li> <Li> National Heart , Lung , and Blood Institute </Li> <Li> National Human Genome Research Institute </Li> <Li> National Institute on Aging </Li> <Li> National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism </Li> <Li> National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases </Li> <Li> National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases </Li> <Li> National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> National Institute of Child Health and Human Development </Li> <Li> National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders </Li> <Li> National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research </Li> <Li> National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases </Li> <Li> National Institute on Drug Abuse </Li> <Li> National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences </Li> <Li> National Institute of General Medical Sciences </Li> <Li> National Institute of Mental Health </Li> <Li> National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke </Li> <Li> National Institute of Nursing Research </Li> <Li> National Library of Medicine </Li> <Li> Center for Information Technology </Li> <Li> Center for Scientific Review </Li> <Li> Fogarty International Center </Li> <Li> National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences </Li> <Li> National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health </Li> <Li> NIH Clinical Center </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In addition , the National Center for Research Resources operated from April 13 , 1962 to December 23 , 2011 . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of institutes and centers of the National Institutes of Health </Li> <Li> United States Public Health Service </Li> <Li> National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale </Li> <Li> Heads of International Research Organizations </Li> <Li> NIH Toolbox </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Washington Examiner url = http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/nih-plans-to-move-3000-employees-to-bethesda-campus/article/2511065 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Appropriations ( Section 2 ) '' . The NIH Almanac ( Report ) . National Institutes of Health . February 25 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Organization and Leadership NIH Intramural Research Program '' . Irp.nih.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Osterweil , Neil ( September 20 , 2005 ) . `` Medical Research Spending Doubled Over Past Decade '' . MedPage Today . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NIH Sourcebook http://sourcebook.od.nih.gov/oir/IRP_transition.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harden , Victoria A. `` WWI and the Ransdell Act of 1930 '' . A Short History of the National Institutes of Health . Office Of History National Institutes Of Health , United States National Institutes of Health . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NIH Almanac 2011 , History : Chronology of Events : 1800 -- </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Short History of the National Institutes of Health ( 1 of 13 ) '' . history.nih.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SIC 9431 Administration of Public Health Programs '' . Referenceforbusiness.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NIH Almanac 2011 , History : Chronology of Events : 1900 -- </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Skloot , Rebecca ( 2010 ) . The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks . New York : Broadway Paperbacks . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of the National Cancer Institute '' . National Cancer Institute -- National Institutes of Health . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NIH Almanac 2011 , History : Chronology of Events : 1980 -- </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Laurie J. Price ( 1992 ) . `` A Medical Anthropologist 's Ruminations on NIH Funding '' . Medical Anthropology Quarterly , New Series . pp. 128 -- 146 . JSTOR 649307 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Murugan , Varnee ( 2009 ) . `` Embryonic Stem Cell Research : A Decade of Debate from Bush to Obama '' . The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine . pp. 101 -- 103 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NIH Appropriations ( Section 1 ) and NIH Appropriations ( Section 2 ) 7 April 2016 , retrieved 4 May 2016 , U.S. Department of Health and Human Service </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The NIH Directors '' . National Institutes of Health . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Division of Intramural Research Overview '' . National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases . September 1 , 2010 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Garland , Eva ( 2014 ) . Winning SBIR / STTR Grants : A Ten Week Plan for Preparing Your NIH Phase I Application . ISBN 1494784440 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NIH Budget '' . National Institutes of Health . National Institutes of Health . May 23 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Estimates of Funding for Various Research , Condition , and Disease Categories ( RCDC ) '' . Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools . National Institutes of Health . March 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ National Institutes of Health . `` NIH Public Access Policy Details '' . National Institutes of Health . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Suber , Peter ( April 16 , 2008 ) . `` An open access mandate for the National Institutes of Health '' . Open Medicine . 2 ( 2 ) : e14 - 16 . PMC 3090178 . PMID 21602938 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Benefits of Medical Research and the Role of the NIH '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Joint Economic Committee . May 2000 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 12 , 2015 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stevens AJ , Jensen JJ , Wyller K , Kilgore PC , Chatterjee S , Rohrbaugh ML . The role of public - sector research in the discovery of drugs and vaccines . N Engl J Med. 2011 ; 364 : 535 - 541 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Azoulay P , Graff Zivin JS , Li D , Sampat BN . Public R&D investments and private - sector patenting : evidence from NIH funding rules . NBER working paper no . 20889 . Cambridge , MA : National Bureau of Economic Research , January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Funding '' ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Funding '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : NIH Almanac 2011 , History : Legislative Chronology : Funding </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Funding '' ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Office of Management and Budget America First . A Budget Blueprint to Make America Great Again . Budget of the United States Government , Fiscal Year 2018 . Government Publishing Office , March 16 , 2017.65 pp </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Statement on Funding Allocation for Disease Research by Harold Varmus , M.D. , Director , National Institutes of Health '' . Assistant Secretary for Legislation , Department of Health and Human Services . May 6 , 1999 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seife , Charles ( November 21 , 2012 ) . `` How Drug Company Money Is Undermining Science '' . Scientific American : 7 . doi : 10.1038 / ejcn. 2012.76 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seife , Charles ( November 21 , 2012 ) . `` How Drug Company Money Is Undermining Science Scientific American '' . Scientific American : 6 . doi : 10.1038 / ejcn. 2012.76 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Advisory Neurological Disorders and Stroke Council ( NANDSC ) '' . Ninds.nih.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 28 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lauer , Mike ( 31 May 2016 ) . `` How Many Researchers ? '' . Open Mike . NIH . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rockey , Sally ( 10 April 2015 ) . `` Looking at Recent Data on R21 and R01 - equivalent Grants '' . Rock Talk . NIH . Retrieved 2 Oct 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sabrina Tavernese ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Clinical Trials Continue , but Only at a Crawl '' . New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Neergaard , Lauran ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` NIH admits a dozen critically ill , making exceptions to no - new - patient policy during shutdown '' . Huffington Post . The Associated Press . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Government slimdown blocks some seeking NIH research treatment '' . Fox News Channel . The Associated Press . October 2 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Department of Health and Human Services Fiscal Year 2014 Contingency Staffing Plan for Operations in the Absence of Enacted Annual Appropriations '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on October 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rabin , Roni Caryn ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Labs Are Told to Start Including a Neglected Variable : Females '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ginther , D.K. ; Schaffer , W.T. ; Schnell , J. ; Masimore , B. ; Liu , F. ; Haak , L.L. ; Kington , R. ( 2011 ) . `` Race , Ethnicity , and NIH Research Awards '' . Science . 333 ( 6045 ) : 1015 -- 1019 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1196783 . PMC 3412416 . PMID 21852498 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Corbyn , Zoe ( 2011 ) . `` Black applicants less likely to win NIH grants '' . Nature . doi : 10.1038 / news. 2011.485 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stakeholders '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stakeholders '' . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stakeholders '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patient advocacy </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jacob BA , Lefgren L ( July 2011 ) . `` The Impact of NIH Postdoctoral Training Grants on Scientific Productivity '' . Res Policy . 40 ( 6 ) : 864 -- 874 . doi : 10.1016 / j. respol. 2011.04. 003 . PMC 3158578 . PMID 21860538 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Karp PD , Sherlock G , Gerlt JA , Sim I , Paulsen I , Babbitt PC , Laderoute K , Hunter L , Sternberg P , Wooley J , Bourne PE ( 2008 ) . `` Changes to NIH grant system may backfire '' . Science . 322 ( 5905 ) : 1187 -- 8 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 322.5905. 1187c . PMID 19023064 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Costello LC ( May 2010 ) . `` Perspective : is NIH funding the `` best science by the best scientists '' ? A critique of the NIH R01 research grant review policies `` . Acad Med. 85 ( 5 ) : 775 -- 9 . doi : 10.1097 / ACM. 0b013e3181d74256 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Appropriations Funding for National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Contract N01 - AI - 15416 With the University of California at San Francisco Audit ( A-03 - 10 - 03120 ) '' ( PDF ) . June 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 25 . `` Appropriations Funding for National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Contract N01 - AI - 3 - 0052 With Avecia Biologics Limited '' ( PDF ) . September 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 09 . `` Appropriations Funding for National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Contract HHSN266 - 2006 - 00015C With NexBio , Inc '' ( PDF ) . September 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 09 . `` Appropriations Funding for National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Contract HHSN272 - 2008 - 00013C with the EMMES Corporation ( A-03 - 10 - 03115 ) '' ( PDF ) . October 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 11 . `` Appropriations Funding for Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Contract HHSN275 - 03 - 3345 With Westat , Inc . Audit ( A-03 - 10 - 03106 ) '' ( PDF ) . October 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 20 . `` Appropriations Funding for National Institute on Drug Abuse Contract HHSN271 - 2007 - 00009C with Charles River Laboratories , Inc . ( A-03 - 10 - 03104 ) '' ( PDF ) . October 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . `` Appropriations Funding for National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Contract HHSN266 - 2005 - 00022C With PPD Development , LP ( Audit A-03 - 10 - 03118 ) '' ( PDF ) . September 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 26 . `` Appropriations Funding for National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Contract N01 - AI - 30068 With PPD Development , LP ( Audit A-03 - 10 - 03116 ) '' ( PDF ) . September 2012 . 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Early Christian art and architecture - wikipedia <H1> Early Christian art and architecture </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Jesus healing the bleeding woman , Roman catacombs , 300 -- 350 <P> Early Christian art and architecture or Paleochristian art is the art produced by Christians or under Christian patronage from the earliest period of Christianity to , depending on the definition used , sometime between 260 and 525 . In practice , identifiably Christian art only survives from the 2nd century onwards . After 550 at the latest , Christian art is classified as Byzantine , or of some other regional type . </P> <P> It is hard to know when distinctly Christian art began . Prior to 100 , Christians may have been constrained by their position as a persecuted group from producing durable works of art . Since Christianity was largely a religion of the lower classes in this period , the lack of surviving art may reflect a lack of funds for patronage , and simply small numbers of followers . The Old Testament restrictions against the production of graven ( an idol or fetish carved in wood or stone ) images ( see also Idolatry and Christianity ) may also have constrained Christians from producing art . Christians may have made or purchased art with pagan iconography , but given it Christian meanings , as they later did . If this happened , `` Christian '' art would not be immediately recognizable as such . </P> <P> Early Christianity used the same artistic media as the surrounding pagan culture . These media included fresco , mosaics , sculpture , and manuscript illumination . Early Christian art not only used Roman forms , it also used Roman styles . Late classical style included a proportional portrayal of the human body and impressionistic presentation of space . Late classical style is seen in early Christian frescos , such as those in the Catacombs of Rome , which include most examples of the earliest Christian art . </P> <P> Early Christians adapted Roman motifs and gave new meanings to what had been pagan symbols . Among the motifs adopted were the peacock , grapevines , and the `` Good Shepherd '' . Early Christians also developed their own iconography , for example , such symbols as the fish ( ikhthus ) , were not borrowed from pagan iconography . </P> <P> Early Christian art is generally divided into two periods by scholars : before and after either the Edict of Milan of 313 , bringing the so - called Triumph of the Church under Constantine , or the First Council of Nicea in 325 . The earlier period being called the Pre-Constantinian or Ante - Nicene Period and after being the period of the First seven Ecumenical Councils . The end of the period of Early Christian art , which is typically defined by art historians as being in the 5th -- 7th centuries , is thus a good deal later than the end of the period of Early Christianity as typically defined by theologians and church historians , which is more often considered to end under Constantine , around 313 -- 325 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Symbols </Li> <Li> 2 Christian art before 313 </Li> <Li> 3 Christian architecture after 313 </Li> <Li> 4 Christian art after 313 <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Gold glass </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 Notes </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Symbols ( edit ) </H2> Good Shepherd from the Catacomb of Priscilla , 250 -- 300 See also : Early Christian symbols <P> During the persecution of Christians under the Roman Empire , Christian art was necessarily and deliberately furtive and ambiguous , using imagery that was shared with pagan culture but had a special meaning for Christians . The earliest surviving Christian art comes from the late 2nd to early 4th centuries on the walls of Christian tombs in the catacombs of Rome . From literary evidence , there may well have been panel icons which , like almost all classical painting , have disappeared . Initially Jesus was represented indirectly by pictogram symbols such as the Ichthys ( fish ) , peacock , Lamb of God , or an anchor ( the Labarum or Chi - Rho was a later development ) . Later personified symbols were used , including Jonah , whose three days in the belly of the whale pre-figured the interval between the death and resurrection of Jesus , Daniel in the lion 's den , or Orpheus ' charming the animals . The image of `` The Good Shepherd '' , a beardless youth in pastoral scenes collecting sheep , was the most common of these images , and was probably not understood as a portrait of the historical Jesus . These images bear some resemblance to depictions of kouros figures in Greco - Roman art . The `` almost total absence from Christian monuments of the period of persecutions of the plain , unadorned cross '' except in the disguised form of the anchor , is notable . The Cross , symbolizing Jesus ' crucifixion on a cross , was not represented explicitly for several centuries , possibly because crucifixion was a punishment meted out to common criminals , but also because literary sources noted that it was a symbol recognised as specifically Christian , as the sign of the cross was made by Christians from very early on . </P> <P> The popular conception that the Christian catacombs were `` secret '' or had to hide their affiliation is probably wrong ; catacombs were large - scale commercial enterprises , usually sited just off major roads to the city , whose existence was well known . The inexplicit symbolic nature of many early Christian visual motifs may have had a function of discretion in other contexts , but on tombs they probably reflect a lack of any other repertoire of Christian iconography . </P> <P> The dove is a symbol of peace and purity . It can be found with a halo or celestial light . In one of the earliest known Trinitarian images , `` the Throne of God as a Trinitarian image '' ( a marble relief carved c. 400 CE in the collection of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation ) , the dove represents the Spirit . It is flying above an empty throne representing God , in the throne are a chlamys ( cloak ) and diadem representing the Son . The Chi - Rho monogram , XP , apparently first used by Constantine I , consists of the first two characters of the name ' Christos ' in Greek . </P> <H2> Christian art before 313 ( edit ) </H2> Noah praying in the Ark , from a Roman catacomb <P> A general assumption that Early Christianity was generally aniconic , opposed to religious imagery in both theory and practice until about 200 , has been challenged by Paul Corby Finney 's analysis of Early Christian writing and material remains ( 1994 ) . This distinguishes three different sources of attitudes affecting Early Christians on the issue : `` first that humans could have a direct vision of God ; second that they could not ; and , third , that although humans could see God they were best advised not to look , and were strictly forbidden to represent what they had seen '' . These derived respectively from Greek and Near Eastern pagan religions , from Ancient Greek philosophy , and from the Jewish tradition and the Old Testament . Of the three , Finney concludes that `` overall , Israel 's aversion to sacred images influenced early Christianity considerably less than the Greek philosophical tradition of invisible deity apophatically defined '' , so placing less emphasis on the Jewish background of most of the first Christians than most traditional accounts . Finney suggests that `` the reasons for the non-appearance of Christian art before 200 have nothing to do with principled aversion to art , with other - worldliness , or with anti-materialism . The truth is simple and mundane : Christians lacked land and capital . Art requires both . As soon as they began to acquire land and capital , Christians began to experiment with their own distinctive forms of art '' . </P> <P> In the Dura - Europos church , of about 230 -- 256 , which is in the best condition of the surviving very early churches , there are frescos of biblical scenes including a figure of Jesus , as well as Christ as the Good Shepherd . The building was a normal house apparently converted to use as a church . The earliest Christian paintings in the Catacombs of Rome are from a few decades before , and these represent the largest body of examples of Christian art from the pre-Constantinian period , with hundreds of examples decorating tombs or family tomb - chambers . Many are simple symbols , but there are numerous figure paintings either showing orants or female praying figures , usually representing the deceased person , or figures or shorthand scenes from the bible or Christian history . </P> <P> The style of the catacomb paintings , and the entirety of many decorative elements , are effectively identical to those of the catacombs of other religious groups , whether conventional pagans following Ancient Roman religion , or Jews or followers of the Roman mystery religions . The quality of the painting is low compared to the large houses of the rich , which provide the other main corpus of painting surviving from the period , but the shorthand depiction of figures can have an expressive charm . A similar situation applies at Dura - Europos , where the decoration of the church is comparable in style and quality to that of the ( larger and more lavishly painted ) Dura - Europos synagogue and the Temple of Bel . At least in such smaller places , it seems that the available artists were used by all religious groups . It may also have been the case that the painted chambers in the cattacombs were decorated in similar style to the best rooms of the homes of the better - off families buried in them , with Christian scenes and symbols replacing those from mythology , literature , paganism and eroticism , although we lack the evidence to confirm this . We do have the same scenes on small pieces in media such as pottery or glass , though less often from this pre-Constantinian period . </P> <P> There was a preference for what are sometimes called `` abbreviated '' representations , small groups of say one to four figures forming a single motif which could be easily recognised as representing a particular incident . These vignettes fitted the Roman style of room decoration , set in compartments in a scheme with a geometrical structure ( see gallery below ) . Biblical scenes of figures rescued from mortal danger were very popular ; these represented both the Resurrection of Jesus , through typology , and the salvation of the soul of the deceased . Jonah and the whale , the Sacrifice of Isaac , Noah praying in the Ark ( represented as an orant in a large box , perhaps with a dove carrying a branch ) , Moses striking the rock , Daniel in the lion 's den and the Three Youths in the Fiery Furnace ( ) were all favourites , that could be easily depicted . </P> <P> Early Christian sarcophagi were a much more expensive option , made of marble and often heavily decorated with scenes in very high relief , worked with drills . Free - standing statues that are unmistakably Christian are very rare , and never very large , as more common subjects such as the Good Shepherd were symbols appealing to several religious and philosophical groups , including Christians , and without context no affiliation can be given to them . Typically sculptures , where they appear , are of rather high quality . One exceptional group that seems clearly Christian is known as the Cleveland Statuettes of Jonah and the Whale , and consists of a group of small statuettes of about 270 , including two busts of a young and fashionably dressed couple , from an unknown find - spot , possibly in modern Turkey . The other figures tell the story of Jonah in four pieces , with a Good Shepherd ; how they were displayed remains mysterious . </P> <P> The depiction of Jesus was well - developed by the end of the pre-Constantinian period . He was typically shown in narrative scenes , with a preference for New Testament miracles , and few of scenes from his Passion . A variety of different types of appearance were used , including the thin long - faced figure with long centrally - parted hair that was later to become the norm . But in the earliest images as many show a stocky and short - haired beardless figure in a short tunic , who can only be identified by his context . In many images of miracles Jesus carries a stick or wand , which he points at the subject of the miracle rather like a modern stage magician ( though the wand is a good deal larger ) . </P> <P> Saints are fairly often seen , with Peter and Paul , both martyred in Rome , by some way the most common in the catacombs there . Both already have their distinctive appearances , retained throughout the history of Christian art . Other saints may not be identifiable unless labelled with an inscription . In the same way some images may represent either the Last Supper or a contemporary agape feast . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> The Three Youths in the Fiery Furnace ( ) , catacomb of Priscilla </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Moses striking the rock in the desert , a prototype of baptism </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 3rd century cover for catacomb burial , engraved with the Adoration of the Magi ( cast shown ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Catacomb chamber with ( from top ) : Orants , Jonah and the Whale , Moses striking the rock ( left ) , Noah praying in the ark , Adoration of the Magi. 200 -- 250 </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Christian architecture after 313 ( edit ) </H2> Santa Sabina , Rome , interior ( 5th century ) . <Dl> <Dd> Main article : Christianising the basilica in Basilica </Dd> </Dl> <P> In the 4th century , the rapidly growing Christian population , now supported by the state , needed to build larger and grander public buildings for worship than the mostly discreet meeting places they had been using , which were typically in or among domestic buildings . Pagan temples remained in use for their original purposes for some time and , at least in Rome , even when deserted were shunned by Christians until the 6th or 7th centuries , when some were converted to churches . Elsewhere this happened sooner . Architectural formulas for temples were unsuitable , not simply for their pagan associations , but because pagan cult and sacrifices occurred outdoors under the open sky in the sight of the gods , with the temple , housing the cult figures and the treasury , as a windowless backdrop . </P> <P> The usable model at hand , when Emperor Constantine I wanted to memorialize his imperial piety , was the familiar conventional architecture of the basilica . There were several variations of the basic plan of the secular basilica , always some kind of rectangular hall , but the one usually followed for churches had a center nave with one aisle at each side , and an apse at one end opposite to the main door at the other . In , and often also in front of , the apse was a raised platform , where the altar was placed and the clergy officiated . In secular buildings this plan was more typically used for the smaller audience halls of the emperors , governors , and the very rich than for the great public basilicas functioning as law courts and other public purposes . This was the normal pattern used for Roman churches , and generally in the Western Empire , but the Eastern Empire , and Roman Africa , were more adventurous , and their models were sometimes copied in the West , for example in Milan . All variations allowed natural light from windows high in the walls , a departure from the windowless sanctuaries of the temples of most previous religions , and this has remained a consistent feature of Christian church architecture . Formulas giving churches with a large central area were to become preferred in Byzantine architecture , which developed styles of basilica with a dome early on . </P> <P> A particular and short - lived type of building , using the same basilican form , was the funerary hall , which was not a normal church , though the surviving examples long ago became regular churches , and they always offered funeral and memorial services , but a building erected in the Constantinian period as an indoor cemetery on a site connected with early Christian martyrs , such as a catacomb . The six examples built by Constantine outside the walls of Rome are : Old Saint Peter 's Basilica , the older basilica dedicated to Saint Agnes of which Santa Costanza is now the only remaining element , San Sebastiano fuori le mura , San Lorenzo fuori le Mura , Santi Marcellino e Pietro al Laterano , and one in the modern park of Villa Gordiani . </P> <P> A martyrium was a building erected on a spot with particular significance , often over the burial of a martyr . No particular architectural form was associated with the type , and they were often small . Many became churches , or chapels in larger churches erected adjoining them . With baptistries and mausolea , their often smaller size and different function made martyria suitable for architectural experimentation . </P> <P> Among the key buildings , not all surviving in their original form , are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Constantinian Basilicas : <Ul> <Li> St. John Lateran </Li> <Li> St Mary Major </Li> <Li> Old Saint Peter 's Basilica </Li> <Li> Church of the Holy Sepulchre </Li> <Li> Church of the Nativity </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Centralized Plan <Ul> <Li> Santa Constanza , built as an Imperial mausoleum adjoining a funerary hall , part of the wall of which survives . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> See also : Early Christendom in Church architecture </Li> </Ul> <H2> Christian art after 313 ( edit ) </H2> Detail - cast of the central sections of the Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus , with Traditio Legis and Jesus entering Jerusalem . <P> With the final legalization of Christianity , the existing styles of Christian art continued to develop , and take on a more monumental and iconic character . Before long very large Christian churches began to be constructed , and the majority of the rich elite adapted Christianity , and public and elite Christian art became grander to suit the new spaces and clients . </P> <P> Although borrowings of motifs such as the Virgin and Child from pagan religious art had been pointed out as far back as the Protestant Reformation , when John Calvin and his followers gleefully used them as a stick with which to beat all Christian art , the belief of André Grabar , Andreas Alföldi , Ernst Kantorowicz and other early 20th - century art historians that Roman Imperial imagery was a much more significant influence `` has become universally accepted '' . A book by Thomas F. Mathews in 1994 attempted to overturn this thesis , very largely denying influence from Imperial iconography in favour of a range of other secular and religious influence , but was roughly handled by academic reviewers . </P> <P> More complex and expensive works are seen , as the wealthy gradually converted , and more theological complexity appears , as Christianity became subject to acrimonious doctrinal disputes . At the same time a very different type of art is found in the new public churches that were now being constructed . Somewhat by accident , the best group of survivals of these is from Rome where , together with Constantinople and Jesusalem , they were presumably at their most magnificent . Mosaic now becomes important ; fortunately this survives far better than fresco , although it is vulnerable to well - meaning restoration and repair . It seems to have been an innovation of early Christian churches to put mosaics on the wall and use them for sacred subjects ; previously the technique had essentially been used for floors and walls in gardens . By the end of the period the style of gold background had developed that continued to characterize Byzantine images , and many Early Medieval Western ones . </P> <P> With more space , narrative images containing many people develop in churches , and also begin to be seen in later catacomb paintings . Continuous rows of biblical scenes appear ( rather high up ) along the side walls of churches . The best - preserved 5th century examples are the set of Old Testament scenes along the nave walls of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome . These can be compared to the paintings of Dura - Europos , and probably also derive from a lost tradition of both Jewish and Christian illustrated manuscripts , as well as more general Roman precedents . The large apses contain images in an iconic style , which gradually developed to centre on a large figure , or later just the bust , of Christ , or later of the Virgin Mary . The earliest apses show a range of compositions that are new symbolic images of the Christian life and the Church . </P> <P> No panel paintings , or `` icons '' from before the 6th century have survived in anything like an original condition , but they were clearly produced , and becoming more important throughout this period . </P> <P> Sculpture , all much smaller than lifesize , has survived in better quantities . The most famous of a considerable number of surviving Early Christian sarcophagi are perhaps the Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus and Dogmatic sarcophagus of the 4th century . A number of ivory carvings have survived , including the complex late 5th century Brescia Casket , probably a product of Saint Ambrose 's episcopate in Milan , then the seat of the Imperial court , and the 6th century Throne of Maximian from the Byzantine Italian capital of Ravenna . </P> Gold glass from the catacombs , with Saint Peter , Virgin Mary in orant pose , Saint Paul , 4th century <Ul> <Li> Manuscripts <Ul> <Li> Quedlinburg Itala fragment -- 5th - century Old Testament </Li> <Li> Vienna Genesis </Li> <Li> Rossano Gospels </Li> <Li> Cotton Genesis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Late Antique mosaics in Italy and Early Byzantine mosaics in the Middle East . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Gold glass ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Gold glass <P> Gold sandwich glass or gold glass was a technique for fixing a layer of gold leaf with a design between two fused layers of glass , developed in Hellenistic glass and revived in the 3rd century . There are a very fewer larger designs , but the great majority of the around 500 survivals are roundels that are the cut - off bottoms of wine cups or glasses used to mark and decorate graves in the Catacombs of Rome by pressing them into the mortar . The great majority are 4th century , extending into the 5th century . Most are Christian , but many pagan and a few Jewish , and had probably originally been given as gifts on marriage , or festive occasions such as New Year . Their iconography has been much studied , although artistically they are relatively unsophisticated . Their subjects are similar to the catacomb paintings , but with a difference balance including more portraiture of the deceased ( usually , it is presumed ) . The progression to an increased number of images of saints can be seen in them . The same technique began to be used for gold tesserae for mosaics in the mid-1st century in Rome , and by the 5th century these had become the standard background for religious mosaics . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Oldest churches in the world </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Jensen , 15 -- 16 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jensen , 15 -- 16 ; van der Meer , F. , 27 uses `` roughly from 200 to 600 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Syndicus , 10 -- 14 , 30 -- 32 ; Jensen , 12 -- 15 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jensen , 16 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Syndicus , 21 -- 3 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia , 1913 , `` Archæology of the Cross and Crucifix '' online </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jensen , 22 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Finney , viii -- xii , viii and xi quoted </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Finney , 108 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Graydon F. Snyder , Ante pacem : archaeological evidence of church life before Constantine , p. 134 , Mercer University Press , 2003 , google books ; Weitzmann , no . 360 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jensen , 24 ; Syndicus , 29 -- 30 ; Beckwith , 23 -- 24 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Balch , 183 , 193 ; Syndicus , 10 -- 11 ; Jensen , 10 -- 15 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weitzmann , no . 377 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weitzmann , p. 396 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Balch , 41 and chapter 6 ; Weitzmann , many examples from no . 365 onwards </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jensen , Chapter 3 ; Syndicus , 15 -- 18 ; Beckwith , 21 -- 24 ; many examples from other media in the section of Weitzmann after p. 396 : nos. 360 -- 407 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weitzmann , nos , 362 -- 367 , & p. 396 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weitzmann , p. 410 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weitzmann , no . 383 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weitzmann , pp. 424 -- 425 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Syndicus , 39 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Syndicus , 40 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Syndicus , chapter II , covers the whole story of the Christianization of the basilica . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Webb , Matilda . The churches and catacombs of early Christian Rome : a comprehensive guide , p. 251 , 2001 , Sussex Academic Press , ISBN 1 - 902210 - 58 - 1 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 902210 - 58 - 2 , google books </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Syndicus , chapter III </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Syndicus , 69 -- 70 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The book was The Clash of Gods : A Reinterpretation of Early Christian Art by Thomas F. Mathews . Review by : W. Eugene Kleinbauer ( quoted , from p. 937 ) , Speculum , Vol. 70 , No. 4 ( Oct. , 1995 ) , pp. 937 - 941 , Medieval Academy of America , JSTOR ; JSTOR has other reviews , all with criticisms along similar lines : Peter Brown , The Art Bulletin , Vol. 77 , No. 3 ( Sep. , 1995 ) , pp. 499 -- 502 ; RW . Eugene Kleinbauer , Speculum , Vol. 70 , No. 4 ( Oct. , 1995 ) , pp. 937 -- 941 , Liz James , The Burlington Magazine , Vol. 136 , No. 1096 ( Jul. , 1994 ) , pp. 458 -- 459 ; Annabel Wharton , The American Historical Review , Vol. 100 , No. 5 ( Dec. , 1995 ) , pp. 1518 -- 1519 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Syndicus , 52 -- 54 ; Weitzmann , 366 -- 369 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beckwith , 25 -- 26 , </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grig , throughout </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Balch , David L. , Roman Domestic Art & Early House Churches ( Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament Series ) , 2008 , Mohr Siebeck , ISBN 3161493834 , 9783161493836 </Li> <Li> Beckwith , John , Early Christian and Byzantine Art , Penguin History of Art ( now Yale ) , 2nd edn. 1979 , ISBN 0140560335 </Li> <Li> Finney , Paul Corby , The Invisible God : The Earliest Christians on Art , Oxford University Press , 1997 , ISBN 0195113810 , 9780195113815 </Li> <Li> Grig , Lucy , `` Portraits , Pontiffs and the Christianization of Fourth - Century Rome '' , Papers of the British School at Rome , Vol. 72 , ( 2004 ) , pp. 203 -- 230 , JSTOR </Li> <Li> Honour , Hugh ; Fleming , J. ( 2005 ) . The Visual Arts : A History ( Seventh ed . ) . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Pearson Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 193507 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jensen , Robin Margaret , Understanding Early Christian Art , Routledge , 2000 , ISBN 0415204542 , 9780415204545 , google preview </Li> <Li> van der Meer , F. , Early Christian Art , 1967 , Faber and Faber </Li> <Li> Syndicus , Eduard , Early Christian Art , Burns & Oates , London , 1962 </Li> <Li> `` Early Christian art '' . In Encyclopædia Britannica Online . </Li> <Li> Weitzmann , Kurt , ed. , Age of spirituality : late antique and early Christian art , third to seventh century , 1979 , Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York ; fully online from The Metropolitan Museum of Art </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paleochristian art . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paleochristian architecture . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> 267 plates from Wilpert , Joseph , ed. , Die Malereien der Katakomben Roms ( Tafeln ) ( `` Paintings in the Roman catacombs , ( Plates ) '' ) , Freiburg im Breisgau , 1903 , from Heidelberg University Library ) </Li> <Li> Early Christian art , introduction from the State University of New York at Oneonta </Li> <Li> CHRISTIAN CONTRIBUTION TO ART AND ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_Christian_art_and_architecture&oldid=820786739 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Early Christian art </Li> <Li> Palaeo - Christian architecture </Li> <Li> Christian art </Li> <Li> Medieval art </Li> <Li> Ancient Roman art </Li> <Li> Christian iconography </Li> <Li> 3rd century in art </Li> <Li> 4th century in art </Li> <Li> 5th century in art </Li> <Li> 6th century in art </Li> <Li> 3rd - century architecture </Li> <Li> 4th - century architecture </Li> <Li> 5th - century architecture </Li> <Li> 6th - century architecture </Li> <Li> Art by period of creation </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from December 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 </Li> <Li> Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 16 January 2018 , at 16 : 24 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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British colonization of the Americas - wikipedia <H1> British colonization of the Americas </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> European colonization of the Americas </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> First wave of European colonization </Li> <Li> British </Li> <Li> Couronian </Li> <Li> Danish </Li> <Li> Dutch </Li> <Li> French </Li> <Li> German </Li> <Li> Hospitaller ( Maltese ) </Li> <Li> Norse </Li> <Li> Portuguese </Li> <Li> Russian </Li> <Li> Scottish </Li> <Li> Spanish </Li> <Li> Swedish </Li> <Li> Colonization of Canada </Li> <Li> Colonization of the United States </Li> <Li> Decolonization </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colonialism portal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The British colonization of the Americas ( including colonization by both the English and the Scots ) began in 1607 in Jamestown , Virginia , and reached its peak when colonies had been established throughout the Americas . The English , and later the British , were among the most important colonizers of the Americas , and their American empire came to rival the Spanish American colonies in military and economic might . </P> <P> Three types of colonies were established in the English overseas possessions in America of the 17th century and continued into the British Empire at the height of its power in the 18th century . These were charter colonies , proprietary colonies , and royal colonies . A group of 13 British American colonies collectively broke from the British Empire in the 1770s through a successful revolution , establishing the modern United States . After the end of the Napoleonic Wars ( 1803 -- 15 ) , the remaining British territories in North America were slowly granted more responsible government . In 1838 the Durham Report recommended full responsible government for Canada , but this was not fully implemented for another decade . Eventually , with the Confederation of Canada , the Canadian colonies were granted significant autonomy and became a self - governing Dominion in 1867 . Other colonies in the Americas followed at a much slower pace . In this way , two countries in North America , ten in the Caribbean , and one in South America have received their independence from Great Britain or the later United Kingdom . All of these , except the United States , are members of the Commonwealth of Nations and nine are Commonwealth realms . The eight current British overseas territories in the Americas have varying degrees of self - government . </P> Great Britain in the Americas <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 North America <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Pre-British colonization of North America <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 English colonies in North America </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 Scottish colonies in North America </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 British colonies in North America <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 1 List of English and British colonies in North America ( in rough chronological order ) </Li> <Li> 1.2. 2 Non-colonial British territories in North America </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Central and South America , Caribbean <Ul> <Li> 2.1 English and later British Caribbean colonies </Li> <Li> 2.2 English and later British Central and South American colonies </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 Further reading <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Historiography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> North America ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Colonial history of the United States and History of Canada <H3> Pre-british colonization of North America ( edit ) </H3> English colonies in North America ( edit ) Main articles : English overseas possessions and English colonial grants in North America ( 1621 -- 1639 ) Plaque in St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador , commemorating Gilbert 's founding of the British overseas Empire <P> A number of English colonies were established under a system of Proprietary Governors , who were appointed under mercantile charters to English joint stock companies to found and run settlements . </P> <Ul> <Li> Between 1584 and 1589 , the English attempt to establish Roanoke Colony failed , and in 1590 the colony was found abandoned . </Li> <Li> In 1607 , Jamestown , Virginia was founded by the London Company ( also known as the Virginia Company ) . </Li> <Li> In Newfoundland , a chartered company known as the Society of Merchant Venturers established a permanent settlement at Cuper 's Cove , from 1610 . </Li> <Li> St. George 's , Bermuda was founded by the Virginia Company , in 1612 . </Li> </Ul> <P> In 1664 , England took over the Dutch colony of New Netherland ( including its capital of New Amsterdam ) which England renamed the Province of New York . With New Netherland , the English also came to control the former New Sweden ( in what is now Delaware ) , which the Dutch had conquered earlier . This later became part of Pennsylvania after that was established in 1680 . </P> Scottish colonies in North America ( edit ) Main article : Scottish colonization of the Americas <P> The Kingdom of Scotland tried unsuccessfully to establish a colony at Darién , and the Scottish colonization of Nova Scotia ( New Scotland ) lasted from 1629 to 1632 . Thousands of Scotsmen also participated in English colonization before the two countries were united in 1707 . </P> <H3> British colonies in North America ( edit ) </H3> See also : British America , British North America , and Thirteen Colonies <P> The Kingdom of Great Britain acquired the French colony of Acadia in 1713 and then Canada and the Spanish colony of Florida in 1763 . After being renamed the Province of Quebec , the former French Canada was divided into two Provinces , the Canadas , consisting of the old settled country of Lower Canada ( today Quebec ) and the newly settled Upper Canada ( today Ontario ) . </P> <P> In the north , the Hudson 's Bay Company actively traded for fur with the indigenous peoples , and had competed with French , Aboriginal , and Métis fur traders . The company came to control the entire drainage basin of Hudson Bay , called Rupert 's Land . The small part of the Hudson Bay drainage south of the 49th parallel went to the United States in the Anglo - American Convention of 1818 . </P> <P> Thirteen of Great Britain 's colonies rebelled in the American Revolutionary War , beginning in 1775 , primarily over representation , local laws and tax issues , and established the United States of America , which was recognised internationally with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 3 September 1783 . </P> <P> Great Britain also colonised the west coast of North America , indirectly via the Hudson 's Bay Company licenses west of the Rocky Mountains : the Columbia District and New Caledonia fur district . Most of these were jointly claimed as the Oregon Country by the United States from 1818 until the 49th parallel was established as the international boundary west of the Rockies by the Oregon Treaty of 1846 . The Colony of Vancouver Island , founded in 1849 , and the Colony of British Columbia , founded in 1858 , were combined in 1866 under the name Colony of British Columbia , and joined the Confederation in 1871 . British Columbia was expanded with the inclusion of the Stikine Territory in 1863 ; and upon joining Confederation the Peace River Block , formerly part of Rupert 's Land , was added . </P> <P> In 1867 , the colonies of New Brunswick , Nova Scotia , and the Province of Canada ( the southern portion of modern - day Ontario and Quebec ) combined to form a self - governing dominion , named Canada , within the British Empire ( the term `` kingdom '' was avoided so as to not provoke the United States ) . Quebec ( including what is now the southern portion of Ontario ) and Nova Scotia ( including what is now New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island ) had been ceded to Britain by the French . The colonies of Prince Edward Island and British Columbia joined over the next six years , and Newfoundland joined in 1949 . Rupert 's Land and the North - Western Territory were ceded to Canada in 1870 . This area now consists of the provinces of Manitoba ( admitted after negotiation between Canada and a Métis provisional government in 1870 ) , Saskatchewan , and Alberta ( both created in 1905 ) , as well as the Northwest Territories , the Yukon Territory ( created 1898 , following the start of the Klondike Gold Rush ) , and Nunavut ( created in 1999 ) . </P> List of English and British colonies in North America ( in rough chronological order ) ( edit ) The British Colonies in North America , 1763 -- 1775 <Ul> <Li> Roanoke Colony , founded 1586 , abandoned the next year . Second attempt in 1587 disappeared ( also called the Lost Colony ) . </Li> <Li> Cuttyhunk Island , established as a small fort and trading post by Bartholomew Gosnold in 1602 , abandoned after one month . </Li> <Li> Virginia Company , chartered 1606 and became the Virginia Colony in 1624 <Ul> <Li> London Company <Ul> <Li> Jamestown , Virginia , founded 1607 ( briefly abandoned in 1610 ) </Li> <Li> Bermuda , islands located in the North Atlantic , first settled in 1609 by the London Virginia Company ; administration passed in 1615 to the Somers Isles Company , formed by the same shareholders . Known officially as the Somers Isles , they remain today a British overseas territory . </Li> <Li> Citie of Henricopolis , founded in 1611 as an alternative to the swampy Jamestown site and destroyed in the Indian massacre of 1622 . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Plymouth Company <Ul> <Li> Popham Colony , founded 1607 , abandoned 1608 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Society of Merchant Venturers ( Newfoundland ) <Ul> <Li> Cuper 's Cove , founded 1610 , abandoned in the 1620s </Li> <Li> Bristol 's Hope , founded 1618 , abandoned in the 1630s </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> London and Bristol Company ( Newfoundland ) The massacre of Jamestown settlers in 1622 . Soon the colonists in the South feared all natives as enemies . <Ul> <Li> New Cambriol , founded 1617 , abandoned before 1637 </Li> <Li> Renews , founded 1615 , abandoned in 1619 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> St. John 's , Newfoundland , chartered by Sir Humphrey Gilbert in 1583 ; seasonal settlements ca . 1520 ; informal year - round settlers before 1620 . </Li> <Li> Plymouth Council for New England <Ul> <Li> Plymouth Colony , founded 1620 , merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ferryland , Newfoundland , granted to George Calvert , 1st Baron Baltimore in 1620 , first settlers in August 1621 </Li> <Li> Province of Maine , granted 1622 , sold to Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1677 </Li> <Li> South Falkland , Newfoundland , founded 1623 by Henry Cary , 1st Viscount Falkland </Li> <Li> Province of New Hampshire , later New Hampshire settled in 1623 , see also New Hampshire Grants </Li> <Li> Dorchester Company Colony , ( Dorchester Company planted an unsuccessful fishing colony on Cape Ann at modern Gloucester , Massachusetts in 1624 ) </Li> <Li> Salem Colony , later Salem , Massachusetts , settled in 1628 , merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony the next year </Li> <Li> Massachusetts Bay Colony , later part of Massachusetts , founded 1629 </Li> <Li> New Scotland , in present Nova Scotia , 1629 -- 1632 </Li> <Li> Connecticut Colony , later part of Connecticut founded 1633 </Li> <Li> Province of Maryland , later Maryland , founded in 1634 The Treaty of William Penn with the Indians . Penn 's Treaty was never violated . </Li> <Li> New Albion , chartered in 1634 , failed by 1649 -- 50 , not to be confused with Nova Albion on the Pacific coast ( see next section ) </Li> <Li> Saybrook Colony , founded 1635 , merged with Connecticut in 1644 </Li> <Li> Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , first settled in 1636 </Li> <Li> New Haven Colony , founded 1638 , merged with Connecticut in 1665 </Li> <Li> Gardiners Island , founded 1639 , now part of East Hampton , New York </Li> <Li> Province of New York , captured 1664 </Li> <Li> Province of New Jersey , captured in 1664 <Ul> <Li> divided into West Jersey and East Jersey after 1674 , each held by its own company of Proprietors . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Province of Pennsylvania , later Pennsylvania , founded 1681 as an English colony , although first settled by Dutch and Swedes </Li> <Li> Delaware Colony , later Delaware , separated from Pennsylvania in 1704 </Li> <Li> Province of Carolina <Ul> <Li> Province of North Carolina , first permanent English settlements in the late 1600s ( nearly a century after the failed Roanoke Colony ; see Albemarle Settlements ) , became a separate colony in 1710 -- 12 . </Li> <Li> Province of South Carolina , first permanent English settlement in 1670 , became a separate colony in 1710 -- 12 . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Province of Georgia , later Georgia ; first settled in about 1670 , formal colony in 1732 </Li> <Li> Nova Scotia , site of abortive Scottish colony in 1629 ; British colony 1713 , but this did not permanently include Cape Breton Island until 1758 . </Li> <Li> Province of Quebec , which had been called Canada under French rule . Canada was by far the most settled portion of New France . Britain gained complete control of French Canada in 1759 -- 1761 , from the events within the North American theater of the Seven Years ' War ; France ceded title with the Treaty of Paris in 1763 . Became Canada East in the Province of Canada , which also included Ontario ( Upper Canada ) as Canada West , from 1841 to 1867 . </Li> <Li> East Florida and West Florida , acquired from Spain in 1763 in exchange for returning Cuba , taken from Spain in 1761 ; the Floridas were recovered by Spain in 1783 . Backwoods areas almost unaffected by the Stamp Act Crisis of 1765 , which unified the thirteen colonies that formed the United States , not much for abstract principles , and grateful to the crown , they declined to send representatives to the Continental Congress or to participate in any way in the independence movement . After the Second Spanish period , they were acquired by the United States in 1821 . </Li> <Li> Island of St. John , separated from Nova Scotia 1769 , renamed Prince Edward Island in 1798 </Li> <Li> New Brunswick , separated from Nova Scotia in 1784 </Li> </Ul> Fur traders in Canada , trading with Indians , 1777 <Ul> <Li> Ontario , separated from Quebec in 1791 as the Province of Upper Canada until 1841 , when it became Canada West in the Province of Canada . </Li> <Li> Province of Canada combined the colonies of Quebec ( Lower Canada ) and Ontario ( Upper Canada ) from 1841 to 1867 . </Li> <Li> Colony of Vancouver Island , founded by the Hudson 's Bay Company at Fort Victoria in 1843 . Received royal charter for the Island as a colony in 1849 , and merged with the colony of British Columbia in 1866 . </Li> <Li> Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands , founded in 1852 , merged with the Colony of Vancouver Island in 1863 . </Li> <Li> Colony of British Columbia , also called the Mainland Colony or the Gold Colony , founded in 1858 from the New Caledonia fur district and the remnant of the Columbia fur district north of the 49th parallel ( see below ) . The colony was expanded with the addition of most of the Stikine Territory ( also called Stickeen Territory ) and the Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands in 1863 . </Li> <Li> Colony of British Columbia , formed in 1866 from a merger of the Vancouver Island and Mainland Colonies . The name British Columbia was chosen for the newly merged colony despite the opposition from Vancouver Island colonists . </Li> </Ul> Non-colonial British territories in North America ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Rupert 's Land , territory of the Hudson 's Bay Company , founded in 1670 and transferred to the new Dominion of Canada in 1867 as the Northwest Territories </Li> <Li> Columbia District , the trading district of the Columbia Department of the Hudson 's Bay Company from 1821 to the Oregon Treaty of 1846 , by which most of the Columbia District was formally annexed to the United States . HBC lands south of the 49th parallel were guaranteed by the Oregon Treaty but ownership and compensation issues were not fully resolved until 1861 . </Li> <Li> New Caledonia , fur district . First created in 1805 as part of North West Company for operations , administered by Hudson 's Bay Company following the two companies ' forced merger in 1821 , until incorporated as the part of the Colony of British Columbia in 1858 , by which time the term `` New Caledonia '' had come to refer to the whole of the British Columbia mainland , not just the original fur district in what is now its Central Interior . </Li> <Li> Stikine Territory , also called Stickeen Territories , founded in 1862 in response to the Stikine Gold Rush to prevent an American takeover . </Li> <Li> North - Western Territory , a Hudson 's Bay Company trading area covering lands north and northwest of Rupert 's Land and , after 1863 , north of the Stikine Territory 's original boundary at the 62nd parallel . Its remnant was incorporated at the Yukon Territory after the part of it south of the 60th parallel was amalgamated to British Columbia . </Li> <Li> Nova Albion , never incorporated or settled , exact location unknown , claimed by Sir Francis Drake and one of the precedents for the British claims to the Pacific Northwest during the Oregon boundary dispute . </Li> <Li> the southeastern Alaska Panhandle was leased from the Russian Empire , from 1839 to 1867 , until the lease was ignored by both the Russians and Americans and , subsequently , by the Canadian and the British imperial governments , despite British Columbia 's protests . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Central and South America , Caribbean ( edit ) </H2> <H3> English and later British Caribbean colonies ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : History of the British West Indies and History of the Caribbean Planter and his wife , with a servant , circa 1780 <P> In order of settlement or founding : </P> <Ul> <Li> Saint Kitts -- The island was settled by Sir Thomas Warner in 1623 . The following year the French also settled part of St Kitts . After they massacred the Caribs , the British and French turned on each other and St Kitts changed hands between the two several times before the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) gave the island to Britain . It became independent as part of Saint Kitts and Nevis in 1983 . </Li> <Li> Barbados -- The island was claimed for the British Empire in 1625 , and later settled in 1627 as a proprietary colony of Anglo - Dutchman William Courten . It became an independent nation in 1966 . </Li> <Li> Nevis -- The island was permanently settled in 1628 . It became independent as part of Saint Kitts and Nevis in 1983 . </Li> <Li> Providencia Island -- part of an archipelago off the coast of Nicaragua , this island was settled in 1630 by English Puritans . The colony was conquered by the Spanish and became extinct in 1641 . The island is today administered by Colombia . Providence Island colony was a sister colony to the more well known Massachusetts Bay Colony . </Li> <Li> Antigua -- The island was settled in 1632 . It became independent as part of Antigua and Barbuda in 1981 . </Li> <Li> Barbuda -- The island was settled about 1632 . It became independent as part of Antigua and Barbuda in 1981 . </Li> <Li> Montserrat -- The island was settled in 1632 . It was occupied by the French in 1664 -- 68 and 1782 -- 84 . It remains a British territory . </Li> <Li> Bahamas -- The islands were settled from 1647 . They became independent in 1973 . </Li> <Li> Anguilla -- The island was settled in 1650 . Its government was united with St Christopher ( St Kitts ) from 1882 until 1967 , when it declared its separation . It was brought back under British administration in 1969 . It remains a British territory . </Li> <Li> Jamaica -- The island was conquered from Spain in 1655 . It became independent in 1962 . </Li> <Li> British Virgin Islands -- The islands were settled from 1666 . They remain a British territory . </Li> <Li> Cayman Islands -- The islands were acquired from Spain in 1670 . They remain a British territory . </Li> <Li> Turks and Caicos Islands -- The islands were first permanently settled in the 1750s . They remain a British territory . A linen market in the West Indies , circa 1780 </Li> <Li> Dominica -- The island was captured from the French in 1761 . The French occupied it again from 1778 to 1783 . Dominica became independent in 1978 . </Li> <Li> Trinidad and Tobago -- The island of Tobago was captured in 1762 . The island of Trinidad was captured from the Spanish in 1797 . The two governments were joined in 1888 . They became independent in 1962 . </Li> <Li> Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -- Saint Vincent was colonised in 1762 . France captured it in 1779 but returned it to Britain in 1783 . The islands were part of the British colony of the British Windward Islands from 1871 to 1958 . The nation gained full independence in 1979 . </Li> <Li> Grenada -- The island was conquered from France in 1762 . The French reoccupied it from 1779 to 1783 . It became independent in 1974 . </Li> <Li> Saint Lucia -- The island was captured from the French in 1778 , but returned in 1783 . In 1796 and in 1803 it was captured again , but permanently annexed by Britain in 1814 . Saint Lucia became independent in 1979 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> English and later British Central and South American colonies ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Belize -- from 1638 English adventurers used Belize as a source of logwood , a tree used to make a wool dye . The area was claimed by Spain but they had not settled it or been able to control the natives . The Spanish destroyed the British colony in 1717 , 1730 , 1754 and 1779 . The Spanish attacked a final time in 1798 , but were defeated . The colony was known as British Honduras from the 19th century until 1973 , when its name changed to Belize . Guatemalan claims to Belize delayed independence , but full independence was granted in 1981 . </Li> <Li> Mosquito Coast ( Nicaragua 's Caribbean coast ) -- This area was first settled by the English in 1630 . It was briefly assigned to Honduras in 1859 , along with the Bay Islands north of the country , then ceded to Nicaragua in 1860 ; the area was disputed until a treaty of 1965 divided the Mosquito Coast for each country . </Li> <Li> British Guiana -- The English began colonies in the Guiana area in the early 17th century . In the Treaty of Breda , the Dutch gained control of these colonies . Britain later controlled various colonies in the area . Britain ceded Suriname in exchange for New Amsterdam . The Congress of Vienna ( 1815 ) awarded the settlements of Berbice , Demerara , and Essequibo in the Guiana region to Great Britain ; they were united as British Guiana in 1831 . It became independent as Guyana in 1966 . Currently , Venezuela claims sovereignty over half of Guyana 's territory . </Li> <Li> Falkland Islands -- The British first established a presence on the Falkland Islands in 1765 but were compelled to withdraw for economic reasons related to the American War of Independence in 1774 . The islands continued to be used by British sealers and whalers , although the settlement of Port Egmont was destroyed by the Spanish in 1780 . Argentina attempted to establish a colony in the ruins of the former Spanish settlement of Puerto Soledad , which ended with the British return in 1833 . The islands have been under British control ever since , save for a brief Argentine occupation during the Falklands War of 1982 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Book : British colonization in north America ( from the reign of King James ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Atlantic World </Li> <Li> British West Indies </Li> <Li> Colonial South and the Chesapeake </Li> <Li> First Nations </Li> <Li> Historiography of the British Empire </Li> <Li> Imperialism </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` William Vaughan and New Cambriol '' . Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site Project . Memorial University of Newfoundland . Retrieved 9 January 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nicholas Canny , The Oxford History of the British Empire : Volume I : The Origins of Empire : British Overseas Enterprise to the Close of the Seventeenth Century , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 924676 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Early Settlement Schemes '' . Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site Project . Memorial University of Newfoundland. 1998 . Retrieved 9 January 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul O'Neill , The Oldest City : The Story of St. John 's , Newfoundland , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 9730271 - 2 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Colony of Avalon , ( 1 ) , Colony of Avalon Foundation , Revised March 2002 , accessed 27 August 2006 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Belize Position '' . Government of Belize . Archived from the original on 15 May 2006 . Retrieved 12 September 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gibran , Daniel ( 1998 ) . The Falklands War : Britain Versus the Past in the South Atlantic . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , Inc . pp. 26 -- 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 0406 - 3 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Elliott , John H. Empires of the Atlantic world : Great Britain and Spain in America , 1492 - 1830 ( Yale UP , 2007 ) . </Li> <Li> Louis , William Roger ( general editor ) , The Oxford History of the British Empire <Ul> <Li> vol 1 The Origins of Empire ed. by Nicholas Canny </Li> <Li> vol 2 The Eighteenth Century ed. by P.J. Marshall excerpt and text search </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lloyd ; T.O. The British Empire , 1558 - 1995 Oxford University Press , 1996 online edition </Li> <Li> Marshall , P.J. ( ed . ) The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire ( 1996 ) . excerpt and text search </Li> <Li> Robinson , Howard . The Development of the British Empire ( 1922 ) , 465pp edition </Li> <Li> Rose , J. Holland , A.P. Newton and E.A. Benians ( gen . eds . ) , The Cambridge History of the British Empire , 9 vols. ( 1929 -- 61 ) ; vol 1 : `` The Old Empire from the Beginnings to 1783 '' 934pp online edition Volume I </Li> <Li> Sobecki , Sebastian . `` New World Discovery '' . Oxford Handbooks Online ( 2015 ) . DOI : 10.1093 / oxfordhb / 9780199935338.013. 141 </Li> <Li> Taylor , Alan . American Colonies : The Settling of North America ( Penguin , 2002 ) . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Historiography ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Canny , Nicholas . `` Writing Atlantic History ; or , Reconfiguring the History of Colonial British America . '' Journal of American History 86.3 ( 1999 ) : 1093 - 1114 . in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Hinderaker , Eric ; Horn , Rebecca . `` Territorial Crossings : Histories and Historiographies of the Early Americas , '' William and Mary Quarterly , ( 2010 ) 67 # 3 pp 395 -- 432 in JSTOR </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Modern History Sourcebook has the account of the Gilbert 's trip to North America </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Former colonies and territories in Canada </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Norse </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Named territories </Dt> <Dd> Vinland </Dd> <Dd> Sites : </Dd> <Dd> L'Anse aux Meadows </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> French </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Claims </Dt> <Dd> New France <Dl> <Dd> Acadia </Dd> <Dd> Isle St - Jean </Dd> <Dd> Île Royale </Dd> <Dd> Canada </Dd> <Dd> Domaine du roy </Dd> <Dd> Louisiana </Dd> <Dd> Pays d'en Haut </Dd> <Dd> Terre Neuve </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Important sites </Dt> <Dd> Port Royal </Dd> <Dd> Quebec </Dd> <Dd> Trois - Rivières </Dd> <Dd> Montreal </Dd> <Dd> Louisbourg </Dd> <Dd> Plaisance </Dd> <Dd> List of towns </Dd> <Dd> List of forts </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spanish </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Claims </Dt> <Dd> New Spain </Dd> <Dt> Important sites </Dt> <Dd> Fort San Miguel , Nootka Sound </Dd> <Dt> Expeditions </Dt> <Dd> Newfoundland </Dd> <Dd> Pacific Northwest </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scottish </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Claims </Dt> <Dd> Nova Scotia ( 1621 ) </Dd> <Dt> Sites </Dt> <Dd> Port Royal Colony </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Russian </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Claims </Dt> <Dd> Russian America </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> American </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Claims </Dt> <Dd> Oregon Country </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> English & British </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Claims </Dt> <Dd> Newfoundland ( 1583 ) </Dd> <Dd> New Albion ( ? 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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=British_colonization_of_the_Americas&oldid=856272992 | 1,238,246,481,039,233,000 |
Clash of the Titans ( 1981 film ) - Wikipedia <H1> Clash of the Titans ( 1981 film ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Clash of the Titans </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Film poster by Brothers Hildebrandt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Desmond Davis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ray Harryhausen </Li> <Li> Charles H. Schneer </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Beverley Cross </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Harry Hamlin </Li> <Li> Laurence Olivier </Li> <Li> Judi Bowker </Li> <Li> Maggie Smith </Li> <Li> Burgess Meredith </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Laurence Rosenthal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Ted Moore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Timothy Gee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> United Artists </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> June 12 , 1981 ( 1981 - 06 - 12 ) ( US ) </Li> <Li> July 2 , 1981 ( 1981 - 07 - 02 ) ( UK ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 118 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $9 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $41 million ( North America ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Clash of the Titans is a 1981 British - American heroic fantasy adventure film directed by Desmond Davis and written by Beverley Cross which retells the Greek mythological story of Perseus . It stars Harry Hamlin , Judi Bowker , Burgess Meredith , Maggie Smith and Laurence Olivier . The film features the final work of stop motion visual effects artist Ray Harryhausen . It was released on June 12 , 1981 and grossed $41 million at the North American box office , which made it the 11th highest - grossing film of the year . A novelization of the film by Alan Dean Foster was published in 1981 . </P> <P> Warner Bros. released a 3D remake on April 2 , 2010 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Reception </Li> <Li> 5 Locations </Li> <Li> 6 Legacy </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> King Acrisius of Argos imprisons his daughter Danaë , jealous of her beauty . When the god Zeus impregnates her , Acrisius banishes his daughter and his newborn grandson Perseus to sea in a wooden chest . In retribution , Zeus kills Acrisius and orders Poseidon to release the last of the Titans , a gigantic sea monster called the Kraken , to destroy Argos . Meanwhile , Danaë and Perseus safely float to the island of Seriphos where Perseus grows to adulthood . </P> <P> Calibos , evil son of the sea goddess Thetis , is a young man engaged to marry Princess Andromeda , the beautiful daughter of Queen Cassiopeia and heiress to the rich city of Joppa ; but for committing several atrocities against Zeus , including hunting and destroying Zeus 's sacred flying horses ( excepting only Pegasus ) , Zeus transforms Calibos into a deformed monstrous creature . In revenge , Thetis transports an adult Perseus from Seriphos to an abandoned amphitheater in Joppa , where he is befriended by an elderly poet named Ammon and learns that Andromeda is under a curse and can not marry unless her suitor successfully answers a riddle whose failures are burned at the stake . In order to aid his son , Zeus sends Perseus a god - crafted helmet from Athena which makes its wearer invisible , a magical sword from Aphrodite , and a shield from Hera . Perseus , wearing the helmet , captures Pegasus and follows Calibos ' giant vulture that is carrying Andromeda 's soul to learn the next riddle . Perseus is nearly killed by Calibos but manages to sever one of Calibos ' hands , losing his helmet in the process . </P> <P> Perseus befriends Thallo and presents himself as suitor and correctly answers the riddle , presenting the severed hand of Calibos . Perseus wins Andromeda 's hand in marriage . Finding that Thetis can not act against Perseus , Calibos instead demands that she takes vengeance on Joppa . At the wedding , Queen Cassiopeia compares Andromeda 's beauty to that of Thetis herself , whereupon Thetis demands Andromeda be sacrificed to the Kraken on pain of Joppa 's destruction . </P> The gorgon Medusa . <P> Perseus seeks a way to defeat the Kraken , while Pegasus is captured by Calibos and his men . Zeus commands Athena to give Perseus her owl Bubo ; but she orders Hephaestus to build a golden replica of Bubo instead , who leads Perseus to the Stygian Witches . By taking their magic eye Perseus forces them to reveal that the only way to defeat the Kraken is by using the head of Medusa , who lives on an island in the River Styx at the edge of the Underworld . The next day , the group continues on their journey without Andromeda and Ammon , who return to Joppa . </P> The Kraken comes to claim Andromeda . <P> On the Gorgon 's island with three soldiers by his side , Perseus fights Medusa 's guardian , a two - headed dog named Dioskilos , who kills one of his companions but Perseus intervenes in the nick of time and kills the beast . Perseus leads his two remaining allies into the Gorgon 's lair . His two other companions die on encounter with Medusa herself ; she shoots one of the soldiers with an arrow and turns the other to stone . Perseus uses the reflective underside of his shield to deceive Medusa , decapitates her , and collects her head ; but the shield is dissolved by her caustic blood . As Perseus and his party set to return , Calibos enters their camp , forces Bubo into the water , scares the horses away , and punctures the cloak carrying Medusa 's head , causing her blood to spill and produce three giant scorpions . The scorpions attack and Thallo is able to kill one of them , but he and his fighting companion are both killed by Calibos himself . Perseus slays the other two scorpions and thereafter kills Calibos and grieves Thallo 's death . </P> <P> Weakened by his struggle , Perseus sends Bubo to rescue Pegasus , who is being held prisoner by Calibos ' henchmen . Bubo succeeds in his task and manages to destroy Calibos ' camp as well . Perseus reaches the amphitheater in Joppa , but collapses unconscious from exhaustion . Andromeda is shackled to the sea cliffs outside Joppa , and the Kraken itself is summoned . Bubo diverts the Kraken 's attention until Perseus , whose strength was secretly re-restored by Zeus before the Kraken was released , appears on Pegasus . In the subsequent battle , Perseus petrifies the Kraken with Medusa 's head , causing it to crumble to pieces . He then tosses the head into the sea , frees Andromeda , and marries her . </P> <P> The gods predict that Perseus and Andromeda will live happily , rule wisely , and produce children , and Zeus forbids the other gods to pursue vengeance against them . The constellations of Perseus , Andromeda , Pegasus , and Cassiopeia are created in their honor . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Harry Hamlin as Perseus </Li> <Li> Judi Bowker as Andromeda </Li> <Li> Burgess Meredith as Ammon </Li> <Li> Maggie Smith as Thetis </Li> <Li> Siân Phillips as Cassiopeia </Li> <Li> Claire Bloom as Hera </Li> <Li> Ursula Andress as Aphrodite </Li> <Li> Laurence Olivier as Zeus </Li> <Li> Pat Roach as Hephaestus </Li> <Li> Susan Fleetwood as Athena </Li> <Li> Tim Pigott - Smith as Thallo </Li> <Li> Jack Gwillim as Poseidon </Li> <Li> Neil McCarthy as Calibos </Li> <Li> Vida Taylor as Danaë </Li> <Li> Donald Houston as Acrisius </Li> <Li> Flora Robson , Anna Manahan and Freda Jackson as the Stygian Witches </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1978 , Andor Films submitted a copy of the script to the British Board of Film Classification , seeking advice on how to secure either a `` U '' or an `` A '' certificate . The draft script included scenes which the BBFC considered would not be acceptable under those certificates , including the Kraken tearing Pegasus to pieces and Andromeda being naked during the climax of the film . Changes to the script and , on submission , some cuts to Perseus ' final battle with Calibos were made and the film secured the `` A '' certificate : `` Those aged 5 and older admitted , but not recommended for children under 14 years of age '' . </P> <P> Ray Harryhausen used the special effects technique of stop motion animation to create the various creatures in Clash of the Titans , including Calibos , his vulture , Pegasus , Bubo the mechanical owl , Dioskilos , Medusa , the scorpions , and the Kraken . Harryhausen was also co-producer of the film , and retired from film - making shortly after the film was released , making this his last main feature film . Despite the mechanical owl Bubo 's similarities to the droid R2 - D2 of the 1977 film Star Wars , Harryhausen claimed that Bubo was created before Star Wars was released . The BBFC , reviewing the film for certification in 1981 , said that Harryhausen 's effects were well done and would give entertainment to audiences of all ages , but might appear a little `` old hat '' to those familiar with Star Wars and Superman . </P> <P> Columbia Pictures were initially set to distribute the film having made most of Harryhausen and producer Charles H. Schneer 's films , but after a change of guard at the studio , they dropped the project during pre-production , leading to Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer to pick it up instead . </P> <P> Stars Harry Hamlin and Ursula Andress were romantically involved at the time of production . Their son , Dimitri , was born in 1980 after filming was completed , and their relationship ended in 1982 . </P> <P> Jack Gwillim , who appeared as Poseidon , had earlier played the role of King Aeëtes in the original Jason and the Argonauts in 1963 . </P> <P> The film 's screenwriter , Beverley Cross , was married to Maggie Smith , who played Thetis , until his death in 1998 . Cross worked with producer Charles H. Schneer before , writing the screenplay for Schneer 's production of Jason and the Argonauts . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Clash of the Titans was released on June 12 , 1981 . By the time it finished its theatrical run , it had grossed $41,000,000 in North America . </P> <P> On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 68 % based on 40 reviews , and an average rating of 5.9 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` A goofy , old - school sword - and - sandal epic , Clash of the Titans mines Greek mythology for its story and fleshes it out with Ray Harryhausen 's charmingly archaic stop - motion animation techniques . '' </P> <P> In a book published in 2000 , Stephen R. Wilk suggested that `` most people today who are aware of the story of Perseus and Medusa owe their knowledge to ... Clash of the Titans . '' </P> <H2> Locations ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> The karst area in El Torcal de Antequera , Spain appears in the visit to the Stygian witches . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The Azure Window in Gozo , Malta , appears in the battle against the Kraken . </P> </Li> </Ul> <P> Other locations include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Cornwall , United Kingdom . </Li> <Li> The Albert R. Broccoli 007 Stage , at Pinewood Studios , United Kingdom . </Li> <Li> Paestum , Italy </Li> </Ul> <H2> Legacy ( edit ) </H2> <P> The four - issue comic book mini-series Wrath of the Titans ( 2007 ) , released by TidalWave Productions as part of their Ray Harryhausen Signature Series , picked up the story 5 years after the events of the film . </P> <P> The 3D remake Clash of the Titans ( 2010 ) and its sequel Wrath of the Titans ( 2012 ) were released by the property 's current rights holder Warner Bros . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of stop motion films </Li> <Li> List of historical drama films </Li> <Li> Greek mythology in popular culture </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Clash of the Titans ( A ) ( CUT ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harmetz , Aljean ( 9 September 1981 ) . `` HOLLYWOOD IS JOYOUS OVER ITS RECORD GROSSING SUMMER '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clash of the Titans ( 1981 ) - BoxOfficeMojo.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 1981 Yearly Box Office Results - BoxOfficeMojo.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Clash of the Titans Official site : Film poster '' . Clash-of-the-Titans.WarnerBros.com . February 2010 . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 3 - Deathly Hallows : Titans and Potter go to third dimension '' . Heat Vision Blog . January 27 , 2010 . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : From the Archive .... we look back at Clash of the Titans , BBFC , retrieved 2012 - 03 - 13 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ray Harryhausen and Tony Dalton , Ray Harryhausen : An Animated Life , page 270 ( London : Aurum Press Ltd , 2003 ) ISBN 1 - 85410 - 940 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Clash of the Titans '' . Box Office Mojo . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Clash of the Titans ( 1981 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilk , Stephen R. ( June 26 , 2000 ) . Medusa : Solving the Mystery of the Gorgon . p. 209 . ISBN 0 - 195 - 12431 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ray Harryhausen Presents : 20 Million Miles More # 1 ( Preview ) '' . CBR.com. 2013 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Clash of the Titans Commences Production for Warner Bros. Pictures and Legendary Pictures '' . Business Wire. April 25 , 2009 . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Medusa 's Head Hiding Within Perseus ' Sack ? Three Blind Witches ! '' . Bloody-disgusting.com . October 2 , 2009 . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Clash of the Titans Remake Stills '' . Dreadcentral.com . October 2 , 2009 . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Clash of the Titans ( 1981 film ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Clash of the Titans at AllMovie </Li> <Li> Clash of the Titans on IMDb </Li> <Li> Clash of the Titans at Box Office Mojo </Li> <Li> Clash of the Titans at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Desmond Davis </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Girl with Green Eyes ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> The Uncle ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> I Was Happy Here ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Smashing Time ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> A Nice Girl Like Me ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Clash of the Titans ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> The Sign of Four ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Camille ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Ordeal by Innocence ( 1985 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Clash of the Titans </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Clash of the Titans ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Clash of the Titans ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Wrath of the Titans ( 2012 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Soundtracks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Clash of the Titans ( 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Clash of the Titans ( 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clash_of_the_Titans_(1981_film)&oldid=832926542 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1981 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> 1980s fantasy films </Li> <Li> British films </Li> <Li> British fantasy adventure films </Li> <Li> British monster movies </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> American fantasy adventure films </Li> <Li> American monster movies </Li> <Li> Epic fantasy films </Li> <Li> Giant monster films </Li> <Li> Films based on Greco - Roman mythology </Li> <Li> Films directed by Desmond Davis </Li> <Li> Films set in classical antiquity </Li> <Li> Films set in ancient Greece </Li> <Li> Films shot at Pinewood Studios </Li> <Li> Films using stop - motion animation </Li> <Li> Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films </Li> <Li> United Artists films </Li> <Li> Witchcraft in film </Li> <Li> Greek gods in fiction </Li> <Li> Kraken in popular culture </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from December 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from May 2017 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from August 2017 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention </Li> <Li> Articles to be expanded from April 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles to be expanded </Li> <Li> Articles using small message boxes </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Lëtzebuergesch </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> 15 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 18 : 36 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Convicts in Australia - wikipedia <H1> Convicts in Australia </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about convicts transported to Australian penal colonies . For the Australian rules football team , see Australian Convicts . Drawing of convicts in New Holland , 1793 <P> Between 1788 and 1868 , about 162,000 convicts were transported by the British government to various penal colonies in Australia . </P> <P> The British government began transporting convicts overseas to American colonies in the early 17th century . When transportation ended with the start of the American Revolution , an alternative site was needed to relieve further overcrowding of British prisons and hulks . Earlier in 1770 , James Cook charted and claimed possession of the east coast of Australia for Britain . Seeking to pre-empt the French colonial empire from expanding into the region , Britain chose Australia as the site of a penal colony , and in 1787 , the First Fleet of eleven convict ships set sail for Botany Bay , arriving on 20 January 1788 to found Sydney , New South Wales , the first European settlement on the continent . Other penal colonies were later established in Van Diemen 's Land ( Tasmania ) in 1803 and Queensland in 1824 , while Western Australia , founded in 1829 as a free colony , received convicts from 1850 . Victoria and South Australia remained free colonies . Penal transportation to Australia peaked in the 1830s and dropped off significantly the following decade . The last convict ship arrived in Western Australia on 10 January 1868 . </P> <P> Many convicts were transported for petty crimes , while a significant number were political prisoners . More serious crimes , such as rape and murder , were punishable by death , and therefore not transportable offences . Once emancipated , most ex-convicts stayed in Australia and joined the free settlers , with some rising to prominent positions in Australian society . However , convictism carried a social stigma , and for some later Australians , convict origins would be a source of shame . Attitudes became more accepting in the 20th century and it is now considered by many Australians to be a cause for celebration to have a convict in one 's lineage . Around 20 % of modern Australians are descended from transported convicts . The convict era has inspired famous novels , films , and other cultural works , and the extent to which it has shaped Australia 's national character has been studied by many writers and historians . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Reasons for transportation </Li> <Li> 2 Penal settlements <Ul> <Li> 2.1 New South Wales </Li> <Li> 2.2 Norfolk Island </Li> <Li> 2.3 Tasmania </Li> <Li> 2.4 Victoria </Li> <Li> 2.5 Queensland </Li> <Li> 2.6 Western Australia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Women </Li> <Li> 4 Political prisoners </Li> <Li> 5 Cessation of transportation </Li> <Li> 6 Legacy <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Cultural depictions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Notable convicts transported to Australia </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 Sources </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Reasons for transportation ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Penal transportation William Hogarth 's Gin Lane , 1751 <P> According to Robert Hughes in The Fatal Shore , the population of England and Wales , which had remained steady at 6 million from 1700 to 1740 , began rising considerably after 1740 . By the time of the American Revolution , London was overcrowded , filled with the unemployed , and flooded with cheap gin . Poverty , social injustice , child labor , harsh and dirty living conditions and long working hours were prevalent in 19th - century Britain . Dickens ' novels perhaps best illustrate this ; even some government officials were horrified by what they saw . Only in 1833 and 1844 were the first general laws against child labour ( the Factory Acts ) passed in the United Kingdom . Crime had become a major problem and in 1784 a French observer noted that `` from sunset to dawn the environs of London became the patrimony of brigands for twenty miles around . '' </P> Prison hulks in the River Thames <P> Each parish had a watchman , but British cities did not have police forces in the modern sense . Jeremy Bentham avidly promoted the idea of a circular prison , but the penitentiary was seen by many government officials as a peculiar American concept . Virtually all malefactors were caught by informers or denounced to the local court by their victims . Pursuant to the so - called `` Bloody Code '' , by the 1770s there were 222 crimes in Britain which carried the death penalty , almost all of which were crimes against property . These included such offences as the stealing of goods worth over 5 shillings , the cutting down of a tree , the theft of an animal , even the theft of a rabbit from a rabbit warren . </P> <P> The Industrial Revolution led to an increase in petty crime due to the economic displacement of much of the population , building pressure on the government to find an alternative to confinement in overcrowded gaols . The situation was so dire that hulks left over from the Seven Years ' War were used as makeshift floating prisons . Eight of every 10 prisoners were in jail for theft . The Bloody Code was gradually rescinded in the 1800s because judges and juries considered its punishments too harsh . Since lawmakers still wanted punishments to deter potential criminals , they increasingly applied transportation as a more humane alternative to execution . Transportation had been employed as a punishment for both major and petty crimes since the seventeenth century . Around 60,000 convicts were transported to the British colonies in North America in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries . Transportation to the Americas ceased following Britain 's defeat in the American Revolutionary War . The number of convicts transported to North America is not verified although it has been estimated to be 50,000 by John Dunmore Lang and 120,000 by Thomas Keneally . The British American colony of Maryland received a larger felon quota than any other province . </P> <H2> Penal settlements ( edit ) </H2> <H3> New South Wales ( edit ) </H3> Main article : History of New South Wales The First Fleet arrives in Botany Bay , 21 January 1788 The Costumes of the Australasians : watercolour by Edward Charles Close shows the co-existence of convicts , their military gaolers , and free settlers . <P> Alternatives to the American colonies were investigated and the newly discovered and mapped East Coast of New Holland was proposed . The details provided by James Cook during his expedition to the South Pacific in 1770 made it the most suitable . </P> <P> On 18 August 1786 the decision was made to send a colonisation party of convicts , military , and civilian personnel to Botany Bay under the command of Admiral Arthur Phillip who was to be the Governor of the new colony . There were 775 convicts on board six transport ships . They were accompanied by officials , members of the crew , marines , the families thereof and their own children who together totaled 645 . In all , eleven ships were sent in what became known as the First Fleet . Other than the convict transports , there were two naval escorts and three storeships . The fleet assembled in Portsmouth and set sail on 13 May 1787 . </P> <P> The fleet arrived at Botany Bay on 20 January 1788 . It soon became clear that it would not be suitable for the establishment of a colony due to `` the openness of this bay , and the dampness of the soil , by which the people would probably be rendered unhealthy '' and Philip decided to examine Port Jackson , a bay mentioned by Captain Cook , about three leagues to the north . On 22 January a small expedition led by Phillips sailed to Port Jackson , arriving in the early afternoon : </P> <P> Here all regret arising from the former disappointments was at once obliterated ; and Governor Phillip had the satisfaction to find one of the finest harbours in the world , in which a thousand sail of the line might ride in perfect security . The different coves of this harbour were examined with all possible expedition , and the preference was given to one which had the finest spring of water , and in which ships can anchor so close to the shore , that at a very small expence quays may be constructed at which the largest vessels may unload . This cove is about half a mile in length , and a quarter of a mile across at the entrance . In honour of Lord Sydney , the Governor distinguished it by the name of Sydney Cove . </P> <P> There they established the first permanent European colony on the Australian continent , New South Wales , on 26 January . The area has since developed into the city of Sydney . This date is still celebrated as Australia Day . </P> <P> There was initially a high mortality rate amongst the members of the first fleet due mainly to shortages of food . The ships carried only enough food to provide for the settlers until they could establish agriculture in the region . Unfortunately , there were an insufficient number of skilled farmers and domesticated livestock to do this , and the colony waited for the arrival of the Second Fleet . The second fleet was an unprecedented disaster that provided little in the way of help and upon its delivery in June 1790 of still more sick and dying convicts , which actually worsened the situation in Port Jackson . </P> <P> Lieutenant - General Sir Richard Bourke was the ninth Governor of the Colony of New South Wales between 1831 and 1837 . Appalled by the excessive punishments doled out to convicts , Bourke passed ' The Magistrates Act ' , which limited the sentence a magistrate could pass to fifty lashes ( previously there was no such limit ) . Bourke 's administration was controversial , and furious magistrates and employers petitioned the crown against this interference with their legal rights , fearing that a reduction in punishments would cease to provide enough deterrence to the convicts . </P> <P> Bourke , however , was not dissuaded from his reforms and continued to create controversy within the colony by combating the inhumane treatment handed out to convicts , including limiting the number of convicts each employer was allowed to seventy , as well as granting rights to freed convicts , such as allowing the acquisition of property and service on juries . It has been argued that the suspension of convict transportation to New South Wales in 1840 can be attributed to the actions of Bourke and other men like Australian - born lawyer William Charles Wentworth . It took another 10 years , but transportation to the colony of New South Wales was finally officially abolished on 1 October 1850 . </P> <P> If a convict was well behaved , the convict could be given a ticket of leave , granting some freedom . At the end of the convict 's sentence , seven years in most cases , the convict was issued with a Certificate of Freedom . He was then free to become a settler or to return to England . Convicts who misbehaved , however , were often sent to a place of secondary punishment like Port Arthur , Tasmania or Norfolk Island , where they would suffer additional punishment and solitary confinement . </P> <H3> Norfolk Island ( edit ) </H3> Main article : History of Norfolk Island <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Norfolk Island military barracks <P> Within a month of the arrival of the First Fleet at Sydney Cove , a group of convicts and free settlers were sent to take control of Norfolk Island , a small island 1,412 kilometres ( 877 mi ) east of the coast of New South Wales . More convicts were sent , and many of them proved to be unruly ; early 1789 saw a failed attempt to overthrow Lieutenant Philip Gidley King , the island 's commandant . This was followed by the wreck of the HMS Sirius on one of the island 's reefs while attempting to land stores . </P> <H3> Tasmania ( edit ) </H3> Main article : History of Tasmania Penitentiary at the Port Arthur convict settlement , Tasmania <P> In 1803 , a British expedition was sent from Sydney to Tasmania ( then known as Van Diemen 's Land ) to establish a new penal colony there . The small party , led by Lt. John Bowen , established a settlement at Risdon Cove , on the eastern side of the Derwent River . Originally sent to Port Philip , but abandoned within weeks , another expedition led by Lieutenant - Colonel David Collins arrived soon after . Collins considered the Risdon Cove site inadequate , and in 1804 he established an alternative settlement on the western side of the river at Sullivan 's Cove , Tasmania . This later became known as Hobart , and the original settlement at Risdon Cove was deserted . Collins became the first Lieutenant - Governor of Van Diemen 's Land . </P> <P> When the convict station on Norfolk Island was abandoned in 1807 - 1808 , the remaining convicts and free settlers were transported to Hobart and allocated land for re-settlement . However , as the existing small population was already experiencing difficulties producing enough food , the sudden doubling of the population was almost catastrophic . </P> <P> Starting in 1816 , more free settlers began arriving from Great Britain . On 3 December 1825 Tasmania was declared a colony separate from New South Wales , with a separate administration . </P> Macquarie Harbour Penal Station , depicted by convict artist William Buelow Gould , 1833 <P> The Macquarie Harbour penal colony on the West Coast of Tasmania was established in 1820 to exploit the valuable timber Huon Pine growing there for furniture making and shipbuilding . Macquarie Harbour had the added advantage of being almost impossible to escape from , most attempts ending with the convicts either drowning , dying of starvation in the bush , or ( on at least two occasions ) turning cannibal . Convicts sent to this settlement had usually re-offended during their sentence of transportation , and were treated very harshly , labouring in cold and wet weather , and subjected to severe corporal punishment for minor infractions . </P> <P> In 1830 , the Port Arthur penal settlement was established to replace Macquarie Harbour , as it was easier to maintain regular communications by sea . Although known in popular history as a particularly harsh prison , in reality its management was far more humane than Macquarie Harbour or the outlying stations of New South Wales . Experimentation with the so - called model prison system took place in Port Arthur . Solitary confinement was the preferred method of punishment . </P> <P> Many changes were made to the manner in which convicts were handled in the general population , largely responsive to British public opinion on the harshness of their treatment . Until the late 1830s most convicts were either retained by Government for public works or assigned to private individuals as a form of indentured labour . From the early 1840s the Probation System was employed , where convicts spent an initial period , usually two years , in public works gangs on stations outside of the main settlements , then were freed to work for wages within a set district . </P> <P> Transportation to Tasmania ended in 1853 ( see section below on Cessation of Transportation ) . </P> <H3> Victoria ( edit ) </H3> William Buckley 's transportation and escape to live with the Wathaurong in 1803 , as depicted by 19th - century Aboriginal artist Tommy McRae . <P> In 1803 two ships arrived in Port Phillip , which Lt. John Murray in the Lady Nelson had discovered and named the previous year . The Calcutta under the command of Lieutenant - Colonel Collins transported 300 convicts , accompanied by the supply ship Ocean . Collins had previously been Judge Advocate with the First Fleet in 1788 . He chose Sullivan Bay near the present - day Sorrento , Victoria for the first settlement - some 90 km south of present - day Melbourne . About two months later the settlement was abandoned due to poor soil and water shortages and Collins moved the convicts to Hobart . Several convicts had escaped into the bush and were left behind to unknown fates with the local aboriginal people . One such convict , the subsequently celebrated William Buckley , lived in the western side of Port Phillip for the next 32 years before approaching the new settlers and assisting as an interpreter for the indigenous peoples . </P> <P> A second settlement was established at Westernport Bay , on the site of present - day Corinella , in November of 1826 . It comprised an initial 20 soldiers and 22 convicts , with another 12 convicts arriving subsequently . This settlement was abandoned in February 1828 , and all convicts returned to Sydney . </P> <P> The Port Phillip District was officially sanctioned in 1837 following the landing of the Henty brothers in Portland Bay in 1834 , and John Batman settled on the site of Melbourne . </P> <P> Between 1844 and 1849 about 1,750 convicts arrived there from England . They were referred to either as `` Exiles '' or the `` Pentonvillians '' because most of them came from Pentonville Probationary Prison . Unlike earlier convicts who were required to work for the government or on hire from penal depots , the Exiles were free to work for pay , but could not leave the district to which they were assigned . The Port Phillip District was still part of New South Wales at this stage . Victoria separated from New South Wales and became an independent colony in 1851 . </P> <H3> Queensland ( edit ) </H3> Main article : History of Queensland <P> In 1823 John Oxley sailed north from Sydney to inspect Port Curtis and Moreton Bay as possible sites for a penal colony . At Moreton Bay he found the Brisbane River , which Cook had guessed would exist , and explored the lower part of it . In September 1824 , he returned with soldiers and established a temporary settlement at Redcliffe . On 2 December 1824 , the settlement was transferred to where the Central Business District ( CBD ) of Brisbane now stands . The settlement was at first called Edenglassie . In 1839 transportation of convicts to Moreton Bay ceased and the Brisbane penal settlement was closed . In 1842 free settlement was permitted and people began to colonize the area voluntarily . On 6 June 1859 Queensland became a colony separate from New South Wales . </P> <H3> Western Australia ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Convict era of Western Australia Fremantle Prison gatehouse . The prison was built by convict labour in the 1850s . <P> Although a convict - supported settlement was established in Western Australia from 1826 to 1831 , direct transportation of convicts did not begin until 1850 . It continued until 1868 . During that period , 9,668 convicts were transported on 43 convict ships . The first convicts to arrive were transported to New South Wales , and sent by that colony to King George Sound ( Albany ) in 1826 to help establish a settlement there . At that time the western third of Australia was unclaimed land known as New Holland . Fears that France would lay claim to the land prompted the Governor of New South Wales , Ralph Darling , to send Major Edmund Lockyer , with troops and 23 convicts , to establish a settlement at King George Sound . Lockyer 's party arrived on Christmas Day , 1826 . A convict presence was maintained at the settlement for over four years . On 7 March 1831 control of the settlement was transferred to the Swan River Colony , and the troops and convicts were withdrawn . </P> <P> In April 1848 , Charles Fitzgerald , Governor of Western Australia , petitioned Britain to send convicts to his state because of labor shortages . Britain rejected sending fixed term convicts , but offered to send first offenders in the final years of their terms . </P> <P> Most convicts in Western Australia spent very little time in prison . Those who were stationed at Fremantle were housed in the Convict Establishment , the colony 's convict prison , and misbehaviour was punished by stints there . The majority , however , were stationed in other parts of the colony . Although there was no convict assignment in Western Australia , there was a great demand for public infrastructure throughout the colony , so that many convicts were stationed in remote areas . Initially , most offenders were set to work creating infrastructure for the convict system , including the construction of the Convict Establishment itself . </P> <P> In 1852 a Convict Depot was built at Albany , but closed 3 years later . When shipping increased the Depot was re-opened . Most of the convicts had their Ticket - of - Leave and were hired to work by the free settlers . Convicts also manned the pilot boat , rebuilt York Street and Stirling Terrace ; and the track from Albany to Perth was made into a good road . An Albany newspaper noted their commendable behaviour and wrote , `` There were instances in which our free settlers might take an example '' . </P> <P> Western Australia 's convict era came to an end with the cessation of penal transportation by Britain . In May 1865 , the colony was advised of the change in British policy , and told that Britain would send one convict ship in each of the years 1865 , 1866 and 1867 , after which transportation would cease . In accordance with this , the last convict ship to Western Australia , the Hougoumont , left Britain in 1867 and arrived in Western Australia on 10 January 1868 . </P> <H2> Women ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Convict Women in Australia <P> Approximately 20 % of the transportees were women . For protection , most quickly attached themselves to male officers or convicts . Although they were routinely referred to as courtesans , relatively few had been prostitutes in England as prostitution , like murder , was not a transportable offence . </P> <H2> Political prisoners ( edit ) </H2> Painting of the 1804 Castle Hill convict rebellion Fenian convicts escape from Fremantle in the 1876 Catalpa rescue . <P> Political prisoners made up a small proportion of convicts . They arrived in waves corresponding to political unrest in Britain and Ireland . They included the First Scottish Martyrs in 1794 ; British Naval Mutineers ( from the Nore Mutiny ) in 1797 and 1801 ; Irish rebels in 1798 , 1803 , 1848 and 1868 ; Scots Rebels ( 1820 ) ; Yorkshire Rebels ( 1820 and 1822 ) ; leaders of the Merthyr Tydfil rising of 1831 ; the Tolpuddle Martyrs ( 1834 ) ; Swing Rioters and Luddites ( 1828 -- 1833 ) ; American and French - Canadian prisoners from the Upper Canada rebellion and Lower Canada Rebellion ( 1839 ) , and Chartists ( 1842 ) . </P> <H2> Cessation of transportation ( edit ) </H2> <P> With increasing numbers of free settlers entering New South Wales and Van Diemen 's Land ( Tasmania ) by the mid-1830s , opposition to the transportation of felons into the colonies grew . The most influential spokesmen were newspaper proprietors who were also members of the Independent Congregation Church such as John Fairfax in Sydney and the Reverend John West in Launceston , who argued against convicts both as competition to honest free labourers and as the source of crime and vice within the colony . Bishop Bernard Ullathorne , a Catholic prelate who had been in Australia since 1832 returned for a visit to England in 1835 . While there he was called upon by the government to give evidence before a Parliamentary Commission on the evils of transportation , and at their request wrote and submitted a tract on the subject . His views in conjunction with others in the end prevailed . The anti-transportation movement was seldom concerned with the inhumanity of the system , but rather the hated stain it was believed to inflict on the free ( non-emancipist ) middle classes . </P> <P> Transportation to New South Wales ended in 1840 , by which time some 150,000 convicts had been sent to the colonies . The sending of convicts to Brisbane in its Moreton Bay district had ceased the previous year , and administration of Norfolk Island was later transferred to Van Diemen 's Land . </P> <P> The continuation of transportation to Van Diemen 's Land saw the rise of a well - coordinated anti-transportation movement , especially following a severe economic depression in the early 1840s . Transportation was temporarily suspended in 1846 but soon revived with overcrowding of British gaols and clamour for the availability of transportation as a deterrent . By the late 1840s most convicts being sent to Van Diemen 's Land ( plus those to Victoria ) were designated as `` exiles '' and were free to work for pay while under sentence . In 1850 the Australasian Anti-Transportation League was formed to lobby for the permanent cessation of transportation , its aims being furthered by the commencement of the Australian gold rushes the following year . The last convict ship to be sent from England , the St. Vincent , arrived in 1853 , and on 10 August Jubilee festivals in Hobart and Launceston celebrated 50 years of European settlement with the official end of transportation . </P> <P> Transportation continued in small numbers to Western Australia . The last convict ship , the Hougoumont , left Britain in 1867 and arrived in Western Australia on 10 January 1868 . In all , about 164,000 convicts were transported to the Australian colonies between 1788 and 1868 on board 806 ships . Convicts were made up of English and Welsh ( 70 % ) , Irish ( 24 % ) , Scottish ( 5 % ) and the remaining 1 % from the British outposts in India and Canada , Maoris from New Zealand , Chinese from Hong Kong and slaves from the Caribbean . </P> <P> Only South Australia and the Northern Territory had never accepted convicts directly from England but they still accepted ex-convicts from the other states . Many convicts were allowed to travel as far as New Zealand to make a new life after being given limited freedom , even if they were not allowed to return home to England . At this time the Australian population was approximately 1 million and the colonies could now sustain themselves without the need for convict labour . </P> <H2> Legacy ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2010 , UNESCO inscribed 11 Australian Convict Sites on its World Heritage List . The listing recognises the sites as `` the best surviving examples of large - scale convict transportation and the colonial expansion of European powers through the presence and labour of convicts . '' </P> <H3> Cultural depictions ( edit ) </H3> Marcus Clarke ( c. 1866 ) , author of For the Term of His Natural Life , Australia 's most famous convict novel Convict Alexander Pearce has inspired three feature films ( drawings by convict Thomas Bock , 1824 ) . <P> Convict George Barrington is ( perhaps apocryphally ) recorded as having written the prologue for the first theatrical play performed by convicts in Australia , one year after the First Fleet 's arrival . It is known as `` Our Country 's Good '' , based on the now - famous closing stanza : </P> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> From distant climes , o'er wide - spread seas , we come , </Dd> <Dd> Though not with much éclat or beat of drum , </Dd> <Dd> True patriots all : for , be it understood : </Dd> <Dd> We left our country for our country 's good . </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <P> The poems of Frank the Poet are among the few surviving literary works done by a convict while still incarcerated . His best - known work is `` A Convict 's Tour of Hell '' . A version of the convict ballad `` Moreton Bay '' , detailing the brutal punishments meted out by commandment Patrick Logan and his death at the hands of Aborigines , is also attributed to Frank . Other convict ballads include `` Jim Jones at Botany Bay '' . The ballad `` Botany Bay '' , which describes the sadness felt by convicts forced to leave their loved ones in England , was written at least 40 years after the end of transportation . </P> <P> Perhaps the most famous convict in all of fiction is Abel Magwitch , a main character of Charles Dickens ' 1861 novel Great Expectations . The most famous convict novel is Marcus Clarke 's For the Term of His Natural Life ( 1874 ) , followed by John Boyle O'Reilly 's Moondyne ( 1879 ) . Thomas Keneally explores the convict era in his novels Bring Larks and Heroes ( 1967 ) and The Playmaker ( 1987 ) . Convicts feature heavily in Patrick White 's take on the Eliza Fraser story , the 1976 novel A Fringe of Leaves . Convictism is canvassed in Bryce Courtenay 's `` Australian trilogy '' : The Potato Factory ( 1995 ) , Tommo & Hawk ( 1997 ) and Solomon 's Song ( 1999 ) . The title character of Peter Carey 's 1997 novel Jack Maggs is a reworking of Dickens ' Magwitch character . Many modern works of Tasmanian Gothic focus on the state 's convict past , including Gould 's Book of Fish ( 2001 ) by Richard Flanagan , a fictionalised account of convict artist William Buelow Gould 's imprisonment at Macquarie Harbour . Kate Grenville based the novel The Secret River ( 2005 ) on the life of her convict ancestor Solomon Wiseman . </P> <P> Along with bushrangers and other stock characters of colonial life , convicts were a popular subject during Australia 's silent film era . The first convict film was a 1908 adaptiation of Marcus Clarke 's For the Term of His Natural Life , shot on location at Port Arthur with an unheard - of budget of £ 7000 . This was followed by two more films inspired by Clarke 's novel : The Life of Rufus Dawes ( 1911 ) , which draws on Alfred Dampier 's stage production of His Natural Life , and the landmark For the Term of His Natural Life ( 1927 ) , one of the most expensive silent films ever made . W.J. Lincoln directed many convict melodramas including It Is Never Too Late to Mend ( 1911 ) , an adaptation of Charles Reade 's 1856 novel about cruelties of the convict system ; Moodyne ( 1913 ) , based on John Boyle O'Reilly's novel ; and Transported ( 1913 ) . Other early titles include Sentenced for Life , The Mark of the Lash , One Hundred Years Ago , The Lady Outlaw and The Assigned Servant , all released in 1911 . Few convict films were made after 1930 ; even the Australian New Wave of the 1970s , with its emphasis on Australia 's colonial past , largely avoided the convict era in favour of nostalgic period pieces set in the bush around the time of Federation . One exception is Journey Among Women ( 1977 ) , a feminist imagining of what life was like for convict women . Alexander Pearce , the infamous Tasmanian convict and cannibal , is the inspiration for The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce ( 2008 ) , Dying Breed ( 2008 ) and Van Diemen 's Land ( 2009 ) . </P> <H2> Notable convicts transported to Australia ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of convicts transported to Australia George Barrington Billy Blue Francis Greenway Jørgen Jørgensen Moondyne Joe <Ul> <Li> Esther Abrahams -- British Jew , who was one of the Jewish convicts ( about 1,000 in all ) and common law wife of a leader of the Rum Rebellion . </Li> <Li> Samuel Barsby -- first convict to be flogged </Li> <Li> Joseph Backler - transported for passing forged cheques , became a colonial painter </Li> <Li> Billy Blue -- black man from Jamaica , New York , established a ferry service </Li> <Li> James Blackburn -- Famous for contribution to Australian architecture and civil engineering </Li> <Li> William Bland -- naval surgeon transported for killing a man in a duel ; he prospered and was involved in philanthropy , and had a seat in the legislative assembly . </Li> <Li> Mary Bryant -- famous escapee </Li> <Li> William Buckley -- famously escaped and lived with Aboriginal people for many years </Li> <Li> John Cadman -- had been a publican , as a convict became Superintendent of Boats in Sydney ; Cadmans Cottage is a cottage granted to him . </Li> <Li> Martin Cash -- Famous escapee and bushranger </Li> <Li> William Chopin -- a convict whose work in prison hospitals in Western Australia grounded him in chemistry ; on receiving a ticket of leave he was appointed chemist at the Colonial Hospital , but preferred to open his own chemist shop . He was later convicted as an abortionist . </Li> <Li> Joseph Sullivan -- sentenced to fourteen years transportation for stealing , then killed for murdering his master and the other convicts in the area . </Li> <Li> Daniel Connor -- sentenced to seven years transportation for sheep stealing , became successful merchant , by the 1890s one of the largest landowners in central Perth . </Li> <Li> Daniel Cooper -- successful merchant . </Li> <Li> William Cuffay ( convict and tailor ) -- Black London Chartist leader who became an important workers ' rights leader in Hobart . </Li> <Li> John Davies -- co-founded The Mercury newspaper . </Li> <Li> Margaret Dawson -- First Fleeter , `` founding mother '' </Li> <Li> John Eyre -- painter and engraver </Li> <Li> William Field -- notable Tasmanian businessman and landowner </Li> <Li> Francis Greenway -- famous Australian architect </Li> <Li> William Henry Groom -- successful auctioneer and politician , served in the inaugural Australian Parliament . </Li> <Li> Laurence Hynes Halloran -- founded Sydney Grammar School . </Li> <Li> William Hutchinson -- public servant and pastoralist . </Li> <Li> John Irving -- doctor transported on First Fleet , was the first convict to receive an absolute pardon . </Li> <Li> Mark Jeffrey -- wrote famous autobiography </Li> <Li> Jørgen Jørgensen -- eccentric Danish adventurer influenced by revolutionary ideas who declared himself ruler of Iceland , later became a spy in Britain . </Li> <Li> Henry Kable -- First Fleet convict , arrived with wife and son ( Susannah Holmes , also a convict , and Henry ) filed 1st lawsuit in Australia , became wealthy businessman </Li> <Li> Lawrence Kavenagh -- notorious bushranger </Li> <Li> John `` Red '' Kelly -- Irish convict and father of bushranger Ned Kelly </Li> <Li> Solomon Levey -- wealthy merchant , endowed Sydney Grammar School . </Li> <Li> Simeon Lord -- pioneer merchant and magistrate in Australia </Li> <Li> Nathaniel Lucas -- one of the first convicts on Norfolk Island , where he became Master carpenter , later farmed successfully , built windmills , and was Superintendent of carpenters in Sydney . </Li> <Li> John Mitchel -- Irish nationalist </Li> <Li> Francis `` Frank the Poet '' McNamara -- composer of various oral convict ballads , including The Convict 's Tour to Hell </Li> <Li> John Boyle O'Reilly John Mortlock -- former marine </Li> <Li> Thomas Muir -- convicted of sedition for advocating parliamentary reform ; escaped from N.S.W and after many vicissitudes made his way to revolutionary France . </Li> <Li> Isaac Nichols -- entrepreneur , first Postmaster </Li> <Li> Kevin Izod O'Doherty -- Medical student , Young Irelander who was transported for treason . </Li> <Li> Robert Palin -- once in Australia , committed further crimes , and managed to be executed for a non-capital offence </Li> <Li> Alexander Pearce -- cannibal escapee </Li> <Li> Joseph Potaskie -- first Polish Jew to come to Australia . </Li> <Li> William Smith O'Brien -- famous Irish revolutionary ; sent to Van Diemen 's Land in 1849 after leading a rebellion in Tipperary </Li> <Li> John Boyle O'Reilly -- Famous escapee , poet and writer ; author of Moondyne </Li> <Li> William Redfern -- one of the few surgeon convicts </Li> <Li> Mary Reibey -- operated a fleet of ships </Li> <Li> James Ruse -- successful farmer </Li> <Li> Henry Savery -- Australia 's first novelist ; author of Quintus Servinton </Li> <Li> Robert Sidaway -- opened Australia 's first theatre </Li> <Li> James Squire -- English Romanichal ( Romany ) -- First Fleet convict and Australia 's first brewer and cultivator of hops . </Li> <Li> William Sykes -- historically interesting because he left a brief diary and a bundle of letters . </Li> <Li> John Tawell -- served his sentence , became a prosperous chemist , returned to England after 15 years , and after some time murdered a mistress , for which he was hanged . </Li> <Li> Samuel Terry -- wealthy merchant and philanthropist . </Li> <Li> James Hardy Vaux -- author of Australia 's first full length autobiography and dictionary . </Li> <Li> Mary Wade -- Youngest female convict transported to Australia ( 11 years of age ) who had 21 children and at the time of her death had over 300 living descendants . </Li> <Li> Joseph Wild -- explorer </Li> <Li> Solomon Wiseman -- merchant and operated ferry on Hawkesbury River hence town name Wisemans Ferry . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> British prison hulks </Li> <Li> Convicts on the West Coast of Tasmania </Li> <Li> Convict era of Western Australia </Li> <Li> Convict assignment </Li> <Li> Convict ships to New South Wales </Li> <Li> Convict women in Australia </Li> <Li> Convict hulk </Li> <Li> Cyprus mutiny </Li> <Li> French ship Neptune ( 1818 ) </Li> <Li> First Fleet </Li> <Li> List of convicts on the First Fleet </Li> <Li> Port Arthur , Tasmania </Li> <Li> Transport Board ( Royal Navy ) </Li> <Li> Unfree labour </Li> </Ul> <H2> Sources ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Alan Frost , Botany Bay : The Real Story , Collingwood , Black Inc , 2011 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 86395 - 512 - 6 </Li> <Li> Alexander , Alison . Editor . The Companion to Tasmanian History . Hobart , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 86295 - 223 - X </Li> <Li> Bateson , Charles , The Convict Ships , 1787 -- 1868 , Sydney , 1974 . </Li> <Li> Pardons & Punishments : Judge 's Reports on Criminals , 1783 to 1830 : HO ( Home Office ) 47 , volumes 304 & 305 , List and Index Society , The National Archives , Kew , England , TW9 4DU </Li> <Li> Gillen , Mollie , The Founders of Australia : a biographical dictionary of the First Fleet , Sydney , Library of Australian History , 1989 . </Li> <Li> Gordon Greenwood , Australia : A Social and Political History , Angus and Robertson 1955 . </Li> <Li> Hughes , Robert , The Fatal Shore , London , Pan , 1988 . </Li> <Li> A Pictorial History of Australia , Rex & Thea Rienits , Hamlyn Publishing group , 1969 . </Li> <Li> Robson , Lloyd . History of Tasmania , 2 Volumes . </Li> <Li> Edward Shann , An Economic History of Australia , Georgian House 1930 . </Li> <Li> John West , History of Tasmania , 1852 </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Convicts and the British colonies in Australia '' . Government of Australia . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Online records highlight Australia 's convict past '' , ABC News ( 25 July 2007 ) . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hirst , John ( July 2008 ) . `` An Oddity From the Start : Convicts and National Character '' , The Monthly . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BBC News - Booze '' . BBC . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Del Col , Laura ( 1988 ) . `` The Life of the Industrial Worker in Ninteenth - Century ( sic ) England '' . The Victorian Web . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Highes , ibid , p. 28 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Part I : History of the Death Penalty Archived 27 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Floating Prison : British Prison Hulks '' . Gould Genealogy & History . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ By the Gallows Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Butler , James Davie ( 1896 ) . `` British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies '' . The American Historical Review . 2 ( 1 ) : 12 -- 33 -- via JSTOR . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Phillip , Arthur ( 1789 ) . The Voyage Of Governor Phillip To Botany Bay With An Account Of The Establishment Of The Colonies Of Port Jackson and Norfolk Island ( 1789 ) . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ bpwxhtml0508 . `` Tocal 's convict 1822 - 1840 '' . Tocal . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Convicts Archived 12 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Westernport Settlement of 1826 -- 28 '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` King George 's Sound Settlement '' . State Records . State Records Authority of New South Wales . Archived from the original on 17 May 2014 . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hughes , ibid , p372 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Convicts To Australia ... Research Guide - Political Prisoners '' . Convicts to Australia . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Convicts and the British colonies in Australia '' . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australian Convict Sites '' . World Heritage List . UNESCO . 2010 . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Byrnes , Paul . Prisons on Film , Australian Screen . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kirby , Michael review of Collins , the Courts and The Colony , UNSW Press , 1996 . on Law and Justice Foundation of New South Wales website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D. Richards ' Transported to New South Wales : medical convicts 1788 -- 1850 ' British Medical Journal Vol 295 , 19 -- 26 December 1987 , p. 1609 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to convicts . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Searchable database of 123,000 + British Convicts sent to Australia - GenDatabase.com </Li> <Li> Family History Convicts Research Guide -- State Library of New South Wales </Li> <Li> Convict life -- State Library of New South Wales </Li> <Li> Australian Convict Transportation Registers </Li> <Li> The National Archives ( UK ) </Li> <Li> Convict Transportation Registers database </Li> <Li> The Albany Historical Society </Li> <Li> Convict Queenslanders </Li> <Li> Thomas J. Nevin 's photographs of Tasmanian convicts 1870s at the State Library of Tasmania </Li> <Li> Thomas J. Nevin 's photographs of Tasmanian convicts at the National Library of Australia </Li> <Li> Visualisation of the British Convict Transportation Registry </Li> <Li> The Convict Stockade </Li> <Li> `` Convicts and the British Colonies '' . Australian Government . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> State Records NSW ( 2010 ) . `` Order - in - Council ending transportation to New South Wales , 22 May 1840 '' . Dictionary of Sydney . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . ( CC - By - SA ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Convicts in Australia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Australia Day </Li> <Li> Emancipation </Li> <Li> Female factories </Li> <Li> Freedom </Li> <Li> History of Australia ( 1788 -- 1850 ) </Li> <Li> New Holland </Li> <Li> Women </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Penal colonies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cockatoo Island </Li> <Li> Rose Hill </Li> <Li> Sydney Cove </Li> <Li> Moreton Bay </Li> <Li> Redcliffe </Li> <Li> Maria Island </Li> <Li> Port Arthur </Li> <Li> Richmond </Li> <Li> Risdon Cove </Li> <Li> Macquarie Harbour ( History ) </Li> <Li> Norfolk Island ( History ) </Li> <Li> Saltwater River </Li> <Li> Sullivans Cove </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Events </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> First Fleet ( List ) </Li> <Li> Second Fleet </Li> <Li> Third Fleet </Li> <Li> Castle Hill Rebellion </Li> <Li> Bathurst Rebellion </Li> <Li> Catalpa rescue </Li> <Li> Rum Rebellion </Li> <Li> Norfolk Island mutinies </Li> <Li> Frederick escape </Li> <Li> Anti-Transportation League </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Governors and commandants </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arthur </Li> <Li> Bligh </Li> <Li> Bourke </Li> <Li> Brisbane </Li> <Li> Collins </Li> <Li> Darling </Li> <Li> Davey </Li> <Li> Denison </Li> <Li> Eardley - Wilmot </Li> <Li> Franklin </Li> <Li> Gipps </Li> <Li> Hunter </Li> <Li> Johnston </Li> <Li> King </Li> <Li> Logan </Li> <Li> Macquarie </Li> <Li> Paterson </Li> <Li> Phillip </Li> <Li> Sorell </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notable convicts and personnel </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Surgeons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> William Bland </Li> <Li> Arthur Bowes Smyth </Li> <Li> William Redfern </Li> <Li> D'Arcy Wentworth </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Entrepreneurs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Enoch Barratt </Li> <Li> Daniel Connor </Li> <Li> Daniel Cooper </Li> <Li> John Davies </Li> <Li> William Field </Li> <Li> William Hutchinson </Li> <Li> Mary Hyde </Li> <Li> Henry Kable </Li> <Li> Solomon Levey </Li> <Li> Simeon Lord </Li> <Li> Mary Reibey </Li> <Li> Robert Sidaway </Li> <Li> James Squire </Li> <Li> John Tawell </Li> <Li> Samuel Terry </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Architects </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> James Blackburn </Li> <Li> Francis Greenway </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bushrangers and escapees </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Charlotte Badger </Li> <Li> Matthew Brady </Li> <Li> Mary Bryant </Li> <Li> William Bryant </Li> <Li> William Buckley </Li> <Li> Moondyne Joe </Li> <Li> John Caesar </Li> <Li> Martin Cash </Li> <Li> William Chopin </Li> <Li> Michael Howe </Li> <Li> Lawrence Kavenagh </Li> <Li> John Mitchel </Li> <Li> Thomas Muir </Li> <Li> John Boyle O'Reilly </Li> <Li> Alexander Pearce </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Artists </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Joseph Backler </Li> <Li> Thomas Bock </Li> <Li> Richard Browne </Li> <Li> Knud Bull </Li> <Li> John Eyre </Li> <Li> William Buelow Gould </Li> <Li> Joseph Lycett </Li> <Li> Charles Rodius </Li> <Li> Thomas Griffiths Wainewright </Li> <Li> Thomas Watling </Li> <Li> James Walsh </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Politicians </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> William Cuffay </Li> <Li> William Henry Groom </Li> <Li> Kevin Izod O'Doherty </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chroniclers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Denis Cashman </Li> <Li> Margaret Catchpole </Li> <Li> Frank the Poet </Li> <Li> Henry Savery </Li> <Li> James Hardy Vaux </Li> <Li> John Acton Wroth </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Explorers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> John Baxter </Li> <Li> James Meehan </Li> <Li> Joseph Wild </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other convicts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Esther Abrahams </Li> <Li> John Baughan </Li> <Li> James Bloodsworth </Li> <Li> Billy Blue </Li> <Li> John Cadman </Li> <Li> Elizabeth Callaghan </Li> <Li> Margaret Dawson </Li> <Li> Laurence Hynes Halloran </Li> <Li> Mark Jeffrey </Li> <Li> Jørgen Jørgensen </Li> <Li> William Smith O'Brien </Li> <Li> Robert Palin </Li> <Li> Isaac Nichols </Li> <Li> Joseph Potaski </Li> <Li> James Ruse </Li> <Li> Elizabeth Thackery </Li> <Li> Mary Wade </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Popular culture </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Botany Bay '' </Li> <Li> `` Moreton Bay '' </Li> <Li> `` Jim Jones at Botany Bay '' </Li> <Li> `` Van Diemen 's Land '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> For the Term of His Natural Life ( 1908 ) </Li> <Li> The Assigned Servant ( 1911 ) </Li> <Li> It Is Never Too Late to Mend ( 1911 ) </Li> <Li> The Lady Outlaw ( 1911 ) </Li> <Li> The Life of Rufus Dawes ( 1911 ) </Li> <Li> The Mark of the Lash ( 1911 ) </Li> <Li> One Hundred Years Ago ( 1911 ) </Li> <Li> The Romantic Story of Margaret Catchpole ( 1911 ) </Li> <Li> Sentenced for Life ( 1911 ) </Li> <Li> Moondyne ( 1913 ) </Li> <Li> Transported ( 1913 ) </Li> <Li> The Tenth Straw ( 1926 ) </Li> <Li> For the Term of His Natural Life ( 1927 ) </Li> <Li> To New Shores ( 1937 ) </Li> <Li> Red Sky at Morning ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> Under Capricorn ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> Botany Bay ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Adam 's Woman ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Journey Among Women ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> The Incredible Journey of Mary Bryant ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Van Diemen 's Land ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> The Nightingale ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Against the Wind ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> For the Term of His Natural Life ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Banished ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The Secret River ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Literature </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Journals of the First Fleet </Li> <Li> It 's Never Too Late to Mend ( 1856 ) </Li> <Li> Great Expectations ( 1861 ) </Li> <Li> For the Term of His Natural Life ( 1872 ) </Li> <Li> Moondyne ( 1879 ) </Li> <Li> Bring Larks and Heroes ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> A Fringe of Leaves ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> The Playmaker ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Remembering Babylon ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> The Potato Factory ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Jack Maggs ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Gould 's Book of Fish ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> The Secret River ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Lieutenant ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Parrot and Olivier in America ( 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stage </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Transports ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Our Country 's Good ( 1988 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Art </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Charlotte Medal </Li> <Li> Port Jackson Painter </Li> <Li> Sydney punchbowls </Li> <Li> Twenty Dollar Note </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australian Convict Sites </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brickendon Estate </Li> <Li> Cadmans Cottage </Li> <Li> Cascades Female Factory </Li> <Li> Coal Mines </Li> <Li> Darlington Probation Station </Li> <Li> Elizabeth Farm </Li> <Li> Experiment Farm Cottage </Li> <Li> Great North Road </Li> <Li> Hyde Park Barracks </Li> <Li> Kingston and Arthurs Vale </Li> <Li> Lennox Bridge </Li> <Li> Old Government House </Li> <Li> Parramatta Female Factory </Li> <Li> Port Arthur </Li> <Li> Richmond Bridge </Li> <Li> Richmond Gaol </Li> <Li> Ross Female Factory </Li> <Li> Vaucluse House </Li> <Li> Woolmers Estate </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convicts_in_Australia&oldid=811081918 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Convictism in Australia </Li> <Li> History of Australia ( 1788 -- 1850 ) </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 </Li> <Li> Articles to be expanded from August 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles to be expanded </Li> <Li> Articles using small message boxes </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from March 2011 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> 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World population - wikipedia <H1> World population </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> An editor has expressed concern that this article may have a number of irrelevant citations . Please help improve this article by verifying these references and challenge any that are not reliable or do not support the article . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> World population estimates from 1800 to 2100 , based on `` high '' , `` medium '' and `` low '' United Nations projections in 2015 and UN historical estimates for pre-1950 data Population growth graph generated with data supplied by World Bank , via Google World population percentage by country <P> In demographics , the world population is the total number of humans currently living , and was estimated to have reached 7.63 billion as of May 2018 . </P> <P> World population has experienced continuous growth since the end of the Great Famine of 1315 -- 17 and the Black Death in 1350 , when it was near 370 million . The highest population growth rates -- global population increases above 1.8 % per year -- occurred between 1955 and 1975 , peaking to 2.06 % between 1965 and 1970 . The growth rate has declined to 1.18 % between 2010 and 2015 and is projected to decline further in the course of the 21st century . </P> <P> Total annual births were highest in the late 1980s at about 139 million , and as of 2011 were expected to remain essentially constant at a level of 135 million , while deaths numbered 56 million per year and were expected to increase to 80 million per year by 2040 . The median age of the world 's population was estimated to be 30.4 years in 2018 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="5"> World population ( millions , UN estimates ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> # </Th> <Th> Top ten most populous countries </Th> <Th> 2000 </Th> <Th> 2015 </Th> <Th> 2030 * </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> China * </Td> <Td> 1,270 </Td> <Td> 1,376 </Td> <Td> 1,416 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 1,053 </Td> <Td> 1,311 </Td> <Td> 1,528 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 283 </Td> <Td> 322 </Td> <Td> 356 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> 212 </Td> <Td> 258 </Td> <Td> 295 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 176 </Td> <Td> 208 </Td> <Td> 229 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> 138 </Td> <Td> 189 </Td> <Td> 245 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> 123 </Td> <Td> 182 </Td> <Td> 263 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> 131 </Td> <Td> 161 </Td> <Td> 186 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> 146 </Td> <Td> 146 </Td> <Td> 149 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> 127 </Td> <Td> 148 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> World total </Td> <Td> 6,127 </Td> <Td> 7,349 </Td> <Td> 8,501 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Notes : <Ul> <Li> China = excludes Hong Kong and Macau </Li> <Li> 2030 = Medium variant </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Population by region <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Population by continent </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Antiquity and Middle Ages </Li> <Li> 2.2 Modern era </Li> <Li> 2.3 Milestones by the billions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Global demographics </Li> <Li> 4 Largest populations by country <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Most densely populated countries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Fluctuation <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Population growth by region </Li> <Li> 5.2 Past population </Li> <Li> 5.3 Projections </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Mathematical approximations <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Years for world population to double </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Overpopulation <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Predictions of scarcity </Li> <Li> 7.2 Environmental impacts </Li> <Li> 7.3 Population control </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 Notes </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Population by region ( edit ) </H2> <P> Six of the Earth 's seven continents are permanently inhabited on a large scale . Asia is the most populous continent , with its 4.54 billion inhabitants accounting for 60 % of the world population . The world 's two most populated countries , China and India , together constitute about 36 % of the world 's population . Africa is the second most populated continent , with around 1.28 billion people , or 16 % of the world 's population . Europe 's 742 million people make up 10 % of the world 's population as of 2018 , while the Latin American and Caribbean regions are home to around 651 million ( 9 % ) . Northern America , primarily consisting of the United States and Canada , has a population of around 363 million ( 5 % ) , and Oceania , the least - populated region , has about 41 million inhabitants ( 0.5 % ) . Though it is not permanently inhabited by any fixed population , Antarctica has a small , fluctuating international population based mainly in polar science stations . This population tends to rise in the summer months and decrease significantly in winter , as visiting researchers return to their home countries . </P> <H3> Population by continent ( edit ) </H3> <Table> Population by continent ( 2016 estimates ) <Tr> <Th> Continent </Th> <Th> Density ( inhabitants / km ) </Th> <Th> Population ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Most populous country </Th> <Th> Most populous city ( metropolitan area ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> 96.4 </Td> <Td> 4,436 </Td> <Td> 1,382,300,000 - China </Td> <Td> 35,676,000 / 13,634,685 - Greater Tokyo Area / Tokyo Metropolis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Africa </Td> <Td> 36.7 </Td> <Td> 1,216 </Td> <Td> 0186,987,000 - Nigeria </Td> <Td> 21,000,000 - Lagos </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> 72.9 </Td> <Td> 738 </Td> <Td> 0145,939,000 - Russia ; approx. 112 million in Europe ) </Td> <Td> 15,029,231 - Istanbul </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North America </Td> <Td> 22.9 </Td> <Td> 579 </Td> <Td> 0324,991,600 - United States </Td> <Td> 23,723,696 / 8,537,673 - New York Metropolitan Area / New York City </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South America </Td> <Td> 22.8 </Td> <Td> 422 </Td> <Td> 0209,567,000 - Brazil </Td> <Td> 27,640,577 / 11,316,149 - Metro Area / São Paulo City </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oceania </Td> <Td> 4.5 </Td> <Td> 39.9 </Td> <Td> 0024,458,800 - Australia </Td> <Td> 5,005,400 - Sydney </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Antarctica </Td> <Td> 0.0003 ( varies ) </Td> <Td> 0.004 in summer ( non-permanent , varies ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 1,200 ( non-permanent , varies ) - McMurdo Station </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> See also : World population estimates and History of the world <P> Estimates of world population by their nature are an aspect of modernity , possible only since the Age of Discovery . Early estimates for the population of the world date to the 17th century : William Petty in 1682 estimated world population at 320 million ( modern estimates ranging close to twice this number ) ; by the late 18th century , estimates ranged close to one billion ( consistent with modern estimates ) . More refined estimates , broken down by continents , were published in the first half of the 19th century , at 600 to 1000 million in the early 1800s and at 800 to 1000 million in the 1840s . </P> <H3> Antiquity and Middle ages ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Classical demography and Medieval demography <P> Estimates of the population of the world at the time agriculture emerged in around 10,000 BC have ranged between 1 million and 15 million . Even earlier , genetic evidence suggests humans may have gone through a population bottleneck of between 1,000 and 10,000 people about 70,000 BC , according to the Toba catastrophe theory . By contrast , it is estimated that around 50 -- 60 million people lived in the combined eastern and western Roman Empire in the 4th century AD . </P> <P> The Plague of Justinian , which first emerged during the reign of the Roman emperor Justinian , caused Europe 's population to drop by around 50 % between the 6th and 8th centuries AD . The population of Europe was more than 70 million in 1340 . The Black Death pandemic of the 14th century may have reduced the world 's population from an estimated 450 million in 1340 to between 350 and 375 million in 1400 ; it took 200 years for population figures to recover . The population of China decreased from 123 million in 1200 to 65 million in 1393 , presumably due to a combination of Mongol invasions , famine , and plague . </P> <P> Starting in AD 2 , the Han Dynasty of ancient China kept consistent family registers in order to properly assess the poll taxes and labor service duties of each household . In that year , the population of Western Han was recorded as 57,671,400 individuals in 12,366,470 households , decreasing to 47,566,772 individuals in 9,348,227 households by AD 146 , towards the End of the Han Dynasty . At the founding of the Ming Dynasty in 1368 , China 's population was reported to be close to 60 million ; toward the end of the dynasty in 1644 , it may have approached 150 million . England 's population reached an estimated 5.6 million in 1650 , up from an estimated 2.6 million in 1500 . New crops that were brought to Asia and Europe from the Americas by Portuguese and Spanish colonists in the 16th century are believed to have contributed to population growth . Since their introduction to Africa by Portuguese traders in the 16th century , maize and cassava have similarly replaced traditional African crops as the most important staple food crops grown on the continent . </P> <P> The pre-Columbian North American population probably numbered somewhere between 2 million and 18 million . Encounters between European explorers and populations in the rest of the world often introduced local epidemics of extraordinary virulence . According to the most extreme scholarly claims , as many as 90 % of the Native American population of the New World died due to Old World diseases such as smallpox , measles and influenza . Over the centuries , the Europeans had developed high degrees of immunity to these diseases , while the indigenous peoples had no such immunity . </P> <H3> Modern era ( edit ) </H3> Map showing urban areas with at least one million inhabitants in 2006 . Only 3 % of the world 's population lived in urban areas in 1800 ; this proportion had risen to 47 % by 2000 , and reached 50.5 % by 2010 . By 2050 , the proportion may reach 70 % . <P> During the European Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions , the life expectancy of children increased dramatically . The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5 % in 1730 -- 1749 to 31.8 % in 1810 -- 1829 . Between 1700 and 1900 , Europe 's population increased from about 100 million to over 400 million . Altogether , the areas populated by people of European descent comprised 36 % of the world 's population in 1900 . </P> <P> Population growth in the West became more rapid after the introduction of vaccination and other improvements in medicine and sanitation . Improved material conditions led to the population of Britain increasing from 10 million to 40 million in the 19th century . The population of the United Kingdom reached 60 million in 2006 . The United States saw its population grow from around 5.3 million in 1800 to 106 million in 1920 , exceeding 307 million in 2010 . </P> <P> The first half of the 20th century in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of major wars , famines and other disasters which caused large - scale population losses ( approximately 60 million excess deaths ) . After the collapse of the Soviet Union , Russia 's population declined significantly -- from 150 million in 1991 to 143 million in 2012 -- but by 2013 this decline appeared to have halted . </P> <P> Many countries in the developing world have experienced extremely rapid population growth since the early 20th century , due to economic development and improvements in public health . China 's population rose from approximately 430 million in 1850 to 580 million in 1953 , and now stands at over 1.3 billion . The population of the Indian subcontinent , which was about 125 million in 1750 , increased to 389 million in 1941 ; today , India , Pakistan and Bangladesh are collectively home to about 1.63 billion people . Java had about 5 million inhabitants in 1815 ; its present - day successor , Indonesia , now has a population of over 140 million . In just one hundred years , the population of Brazil decupled ( x10 ) , from about 17 million in 1900 , or about 1 % of the world population in that year , to about 176 million in 2000 , or almost 3 % of the global population in the very early 21st century . Mexico 's population grew from 13.6 million in 1900 to about 112 million in 2010 . Between the 1920s and 2000s , Kenya 's population grew from 2.9 million to 37 million . </P> <H3> Milestones by the billions ( edit ) </H3> Main article : World population milestones <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="10"> World population milestones in billions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Population </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Td> 1804 </Td> <Td> 1927 </Td> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2024 </Td> <Td> 2042 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years elapsed </Th> <Td> -- -- </Td> <Td> 123 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> It is estimated that the world population reached one billion for the first time in 1804 . It was another 123 years before it reached two billion in 1927 , but it took only 33 years to reach three billion in 1960 . Thereafter , the global population reached four billion in 1974 , five billion in 1987 , six billion in 1999 and , according to the United States Census Bureau , seven billion in March 2012 . The United Nations , however , estimated that the world population reached seven billion in October 2011 . </P> <P> According to current projections , the global population will reach eight billion by 2024 , and will likely reach around nine billion by 2042 . Alternative scenarios for 2050 range from a low of 7.4 billion to a high of more than 10.6 billion . Projected figures vary depending on underlying statistical assumptions and the variables used in projection calculations , especially the fertility variable . Long - range predictions to 2150 range from a population decline to 3.2 billion in the `` low scenario '' , to `` high scenarios '' of 24.8 billion . One extreme scenario predicted a massive increase to 256 billion by 2150 , assuming the global fertility rate remained at its 1995 level of 3.04 children per woman ; however , by 2010 the global fertility rate had declined to 2.52 . </P> <P> There is no estimation for the exact day or month the world 's population surpassed one or two billion . The points at which it reached three and four billion were not officially noted , but the International Database of the United States Census Bureau placed them in July 1959 and April 1974 respectively . The United Nations did determine , and commemorate , the `` Day of 5 Billion '' on July 11 , 1987 , and the `` Day of 6 Billion '' on October 12 , 1999 . The Population Division of the United Nations declared the `` Day of 7 Billion '' to be October 31 , 2011 . </P> <H2> Global Demographics ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Demographics of the world 2012 map showing average life expectancy by country in years . In 2012 , the World Health Organization estimated the average global life expectancy as 70.5 years . <Table> <Tr> <Td> 80 + 77.5 + 75 + 72.5 + 70 + 67.5 + 65 + </Td> <Td> 60 + 55 + 50 + 45 + 40 + less than 40 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> As of 2012 , the global sex ratio is approximately 1.01 males to 1 female . The greater number of men is possibly due to the significant sex imbalances evident in the Indian and Chinese populations . Approximately 26.3 % of the global population is aged under 15 , while 65.9 % is aged 15 -- 64 and 7.9 % is aged 65 or over . The median age of the world 's population was estimated to be 29.7 years in 2014 , and is expected to rise to 37.9 years by 2050 . </P> <P> According to the World Health Organization , the global average life expectancy is 70.5 years as of 2012 , with women living an average of 73 years and men approximately 68 years . In 2010 , the global fertility rate was estimated at 2.52 children per woman . In June 2012 , British researchers calculated the total weight of Earth 's human population as approximately 287 million tonnes , with the average person weighing around 62 kilograms ( 137 lb ) . </P> <P> The CIA estimated nominal 2013 gross world product at US $74.31 trillion , giving an annual global per capita figure of around US $10,500 . Around 1.29 billion people ( 18.4 % of the world population ) live in extreme poverty , subsisting on less than US $1.25 per day ; approximately 870 million people ( 12.25 % ) are undernourished. 83 % of the world 's over-15s are considered literate . In June 2014 , there were around 3.03 billion global Internet users , constituting 42.3 % of the world population . </P> <P> The Han Chinese are the world 's largest single ethnic group , constituting over 19 % of the global population in 2011 . The world 's most - spoken first languages are Mandarin Chinese ( spoken by 12.44 % of the world 's population ) , Spanish ( 4.85 % ) , English ( 4.83 % ) , Arabic ( 3.25 % ) and Hindustani ( 2.68 % ) . The world 's largest religion is Christianity , whose adherents account for 31 % of the global population ; Islam is the second - largest religion , accounting for 24.1 % , and Hinduism the third , accounting for 13.78 % . In 2005 , around 16 % of the global population were reported to be non-religious . </P> <H2> Largest populations by country ( edit ) </H2> Further information : List of countries and dependencies by population A map of world population in 2014 <Table> 10 most populous countries <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Country / Territory </Th> <Th> Population </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Approx. % of world population </Th> <Th> Source </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 1,392,470,000 </Td> <Td> June 19 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 18.2 % </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 1,333,250,000 </Td> <Td> June 19 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 17.5 % </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 327,335,000 </Td> <Td> June 19 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 4.29 % </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> 261,600,000 </Td> <Td> October 31 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 3.43 % </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> 211,961,000 </Td> <Td> June 19 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 2.78 % </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 209,203,000 </Td> <Td> June 19 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 2.74 % </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> 188,500,000 </Td> <Td> October 31 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 2.47 % </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> 164,698,000 </Td> <Td> June 19 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 2.16 % </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> 146,773,226 </Td> <Td> June 1 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 1.92 % </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 126,670,000 </Td> <Td> September 1 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 1.66 % </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Approximately 4.3 billion people live in these ten countries , representing around 58 % of the world 's population as of March 2016 . Approximately 3.7 billion people , or half of the world population , live in the six most populous countries . </P> <H3> Most densely populated countries ( edit ) </H3> Further information : List of countries and dependencies by population density <P> The tables below list the world 's most densely populated countries , both in absolute terms and in comparison to their total populations . </P> Population density ( people per km ) map of the world in 1994 . Red and pink areas denote regions of highest population density . <Table> 10 most densely populated countries ( with population above 5 million ) <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Population </Th> <Th> Area ( km ) </Th> <Th> Density ( Pop . per km ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Singapore </Td> <Td> 5,612,300 </Td> <Td> 710 </Td> <Td> 7,905 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> 164,700,000 </Td> <Td> 143,998 </Td> <Td> 1,144 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Taiwan </Td> <Td> 23,562,318 </Td> <Td> 36,190 </Td> <Td> 651 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> 51,446,201 </Td> <Td> 99,538 </Td> <Td> 517 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> 6,082,000 </Td> <Td> 10,452 </Td> <Td> 582 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Rwanda </Td> <Td> 11,809,295 </Td> <Td> 26,338 </Td> <Td> 448 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> 17,230,000 </Td> <Td> 41,526 </Td> <Td> 415 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Haiti </Td> <Td> 10,911,819 </Td> <Td> 27,065 </Td> <Td> 403 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 1,333,250,000 </Td> <Td> 3,287,240 </Td> <Td> 406 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Israel </Td> <Td> 8,870,000 </Td> <Td> 22,072 </Td> <Td> 402 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Countries ranking highly in both total population ( more than 20 million people ) and population density ( more than 250 people per square kilometer ) : <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Population </Th> <Th> Area ( km ) </Th> <Th> Density ( Pop . per km ) </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 1,333,250,000 </Td> <Td> 3,287,240 </Td> <Td> 406 </Td> <Td> Growing population </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> 211,960,000 </Td> <Td> 803,940 </Td> <Td> 264 </Td> <Td> Rapidly growing population </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> 164,700,000 </Td> <Td> 143,998 </Td> <Td> 1,144 </Td> <Td> Rapidly growing population </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 126,670,000 </Td> <Td> 377,873 </Td> <Td> 335 </Td> <Td> Declining population </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Philippines </Td> <Td> 106,040,000 </Td> <Td> 300,000 </Td> <Td> 353 </Td> <Td> Growing population </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Vietnam </Td> <Td> 93,700,000 </Td> <Td> 331,689 </Td> <Td> 282 </Td> <Td> Growing population </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> 65,648,100 </Td> <Td> 243,610 </Td> <Td> 269 </Td> <Td> Slowly growing population </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> 51,446,201 </Td> <Td> 99,538 </Td> <Td> 517 </Td> <Td> Slowly growing population </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Taiwan </Td> <Td> 23,562,318 </Td> <Td> 36,190 </Td> <Td> 651 </Td> <Td> Steady population </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> 21,444,000 </Td> <Td> 65,610 </Td> <Td> 327 </Td> <Td> Growing population </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Fluctuation ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : World population growth , Population growth , and Projections of population growth Estimates of population evolution in different continents between 1950 and 2050 , according to the United Nations . The vertical axis is logarithmic and is in millions of people . <P> Population size fluctuates at differing rates in differing regions . Nonetheless , population growth is the long - standing trend on all inhabited continents , as well as in most individual states . During the 20th century , the global population saw its greatest increase in known history , rising from about 1.6 billion in 1900 to over 6 billion in 2000 . A number of factors contributed to this increase , including the lessening of the mortality rate in many countries by improved sanitation and medical advances , and a massive increase in agricultural productivity attributed to the Green Revolution . </P> <P> In 2000 , the United Nations estimated that the world 's population was growing at an annual rate of 1.14 % ( equivalent to around 75 million people ) , down from a peak of 88 million per year in 1989 . By 2000 , there were approximately ten times as many people on Earth as there had been in 1700 . Globally , the population growth rate has been steadily declining from its peak of 2.19 % in 1963 , but growth remains high in Latin America , the Middle East , and Sub-Saharan Africa . </P> A world map showing global variations in fertility rate per woman , according to the CIA World Factbook 's 2015 data . <Table> <Tr> <Td> 7 -- 8 children 6 -- 7 children </Td> <Td> 5 -- 6 children 4 -- 5 children </Td> <Td> 3 -- 4 children 2 -- 3 children </Td> <Td> 1 -- 2 children 0 -- 1 children </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> During the 2010s , Japan and some countries in Europe began to encounter negative population growth ( i.e. a net decrease in population over time ) , due to sub-replacement fertility rates . </P> <P> In 2006 , the United Nations stated that the rate of population growth was visibly diminishing due to the ongoing global demographic transition . If this trend continues , the rate of growth may diminish to zero by 2050 , concurrent with a world population plateau of 9.2 billion . However , this is only one of many estimates published by the UN ; in 2009 , UN population projections for 2050 ranged between around 8 billion and 10.5 billion . An alternative scenario is given by the statistician Jorgen Randers , who argues that traditional projections insufficiently take into account the downward impact of global urbanization on fertility . Randers ' `` most likely scenario '' reveals a peak in the world population in the early 2040s at about 8.1 billion people , followed by decline . Adrian Raftery , a University of Washington professor of statistics and of sociology , states that `` there 's a 70 percent probability the world population will not stabilize this century . Population , which had sort of fallen off the world 's agenda , remains a very important issue . '' </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Estimated world population figures , 10,000 BC -- AD 2000 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Estimated world population figures , 10,000 BC -- AD 2000 ( in log y scale ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> World population figures , 1950 -- 2000 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Estimated global growth rates , 1950 -- 2050 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Estimated and projected populations of the world and its continents ( except Antarctica ) from 1950 to 2100 . The shaded regions correspond to the range of projections by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Population growth by region ( edit ) </H3> Main article : World population growth Further information : Total fertility rate and Birth rate <P> The table below shows historical and predicted regional population figures in millions . The availability of historical population figures varies by region . </P> <Table> World historical and predicted populations ( in millions ) <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> 1500 </Th> <Th> 1600 </Th> <Th> 1700 </Th> <Th> 1750 </Th> <Th> 1800 </Th> <Th> 1850 </Th> <Th> 1900 </Th> <Th> 1950 </Th> <Th> 1999 </Th> <Th> 2008 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 2012 </Th> <Th> 2050 </Th> <Th> 2150 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> World </Th> <Td> 585 </Td> <Td> 660 </Td> <Td> 710 </Td> <Td> 791 </Td> <Td> 978 </Td> <Td> 1,262 </Td> <Td> 1,650 </Td> <Td> 2,521 </Td> <Td> 6,008 </Td> <Td> 6,707 </Td> <Td> 6,896 </Td> <Td> 7,052 </Td> <Td> 9,725 </Td> <Td> 9,746 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Africa </Th> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 114 </Td> <Td> 106 </Td> <Td> 106 </Td> <Td> 107 </Td> <Td> 111 </Td> <Td> 133 </Td> <Td> 221 </Td> <Td> 783 </Td> <Td> 973 </Td> <Td> 1,022 </Td> <Td> 1,052 </Td> <Td> 2,478 </Td> <Td> 2,308 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asia </Th> <Td> 282 </Td> <Td> 350 </Td> <Td> 411 </Td> <Td> 502 </Td> <Td> 635 </Td> <Td> 809 </Td> <Td> 947 </Td> <Td> 1,402 </Td> <Td> 3,700 </Td> <Td> 4,054 </Td> <Td> 4,164 </Td> <Td> 4,250 </Td> <Td> 5,267 </Td> <Td> 5,561 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe </Th> <Td> 168 </Td> <Td> 170 </Td> <Td> 178 </Td> <Td> 190 </Td> <Td> 203 </Td> <Td> 276 </Td> <Td> 408 </Td> <Td> 547 </Td> <Td> 675 </Td> <Td> 732 </Td> <Td> 738 </Td> <Td> 740 </Td> <Td> 734 </Td> <Td> 517 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latin America </Th> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> 167 </Td> <Td> 508 </Td> <Td> 577 </Td> <Td> 590 </Td> <Td> 603 </Td> <Td> 784 </Td> <Td> 912 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North America </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> 172 </Td> <Td> 312 </Td> <Td> 337 </Td> <Td> 345 </Td> <Td> 351 </Td> <Td> 433 </Td> <Td> 398 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oceania </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> World historical and predicted populations by percentage distribution <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> 1500 </Th> <Th> 1600 </Th> <Th> 1700 </Th> <Th> 1750 </Th> <Th> 1800 </Th> <Th> 1850 </Th> <Th> 1900 </Th> <Th> 1950 </Th> <Th> 1999 </Th> <Th> 2008 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 2012 </Th> <Th> 2050 </Th> <Th> 2150 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> World </Th> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Africa </Th> <Td> 14.7 </Td> <Td> 17.3 </Td> <Td> 14.9 </Td> <Td> 13.4 </Td> <Td> 10.9 </Td> <Td> 8.8 </Td> <Td> 8.1 </Td> <Td> 8.8 </Td> <Td> 13.0 </Td> <Td> 14.5 </Td> <Td> 14.8 </Td> <Td> 15.2 </Td> <Td> 25.48 </Td> <Td> 23.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asia </Th> <Td> 48.2 </Td> <Td> 53.0 </Td> <Td> 57.9 </Td> <Td> 63.5 </Td> <Td> 64.9 </Td> <Td> 64.1 </Td> <Td> 57.4 </Td> <Td> 55.6 </Td> <Td> 61.6 </Td> <Td> 60.4 </Td> <Td> 60.4 </Td> <Td> 60.3 </Td> <Td> 54.16 </Td> <Td> 57.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe </Th> <Td> 28.7 </Td> <Td> 25.8 </Td> <Td> 25.1 </Td> <Td> 20.6 </Td> <Td> 20.8 </Td> <Td> 21.9 </Td> <Td> 24.7 </Td> <Td> 21.7 </Td> <Td> 11.2 </Td> <Td> 10.9 </Td> <Td> 10.7 </Td> <Td> 10.5 </Td> <Td> 7.55 </Td> <Td> 5.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latin America </Th> <Td> 6.8 </Td> <Td> 3.0 </Td> <Td> 1.4 </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 2.5 </Td> <Td> 3.0 </Td> <Td> 4.5 </Td> <Td> 6.6 </Td> <Td> 8.5 </Td> <Td> 8.6 </Td> <Td> 8.6 </Td> <Td> 8.6 </Td> <Td> 8.06 </Td> <Td> 9.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North America </Th> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 0.3 </Td> <Td> 0.3 </Td> <Td> 0.7 </Td> <Td> 2.1 </Td> <Td> 5.0 </Td> <Td> 6.8 </Td> <Td> 5.2 </Td> <Td> 5.0 </Td> <Td> 5.0 </Td> <Td> 5.0 </Td> <Td> 4.45 </Td> <Td> 4.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oceania </Th> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 0.4 </Td> <Td> 0.3 </Td> <Td> 0.2 </Td> <Td> 0.2 </Td> <Td> 0.4 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 0.59 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Past population ( edit ) </H3> <P> The following table gives estimates , in millions , of population in the past . The data for 1750 to 1900 are from the UN report `` The World at Six Billion '' whereas the data from 1950 to 2015 are from a UN data sheet . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> World </Th> <Th> Africa </Th> <Th> Asia </Th> <Th> Europe </Th> <Th> Latin America & Carib . </Th> <Th> North America </Th> <Th> Oceania </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 70,000 BC </Th> <Td> < 0.015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10,000 BC </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8000 BC </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6500 BC </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5000 BC </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 4000 BC </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 3000 BC </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000 BC </Th> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1000 BC </Th> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 500 BC </Th> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> AD 1 </Th> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 141 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1000 </Th> <Td> 400 </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 269 </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1500 </Th> <Td> 458 </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 243 </Td> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1600 </Th> <Td> 580 </Td> <Td> 114 </Td> <Td> 339 </Td> <Td> 111 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1700 </Th> <Td> 682 </Td> <Td> 106 </Td> <Td> 436 </Td> <Td> 125 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1750 </Th> <Td> 791 </Td> <Td> 106 </Td> <Td> 502 </Td> <Td> 163 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1800 </Th> <Td> 1,000 </Td> <Td> 107 </Td> <Td> 656 </Td> <Td> 203 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1850 </Th> <Td> 1,262 </Td> <Td> 111 </Td> <Td> 809 </Td> <Td> 276 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1900 </Th> <Td> 1,650 </Td> <Td> 133 </Td> <Td> 947 </Td> <Td> 408 </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1950 </Th> <Td> 2,525 </Td> <Td> 229 </Td> <Td> 1,394 </Td> <Td> 549 </Td> <Td> 169 </Td> <Td> 172 </Td> <Td> 12.7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1955 </Th> <Td> 2,758 </Td> <Td> 254 </Td> <Td> 1,534 </Td> <Td> 577 </Td> <Td> 193 </Td> <Td> 187 </Td> <Td> 14.2 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1960 </Th> <Td> 3,018 </Td> <Td> 285 </Td> <Td> 1,687 </Td> <Td> 606 </Td> <Td> 221 </Td> <Td> 204 </Td> <Td> 15.8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1965 </Th> <Td> 3,322 </Td> <Td> 322 </Td> <Td> 1,875 </Td> <Td> 635 </Td> <Td> 254 </Td> <Td> 219 </Td> <Td> 17.5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970 </Th> <Td> 3,682 </Td> <Td> 366 </Td> <Td> 2,120 </Td> <Td> 657 </Td> <Td> 288 </Td> <Td> 231 </Td> <Td> 19.7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 4,061 </Td> <Td> 416 </Td> <Td> 2,378 </Td> <Td> 677 </Td> <Td> 326 </Td> <Td> 242 </Td> <Td> 21.5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980 </Th> <Td> 4,440 </Td> <Td> 478 </Td> <Td> 2,626 </Td> <Td> 694 </Td> <Td> 365 </Td> <Td> 254 </Td> <Td> 23.0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1985 </Th> <Td> 4,853 </Td> <Td> 550 </Td> <Td> 2,897 </Td> <Td> 708 </Td> <Td> 406 </Td> <Td> 267 </Td> <Td> 24.9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 5,310 </Td> <Td> 632 </Td> <Td> 3,202 </Td> <Td> 721 </Td> <Td> 447 </Td> <Td> 281 </Td> <Td> 27.0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1995 </Th> <Td> 5,735 </Td> <Td> 720 </Td> <Td> 3,475 </Td> <Td> 728 </Td> <Td> 487 </Td> <Td> 296 </Td> <Td> 29.1 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000 </Th> <Td> 6,127 </Td> <Td> 814 </Td> <Td> 3,714 </Td> <Td> 726 </Td> <Td> 527 </Td> <Td> 314 </Td> <Td> 31.1 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2005 </Th> <Td> 6,520 </Td> <Td> 920 </Td> <Td> 3,945 </Td> <Td> 729 </Td> <Td> 564 </Td> <Td> 329 </Td> <Td> 33.4 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 6,930 </Td> <Td> 1,044 </Td> <Td> 4,170 </Td> <Td> 735 </Td> <Td> 600 </Td> <Td> 344 </Td> <Td> 36.4 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2015 </Th> <Td> 7,349 </Td> <Td> 1,186 </Td> <Td> 4,393 </Td> <Td> 738 </Td> <Td> 634 </Td> <Td> 358 </Td> <Td> 39.3 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Using the above figures , the change in population from 2010 to 2015 was : </P> <Ul> <Li> World : + 420 million </Li> <Li> Africa : + 142 million </Li> <Li> Asia : + 223 million </Li> <Li> Europe : + 3 million </Li> <Li> Latin America and Caribbean : + 35 million </Li> <Li> Northern America : + 14 million </Li> <Li> Oceania : + 2.9 million </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Northern America comprises the northern-most countries and territories of North America : Canada , the United States , Greenland , Bermuda , and St. Pierre and Miquelon . Latin America comprises Mexico , Central America , the Caribbean , and South America . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Projections ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : World population estimates and Projections of population growth <P> Long - term global population growth is difficult to predict . The United Nations and the US Census Bureau both give different estimates -- according to the UN , the world population reached seven billion in late 2011 , while the USCB asserted that this occurred in March 2012 . The UN has issued multiple projections of future world population , based on different assumptions . From 2000 to 2005 , the UN consistently revised these projections downward , until the 2006 revision , issued on March 14 , 2007 , revised the 2050 mid-range estimate upwards by 273 million . </P> <P> Average global birth rates are declining fast , but vary greatly between developed countries ( where birth rates are often at or below replacement levels ) and developing countries ( where birth rates typically remain high ) . Different ethnicities also display varying birth rates . Death rates can change rapidly due to disease epidemics , wars and other mass catastrophes , or advances in medicine . </P> <P> 2012 United projections show a continued increase in population in the near future with a steady decline in population growth rate ; the global population is expected to reach between 8.3 and 10.9 billion by 2050 . 2003 UN Population Division population projections for the year 2150 range between 3.2 and 24.8 billion . One of many independent mathematical models supports the lower estimate , while a 2014 estimate forecasts between 9.3 and 12.6 billion in 2100 , and continued growth thereafter . Some analysts have questioned the sustainability of further world population growth , highlighting the growing pressures on the environment , global food supplies , and energy resources . </P> <Table> UN ( medium variant -- 2012 revision ) and US Census Bureau ( June 2015 ) estimates <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> UN est . ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Difference </Th> <Th> USCB est . ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Difference </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2005 </Th> <Td> 6,514 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 6,473 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 6,916 </Td> <Td> 402 </Td> <Td> 6,866 </Td> <Td> 393 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2015 </Th> <Td> 7,324 </Td> <Td> 408 </Td> <Td> 7,256 </Td> <Td> 390 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2020 </Th> <Td> 7,717 </Td> <Td> 393 </Td> <Td> 7,643 </Td> <Td> 380 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2025 </Th> <Td> 8,083 </Td> <Td> 366 </Td> <Td> 8,007 </Td> <Td> 363 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2030 </Th> <Td> 8,425 </Td> <Td> 342 </Td> <Td> 8,341 </Td> <Td> 334 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2035 </Th> <Td> 8,743 </Td> <Td> 318 </Td> <Td> 8,646 </Td> <Td> 306 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2040 </Th> <Td> 9,039 </Td> <Td> 296 </Td> <Td> 8,926 </Td> <Td> 280 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2045 </Th> <Td> 9,308 </Td> <Td> 269 </Td> <Td> 9,180 </Td> <Td> 254 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2050 </Th> <Td> 9,551 </Td> <Td> 243 </Td> <Td> 9,408 </Td> <Td> 228 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> UN 2012 estimates and medium variant projections ( in millions ) <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> World </Th> <Th> Asia </Th> <Th> Africa </Th> <Th> Europe </Th> <Th> Latin America / Caribbean </Th> <Th> Northern America </Th> <Th> Oceania </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 6,916 </Td> <Td> 4,165 ( 60.2 % ) </Td> <Td> 1,031 ( 14.9 % ) </Td> <Td> 740 ( 10.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 596 ( 8.6 % ) </Td> <Td> 347 ( 5.0 % ) </Td> <Td> 37 ( 0.5 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2015 </Th> <Td> 7,324 </Td> <Td> 4,385 ( 59.9 % ) </Td> <Td> 1,166 ( 15.9 % ) </Td> <Td> 743 ( 10.1 % ) </Td> <Td> 630 ( 8.6 % ) </Td> <Td> 361 ( 4.9 % ) </Td> <Td> 39 ( 0.5 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2020 </Th> <Td> 7,717 </Td> <Td> 4,582 ( 59.4 % ) </Td> <Td> 1,312 ( 17.0 % ) </Td> <Td> 744 ( 9.6 % ) </Td> <Td> 662 ( 8.6 % ) </Td> <Td> 376 ( 4.9 % ) </Td> <Td> 42 ( 0.5 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2025 </Th> <Td> 8,083 </Td> <Td> 4,749 ( 58.8 % ) </Td> <Td> 1,468 ( 18.2 % ) </Td> <Td> 741 ( 9.2 % ) </Td> <Td> 691 ( 8.5 % ) </Td> <Td> 390 ( 4.8 % ) </Td> <Td> 45 ( 0.6 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2030 </Th> <Td> 8,425 </Td> <Td> 4,887 ( 58.0 % ) </Td> <Td> 1,634 ( 19.4 % ) </Td> <Td> 736 ( 8.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 717 ( 8.5 % ) </Td> <Td> 403 ( 4.8 % ) </Td> <Td> 47 ( 0.6 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2035 </Th> <Td> 8,743 </Td> <Td> 4,997 ( 57.2 % ) </Td> <Td> 1,812 ( 20.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 730 ( 8.3 % ) </Td> <Td> 739 ( 8.5 % ) </Td> <Td> 415 ( 4.8 % ) </Td> <Td> 50 ( 0.6 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2040 </Th> <Td> 9,039 </Td> <Td> 5,080 ( 56.2 % ) </Td> <Td> 1,999 ( 22.1 % ) </Td> <Td> 724 ( 8.0 % ) </Td> <Td> 757 ( 8.4 % ) </Td> <Td> 426 ( 4.8 % ) </Td> <Td> 52 ( 0.6 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2045 </Th> <Td> 9,308 </Td> <Td> 5,136 ( 55.2 % ) </Td> <Td> 2,194 ( 23.6 % ) </Td> <Td> 717 ( 7.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 771 ( 8.3 % ) </Td> <Td> 436 ( 4.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 55 ( 0.6 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2050 </Th> <Td> 9,551 </Td> <Td> 5,164 ( 54.1 % ) </Td> <Td> 2,393 ( 25.1 % ) </Td> <Td> 709 ( 7.4 % ) </Td> <Td> 782 ( 8.2 % ) </Td> <Td> 446 ( 4.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 57 ( 0.6 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2055 </Th> <Td> 9,766 </Td> <Td> 5,168 ( 52.9 % ) </Td> <Td> 2,595 ( 26.6 % ) </Td> <Td> 700 ( 7.2 % ) </Td> <Td> 788 ( 8.1 % ) </Td> <Td> 456 ( 4.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 59 ( 0.6 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2060 </Th> <Td> 9,957 </Td> <Td> 5,152 ( 51.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 2,797 ( 28.1 % ) </Td> <Td> 691 ( 6.9 % ) </Td> <Td> 791 ( 7.9 % ) </Td> <Td> 465 ( 4.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 61 ( 0.6 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2065 </Th> <Td> 10,127 </Td> <Td> 5,120 ( 50.6 % ) </Td> <Td> 2,998 ( 29.6 % ) </Td> <Td> 681 ( 6.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 791 ( 7.8 % ) </Td> <Td> 474 ( 4.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 63 ( 0.6 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2070 </Th> <Td> 10,277 </Td> <Td> 5,075 ( 49.4 % ) </Td> <Td> 3,195 ( 31.1 % ) </Td> <Td> 673 ( 6.5 % ) </Td> <Td> 788 ( 7.6 % ) </Td> <Td> 482 ( 4.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 64 ( 0.6 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2075 </Th> <Td> 10,409 </Td> <Td> 5,019 ( 48.2 % ) </Td> <Td> 3,387 ( 32.5 % ) </Td> <Td> 665 ( 6.4 % ) </Td> <Td> 783 ( 7.5 % ) </Td> <Td> 490 ( 4.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 66 ( 0.6 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2080 </Th> <Td> 10,524 </Td> <Td> 4,957 ( 47.1 % ) </Td> <Td> 3,570 ( 33.9 % ) </Td> <Td> 659 ( 6.3 % ) </Td> <Td> 776 ( 7.4 % ) </Td> <Td> 496 ( 4.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 67 ( 0.6 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2085 </Th> <Td> 10,626 </Td> <Td> 4,894 ( 46.1 % ) </Td> <Td> 3,742 ( 35.2 % ) </Td> <Td> 653 ( 6.1 % ) </Td> <Td> 767 ( 7.2 % ) </Td> <Td> 502 ( 4.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 68 ( 0.6 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2090 </Th> <Td> 10,717 </Td> <Td> 4,833 ( 45.1 % ) </Td> <Td> 3,903 ( 36.4 % ) </Td> <Td> 649 ( 6.1 % ) </Td> <Td> 757 ( 7.1 % ) </Td> <Td> 506 ( 4.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 69 ( 0.6 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2095 </Th> <Td> 10,794 </Td> <Td> 4,773 ( 44.2 % ) </Td> <Td> 4,051 ( 37.6 % ) </Td> <Td> 644 ( 6.0 % ) </Td> <Td> 747 ( 6.9 % ) </Td> <Td> 510 ( 4.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 69 ( 0.6 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2100 </Th> <Td> 10,854 </Td> <Td> 4,712 ( 43.4 % ) </Td> <Td> 4,185 ( 38.6 % ) </Td> <Td> 639 ( 5.9 % ) </Td> <Td> 736 ( 6.8 % ) </Td> <Td> 513 ( 4.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 70 ( 0.6 % ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Mathematical approximations ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1975 , Sebastian von Hoerner proposed a formula for population growth which represented hyperbolic growth with an infinite population in 2025 . The hyperbolic growth of the world population observed until the 1970s was later correlated to a non-linear second order positive feedback between demographic growth and technological development . This feedback can be described as follows : technological advance → increase in the carrying capacity of land for people → demographic growth → more people → more potential inventors → acceleration of technological advance → accelerating growth of the carrying capacity → faster population growth → accelerating growth of the number of potential inventors → faster technological advance → hence , the faster growth of the Earth 's carrying capacity for people , and so on . The transition from hyperbolic growth to slower rates of growth is related to the demographic transition . </P> <P> According to the Russian demographer Sergey Kapitsa , the world population grew between 67,000 BC and 1965 according to the following formula : </P> <Dl> <Dd> N = C τ arccot T 0 − T τ ( \ displaystyle N = ( \ frac ( C ) ( \ tau ) ) \ operatorname ( arccot ) ( \ frac ( T_ ( 0 ) - T ) ( \ tau ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> where </P> <Ul> <Li> N is current population </Li> <Li> T is the current year </Li> <Li> C = ( 1.86 ± 0.01 ) 10 </Li> <Li> T = 2007 ± 1 </Li> <Li> τ ( \ displaystyle \ tau ) = 42 ± 1 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Years for world population to double ( edit ) </H3> <P> According to linear interpolation and extrapolation of UNDESA population estimates , the world population has doubled , or will double , in the years listed in the tables below ( with two different starting points ) . During the 2nd millennium , each doubling took roughly half as long as the previous doubling , fitting the hyperbolic growth model mentioned above . However , after 2024 , it is unlikely that there will be another doubling of the global population in the 21st century . </P> Historic chart showing the periods of time the world population has taken to double , from 1700 to 2000 <Table> Starting at 500 million <Tr> <Th> Population ( in billions ) </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> 0.5 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> 8 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Td_colspan="2"> 1500 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 1804 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 1927 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 2024 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Years elapsed </Th> <Td_colspan="2"> 304 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 123 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 47 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 50 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Starting at 375 million <Tr> <Th> Population ( in billions ) </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> 0.375 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> 0.75 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> 1.5 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> 6 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Td_colspan="2"> 1171 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 1715 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 1881 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 1960 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Years elapsed </Th> <Td_colspan="2"> 544 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 166 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 79 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 39 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Overpopulation ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Human overpopulation and Malthusian catastrophe <H3> Predictions of scarcity ( edit ) </H3> Greater Los Angeles lies on a coastal mediterranean savannah with a small watershed that is able to support at most one million people on its own water ; as of 2015 , the area has a population of over 18 million . Researchers predict that similar cases of resource scarcity will grow more common as the world population increases . <P> In his 1798 work An Essay on the Principle of Population , the British scholar Thomas Malthus incorrectly predicted that continued population growth would exhaust the global food supply by the mid-19th century . Malthus wrote the essay to refute what he considered the unattainable utopian ideas of William Godwin and Marquis de Condorcet , as presented in Political Justice and The Future Progress of the Human Mind . In 1968 , Paul R. Ehrlich reprised Malthus ' argument in The Population Bomb , predicting that mass global famine would occur in the 1970s and 1980s . </P> <P> The predictions of Ehrlich and other neo-Malthusians were vigorously challenged by a number of economists , notably Julian Lincoln Simon , and advances in agriculture , collectively known as the Green Revolution , forestalled any potential global famine in the late 20th century . Between 1950 and 1984 , as the Green Revolution transformed agriculture around the world , grain production increased by over 250 % . The world population has grown by over four billion since the beginning of the Green Revolution , but food production has so far kept pace with population growth . Most scholars believe that , without the Revolution , there would be greater levels of famine and malnutrition than the UN presently documents . However , neo-Malthusians point out that fossil fuels provided the energy for the Green Revolution , in the form of natural gas - derived fertilizers , oil - derived pesticides , and hydrocarbon - fueled irrigation , and that many crops have become so genetically uniform that a crop failure in any one country could potentially have global repercussions . </P> <P> In 2004 , a meta - analysis of 70 quantitative studies estimating a sustainable limit to the world population generated a meta - estimate of 7.7 billion people . </P> <P> In May 2008 , the price of grain was pushed up severely by the increased cultivation of biofuels , the increase of world oil prices to over $140 per barrel ( $880 / m ) , global population growth , the effects of climate change , the loss of agricultural land to residential and industrial development , and growing consumer demand in the population centres of China and India . Food riots subsequently occurred in some countries . However , oil prices then fell sharply . Resource demands are expected to ease as population growth declines , but it is unclear whether mass food wastage and rising living standards in developing countries will once again create resource shortages . </P> <P> David Pimentel , professor of ecology and agriculture at Cornell University , estimates that the sustainable agricultural carrying capacity for the United States is about 200 million people ; its population as of 2015 is over 300 million . In 2009 , the UK government 's chief scientific advisor , Professor John Beddington , warned that growing populations , falling energy reserves and food shortages would create a `` perfect storm '' of shortages of food , water , and energy by 2030 . According to a 2009 report by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation ( FAO ) , the world will have to produce 70 % more food by 2050 to feed a projected extra 2.3 billion people . </P> <P> The observed figures for 2007 showed an actual increase in absolute numbers of undernourished people in the world , with 923 million undernourished in 2007 , versus 832 million in 1995 . The 2009 FAO estimates showed an even more dramatic increase , to 1.02 billion . </P> <H3> Environmental impacts ( edit ) </H3> See also : Human impact on the environment Illegal slash - and - burn agriculture in Madagascar , 2010 <P> A number of scientists have argued that the current global population expansion and accompanying increase in resource consumption threatens the world 's ecosystem . The InterAcademy Panel Statement on Population Growth , which was ratified by 58 member national academies in 1994 , states that `` unprecedented '' population growth aggravates many environmental problems , including rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide , global warming , and pollution . Indeed , some analysts claim that overpopulation 's most serious impact is its effect on the environment . The situation has continued to worsen , as at the time of the 1994 IAP statement , the world population stood at 5.5 billion and lower - bound scenarios predicted a peak of 7.8 billion by 2050 , a number that current estimates state will be reached in the late 2020s . </P> <P> Scientists contend that human overpopulation , continued human population growth and overconsumption , particularly by the wealthy , are the primary drivers of mass species extinction . By 2050 population growth , along with profligate consumption , could result in oceans containing more plastic than fish by weight . In November 2017 , a statement by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries asserted that rapid human population growth is the `` primary driver behind many ecological and even societal threats . '' </P> <P> A July 2017 study published in Environmental Research Letters argued that the most significant way individuals could mitigate their own carbon footprint is to have fewer children , followed by living without a vehicle , forgoing air travel and adopting a plant - based diet . </P> <H3> Population control ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Human population planning India is predicted to overtake China as the world 's most populous country by 2022 . <P> Human population control is the practice of intervening to alter the rate of population growth . Historically , human population control has been implemented by limiting a region 's birth rate , by voluntary contraception or by government mandate . It has been undertaken as a response to factors including high or increasing levels of poverty , environmental concerns , and religious reasons . The use of abortion in some population control strategies has caused controversy , with religious organizations such as the Roman Catholic Church explicitly opposing any intervention in the human reproductive process . </P> <P> The University of Nebraska publication Green Illusions argues that population control to alleviate environmental pressures need not be coercive . It states that `` Women who are educated , economically engaged , and in control of their own bodies can enjoy the freedom of bearing children at their own pace , which happens to be a rate that is appropriate for the aggregate ecological endowment of our planet . '' The book Fatal Misconception by Matthew Connelly similarly points to the importance of supporting the rights of women in bringing population levels down over time . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Anthropocene </Li> <Li> Birth control </Li> <Li> Coastal population growth </Li> <Li> Demographic transition </Li> <Li> Depopulation </Li> <Li> Doomsday argument </Li> <Li> Family planning </Li> <Li> Food security </Li> <Li> Megacity </Li> <Li> Natalism </Li> <Li> One - child policy </Li> <Li> Population boom </Li> <Li> Population Matters , population control think tank and campaign group </Li> <Li> Population Reference Bureau , population demographics and annual World Population Data Sheet </Li> <Li> Two - child policy </Li> <Li> World 's largest cities </Li> </Ul> <P> Lists : </P> <Ul> <Li> List of countries and dependencies by population </Li> <Li> List of urban areas by population </Li> <Li> List of population concern organizations </Li> <Li> List of countries by fertility rate </Li> <Li> List of countries by future population ( United Nations , medium fertility variant ) </Li> <Li> List of countries by past and future population </Li> <Li> List of countries by population in 1900 </Li> <Li> List of countries by population density </Li> <Li> List of countries by population growth rate </Li> <Li> Lists of organisms by population -- for non-human global populations </Li> <Li> List of religious populations </Li> </Ul> <P> Historical : </P> <Ul> <Li> Historical censuses </Li> <Li> Historical demography </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Excluding its Special Administrative Regions ( SARs ) of Hong Kong and Macau . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Including Central America and the Caribbean . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Antarctic Treaty System limits the nature of national claims in Antarctica . Of the territorial claims in Antarctica , the Ross Dependency has the largest population . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Figure refers to Mainland China only . It excludes Taiwan and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Figure including Crimea and Sevastopol . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World Population Clock : 7.6 Billion People ( 2017 ) - Worldometers '' . www.worldometers.info . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jean - Noël Biraben ( 1980 ) , `` An Essay Concerning Mankind 's Evolution '' . Population , Selected Papers . Vol. 4 . pp. 1 -- 13 . Original paper in French : ( b ) Jean - Noël Biraben ( 1979 ). `` Essai sur l'évolution du nombre des hommes '' . Population . Vol. 34 ( no . 1 ) . pp. 13 -- 25 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations '' . esa.un.org . 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Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ecological Debt Day '' . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2008 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Planetary Boundaries : Specials '' . Nature . September 23 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IAP ( login required ) '' . InterAcademies.net . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2010 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pimm , S.L. ; Jenkins , C.N. ; Abell , R. ; Brooks , T.M. ; Gittleman , J.L. ; Joppa , L.N. ; Raven , P.H. ; Roberts , C.M. ; Sexton , J.O. ( 30 May 2014 ) . `` The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction , distribution , and protection '' ( PDF ) . Science . 344 ( 6187 ) : 1246752 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1246752 . PMID 24876501 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ceballos , Gerardo ; Ehrlich , Paul R. ; Barnosky , Anthony D. ; García , Andrés ; Pringle , Robert M. ; Palmer , Todd M. ( 2015 ) . `` Accelerated modern human -- induced species losses : Entering the sixth mass extinction '' . Science Advances. 1 ( 5 ) : e1400253 . Bibcode : 2015SciA ... 1E0253C . doi : 10.1126 / sciadv. 1400253 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sutter , John D. ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` How to stop the sixth mass extinction '' . CNN . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ceballos , Gerardo ; Ehrlich , Paul R ; Dirzo , Rodolfo ( 23 May 2017 ) . `` Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines '' . PNAS. 114 : 201704949 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1704949114 . PMC 5544311 . PMID 28696295 . Much less frequently mentioned are , however , the ultimate drivers of those immediate causes of biotic destruction , namely , human overpopulation and continued population growth , and overconsumption , especially by the rich . These drivers , all of which trace to the fiction that perpetual growth can occur on a finite planet , are themselves increasing rapidly . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ripple WJ , Wolf C , Newsome TM , Galetti M , Alamgir M , Crist E , Mahmoud MI , Laurance WF ( 13 November 2017 ) . `` World Scientists ' Warning to Humanity : A Second Notice '' . BioScience . doi : 10.1093 / biosci / bix125 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Perkins , Sid ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` The best way to reduce your carbon footprint is one the government is n't telling you about '' . Science . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Some population control programs , such as China 's one - child policy , entail the use of forced late - term abortions , sparking domestic anger and international condemnation : `` China one - child policy leads to forced abortions , mothers ' deaths '' . Los Angeles Times . June 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fighting poverty to build peace '' . Vatican . January 1 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zehmer , Ozzie ( 2012 ) . Green lllusions . Lincoln and London : University of Nebraska . p. 188 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Connelly , Matthew ( 2008 ) . Fatal Misconception : The Struggle to Control World Population . Harvard University Press via Google Books . ISBN 9780674029835 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to World population statistics . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Further reading </P> <Ul> <Li> Cohen , Joel E. ( 1995 ) . How Many People Can The Earth Support ? . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31495 - 2 . </Li> <Li> `` World Population Prospects , the 2012 Revision '' . United Nations Population Division . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> `` World Population Prospects , the 2010 Revision '' . United Nations Population Division . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> `` World Population History Graph '' World population graph 10000 BC - AD 1950 . </Li> <Li> `` Symptoms of The Global Demographic Decline '' . Demographia.ru . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> World Factbook 2012 . US Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> `` The World in Balance '' ( transcript ) . Two - part PBS Nova on world population . April 20 , 2004 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> `` The Environmental Politics of Population and Overpopulation '' . University of California , Berkeley . 2012 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> `` Global population : Faces of the future '' . The Economist . June 22 , 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> `` Creating new life -- and other ways to feed the world '' . BBC . July 23 , 2013 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> World Population Growth ( Oct 2016 ) , Esteban Ortiz - Ospina and Max Roser , OurWorldInData.org </Li> </Ul> <P> Organizations </P> <Ul> <Li> Optimum Population Trust </Li> <Li> The Day of 6 Billion and 7 Billion -- Official homepages maintained by UNFPA </Li> <Li> Population Reference Bureau -- News and issues related to population </Li> <Li> Berlin Institute for Population and Development </Li> </Ul> <P> Statistics and maps </P> <Ul> <Li> HiveGroup.com -- World population statistics presented in a treemap interface </Li> <Li> PopulationLabs.com -- World population map and graph </Li> <Li> PopulationData.net -- Information and maps about populations around the world </Li> <Li> GeoHive.com -- World statistics including population and future predictions </Li> <Li> Win.tue.nl -- World countries mapped by population size </Li> <Li> World-statistics.org -- World statistics including population and projections </Li> </Ul> <P> Population clocks </P> <Ul> <Li> U.S. and World Population Clock ( US Census Bureau ) </Li> <Li> People in the world </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Global human population </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Major topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Biocapacity </Li> <Li> Optimum population </Li> <Li> Overpopulation <Ul> <Li> Malthusian catastrophe </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Population </Li> <Li> Population ethics </Li> <Li> Population momentum </Li> <Li> Sustainable development </Li> <Li> Women 's reproductive rights </Li> <Li> Zero population growth </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Biological and related topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Family planning <Ul> <Li> Pledge two or fewer </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Human population planning <Ul> <Li> One - child policy </Li> <Li> Two - child policy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Population biology </Li> <Li> Population decline </Li> <Li> Population density <Ul> <Li> Physiological density </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Population dynamics </Li> <Li> Population growth </Li> <Li> Population model </Li> <Li> Population pyramid </Li> <Li> Projections of population growth </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Human impact on the environment </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Deforestation </Li> <Li> Desalination </Li> <Li> Desertification </Li> <Li> Environmental impact <Ul> <Li> of agriculture </Li> <Li> of aviation </Li> <Li> of biodiesel </Li> <Li> of concrete </Li> <Li> of electricity generation </Li> <Li> of the energy industry </Li> <Li> of fishing </Li> <Li> of irrigation </Li> <Li> of mining </Li> <Li> of off - roading </Li> <Li> of oil shale industry </Li> <Li> of palm oil </Li> <Li> of paper </Li> <Li> of the petroleum industry </Li> <Li> of reservoirs </Li> <Li> of shipping </Li> <Li> of war </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Industrialisation </Li> <Li> Land degradation </Li> <Li> Land reclamation </Li> <Li> Overconsumption </Li> <Li> Pollution </Li> <Li> Quarrying </Li> <Li> Urbanization <Ul> <Li> Loss of green belts </Li> <Li> Urban sprawl </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Waste </Li> <Li> Water scarcity <Ul> <Li> Overdrafting </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Population ecology </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Carrying capacity </Li> <Li> Deep ecology </Li> <Li> Earth 's energy budget </Li> <Li> Food security </Li> <Li> Habitat destruction </Li> <Li> I = P × A × T </Li> <Li> Malthusian growth model </Li> <Li> Overshoot ( population ) </Li> <Li> World energy consumption </Li> <Li> World energy resources </Li> <Li> World3 model </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Literature </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Modest Proposal </Li> <Li> Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind , Peopling of Countries , etc . </Li> <Li> An Essay on the Principle of Population </Li> <Li> `` How Much Land Does a Man Need ? '' </Li> <Li> Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth </Li> <Li> Population Control : Real Costs , Illusory Benefits </Li> <Li> The Limits to Growth </Li> <Li> The Population Bomb </Li> <Li> The Skeptical Environmentalist </Li> <Li> The Ultimate Resource </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publications </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Population and Environment </Li> <Li> Population and Development Review </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lists </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Population and housing censuses by country </Li> <Li> Metropolitan areas by population </Li> <Li> Population milestone babies </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Events and organizations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 7 Billion Actions </Li> <Li> International Conference on Population and Development </Li> <Li> Population Action International </Li> <Li> Population Connection </Li> <Li> Population Matters </Li> <Li> Population Research Institute </Li> <Li> United Nations Population Fund </Li> <Li> Voluntary Human Extinction Movement </Li> <Li> World Population Day </Li> <Li> World Population Foundation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Classic Maya collapse </Li> <Li> Fertility and intelligence </Li> <Li> Green Revolution </Li> <Li> Holocene extinction </Li> <Li> Migration </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Commons </Li> <Li> Human overpopulation </Li> <Li> Human activities with impact on the environment </Li> <Li> Human migration </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Articles related to the world 's population </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Human impact on the environment </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anthropocene </Li> <Li> Environmental issues <Ul> <Li> List of issues </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Human impact </Li> <Li> Impact assessment </Li> <Li> Planetary boundaries </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Causes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agriculture <Ul> <Li> fishing </Li> <Li> irrigation </Li> <Li> meat production </Li> <Li> palm oil </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Energy industry <Ul> <Li> biofuels </Li> <Li> biodiesel </Li> <Li> coal </Li> <Li> electricity generation </Li> <Li> nuclear power </Li> <Li> oil shale </Li> <Li> petroleum </Li> <Li> reservoirs </Li> <Li> wind power </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Genetic pollution </Li> <Li> Industrialization </Li> <Li> Land use </Li> <Li> Manufacturing <Ul> <Li> cleaning agents </Li> <Li> concrete </Li> <Li> plastics </Li> <Li> nanotechnology </Li> <Li> paint </Li> <Li> paper </Li> <Li> pesticides </Li> <Li> pharmaceuticals and personal care </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mining </Li> <Li> Overdrafting </Li> <Li> Overfishing </Li> <Li> Overgrazing </Li> <Li> Overexploitation </Li> <Li> Overpopulation </Li> <Li> Particulates </Li> <Li> Pollution </Li> <Li> Quarrying </Li> <Li> Reservoirs </Li> <Li> Tourism </Li> <Li> Transport <Ul> <Li> aviation </Li> <Li> roads </Li> <Li> shipping </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Urbanization <Ul> <Li> urban sprawl </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> war </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Effects </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Biodiversity threats <Ul> <Li> Biodiversity loss </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Climate change <Ul> <Li> Global warming </Li> <Li> Runaway climate change </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Coral reefs </Li> <Li> Deforestation </Li> <Li> Defaunation </Li> <Li> Desertification </Li> <Li> Ecocide </Li> <Li> Erosion </Li> <Li> Environmental degradation </Li> <Li> Freshwater cycle </Li> <Li> Habitat destruction </Li> <Li> Holocene extinction </Li> <Li> Nitrogen cycle </Li> <Li> Land degradation </Li> <Li> Land surface effects on climate </Li> <Li> Loss of green belts </Li> <Li> Phosphorus cycle </Li> <Li> Ocean acidification </Li> <Li> Ozone depletion </Li> <Li> Resource depletion </Li> <Li> Water degradation </Li> <Li> Water scarcity </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mitigation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Birth control </Li> <Li> Cleaner production </Li> <Li> Climate change mitigation </Li> <Li> Climate engineering </Li> <Li> Ecological engineering </Li> <Li> Environmental engineering </Li> <Li> Environmental mitigation </Li> <Li> Industrial ecology </Li> <Li> Mitigation banking </Li> <Li> Organic farming </Li> <Li> Reforestation <Ul> <Li> urban </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Restoration ecology </Li> <Li> Sustainable consumption </Li> <Li> Waste minimization </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Commons </Li> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> by country </Li> <Li> assessment </Li> <Li> mitigation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Lists of countries by population statistics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Global </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Current population </Li> <Li> Current population ( United Nations ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ( Sub - ) Continents </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Africa </Li> <Li> Asia </Li> <Li> Europe </Li> <Li> North America <Ul> <Li> Caribbean </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Oceania </Li> <Li> South America </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Intercontinental </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Americas </Li> <Li> Arab world </Li> <Li> Commonwealth of Nations </Li> <Li> Eurasia </Li> <Li> European Union </Li> <Li> Islands </Li> <Li> Latin America </Li> <Li> Middle East </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cities / urban regions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> National capitals </Li> <Li> Cities proper </Li> <Li> Metropolitan areas </Li> <Li> Urban areas </Li> <Li> Megacities </Li> <Li> Megalopolises </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Past and future </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Past population ( United Nations ) </Li> <Li> Past and future population </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1000 </Li> <Li> 1500 </Li> <Li> 1600 </Li> <Li> 1700 </Li> <Li> 1800 </Li> <Li> 1900 </Li> <Li> 1907 </Li> <Li> 1939 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Future population </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Population density </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Current density </Li> <Li> Current real density based on food growing capacity </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Growth indicators </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Population growth rate </Li> <Li> Natural increase </Li> <Li> Birth rate </Li> <Li> Mortality rate </Li> <Li> Fertility rate </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other demographics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Age at first marriage </Li> <Li> Divorce rate </Li> <Li> Ethnic and cultural diversity level </Li> <Li> Foreign - born population </Li> <Li> Immigrant population </Li> <Li> Linguistic diversity </Li> <Li> Median age </Li> <Li> Net migration rate </Li> <Li> Number of households </Li> <Li> Sex ratio </Li> <Li> Urban population </Li> <Li> Urbanization </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Health </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza </Li> <Li> HIV / AIDS adult prevalence rate </Li> <Li> Infant and under - five mortality rates </Li> <Li> Life expectancy </Li> <Li> Percentage suffering from undernourishment </Li> <Li> Health expenditure covered by government </Li> <Li> Suicide rate </Li> <Li> Total health expenditure per capita </Li> <Li> Body Mass Index ( BMI ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Education and innovation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bloomberg Innovation Index </Li> <Li> Education Index </Li> <Li> International Innovation Index </Li> <Li> Innovation Union Scoreboard </Li> <Li> Literacy rate </Li> <Li> Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies </Li> <Li> Progress in International Reading Literacy Study </Li> <Li> Student skills </Li> <Li> Tertiary education attainment </Li> <Li> Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study </Li> <Li> Women 's average years in school </Li> <Li> World Intellectual Property Indicators </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Economic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Development aid given <Ul> <Li> Official Development Assistance received </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Employment rate </Li> <Li> Irrigated land area </Li> <Li> Human Development Index <Ul> <Li> by country </Li> <Li> inequality - 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List of Phoenix Suns seasons - wikipedia <H1> List of Phoenix Suns seasons </H1> Jump to : navigation , search A home game against the Sacramento Kings in the 2006 -- 07 NBA season <P> The Phoenix Suns are a professional basketball team based in Phoenix , Arizona , United States . They are members of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The Suns began playing in the NBA as an expansion team in the 1968 -- 69 NBA season . In their inaugural season , the Suns posted a win -- loss record of 16 -- 66 . They participated in the playoffs only once in their first seven seasons . </P> <P> In the 1975 -- 76 season , a rookie Alvan Adams helped the team reach its first NBA Finals , which they lost to the Boston Celtics 4 -- 2 . Charles Barkley and Steve Nash won the Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award while playing for the Suns . Barkley led the Suns to the 1993 NBA Finals , where they lost to the Chicago Bulls . After signing with the Suns in 2004 , Nash led the team to three straight division titles , but after reaching the Conference Finals in 2009 -- 10 the Suns have subsequently experienced their worst period of on - court failure , missing the playoffs for 7 straight seasons ( the franchise 's previous record playoff drought was 5 seasons , which happened after the team made the postseason in only their second year of existence during the 1969 - 70 campaign ) . </P> <P> Despite their 2010s failures , the Suns franchise has the NBA 's fourth - best all - time winning percentage , winning 54 percent of its games , as of the end of the 2015 -- 16 season . In their first forty - three seasons , the Suns made the playoffs 29 times , posted nineteen seasons with fifty or more wins , appeared nine times in the Western Conference Finals , and advanced to the NBA Finals in 1976 and 1993 . As a result , based on their all - time winning percentage , the Suns are the most successful franchise to never win an NBA championship . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Table key </Li> <Li> 2 Seasons <Ul> <Li> 2.1 All - time records </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Notes </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Table key ( edit ) </H2> Steve Nash won two MVP awards as a member of the Suns . <Table> <Tr> <Td> AMVP </Td> <Td> All - Star Game Most Valuable Player </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> COY </Td> <Td> Coach of the Year </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finish </Td> <Td> Final position in league or division standings </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> GB </Td> <Td> Games behind first - place team in division </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Losses </Td> <Td> Number of regular season losses </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> EOY </Td> <Td> Executive of the Year </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> JWKC </Td> <Td> J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MVP </Td> <Td> Most Valuable Player </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ROY </Td> <Td> Rookie of the Year </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SMOY </Td> <Td> Sixth Man of the Year </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SPOR </Td> <Td> Sportmanship Award </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wins </Td> <Td> Number of regular season wins </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win % </Td> <Td> Winning percentage </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Seasons ( edit ) </H2> <P> Note : Statistics are correct as of the 2016 -- 17 season . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> NBA Champions </Td> <Td> Conference champions </Td> <Td> Division champions </Td> <Td> Playoff berth </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> League </Th> <Th> Conference </Th> <Th> Finish </Th> <Th> Division </Th> <Th> Finish </Th> <Th> Wins </Th> <Th> Losses </Th> <Th> Win % </Th> <Th> GB </Th> <Th> Playoffs </Th> <Th> Awards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968 -- 69 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 7th </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> . 195 </Td> <Td> 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1969 -- 70 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> . 476 </Td> <Td> 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 </Td> <Td> Lost Division Semifinals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 3 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 -- 71 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> <Td> Midwest </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> . 585 </Td> <Td> 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 -- 72 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> <Td> Midwest </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> . 598 </Td> <Td> 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 -- 73 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 6th </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> . 463 </Td> <Td> 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 -- 74 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 8th </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> . 366 </Td> <Td> 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1974 -- 75 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 8th </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> . 390 </Td> <Td> 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1975 -- 76 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> . 512 </Td> <Td> 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 </Td> <Td> Won Conference Semifinals ( SuperSonics ) 4 -- 2 Won Conference Finals ( Warriors ) 4 -- 3 Lost NBA Finals ( Celtics ) 4 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Alvan Adams ( ROY ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 -- 77 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 10th </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> . 415 </Td> <Td> 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 -- 78 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> . 598 </Td> <Td> 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 </Td> <Td> Lost First Round ( Bucks ) 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Walter Davis ( ROY ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 -- 79 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> . 610 </Td> <Td> 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 </Td> <Td> Won First Round ( Trail Blazers ) 2 -- 1 Won Conference Semifinals ( Kings ) 4 -- 1 Lost Conference Finals ( SuperSonics ) 4 -- 3 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 -- 80 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> . 671 </Td> <Td> 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 </Td> <Td> Won First Round ( Kings ) 2 -- 1 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 -- 81 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> . 695 </Td> <Td> 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- </Td> <Td> Lost Conference Semifinals ( Kings ) 4 -- 3 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 -- 82 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> . 561 </Td> <Td> 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 </Td> <Td> Won First Round ( Nuggets ) 2 -- 1 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 -- 83 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> . 646 </Td> <Td> 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 </Td> <Td> Lost First Round ( Nuggets ) 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1983 -- 84 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 6th </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> . 500 </Td> <Td> 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 </Td> <Td> Won First Round ( Trail Blazers ) 3 -- 2 Won Conference Semifinals ( Jazz ) 4 -- 2 Lost Conference Finals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 2 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 -- 85 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 8th </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> . 439 </Td> <Td> 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 </Td> <Td> Lost First Round ( Lakers ) 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 -- 86 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 9th </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> . 390 </Td> <Td> 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 -- 87 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 9th </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> . 439 </Td> <Td> 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1987 -- 88 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 9th </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> . 341 </Td> <Td> 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 -- 89 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> . 671 </Td> <Td> 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 </Td> <Td> Won First Round ( Nuggets ) 3 -- 0 Won Conference Semifinals ( Warriors ) 4 -- 1 Lost Conference Finals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Kevin Johnson ( MIP ) Cotton Fitzsimmons ( COY ) Eddie Johnson ( SMOY ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 -- 90 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> . 659 </Td> <Td> 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 </Td> <Td> Won First Round ( Jazz ) 3 -- 2 Won Conference Semifinals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 1 Lost Conference Finals ( Trail Blazers ) 4 -- 2 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 -- 91 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> . 671 </Td> <Td> 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 </Td> <Td> Lost First Round ( Jazz ) 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Kevin Johnson ( JWKC ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 -- 92 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> . 646 </Td> <Td> 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 </Td> <Td> Won First Round ( Spurs ) 3 -- 0 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Trail Blazers ) 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 -- 93 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> . 756 </Td> <Td> 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- </Td> <Td> Won First Round ( Lakers ) 3 -- 2 Won Conference Semifinals ( Spurs ) 4 -- 2 Won Conference Finals ( SuperSonics ) 4 -- 3 Lost NBA Finals ( Bulls ) 4 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Charles Barkley ( MVP ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 -- 94 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> . 683 </Td> <Td> 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 </Td> <Td> Won First Round ( Warriors ) 3 -- 0 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Rockets ) 4 -- 3 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 -- 95 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> . 720 </Td> <Td> 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- </Td> <Td> Won First Round ( Trail Blazers ) 3 -- 0 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Rockets ) 4 -- 3 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 -- 96 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 7th </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> . 500 </Td> <Td> 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 </Td> <Td> Lost First Round ( Spurs ) 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1996 -- 97 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 7th </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> . 488 </Td> <Td> 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 </Td> <Td> Lost First Round ( SuperSonics ) 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 -- 98 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> . 683 </Td> <Td> 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 </Td> <Td> Lost First Round ( Spurs ) 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Danny Manning ( SMOY ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 -- 99 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 7th </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> . 540 </Td> <Td> 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 </Td> <Td> Lost First Round ( Trail Blazers ) 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 -- 00 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> . 646 </Td> <Td> 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 </Td> <Td> Won First Round ( Spurs ) 3 -- 1 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Rodney Rogers ( SMOY ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 -- 01 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 6th </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> . 623 </Td> <Td> 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 </Td> <Td> Lost First Round ( Kings ) 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 -- 02 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 10th </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 6th </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> . 439 </Td> <Td> 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 -- 03 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 8th </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> . 537 </Td> <Td> 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 </Td> <Td> Lost First Round ( Spurs ) 4 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Amar'e Stoudemire ( ROY ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 -- 04 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 13th </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 6th </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> . 354 </Td> <Td> 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 -- 05 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> . 756 </Td> <Td> 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- </Td> <Td> Won First Round ( Grizzlies ) 4 -- 0 Won Conference Semifinals ( Mavericks ) 4 -- 2 Lost Conference Finals ( Spurs ) 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Steve Nash ( MVP ) Mike D'Antoni ( COY ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 -- 06 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> . 659 </Td> <Td> 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- </Td> <Td> Won First Round ( Lakers ) 4 -- 3 Won Conference Semifinals ( Clippers ) 4 -- 3 Lost Conference Finals ( Mavericks ) 4 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Steve Nash ( MVP ) Boris Diaw ( MIP ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 -- 07 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> . 744 </Td> <Td> 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- </Td> <Td> Won First Round ( Lakers ) 4 -- 1 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Spurs ) 4 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Leandro Barbosa ( SMOY ) Steve Nash ( JWKC ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 -- 08 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 6th </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> . 671 </Td> <Td> 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 </Td> <Td> Lost First Round ( Spurs ) 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Grant Hill ( SPOR ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 -- 09 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 9th </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> . 561 </Td> <Td> 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Shaquille O'Neal ( AMVP ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 -- 10 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> . 659 </Td> <Td> 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 </Td> <Td> Won First Round ( Trail Blazers ) 4 -- 2 Won Conference Semifinals ( Spurs ) 4 -- 0 Lost Conference Finals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Grant Hill ( SPOR ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 -- 11 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 10th </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> . 488 </Td> <Td> 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 -- 12 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 10th </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> . 500 </Td> <Td> 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 -- 13 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 15th </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> . 305 </Td> <Td> 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 -- 14 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 9th </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> . 585 </Td> <Td> 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Goran Dragić ( MIP ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 -- 15 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 10th </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> . 476 </Td> <Td> 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 -- 16 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 14th </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> . 280 </Td> <Td> 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 -- 17 </Td> <Td> NBA </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 15th </Td> <Td> Pacific </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> . 293 </Td> <Td> 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> All - time records ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Statistic </Th> <Th> Wins </Th> <Th> Losses </Th> <Th> Win % </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Regular season record ( 1968 -- 2017 ) </Td> <Td> 2,146 </Td> <Td> 1,824 </Td> <Td> . 541 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Postseason record ( 1968 -- 2017 ) </Td> <Td> 133 </Td> <Td> 141 </Td> <Td> . 485 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> All - time regular and post-season record ( 1968 -- 2017 ) </Td> <Td> 2,279 </Td> <Td> 1,965 </Td> <Td> . 537 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> This is determined by adding the absolute difference in wins between the leading team and the team of interest to the absolute difference in losses between the two teams , and dividing by two . </Li> <Li> Because of a lockout , the season did not start until February 5 , 1999 , and all 29 teams played a shortened 50 - game regular season schedule . </Li> <Li> Because of a lockout , the season did not start until December 25 , 2011 , and all thirty teams played a shortened 66 - game regular season schedule . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> General </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> `` Phoenix Suns '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> `` Suns History : The Seasons '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> `` Phoenix Suns '' . databasebasketball.com . databaseSports.com . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Specific </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stoudemire Shines , Suns Roll '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Phoenix Suns '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Sunderella Suns '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved April 29 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Phoenix Suns Media Guide 2010 -- 11 '' ( Flash ) . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . pp. 114 -- 115 . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nash Signs With Suns '' . SportsNetwork . KTVU . July 14 , 2004 . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Suns New Business Team '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hollinger , John . `` No. 5 : Phoenix Suns '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1969 -- 70 Phoenix Suns '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1975 -- 76 Phoenix Suns '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1977 -- 78 Phoenix Suns '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1978 -- 79 Phoenix Suns '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1979 -- 80 Phoenix Suns '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1980 -- 81 Phoenix Suns '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1981 -- 82 Phoenix Suns '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1982 -- 83 Phoenix Suns '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1983 -- 84 Phoenix Suns '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1984 -- 85 Phoenix Suns '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1988 -- 89 Phoenix Suns '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1989 -- 90 Phoenix Suns '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1990 -- 91 Phoenix Suns '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1991 -- 92 Phoenix Suns '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1992 -- 93 Phoenix Suns '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1993 -- 94 Phoenix Suns '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1994 -- 95 Phoenix Suns '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1995 -- 96 Phoenix Suns '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1996 -- 97 Phoenix Suns '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1997 -- 98 Phoenix Suns '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1998 -- 99 Phoenix Suns '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1999 -- 00 Phoenix Suns '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2000 -- 01 Phoenix Suns '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2002 -- 03 Phoenix Suns '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2004 -- 05 Phoenix Suns '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2005 -- 06 Phoenix Suns '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2006 -- 07 Phoenix Suns '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2007 -- 08 Phoenix Suns '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2009 -- 10 Phoenix Suns '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Donovan , John ( February 4 , 1999 ) . `` Let the semi-season begin : Expect injuries , intensity and a new champion in ' 99 '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> NBA season - by - season team history </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Eastern Conference </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Atlantic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Boston Celtics </Li> <Li> Brooklyn Nets </Li> <Li> New York Knicks </Li> <Li> Philadelphia 76ers </Li> <Li> Toronto Raptors </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chicago Bulls </Li> <Li> Cleveland Cavaliers </Li> <Li> Detroit Pistons </Li> <Li> Indiana Pacers </Li> <Li> Milwaukee Bucks </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southeast </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atlanta Hawks </Li> <Li> Charlotte Hornets </Li> <Li> Miami Heat </Li> <Li> Orlando Magic </Li> <Li> Washington Wizards </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Western Conference </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Northwest </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Denver Nuggets </Li> <Li> Minnesota Timberwolves </Li> <Li> Oklahoma City Thunder </Li> <Li> Portland Trail Blazers </Li> <Li> Utah Jazz </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pacific </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Golden State Warriors </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Clippers </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Lakers </Li> <Li> Phoenix Suns </Li> <Li> Sacramento Kings </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southwest </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dallas Mavericks </Li> <Li> Houston Rockets </Li> <Li> Memphis Grizzlies </Li> <Li> New Orleans Pelicans </Li> <Li> San Antonio Spurs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Phoenix Suns </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Founded in 1968 </Li> <Li> Based in Phoenix , Arizona </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Franchise </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Franchise </Li> <Li> Expansion Draft </Li> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Draft history </Li> <Li> All - time roster </Li> <Li> Head coaches </Li> <Li> Seasons </Li> <Li> Records </Li> <Li> Current season </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arenas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum </Li> <Li> Talking Stick Resort Arena </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General managers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> J. Colangelo </Li> <Li> B. Colangelo </Li> <Li> D'Antoni </Li> <Li> Kerr </Li> <Li> Blanks </Li> <Li> McDonough </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> G League affiliate </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Northern Arizona Suns </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture & lore </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Suns Gorilla </Li> <Li> The Shot ' Heard ' Round the World </Li> <Li> 07 Seconds or Less </Li> <Li> STAT </Li> <Li> The Matrix </Li> <Li> Sir Charles </Li> <Li> Nashty </Li> <Li> The Greyhound </Li> <Li> Thunder Dan </Li> <Li> Shazam </Li> <Li> Oklahoma Kid </Li> <Li> Original Sun </Li> <Li> Hawk </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rivals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> San Antonio Spurs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ring of Honor & Retired numbers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 9 </Li> <Li> 13 </Li> <Li> 24 </Li> <Li> 33 </Li> <Li> 34 </Li> <Li> 42 </Li> <Li> 44 </Li> <Li> Jerry Colangelo </Li> <Li> Cotton Fitzsimmons </Li> <Li> John MacLeod </Li> <Li> Al McCoy </Li> <Li> Joe Proski </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hall of Famers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Charles Barkley </Li> <Li> Jerry Colangelo </Li> <Li> Gail Goodrich </Li> <Li> Connie Hawkins </Li> <Li> Dennis Johnson </Li> <Li> Gus Johnson </Li> <Li> Ann Meyers </Li> <Li> Shaquille O'Neal </Li> <Li> Pat Riley </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Key personnel </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Owner </Dt> <Dd> Robert Sarver </Dd> <Dt> President & CEO </Dt> <Dd> Jason Rowley </Dd> <Dt> General Manager & President of Basketball Operations </Dt> <Dd> Ryan McDonough </Dd> <Dt> Vice President of Basketball Operations </Dt> <Dd> James Jones </Dd> <Dt> Director of Player Personnel </Dt> <Dd> Mark West </Dd> <Dt> Head Coach </Dt> <Dd> Earl Watson </Dd> <Dt> Voice of the Suns </Dt> <Dd> Al McCoy </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Western Conference Championships ( 2 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pacific Division Championships ( 6 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> TV </Dt> <Dd> FS Arizona </Dd> <Dt> Radio </Dt> <Dd> Arizona Sports </Dd> <Dt> Announcers </Dt> <Dd> Tom Leander </Dd> <Dd> Tom Chambers </Dd> <Dd> Kevin Ray </Dd> <Dd> Eddie Johnson </Dd> <Dd> Al McCoy </Dd> <Dd> Tim Kempton </Dd> <Dd> Ann Meyers </Dd> <Dd> Casey Jacobsen </Dd> <Dd> Jon Bloom </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Phoenix Suns seasons </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Franchise </Li> <Li> Seasons </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1960s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1968 -- 69 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 1969 -- 70 </Td> <Td> 1970 -- 71 </Td> <Td> 1971 -- 72 </Td> <Td> 1972 -- 73 </Td> <Td> 1973 -- 74 </Td> <Td> 1974 -- 75 </Td> <Td> 1975 -- 76 </Td> <Td> 1976 -- 77 </Td> <Td> 1977 -- 78 </Td> <Td> 1978 -- 79 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 1979 -- 80 </Td> <Td> 1980 -- 81 </Td> <Td> 1981 -- 82 </Td> <Td> 1982 -- 83 </Td> <Td> 1983 -- 84 </Td> <Td> 1984 -- 85 </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 86 </Td> <Td> 1986 -- 87 </Td> <Td> 1987 -- 88 </Td> <Td> 1988 -- 89 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 1989 -- 90 </Td> <Td> 1990 -- 91 </Td> <Td> 1991 -- 92 </Td> <Td> 1992 -- 93 </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 94 </Td> <Td> 1994 -- 95 </Td> <Td> 1995 -- 96 </Td> <Td> 1996 -- 97 </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 98 </Td> <Td> 1998 -- 99 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 1999 -- 00 </Td> <Td> 2000 -- 01 </Td> <Td> 2001 -- 02 </Td> <Td> 2002 -- 03 </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 04 </Td> <Td> 2004 -- 05 </Td> <Td> 2005 -- 06 </Td> <Td> 2006 -- 07 </Td> <Td> 2007 -- 08 </Td> <Td> 2008 -- 09 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 2009 -- 10 </Td> <Td> 2010 -- 11 </Td> <Td> 2011 -- 12 </Td> <Td> 2012 -- 13 </Td> <Td> 2013 -- 14 </Td> <Td> 2014 -- 15 </Td> <Td> 2015 -- 16 </Td> <Td> 2016 -- 17 </Td> <Td> 2017 -- 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Phoenix_Suns_seasons&oldid=804104758 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Phoenix Suns seasons </Li> <Li> Phoenix Suns lists </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from September 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> Featured lists </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Русский </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 19 : 30 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Dock Ellis - wikipedia <H1> Dock Ellis </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Dock Ellis </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Ellis with the Pirates </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Pitcher </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Born : ( 1945 - 03 - 11 ) March 11 , 1945 Los Angeles , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Died : December 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 19 ) ( aged 63 ) Los Angeles , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Batted : Switch </Td> <Td> Threw : Right </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> MLB debut </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> June 18 , 1968 , for the Pittsburgh Pirates </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Last MLB appearance </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> September 29 , 1979 , for the Pittsburgh Pirates </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> MLB statistics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Win -- loss record </Th> <Td> 138 -- 119 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Earned run average </Th> <Td> 3.46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Strikeouts </Th> <Td> 1,136 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Teams </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1968 -- 1975 ) </Li> <Li> New York Yankees ( 1976 -- 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Oakland Athletics ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Texas Rangers ( 1977 -- 1979 ) </Li> <Li> New York Mets ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1979 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Career highlights and awards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> All - Star ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> World Series champion ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Pitched no - hitter on June 12 , 1970 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Dock Phillip Ellis , Jr . ( March 11 , 1945 -- December 19 , 2008 ) was an American professional baseball player . A pitcher , Ellis played in Major League Baseball from 1968 through 1979 for the Pittsburgh Pirates , New York Yankees , Oakland Athletics , Texas Rangers , and New York Mets . In his MLB career , he had a 138 -- 119 (. 537 ) record , a 3.46 earned run average , and 1,136 strikeouts . </P> <P> Ellis threw a no - hitter on June 12 , 1970 , and later stated that he accomplished the feat under the influence of LSD . Reporters at the game say they do not believe the claim . Ellis was the starting pitcher for the National League in the All - Star Game in 1971 and later that year , the Pirates were World Series champions . Joining the Yankees in 1976 , he helped lead the team to the American League pennant , and was named the league 's Comeback Player of the Year . </P> <P> Ellis was an outspoken individual who advocated for the rights of players and African Americans . He also had a substance abuse problem , and he acknowledged after his retirement that he never pitched without the use of drugs . After going into treatment Ellis remained sober and devoted the remainder of his life to counseling drug addicts in treatment centers and prisons . He died of a liver ailment at age 63 in 2008 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 Playing career <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Minor league career ( 1964 -- 1968 ) </Li> <Li> 2.2 Pittsburgh Pirates <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 June 12 , 1970 , no - hitter <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1.1 Assessments of LSD claim </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.2. 2 The no - hitter in pop culture </Li> <Li> 2.2. 3 1970 -- 1971 </Li> <Li> 2.2. 4 Macing incident </Li> <Li> 2.2. 5 1973 </Li> <Li> 2.2. 6 1974 </Li> <Li> 2.2. 7 1975 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.3 New York Yankees </Li> <Li> 2.4 Oakland Athletics and Texas Rangers </Li> <Li> 2.5 New York Mets and return to Pittsburgh </Li> <Li> 2.6 Pitching style </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Personal life </Li> <Li> 4 Retirement </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Early life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Born in Los Angeles , California , Ellis attended Gardena High School in Gardena . At age 14 , he began drinking alcohol and using drugs . </P> <P> Ellis played for the school 's basketball team , recording 21 assists in one game . He played baseball as an infielder for a local semi-professional team called the `` Pittsburgh Pirates Rookies '' , along with future major leaguers Bobby Tolan , Roy White , Ron Woods , Reggie Smith , Don Wilson , Bob Watson , and Dave Nelson ; the team was managed by Chet Brewer . However , Ellis refused to play for the Gardena High School baseball team , because a baseball player referred to him as a `` spearchucker '' . </P> <P> When Ellis was caught drinking and smoking marijuana in a high school bathroom during his senior year , the school agreed not to expel him if he agreed to play for the school 's baseball team . He appeared in four games and was named all - league . Ellis then attended Los Angeles Harbor College ( LAHC ) , a junior college . </P> <P> Ellis was diagnosed with sickle cell anemia at age 17 ; the diagnosis was later changed to sickle cell trait . </P> <H2> Playing career ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Minor League career ( 1964 -- 1968 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> While Ellis attended LAHC , various Major League Baseball teams attempted to sign him to a professional contract , but as he heard the Pittsburgh Pirates gave out signing bonuses of $60,000 , he held out until the Pirates made him an offer . He was arrested for stealing a car , and given probation . Brewer , working as a scout for the Pirates , signed Ellis to the Pirates ; as a result of the arrest , the Pirates offered Ellis $500 a month and a $2,500 signing bonus . </P> <P> Ellis played for the Batavia Pirates of the Class A New York -- Pennsylvania League in 1964 . The next season , he played for the Kinston Eagles of the Class A Carolina League and the Columbus Jets of the Class AAA International League . Ellis pitched in an exhibition game for the Pirates against the Cleveland Indians in July , receiving the win . After the season , the Pirates added Ellis to their 40 - man roster . </P> <P> In 1966 , Ellis played for the Asheville Tourists of the Class AA Southern League , pitching to a 10 -- 9 win -- loss record , a 2.77 earned run average ( ERA ) , and an All - Star Game appearance . The Pirates called Ellis up to the majors near the end of the season , but the team did not use him in a game that year . </P> <P> Ellis started the 1967 season with Columbus . He believed that he was not on the major league club because the Pirates already had a number of African American players ; he felt that the team did not want to alienate white fans . Ellis was sent down to the Macon Peaches of the Southern League , which Ellis believed was due to the length of his hair . Ellis said that he was promoted back to Columbus after shaving his head . He had a 2 -- 0 win - loss record with Macon and a 5 -- 7 record with Columbus . </P> <P> During his minor league career , Ellis once chased a heckler in the stands with a baseball bat . He also used pills when he pitched , specifically the amphetamines Benzedrine and Dexamyl . Stressed by the pressure of his `` ca n't - miss '' status as a prospect , Ellis became addicted . Ellis later said that he never pitched a game without using amphetamines . He eventually needed 70 to 85 milligrams ( 1.08 -- 1.31 gr ) per game , between five and twelve capsules , depending on their strength . Ellis acknowledged that he began to use cocaine in the late 1960s . </P> <P> Ellis held out from the Pirates in February 1968 ; he came to terms with the team in March . The Pirates optioned Ellis to Columbus , who moved Ellis from the starting rotation to the bullpen . At Columbus , Ellis credited his work with manager Johnny Pesky and pitching coach Harvey Haddix for improving his performance . </P> <H3> Pittsburgh Pirates ( edit ) </H3> <P> Ellis made his MLB debut that June , beginning as a relief pitcher . The Pirates moved Ellis into the starting rotation later that season . Ellis pitched his first complete game in September . He had a 6 -- 5 win - loss record with a 2.51 ERA with the Pirates in 1968 . In 1969 , Ellis made the team 's starting rotation for Opening Day . The struggles of Steve Blass kept Ellis in the starting rotation , as Blass was moved to the bullpen . </P> June 12 , 1970 , No - hitter ( edit ) <P> Self - reportedly under the influence of LSD , Ellis threw a no - hitter in 1970 against the San Diego Padres 2 - 0 on Friday , June 12 , in the first game of a twi - night doubleheader at San Diego Stadium . The Pirates flew to San Diego on Thursday , June 11 for a series against the Padres . Ellis reported that he visited a friend in Los Angeles and used LSD `` two or three times . '' Thinking it was still Thursday , he took a hit of LSD on Friday at noon , and his friend 's girlfriend reminded him at 2 : 00 PM that he was scheduled to pitch that night . Ellis flew from Los Angeles to San Diego at 3 : 00 PM and arrived at San Diego Stadium at 4 : 30 PM ; the game started at 6 : 05 PM . </P> <P> Ellis threw the no - hitter despite being unable to feel the ball or see the batter or catcher clearly . Ellis said his catcher Jerry May wore reflective tape on his fingers which helped him to see May 's signals . Ellis walked eight batters and struck out six , and he was aided by excellent fielding plays from second baseman Bill Mazeroski and center fielder Matty Alou . </P> <P> As Ellis recounted : </P> <P> I can only remember bits and pieces of the game . I was psyched . I had a feeling of euphoria . I was zeroed in on the ( catcher 's ) glove , but I did n't hit the glove too much . I remember hitting a couple of batters , and the bases were loaded two or three times . The ball was small sometimes , the ball was large sometimes , sometimes I saw the catcher , sometimes I did n't . Sometimes , I tried to stare the hitter down and throw while I was looking at him . I chewed my gum until it turned to powder . I started having a crazy idea in the fourth inning that Richard Nixon was the home plate umpire , and once I thought I was pitching a baseball to Jimi Hendrix , who to me was holding a guitar and swinging it over the plate . They say I had about three to four fielding chances . I remember diving out of the way of a ball I thought was a line drive . I jumped , but the ball was n't hit hard and never reached me . </P> <P> Ellis reported that he never used LSD during the season again , though he continued to use amphetamines . After the story was made public , he said he regretted taking LSD that day because it `` robbed him of his greatest professional memory . '' </P> Assessments of LSD claim ( edit ) <P> Bob Smizik of the Pittsburgh Press believes Ellis ' version of events that day , although he did not witness the game in person . Smizik was the reporter who first broke the story in 1984 . Bill Christine , also of the Pittsburgh Press , does not believe Ellis ' claim and was at the game that day . Christine was a beat reporter who `` practically lived with the team that year '' . Christine said that he did not notice anything unusual , and says that if Ellis had reported to the stadium only 90 minutes before his scheduled start , reporters would have been told . John Mehno , a reporter who had `` extensive interactions '' with Ellis over his career , was skeptical about many stories told by Ellis , including the LSD no - hitter . Mehno said that he has not found a teammate who would corroborate the story . However , one of his close friends , Scipio Spinks , a pitcher for the Astros , has said he has no doubt Ellis was telling the truth about his LSD use as he was very familiar with Dock 's drug habits , including the use of LSD . </P> The No - hitter in pop culture ( edit ) <P> Ellis collaborated with future United States Poet Laureate Donald Hall on a book , Dock Ellis in the Country of Baseball , published in 1976 . The first edition of the book reported that Ellis had been drinking vodka on the day of his no - hitter . Hall updated the 1989 edition to reveal the LSD use . Singer - songwriter Barbara Manning paid tribute to Ellis and his no - hitter in the psychedelic pop song , `` Dock Ellis . '' A 2009 animated short film by James Blagden about the game , Dock Ellis and the LSD No - No , features narration in Ellis ' own voice , taken from a 2008 NPR interview . The no - hitter is featured in the documentary about Ellis ' life , No No : A Dockumentary , ( 2014 ) directed by Jeffrey Radice . </P> 1970 -- 1971 ( edit ) <P> Ellis struggled for the remainder of the 1970 season , and finished the year with a 13 -- 10 win - loss record as he experienced elbow and shoulder pain . However , he finished second in the NL with four shutouts and seventh with a 3.21 ERA . The Pirates won the National League ( NL ) East division championship . Ellis started Game 1 of the 1970 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) to the Cincinnati Reds . Ellis took the loss , and the Pirates lost the series to the Reds in three games . </P> <P> Ellis worked on his changeup for the 1971 season . He was rewarded by being named the Pirates ' Opening Day starting pitcher ; he defeated the Philadelphia Phillies by a score of 4 - 2 . After a strong start to the 1971 season , posting a 13 -- 3 win - loss record , Ellis was named to appear in the 1971 Major League Baseball All - Star Game , held at Tiger Stadium in Detroit . The AL selected Vida Blue of the Oakland Athletics as their starter , and Ellis publicly stated that National League All - Star Team manager Sparky Anderson would `` never start two brothers against each other '' . Anderson surprised Ellis by naming him the starting pitcher of the All - Star Game . Ellis was the losing pitcher in the game . During the game , Reggie Jackson hit a towering home run off of Ellis . The home run , estimated to have traveled 600 feet ( 180 m ) , tied a 1926 home run hit by Babe Ruth for the longest measured home run on record . The next time the two opposed each other , Ellis beaned Jackson in the face in retaliation for his earlier home run . </P> <P> Ellis started Game 2 of the 1971 NLCS , earning the victory over the San Francisco Giants . During the series , Ellis created a stir by complaining about the Pirates ' lodgings , complaining that the organization was `` cheap '' . He changed hotels because he said the hotel rooms were too small . Ellis started Game 1 of the 1971 World Series against the Baltimore Orioles . In a losing effort , he lasted only 2 ⁄ innings . He allowed four hits and four runs , including two home runs . Though Ellis denied being in pain before the game , he later acknowledged that elbow pain limited his performance , and wondered if his sickle cell trait could be related to this pain . The Pirates defeated the Orioles in seven games to win the World Series . </P> <P> Ellis finished the season with a 19 -- 9 win - loss record and a 3.06 ERA . He placed fourth in the Cy Young Award balloting . His 19 wins were fifth best in the league , and his . 679 winning percentage was fourth best . </P> Macing incident ( edit ) <P> On May 5 , 1972 , Ellis , Willie Stargell , and Rennie Stennett missed the team bus to Riverfront Stadium . A security guard asked the three for identification ; Stargell and Stennett complied and were allowed in , but Ellis did not have identification with him . The guard said that Ellis did not identify himself , appeared drunk , and `` made threatening gestures with a closed fist . '' Ellis countered that he was showing his World Series ring as evidence of his affiliation with the Pirates . In response , the guard maced Ellis . Ellis was arrested and charged with disorderly conduct . </P> <P> The Reds sued Ellis for assault and Ellis countersued . Before going to trial , the Reds dropped the suit and wrote Ellis a letter of apology . The municipal court dropped the charges against Ellis , though Ellis stated that this incident made him `` hate better '' . </P> <P> Ellis finished the 1972 season ninth in the NL in ERA ( 2.70 ) , sixth in winning percentage (. 682 ) , fourth in walks per nine innings pitched ( 1.818 ) , and first in home runs per nine innings ratio ( 0.331 ) . The Pirates won the NL East that year and faced the Reds in the 1972 NLCS . The Pirates pitched Ellis with a sore arm , but the Reds won the series . </P> 1973 ( edit ) <P> Ellis said that the scariest moment of his career was when he attempted to pitch while sober in a 1973 game . During pre-game warmups , he could not recreate his pitching mechanics . Ellis went to his locker , took some amphetamines with coffee , and returned to pitch . In August 1973 , pictures circulated of Ellis wearing hair curlers in the bullpen during pre-game warmups . The Pirates told him not to wear curlers on the field again . Ellis agreed , but charged that the Pirates were displaying racism . Ebony devoted a spread to Ellis about his hairstyles , which was inspired by the hair curlers . </P> <P> After Ellis defeated the Reds by a score of 1 - 0 in a 1973 game , Joe Morgan claimed that Ellis threw a spitball . Anderson had the umpire check Ellis , but found no evidence . In his 1980 book , Ellis admitted that wearing hair curlers produced sweat on his hair , which he used to throw a modified version of a spitball . </P> <P> Ellis missed the last month of the season due to tendinitis in his elbow . Despite a strong start from Ellis during the playoff chase in the final week of the season , the Pirates lost the division to the New York Mets . Ellis again led the league in home runs allowed per nine innings pitched ratio ( 0.328 ) . </P> <P> Ellis attempted to hit every batter in the Cincinnati Reds lineup on May 1 , 1974 , as he was angry that the Pirates were intimidated by the Big Red Machine . Ellis admired Pete Rose and was concerned about how he would respond , but Ellis decided to do it regardless . Ellis hit Rose , Joe Morgan , and Dan Driessen in the top of the first inning . Cleanup batter Tony Pérez avoided Ellis ' attempts and drew a walk ; the first pitch to Perez was thrown behind him and over his head . Ellis threw two pitches that he aimed at the head of Johnny Bench , at which point Ellis was removed from the game by manager Danny Murtaugh . Ellis ' box score for the game reads as follows : 0 IP , 0 H , 1 R , 1 ER , 1 BB , 0 K. Ellis tied eight other players for the MLB record with the three hit batsmen in the inning . </P> <P> Ellis struggled at the start of the 1974 season , pitching to a 3 -- 8 win - loss record and 4.54 ERA through July 10 . Subsequently he won eight consecutive games and nine out of ten , pitching seven completed games in that ten - game stretch . A line drive off of the bat of Willie Montañez fractured the fifth metacarpal bone in Ellis ' pitching hand on September 10 , prematurely ending his season . Ellis had the seventh best walks plus hits per inning pitched ratio ( 1.155 ) . The Pirates won the NL East , but they lost the 1974 NLCS three games to one to the Los Angeles Dodgers . </P> <P> Healthy to begin the 1975 season , Ellis continued to perform well at the beginning of the season . In August , the Pirates asked Ellis to pitch in the bullpen ; he refused on consecutive nights . On August 15 , 1975 , Ellis refused assignment to the bullpen again ; as a result , the Pirates suspended him for one day . Ellis called for a team meeting the next day , where he was expected to apologize . Instead , he berated Murtaugh , who responded by cursing at Ellis , ordering the pitcher out of the clubhouse and attempting to fight him . Coach Don Leppert reportedly also tried to fight Ellis . The Pirates suspended Ellis for thirty days and fined him $2,000 . The suspension was lifted on August 30 when Ellis apologized to Murtaugh . </P> <P> Ellis pitched to an 8 - 9 win - loss record and 3.79 ERA during the 1975 season . The Pirates again won the NL East , but were swept by the Reds in the 1975 NLCS in three games . Ellis pitched in relief for two innings in Game 1 . </P> <H3> New York Yankees ( edit ) </H3> <P> Ellis sensed that he would be traded that offseason due to the fallout from his suspension . On December 11 , Ellis was traded to the New York Yankees of the American League ( AL ) along with pitcher Ken Brett and top infield prospect Willie Randolph , in exchange for pitcher Doc Medich . Tired of Ellis ' behavior , Pittsburgh general manager Joe L. Brown insisted that the Yankees take Ellis as part of the deal . </P> <P> With the Yankees , Ellis pitched to a 17 -- 8 win - loss record with a 3.15 ERA during the 1976 regular season . His 17 wins were eighth in the AL , while his . 680 winning percentage was third best . After the season , he was voted the AL Comeback Player of the Year by the United Press International . </P> <P> The Yankees won the AL East division championship in 1976 . Ellis started in Game 3 of the 1976 American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) , getting the win . The Yankees reached the 1976 World Series . Ellis started Game 3 but received the loss , allowing four earned runs in 3 ⁄ innings . The Reds defeated the Yankees in four games . </P> <H3> Oakland Athletics and Texas Rangers ( edit ) </H3> <P> Before the 1977 season , Ellis publicly criticized Yankees owner George Steinbrenner for giving him a raise that was inadequate given his 1976 performance and for interfering with manager Billy Martin . As Ellis refused to sign his contract , and the Yankees did not want to have players who could become free agents , the Yankees traded Ellis with Larry Murray and Marty Perez to the Oakland Athletics for Mike Torrez in April 1977 . Torrez emerged as a top starting pitcher for the Yankees that season , while Ellis struggled . While pitching for Oakland , the team asked him to keep charts . Defiant , Ellis set the charts on fire in the clubhouse , setting off sprinklers . Ellis ranked this as the `` craziest '' thing he did during his career . </P> <P> On June 15 , 1977 , the Rangers purchased Ellis from the Oakland Athletics . Ellis had a resurgent second half of the 1977 season , going 10 -- 6 with a 2.90 ERA . Ellis complained about manager Billy Hunter 's liquor policy in 1978 . Hunter , responding to a raucous team flight , banned liquor on team flights ; Ellis vowed that he would bring liquor on the plane to Toronto anyway . Ellis led a player insurrection against manager Billy Hunter 's authoritarian style , declaring that Hunter `` may be Hitler , but he ai n't making no lampshade out of me . '' The Rangers organization blamed Ellis for the team 's disappointing finish in 1978 and indicated that they would look to trade Ellis . However , owner Brad Corbett sided with Ellis over Hunter , firing Hunter after the season . </P> <H3> New York Mets and return to Pittsburgh ( edit ) </H3> <P> After starting the 1979 season with a 1 -- 5 win - loss record , Ellis was traded to the New York Mets on June 15 , 1979 for minor league pitchers Mike Bruhert and Bob Myrick . The Mets , seeking to upgrade their pitching staff due to poor performances and injuries to Pat Zachry and Skip Lockwood , acquired Andy Hassler from the Boston Red Sox on the same day . Ellis went 3 -- 7 with a 6.04 ERA with the Mets . </P> <P> Ellis requested the Mets send him back to the Pirates . Seeking more pitching in their pennant race , the Pirates purchased Ellis from the Mets on September 21 , 1979 for an undisclosed sum of money ; the price was later revealed to be `` something in excess of the waiver price of $20,000 '' . Ellis made three relief appearances with the Pirates that year , retiring after that season . Ellis finished his career with a lifetime win - loss record of 138 -- 119 and an ERA of 3.46 . </P> <H3> Pitching style ( edit ) </H3> <P> Ellis threw five distinct pitches : a fastball , a curveball , a changeup , a palmball , and what Ellis called a `` sliding fastball '' . The latter pitch was distinct from a slider . Ellis trusted his catcher to call pitches , and he rarely asked for a new sign . </P> <P> Ellis kept a notebook , called `` The Book '' , with detailed information about each hitter 's strengths and weaknesses . He often asked teammates and members of other teams , including pitchers Bob Gibson and Juan Marichal , for advice on how to pitch opposing batters . </P> <H2> Personal life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Ellis was married four times . His first wife was Paula ; they divorced in 1972 . Ellis ' second wife was Austine , divorced in 1980 , the third wife was Jacquelyn , and the fourth was Hjordis . Ellis had three children and two grandchildren ; both daughters have since died , one in 2003 due to complications arising from type 1 diabetes . Ellis had a daughter , Shangalesa , with Paula . His son with Austine , Dock Phillip Ellis III ( Trey ) , played college basketball at California State University , Bakersfield . Trey fathered Ellis ' first grandchild , Dock Phillip Ellis IV ( Dru ) . Ellis ' youngest daughter Simone , who mothered Ellis ' second grandchild , passed in December 2012 after losing her battle with cancer . Ellis stopped using drugs and alcohol in 1980 , when his son was an infant . </P> <P> Ellis fought for players ' rights , including the right to free agency . Jackie Robinson credited him with trying to further the rights of African American players , but warned him that he said too much . In 1971 , Ellis testified before the United States Senate Subcommittee on Public Health about his experiences with sickle cell and later worked with people who had the disease and raised money for sickle cell research . </P> <H2> Retirement ( edit ) </H2> <P> Ellis retired from baseball in the spring of 1980 , saying that he lost interest in the game . That year , Ellis entered drug treatment , staying for forty days at The Meadows in Wickenburg , Arizona . In 1984 , he revealed that he had pitched his no - hitter under the influence of LSD . </P> <P> Ellis lived in Apple Valley , California . He worked in Victorville , California as a drug counselor . He also counseled prisoners in Pittsburgh and at a prison in Adelanto , California . The Yankees hired Ellis in the 1980s to work with their minor league players , including Pascual Perez , whom he counseled for drug problems . In 2005 , Ellis began teaching weekly classes for individuals convicted of driving under the influence . Ellis also appeared in the 1986 film Gung Ho , directed by Ron Howard . </P> <P> In 1989 , Ellis served as player / coach for the St. Petersburg Pelicans of the Senior Professional Baseball Association and went 0 -- 2 with a 1.76 ERA and seven saves as a part of the team 's bullpen . In 1990 , he allowed no earned runs and recorded two saves for the Pelicans before the league folded . He continued to play in the Los Angeles Veterans League . </P> <P> Ellis was diagnosed with cirrhosis in 2007 and was placed on the list for a liver transplant . Though he had no health insurance , friends from his baseball career helped him to pay his medical bills . However , Ellis suffered heart damage in his last weeks of life , which made a transplant impossible . </P> <P> Ellis died on December 19 , 2008 at Los Angeles County - USC Medical Center due to his liver ailment . Services were held at the Angelus Funeral Home . He is interred at Inglewood Park Cemetery in Inglewood , California . His life was the subject of the critically acclaimed 2014 documentary film , No No : A Dockumentary . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Biography portal </Li> <Li> Baseball portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of Major League Baseball no - hitters </Li> </Ul> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Hall , Donald ; Ellis , Dock ( 1989 ) . Dock Ellis in the Country of Baseball . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 65988 - X . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Ellis : No - hitter while on LSD '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . April 8 , 1984 . p. 6E . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Elliott , Helene ( December 21 , 2008 ) . `` Dock Ellis , former major league pitcher who counseled drug addicts , dies at 63 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wolf , Bob ( July 18 , 1990 ) . `` Remember When : Ellis ' No - Hitter Against Padres Was High Drama '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McAlester , Keven ( June 23 , 2005 ) . `` High Times '' . Houston Press . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gurney , Jack ( March 7 , 1974 ) . `` Pirates ' Dock Ellis Is n't All Bad '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . p. 1 - F. Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Dock Ellis : The Man Who Pitched a No - Hitter While Under the Influence of LSD Has Found a New Delivery : He Coordinates a Substance - Abuse Rehabilitation Program : Ellis : ' I Could n't Pitch Without Pills ' '' . Los Angeles Times . June 30 , 1985 . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates ' Dock Ellis tells Senate of sickle disease '' . Anchorage Daily News . Associated Press . October 27 , 1971 . p. 9 . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Bucs , Phils Battle For Fifth Place '' . Beaver County Times . United Press International . July 26 , 1965 . p. 14 . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Bucs Acquire Trio From Columbus Farm '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . October 5 , 1965 . p. 26 . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Bucs Call Dock Ellis '' . The News - Dispatch . Jeannette , Pennsylvania . United Press International . September 6 , 1966 . p. 9 . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mobile 's League Leaders Rap Southern All - Stars '' . Times Daily . August 9 , 1966 . p. 11 . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dock Ellis in the Country of Baseball , p. 142 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Evansville , Rebs Battle For Lead '' . Gadsden Times . Associated Press . June 21 , 1967 . p. 12 . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dock Ellis in the Country of Baseball , p. 143 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Dock Ellis First Holdout For Brown : Pirate Rookie Dissatisfied , Stays Home '' . The Pittsburgh Press . February 22 , 1968 . p. 27 . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Clemente Reports '' . The Morning Record . Associated Press . March 2 , 1968 . p. 4 . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bucs Send 3 to Minors '' . St. Joseph News - Press . Associated Press . March 28 , 1968 . p. 2B . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keyes , Tom ( April 23 , 1968 ) . `` Jets Not Set For Quick Takeoff Because of Hurling Problems '' . Toledo Blade . Toledo , Ohio . p. 25 . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dock Ellis in the Country of Baseball , pp. 145 - 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates Outlast Cards , 3 - 2 ; Triple By Wills Key Blow '' . The Lewiston Daily Sun . Associated Press . June 26 , 1968 . p. 15 . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Feeney , Charley ( July 5 , 1968 ) . `` Mets , Bucs Split Pair , 3 - 2 and 4 - 3 : New Yorkers End Seven - Game Win Skein in Second '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . p. 15 . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ellis Pitches 1st Complete Contest '' . Beaver County Times . United Press International . September 17 , 1968 . p . B - 2 . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abrams , Al ( March 14 , 1969 ) . `` Larry Talks of Good Points '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . p. 20 . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Blass Taken From Rotation '' . Beaver County Times . United Press International . May 9 , 1969 . p . B - 2 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Salading , Tom ( June 13 , 1970 ) . `` Pirates ' Dock Ellis gets no - hitter '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . p. 1B . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ No Mas Presents : Dock Ellis & The LSD No - No by James Blagden on YouTube </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldaper , Sam ( June 12 , 1970 ) . `` Roundup : Ellis of Pirates Stops Padres on No - Hitter '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` LSD and the No - Hitter '' . Sirbacon.org. April 8 , 1984 . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Getlen , Larry ( 31 August 2014 ) . `` How Dock Ellis dropped acid and threw a no - hitter '' . New York Post . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daulerio , A.J. ( 7 November 2011 ) . `` The Long , Strange Trip Of The Dock Ellis LSD No - Hitter Story '' . Deadspin . Archived from the original on 21 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mikkelson , David . ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` Dock Ellis Pitched a No - Hitter on LSD ? , '' Snopes . Retrieved on March 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Citron , Rodger . ( December 22 , 2008 ) . `` Another Reason for Remembering Dock Ellis , '' History News Network . Retrieved on March 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobsey , Adam . ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Future Eligibles , '' The Paris Review . Retrieved on March 4 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Witz , Billy . ( September 4 , 2010 ) . `` For Ellis , a Long , Strange Trip to a No - Hitter , '' The New York Times . Retrieved on March 4 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vanderbilt , Mike . ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` 45 years ago today , Dock Ellis pitched a no - hitter while high on LSD , '' The A.V. Club . Retrieved on March 4 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gold , Daniel M. ( September 4 , 2014 ) . `` A Lightning Rod in a Game With Bats : ' No No : A Dockumentary ' Looks at Dock Ellis , '' The New York Times . Retrieved on March 4 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1970 National League Pitching Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com. 2012 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` No - pitch Pirates win title with pitching '' . The Miami News . Associated Press . September 28 , 1970 . p. 7C . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ellis , Nolan Mound Foes In Opener '' . The Milwaukee Sentinel . Associated Press . October 3 , 1970 . pp. 2 -- 3 . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1970 League Championship Series -- Cincinnati Reds over Pittsburgh Pirates ( 3 - 0 ) '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christine , Bill ( March 4 , 1971 ) . `` Dock Ellis Accepts Help From Coach '' . The Pittsburgh Press . p. 34 . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ellis Ace In Bucs ' Win '' . The Milwaukee Sentinel . United Press International . April 7 , 1971 . p. 2 - 2 . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carnicelli , Joe ( July 2 , 1971 ) . `` Dock Ellis Gets 13th Win , May Be First All - Star Choice '' . Middlesboro Daily News . United Press International . p. 2 . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Elliot , Helene ( May 13 , 2008 ) . `` Dock Ellis is trying to strike back at a tough foe '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 13 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Anderson Names Dock Ellis to Face Vida Blue in Major League All - Star Game : NL Pilot Disregards Buc Hurler 's Blast '' . The Lewiston Daily Sun . July 13 , 1971 . p. 9 . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Smizik , Bob ( May 14 , 1972 ) . `` Dock Ellis Simply Speaks His Mind '' . The Pittsburgh Press . p . D - 4 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reggie 's Wallop Tied The Babe 's '' . The Calgary Herald . Associated Press . July 15 , 1971 . p. 17 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Madden , Bill ( December 22 , 2008 ) . `` From no - hitter on LSD to hair curlers to feuds , Dock Ellis was free spirit '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gaudiosi , John A. ( September 30 , 1971 ) . `` Murtaugh Maintaining His Cool '' . Beaver County Times . United Press International . p . B - 2 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schuyler , Jr. , Ed ( October 5 , 1971 ) . `` Pittsburgh , Giants Each Own Win : Orioles Can Sweep AL Playoffs Today '' . Warsaw Times - Union . Associated Press . p. 8 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christine , Bill ( March 1 , 1972 ) . `` Dock Ellis : The One Who Cried Wolf '' . The Pittsburgh Press . p. 40 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dock Ellis Labels Bucs ' Cheap ' '' . Tri City Herald . Associated Press . October 5 , 1971 . p. 16 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rathet , Mike ( October 8 , 1971 ) . `` Dock Ellis ' Elbow Clouds Pirates ' Series Picture '' . Harlan Daily Enterprise . Associated Press . p. 2 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pat Zachry vs. Dock Ellis in third game of Series '' . St. Petersburg Times . United Press International . October 18 , 1976 . p. 3C . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1971 World Series -- Pittsburgh Pirates over Baltimore Orioles ( 4 - 3 ) '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Durso , Joseph ( November 4 , 1971 ) . `` Cubs ' Jenkins Voted Cy Young Award '' . The New York Times . p. 61 . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1971 National League Pitching Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Bucs ' Elils May Sue Over Fracas '' . The Milwaukee Sentinel . United Press International . May 8 , 1972 . p. 6 - 2 . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Urban Legends Reference Pages : Dock Ellis LSD No - Hitter '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dock Ellis arrested in Cincy '' . The Bryan Times . United Press International . May 6 , 1972 . p. 3 . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charges against Dock Ellis dropped '' . Tri City Herald . Associated Press . July 11 , 1972 . p. 14 . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates Attempt To Close Playoffs With Dock Ellis '' . Sarasota Journal . Associated Press . October 10 , 1972 . p . C1 . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Silver , Michael ( July 2 , 2007 ) . `` Notorious for baseball 's trippiest mound exploit , he turned his experiences to the good by helping substance abusers '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirate pair feuds as Ellis cools down '' . Eugene Register - Guard . Associated Press . August 14 , 1973 . p. 3B . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ellis Throws Spitter : Morgan '' . St. Petersburg Times . Associated Press . August 18 , 1973 . p. 2 - C. Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Montreal Tops Bucs ; Cardinals Beat Phils '' . The Virgin Islands Daily News . Associated Press . October 1 , 1973 . p. 24 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Did n't Play Well Enough Say Pirates '' . The Spartanburg Herald . Associated Press . October 2 , 1973 . p . B3 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1973 National League Pitching Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crowe , Jerry ( June 30 , 1985 ) . `` When Hit by Ellis , Rose Did n't Get Mad , He Got Even His Own Way '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ellis Hits Wrong Targets '' . The Milwaukee Journal . May 2 , 1974 . p. 12 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dock Ellis may be big healer in Pittsburgh '' . The Calgary Herald . Associated Press . April 4 , 1975 . p. 34 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates walk plank while losing Ellis '' . The Miami News . Associated Press . September 12 , 1974 . p. 2C . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1974 National League Pitching Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com. 2012 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1974 League Championship Series -- Los Angeles Dodgers over Pittsburgh Pirates ( 3 - 1 ) '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dock Ellis maintains form to beat White Sox '' . Tri City Herald . Associated Press . April 1 , 1975 . p. 13 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ellis ( Dock ) acts up '' . The Day . August 16 , 1975 . p. 14 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Feeney , Charley ( December 5 , 1975 ) . `` Dock Ellis ... Going ... Going ... Gone '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . p. 16 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` AL 's comeback award given to Dock Ellis '' . The Montreal Gazette . United Press International . November 4 , 1976 . p. 30 . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1975 League Championship Series -- Cincinnati Reds over Pittsburgh Pirates ( 3 -- 0 ) '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Faded Bronx Bombers May Become Bandits '' . Schenectady Gazette . Associated Press . March 26 , 1976 . p. 27 . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Yankees wheel , deal at baseball meetings '' . The Gadsden Times . Associated Press . December 12 , 1975 . p. 13 . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Bob ( April 7 , 1977 ) . `` Dock Is Unhappy '' . The Evening Independent . Knight Ridder . p. 1C . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Yankees Count on Dock Ellis '' . The Evening News . Associated Press . October 12 , 1976 . p. 16A . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` It 's Nolan against Figueroa : Cincy shooting for series sweep '' . Boca Raton News . United Press International . October 20 , 1976 . p. 8A . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1976 World Series -- Cincinnati Reds over New York Yankees ( 4 - 0 ) '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1976 World Series -- Cincinnati Reds over New York Yankees ( 4 -- 0 ) '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Yanks Trade Ellis , 2 Others to Oakland '' . Milwaukee Sentinel. April 28 , 1977 . pp. 2 -- 3 . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McMane , Fred ( May 9 , 1977 ) . `` Dock Ellis makes Yanks ' trade look good '' . Beaver County Times . United Press International . p . B - 2 . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ellis and Leonard Boost Their Teams '' . The Milwaukee Journal . United Press International . August 19 , 1977 . p. 2 . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ranger Dock Ellis Disputes Manager 's Liquor Policy '' . The Pittsburgh Press . United Press International . May 27 , 1978 . p . A-8 . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McHugh , Roy ( June 1 , 1978 ) . `` Dock : Break Out The Booze And Have A Ball '' . The Pittsburgh Press . p. C - 10 . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dock Ellis ready to break rules '' . The Modesto Bee . Associated Press . May 27 , 1978 . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rabun , Mike ( September 13 , 1978 ) . `` Rangers would prefer common bond with Cowboys '' . The Morning Record and Journal . p. 15 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Texas Rangers fire Billy Hunter '' . Beaver County Times . United Press International . October 2 , 1978 . p . B - 2 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pitcher - hungry Mets get Dock Ellis , Hassler '' . St. Petersburg Times . June 16 , 1979 . p. 5C . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Dock Ellis Back With Pirates '' . Ocala Star - Banner . Associated Press . September 22 , 1979 . p. 2B . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Feeney , Charley ( September 22 , 1979 ) . `` Bucs Lose to Chicago , 2 - 0 '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . p. 9 . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ellis Goes To Pirates For $20,000 '' . The Virgin Islands Daily News . Associated Press . September 24 , 1979 . p. 27 . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dock Ellis in the Country of Baseball , pp. 140 - 141 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dock Ellis in the Country of Baseball , p. 150 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dock Ellis in the Country of Baseball , p. 157 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dock Ellis of Rangers has to check with wife '' . Lodi News - Sentinel . United Press International . March 4 , 1978 . p. 11 . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hometown College Notebook : Ex-Martin star shines brightly for Bakersfield '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . March 4 , 1999 . p. 5 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Names in the News '' . Los Angeles Times . April 26 , 1986 . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Newsmakers Entertainment : Austin filmmakers talk to Ron Howard '' . Austin American - Statesman . June 30 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Crasnick , Jerry ( December 19 , 2008 ) . `` Former major league pitcher Dock Ellis dies at 63 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dock Phillip Ellis ( 1945 - 2008 ) '' . Find a Grave . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ No No : A Dockumentary , Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved on March 4 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Elaborate Profile on life of Dock Ellis by Kliph Nesteroff </Li> <Li> Weekend America Interview with Ellis : Pitching on LSD by Donnell Alexander and Neille Ilel </Li> <Li> Obituary in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette </Li> <Li> Dock Ellis on IMDb </Li> <Li> Dock Ellis at Find a Grave </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Awards and achievements </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Bob Moose </Td> <Td> No - hitter pitcher June 12 , 1970 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Clyde Wright </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Pittsburgh Pirates 1971 World Series champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dd> 2 Jackie Hernández </Dd> <Dd> 4 Charlie Sands </Dd> <Dd> 7 Bob Robertson </Dd> <Dd> 8 Willie Stargell </Dd> <Dd> 9 Bill Mazeroski </Dd> <Dd> 11 José Pagán </Dd> <Dd> 14 Gene Alley </Dd> <Dd> 15 Gene Clines </Dd> <Dd> 16 Al Oliver </Dd> <Dd> 17 Dock Ellis </Dd> <Dd> 18 Vic Davalillo </Dd> <Dd> 20 Richie Hebner </Dd> <Dd> 21 Roberto Clemente ( World Series MVP ) </Dd> <Dd> 23 Luke Walker </Dd> <Dd> 25 Bruce Kison </Dd> <Dd> 27 Bob Johnson </Dd> <Dd> 28 Steve Blass </Dd> <Dd> 29 Milt May </Dd> <Dd> 30 Dave Cash </Dd> <Dd> 31 Dave Giusti </Dd> <Dd> 32 Bob Miller </Dd> <Dd> 34 Nelson Briles </Dd> <Dd> 35 Manny Sanguillén </Dd> <Dd> 38 Bob Moose </Dd> <Dd> 39 Bob Veale </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> Manager </Dt> <Dd> 40 Danny Murtaugh </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Coaches </Dt> <Dd> 5 Dave Ricketts </Dd> <Dd> 41 Bill Virdon </Dd> <Dd> 42 Don Osborn </Dd> <Dd> 43 Don Leppert </Dd> <Dd> 44 Frank Oceak </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dd> Regular season </Dd> <Dd> National League Championship Series </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Pittsburgh Pirates Opening Day starting pitchers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Babe Adams </Li> <Li> Vic Aldridge </Li> <Li> Mark Baldwin </Li> <Li> Érik Bédard </Li> <Li> Kris Benson </Li> <Li> Jim Bibby </Li> <Li> Cy Blanton </Li> <Li> Steve Blass </Li> <Li> Bert Blyleven </Li> <Li> Jim Bunning </Li> <Li> A.J. Burnett </Li> <Li> Max Butcher </Li> <Li> Howie Camnitz </Li> <Li> John Candelaria </Li> <Li> Cliff Chambers </Li> <Li> Bob Chesnes </Li> <Li> Gerrit Cole </Li> <Li> Wilbur Cooper </Li> <Li> Francisco Córdova </Li> <Li> Kevin Correia </Li> <Li> Pete Daniels </Li> <Li> Murry Dickson </Li> <Li> Doug Drabek </Li> <Li> Denny Driscoll </Li> <Li> Zach Duke </Li> <Li> Mike Dunne </Li> <Li> Dock Ellis </Li> <Li> Patsy Flaherty </Li> <Li> John Fox </Li> <Li> Earl Francis </Li> <Li> Larry French </Li> <Li> Bob Friend </Li> <Li> Pud Galvin </Li> <Li> Hal Gregg </Li> <Li> Burleigh Grimes </Li> <Li> Pink Hawley </Li> <Li> Waite Hoyt </Li> <Li> Elmer Jacobs </Li> <Li> Erv Kantlehner </Li> <Li> Frank Killen </Li> <Li> Ron Kline </Li> <Li> Bob Klinger </Li> <Li> Ray Kremer </Li> <Li> Jack Leary </Li> <Li> Sam Leever </Li> <Li> Jon Lieber </Li> <Li> Francisco Liriano </Li> <Li> Paul Maholm </Li> <Li> George McQuillan </Li> <Li> Doc Medich </Li> <Li> Heine Meine </Li> <Li> Ed Morris </Li> <Li> Johnny Morrison </Li> <Li> Iván Nova </Li> <Li> Fritz Ostermueller </Li> <Li> Bob Patterson </Li> <Li> Deacon Phillippe </Li> <Li> Óliver Pérez </Li> <Li> Rick Reuschel </Li> <Li> Jerry Reuss </Li> <Li> Rick Rhoden </Li> <Li> Todd Ritchie </Li> <Li> Preacher Roe </Li> <Li> Jason Schmidt </Li> <Li> Rip Sewell </Li> <Li> Zane Smith </Li> <Li> Ian Snell </Li> <Li> Max Surkont </Li> <Li> Bill Swift </Li> <Li> Jesse Tannehill </Li> <Li> Bob Veale </Li> <Li> Ron Villone </Li> <Li> Paul Wagner </Li> <Li> Tim Wakefield </Li> <Li> Bob Walk </Li> <Li> Kip Wells </Li> <Li> Vic Willis </Li> <Li> Emil Yde </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Sporting News American League Comeback Player of the Year Award </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1965 : Cash </Li> <Li> 1966 : Powell </Li> <Li> 1967 : Chance </Li> <Li> 1968 : Harrelson </Li> <Li> 1969 : Conigliaro </Li> <Li> 1970 : Wright </Li> <Li> 1971 : Cash </Li> <Li> 1972 : Tiant </Li> <Li> 1973 : Hiller </Li> <Li> 1974 : Jenkins </Li> <Li> 1975 : Powell </Li> <Li> 1976 : Ellis </Li> <Li> 1977 : Soderholm </Li> <Li> 1978 : Caldwell </Li> <Li> 1979 : Horton </Li> <Li> 1980 : Keough </Li> <Li> 1981 : Zisk </Li> <Li> 1982 : Thornton </Li> <Li> 1983 : Trammell </Li> <Li> 1984 : Kingman </Li> <Li> 1985 : G. Thomas </Li> <Li> 1986 : Candelaria </Li> <Li> 1987 : Saberhagen </Li> <Li> 1988 : Davis </Li> <Li> 1989 : Blyleven </Li> <Li> 1990 : Winfield </Li> <Li> 1991 : Guzmán </Li> <Li> 1992 : Sutcliffe </Li> <Li> 1993 : Jackson </Li> <Li> 1994 : Canseco </Li> <Li> 1995 : Wakefield </Li> <Li> 1996 : Elster </Li> <Li> 1997 : Justice </Li> <Li> 1998 : Saberhagen </Li> <Li> 1999 : Jaha </Li> <Li> 2000 : F. Thomas </Li> <Li> 2001 : Sierra </Li> <Li> 2002 : Salmon </Li> <Li> 2003 : Meche </Li> <Li> 2004 : Konerko </Li> <Li> 2005 : Giambi </Li> <Li> 2006 : Thome </Li> <Li> 2007 : Peña </Li> <Li> 2008 : Lee </Li> <Li> 2009 : Hill </Li> <Li> 2010 : Guerrero </Li> <Li> 2011 : Ellsbury </Li> <Li> 2012 : Dunn </Li> <Li> 2013 : Rivera </Li> <Li> 2014 : Young </Li> <Li> 2015 : Fielder </Li> <Li> 2016 : Trumbo </Li> <Li> 2017 : Moustakas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> ISNI : 0000 0000 3079 9838 </Li> <Li> LCCN : n88120034 </Li> <Li> SNAC : w60k44nc </Li> <Li> VIAF : 28623095 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dock_Ellis&oldid=851424877 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1945 births </Li> <Li> 2008 deaths </Li> <Li> African - American baseball players </Li> <Li> Águilas Cibaeñas players </Li> <Li> Alcohol - related deaths in California </Li> <Li> Asheville Tourists players </Li> <Li> Baseball players from California </Li> <Li> Batavia Pirates players </Li> <Li> Burials at Inglewood Park Cemetery </Li> <Li> Columbus Jets players </Li> <Li> Deaths from cirrhosis </Li> <Li> Deaths from liver disease </Li> <Li> Kinston Eagles players </Li> <Li> Macon Peaches players </Li> <Li> Major League Baseball pitchers </Li> <Li> National League All - Stars </Li> <Li> New York Mets players </Li> <Li> New York Yankees players </Li> <Li> Oakland Athletics players </Li> <Li> Pittsburgh Pirates players </Li> <Li> Sportspeople from Los Angeles </Li> <Li> St. Petersburg Pelicans players </Li> <Li> Texas Rangers players </Li> <Li> People from Apple Valley , California </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages containing links to subscription - only content </Li> <Li> Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages </Li> <Li> Good articles </Li> <Li> Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Português </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 22 July 2018 , at 05 : 56 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Dock_Ellis&oldid=851424877 | -4,953,343,141,785,824,000 |
European Economic Community - wikipedia <H1> European Economic Community </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about one of the three European Communities that existed from 1958 until 2009 . It is not to be confused with the present - day European Union which incorporated the European Communities in 1993 . `` European Common Market '' , `` Common Market '' , and `` EEC '' redirect here . For the EU 's internal market , see European Single Market . For the type of trade bloc , see Single market . For other uses , see Common market ( disambiguation ) and EEC ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> European Economic Community <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) ( later , European Community ) 1 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Danish : </Th> <Td> Europæiske Økonomiske Fællesskab </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dutch : </Th> <Td> Europese Economische Gemeenschap </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> French : </Th> <Td> Communauté économique européenne </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> German : </Th> <Td> Europäische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Greek : </Th> <Td> Ευρωπαϊκή Οικονομική Κοινότητα </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italian : </Th> <Td> Comunità Economica Europea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portuguese : </Th> <Td> Comunidade Económica Europeia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spanish : </Th> <Td> Comunidad Económica Europea </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Economic union </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1958 -- 1993 / 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Flag </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Anthem `` Ode to Joy '' ( orchestral ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> EEC in 1993 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Capital </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brussels </Li> <Li> Luxembourg </Li> <Li> Strasbourg 2 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Languages </Td> <Td> 9 ( 1993 ) ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Danish </Li> <Li> Dutch </Li> <Li> English </Li> <Li> French </Li> <Li> German </Li> <Li> Greek </Li> <Li> Italian </Li> <Li> Portuguese </Li> <Li> Spanish </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Political structure </Td> <Td> Economic union </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Commission President </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1958 -- 1967 </Td> <Td> Walter Hallstein </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1967 -- 1970 </Td> <Td> Jean Rey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1973 -- 1977 </Td> <Td> François - Xavier Ortoli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1977 -- 1981 </Td> <Td> Roy Jenkins </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1981 -- 1985 </Td> <Td> Gaston Thorn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> Jacques Delors </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Legislature </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Council of Ministers </Li> <Li> European Parliament </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Historical era </Td> <Td> Cold War </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Treaty signed </Td> <Td> 25 March 1957 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Established </Td> <Td> 1 January 1958 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> European Communities </Td> <Td> 1 July 1967 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Single market </Td> <Td> 1 January 1993 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Communities become a pillar of the EU </Td> <Td> 1 November 1993 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pillar abolished </Td> <Td> 1 December 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Currency </Td> <Td> 13 currencies ( show ) <Ul> <Li> EUA / ECU ( accounting ) </Li> <Li> Belgian franc </Li> <Li> Danish krone </Li> <Li> French franc </Li> <Li> German mark </Li> <Li> Greek drachma </Li> <Li> Irish pound </Li> <Li> Italian lira </Li> <Li> Luxembourgish franc </Li> <Li> Dutch guilder </Li> <Li> Portuguese escudo </Li> <Li> Spanish peseta </Li> <Li> Pound sterling </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Succeeded by </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> European Union </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Today part of </Td> <Td> European Union </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> 1 The information in this infobox covers the EEC 's time as an independent organisation . It does not give details of post-1993 operation within the EU as that is explained in greater length in the European Union and European Communities articles . 2 De facto only , these cities hosted the main institutions but were not titled as capitals due to the EEC being primarily an international organisation . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Part of a series on the </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History of the European Union </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Timeline ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Pre-1945 ideas </Li> <Li> 1945 -- 1957 </Li> <Li> 1958 -- 1972 </Li> <Li> 1973 -- 1993 </Li> <Li> 1993 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> 2004 -- present </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Organisation ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> European Communities </Td> <Td> ( 1958 -- 2009 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> European Coal and Steel Community </Td> <Td> ( 1952 -- 2002 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> European Economic Community </Td> <Td> ( 1958 -- 1993 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> European Atomic Energy Community </Td> <Td> ( 1958 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> European Community </Td> <Td> ( 1993 -- 2009 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Justice and Home Affairs </Td> <Td> ( 1993 -- 2003 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters </Td> <Td> ( 2003 -- 2009 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Common Foreign and Security Policy pillar </Td> <Td> ( 1993 -- 2009 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Western European Union </Td> <Td> ( 1954 -- 2011 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Treaties ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> Treaty of Paris </Td> <Td> 1951 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Treaty of Rome </Td> <Td> 1957 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Merger Treaty </Td> <Td> 1965 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Single European Act </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maastricht Treaty </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amsterdam Treaty </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Treaty of Nice </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Treaty of Lisbon </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Commissions ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> Hallstein Commission </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rey Commission </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malfatti Commission </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mansholt Commission </Td> <Td> 1972 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ortoli Commission </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jenkins Commission </Td> <Td> 1977 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thorn Commission </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Delors Commission </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Santer Commission </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Prodi Commission </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barroso Commission </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Juncker Commission </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Topics ( show ) <Ul> <Li> History of Europe </Li> <Li> History of the euro </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> History of enlargement </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of presidents </Li> <Li> List of founders </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> European Union portal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The European Economic Community ( EEC ) was a regional organisation which aimed to bring about economic integration among its member states . It was created by the Treaty of Rome of 1957 . Upon the formation of the European Union ( EU ) in 1993 , the EEC was incorporated and renamed as the European Community ( EC ) . In 2009 the EC 's institutions were absorbed into the EU 's wider framework and the community ceased to exist . </P> <P> The Community 's initial aim was to bring about economic integration , including a common market and customs union , among its six founding members : Belgium , France , Italy , Luxembourg , the Netherlands and West Germany . It gained a common set of institutions along with the European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC ) and the European Atomic Energy Community ( EURATOM ) as one of the European Communities under the 1965 Merger Treaty ( Treaty of Brussels ) . In 1993 , a complete single market was achieved , known as the internal market , which allowed for the free movement of goods , capital , services , and people within the EEC . In 1994 , the internal market was formalised by the EEA agreement . This agreement also extended the internal market to include most of the member states of the European Free Trade Association , forming the European Economic Area covering 15 countries . </P> <P> Upon the entry into force of the Maastricht Treaty in 1993 , the EEC was renamed the European Community to reflect that it covered a wider range than economic policy . This was also when the three European Communities , including the EC , were collectively made to constitute the first of the three pillars of the European Union , which the treaty also founded . The EC existed in this form until it was abolished by the 2009 Treaty of Lisbon , which incorporated the EC 's institutions into the EU 's wider framework and provided that the EU would `` replace and succeed the European Community '' . </P> <P> The EEC was also known as the Common Market in the English - speaking countries and sometimes referred to as the European Community even before it was officially renamed as such in 1993 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Background </Li> <Li> 1.2 Creation and early years </Li> <Li> 1.3 Enlargement and elections </Li> <Li> 1.4 Towards Maastricht </Li> <Li> 1.5 European Community </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Aims and achievements </Li> <Li> 3 Members </Li> <Li> 4 Institutions <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Background </Li> <Li> 4.2 Council </Li> <Li> 4.3 Commission </Li> <Li> 4.4 Parliament </Li> <Li> 4.5 Court </Li> <Li> 4.6 Auditors </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Policy areas </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 EU evolution timeline </Li> <Li> 8 Notes and references <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Notes </Li> <Li> 8.2 References </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Further reading </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Further information : History of the European Union <H3> Background ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1951 , the Treaty of Paris was signed , creating the European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC ) . This was an international community based on supranationalism and international law , designed to help the economy of Europe and prevent future war by integrating its members . </P> <P> In the aim of creating a federal Europe two further communities were proposed : a European Defence Community and a European Political Community . While the treaty for the latter was being drawn up by the Common Assembly , the ECSC parliamentary chamber , the proposed defense community was rejected by the French Parliament . ECSC President Jean Monnet , a leading figure behind the communities , resigned from the High Authority in protest and began work on alternative communities , based on economic integration rather than political integration . After the Messina Conference in 1955 , Paul Henri Spaak was given the task to prepare a report on the idea of a customs union . The so - called Spaak Report of the Spaak Committee formed the cornerstone of the intergovernmental negotiations at Val Duchesse conference centre in 1956 . Together with the Ohlin Report the Spaak Report would provide the basis for the Treaty of Rome . </P> <P> In 1956 , Paul Henri Spaak led the Intergovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratom at the Val Duchesse conference centre , which prepared for the Treaty of Rome in 1957 . The conference led to the signature , on 25 March 1957 , of the Treaty of Rome establishing a European Economic Community . </P> <H3> Creation and early years ( edit ) </H3> <P> The resulting communities were the European Economic Community ( EEC ) and the European Atomic Energy Community ( EURATOM or sometimes EAEC ) . These were markedly less supranational than the previous communities , due to protests from some countries that their sovereignty was being infringed ( however there would still be concerns with the behaviour of the Hallstein Commission ) . The first formal meeting of the Hallstein Commission was held on 16 January 1958 at the Chateau de Val - Duchesse . The EEC ( direct ancestor of the modern Community ) was to create a customs union while Euratom would promote co-operation in the nuclear power sphere . The EEC rapidly became the most important of these and expanded its activities . One of the first important accomplishments of the EEC was the establishment ( 1962 ) of common price levels for agricultural products . In 1968 , internal tariffs ( tariffs on trade between member nations ) were removed on certain products . </P> <P> Another crisis was triggered in regard to proposals for the financing of the Common Agricultural Policy , which came into force in 1962 . The transitional period whereby decisions were made by unanimity had come to an end , and majority - voting in the Council had taken effect . Then - French President Charles de Gaulle 's opposition to supranationalism and fear of the other members challenging the CAP led to an `` empty chair policy '' whereby French representatives were withdrawn from the European institutions until the French veto was reinstated . Eventually , a compromise was reached with the Luxembourg compromise on 29 January 1966 whereby a gentlemen 's agreement permitted members to use a veto on areas of national interest . </P> <P> On 1 July 1967 when the Merger Treaty came into operation , combining the institutions of the ECSC and Euratom into that of the EEC , they already shared a Parliamentary Assembly and Courts . Collectively they were known as the European Communities . The Communities still had independent personalities although were increasingly integrated . Future treaties granted the community new powers beyond simple economic matters which had achieved a high level of integration . As it got closer to the goal of political integration and a peaceful and united Europe , what Mikhail Gorbachev described as a Common European Home . </P> <H3> Enlargement and elections ( edit ) </H3> French President Charles de Gaulle vetoed British membership , held back the development of Parliament 's powers and was at the centre of the ' empty chair crisis ' of 1965 <P> The 1960s saw the first attempts at enlargement . In 1961 , Denmark , Ireland , Norway and the United Kingdom applied to join the three Communities . However , President Charles de Gaulle saw British membership as a Trojan horse for U.S. influence and vetoed membership , and the applications of all four countries were suspended . </P> <P> A year later , in February 1962 , Spain attempted to join the European Communities . However , because Spain , then ruled by Francisco Franco was not a democracy , all members rejected the request in 1964 . </P> <P> The four countries resubmitted their applications on 11 May 1967 and with Georges Pompidou succeeding Charles de Gaulle as French president in 1969 , the veto was lifted . Negotiations began in 1970 under the pro-European government of Edward Heath , who had to deal with disagreements relating to the Common Agricultural Policy and the UK 's relationship with the Commonwealth of Nations . Nevertheless , two years later the accession treaties were signed so that Denmark , Ireland and the UK joined the Community effective 1 January 1973 . The Norwegian people had finally rejected membership in a referendum on 25 September 1972 . </P> <P> The Treaties of Rome had stated that the European Parliament must be directly elected , however this required the Council to agree on a common voting system first . The Council procrastinated on the issue and the Parliament remained appointed , French President Charles de Gaulle was particularly active in blocking the development of the Parliament , with it only being granted Budgetary powers following his resignation . </P> <P> Parliament pressured for agreement and on 20 September 1976 the Council agreed part of the necessary instruments for election , deferring details on electoral systems which remain varied to this day . During the tenure of President Jenkins , in June 1979 , the elections were held in all the then - members ( see European Parliament election , 1979 ) . The new Parliament , galvanised by direct election and new powers , started working full - time and became more active than the previous assemblies . </P> <P> Shortly after its election , Parliament became the first Community institution to propose that the Community adopt the flag of Europe . The European Council agreed to this and adopted the Symbols of Europe as those of the Community in 1984 . The European Council , or European summit , had developed since the 1960s as an informal meeting of the Council at the level of heads of state . It had originated from then - French President Charles de Gaulle 's resentment at the domination of supranational institutions ( e.g. the Commission ) over the integration process . It was mentioned in the treaties for the first time in the Single European Act ( see below ) . </P> Enlargement , 1957 to 2013 Community enlargement Since 1995 <H3> Towards Maastricht ( edit ) </H3> <P> Greece applied to join the community on 12 June 1975 , following the restoration of democracy , and joined on 1 January 1981 . Following on from Greece , and after their own democratic restoration , Spain and Portugal applied to the communities in 1977 and joined together on 1 January 1986 . In 1987 Turkey formally applied to join the Community and began the longest application process for any country . </P> <P> With the prospect of further enlargement , and a desire to increase areas of co-operation , the Single European Act was signed by the foreign ministers on the 17 and 28 February 1986 in Luxembourg and the Hague respectively . In a single document it dealt with reform of institutions , extension of powers , foreign policy cooperation and the single market . It came into force on 1 July 1987 . The act was followed by work on what would be the Maastricht Treaty , which was agreed on 10 December 1991 , signed the following year and coming into force on 1 November 1993 establishing the European Union . </P> <H3> European Community ( edit ) </H3> <P> The EU absorbed the European Communities as one of its three pillars . The EEC 's areas of activities were enlarged and were renamed the European Community , continuing to follow the supranational structure of the EEC . The EEC institutions became those of the EU , however the Court , Parliament and Commission had only limited input in the new pillars , as they worked on a more intergovernmental system than the European Communities . This was reflected in the names of the institutions , the Council was formally the `` Council of the European Union '' while the Commission was formally the `` Commission of the European Communities '' . </P> <P> However , after the Treaty of Maastricht , Parliament gained a much bigger role . Maastricht brought in the codecision procedure , which gave it equal legislative power with the Council on Community matters . Hence , with the greater powers of the supranational institutions and the operation of Qualified Majority Voting in the Council , the Community pillar could be described as a far more federal method of decision making . </P> <P> The Treaty of Amsterdam transferred responsibility for free movement of persons ( e.g. , visas , illegal immigration , asylum ) from the Justice and Home Affairs ( JHA ) pillar to the European Community ( JHA was renamed Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters ( PJCC ) as a result ) . Both Amsterdam and the Treaty of Nice also extended codecision procedure to nearly all policy areas , giving Parliament equal power to the Council in the Community . </P> <P> In 2002 , the Treaty of Paris which established the ECSC expired , having reached its 50 - year limit ( as the first treaty , it was the only one with a limit ) . No attempt was made to renew its mandate ; instead , the Treaty of Nice transferred certain of its elements to the Treaty of Rome and hence its work continued as part of the EC area of the European Community 's remit . </P> <P> After the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon in 2009 the pillar structure ceased to exist . The European Community , together with its legal personality , was absorbed into the newly consolidated European Union which merged in the other two pillars ( however Euratom remained distinct ) . This was originally proposed under the European Constitution but that treaty failed ratification in 2005 . </P> <H2> Aims and achievements ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2007 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The main aim of the EEC , as stated in its preamble , was to `` preserve peace and liberty and to lay the foundations of an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe '' . Calling for balanced economic growth , this was to be accomplished through : </P> <Ol> <Li> The establishment of a customs union with a common external tariff </Li> <Li> Common policies for agriculture , transport and trade , including standardization ( for example , the CE marking designates standards compliance ) </Li> <Li> Enlargement of the EEC to the rest of Europe </Li> </Ol> <P> For the customs union , the treaty provided for a 10 % reduction in custom duties and up to 20 % of global import quotas . Progress on the customs union proceeded much faster than the twelve years planned . However , France faced some setbacks due to their war with Algeria . </P> <H2> Members ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Member state of the European Union and Enlargement of the European Union <P> The six states that founded the EEC and the other two Communities were known as the `` inner six '' ( the `` outer seven '' were those countries who formed the European Free Trade Association ) . The six were France , West Germany , Italy and the three Benelux countries : Belgium , the Netherlands and Luxembourg . The first enlargement was in 1973 , with the accession of Denmark , Ireland and the United Kingdom . Greece , Spain and Portugal joined in the 1980s . The former East Germany became part of the EEC upon German reunification in 1990 . Following the creation of the EU in 1993 , it has enlarged to include an additional sixteen countries by 2013 . </P> Founding members of EEC Later members of EEC <Table> <Tr> <Th> Flag </Th> <Th> State </Th> <Th> Accession </Th> <Th> Language ( s ) </Th> <Th> Currency </Th> <Th> Population ( 1990 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> 000000001957 - 03 - 25 - 0000 25 March 1957 </Td> <Td> Dutch , French and German </Td> <Td> Belgian franc </Td> <Td> 7007100160000000000 ♠ 10,016,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 000000001957 - 03 - 25 - 0000 25 March 1957 </Td> <Td> French </Td> <Td> French franc </Td> <Td> 7007567180000000000 ♠ 56,718,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> West Germany / Germany </Td> <Td> 000000001957 - 03 - 25 - 0000 25 March 1957 </Td> <Td> German </Td> <Td> German mark </Td> <Td> 7007632540000000000 ♠ 63,254,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 000000001957 - 03 - 25 - 0000 25 March 1957 </Td> <Td> Italian </Td> <Td> Italian lira </Td> <Td> 7007567627000000000 ♠ 56,762,700 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Luxembourg </Td> <Td> 000000001957 - 03 - 25 - 0000 25 March 1957 </Td> <Td> French , German and Luxembourgish </Td> <Td> Luxembourgish franc </Td> <Td> 7005384400000000000 ♠ 384,400 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> 000000001957 - 03 - 25 - 0000 25 March 1957 </Td> <Td> Dutch and Frisian </Td> <Td> Dutch guilder </Td> <Td> 7007148923000000000 ♠ 14,892,300 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> 000000001973 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 1973 </Td> <Td> Danish </Td> <Td> Danish krone </Td> <Td> 7006514650000000000 ♠ 5,146,500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> 000000001973 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 1973 </Td> <Td> Irish and English </Td> <Td> Irish pound </Td> <Td> 7006352100000000000 ♠ 3,521,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> 000000001973 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 1973 </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Pound sterling </Td> <Td> 7007576810000000000 ♠ 57,681,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> 000000001981 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 1981 </Td> <Td> Greek </Td> <Td> Greek drachma </Td> <Td> 7007101200000000000 ♠ 10,120,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> 000000001986 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 1986 </Td> <Td> Portuguese </Td> <Td> Portuguese escudo </Td> <Td> 7006986250000000000 ♠ 9,862,500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 000000001986 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 1986 </Td> <Td> Spanish </Td> <Td> Spanish peseta </Td> <Td> 7007389938000000000 ♠ 38,993,800 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Member states are represented in some form in each institution . The Council is also composed of one national minister who represents their national government . Each state also has a right to one European Commissioner each , although in the European Commission they are not supposed to represent their national interest but that of the Community . Prior to 2004 , the larger members ( France , Germany , Italy and the United Kingdom ) have had two Commissioners . In the European Parliament , members are allocated a set number seats related to their population , however these ( since 1979 ) have been directly elected and they sit according to political allegiance , not national origin . Most other institutions , including the European Court of Justice , have some form of national division of its members . </P> <H2> Institutions ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Institutions of the European Union <P> There were three political institutions which held the executive and legislative power of the EEC , plus one judicial institution and a fifth body created in 1975 . These institutions ( except for the auditors ) were created in 1957 by the EEC but from 1967 onwards they applied to all three Communities . The Council represents governments , the Parliament represents citizens and the Commission represents the European interest . Essentially , the Council , Parliament or another party place a request for legislation to the Commission . The Commission then drafts this and presents it to the Council for approval and the Parliament for an opinion ( in some cases it had a veto , depending upon the legislative procedure in use ) . The Commission 's duty is to ensure it is implemented by dealing with the day - to - day running of the Union and taking others to Court if they fail to comply . After the Maastricht Treaty in 1993 , these institutions became those of the European Union , though limited in some areas due to the pillar structure . Despite this , Parliament in particular has gained more power over legislation and security of the Commission . The Court was the highest authority in the law , settling legal disputes in the Community , while the Auditors had no power but to investigate . </P> <H3> Background ( edit ) </H3> The High Authority had more executive powers than the Commission which replaced it <P> The EEC inherited some of the Institutions of the ECSC in that the Common Assembly and Court of Justice of the ECSC had their authority extended to the EEC and Euratom in the same role . However the EEC , and Euratom , had different executive bodies to the ECSC . In place of the ECSC 's Council of Ministers was the Council of the European Economic Community , and in place of the High Authority was the Commission of the European Communities . </P> <P> There was greater difference between these than name : the French government of the day had grown suspicious of the supranational power of the High Authority and sought to curb its powers in favour of the intergovernmental style Council . Hence the Council had a greater executive role in the running of the EEC than was the situation in the ECSC . By virtue of the Merger Treaty in 1967 , the executives of the ECSC and Euratom were merged with that of the EEC , creating a single institutional structure governing the three separate Communities . From here on , the term European Communities were used for the institutions ( for example , from Commission of the European Economic Community to the Commission of the European Communities ) . </P> <H3> Council ( edit ) </H3> President Jacques Delors the last EEC Commission President . <P> The Council of the European Communities was a body holding legislative and executive powers and was thus the main decision making body of the Community . Its Presidency rotated between the member states every six months and it is related to the European Council , which was an informal gathering of national leaders ( started in 1961 ) on the same basis as the Council . </P> <P> The Council was composed of one national minister from each member state . However the Council met in various forms depending upon the topic . For example , if agriculture was being discussed , the Council would be composed of each national minister for agriculture . They represented their governments and were accountable to their national political systems . Votes were taken either by majority ( with votes allocated according to population ) or unanimity . In these various forms they share some legislative and budgetary power of the Parliament . Since the 1960s the Council also began to meet informally at the level of national leaders ; these European summits followed the same presidency system and secretariat as the Council but was not a formal formation of it . </P> <H3> Commission ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Commission of the European Communities was the executive arm of the community , drafting Community law , dealing with the day to running of the Community and upholding the treaties . It was designed to be independent , representing the Community interest , but was composed of national representatives ( two from each of the larger states , one from the smaller states ) . One of its members was the President , appointed by the Council , who chaired the body and represented it . </P> <H3> Parliament ( edit ) </H3> The European Parliament held its first elections in 1979 , slowly gaining more influence over Community decision making . <P> Under the Community , the European Parliament ( formerly the European Parliamentary Assembly ) had an advisory role to the Council and Commission . There were a number of Community legislative procedures , at first there was only the consultation procedure , which meant Parliament had to be consulted , although it was often ignored . The Single European Act gave Parliament more power , with the assent procedure giving it a right to veto proposals and the cooperation procedure giving it equal power with the Council if the Council was not unanimous . </P> <P> In 1970 and 1975 , the Budgetary treaties gave Parliament power over the Community budget . The Parliament 's members , up - until 1980 were national MPs serving part - time in the Parliament . The Treaties of Rome had required elections to be held once the Council had decided on a voting system , but this did not happen and elections were delayed until 1979 ( see European Parliament election , 1979 ) . After that , Parliament was elected every five years . In the following 20 years , it gradually won co-decision powers with the Council over the adoption of legislation , the right to approve or reject the appointment of the Commission President and the Commission as a whole , and the right to approve or reject international agreements entered into by the Community . </P> <H3> Court ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Court of Justice of the European Communities was the highest court of on matters of Community law and was composed of one judge per state with a president elected from among them . Its role was to ensure that Community law was applied in the same way across all states and to settle legal disputes between institutions or states . It became a powerful institution as Community law overrides national law . </P> <H3> Auditors ( edit ) </H3> <P> The fifth institution is the European Court of Auditors , which despite its name had no judicial powers like the Court of Justice . Instead , it ensured that taxpayer funds from the Community budget have been correctly spent . The court provided an audit report for each financial year to the Council and Parliament and gives opinions and proposals on financial legislation and anti-fraud actions . It is the only institution not mentioned in the original treaties , having been set up in 1975 . </P> <H2> Policy areas ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Three pillars of the European Union <P> At the time of its abolition , the European Community pillar covered the following areas ; </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Asylum policy </Li> <Li> Border control </Li> <Li> Common Agricultural Policy </Li> <Li> Common Fisheries Policy </Li> <Li> Competition </Li> <Li> Consumer protection </Li> <Li> Customs Union and Single market </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Economic and monetary union </Li> <Li> Education and Culture </Li> <Li> Employment </Li> <Li> Environmental law </Li> <Li> EU Citizenship </Li> <Li> Healthcare </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Immigration policy </Li> <Li> Research </Li> <Li> Schengen treaty </Li> <Li> Social policy </Li> <Li> Trade policy </Li> <Li> Trans - European Networks </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Economy of the European Union </Li> <Li> Brussels and the European Union </Li> <Li> Delors Commission </Li> <Li> European Commission </Li> <Li> European Customs Information Portal ( ECIP ) </Li> <Li> European Institutions in Strasbourg </Li> <Li> History of the European Communities ( 1958 - 1972 ) </Li> <Li> History of the European Communities ( 1973 - 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Location of European Union institutions </Li> <Li> Snake in the tunnel </Li> </Ul> <H2> EU evolution timeline ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Signed : In force : Document : </Td> <Td> 1948 1948 Brussels Treaty </Td> <Td> 1951 1952 Paris Treaty </Td> <Td> 1954 1955 Modified Brussels Treaty </Td> <Td> 1957 1958 Rome Treaty & EURATOM </Td> <Td> 1965 1967 Merger Treaty </Td> <Td> 1976 Council Agreement on TREVI </Td> <Td> 1986 Single European Act </Td> <Td> 1985 + 90 1995 Schengen Treaty & Convention </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 1992 Maastricht Treaty ( TEU ) </Td> <Td> 1997 1999 Amsterdam Treaty </Td> <Td> 2001 2003 Nice Treaty </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 2007 2009 Lisbon Treaty </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Content : </Td> <Td> ( founded WUDO ) </Td> <Td> ( founded ECSC ) </Td> <Td> ( protocol amending WUDO to become WEU ) </Td> <Td> ( founded EEC and EURATOM ) </Td> <Td> ( merging the legislative & administrative bodies of the 3 European communities ) </Td> <Td> ( founded TREVI ) </Td> <Td> ( amended : EURATOM , ECSC , EEC ) + ( founded EPC ) </Td> <Td> ( founded Schengen ) ( implemented Schengen ) </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> ( amended : EURATOM , ECSC , and EEC to transform it into EC ) + ( founded : JHA + CFSP ) </Td> <Td> ( amended : EURATOM , ECSC , EC to also contain Schengen , and TEU where PJCC replaced JHA ) </Td> <Td> ( amended with focus on institutional changes : EURATOM , ECSC , EC and TEU ) </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> ( abolished the 3 pillars and WEU by amending : EURATOM , EC = > TFEU , and TEU ) ( founded EU as an overall legal unit with Charter of Fundamental Rights , and reformed governance structures & decision procedures ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Three pillars of the European Union : </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> European Communities ( with a single Commission & Council ) </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> European Atomic Energy Community ( EURATOM ) </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC ) </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Treaty expired in 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> European Union ( EU ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> European Economic Community ( EEC ) </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> European Community ( EC ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Schengen Rules </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Terrorism , Radicalism , Extremism and Violence Internationally ( TREVI ) </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Justice and Home Affairs ( JHA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters ( PJCC ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> European Political Cooperation ( EPC ) </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Common Foreign and Security Policy ( CFSP ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Western Union Defence Organization ( WUDO ) </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Western European Union ( WEU ) </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Treaty terminated in 2011 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Notes and references ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Notes ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ German reunification took place in 1990 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ And recognised regional languages : Aranese , Galician , Basque and Catalan </Li> </Ol> <H3> References ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Today the largely rewritten treaty continues in force as the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union , as renamed by the Lisbon Treaty . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Raymond F. Mikesell , The Lessons of Benelux and the European Coal and Steel Community for the European Economic Community , The American Economic Review , Vol. 48 , No. 2 , Papers and Proceedings of the Seventieth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association ( May 1958 ) , pp. 428 -- 441 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spaak report '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fifty years of fraternal rivalry news.bbc.co.uk 19 / 03 / 07 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The ' empty chair ' policy '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hoskyns , Catherine ; Michael Newman ( 2000 ) . Democratizing the European Union : Issues for the twenty - first Century ( Perspectives on Democratization ) . Manchester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 5666 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` European Parliament press releases '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Council of Europe 's Emblems '' . Council of Europe . Archived from the original on 7 August 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The European flag : questions and answers '' . CVCE . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stark , Christine . `` Evolution of the European Council : The implications of a permanent seat '' ( PDF ) . Dragoman.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 July 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The accession of Greece '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Accession Treaties with Spain and Portugal on CVCE website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The provisions of the Single European Act '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : What are the three pillars of the EU ? , Folketingets EU - Oplysning </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The achievements of the EEC '' . CVCE . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The European Customs Union '' . CVCE . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Data from Populstat.info </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Belgian and Luxembourgish francs were 1 : 1 and theoretically interchangeable as a single currency . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Including East Germany : 80,274,200 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Williamson , Adrian ( 5 May 2015 ) . `` The case for Brexit : lessons from the 1960s and 1970s '' . History & Policy . History & Policy . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Institutions : The European Commission '' . Europa ( web portal ) . Archived from the original on 23 June 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Merging of the executives '' . CVCE . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Council of the European Union '' . CVCE . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` European Commission '' . CVCE . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 26 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Institutions : The Council of the European Union '' . Europa ( web portal ) . Archived from the original on 3 July 2007 . Retrieved 25 June 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Institutions : Court of Auditors '' . Europa ( web portal ) . Archived from the original on 22 December 2009 . Retrieved 25 June 2007 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Acocella , Nicola ( 1992 ) , ' Trade and direct investment within the EC : The impact of strategic considerations ' , in : Cantwell , John ( ed . ) , ' Multinational investment in modern Europe ' , E. Elgar , Cheltenham , ISBN 978 - 1 - 8527 - 8421 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Balassa , Bela ( 1962 ) . The Theory of Economic Integration </Li> <Li> Eichengreen , Barry ( 1992 ) . `` European Economic Community '' . In David R. Henderson ( ed . ) . Concise Encyclopedia of Economics ( 1st ed . ) . Library of Economics and Liberty . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) OCLC 317650570 , 50016270 , 163149563 </Li> <Li> Hallstein , Walter ( 1962 ) . A New Path to Peaceful Union </Li> <Li> Monnet , Jean ( 1959 ) . Prospect for a New Europe </Li> <Li> Spaak , Paul - Henri ( 1971 ) . The Continuing Battle : Memories of a European </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> Listen to this article ( info / dl ) <P> </P> This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` European Economic Community '' dated 2012 - 03 - 26 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to European Economic Community . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> European Union website </Li> <Li> Documents of the European Economic Community are consultable at the Historical Archives of the EU in Florence </Li> <Li> Treaty establishing the European Economic Community on CVCE website </Li> <Li> History of the Rome Treaties on CVCE website </Li> <Li> Papers of J. Robert Schaetzel , ambassador to European Economic Community , 1966 -- 1972 , Dwight D. 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Picture to Burn - wikipedia <H1> Picture to Burn </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Picture to Burn '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Taylor Swift </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Taylor Swift </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> February 3 , 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CD single </Li> <Li> digital download </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio </Th> <Td> The Castles Studios - A , Sound Cottage , Sound Emporium ( Nashville , Tennessee ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Country rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 2 : 55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Big Machine </Li> <Li> Universal Republic </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Taylor Swift </Li> <Li> Liz Rose </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Nathan Chapman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Taylor Swift singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Our Song '' ( 2007 ) </Td> <Td> `` Picture to Burn '' ( 2008 ) </Td> <Td> `` Should 've Said No '' ( 2008 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Our Song '' ( 2007 ) </Td> <Td> `` Picture to Burn '' ( 2008 ) </Td> <Td> `` Should 've Said No '' ( 2008 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> `` Picture to Burn '' on YouTube </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Picture to Burn '' is a song recorded by American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift . It was co-written by Swift and Liz Rose , and produced by Nathan Chapman . It was released on February 3 , 2008 by Big Machine Records as the fourth single from Swift 's eponymous studio album , Taylor Swift ( 2006 ) . It was inspired by the narcissistic and cocky nature of her former high school classmate and ex-boyfriend Jordan Alford with whom Swift never established a formal relationship . In retrospect , Swift has stated that she has evolved on a personal level and as a songwriter , claiming she processed emotions differently since `` Picture to Burn '' . The song was chosen as a single based on the audience 's reaction to it in concert . Musically , the track is of the country rock genre with prominent usage of guitar , banjo , and drums . The lyrics concern setting fire to photographs of a former boyfriend . </P> <P> `` Picture to Burn '' was praised by music critics , some who supported the feminist message . The single was commercially successful , peaking at number 28 on the Billboard Hot 100 and at number three on the country - genre chart . It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and has sold over one million downloads . In Canada , it charted within the top 50 and was certified gold . The music video for `` Picture to Burn '' was directed by Trey Fanjoy and features Swift fantasizing about taking revenge on her ex-boyfriend after she discovers him with another woman . The video also has Swift and her band performing with pyrotechnics as a backdrop . Swift promoted `` Picture to Burn '' via live performances , including numerous while supporting as opening act for various country artists ' concert tours . It was also performed on her first headlining tour , the Fearless Tour ( 2009 -- 10 ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background and release </Li> <Li> 2 Composition </Li> <Li> 3 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 4 Commercial performance </Li> <Li> 5 Music video </Li> <Li> 6 Accolades </Li> <Li> 7 Live performances </Li> <Li> 8 Track listings </Li> <Li> 9 Official versions </Li> <Li> 10 Charts and certifications <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Charts </Li> <Li> 10.2 Year - end charts </Li> <Li> 10.3 Certifications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background and release ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Picture to Burn '' was inspired by her high school boyfriend , now firefighter , Jordan Alford with whom Swift did not establish a formal romantic relationship . She was his classmate at Hendersonville High School in Tennessee and they went out before he dated classmate Chelsea who would later become his wife . `` ' They dated in freshman year , but then after that , girl code , once you date an ex-boyfriend you 're not friends anymore . Picture To Burn is about him . Because he 's always had big old trucks and stuff , ' Taylor Swift said . She was frequently frustrated by his narcissistic and cocky nature , and decided to write a song about how she felt at her after school job , writing songs for Sony / ATV Music . It was co-written with Liz Rose on guitar , and given a comedic edge ( an idea of Swift 's ) . Swift found herself sitting , playing her guitar , and saying , `` I hate his stupid truck that he does n't let me drive . He 's such a redneck ! Oh my God ! ' , a line that was ultimately developed into the song 's chorus . Swift described it as brutally honest , and cited it as an example of how she expresses herself if someone leaves her heartbroken , offends her , or is hostile towards her . Furthermore , she said `` Picture to Burn '' became the only song driven by anger on Taylor Swift , a topic she felt most teenage females could identify to . `` It 's OK to be mad after a breakup or after something goes wrong with a relationship '' , Swift said . The subject of `` Picture to Burn '' remains unaware that he is the inspiration behind the song . The song was chosen as a single based on the reactions it garnered at concerts . Swift recalled that , although `` Tim McGraw '' ( 2006 ) was her only single at the time she began opening for Rascal Flatts ' Me and My Gang Tour ( 2006 -- 07 ) , `` Picture to Burn '' was the performance in which the crowd seemed to be the most enthusiastic with most screaming it `` at the top of their lungs '' . </P> <P> In retrospect , Swift has stated that the song was something typical of her to say in her teenage years and that it exemplified how she processed emotion at the time , adding `` I did n't know anything then . '' She explained , `` I had this song called ' Picture to Burn , ' that 's talking about how ' I hate your truck , ' and ' I hate that you ignored me , ' ' I hate you . ' Now , the way that I would say that and the way that I would feel that kind of pain is a lot different . '' Despite her evolving on a personal level and as a songwriter , she claimed not to be regretful of `` Picture to Burn '' , rather happy she was able to demonstrate `` those emotions that when you 're so angry , you hate everything . It 's like recording your diary over the years , and that 's a gift '' , she said . `` Picture to Burn '' was released as the fourth single from Taylor Swift on February 3 , 2008 by Big Machine Records and Universal Republic . </P> <H2> Composition ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Picture to Burn '' ( 2008 ) An audio sample of Taylor Swift 's `` Picture to Burn '' , a country rock song with lyrics about burning photographs of an ex-boyfriend . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Picture to Burn '' is a country song with a length of two minutes and 55 seconds . It draws influences from traditional elements of country music , resulting in an uptempo country rock number . Written in the key of G major , the song is set in common time and has a tempo of 106 beats per minute with a strong beat . Swift 's boasts with `` big vocals '' that span two octaves , from the note of G to C. It follows the chord progression G -- Am -- C -- D . The verses are driven by banjos and drums , meanwhile the refrains ' instrumentation is marked by distorted guitars . </P> <P> Lyrically , `` Picture to Burn '' is an evisceration of a no - good adolescent male , and is directed towards an ex-boyfriend . About the song 's theme , Sean Dooley of About.com commented , `` Swift takes no prisoners in her quest to make a former flame feel her wrath for doing her wrong . '' In the first verse , Swift introduces relationship by stating she acknowledged the fact that her former boyfriend was more in love with himself than with her . The second verse has Swift plotting retaliation : `` There 's no time for tears / I 'm just sitting here planning my revenge / There 's nothing stopping me / From goin ' out with all of your best friends . '' For the refrains , she speaks of igniting fire on photographs of her ex-boyfriend , concluding them with a musical punch line , `` As far as I 'm concerned / You 're just another picture to burn '' . Critics have found the song to a symbol of feminism . </P> <H2> Critical reception ( edit ) </H2> Swift performing `` Picture to Burn '' on the Fearless Tour in 2009 . <P> `` Picture to Burn '' received critical acclaim . Chris Neal of Country Weekly believed `` Picture to Burn '' , along with `` Should 've Said No '' , were the most immediately striking songs on Taylor Swift . Jack Lowe of About.com said the song was fun , and that females would specially enjoy it . Kate Kiefer of Paste magazine selected the track as one of Swift 's six best singles , and stated , `` She really shows her age in this one '' . Roger Holland of PopMatters commented that the song was the epitome of how , according to him , Swift was more given in uptempo tempos , and that it served as indication to the nature of Swift 's debut album . Holland added , `` ' Picture to Burn ' is two parts Ashlee Simpson to one part Amy Dalley , with an overly familiar guitar melody that could have been lifted directly from the latter . '' Top music critic Robert Christgau selected `` Picture to Burn '' as a highlight on Taylor Swift . Josh Love of The Village Voice attributed the song to be one of the reasons how the singer rose to stardom . He called it a `` bluntly relatable composition ( ... ) that connected ( Swift ) with teens from across the spectrum . '' Patrick McDonald of The Seattle Times called it a `` clever , sassy , upbeat song '' Alison Bonaguro of the Chicago Tribune said the song was a `` clean - but - still - rowdy '' number for Swift . Kevin Courtney of The Irish Times mentioned `` Picture to Burn '' among powerful revenge songs and noted the lyric `` Go and tell your friends that I 'm obsessive and crazy / That 's fine / I 'll tell mine you 're gay . '' He supported the sentiment behind the song and wrote , `` You go girl '' . </P> <H2> Commercial performance ( edit ) </H2> <P> On the week ending March 1 , 2008 , `` Picture to Burn '' debuted at number ninety - one on the Billboard Hot 100 . The following week it ascended to number eighty - three , and ten weeks later , on the week ending May 17 , 2008 , it reached its peak at number twenty - eight . The song 's final appearance on the chart was on the week ending July 12 , 2008 at number eighty - nine , after spending a total twenty weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 . The single has been certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America . As of November 2017 , `` Picture to Burn '' has sold 1.7 million copies in the United States . </P> <P> On the week ending January 26 , 2008 , the single debuted at number fifty - two on the Billboard Hot Country Songs . On its eleventh week , it entered the top ten at number nine , thus giving Swift her fourth consecutive top ten hit from her debut album . Six weeks later , on the week ending May 17 , 2008 , it reach its peak at number three on the chart . It spent a total of twenty weeks on Hot Country Songs . </P> <P> On the week ending March 15 , 2008 , `` Picture to Burn '' debuted at number eighty - five in Canada . It reached its peak at number forty - eight on the chart on the week ending May 3 , 2008 . `` Picture to Burn '' spent a total of sixteen weeks in Canada . The single was certified gold by Music Canada for sales of 40,000 digital downloads . </P> <H2> Music video ( edit ) </H2> <P> The accompanying music video for `` Picture to Burn '' was directed by Trey Fanjoy , who directed all three of Swift 's prior music videos . Swift decided to collaborate with Fanjoy once again because she felt that since Fanjoy directed her prior videos , she knew how to deviate from it and what new grounds to cover . As opposed to their previous collaborations , the video was conceptualized to be edgy and comical . Swift herself was styled edgier than usual , sporting clothing , hair , and jewelry she was not accustomed to . She was intended to wear thigh - length boots , but was not able to find a pair to correspond with her height . Instead , her stylist sewed black fabric to strap onto black high heels to give the illusion of thigh - length boots . The video 's plot was conjectured to involve rampaging and seeking revenge on her ex-boyfriend . Swift chose football player Justin Sandy to portray her ex-boyfriend in the video , believing he had a classic and suspiciously perfect demeanor ; she described him as `` real life Ken '' . Swift desired to portray her backup band 's sense of humor , and thus enlisted them for the video . Swift 's real - life best friend Abigail Anderson also made a cameo appearance in the video . </P> <P> The video was filmed over the course of two days in Nashville , Tennessee . On the first day , performance scenes were filmed inside the Sommet Center ( now named the Bridgestone Arena ) , and involved pyrotechnics . Swift was at first nervous about the shoot , as it was her first experience with pyrotechnics . `` There are some things I 'm nervous about . My hair could very well catch on fire '' , she said . She was later assured of its safety and explained to about the discrepancy in the distance of the fire in reality than on camera : on camera , it appears to be quite close to her , whereas , in actuality , it was placed far behind her . On the second day , the remaining scenes were filmed at a suburban house in Nashville . Props were provided by the video personnel . On the set , Fanjoy suggested using binoculars for the primary scenes , but Swift disagreed , believing it could come across as cheesy depending on how it was filmed . She ultimately succumbed to the idea due to Fanjoy explaining how it would translate on camera . </P> <P> The video premiered on March 14 , 2008 on AOL 's The Boot . It commences with Swift and her best friend in a grey 2009 Ford Mustang GT 45th Anniversary Edition , parked behind a tree . Swift reminiscences , looking at a photograph of her and her ex-boyfriend together , and states , `` Would you look at how happy we were back then ? I ca n't believe he turned out to be such a jerk . '' Anderson is then seen ogling outside the window with binoculars , and spots Swift 's ex-boyfriend and another woman arriving in a black late 90s Ford F - 150 pick - up truck . She notes the other woman is driving the truck , and Swift states angrily he never allowed her to drive it . As Swift 's ex-boyfriend and the woman start frolicking inside the truck , the music begins and the video transcends to a concrete room where the singer ( clothed in a grey , one - shoulder mini-dress and black leather , thigh - length boots ) is playing an electric guitar , alongside her backup band . During the song 's chorus , fire ignites behind them . Afterwards , the band is depicted entering a house furtively , using flashlights . Swift is sitting on a brown couch , sporting a black tank top , black leather pants and a beehive hairdo , as the band ransacks the house . They throw darts at photographs of Swift 's ex , envelop all of his furniture with toilet paper , mess his mirror with the word `` loser '' , lick his utensils and spit into his mouthwash . Suddenly , the ex-boyfriend and the woman are shown approaching the house , and , seeing this , Anderson informs Swift and the band via handheld transceiver . He enters the house and discovers it was ransacked , and repeats the name `` Taylor '' . The video then transitions to Anderson and Swift inside the Ford Mustang , with Anderson also repeating `` Taylor '' . She then suggests leaving , and Swift says , `` You know what ? I 'm over it . '' The video concludes with the photograph of Swift and her ex-boyfriend in flames , thrown in the sidewalk . Cut - scenes feature Swift and her band performing in the concrete room , Swift singing on the couch , or Swift dancing affront a shower of sparks . To date , the video has 98 million views on YouTube . </P> <H2> Accolades ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Organization </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> SESAC Nashville Music Awards </Td> <Td> Country Performance Activity Awards </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> BMI Awards </Td> <Td> Award - Winning Songs </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Publisher of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Live performances ( edit ) </H2> Swift performing `` Picture to Burn '' on the Fearless Tour in 2010 . <P> Swift first performed the track at Billboard headquarters in 2006 . She then performed `` Picture to Burn '' as she opened for Rascal Flatts on several dates , from October 19 to November 3 , 2006 , included on the Me and My Gang Tour ( 2006 -- 07 ) . Swift performed the song dressed in a black , knee - length dress and red cowboy boots with a design of a skull and crossbones across it , as she roamed around the stage . She also performed the song when she served as opening act on twenty dates for George Strait 's 2007 United States tour , and selected dates for Brad Paisley 's Bonfires & Amplifiers Tour in 2007 . During mid-2007 , Swift embarked as the opening act on several dates for Tim McGraw 's and Faith Hill 's joint tour , Soul2Soul II Tour ( 2006 -- 07 ) , where she again performed the song . Swift performed `` Picture to Burn '' to close while she was again opening for Rascal Flatts for their Still Feels Good Tour in 2008 . While promoting another single from Taylor Swift , Swift executed her first televised performance of `` Picture to Burn '' was on October 10 , 2007 on Regis & Kelly . She then performed the song at a concert at the Apple Store in SoHo , New York , which was recorded and released as a live extended play ( EP ) , iTunes Live from SoHo , exclusively sold through the iTunes Store . Commencing promotion for it in early and mid-2008 , Swift performed `` Picture to Burn '' on Studio 330 Sessions , Good Morning America , the 2008 CMT Music Awards , and Nashville Star . Since completing promotion for Taylor Swift and its corresponding singles , the singer has performed the song on Clear Channel Communications 's Stripped , at the 2009 CMA Music Festival , at the 2009 V Festival , and at the Australian charity concert Sydney Sound Relief . </P> <P> Swift performed `` Picture to Burn '' to close the main set , before commencing the encore on all venues of her first headlining concert tour , the Fearless Tour ( 2009 -- 10 ) . During 2009 performances , Swift donned a black cocktail dress with sparkly ornaments along the stomach , as she roamed throughout the stage , which was projected with images of searing flames , singing the song . In the 2010 extension , Swift bared a spangly , violet mini-dress . Jim Harrington of the San Jose Mercury News believed `` Picture to Burn '' 's performance on April 11 , 2010 at the HP Pavilion in San Jose , California demonstrated how versatile Swift was as a performer , feeling equally at gusto with tender ballads and uptempo rockers . Of the performance at the tour 's final concert on June 5 , 2010 at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts , Jay N. Miller of The Patriot Ledger said , `` She strutted down the catwalk chastising another hapless ex-boyfriend '' . Attending the same concert , Molly Trust of Billboard deemed the performance one of the most energized moments of the night , while Susan McDonald of The Sun Chronicle deemed it simple , yet the most powerful . </P> <H2> Track listings ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Digital Download </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Picture to Burn '' ( Alternate Version ) -- 3 : 00 </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> CD Single </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Picture to Burn '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 2 : 54 </Li> <Li> `` Picture to Burn '' ( Video ) -- 3 : 05 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Official versions ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Album Version -- 2 : 55 </Li> <Li> Radio Edit -- 2 : 55 ( New Album Version / Beautiful Eyes Version ) </Li> <Li> Rock Version -- 2 : 55 </Li> <Li> Alternate Version -- 3 : 00 </Li> <Li> Karaoke Version -- 2 : 56 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Charts and certifications ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2008 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) </Th> <Td> 48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada Country ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Billboard Hot 100 </Th> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Charts ( 2008 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Certifications ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> <Th> Certified units / Sales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( Music Canada ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 40,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States ( RIAA ) </Th> <Td> 2 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 1,700,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Since May 2013 RIAA certifications for digital singles include on - demand audio and / or video song streams in addition to downloads . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Taylor Swift ( CD ) . 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Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` Picture to Burn '' music video on YouTube ( posted by Vevo ) </Li> <Li> Lyrics at Taylor Swift official site </Li> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> hide <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Taylor Swift songs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Taylor Swift </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Tim McGraw '' </Li> <Li> `` Picture to Burn '' </Li> <Li> `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' </Li> <Li> `` Should 've Said No '' </Li> <Li> `` Our Song '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fearless </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Fearless '' </Li> <Li> `` Fifteen '' </Li> <Li> `` Love Story '' </Li> <Li> `` White Horse '' </Li> <Li> `` You Belong with Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Breathe '' </Li> <Li> `` You 're Not Sorry '' </Li> <Li> `` Forever & Always '' </Li> <Li> `` Change '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Speak Now </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Mine '' </Li> <Li> `` Sparks Fly '' </Li> <Li> `` Back to December '' </Li> <Li> `` Dear John '' </Li> <Li> `` Speak Now '' </Li> <Li> `` Mean '' </Li> <Li> `` The Story of Us '' </Li> <Li> `` Innocent '' </Li> <Li> `` Ours '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Red </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` State of Grace '' </Li> <Li> `` Red '' </Li> <Li> `` I Knew You Were Trouble '' </Li> <Li> `` All Too Well '' </Li> <Li> `` 22 '' </Li> <Li> `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' </Li> <Li> `` The Last Time '' </Li> <Li> `` Everything Has Changed '' </Li> <Li> `` Begin Again '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Welcome to New York '' </Li> <Li> `` Blank Space '' </Li> <Li> `` Style '' </Li> <Li> `` Out of the Woods '' </Li> <Li> `` Shake It Off '' </Li> <Li> `` Bad Blood '' </Li> <Li> `` Wildest Dreams '' </Li> <Li> `` Wonderland '' </Li> <Li> `` New Romantics '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reputation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` ... Ready for It ? '' </Li> <Li> `` End Game '' </Li> <Li> `` Delicate '' </Li> <Li> `` Look What You Made Me Do '' </Li> <Li> `` Gorgeous '' </Li> <Li> `` Call It What You Want '' </Li> <Li> `` New Year 's Day '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songs as a featured artist </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Two Is Better Than One '' </Li> <Li> `` Half of My Heart '' </Li> <Li> `` Both of Us '' </Li> <Li> `` Highway Do n't Care '' </Li> <Li> `` Babe '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Crazier '' </Li> <Li> `` Today Was a Fairytale '' </Li> <Li> `` Safe & Sound '' </Li> <Li> `` Long Live '' </Li> <Li> `` Eyes Open '' </Li> <Li> `` Ronan '' </Li> <Li> `` Sweeter Than Fiction '' </Li> <Li> `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' </Li> <Li> `` Best Days of Your Life '' </Li> <Li> `` Better Man '' </Li> <Li> `` This Is What You Came For '' </Li> <Li> `` You 'll Always Find Your Way Back Home '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Picture_to_Burn&oldid=845014046 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2008 singles </Li> <Li> Music videos directed by Trey Fanjoy </Li> <Li> Song recordings produced by Nathan Chapman ( record producer ) </Li> <Li> Songs written by Liz Rose </Li> <Li> Songs written by Taylor Swift </Li> <Li> Taylor Swift songs </Li> <Li> Big Machine Records singles </Li> <Li> Songs with feminist themes </Li> <Li> Songs based on actual events </Li> <Li> 2006 songs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using web citations with no URL </Li> <Li> Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL </Li> <Li> Good articles </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Canada </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without song </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for Canada </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for United States </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 8 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 8 June 2018 , at 18 : 39 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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IPad Air - Wikipedia <H1> IPad Air </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with iPad ( 2017 ) . `` iPad ( 5th generation ) '' redirects here . For the product Apple Inc. calls `` fifth generation '' , see iPad ( 2017 ) . <Table> iPad Air <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> iPad Air in Space Gray </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developer </Th> <Td> Apple Inc . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manufacturer </Th> <Td> Foxconn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Product family </Th> <Td> iPad </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Tablet computer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Generation </Th> <Td> 5th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> November 1 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Discontinued </Th> <Td> March 21 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Operating system </Th> <Td> Original : iOS 7.0. 3 Current : iOS 11.3. 1 , released April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> System - on - chip used </Th> <Td> Apple A7 with 64 - bit architecture and Apple M7 motion co-processor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> CPU </Th> <Td> 1.4 GHz dual - core 64 - bit </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Memory </Th> <Td> 1 GB LPDDR3 RAM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Storage </Th> <Td> 16 , 32 , 64 , 128 GB flash memory </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Display </Th> <Td> 9.7 inches ( 250 mm ) 2,048 × 1,536 px color IPS display , ( 264 ppi ) with a 4 : 3 aspect ratio , oleophobic coating </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Graphics </Th> <Td> PowerVR G6430 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sound </Th> <Td> Stereo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Input </Th> <Td> Multi-touch screen , headset controls , M7 motion co-processor , proximity and ambient light sensors , 3 - axis accelerometer , 3 - axis gyroscope , digital compass , dual microphone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Camera </Th> <Td> Front : 1.2 MP , 720p HD Rear : OmniVision Technologies OV5650 5.0 MP AF , iSight with Five Element Lens , Hybrid IR filter , video stabilisation , face detection , HDR , ƒ / 2.4 aperture </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Connectivity </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Wi - Fi and Wi - Fi + Cellular : <Dl> <Dd> Wi - Fi 802.11 a / b / g / n at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz and MIMO </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <P> Bluetooth 4.0 </P> <Dl> <Dd> Wi - Fi + Cellular : <Dl> <Dd> GPS & GLONASS </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> GSM </Dt> <Dd> UMTS / HSDPA <Dl> <Dd> 850 , 1700 , 1900 , 2100 MHz </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> GSM / EDGE <Dl> <Dd> 850 , 900 , 1800 , 1900 MHz </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> CDMA </Dt> <Dd> CDMA / EV - DO Rev. A and B . <Dl> <Dd> 800 , 1900 MHz </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> LTE </Dt> <Dd> Multiple bands <Dl> <Dd> A1475 : 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 13 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 25 , 26 ; A1476 : 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 18 , 19 , 20 and TD - LTE 38 , 39 , 40 </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Power </Th> <Td> Built - in rechargeable Li - Po battery 8,827 mAh 3.73 V 32.9 W ⋅ h ( 118 kJ ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Online services </Th> <Td> App Store , iTunes Store , iBookstore , iCloud , Game Center </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 240 mm ( 9.4 in ) ( h ) 169.5 mm ( 6.67 in ) ( w ) 7.5 mm ( 0.30 in ) ( d ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Weight </Th> <Td> Wi - Fi : 469 g ( 1.034 lb ) Wi - Fi + Cellular : 478 g ( 1.054 lb ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Predecessor </Th> <Td> iPad ( 4th generation ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Successor </Th> <Td> iPad Air 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.apple.com/ipad-air/ </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> This article is part of a series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> iPad </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> <Td> Air </Td> <Td> Air 2 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> <Td> ( 5th ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( 6th ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mini <Ul> <Li> 1st </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pro <Ul> <Li> 1st </Li> <Li> 2nd </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> List of iPad models </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The iPad Air is the first - generation iPad Air tablet computer designed , developed , and marketed by Apple Inc . It was announced on October 22 , 2013 , and was released on November 1 , 2013 . The iPad Air features a thinner design with similarities to the contemporaneous iPad Mini 2 , along with the same 64 - bit Apple A7 processor with M7 coprocessor . It was then discontinued with the launch of a 9.7 inch iPad Pro on March 21 , 2016 . </P> <P> Its successor , the iPad Air 2 , was announced on October 16 , 2014 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Features <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Software </Li> <Li> 2.2 Design </Li> <Li> 2.3 Hardware </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Reception <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 3.2 Criticism </Li> <Li> 3.3 Commercial reception </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Timeline </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The iPad Air was announced during a keynote at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts on October 22 , 2013 . The theme of the keynote was named ' We still have a lot to cover ' . </P> <H2> Features ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Software ( edit ) </H3> See also : iOS 7 , iOS 8 , iOS 9 , iOS 10 , and iOS 11 Further information : iOS , iOS version history , iTunes Radio , and AirDrop <P> The iPad Air comes with the iOS 7 operating system , released on September 18 , 2013 . Jonathan Ive , the designer of iOS 7 's new elements , described the update as `` bringing order to complexity '' , highlighting features such as refined typography , new icons , translucency , layering , physics , and gyroscope - driven parallaxing as some of the major changes to the design . The design of both iOS 7 and OS X Mavericks ( version 10.9 ) noticeably depart from skeuomorphic elements such as green felt in Game Center , wood in Newsstand , and leather in Calendar , in favor of flat , colourful design . </P> <P> It can act as a hotspot with some carriers , sharing its Internet connection over Wi - Fi , Bluetooth , or USB , and also access the Apple App Store , a digital application distribution platform for iOS . The service allows users to browse and download applications from the iTunes Store that were developed with Xcode and the iOS SDK and were published through Apple . From the App Store , GarageBand , iMovie , iPhoto , and the iWork apps ( Pages , Keynote , and Numbers ) are available . </P> <P> The iPad Air comes with several applications , including Siri , Safari , Mail , Photos , Video , Music , iTunes , App Store , Maps , Notes , Calendar , Game Center , Photo Booth , and Contacts . Like all iOS devices , the iPad can sync content and other data with a Mac or PC using iTunes , although iOS 5 and later can be managed and backed up without a computer . Although the tablet is not designed to make phone calls over a cellular network , users can use a headset or the built - in speakers and microphone to place phone calls over Wi - Fi or cellular using a VoIP application , such as Skype . The device has a dictation application , using the same voice recognition technology as the iPhone 4S . This enables users to speak and the iPad types what they say on the screen , though the iPad must have an internet connection ( via Wi - Fi or cellular network ) because the speech is processed by Apple servers . Apple also began giving away its popular iLife ( iPhoto , iMovie , Garageband ) and iWork ( Pages , Keynote , Numbers ) apps with the device . </P> <P> On June 8 , 2015 , it was announced at the WWDC that the iPad Air would support most of iOS 9 's new features when it is released in Q3 2015 . Air users with iOS 9 will be able to take advantage of two features called Slide Over and Picture in Picture . Slide Over allows a user to `` slide '' a second app in from the side of the screen in a smaller window , and have it display information alongside the initial app . Picture in Picture allows a user to watch video in a small , resizable , moveable window while remaining in another app . Another feature , dubbed Split View ( which allows the user to run two apps simultaneously in a 50 / 50 view ) , will not be supported by the Air , instead it will only run on iPad Air 2 . </P> <P> It was announced at the WWDC 2016 that the iPad Air ( along with various other iOS devices ) will support iOS 10 . </P> <P> It was announced at the WWDC 2017 that the iPad Air will support the latest version of iOS , iOS 11 , while dropping support to its immediate predecessor , the 4th generation iPad . </P> <H3> Design ( edit ) </H3> <P> The iPad Air marks the first major design change for the iPad since the iPad 2 ; it now has a thinner design that is 7.5 millimeters thick and has a smaller screen bezel similar to the iPad Mini . Apple reduced the overall volume for the iPad Air by using thinner components resulting in a 22 % reduction in weight over the iPad 2 . Though it still uses the same 9.7 - inch Retina Display as the previous iPad model , an improved front - facing camera makes using FaceTime much clearer . The new front - facing camera is capable of video in 720p HD , includes face detection , and backside illumination . The rear camera received an upgrade as well ; now being called the iSight camera , in addition to the same functions as the front camera it also contains a 5MP CMOS , hybrid IR filter and a fixed ƒ / 2.4 aperture . The device is available in space gray and silver colors . </P> <P> As with previous generations , Apple continued to use recyclable materials . The enclosure of the iPad Air is milled from a solid block of aluminum making it 100 % recyclable . The iPad Air is also free of harmful materials such as BFRs and PVC . </P> <H3> Hardware ( edit ) </H3> <P> Although the Air inherits most of the same hardware components from the iPhone 5S , such as its 64 - bit Apple A7 system - on - chip and Apple M7 motion processor , it uses the same home button that was built in previous iPad models and therefore does not support Touch ID and fingerprint sensor . The A7 present in the iPad Air is slightly different however , in that it does not use a PoP design which stacks the RAM on top of the SoC . It also features a metal heat spreader to compensate for the slightly faster clock speed and better thermal management . The Air also includes a 5 megapixel rear - facing camera ( iSight ) , a FaceTime HD front - facing camera , support for 802.11 n , and an estimated 10 hours of battery life . It boots faster than any previous iPad model . </P> <P> As with all previous generations of iPhone and iPad hardware , there are four buttons and one switch on the iPad Air . With the device in its portrait orientation , these are : a `` home '' button on the face of the device under the display that returns the user to the home screen , a wake / sleep button on the top edge of the device , and two buttons on the upper right side of the device performing volume up / down functions , under which is a switch whose function varies according to device settings , functioning either to switch the device into or out of silent mode or to lock / unlock the orientation of the screen . In addition , the WiFi only version weighs 469 grams while the cellular model weighs 478 grams -- over 25 % lighter than their respective predecessors . The display responds to other sensors : an ambient light sensor to adjust screen brightness and a 3 - axis accelerometer to sense orientation and switch between portrait and landscape modes . Unlike the iPhone and iPod Touch 's built - in applications , which work in three orientations ( portrait , landscape - left and landscape - right ) , the iPad 's built - in applications support screen rotation in all four orientations , including upside - down . Consequently , the device has no intrinsic `` native '' orientation ; only the relative position of the home button changes . </P> <P> The iPad Air was available with 16 , 32 , 64 or 128 GB of internal flash memory , with no expansion option . Apple also sells a `` camera connection kit '' with an SD card reader , but it can only be used to transfer photos and videos . As of the announcement of the iPad Pro 9.7 - Inch on March 21 , 2016 , the iPad Air was discontinued . </P> <P> All models can connect to a wireless LAN and offer dual band Wi - Fi support . The tablet is also manufactured either with or without the capability to communicate over a cellular network . The iPad Air ( and the iPad Mini 2 ) cellular model comes in two variants , both of which support nano - SIMs , quad - band GSM , penta - band UMTS , and dual - band CDMA EV - DO Rev. A and B. Additionally , one variant also supports LTE bands 1 - 5 , 7 , 8 , 13 , 17 - 20 , 25 and 26 while the other variant supports LTE bands 1 - 3 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 18 - 20 and TD - LTE bands 38 , 39 and 40 . Apple 's ability to handle many different bands in one device allowed it to offer , for the first time , a single iPad variant which supports all the cellular bands and technologies deployed by all the major North American wireless providers at the time of the device 's introduction . </P> <P> The audio playback of the iPad Air is in stereo with two speakers located on either side of the Lightning connector . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Critical reception ( edit ) </H3> <P> The iPad Air has received mainly positive reviews . Writing for AnandTech , Anand Lal Shimpi writes that the iPad Air `` feels like a true successor to the iPad 4 , '' praising it for its reduced weight and size . Shimpi further states that the Air `` hits a balance of features , design and ergonomics that I do n't think we 've ever seen in the iPad . '' UK Editor - in - Chief of TechRadar , Patrick Goss , gave the iPad Air a positive review , giving praise to the A7 chip and camera upgrades , as well as the crisp and colorful display . He concludes by stating : `` It 's hard to put into words how much Apple has improved the iPad , offering a stunning level of detail and power with a build quality that 's unrivalled . '' Christina Bonnington of Wired awarded the Air a rating of 8 out of 10 , calling the performance `` outstanding '' and noting that high - definition video streams and gaming animations are `` smooth and stutter free . '' She also praised the loading speeds of Safari , the web browser . </P> <H3> Criticism ( edit ) </H3> <P> Bonnington criticized the speakers for being slightly muddled . Apple Inc. co-founder Steve Wozniak criticized the focus on decreasing size and weight rather than increasing storage space and stated that he did not want an iPad Air as it did not fit his personal needs . Dave Smith of International Business Times wrote two less than positive reviews for the Air , arguing that while the device is nice , it does not bring anything new to the iPad . Smith strongly criticized the lack of Touch ID , and noted that the updates , such as the increased speed and the decreased size and weight , are only slight improvements . </P> <H3> Commercial reception ( edit ) </H3> <P> The launch date for the iPad Air did not see as large of a turnout as usual for Apple products ; however , this was expected by analysts due to the delayed release of the iPad Mini 2 . The Air sold out in Hong Kong two hours after becoming available online . </P> <H2> Timeline ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to IPad Air . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Source : Apple press release library <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Apple -- Press Info -- Apple Announces iPad Air -- Dramatically Thinner , Lighter & More Powerful iPad '' . Apple ( US ) . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Apple iPad Air and new iPad mini 2 with Retina still sport 1 GB of RAM , service chat reveals '' . www.phonearena.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Flagship Tablet Display Technology Shoot - Out '' . displaymate . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` iPad Air Teardown '' . iFixit . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Apple decks out venue for iPad event next week '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( apple.com ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Souppouris , Aaron ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` iOS 7 will come to iPhones and iPads on September 18th '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cue , Eddy ; Cook , Tim ; Federighi , Craig ; Ive , Jony et al. ( June 10 , 2013 ) . WWDC 2013 Keynote . Moscone West , San Francisco , California : Apple Inc . Event occurs at c. 1h 25min , to end . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ankan Deka , Jim ( September 14 , 2011 ) . `` iPad -- the Musician 's Genie '' . EF News International . Eastern Fare Music Foundation . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The new iPad -- Amazing iPad apps , built right in '' . Apple . March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sarno , David ( January 29 , 2010 ) . `` Apple confirms 3G VoIP apps on iPad , iPhone , iPod touch ; Skype is waiting '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The new iPad : It 's a Breakthrough because it features are '' . Apple . March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Apple shows off iPad split - screen multitasking in iOS 9 preview . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` iPad Air -- Design '' . Apple . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 01 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Seifert , Dan ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` Apple announces the iPad Air , its thinnest and lightest full - size iPad yet '' . The Verge . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stevens , Tim ( 2013 - 10 - 28 ) . `` Apple iPad Air Review -- Watch CNET 's Video Review '' . Reviews.cnet.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` iPad Air -- Technical Specifications '' . Apple . 2013 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Anandtech Review of the iPad Air '' . October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George , POPA ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` iPads boot time '' . Mobilesmug . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` iPad Air -- Technical Specifications '' . Apple . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stevens , Tim ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` iPad review ( late 2012 ) '' . Engadget . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Apple 's got it wrapped up for Christmas ! iPad Air is twice as fast , 20 % thinner , weighs just 1lb and comes with a Retina display '' . The Daily Mail . October 23 , 2013 . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anand Lal Shimpi ( October 29 , 2013 ) `` The iPad Air Review '' AnandTech Retrieved on November 1 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patrick Goss ( October 29th , 2013 ) `` Hands on : iPad Air review '' TechRadar Retrieved on November 1 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christina Bonnington ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Apple iPad Air : Air Worthy '' Wired . Retrieved on November 9 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marc Chacksfield ( October 23 , 2013 ) `` Steve Wozniak : The new iPads just are n't for me '' TechRadar Retrieved on November 1 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Matyszczyk , Chris ( 2013 - 10 - 28 ) . `` Woz : No , no , I was n't criticizing the new iPads Technically Incorrect -- CNET News '' . News.cnet.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dave Smith ( November 02 2013 ) . `` Apple iPad ' 5 ' Air Review : 3 Major Disappointments In The New Fifth - Generation iPad . '' International Business Times . Retrieved on November 14 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dave Smith ( November 09 2013 ) . `` Apple iPad Air Review : Do n't Believe The Hype , A.K.A. The Unpopular Opinion . '' International Business Times . Retrieved on November 14 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chris O'Brien ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` Crowds are light for the new iPad Air '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved on November 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jeremy Blum ( 01 November , 2013 ) . `` iPad Air sells out in two hours on Hong Kong Online Apple Store '' South China Morning Post . Retrieved November 3 , 3013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apple Inc. ( 2010 -- 2011 ) . Release Library . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> iOS and iOS - based products </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Outline </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hardware </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Apple TV <Ul> <Li> 2nd </Li> <Li> 3rd </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> iPad <Ul> <Li> 1st </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 3rd </Li> <Li> 4th </Li> <Li> Air <Ul> <Li> 1st </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> iPad Mini <Ul> <Li> 1st </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> iPad Pro <Ul> <Li> 1st </Li> <Li> 2nd </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> iPhone <Ul> <Li> 1st </Li> <Li> 3G </Li> <Li> 3GS </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 4S </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 5C </Li> <Li> 5S </Li> <Li> 6 & 6 Plus </Li> <Li> 6S & 6S Plus </Li> <Li> SE </Li> <Li> 7 & 7 Plus </Li> <Li> 8 & 8 Plus </Li> <Li> X </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> iPod Touch <Ul> <Li> 1st </Li> <Li> 2nd </Li> <Li> 3rd </Li> <Li> 4th </Li> <Li> 5th </Li> <Li> 6th </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Software </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AirDrop </Li> <Li> AirPlay </Li> <Li> AirPrint </Li> <Li> CarPlay </Li> <Li> Cocoa Touch </Li> <Li> Control Center </Li> <Li> Core Animation </Li> <Li> HomeKit </Li> <Li> iTunes </Li> <Li> iOS <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 9 </Li> <Li> 10 </Li> <Li> 11 </Li> <Li> All </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Notification Center </Li> <Li> SDK </Li> <Li> Siri </Li> <Li> Spotlight </Li> <Li> SpringBoard </Li> <Li> VoiceOver </Li> <Li> WebKit </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bundled apps </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Calendar </Li> <Li> Clock </Li> <Li> Contacts </Li> <Li> FaceTime </Li> <Li> Files </Li> <Li> Find My Friends </Li> <Li> Find My iPhone </Li> <Li> Health </Li> <Li> Home </Li> <Li> iBooks </Li> <Li> Mail </Li> <Li> Maps </Li> <Li> Messages </Li> <Li> Music </Li> <Li> News </Li> <Li> Notes </Li> <Li> Photos </Li> <Li> Reminders </Li> <Li> Safari </Li> <Li> TV </Li> <Li> Videos </Li> <Li> Wallet </Li> <Li> Weather </Li> <Li> Watch </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Discontinued </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Newsstand </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Apple apps </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> AirPort Utility </Li> <Li> Clips </Li> <Li> iLife <Ul> <Li> GarageBand </Li> <Li> iMovie </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> iWork <Ul> <Li> Keynote </Li> <Li> Numbers </Li> <Li> Pages </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Logic Remote </Li> <Li> Remote </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Discontinued </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beats Music </Li> <Li> Cards </Li> <Li> iPhoto </Li> <Li> Nike + iPod </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Services </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Apple Pay </Li> <Li> App Store </Li> <Li> Game Center </Li> <Li> iBookstore </Li> <Li> iCloud </Li> <Li> iMessage </Li> <Li> iTunes Connect </Li> <Li> iTunes Store </Li> <Li> Multitasking </Li> <Li> Push Notifications </Li> <Li> TestFlight </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Discontinued </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> iAd </Li> <Li> iTunes Radio </Li> <Li> MobileMe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 300 - page bill </Li> <Li> Apple mobile application processors </Li> <Li> FairPlay </Li> <Li> Free and open - source iOS applications </Li> <Li> Games </Li> <Li> History of iPhone </Li> <Li> iFund </Li> <Li> Jailbreaking </Li> <Li> Metal </Li> <Li> Swift </Li> <Li> WWDC </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Apple hardware since 1998 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Consumer desktop / all - in - ones </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> eMac </Li> <Li> iMac <Ul> <Li> G3 </Li> <Li> G4 </Li> <Li> G5 </Li> <Li> Intel - based </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mac Mini </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Professional tower / desktop </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> iMac Pro </Li> <Li> Mac Pro </Li> <Li> Power Macintosh <Ul> <Li> G3 </Li> <Li> G4 </Li> <Li> G4 Cube </Li> <Li> G5 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Xserve </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Consumer notebook </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> iBook </Li> <Li> MacBook <Ul> <Li> 12 - inch </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> MacBook Air </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Professional notebooks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> MacBook Pro </Li> <Li> PowerBook <Ul> <Li> G3 </Li> <Li> G4 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Consumer electronics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Apple TV <Ul> <Li> 1st </Li> <Li> 2nd </Li> <Li> 3rd </Li> <Li> 4th </Li> <Li> 4K </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Apple Watch <Ul> <Li> 1st </Li> <Li> Series 1 </Li> <Li> Series 2 </Li> <Li> Series 3 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Displays <Ul> <Li> Thunderbolt </Li> <Li> Cinema </Li> <Li> Studio </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> HomePod </Li> <Li> iPad <Ul> <Li> 1st </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 3rd </Li> <Li> 4th </Li> <Li> Air <Ul> <Li> 1st </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> iPad Mini <Ul> <Li> 1st </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> iPad Pro <Ul> <Li> 1st </Li> <Li> 2nd </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> iPod <Ul> <Li> Classic </Li> <Li> Photo </Li> <Li> Mini </Li> <Li> iPod + HP </Li> <Li> Shuffle </Li> <Li> Nano </Li> <Li> Touch </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Newton <Ul> <Li> MessagePad </Li> <Li> eMate 300 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Smartphones </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> iPhone <Ul> <Li> 1st </Li> <Li> 3G </Li> <Li> 3GS </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 4S </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 5C </Li> <Li> 5S </Li> <Li> 6 / 6 Plus </Li> <Li> 6S / 6S Plus </Li> <Li> SE </Li> <Li> 7 / 7 Plus </Li> <Li> 8 / 8 Plus </Li> <Li> X </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Accessories </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AirPods </Li> <Li> AirPort <Ul> <Li> Express </Li> <Li> Extreme </Li> <Li> Time Capsule </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> AirPower </Li> <Li> iPad <Ul> <Li> Pencil </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> iPod <Ul> <Li> Click Wheel </Li> <Li> Hi - 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See also : Apple hardware before 1998 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Apple hardware </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Apple II family </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Discontinued </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Apple I </Li> <Li> Apple II series <Ul> <Li> II </Li> <Li> II Plus </Li> <Li> IIe <Ul> <Li> IIe Card ( Macintosh PDS ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> IIc </Li> <Li> IIc Plus </Li> <Li> IIGS </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Apple III </Li> <Li> Apple Lisa <Ul> <Li> Macintosh XL </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mac </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Desktop </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> iMac </Li> <Li> iMac Pro </Li> <Li> Mac Pro </Li> <Li> Mac Mini </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Discontinued </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Compact <Ul> <Li> 128K </Li> <Li> 512K </Li> <Li> 512Ke </Li> <Li> Plus </Li> <Li> SE </Li> <Li> SE / 30 </Li> <Li> Classic </Li> <Li> Classic II </Li> <Li> Color Classic </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> II series <Ul> <Li> II </Li> <Li> IIx </Li> <Li> IIcx </Li> <Li> IIci </Li> <Li> IIfx </Li> <Li> IIsi </Li> <Li> IIvi </Li> <Li> IIvx </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> LC family <Ul> <Li> LC </Li> <Li> LC II </Li> <Li> LC III </Li> <Li> LC 475 </Li> <Li> LC 500 series </Li> <Li> LC 630 </Li> <Li> 5200 LC </Li> <Li> Macintosh TV </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Quadra <Ul> <Li> 600 series <Ul> <Li> 610 </Li> <Li> 650 </Li> <Li> 660AV </Li> <Li> 605 </Li> <Li> 630 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 700 </Li> <Li> 900 </Li> <Li> 950 </Li> <Li> 800 </Li> <Li> 840AV </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Performa </Li> <Li> Centris </Li> <Li> Power Macintosh <Ul> <Li> 4400 and 7220 </Li> <Li> 5000 series <Ul> <Li> 5200 LC and 5300 LC </Li> <Li> 5260 </Li> <Li> 5400 </Li> <Li> 5500 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6000 series <Ul> <Li> 6100 </Li> <Li> 6200 and 6300 </Li> <Li> 6400 </Li> <Li> 6500 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7000 series <Ul> <Li> 7100 </Li> <Li> 7200 and 8200 </Li> <Li> 7300 </Li> <Li> 7500 </Li> <Li> 7600 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8000 series <Ul> <Li> 8100 </Li> <Li> 8500 </Li> <Li> 8600 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9000 series <Ul> <Li> 9500 </Li> <Li> 9600 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> G3 </Li> <Li> G4 </Li> <Li> Cube </Li> <Li> G5 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Twentieth Anniversary </Li> <Li> iMac family <Ul> <Li> G3 </Li> <Li> G4 </Li> <Li> G5 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> eMac </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Laptop </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> MacBook family <Ul> <Li> 12 - inch </Li> <Li> Air </Li> <Li> Pro </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Discontinued </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Macintosh Portable </Li> <Li> PowerBook <Ul> <Li> 68k - based <Ul> <Li> 100 series <Ul> <Li> 100 </Li> <Li> 140 </Li> <Li> 170 </Li> <Li> 160 </Li> <Li> 180 </Li> <Li> 150 </Li> <Li> 190 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Duo <Ul> <Li> 210 </Li> <Li> 230 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 500 series </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> PowerPC - based <Ul> <Li> 2300c </Li> <Li> 5300 </Li> <Li> 1400 </Li> <Li> 3400c </Li> <Li> 2400c </Li> <Li> G3 </Li> <Li> G4 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> iBook <Ul> <Li> G3 </Li> <Li> G4 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> MacBook ( pre-2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Server </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Discontinued </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Workgroup Server <Ul> <Li> 9150 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Network Server </Li> <Li> Xserve </Li> <Li> Mac Mini Server </Li> <Li> Mac Pro Server </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Devices </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Apple TV </Li> <Li> Apple Watch <Ul> <Li> Series 1 </Li> <Li> Series 3 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> HomePod </Li> <Li> iPad <Ul> <Li> iPad ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Mini 4 </Li> <Li> Pro 10.5 / 12.9 ( 2nd ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> iPhone <Ul> <Li> 6S / 6S Plus </Li> <Li> SE </Li> <Li> 7 / 7 Plus </Li> <Li> 8 / 8 Plus </Li> <Li> X </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> iPod ( Touch ( 6th ) ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Discontinued </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Interactive Television Box </Li> <Li> Apple Watch <Ul> <Li> Series 0 </Li> <Li> Series 2 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> iPad <Ul> <Li> 1st </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 3rd </Li> <Li> 4th </Li> <Li> Air </Li> <Li> Air 2 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> Mini <Ul> <Li> 1st </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pro 9.7 / 12.9 ( 1st ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> iPhone <Ul> <Li> 1st </Li> <Li> 3G </Li> <Li> 3GS </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 4S </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 5C </Li> <Li> 5S </Li> <Li> 6 / 6 Plus </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> iPod <Ul> <Li> Classic <Ul> <Li> iPod + HP </Li> <Li> U2 </Li> <Li> Photo </Li> <Li> with color display </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hi - 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Active site - wikipedia <H1> Active site </H1> Organisation of enzyme structure and lysozyme example . Binding sites in blue , catalytic site in red and peptidoglycan substrate in black . ( PDB : 9LYZ ) <P> In biology , the active site is the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction . The active site consists of residues that form temporary bonds with the substrate ( binding site ) and residues that catalyse a reaction of that substrate ( catalytic site ) . Although the active site is small relative to the whole volume of the enzyme ( it only occupies 10 ~ 20 % of the total volume ) , it is the most important part of the enzyme as it directly catalyzes the chemical reaction . It usually consists of three to four amino acids , while other amino acids within the protein are required to maintain the protein tertiary structure of the enzyme . </P> <P> Each active site is specially designed in response to their substrates , as a result , most enzymes have specificity and can only react with particular substrates . This specificity is determined by the arrangement of amino acids within the active site and the structure of the substrates . Sometimes enzymes also need to bind with some cofactors to fulfil their function . The active site is usually a groove or pocket of the enzyme which can be located in a deep tunnel within the enzyme , or between the interfaces of multimeric enzymes . An active site can catalyse a reaction repeatedly as residues are not altered at the end of the reaction ( they may change during the reaction , but are regenerated by the end ) . This process is achieved by lowering the activation energy of the reaction , so more substrates have enough energy to undergo reaction . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Binding site <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Lock and key hypothesis </Li> <Li> 1.2 Induced fit hypothesis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Four non-covalent interactions </Li> <Li> 3 Catalytic site </Li> <Li> 4 Mechanisms involved in Catalytic process <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Approximation of the reactant </Li> <Li> 4.2 Covalent catalysis </Li> <Li> 4.3 Metal ions </Li> <Li> 4.4 Acid / base catalysis </Li> <Li> 4.5 Conformational distortion </Li> <Li> 4.6 Preorganised active site complementarity to the transition state </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Examples of enzyme catalysis mechanisms <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Glutathione reductase </Li> <Li> 5.2 Chymotrypsin </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Cofactors </Li> <Li> 7 Inhibitors </Li> <Li> 8 Examples of competitive and irreversible enzyme inhibitors <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Competitive inhibitor : HIV protease inhibitor </Li> <Li> 8.2 Non-competitive inhibitor : Strychnine </Li> <Li> 8.3 Irreversible inhibitor : Diisopropyl fluorophosphate </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 In drug discovery <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Application of enzyme inhibitors </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Allosteric sites </Li> <Li> 11 See also </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> <Li> 13 Further reading </Li> </Ul> <H2> Binding site ( edit ) </H2> Diagram of the lock and key hypothesis Diagram of the induced fit hypothesis Main article : Binding site <P> Usually , an enzyme molecule has only two active sites , and the active sites fit with one specific type of substrate . An active site contains a binding site that binds the substrate and orients it for catalysis . The orientation of the substrate and the close proximity between it and the active site is so important that in some cases the enzyme can still function properly even though all other parts are mutated and lose function . </P> <P> Initially , the reaction between the active site and the substrate is non-covalent and temporal . There are four important kinds of interaction that hold the substrate in a right orientation and form an enzyme - substrate complex ( ES complex ) : hydrogen bond , Van der Waals force , hydrophobic interaction and electrostatic force . The charges distribution on the substrate and active site must be complementary , which means all positive and negative charges must be cancelled out . Otherwise , there will be a repulsive force to push them apart . The active site usually contains non-polar amino acids , although sometimes polar amino acids may also occur . The binding of substrate to the binding site requires at least three contact points . For example , when alcohol dehydrogenase catalyses the transfer of H group from alcohol to NADH there are interactions through methyl group , hydroxyl group and pro-R hydrogen group . </P> <P> In order to function , the proper protein folding and maintaining of the enzyme 's tertiary structure rely on various chemical bonds between its amino acids . And external changes can break them down and cause the enzyme to misfold and lose function . For example , denaturation of the protein by high temperatures or extreme pH values will destroy its catalytic activity. This is because Hydrogen bond , which plays an important role in protein folding , is relatively weak and easily affected by external factors . </P> <P> A tighter fit between an active site and the substrate molecule is believed to increase the efficiency of a reaction. If the tightness between the active site of DNA polymerase and its substrate was increased , the fidelity , which means the correct rate of DNA replication is also increased . Most enzymes have deeply buried active sites , which can be accessed by a substrate via access channels . </P> <P> There are two proposed models of how enzymes fit their specific substrate : the lock and key model and the induced fit model . </P> <H3> Lock and key hypothesis ( edit ) </H3> <P> This concept was suggested by the 19th - century chemist Emil Fischer . He proposed that the active site and substrate are two stable structures that fit perfectly without any further modification . This is just like a key fits into a lock . If one substrate perfectly binds to its active site , the bonds formed between them will be strongest with highest catalytic efficiency . </P> <P> As time goes by its limitation started to appear . For example , an enzyme inhibitor , methylglucoside , can bind tightly to the active site and perfectly fits into it . However , there is no reaction between them and Lock and Key hypothesis can not explain this . In addition , this theory can not explain the mechanism of non-competitive inhibitors as they do not bind to the active site . </P> <H3> Induced fit hypothesis ( edit ) </H3> <P> Daniel Koshland 's theory of enzyme - substrate binding is that the active site and the binding portion of the substrate are not exactly complementary . The induced fit model is a development of the lock - and - key model and assumes that an active site is flexible and changes shape until the substrate is completely bound . This model is similar to a person wearing a glove : it changes shape to fit the hand . The enzyme initially has a configuration that attracts its substrate . Enzyme surface is flexible and only the correct catalyst can induce interaction leading to catalysis . Conformational changes may then occur as the substrate is bound . After the reaction products will move away from the enzyme and the active site returns to its initial shape . This hypothesis is supported by the observation that the entire protein domain could move several nanometers during catalysis . This movement of protein surface can create microenvironments that favour the catalysis . </P> <H2> Four non-covalent interactions ( edit ) </H2> Positively charged sodium ion and negatively charged fluoride ion attract each other to form sodium fluoride under electrostatic interaction . Hydrogen bond between two water molecules . Van der Waals force between two acetone molecules . The lower acetone molecule contains a partially negative oxygen atom that attracts partially positive carbon atom in the upper acetone . Hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups tend to assemble with the same kind of molecules . <P> Electrostatic interaction : In an aqueous environment , the oppositely charged groups in amino acid side chains within the active site and substrates attract each other , which is termed electrostatic interaction . For example , when a carboxylic acid ( R - COOH ) dissociates into RCOO and H ions , COO will attract positively charged groups such as protonated guanidine side chain of arginine . </P> <P> Hydrogen bond : A hydrogen bond is a specific type of dipole - dipole interaction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative electron donor that contain a pair of electrons such as oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen . The strength of hydrogen bond depends on the chemical nature and geometric arrangement of each group . </P> <P> Van der Waals force : Van der Waals force is formed between oppositely charged groups due to transient uneven electron distribution in each group . If all electrons all concentrated at one pole of the group this end will be negative , while the other end will be positive . Although the individual force is weak , as the total number of interactions between the active site and substrate is massive the sum of them will be significant . </P> <P> Hydrophobic interaction : Non-polar hydrophobic groups tend to aggregate together in the aqueous environment and try to leave from polar solvent . These hydrophobic groups usually have long carbon chain and do not react with water molecules . When dissolving in water a protein molecule will curl up into a ball - like shape , leaving hydrophilic groups in outside while hydrophobic groups are deeply buried within the centre . </P> <H2> Catalytic site ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Enzyme catalysis See also : Catalytic triad The enzyme TEV protease contains a catalytic triad of residues ( red ) in its catalytic site . The substrate ( black ) is bound by the binding site to orient it next to the triad . PDB : 1lvm <P> Once the substrate is bound and oriented to the active site , catalysis can begin . The residues of the catalytic site are typically very close to the binding site , and some residues can have dual - roles in both binding and catalysis . </P> <P> Catalytic residues of the site interact with the substrate to lower the activation energy of a reaction and so make it proceed faster . They do this by a number of different mechanisms including the approximation of the reactants , nucleophilic / electrophilic catalysis and acid / base catalysis . These mechanisms will be explained below . </P> <H2> Mechanisms involved in catalytic process ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Approximation of the reactant ( edit ) </H3> <P> During enzyme catalytic reaction , the substrate and active site are brought together in a close proximity . This approach has various purposes . Firstly , when substrates bind within the active site the effective concentration of it significantly increases than in solution . This means the number of substrate molecules involved in the reaction is also increased . This process also reduces the desolvation energy required for the reaction to occur . In solution substrate molecules are surrounded by solvent molecules and energy is required for enzyme molecules to replace them and contact with the substrate . Since bulk molecules can be excluded from the active site this energy output can be minimised . Next , the active site is designed to reorient the substrate to reduce the activation energy for the reaction to occur . The alignment of the substrate , after binding , is locked in a high energy state and can proceed to the next step . In addition , this binding is favoured by entropy as the energy cost associated with solution reaction is largely eliminated since solvent can not enter active site . In the end , the active site may manipulate the Molecular orbital of the substrate into a suitable orientation to reduce activation energy . </P> <P> The electrostatic states of substrate and active site must be complementary to each other . A polarized negatively charged amino acid side chain will repel uncharged substrate . But if the transition state involves the formation of a ion centre then the side chain will now produce a favourable interaction . </P> <H3> Covalent catalysis ( edit ) </H3> <P> Many enzymes including serine protease , cysteine protease , protein kinase and phosphatase evolved to form transient covalent bonds between them and their substrates to lower the activation energy and allow the reaction to occur. This process can be divided into 2 steps : formation and breakdown. The former step is rate - limit step while the later step is needed to regenerate intact enzyme . </P> <P> Nucleophilic catalysis : This process involves the donation of electrons from the enzyme 's nucleophile to a substrate to form a covalent bond between them during the transition state . The strength of this interaction depends on two aspects. : the ability of the nucleophilic group to donate electrons and the electrophile to accept them . The former one is mainly affected by the basicity ( the ability to donate electron pairs ) of the species while the later one is in regard to its pK . Both groups are also affected by their chemical properties such as polarizability , electronegativity and ionization potential . Amino acids that can form nucleophile including serine , cysteine , aspartate and glutamine . </P> <P> Electrophilic catalysis : The mechanism behind this process is exactly same as nucleophilic catalysis except that now amino acids in active site act as electrophile while substrates are nucleophiles . This reaction usually requires cofactors as the amino acid side chains are not strong enough in attracting electrons . </P> <H3> Metal ions ( edit ) </H3> <P> Metal ions have multiple roles during the reaction . Firstly it can bind to negatively charged substrate groups so they will not repel electron pairs from active site 's nucleophilic groups . It can attract negatively charged electrons to increase electrophilicity.It can also bridge between active site and substrate . At last , they may change the conformational structure of the substrate to favour reaction . </P> <H3> Acid / base catalysis ( edit ) </H3> <P> In some reactions , protons and hydroxide may directly act as acid and base in term of specific acid and specific base catalysis . But more often groups in substrate and active site act as Brønsted -- Lowry acid and base . This is called general acid and general base theory . The easiest way to distinguish between them is to check whether the reaction rate is determined by the concentrations of the general acid and base . If the answer is yes then the reaction is the general type . Since most enzymes have an optimum pH of 6 to 7 , the amino acids in the side chain usually have a pK of 4 ~ 10 . Candidate of them including aspartate , glutamate , histidine , cysteine ... These acid / base can stabilise the nucleophile / electrophile formed during the catalysis by providing positive and negative charges . </P> <H3> Conformational distortion ( edit ) </H3> <P> Quantitative studies of enzymatic reactions often found that the acceleration of chemical reaction speed can not be fully explained by existing theories like the approximation , acid / base catalysis and electrophile / nucleophile catalysis . And there is an obvious paradox : in reversible enzymatic reaction if the active site perfectly fits the substrates then the backward reaction will be slowed down since products can not fit perfectly into the active site . So conformational distortion was introduced and argues that both active site and substrate can undergo conformational changes to fit with each other all the time . </P> <H3> Preorganised active site complementarity to the transition state ( edit ) </H3> <P> This theory is a little similar to the Lock and Key Theory , but at this time the active site is preprogrammed to bind perfectly to substrate in transition state rather than in ground state . The formation of transition state within the solution requires a large amount of energy to relocate solvent molecules and the reaction speed is slowed down . So the active site can substitute solvent molecules and surround the substrates to minimize the counterproductive effect imposed by the solution . The presence of charged groups with the active site will attract substrates and ensure electrostatic complementarity </P> <H2> Examples of enzyme catalysis mechanisms ( edit ) </H2> <P> In reality , most enzyme mechanisms involve a combination of several different types of catalysis . </P> <H3> Glutathione reductase ( edit ) </H3> the mechanism of glutathione reductase <P> The role of glutathione ( GSH ) is to remove accumulated reactive oxygen species which may damage cells . During this process , its thiol side chain is oxidised and two glutathione molecules are connected by a disulphide bond to form a dimer ( GSSG ) . In order to regenerate glutathione the disulphide bond has to be broken , In human cells , this is done by glutathione reductase ( GR ) . </P> <P> Glutathione reductase is a dimer that contains two identical subunits . It requires one NADP and one FAD as the cofactors . The active site is located in the linkage between two subunits . The NADPH is involved in the generation of FADH -. In the active site , there are two cysteine residues besides the FAD cofactor and are used to break the disulphide bond during the catalytic reaction . NADPH is bound by three positively charged residues : Arg - 218 , His - 219 and Arg - 224 . </P> <P> The catalytic process starts when the FAD is reduced by NADPH to accept one electron and from FADH.It then attacks the disulphide bond formed between 2 cysteine residues , forming one SH bond and a single S group . This S group will act as a nucleophile to attack the disulphide bond in the oxidised glutathione ( GSSG ) , breaking it and forming a cysteine - SG complex. The first SG anion is released and then receives one proton from adjacent SH group and from the first glutathione monomer . Next the adjacent S group attack disulphide bond in cysteine - SG complex and release the second SG anion . It receives one proton in solution and forms the second glutathione monomer . </P> <H3> Chymotrypsin ( edit ) </H3> the mechanism of chymotrypsin <P> Chymotrypsin is a serine endopeptidase that always presents in pancreatic juice and helps the hydrolysis of proteins and peptide.It catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in L - isomers of tyrosine , phenylalanine , and tryptophan.In the active site of this enzyme three amino acid residues work together to form a catalytic triad which forms the catalytic site.In chymotrypsin , these enzymes are ser - 195 , His - 157 and Asp - 102 . </P> <P> The mechanism of chymotrypsin can be divided into two phases . Firstly Serine - 195 nucleophilically attacks the carbon in peptide bond to form a tetrahedral intermediate . His - 157 accepts one proton from Ser - 195 and generate a cation . This is stabilised by the negatively charged carboxylate group ( RCOO ) in the Asp - 102 . And the oxyanion in the intermediate is stabilised by hydrogen bonds from Ser - 195 and Gly - 193 . </P> <P> In the second stage , the R'NH group leaves the intermediate and is protonated by His - 157 to form R'NH . Now , serine - 195 is in the acyl form . His - 157 then acts as a base again to receive one proton from a water molecule . The hydroxide anion generated nucleophilically attacks acyl - enzyme to form a second tetrahedral intermediate . The oxyanion is stabilised by H bonds . In the end , the CO bond that connects serine and the carbon is broken down and H is transferred through His - 157 . All three amino acid residues are regenerated . </P> <H2> Cofactors ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Cofactor ( biochemistry ) <P> Enzymes can use cofactors as ' helper molecules ' . Coenzymes are referred to those non-protein molecules that bind with enzymes to help them fulfil their jobs . Mostly they are connected to the active site by non-covalent bonds such as hydrogen bond or hydrophobic interaction . But sometimes a covalent bond can also form between them . For example , the heme in cytochrome C is bound to the protein through thioester bond . In some occasions , coenzymes can leave enzymes after the reaction is finished . Otherwise , they permanently bind to the enzyme . Coenzyme is a board concept which includes metal ions , various vitamins and ATP . If an enzyme needs coenzyme to work itself is termed as apoenzyme . In fact , it alone can not catalyses reaction properly . Only when its cofactor comes in and binds to the active site to form holoenzyme it can work properly . </P> <P> One example of the cofactor is Flavin . It contains a distinct conjugated isoalloxazine ring system . Flavin has multiple redox states and can be used in processes that involve the transfer of one or two electrons.It can act as an electron acceptor in reaction , like the oxidation of NAD to NADH , to accept two electrons and form 1 , 5 - dihydroflavin . On the other hand , it can form semiquinone ( free radical ) by accepting one electron , and then converts to fully reduced form by the addition of an extra electron . This property allows it to be used in one electron oxidation process . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Inhibitors ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Enzyme inhibitor <P> Inhibitors disrupt the interaction between enzyme and substrate , slowing down the rate of a reaction . There are different types of inhibitor , including both reversible and irreversible forms . </P> <P> Competitive inhibitors are inhibitors that only target free enzyme molecules . They compete with substrates for free enzyme acceptor and can be overcome by increasing the substrate concentration . They have two mechanisms . Competitive inhibitors usually have structural similarities to the substrates and or ES complex . As a result , they can fit into the active site and trigger favourable interactions to fill in the space and block substrates from entry . They can also induce transient conformational changes in the active site so substrates can not fit perfectly with it . After a short period of time , competitive inhibitors will drop off and leave the enzyme intact . </P> <P> Inhibitors are classified as non-competitive inhibitors when they bind both free enzyme and ES complex . Since they do not compete with substrates for the active site , they can not be overcome by simply increasing the substrate concentration . They usually bind to a different site on the enzyme and alter the 3 - dimensional structure of the active site to block substrates from entry or leaving the enzyme . </P> <P> Irreversible inhibitors are similar to competitive inhibitors as they both bind to the active site . However , the former one then forms irreversible covalent bonds with the amino acid residues in the active site and never leave. Therefore the active site is occupied and the substrate can not enter . Occasionally the inhibitor will leave but the catalytic site is permanently altered in shape . These inhibitors usually contain electrophilic groups like halogen substitutes and epoxides . As time goes by more and more enzymes are bound by irreversible inhibitors and can not function anymore . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Example </Th> <Th> Binds active site ? </Th> <Th> Reduces rate of reaction ? </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Competitive reversible inhibitor </Td> <Td> HIV protease inhibitors </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Non-competitive reversible inhibitor </Td> <Td> Heavy metals such as lead and mercury </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Irreversible inhibitor </Td> <Td> Cyanide </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Examples of competitive and irreversible enzyme inhibitors ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Competitive inhibitor : HIV protease inhibitor ( edit ) </H3> Indinavir , an HIV protease inhibitor. jpg <P> HIV protease inhibitors are used to treat patients having AIDS virus by preventing its DNA replication . HIV protease is used by the virus to cleave Gag - Pol polyprotein into 3 smaller proteins that are responsible for virion assembly , package and maturation . This enzyme targets the specific phenylalanine - proline cleave site within the target protein . If HIV protease is switched off the virion particle will lose function and can not infect patients . Since it is essential in viral replication and is absent in healthy human , it is an ideal target for drug development . </P> <P> HIV protease belongs to aspartic protease family and has a similar mechanism . Firstly the aspartate residue activates a water molecule and turns it into a nucleophile . Then it attacks the carbonyl group within the peptide bond ( NH - CO ) to form a tetrahedral intermediate . The nitrogen atom within the intermediate receives a proton , forming an amide group and subsequent rearrangement leads to the break down of the bond between it and the intermediate and forms two products . </P> <P> So inhibitors usually contain a nonhydrolyzable hydroxyethylene or hydroxyethylamine groups that mimic the tetrahedral intermediate . Since they share a similar structure and electrostatic arrangement to the transition state of substrates they can still fit into the active site but can not be broken down . So hydrolysis can not occur . </P> <H3> Non-competitive inhibitor : strychnine ( edit ) </H3> <P> Strychnine is a neurotoxin that causes death by affecting nerves that control muscular contraction and cause respirational difficulty . The impulse is transmitted between the synapse through a neurotransmitter called acetylcholinesterase . it is released into the synapse between nerve cells and bind to receptors in the postsynaptic cell . Then an action potential is generated and transmitted through the postsynaptic cell to start a new cycle . </P> <P> Glycine can inhibit the activity of neurotransmitter receptor , thus a larger amount of acetylcholinesterase is required to trigger an action potential . This makes sure that the generation of nervous impulse is under tight control . However , this control is broken down when strychnine is added . It inhibits glycine receptors ( a chloride channel ) and a much lower level of neurotransmitter concentration can trigger an action potential . Nerves now constantly transmit signals and cause excessive muscular contraction , leading to asphyxiation and death . </P> <H3> Irreversible inhibitor : diisopropyl fluorophosphate ( edit ) </H3> DIFP inhibits a serine protease <P> Diisopropyl fluorophosphate ( DIFP ) is an irreversible inhibitor that blocks the action of serine protease . When it binds to the enzyme a nucleophilic substitution reaction occurs and releases one hydrogen fluoride molecule . The OH group in active site acts as a nucleophile to attack the phosphorus in DIFP and form a tetrahedral intermediate and release a proton . Then the P-F bond is broken , one electron is transferred to the F atom and it leaves the intermediate as F anion . It combines with a proton in solution to form one HF molecule . Now there is a covalent bond formed between the active site and DIFP , so the serine side chain is no longer available to the substrate . </P> <H2> In drug discovery ( edit ) </H2> <P> Identification of active sites is crucial in the process of drug discovery . The 3 - D structure of the enzyme is analysed to identify active sites and design drugs which can fit into them . Proteolytic enzymes are targets for some drugs , such as protease inhibitors , which include drugs against AIDS and hypertension . These protease inhibitors bind to an enzyme 's active site and block interaction with natural substrates . An important factor in drug design is the strength of binding between the active site and an enzyme inhibitor . If the enzyme found in bacteria is significantly different from the human enzyme then an inhibitor can be designed against that particular bacterium without harming the human enzyme . If one kind of enzyme is only present in one kind of organism , its inhibitor can be used to specifically wipe them out . </P> <P> Active sites can be mapped to aid the design of new drugs such as enzyme inhibitors . This involves the description of the size of an active site and the number and properties of sub-sites , such as details of the binding interaction . Modern database technology called CPASS ( Comparison of Protein Active Site Structures ) however allows the comparison of active sites in more detail and the finding of structural similarity using software . </P> <H3> Application of enzyme inhibitors ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Example </Th> <Th> Mechanism of action </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anti-bacterial agent </Td> <Td> Penicillin </Td> <Td> Bacteria cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan . During bacterial growth the present crosslinking of peptidoglycan fibre is broken , so new cell wall monomer can be integrated into the cell wall . Penicillin works by inhibiting the transpeptidase which is essential for the formation of crosslinks . So the cell wall is weakened and will burst open due to turgor pressure . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anti-fungi agent </Td> <Td> Azole </Td> <Td> Ergosterol is a sterol that forms the cell surface membrane of the fungi . Azole can inhibit its biosynthesis by inhibiting the Lanosterol 14 alpha - demethylase . So no new ergosterol is produced and harmful 14α - lanosterol is accumulated within the cell . Also , azole may generate reactive oxygen species . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anti-viral agent </Td> <Td> Saquinavir </Td> <Td> HIV protease is needed to cleave Gag - Pol polyprotein into 3 individual proteins . So they can function properly and start viral packaging process . HIV protease inhibitor like Saquinavir inhibits it so no new mature viral particle can be made . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Insecticides </Td> <Td> Physostigmine </Td> <Td> In animal nervous system , Acetylcholinesterase is required to breakdown neurotransmitter acetylcholine into acetate and choline . Physostigmine binds to its active site and inhibits it , so impulse signal can not be transmitted through nerves . Insects die as they lose control of muscle and heart , </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Herbicides </Td> <Td> Cyclohexanedione </Td> <Td> Cyclohexanedione targets the Acetyl - CoA carboxylase which is involved in the first step of the fat synthesis : ATP - dependent carboxylation of acetyl - CoA to malonyl - CoA. Lipid is important in making up the cell membrane . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Allosteric sites ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Allosteric regulation A -- Active site B -- Allosteric site C -- Substrate D -- Inhibitor E -- Enzyme . This is a diagram of allosteric regulation of an enzyme . When inhibitor binds to the allosteric site the shape of active site is altered , so substrate can not fit into it <P> An allosteric site is a site on an enzyme , unrelated to its active site , which can bind an effector molecule . This interaction is another mechanism of enzyme regulation . Allosteric modification usually happens in proteins with more than one subunit . Allosteric interactions are often present in metabolic pathways and are beneficial in that they allow one step of a reaction to regulate another step . They allow an enzyme to have a range of molecular interactions , other than the highly specific active site . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Molecular and Cellular Biology portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Hugh Stott Taylor </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Bugg , T ( 2004 ) . Introduction to Enzyme and Coenzyme Chemistry . ( 2nd edition ) . Blackwell Publishing Limited . p. 19 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 1452 - 5 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Shanmugam , S ( 2009 ) . Enzyme Technology . IK International Publishing House . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 9380026053 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pravda L. ; Berka K. ; Svobodova Varekova R ; Banas P. ; Laskowski R.A. ; Koca J. ; Otyepka M. ( 2014 ) . `` Anatomy of Enzyme Channels '' . BMC Bioinformatics. 15 : 379 . doi : 10.1186 / s12859 - 014 - 0379 - x . PMC 4245731 . PMID 25403510 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alberts , B ( 2010 ) . Essential Cell Biology ( PDF ) . Garland Science . p. 91 . ISBN 9780815341291 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dagmar R. ; Gregory A. ( 2008 ) . `` How Enzymes Work '' . Science . 320 : 1428 -- 1429 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1159747 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert , A ( 2000 ) . Enzymes : A Practical Introduction to Structure , Mechanism , and Data Analysis ( Second Edition ) ( PDF ) . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 148 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert , A ( 2000 ) . Enzymes : A Practical Introduction to Structure , Mechanism , and Data Analysis ( Second Edition ) ( PDF ) . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 149 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Campbell , P ( 2006 ) . Biochemistry Illustrated . Elsevier . pp. 83 -- 85 . ISBN 9780443062179 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kool ET ( 1984 ) . `` Active site tightness and substrate fit in DNA replication '' . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 71 : 191 -- 219 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biochem. 71.110601. 135453 . PMID 12045095 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daniel E. ( 1995 ) . `` The Key -- Lock Theory and the Induced Fit Theory '' . Angewandte Chemie International Edition . 33 : 2375 -- 2378 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 199423751 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sullivan SM ( 2008 ) . `` Enzymes with lid - gated active sites must operate by an induced fit mechanism instead of conformational selection '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 105 ( 37 ) : 13829 -- 13834 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0805364105 . PMC 2544539 . PMID 18772387 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert , A ( 2000 ) . Enzymes : A Practical Introduction to Structure , Mechanism , and Data Analysis ( Second Edition ) ( PDF ) . Wiley - Blackwell . pp. 155 -- 158 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert , A ( 2000 ) . Enzymes : A Practical Introduction to Structure , Mechanism , and Data Analysis ( Second Edition ) ( PDF ) . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 158 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert , A ( 2000 ) . Enzymes : A Practical Introduction to Structure , Mechanism , and Data Analysis ( Second Edition ) ( PDF ) . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 158 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert , A ( 2000 ) . Enzymes : A Practical Introduction to Structure , Mechanism , and Data Analysis ( Second Edition ) ( PDF ) . Wiley - Blackwell . pp. 164 -- 170 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert , A ( 2000 ) . Enzymes : A Practical Introduction to Structure , Mechanism , and Data Analysis ( Second Edition ) ( PDF ) . Wiley - Blackwell . pp. 170 -- 175 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert , A ( 2000 ) . Enzymes : A Practical Introduction to Structure , Mechanism , and Data Analysis ( Second Edition ) ( PDF ) . Wiley - Blackwell . pp. 176 -- 178 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bugg , T ( 2004 ) . Introduction to Enzyme and Coenzyme Chemistry . ( 2nd edition ) . Blackwell Publishing Limited . pp. 137 -- 139 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 1452 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bugg , T ( 2004 ) . Introduction to Enzyme and Coenzyme Chemistry . ( 2nd edition ) . Blackwell Publishing Limited . pp. 84 -- 86 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 1452 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert , A ( 2000 ) . Enzymes : A Practical Introduction to Structure , Mechanism , and Data Analysis ( Second Edition ) ( PDF ) . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 69 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Flexner C. ( 1998 ) . `` HIV - protease inhibitors '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 338 : 1281 -- 1292 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199804303381808 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ashraf B. ; Chi - Huey W ( 2003 ) . `` HIV - 1 protease : mechanism and drug discovery '' . Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry . 1 : 5 -- 14 . doi : 10.1039 / B208248A . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gray W. ; Rick G ( 1993 ) . `` Cytoprotection by inhibition of chloride channels : The mechanism of action of glycine and strychnine '' . Life Science . 53 : 1211 -- 1215 . doi : 10.1016 / 0024 - 3205 ( 93 ) 90539 - F . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ JANSEN EF ; NUTTING F ; BALLS AK. ( 1949 ) . `` AMode of inhibition of chymotrypsin by diisopropyl fluorophosphate ; introduction of phosphorus '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 179 : 201 -- 204 . PMID 18119235 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Schechter I ( 2005 ) . `` Mapping of the active site of proteases in the 1960s and rational design of inhibitors / drugs in the 1990s '' . Current Protein and Peptide Science . 6 ( 6 ) : 501 -- 512 . doi : 10.2174 / 138920305774933286 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : DeDecker BS ( 2000 ) . `` Allosteric drugs : thinking outside the active - site box '' . Chemistry and Biology . 7 ( 5 ) : 103 -- 107 . doi : 10.1016 / S1074 - 5521 ( 00 ) 00115 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zuercher M ( 2008 ) . `` Structure - Based Drug Design : Exploring the Proper Filling of Apolar Pockets at Enzyme Active Sites '' . Journal of Organic Chemistry . 73 ( 12 ) : 4345 -- 4361 . doi : 10.1021 / jo800527n . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Powers R ( 2006 ) . `` Comparison of protein active site structures for functional annotation of proteins and drug design '' . Proteins : Structure , Function , and Bioinformatics. 65 : 124 -- 135 . doi : 10.1002 / prot. 21092 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Alan Fersht , Structure and Mechanism in Protein Science : A Guide to Enzyme Catalysis and Protein Folding . W.H. Freeman , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 3268 - 8 </Li> <Li> Bugg , T . Introduction to Enzyme and Coenzyme Chemistry . ( 2nd edition ) , Blackwell Publishing Limited , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 1452 - 5 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Active site . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Enzymes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Activity </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Active site </Li> <Li> Binding site </Li> <Li> Catalytic triad </Li> <Li> Oxyanion hole </Li> <Li> Enzyme promiscuity </Li> <Li> Catalytically perfect enzyme </Li> <Li> Coenzyme </Li> <Li> Cofactor </Li> <Li> Enzyme catalysis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regulation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Allosteric regulation </Li> <Li> Cooperativity </Li> <Li> Enzyme inhibitor </Li> <Li> Enzyme activator </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Classification </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> EC number </Li> <Li> Enzyme superfamily </Li> <Li> Enzyme family </Li> <Li> List of enzymes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kinetics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Enzyme kinetics </Li> <Li> Eadie -- Hofstee diagram </Li> <Li> Hanes -- Woolf plot </Li> <Li> Lineweaver -- Burk plot </Li> <Li> Michaelis -- Menten kinetics </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Types </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> EC1 Oxidoreductases ( list ) </Li> <Li> EC2 Transferases ( list ) </Li> <Li> EC3 Hydrolases ( list ) </Li> <Li> EC4 Lyases ( list ) </Li> <Li> EC5 Isomerases ( list ) </Li> <Li> EC6 Ligases ( list ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Active_site&oldid=851710679 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Enzymes </Li> <Li> Catalysis </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Bosanski </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 20 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 24 July 2018 , at 03 : 04 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Constitution - wikipedia <H1> Constitution </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Constitution ( disambiguation ) . Copy of the Magna Carta from 1297 . <P> A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed . These rules together make up , i.e. constitute , what the entity is . When these principles are written down into a single document or set of legal documents , those documents may be said to embody a written constitution ; if they are written down in a single comprehensive document , it is said to embody a codified constitution . Some constitutions ( such as the constitution of the United Kingdom ) are uncodified , but written in numerous fundamental Acts of a legislature , court cases or treaties . </P> <P> Constitutions concern different levels of organizations , from sovereign states to companies and unincorporated associations . A treaty which establishes an international organization is also its constitution , in that it would define how that organization is constituted . Within states , a constitution defines the principles upon which the state is based , the procedure in which laws are made and by whom . Some constitutions , especially codified constitutions , also act as limiters of state power , by establishing lines which a state 's rulers can not cross , such as fundamental rights . </P> <P> The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world , containing 444 articles in 22 parts , 12 schedules and 118 amendments , with 146,385 words in its English - language version , while the Constitution of Monaco is the shortest written constitution , containing 10 chapters with 97 articles , and a total of 3,814 words . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Etymology </Li> <Li> 2 General features </Li> <Li> 3 History and development <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Pre-modern constitutions <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Ancient </Li> <Li> 3.1. 2 Dark ages and early Middle ages </Li> <Li> 3.1. 3 Middle ages after 1000 </Li> <Li> 3.1. 4 Iroquois `` Great Law of Peace '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Modern constitutions <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Democratic constitutions </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Principles of constitutional design </Li> <Li> 5 Governmental constitutions <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Key features <Ul> <Li> 5.1. 1 Classification </Li> <Li> 5.1. 2 Codification <Ul> <Li> 5.1. 2.1 Codified constitution </Li> <Li> 5.1. 2.2 Uncodified constitution </Li> <Li> 5.1. 2.3 Written versus unwritten ; codified versus uncodified </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.1. 3 Entrenchment <Ul> <Li> 5.1. 3.1 Absolutely unmodifiable articles </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.1. 4 Distribution of sovereignty </Li> <Li> 5.1. 5 Separation of powers </Li> <Li> 5.1. 6 Lines of accountability </Li> <Li> 5.1. 7 State of emergency </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.2 Facade constitutions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Constitutional courts </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Etymology </H2> <P> The term constitution comes through French from the Latin word constitutio , used for regulations and orders , such as the imperial enactments ( constitutiones principis : edicta , mandata , decreta , rescripta ) . Later , the term was widely used in canon law for an important determination , especially a decree issued by the Pope , now referred to as an apostolic constitution . </P> <H2> General features </H2> <P> Generally , every modern written constitution confers specific powers to an organization or institutional entity , established upon the primary condition that it abide by the said constitution 's limitations . According to Scott Gordon , a political organization is constitutional to the extent that it `` contain ( s ) institutionalized mechanisms of power control for the protection of the interests and liberties of the citizenry , including those that may be in the minority '' . </P> <P> Activities of officials within an organization or polity that fall within the constitutional or statutory authority of those officials are termed `` within power '' ( or , in Latin , intra vires ) ; if they do not , they are termed `` beyond power '' ( or , in Latin , ultra vires ) . For example , a students ' union may be prohibited as an organization from engaging in activities not concerning students ; if the union becomes involved in non-student activities , these activities are considered to be ultra vires of the union 's charter , and nobody would be compelled by the charter to follow them . An example from the constitutional law of sovereign states would be a provincial parliament in a federal state trying to legislate in an area that the constitution allocates exclusively to the federal parliament , such as ratifying a treaty . Action that appears to be beyond power may be judicially reviewed and , if found to be beyond power , must cease . Legislation that is found to be beyond power will be `` invalid '' and of no force ; this applies to primary legislation , requiring constitutional authorization , and secondary legislation , ordinarily requiring statutory authorization . In this context , `` within power '' , intra vires , `` authorized '' and `` valid '' have the same meaning ; as do `` beyond power '' , ultra vires , `` not authorized '' and `` invalid '' . </P> <P> In most but not all modern states the constitution has supremacy over ordinary statutory law ( see Uncodified constitution below ) ; in such states when an official act is unconstitutional , i.e. it is not a power granted to the government by the constitution , that act is null and void , and the nullification is ab initio , that is , from inception , not from the date of the finding . It was never `` law '' , even though , if it had been a statute or statutory provision , it might have been adopted according to the procedures for adopting legislation . Sometimes the problem is not that a statute is unconstitutional , but the application of it is , on a particular occasion , and a court may decide that while there are ways it could be applied that are constitutional , that instance was not allowed or legitimate . In such a case , only the application may be ruled unconstitutional . Historically , the remedy for such violations have been petitions for common law writs , such as quo warranto . </P> <H2> History and development </H2> <H3> Pre-modern constitutions </H3> Ancient Detail from Hammurabi 's stele shows him receiving the laws of Babylon from the seated sun deity . <P> Excavations in modern - day Iraq by Ernest de Sarzec in 1877 found evidence of the earliest known code of justice , issued by the Sumerian king Urukagina of Lagash ca 2300 BC . Perhaps the earliest prototype for a law of government , this document itself has not yet been discovered ; however it is known that it allowed some rights to his citizens . For example , it is known that it relieved tax for widows and orphans , and protected the poor from the usury of the rich . </P> <P> After that , many governments ruled by special codes of written laws . The oldest such document still known to exist seems to be the Code of Ur - Nammu of Ur ( ca 2050 BC ) . Some of the better - known ancient law codes include the code of Lipit - Ishtar of Isin , the code of Hammurabi of Babylonia , the Hittite code , the Assyrian code and Mosaic law . </P> <P> In 621 BC , a scribe named Draco codified the cruel oral laws of the city - state of Athens ; this code prescribed the death penalty for many offences ( nowadays very severe rules are often called `` Draconian '' ) . In 594 BC , Solon , the ruler of Athens , created the new Solonian Constitution . It eased the burden of the workers , and determined that membership of the ruling class was to be based on wealth ( plutocracy ) , rather than by birth ( aristocracy ) . Cleisthenes again reformed the Athenian constitution and set it on a democratic footing in 508 BC . </P> Diagram illustrating the classification of constitutions by Aristotle . <P> Aristotle ( ca 350 BC ) was the first to make a formal distinction between ordinary law and constitutional law , establishing ideas of constitution and constitutionalism , and attempting to classify different forms of constitutional government . The most basic definition he used to describe a constitution in general terms was `` the arrangement of the offices in a state '' . In his works Constitution of Athens , Politics , and Nicomachean Ethics he explores different constitutions of his day , including those of Athens , Sparta , and Carthage . He classified both what he regarded as good and what he regarded as bad constitutions , and came to the conclusion that the best constitution was a mixed system , including monarchic , aristocratic , and democratic elements . He also distinguished between citizens , who had the right to participate in the state , and non-citizens and slaves , who did not . </P> <P> The Romans first codified their constitution in 450 BC as the Twelve Tables . They operated under a series of laws that were added from time to time , but Roman law was never reorganised into a single code until the Codex Theodosianus ( AD 438 ) ; later , in the Eastern Empire the Codex repetitæ prælectionis ( 534 ) was highly influential throughout Europe . This was followed in the east by the Ecloga of Leo III the Isaurian ( 740 ) and the Basilica of Basil I ( 878 ) . </P> <P> The Edicts of Ashoka established constitutional principles for the 3rd century BC Maurya king 's rule in Ancient India . For constitutional principles almost lost to antiquity , see the code of Manu . </P> Dark Ages and early middle Ages <P> Many of the Germanic people that filled the power vacuum left by the Western Roman Empire in the Early Middle Ages codified their laws . One of the first of these Germanic law codes to be written was the Visigothic Code of Euric ( 471 ) . This was followed by the Lex Burgundionum , applying separate codes for Germans and for Romans ; the Pactus Alamannorum ; and the Salic Law of the Franks , all written soon after 500 . In 506 , the Breviarum or `` Lex Romana '' of Alaric II , king of the Visigoths , adopted and consolidated the Codex Theodosianus together with assorted earlier Roman laws . Systems that appeared somewhat later include the Edictum Rothari of the Lombards ( 643 ) , the Lex Visigothorum ( 654 ) , the Lex Alamannorum ( 730 ) and the Lex Frisionum ( ca 785 ) . These continental codes were all composed in Latin , while Anglo - Saxon was used for those of England , beginning with the Code of Æthelberht of Kent ( 602 ) . In ca . 893 , Alfred the Great combined this and two other earlier Saxon codes , with various Mosaic and Christian precepts , to produce the Doom book code of laws for England . </P> <P> Japan 's Seventeen - article constitution written in 604 , reportedly by Prince Shōtoku , is an early example of a constitution in Asian political history . Influenced by Buddhist teachings , the document focuses more on social morality than institutions of government per se and remains a notable early attempt at a government constitution . </P> <P> The Constitution of Medina ( Arabic : صحیفة المدینه , Ṣaḥīfat al - Madīna ) , also known as the Charter of Medina , was drafted by the Islamic prophet Muhammad after his flight ( hijra ) to Yathrib where he became political leader . It constituted a formal agreement between Muhammad and all of the significant tribes and families of Yathrib ( later known as Medina ) , including Muslims , Jews , and pagans . The document was drawn up with the explicit concern of bringing to an end the bitter intertribal fighting between the clans of the Aws ( Aus ) and Khazraj within Medina . To this effect it instituted a number of rights and responsibilities for the Muslim , Jewish , and pagan communities of Medina bringing them within the fold of one community -- the Ummah . The precise dating of the Constitution of Medina remains debated but generally scholars agree it was written shortly after the Hijra ( 622 ) . </P> <P> In Wales , the Cyfraith Hywel was codified by Hywel Dda c. 942 -- 950 . </P> Middle Ages after 1000 <P> The Pravda Yaroslava , originally combined by Yaroslav the Wise the Grand Prince of Kyiv , was granted to Great Novgorod around 1017 , and in 1054 was incorporated into the Ruska Pravda , that became the law for all of Kievan Rus . It survived only in later editions of the 15th century . </P> <P> In England , Henry I 's proclamation of the Charter of Liberties in 1100 bound the king for the first time in his treatment of the clergy and the nobility . This idea was extended and refined by the English barony when they forced King John to sign Magna Carta in 1215 . The most important single article of the Magna Carta , related to `` habeas corpus '' , provided that the king was not permitted to imprison , outlaw , exile or kill anyone at a whim -- there must be due process of law first . This article , Article 39 , of the Magna Carta read : </P> <P> No free man shall be arrested , or imprisoned , or deprived of his property , or outlawed , or exiled , or in any way destroyed , nor shall we go against him or send against him , unless by legal judgement of his peers , or by the law of the land . </P> <P> This provision became the cornerstone of English liberty after that point . The social contract in the original case was between the king and the nobility , but was gradually extended to all of the people . It led to the system of Constitutional Monarchy , with further reforms shifting the balance of power from the monarchy and nobility to the House of Commons . </P> <P> The Nomocanon of Saint Sava ( Serbian : Законоправило / Zakonopravilo ) was the first Serbian constitution from 1219 . This legal act was well developed . St. Sava 's Nomocanon was the compilation of Civil law , based on Roman Law and Canon law , based on Ecumenical Councils and its basic purpose was to organize functioning of the young Serbian kingdom and the Serbian church . Saint Sava began the work on the Serbian Nomocanon in 1208 while being at Mount Athos , using The Nomocanon in Fourteen Titles , Synopsis of Stefan the Efesian , Nomocanon of John Scholasticus , Ecumenical Councils ' documents , which he modified with the canonical commentaries of Aristinos and Joannes Zonaras , local church meetings , rules of the Holy Fathers , the law of Moses , translation of Prohiron and the Byzantine emperors ' Novellae ( most were taken from Justinian 's Novellae ) . The Nomocanon was completely new compilation of civil and canonical regulations , taken from the Byzantine sources , but completed and reformed by St. Sava to function properly in Serbia . Beside decrees that organized the life of church , there are various norms regarding civil life , most of them were taken from Prohiron . Legal transplants of Roman - Byzantine law became the basis of the Serbian medieval law . The essence of Zakonopravilo was based on Corpus Iuris Civilis . </P> <P> Stefan Dušan , Emperor of Serbs and Greeks , enacted Dušan 's Code ( Serbian : Душанов Законик / Dušanov Zakonik ) in Serbia , in two state congresses : in 1349 in Skopje and in 1354 in Serres . It regulated all social spheres , so it was the second Serbian constitution , after St. Sava 's Nomocanon ( Zakonopravilo ) . The Code was based on Roman - Byzantine law . The legal transplanting is notable with the articles 171 and 172 of Dušan 's Code , which regulated the juridical independence . They were taken from the Byzantine code Basilika ( book VII , 1 , 16 -- 17 ) . </P> <P> In 1222 , Hungarian King Andrew II issued the Golden Bull of 1222 . </P> <P> Between 1220 and 1230 , a Saxon administrator , Eike von Repgow , composed the Sachsenspiegel , which became the supreme law used in parts of Germany as late as 1900 . </P> <P> In 1998 , S. Kouyaté reconstructed from oral tradition what he claims is a 14th - century charter of the Mali Empire , called the Kouroukan Fouga . </P> <P> Around 1240 , the Coptic Egyptian Christian writer , ' Abul Fada'il Ibn al - ' Assal , wrote the Fetha Negest in Arabic . ' Ibn al - Assal took his laws partly from apostolic writings and Mosaic law , and partly from the former Byzantine codes . There are a few historical records claiming that this law code was translated into Ge'ez and entered Ethiopia around 1450 in the reign of Zara Yaqob . Even so , its first recorded use in the function of a constitution ( supreme law of the land ) is with Sarsa Dengel beginning in 1563 . The Fetha Negest remained the supreme law in Ethiopia until 1931 , when a modern - style Constitution was first granted by Emperor Haile Selassie I . </P> Third volume of the compilation of Catalan Constitutions of 1585 <P> In the Principality of Catalonia , the Catalan constitutions were promulgated by the Court from 1283 ( or even two centuries before , if we consider the Usatges of Barcelona as part of the compilation of Constitutions ) until 1716 , when Philip V of Spain gave the Nueva Planta decrees , finishing with the historical laws of Catalonia . These Constitutions were usually made formally as a royal initiative , but required for its approval or repeal the favorable vote of the Catalan Courts , the medieval antecedent of the modern Parliaments . These laws had , as the other modern constitutions , preeminence over other laws , and they could not be contradicted by mere decrees or edicts of the king . </P> <P> The Golden Bull of 1356 was a decree issued by a Reichstag in Nuremberg headed by Emperor Charles IV that fixed , for a period of more than four hundred years , an important aspect of the constitutional structure of the Holy Roman Empire . </P> <P> In China , the Hongwu Emperor created and refined a document he called Ancestral Injunctions ( first published in 1375 , revised twice more before his death in 1398 ) . These rules served in a very real sense as a constitution for the Ming Dynasty for the next 250 years . </P> <P> The oldest written document still governing a sovereign nation today is that of San Marino . The Leges Statutae Republicae Sancti Marini was written in Latin and consists of six books . The first book , with 62 articles , establishes councils , courts , various executive officers and the powers assigned to them . The remaining books cover criminal and civil law , judicial procedures and remedies . Written in 1600 , the document was based upon the Statuti Comunali ( Town Statute ) of 1300 , itself influenced by the Codex Justinianus , and it remains in force today . </P> <P> In 1392 the Carta de Logu was legal code of the Giudicato of Arborea promulgated by the giudicessa Eleanor . It was in force in Sardinia until it was superseded by the code of Charles Felix in April 1827 . The Carta was a work of great importance in Sardinian history . It was an organic , coherent , and systematic work of legislation encompassing the civil and penal law . </P> Iroquois `` Great law of peace '' Main article : Great Law of Peace <P> The Gayanashagowa , the oral constitution of the Iroquois nation also known as the Great Law of Peace , established a system of governance in which sachems ( tribal chiefs ) of the members of the Iroquois League made decisions on the basis of universal consensus of all chiefs following discussions that were initiated by a single tribe . The position of sachem descended through families , and were allocated by senior female relatives . </P> <P> Historians including Donald Grinde , Bruce Johansen and others believe that the Iroquois constitution provided inspiration for the United States Constitution and in 1988 was recognised by a resolution in Congress . The thesis is not considered credible by some scholars . Stanford University historian Jack N. Rakove stated that `` The voluminous records we have for the constitutional debates of the late 1780s contain no significant references to the Iroquois '' and stated that there are ample European precedents to the democratic institutions of the United States . Francis Jennings noted that the statement made by Benjamin Franklin frequently quoted by proponents of the thesis does not support this idea as it is advocating for a union against these `` ignorant savages '' and called the idea `` absurd '' . Bruce Johansen contends Jennings , Tooker etc. have `` humorlessly missed the ironic nature of Franklin 's statement '' and persist in `` ignoring the relevant sources '' . Anthropologist Dean Snow stated that though Franklin 's Albany Plan may have drawn some inspiration from the Iroquois League , there is little evidence that either the Plan or the Constitution drew substantially from this source and argues that `` ... such claims muddle and denigrate the subtle and remarkable features of Iroquois government . The two forms of government are distinctive and individually remarkable in conception . '' </P> <H3> Modern constitutions </H3> The Cossack Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk , 1710 . A painting depicting George Washington at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 signing of the U.S. Constitution <P> In 1639 , the Colony of Connecticut adopted the Fundamental Orders , which was the first North American constitution , and is the basis for every new Connecticut constitution since , and is also the reason for Connecticut 's nickname , `` the Constitution State '' . </P> <P> The English Protectorate that was set up by Oliver Cromwell after the English Civil War promulgated the first detailed written constitution adopted by a modern state ; it was called the Instrument of Government . This formed the basis of government for the short lived republic from 1653 to 1657 by providing a legal rationale for the increasing power of Cromwell , after Parliament consistently failed to govern effectively . Most of the concepts and ideas embedded into modern constitutional theory , especially bicameralism , separation of powers , the written constitution , and judicial review , can be traced back to the experiments of that period . </P> <P> Drafted by Major - General John Lambert in 1653 , the Instrument of Government included elements incorporated from an earlier document `` Heads of Proposals '' , which had been agreed to by the Army Council in 1647 , as a set of propositions intended to be a basis for a constitutional settlement after King Charles I was defeated in the First English Civil War . Charles had rejected the propositions , but before the start of the Second Civil War , the Grandees of the New Model Army had presented the Heads of Proposals as their alternative to the more radical Agreement of the People presented by the Agitators and their civilian supporters at the Putney Debates . </P> <P> On January 4 , 1649 the Rump Parliament declared `` that the people are , under God , the original of all just power ; that the Commons of England , being chosen by and representing the people , have the supreme power in this nation '' . </P> <P> The Instrument of Government was adopted by Parliament on December 15 , 1653 and Oliver Cromwell was installed as Lord Protector on the following day . The constitution set up a state council consisting of 21 members while executive authority was vested in the office of `` Lord Protector of the Commonwealth '' ; this position was designated as a non-hereditary life appointment . It also required the calling of triennial Parliaments , with each sitting for at least five months . </P> <P> The Instrument of Government was replaced in May 1657 by England 's second , and last , codified constitution , the Humble Petition and Advice , proposed by Sir Christopher Packe . The Petition offered hereditary monarchy to Oliver Cromwell , asserted Parliament 's control over issuing new taxation , provided an independent council to advise the king and safeguarded ' Triennial ' meetings of Parliament . A modified version of the Humble Petition with the clause on kingship removed was ratified on 25 May . This finally met its demise in conjunction with the death of Cromwell and the Restoration of the monarchy . </P> <P> Other examples of European constitutions of this era were the Corsican Constitution of 1755 and the Swedish Constitution of 1772 . </P> <P> All of the British colonies in North America that were to become the 13 original United States , adopted their own constitutions in 1776 and 1777 , during the American Revolution ( and before the later Articles of Confederation and United States Constitution ) , with the exceptions of Massachusetts , Connecticut and Rhode Island . The Commonwealth of Massachusetts adopted its Constitution in 1780 , the oldest still - functioning constitution of any U.S. state ; while Connecticut and Rhode Island officially continued to operate under their old colonial charters , until they adopted their first state constitutions in 1818 and 1843 , respectively . </P> Democratic constitutions Constitution of May 3 , 1791 ( painting by Jan Matejko , 1891 ) . Polish King Stanisław August ( left , in regal ermine - trimmed cloak ) , enters St. John 's Cathedral , where Sejm deputies will swear to uphold the new Constitution ; in background , Warsaw 's Royal Castle , where the Constitution has just been adopted . <P> What is sometimes called the `` enlightened constitution '' model was developed by philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment such as Thomas Hobbes , Jean - Jacques Rousseau , and John Locke . The model proposed that constitutional governments should be stable , adaptable , accountable , open and should represent the people ( i.e. , support democracy ) . </P> <P> Agreements and Constitutions of Laws and Freedoms of the Zaporizian Host was written in 1710 by Pylyp Orlyk , hetman of the Zaporozhian Host . It was written to establish a free Zaporozhian - Ukrainian Republic , with the support of Charles XII of Sweden . It is notable in that it established a democratic standard for the separation of powers in government between the legislative , executive , and judiciary branches , well before the publication of Montesquieu 's Spirit of the Laws . This Constitution also limited the executive authority of the hetman , and established a democratically elected Cossack parliament called the General Council . However , Orlyk 's project for an independent Ukrainian State never materialized , and his constitution , written in exile , never went into effect . </P> <P> Corsican Constitutions of 1755 and 1794 were inspired by Jean - Jacques Rousseau . The later one introduced universal suffrage for property owners . </P> <P> The United States Constitution , ratified June 21 , 1788 , was influenced by the writings of Polybius , Locke , Montesquieu , and others . The document became a benchmark for republicanism and codified constitutions written thereafter . </P> <P> The Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth Constitution was passed on May 3 , 1791 . Another landmark document was the French Constitution , ratified on September 3 , 1791 . </P> <P> On March 19 , the Spanish Constitution of 1812 was ratified by a parliament gathered in Cadiz , the only Spanish continental city which was safe from French occupation . The Spanish Constitution served as a model for other liberal constitutions of several South - European and Latin American nations like , for example , Portuguese Constitution of 1822 , constitutions of various Italian states during Carbonari revolts ( i.e. , in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ) , the Norwegian constitution of 1814 , or the Mexican Constitution of 1824 . </P> <P> In Brazil , the Constitution of 1824 expressed the option for the monarchy as political system after Brazilian Independence . The leader of the national emancipation process was the Portuguese prince Pedro I , elder son of the king of Portugal . Pedro was crowned in 1822 as first emperor of Brazil . The country was ruled by Constitutional monarchy until 1889 , when finally adopted the Republican model . </P> <P> In Denmark , as a result of the Napoleonic Wars , the absolute monarchy lost its personal possession of Norway to another absolute monarchy , Sweden . However the Norwegians managed to infuse a radically democratic and liberal constitution in 1814 , adopting many facets from the American constitution and the revolutionary French ones ; but maintaining a hereditary monarch limited by the constitution , like the Spanish one . </P> <P> The first Swiss Federal Constitution was put in force in September 1848 ( with official revisions in 1878 , 1891 , 1949 , 1971 , 1982 and 1999 ) . </P> <P> The Serbian revolution initially led to a proclamation of a proto - constitution in 1811 ; the full - fledged Constitution of Serbia followed few decades later , in 1835 . The first Serbian constitution ( Sretenjski ustav ) was adopted at the national assembly in Kragujevac on February 15 , 1835 . </P> <P> The Constitution of Canada came into force on July 1 , 1867 as the British North America Act , an act of the British Parliament . Over a century later , the BNA Act was patriated to the Canadian Parliament and augmented with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . Apart from the Constitution Acts , 1867 to 1982 , Canada 's constitution also has unwritten elements based in common law and convention . </P> <H2> Principles of constitutional design </H2> <P> After tribal people first began to live in cities and establish nations , many of these functioned according to unwritten customs , while some developed autocratic , even tyrannical monarchs , who ruled by decree , or mere personal whim . Such rule led some thinkers to take the position that what mattered was not the design of governmental institutions and operations , as much as the character of the rulers . This view can be seen in Plato , who called for rule by `` philosopher - kings . '' Later writers , such as Aristotle , Cicero and Plutarch , would examine designs for government from a legal and historical standpoint . </P> <P> The Renaissance brought a series of political philosophers who wrote implied criticisms of the practices of monarchs and sought to identify principles of constitutional design that would be likely to yield more effective and just governance from their viewpoints . This began with revival of the Roman law of nations concept and its application to the relations among nations , and they sought to establish customary `` laws of war and peace '' to ameliorate wars and make them less likely . This led to considerations of what authority monarchs or other officials have and do n't have , from where that authority derives , and the remedies for the abuse of such authority . </P> <P> A seminal juncture in this line of discourse arose in England from the Civil War , the Cromwellian Protectorate , the writings of Thomas Hobbes , Samuel Rutherford , the Levellers , John Milton , and James Harrington , leading to the debate between Robert Filmer , arguing for the divine right of monarchs , on the one side , and on the other , Henry Neville , James Tyrrell , Algernon Sidney , and John Locke . What arose from the latter was a concept of government being erected on the foundations of first , a state of nature governed by natural laws , then a state of society , established by a social contract or compact , which bring underlying natural or social laws , before governments are formally established on them as foundations . </P> <P> Along the way several writers examined how the design of government was important , even if the government were headed by a monarch . They also classified various historical examples of governmental designs , typically into democracies , aristocracies , or monarchies , and considered how just and effective each tended to be and why , and how the advantages of each might be obtained by combining elements of each into a more complex design that balanced competing tendencies . Some , such as Montesquieu , also examined how the functions of government , such as legislative , executive , and judicial , might appropriately be separated into branches . The prevailing theme among these writers was that the design of constitutions is not completely arbitrary or a matter of taste . They generally held that there are underlying principles of design that constrain all constitutions for every polity or organization . Each built on the ideas of those before concerning what those principles might be . </P> <P> The later writings of Orestes Brownson would try to explain what constitutional designers were trying to do . According to Brownson there are , in a sense , three `` constitutions '' involved : The first the constitution of nature that includes all of what was called `` natural law . '' The second is the constitution of society , an unwritten and commonly understood set of rules for the society formed by a social contract before it establishes a government , by which it establishes the third , a constitution of government . The second would include such elements as the making of decisions by public conventions called by public notice and conducted by established rules of procedure . Each constitution must be consistent with , and derive its authority from , the ones before it , as well as from a historical act of society formation or constitutional ratification . Brownson argued that a state is a society with effective dominion over a well - defined territory , that consent to a well - designed constitution of government arises from presence on that territory , and that it is possible for provisions of a written constitution of government to be `` unconstitutional '' if they are inconsistent with the constitutions of nature or society . Brownson argued that it is not ratification alone that makes a written constitution of government legitimate , but that it must also be competently designed and applied . </P> <P> Other writers have argued that such considerations apply not only to all national constitutions of government , but also to the constitutions of private organizations , that it is not an accident that the constitutions that tend to satisfy their members contain certain elements , as a minimum , or that their provisions tend to become very similar as they are amended after experience with their use . Provisions that give rise to certain kinds of questions are seen to need additional provisions for how to resolve those questions , and provisions that offer no course of action may best be omitted and left to policy decisions . Provisions that conflict with what Brownson and others can discern are the underlying `` constitutions '' of nature and society tend to be difficult or impossible to execute , or to lead to unresolvable disputes . </P> <P> Constitutional design has been treated as a kind of metagame in which play consists of finding the best design and provisions for a written constitution that will be the rules for the game of government , and that will be most likely to optimize a balance of the utilities of justice , liberty , and security . An example is the metagame Nomic . </P> <P> Political economy theory regards constitutions as coordination devices that help citizens to prevent rulers from abusing power . If the citizenry can coordinate a response to police government officials in the face of a constitutional fault , then the government have the incentives to honor the rights that the constitution guarantees . An alternative view considers that constitutions are not enforced by the citizens at - large , but rather by the administrative powers of the state . Because rulers can not themselves implement their policies , they need to rely on a set of organizations ( armies , courts , police agencies , tax collectors ) to implement it . In this position , they can directly sanction the government by refusing to cooperate , disabling the authority of the rulers . Therefore , constitutions could be characterized by a self - enforcing equilibria between the rulers and powerful administrators . </P> <H2> Governmental constitutions </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Presidential copy of the Russian Constitution . <P> Most commonly , the term constitution refers to a set of rules and principles that define the nature and extent of government . Most constitutions seek to regulate the relationship between institutions of the state , in a basic sense the relationship between the executive , legislature and the judiciary , but also the relationship of institutions within those branches . For example , executive branches can be divided into a head of government , government departments / ministries , executive agencies and a civil service / administration . Most constitutions also attempt to define the relationship between individuals and the state , and to establish the broad rights of individual citizens . It is thus the most basic law of a territory from which all the other laws and rules are hierarchically derived ; in some territories it is in fact called `` Basic Law '' . </P> <H3> Key features </H3> <P> The following are features of democratic constitutions that have been identified by political scientists to exist , in one form or another , in virtually all national constitutions . </P> Classification <Table> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Th> Form </Th> <Th> Example </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Codified </Td> <Td> in single act ( document ) </Td> <Td> Most of the world constitutions . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uncodified </Td> <Td> fully written ( in few documents ) </Td> <Td> San Marino , Israel , Saudi Arabia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uncodified </Td> <Td> partially unwritten ( see constitutional convention ) </Td> <Td> Canada , NZ , UK </Td> </Tr> </Table> Codification <P> A fundamental classification is codification or lack of codification . A codified constitution is one that is contained in a single document , which is the single source of constitutional law in a state . An uncodified constitution is one that is not contained in a single document , consisting of several different sources , which may be written or unwritten ; see constitutional convention . </P> Codified constitution <P> Most states in the world have codified constitutions . </P> <P> Codified constitutions are often the product of some dramatic political change , such as a revolution . The process by which a country adopts a constitution is closely tied to the historical and political context driving this fundamental change . The legitimacy ( and often the longevity ) of codified constitutions has often been tied to the process by which they are initially adopted and some scholars have pointed out that high constitutional turnover within a given country may itself be detrimental to separation of powers and the rule of law . </P> <P> States that have codified constitutions normally give the constitution supremacy over ordinary statute law . That is , if there is any conflict between a legal statute and the codified constitution , all or part of the statute can be declared ultra vires by a court , and struck down as unconstitutional . In addition , exceptional procedures are often required to amend a constitution . These procedures may include : convocation of a special constituent assembly or constitutional convention , requiring a supermajority of legislators ' votes , the consent of regional legislatures , a referendum process , and / or other procedures that make amending a constitution more difficult than passing a simple law . </P> <P> Constitutions may also provide that their most basic principles can never be abolished , even by amendment . In case a formally valid amendment of a constitution infringes these principles protected against any amendment , it may constitute a so - called unconstitutional constitutional law . </P> <P> Codified constitutions normally consist of a ceremonial preamble , which sets forth the goals of the state and the motivation for the constitution , and several articles containing the substantive provisions . The preamble , which is omitted in some constitutions , may contain a reference to God and / or to fundamental values of the state such as liberty , democracy or human rights . In ethnic nation - states such as Estonia , the mission of the state can be defined as preserving a specific nation , language and culture . </P> Uncodified constitution Main article : Uncodified constitution Magna Carta <P> As of 2017 only two sovereign states , New Zealand and the United Kingdom , have uncodified constitutions . The Basic Laws of Israel have since 1950 been intended to be the basis for a constitution , but as of 2017 it had not been drafted . The various Laws are considered to have precedence over other laws , and give the procedure by which they can be amended , typically by a simple majority of members of the Knesset ( parliament ) . </P> <P> Uncodified constitutions are the product of an `` evolution '' of laws and conventions over centuries . By contrast to codified constitutions ( in the Westminster System that originated in England ) , uncodified constitutions include written sources : e.g. constitutional statutes enacted by the Parliament and also unwritten sources : constitutional conventions , observation of precedents , royal prerogatives , custom and tradition , such as always holding the General Election on Thursdays ; together these constitute the British constitutional law . </P> Written versus unwritten ; codified versus uncodified <P> Some constitutions are largely , but not wholly , codified . For example , in the Constitution of Australia , most of its fundamental political principles and regulations concerning the relationship between branches of government , and concerning the government and the individual are codified in a single document , the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia . However , the presence of statutes with constitutional significance , namely the Statute of Westminster , as adopted by the Commonwealth in the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 , and the Australia Act 1986 means that Australia 's constitution is not contained in a single constitutional document . It means the Constitution of Australia is uncodified , it also contains constitutional conventions , thus is partially unwritten . </P> <P> The Constitution of Canada , which evolved from the British North America Acts until severed from nominal British control by the Canada Act 1982 ( analogous to the Australia Act 1986 ) , is a similar example . Canada 's constitution consists of almost 30 different statutes . </P> <P> The terms written constitution and codified constitution are often used interchangeably , as are unwritten constitution and uncodified constitution , although this usage is technically inaccurate . A codified constitution is a single document ; states that do not have such a document have uncodified , but not entirely unwritten , constitutions , since much of an uncodified constitution is usually written in laws such as the Basic Laws of Israel and the Parliament Acts of the United Kingdom . Uncodified constitutions largely lack protection against amendment by the government of the time . For example , the UK Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 legislated by simple majority for strictly fixed - term parliaments ; until then the ruling party could call a general election at any convenient time up to the maximum term of five years . This change would require a constitutional amendment in most nations . </P> Entrenchment <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> United States Constitution Further information : Fundamental Laws of England <P> The presence or lack of entrenchment is a fundamental feature of constitutions . An entrenched constitution can not be altered in any way by a legislature as part of its normal business concerning ordinary statutory laws , but can only be amended by a different and more onerous procedure . There may be a requirement for a special body to be set up , or the proportion of favourable votes of members of existing legislative bodies may be required to be higher to pass a constitutional amendment than for statutes . The entrenched clauses of a constitution can create different degrees of entrenchment , ranging from simply excluding constitutional amendment from the normal business of a legislature , to making certain amendments either more difficult than normal modifications , or forbidden under any circumstances . </P> <P> Entrenchment is an inherent feature in most codified constitutions . A codified constitution will incorporate the rules which must be followed for the constitution itself to be changed . </P> <P> The US constitution is an example of an entrenched constitution , and the UK constitution is an example of a constitution that is not entrenched ( or codified ) . In some states the text of the constitution may be changed ; in others the original text is not changed , and amendments are passed which add to and may override the original text and earlier amendments . </P> <P> Procedures for constitutional amendment vary between states . In a nation with a federal system of government the approval of a majority of state or provincial legislatures may be required . Alternatively , a national referendum may be required . Details are to be found in the articles on the constitutions of the various nations and federal states in the world . </P> <P> In constitutions that are not entrenched , no special procedure is required for modification . Lack of entrenchment is a characteristic of uncodified constitutions ; the constitution is not recognised with any higher legal status than ordinary statutes . In the UK , for example laws which modify written or unwritten provisions of the constitution are passed on a simple majority in Parliament . No special `` constitutional amendment '' procedure is required . The principle of parliamentary sovereignty holds that no sovereign parliament may be bound by the acts of its predecessors ; and there is no higher authority that can create law which binds Parliament . The sovereign is nominally the head of state with important powers , such as the power to declare war ; the uncodified and unwritten constitution removes all these powers in practice . </P> <P> In practice democratic governments do not use the lack of entrenchment of the constitution to impose the will of the government or abolish all civil rights , as they could in theory do , but the distinction between constitutional and other law is still somewhat arbitrary , usually following historical principles embodied in important past legislation . For example , several British Acts of Parliament such as the Bill of Rights , Human Rights Act and , prior to the creation of Parliament , Magna Carta are regarded as granting fundamental rights and principles which are treated as almost constitutional . Several rights that in another state might be guaranteed by constitution have indeed been abolished or modified by the British parliament in the early 21st century , including the unconditional right to trial by jury , the right to silence without prejudicial inference , permissible detention before a charge is made extended from 24 hours to 42 days , and the right not to be tried twice for the same offence . </P> Absolutely unmodifiable articles <P> The strongest level of entrenchment exists in those constitutions that state that some of their most fundamental principles are absolute , i.e. certain articles may not be amended under any circumstances . An amendment of a constitution that is made consistently with that constitution , except that it violates the absolute non-modifiability , can be called an unconstitutional constitutional law . Ultimately it is always possible for a constitution to be overthrown by internal or external force , for example , a revolution ( perhaps claiming to be justified by the right to revolution ) or invasion . In the Constitution of India , the Supreme Court has created the Doctrine of Basic Structure in Kesavananda Bharti 's case ( 1973 ) stating that the essential features of the Basic structure can not be amended by the Parliament . The Court has identified judicial review , independence of Judiciary , free and fair election , core of Fundamental Rights as a few of the essential features which are unamendable . However , the Supreme Court did not identify specific provisions which are in the category of absolute entrenchment . A critical analysis of the Doctrine of Basic Structure appears in Professor M.K. Bhandari 's book Basic Structure of Indian Constitution - A Critical Reconsideration . </P> <P> An example of absolute unmodifiability is found in the German constitution . Articles 1 and 20 protect human dignity , human rights , democracy , rule of law , federal and social state principles , and the people 's right of resistance as a last resort against an attempt to abolish the constitutional order . Article 79 , Section 3 states that these principles can not be changed , even according to the methods of amendment defined elsewhere in the document , until a new constitution comes into effect . </P> <P> Another example is the Constitution of Honduras , which has an article stating that the article itself and certain other articles can not be changed in any circumstances . Article 374 of the Honduras Constitution asserts this unmodifiability , stating , `` It is not possible to reform , in any case , the preceding article , the present article , the constitutional articles referring to the form of government , to the national territory , to the presidential period , the prohibition to serve again as President of the Republic , the citizen who has performed under any title in consequence of which she / he can not be President of the Republic in the subsequent period . '' This unmodifiability article played an important role in the 2009 Honduran constitutional crisis . </P> Distribution of sovereignty See also : Federalism <P> Constitutions also establish where sovereignty is located in the state . There are three basic types of distribution of sovereignty according to the degree of centralisation of power : unitary , federal , and confederal . The distinction is not absolute . </P> <P> In a unitary state , sovereignty resides in the state itself , and the constitution determines this . The territory of the state may be divided into regions , but they are not sovereign and are subordinate to the state . In the UK , the constitutional doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty dictates than sovereignty is ultimately contained at the centre . Some powers have been devolved to Northern Ireland , Scotland , and Wales ( but not England ) . Some unitary states ( Spain is an example ) devolve more and more power to sub-national governments until the state functions in practice much like a federal state . </P> <P> A federal state has a central structure with at most a small amount of territory mainly containing the institutions of the federal government , and several regions ( called states , provinces , etc . ) which compose the territory of the whole state . Sovereignty is divided between the centre and the constituent regions . The constitutions of Canada and the United States establish federal states , with power divided between the federal government and the provinces or states . Each of the regions may in turn have its own constitution ( of unitary nature ) . </P> <P> A confederal state comprises again several regions , but the central structure has only limited coordinating power , and sovereignty is located in the regions . Confederal constitutions are rare , and there is often dispute to whether so - called `` confederal '' states are actually federal . </P> <P> To some extent a group of states which do not constitute a federation as such may by treaties and accords give up parts of their sovereignty to a supranational entity . For example , the countries constituting the European Union have agreed to abide by some Union - wide measures which restrict their absolute sovereignty in some ways , e.g. , the use of the metric system of measurement instead of national units previously used . </P> Separation of powers Main article : Separation of powers <P> Constitutions usually explicitly divide power between various branches of government . The standard model , described by the Baron de Montesquieu , involves three branches of government : executive , legislative and judicial . Some constitutions include additional branches , such as an auditory branch . Constitutions vary extensively as to the degree of separation of powers between these branches . </P> Lines of accountability <P> In presidential and semi-presidential systems of government , department secretaries / ministers are accountable to the president , who has patronage powers to appoint and dismiss ministers . The president is accountable to the people in an election . </P> <P> In parliamentary systems , Cabinet Ministers are accountable to Parliament , but it is the prime minister who appoints and dismisses them . In the case of the United Kingdom and other countries with a monarchy , it is the monarch who appoints and dismisses ministers , on the advice of the prime minister . In turn the prime minister will resign if the government loses the confidence of the parliament ( or a part of it ) . Confidence can be lost if the government loses a vote of no confidence or , depending on the country , loses a particularly important vote in parliament , such as vote on the budget . When a government loses confidence , it stays in office until a new government is formed ; something which normally but not necessarily required the holding of a general election . </P> State of emergency Main article : State of emergency <P> Many constitutions allow the declaration under exceptional circumstances of some form of state of emergency during which some rights and guarantees are suspended . This provision can be and has been abused to allow a government to suppress dissent without regard for human rights -- see the article on state of emergency . </P> <H3> Facade constitutions </H3> See also : Constitutionalism <P> Italian political theorist Giovanni Sartori noted the existence of national constitutions which are a facade for authoritarian sources of power . While such documents may express respect for human rights or establish an independent judiciary , they may be ignored when the government feels threatened , or never put into practice . An extreme example was the Constitution of the Soviet Union that on paper supported freedom of assembly and freedom of speech ; however , citizens who transgressed unwritten limits were summarily imprisoned . The example demonstrates that the protections and benefits of a constitution are ultimately provided not through its written terms but through deference by government and society to its principles . A constitution may change from being real to a facade and back again as democratic and autocratic governments succeed each other . </P> <H2> Constitutional courts </H2> Further information : Constitutional court and Constitutionality <P> Constitutions are often , but by no means always , protected by a legal body whose job it is to interpret those constitutions and , where applicable , declare void executive and legislative acts which infringe the constitution . In some countries , such as Germany , this function is carried out by a dedicated constitutional court which performs this ( and only this ) function . In other countries , such as Ireland , the ordinary courts may perform this function in addition to their other responsibilities . While elsewhere , like in the United Kingdom , the concept of declaring an act to be unconstitutional does not exist . </P> <P> A constitutional violation is an action or legislative act that is judged by a constitutional court to be contrary to the constitution , that is , unconstitutional . An example of constitutional violation by the executive could be a public office holder who acts outside the powers granted to that office by a constitution . An example of constitutional violation by the legislature is an attempt to pass a law that would contradict the constitution , without first going through the proper constitutional amendment process . </P> <P> Some countries , mainly those with uncodified constitutions , have no such courts at all . For example , the United Kingdom has traditionally operated under the principle of parliamentary sovereignty under which the laws passed by United Kingdom Parliament could not be questioned by the courts . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Basic law , equivalent in some countries , often for a temporary constitution </Li> <Li> Apostolic constitution ( a class of Catholic Church documents ) </Li> <Li> Constitution of the Roman Republic </Li> <Li> Constitutional court </Li> <Li> Constitutional crisis </Li> <Li> Constitutional economics </Li> <Li> Constitutionalism </Li> <Li> Corporate constitutional documents </Li> <Li> Judicial activism </Li> <Li> Judicial restraint </Li> <Li> Judicial review </Li> <Li> Philosophy of law </Li> <Li> Rule of law </Li> <Li> Rule according to higher law </Li> </Ul> <P> Judicial philosophies of constitutional interpretation ( note : generally specific to United States constitutional law ) </P> <Ul> <Li> List of national constitutions </Li> <Li> Originalism </Li> <Li> Strict constructionism </Li> <Li> Textualism </Li> <Li> Proposed European Union constitution <Ul> <Li> Treaty of Lisbon ( adopts same changes , but without constitutional name ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> United Nations Charter </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The New Oxford American Dictionary , Second Edn. , Erin McKean ( editor ) , 2051 pages , May 2005 , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 517077 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ R ( HS2 Action Alliance Ltd ) v Secretary of State for Transport ( 2014 ) UKSC 3 , ( 207 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pylee , M.V. 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( 1978 ) , page 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watt . Muhammad at Medina . pp. 227 -- 228 Watt argues that the initial agreement was shortly after the hijra and the document was amended at a later date specifically after the battle of Badr ( AH ( anno hijra ) 2 , = AD 624 ) . Serjeant argues that the constitution is in fact 8 different treaties which can be dated according to events as they transpired in Medina with the first treaty being written shortly after Muhammad 's arrival . R.B. Serjeant . `` The Sunnah Jâmi'ah , Pacts with the Yathrib Jews , and the Tahrîm of Yathrib : Analysis and Translation of the Documents Comprised in the so called ' Constitution of Medina ' . '' in The Life of Muhammad : The Formation of the Classical Islamic World : Volume iv . Ed . Uri Rubin . Brookfield : Ashgate , 1998 , p. 151 and see same article in BSOAS 41 ( 1978 ) : 18 ff . See also Caetani . Annali dell'Islam , Volume I. Milano : Hoepli , 1905 , p. 393 . Julius Wellhausen . 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Brownson ( 1866 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Principles of Constitutional Design , Donald S. Lutz ( 2006 ) ISBN 0 - 521 - 86168 - 3 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Paradox of Self - Amendment , byPeter Suber ( 1990 ) ISBN 0 - 8204 - 1212 - 0 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weingast , Barry R. ( Summer 2005 ) . `` The Constitutional Dilemma of Economic Liberty '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 19 ( 3 ) : 89 -- 108 . doi : 10.1257 / 089533005774357815 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ González de Lara , Yadira ; Greif , Avner ; Jha , Saumitra ( May 2008 ) . `` The Administrative Foundations of Self - Enforcing Constitutions '' . The American Economic Review . 98 ( 2 ) : 105 -- 109 . doi : 10.1257 / aer. 98.2. 105 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Basic Laws - Introduction '' . The Knesset. 2016 . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . Article gives information on the procedures for amending each of the Basic Laws of Israel . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UK principle : no Parliament is bound by the acts of its predecessors </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Republic of Honduras : Political Constitution of 1982 through 2005 reforms ; Article 374 '' . Political Database of the Americas ( in Spanish ) . Georgetown University . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A synchronic comparative perspective were before the founding fathers of Italian Constitution , when they were faced with the question of bicameralism and related issues of confidence and the legislative procedure , Buonomo , Giampiero ( 2013 ) . `` Il bicameralismo tra due modelli mancati '' . 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Second Amendment to the United States Constitution - wikipedia <H1> Second Amendment to the United States Constitution </H1> This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 10 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search `` Second Amendment '' redirects here . For other uses , see Second Amendment ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> This article is part of a series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Constitution of the United States of America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preamble and Articles of the Constitution </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Preamble </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> II </Li> <Li> III </Li> <Li> IV </Li> <Li> V </Li> <Li> VI </Li> <Li> VII </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Amendments to the Constitution </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bill of Rights </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> II </Li> <Li> III </Li> <Li> IV </Li> <Li> V </Li> <Li> VI </Li> <Li> VII </Li> <Li> VIII </Li> <Li> IX </Li> <Li> X </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> XI </Li> <Li> XII </Li> <Li> XIII </Li> <Li> XIV </Li> <Li> XV </Li> <Li> XVI </Li> <Li> XVII </Li> <Li> XVIII </Li> <Li> XIX </Li> <Li> XX </Li> <Li> XXI </Li> <Li> XXII </Li> <Li> XXIII </Li> <Li> XXIV </Li> <Li> XXV </Li> <Li> XXVI </Li> <Li> XXVII </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unratified Amendments </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Congressional Apportionment </Li> <Li> Titles of Nobility </Li> <Li> Corwin </Li> <Li> Child Labor </Li> <Li> Equal Rights </Li> <Li> D.C. 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Close up image of the Second Amendment <Table> <Tr> <Td> Firearm legal topics of the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States of America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amendment II </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Assault weapon </Li> <Li> Assault weapons legislation </Li> <Li> Bump stocks </Li> <Li> Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) </Li> <Li> Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act </Li> <Li> Campus carry in the U.S. </Li> <Li> Concealed carry in the U.S. </Li> <Li> Connecticut Children 's Safety Act </Li> <Li> Constitutional carry </Li> <Li> Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban </Li> <Li> Federal Assault Weapons Ban </Li> <Li> Federal Firearms Act of 1938 </Li> <Li> Federal Firearms License </Li> <Li> Firearm case law </Li> <Li> Firearm Owners Protection Act </Li> <Li> Gun Control Act of 1968 </Li> <Li> Gun - Free School Zones Act ( GFSZA ) </Li> <Li> Gun law in the U.S. </Li> <Li> Gun laws in the U.S. by state </Li> <Li> Gun politics in the U.S. </Li> <Li> High - capacity magazine ban </Li> <Li> International treaties for arms control </Li> <Li> National Instant Criminal Background Check System ( NICS ) </Li> <Li> National Firearms Act ( NFA ) </Li> <Li> NY SAFE Act </Li> <Li> Open carry in the U.S. </Li> <Li> Right to keep and bear arms in the U.S. </Li> <Li> Sullivan Act ( New York ) </Li> <Li> Suppressor </Li> <Li> Tiahrt Amendment </Li> <Li> Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States portal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Second Amendment ( Amendment II ) to the United States Constitution protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms and was adopted on December 15 , 1791 , as part of the first ten amendments contained in the Bill of Rights . The Supreme Court of the United States has ruled that the right belongs to individuals , while also ruling that the right is not unlimited and does not prohibit all regulation of either firearms or similar devices . State and local governments are limited to the same extent as the federal government from infringing this right , per the incorporation of the Bill of Rights . </P> <P> The Second Amendment was based partially on the right to keep and bear arms in English common law and was influenced by the English Bill of Rights of 1689 . Sir William Blackstone described this right as an auxiliary right , supporting the natural rights of self - defense and resistance to oppression , and the civic duty to act in concert in defense of the state . </P> <P> While both James Monroe and John Adams supported the Constitution being ratified , its most influential framer was James Madison . In Federalist No. 46 , Madison wrote how a federal army could be kept in check by state militias , `` a standing army ... would be opposed ( by ) a militia . '' He argued that state militias `` would be able to repel the danger '' of a federal army , `` It may well be doubted , whether a militia thus circumstanced could ever be conquered by such a proportion of regular troops . '' He confidently contrasted the federal government of the United States to the European kingdoms , which he contemptuously described as `` afraid to trust the people with arms . '' He assured his fellow citizens that they need never fear their government because `` besides the advantage of being armed , which the Americans possess over the people of almost every other nation , the existence of subordinate governments , to which the people are attached , and by which the militia officers are appointed , forms a barrier against the enterprises of ambition '' . </P> <P> By January 1788 , Delaware , Pennsylvania , New Jersey , Georgia and Connecticut ratified the Constitution without insisting upon amendments . Several specific amendments were proposed , but were not adopted at the time the Constitution was ratified . For example , the Pennsylvania convention debated fifteen amendments , one of which concerned the right of the people to be armed , another with the militia . The Massachusetts convention also ratified the Constitution with an attached list of proposed amendments . In the end , the ratification convention was so evenly divided between those for and against the Constitution that the federalists agreed to amendments to assure ratification . Samuel Adams proposed that the Constitution : </P> <Dl> <Dd> Be never construed to authorize Congress to infringe the just liberty of the press , or the rights of conscience ; or to prevent the people of the United States , who are peaceable citizens , from keeping their own arms ; or to raise standing armies , unless when necessary for the defence of the United States , or of some one or more of them ; or to prevent the people from petitioning , in a peaceable and orderly manner , the federal legislature , for a redress of their grievances : or to subject the people to unreasonable searches and seizures . </Dd> </Dl> <P> In United States v. Cruikshank ( 1876 ) , the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that , `` The right to bear arms is not granted by the Constitution ; neither is it in any manner dependent upon that instrument for its existence . The Second Amendments means no more than that it shall not be infringed by Congress , and has no other effect than to restrict the powers of the National Government '' and thus limited the scope of the Second Amendment 's protections to the federal government . In United States v. Miller ( 1939 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the Second Amendment did not protect weapon types not having a `` reasonable relationship to the preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia '' . </P> <P> In the twenty - first century , the amendment has been subjected to renewed academic inquiry and judicial interest . In District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court handed down a landmark decision that held the amendment protects an individual right to possess and carry firearms . In McDonald v. Chicago ( 2010 ) , the Court clarified its earlier decisions that limited the amendment 's impact to a restriction on the federal government , expressly holding that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment incorporates the Second Amendment against state and local governments . In Caetano v. Massachusetts ( 2016 ) , the Supreme Court reiterated its earlier rulings that `` the Second Amendment extends , prima facie , to all instruments that constitute bearable arms , even those that were not in existence at the time of the founding '' and that its protection is not limited to `` only those weapons useful in warfare '' . </P> <P> Despite these decisions , the debate between various organizations regarding gun control and gun rights continues . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Text </Li> <Li> 2 Pre-Constitution background <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Influence of the English Bill of Rights of 1689 </Li> <Li> 2.2 Experience in America prior to the U.S. Constitution </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Drafting and adoption of the Constitution </Li> <Li> 4 Ratification debates <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Argument for state power </Li> <Li> 4.2 Government tyranny </Li> <Li> 4.3 Preserving slave patrols </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Conflict and compromise in Congress produce the Bill of Rights </Li> <Li> 6 Militia in the decades following ratification </Li> <Li> 7 Scholarly commentary <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Early commentary <Ul> <Li> 7.1. 1 Richard Henry Lee </Li> <Li> 7.1. 2 George Mason </Li> <Li> 7.1. 3 Tench Coxe </Li> <Li> 7.1. 4 Tucker / Blackstone </Li> <Li> 7.1. 5 William Rawle </Li> <Li> 7.1. 6 Joseph Story </Li> <Li> 7.1. 7 Lysander Spooner </Li> <Li> 7.1. 8 Timothy Farrar </Li> <Li> 7.1. 9 Judge Thomas Cooley </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.2 Late 20th century commentary </Li> <Li> 7.3 Meaning of `` well regulated militia '' </Li> <Li> 7.4 Meaning of `` the right of the People '' </Li> <Li> 7.5 Meaning of `` keep and bear arms '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Supreme Court cases <Ul> <Li> 8.1 United States v. Cruikshank </Li> <Li> 8.2 Presser v. Illinois </Li> <Li> 8.3 Miller v. Texas </Li> <Li> 8.4 Robertson v. Baldwin </Li> <Li> 8.5 United States v. Miller </Li> <Li> 8.6 District of Columbia v. Heller <Ul> <Li> 8.6. 1 Judgment </Li> <Li> 8.6. 2 Notes and analysis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8.7 McDonald v. City of Chicago </Li> <Li> 8.8 Caetano v. Massachusetts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 United States Courts of Appeals decisions before and after Heller <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Before Heller </Li> <Li> 9.2 After Heller </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 Notes and citations </Li> <Li> 12 References <Ul> <Li> 12.1 Books </Li> <Li> 12.2 Periodicals </Li> <Li> 12.3 Other publications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 13 Further reading </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Text ( edit ) </H2> <P> There are several versions of the text of the Second Amendment , each with capitalization or punctuation differences . Differences exist between the drafted and ratified copies , the signed copies on display , and various published transcriptions . The importance ( or lack thereof ) of these differences has been the source of debate regarding the meaning and interpretation of the amendment , particularly regarding the importance of the prefatory clause . </P> <P> One version was passed by the Congress , and a slightly different version was ratified . As passed by the Congress and preserved in the National Archives , with the rest of the original handwritten copy of the Bill of Rights prepared by scribe William Lambert , the amendment says : </P> <P> A well regulated Militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed . </P> The hand - written copy of the proposed Bill of Rights , 1789 , cropped to show only the text that would later be edited and ratified as the Second Amendment <P> Here is the amendment as ratified by the States and authenticated by Thomas Jefferson , the Secretary of State : </P> <P> A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . </P> <H2> Pre-constitution background ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Influence of the English Bill of rights of 1689 ( edit ) </H3> <P> The right to bear arms in English history is believed to have been regarded in English law as an auxiliary to the long - established natural right of self - defense , auxiliary to the natural and legally defensible rights to life . The English Bill of Rights of 1689 emerged from a tempestuous period in English politics during which two issues were major sources of conflict : the authority of the King to govern without the consent of Parliament , and the role of Catholics in a country that was becoming ever more Protestant . Ultimately , the Catholic James II was overthrown in the Glorious Revolution , and his successors , the Protestants William III and Mary II , accepted the conditions that were codified in the Bill . One of the issues the Bill resolved was the authority of the King to disarm his subjects , after James II had attempted to disarm many Protestants , and had argued with Parliament over his desire to maintain a standing ( or permanent ) army . The bill states that it is acting to restore `` ancient rights '' trampled upon by James II , though some have argued that the English Bill of Rights created a new right to have arms , which developed out of a duty to have arms . In District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court did not accept this view , remarking that the English right at the time of the passing of the English Bill of Rights was `` clearly an individual right , having nothing whatsoever to do with service in the militia '' and that it was a right not to be disarmed by the Crown and was not the granting of a new right to have arms . </P> <P> The text of the English Bill of Rights of 1689 includes language protecting the right of Protestants against disarmament by the Crown . This document states : `` That the Subjects which are Protestants may have Arms for their Defence suitable to their Conditions and as allowed by Law . '' It also contained text that aspired to bind future Parliaments , though under English constitutional law no Parliament can bind any later Parliament . Nevertheless , the English Bill of Rights remains an important constitutional document , more for enumerating the rights of Parliament over the monarchy than for its clause concerning a right to have arms . </P> <P> The statement in the English Bill of Rights concerning the right to bear arms is often quoted only in the passage where it is written as above and not in its full context . In its full context it is clear that the bill was asserting the right of Protestant citizens not to be disarmed by the King without the consent of Parliament and was merely restoring rights to Protestants that the previous King briefly and unlawfully had removed . In its full context it reads : </P> <P> Whereas the late King James the Second by the Assistance of diverse evill Councellors Judges and Ministers imployed by him did endeavour to subvert and extirpate the Protestant Religion and the Lawes and Liberties of this Kingdome ( list of grievances including ) ... by causing severall good Subjects being Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when Papists were both Armed and Imployed contrary to Law , ( Recital regarding the change of monarch ) ... thereupon the said Lords Spirituall and Temporall and Commons pursuant to their respective Letters and Elections being now assembled in a full and free Representative of this Nation takeing into their most serious Consideration the best meanes for attaining the Ends aforesaid Doe in the first place ( as their Auncestors in like Case have usually done ) for the Vindicating and Asserting their ancient Rights and Liberties , Declare ( list of rights including ) ... That the Subjects which are Protestants may have Arms for their Defence suitable to their Conditions and as allowed by Law . </P> <P> The historical link between the English Bill of Rights and the Second Amendment , which both codify an existing right and do not create a new one , has been acknowledged by the U.S. Supreme Court . </P> <P> The English Bill of Rights includes the proviso that arms must be as `` allowed by law . '' This has been the case before and after the passage of the Bill . While it did not override earlier restrictions on the ownership of guns for hunting , it is subject to the parliamentary right to implicitly or explicitly repeal earlier enactments . </P> <P> There is some difference of opinion as to how revolutionary the events of 1688 -- 89 actually were , and several commentators make the point that the provisions of the English Bill of Rights did not represent new laws , but rather stated existing rights . Mark Thompson wrote that , apart from determining the succession , the English Bill of Rights did `` little more than set forth certain points of existing laws and simply secured to Englishmen the rights of which they were already posessed ( sic ) . '' Before and after the English Bill of Rights , the government could always disarm any individual or class of individuals it considered dangerous to the peace of the realm . In 1765 , William Blackstone wrote the Commentaries on the Laws of England describing the right to have arms in England during the 18th century as a natural right of the subject that was `` also declared '' in the English Bill of Rights . </P> <P> The fifth and last auxiliary right of the subject , that I shall at present mention , is that of having arms for their defence , suitable to their condition and degree , and such as are allowed by law . Which is also declared by the same statute 1 W. & M. st. 2 . c. 2 . and is indeed a public allowance , under due restrictions , of the natural right of resistance and self - preservation , when the sanctions of society and laws are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression . </P> <P> Although there is little doubt that the writers of the Second Amendment were heavily influenced by the English Bill of Rights , it is a matter of interpretation as to whether they were intent on preserving the power to regulate arms to the states over the federal government ( as the English Parliament had reserved for itself against the monarch ) or whether it was intent on creating a new right akin to the right of others written into the Constitution ( as the Supreme Court decided in Heller ) . Some in the United States have preferred the `` rights '' argument arguing that the English Bill of Rights had granted a right . The need to have arms for self - defence was not really in question . Peoples all around the world since time immemorial had armed themselves for the protection of themselves and others , and as organized nations began to appear these arrangements had been extended to the protection of the state . Without a regular army and police force ( which in England was not established until 1829 ) , it had been the duty of certain men to keep watch and ward at night and to confront and capture suspicious persons . Every subject had an obligation to protect the king 's peace and assist in the suppression of riots . </P> <H3> Experience in America prior to the U.S. Constitution ( edit ) </H3> Ideals that helped to inspire the Second Amendment in part are symbolized by the minutemen . <P> Early English settlers in America viewed the right to arms and / or the right to bear arms and / or state militias as important for one or more of these purposes ( in no particular order ) : </P> <Ul> <Li> enabling the people to organize a militia system ; </Li> <Li> participating in law enforcement ; </Li> <Li> safeguarding against tyrannical government ; </Li> <Li> repelling invasion ; </Li> <Li> suppressing insurrection , allegedly including slave revolts , though some scholars say these claims are factually incorrect ; </Li> <Li> facilitating a natural right of self - defense . </Li> </Ul> <P> Which of these considerations were thought of as most important and ultimately found expression in the Second Amendment is disputed . Some of these purposes were explicitly mentioned in early state constitutions ; for example , the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 asserted that , `` the people have a right to bear arms for the defence of themselves and the state '' . </P> <P> During the 1760s pre-revolutionary period , the established colonial militia was composed of colonists , including many who were loyal to British imperial rule . As defiance and opposition to British rule developed , a distrust of these Loyalists in the militia became widespread among the colonists , known as Patriots , who favored independence from British rule . As a result , some Patriots created their own militias that excluded the Loyalists and then sought to stock independent armories for their militias . In response to this arms build up , the British Parliament established an embargo of firearms , parts and ammunition against the American colonies . </P> <P> British and Loyalist efforts to disarm the colonial Patriot militia armories in the early phases of the American Revolution resulted in the Patriot colonists protesting by citing the Declaration of Rights , Blackstone 's summary of the Declaration of Rights , their own militia laws and common law rights to self - defense . While British policy in the early phases of the Revolution clearly aimed to prevent coordinated action by the Patriot militia , some have argued that there is no evidence that the British sought to restrict the traditional common law right of self - defense . Patrick J. Charles disputes these claims citing similar disarming by the patriots and challenging those scholars ' interpretation of Blackstone . </P> <P> The right of the colonists to arms and rebellion against oppression was asserted , for example , in a pre-revolutionary newspaper editorial in 1769 Boston objecting to the British army suppression of colonial opposition to the Townshend Acts : </P> <P> Instances of the licentious and outrageous behavior of the military conservators of the peace still multiply upon us , some of which are of such nature , and have been carried to such lengths , as must serve fully to evince that a late vote of this town , calling upon its inhabitants to provide themselves with arms for their defense , was a measure as prudent as it was legal : such violences are always to be apprehended from military troops , when quartered in the body of a populous city ; but more especially so , when they are led to believe that they are become necessary to awe a spirit of rebellion , injuriously said to be existing therein . It is a natural right which the people have reserved to themselves , confirmed by the Bill of Rights , to keep arms for their own defence ; and as Mr. Blackstone observes , it is to be made use of when the sanctions of society and law are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression . </P> <P> The armed forces that won the American Revolution consisted of the standing Continental Army created by the Continental Congress , together with regular French army and naval forces and various state and regional militia units . In opposition , the British forces consisted of a mixture of the standing British Army , Loyalist militia and Hessian mercenaries . Following the Revolution , the United States was governed by the Articles of Confederation . Federalists argued that this government had an unworkable division of power between Congress and the states , which caused military weakness , as the standing army was reduced to as few as 80 men . They considered it to be bad that there was no effective federal military crackdown on an armed tax rebellion in western Massachusetts known as Shays ' Rebellion . Anti-federalists on the other hand took the side of limited government and sympathized with the rebels , many of whom were former Revolutionary War soldiers . Subsequently , the Constitutional Convention proposed in 1787 to grant Congress exclusive power to raise and support a standing army and navy of unlimited size . Anti-federalists objected to the shift of power from the states to the federal government , but as adoption of the Constitution became more and more likely , they shifted their strategy to establishing a bill of rights that would put some limits on federal power . </P> <P> Modern scholars Thomas B. McAffee and Michael J. Quinlan have stated that James Madison `` did not invent the right to keep and bear arms when he drafted the Second Amendment ; the right was pre-existing at both common law and in the early state constitutions . '' In contrast , historian Jack Rakove suggests that Madison 's intention in framing the Second Amendment was to provide assurances to moderate Anti-Federalists that the militias would not be disarmed . </P> <P> One aspect of the gun control debate is the conflict between gun control laws and the right to rebel against unjust governments . Blackstone in his Commentaries alluded to this right to rebel as the natural right of resistance and self preservation , to be used only as a last resort , exercisable when `` the sanctions of society and laws are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression '' . Some believe that the framers of the Bill of Rights sought to balance not just political power , but also military power , between the people , the states and the nation , as Alexander Hamilton explained in his Concerning the Militia essay published in 1788 : </P> <P> ... it will be possible to have an excellent body of well - trained militia , ready to take the field whenever the defence of the State shall require it . This will not only lessen the call for military establishments , but if circumstances should at any time oblige the Government to form an army of any magnitude , that army can never be formidable to the liberties of the People , while there is a large body of citizens , little , if at all , inferior to them in discipline and the use of arms , who stand ready to defend their own rights , and those of their fellow - citizens . This appears to me the only substitute that can be devised for a standing army , and the best possible security against it , if it should exist . </P> <P> Some scholars have said that it is wrong to read a right of armed insurrection in the Second Amendment because clearly the founding fathers sought to place trust in the power of the ordered liberty of democratic government versus the anarchy of insurrectionists . Other writers , such as Glenn Reynolds , contend that the framers did believe in an individual right to armed insurrection . They cite examples , such as the Declaration of Independence ( describing in 1776 `` the Right of the People to ... institute new Government '' ) and the Constitution of New Hampshire ( stating in 1784 that `` nonresistance against arbitrary power , and oppression , is absurd , slavish , and destructive of the good and happiness of mankind '' ) . </P> <P> There was an ongoing debate beginning in 1789 about `` the people '' fighting governmental tyranny ( as described by Anti-Federalists ) ; or the risk of mob rule of `` the people '' ( as described by the Federalists ) related to the increasingly violent French Revolution . A widespread fear , during the debates on ratifying the Constitution , was the possibility of a military takeover of the states by the federal government , which could happen if the Congress passed laws prohibiting states from arming citizens , or prohibiting citizens from arming themselves . Though it has been argued that the states lost the power to arm their citizens when the power to arm the militia was transferred from the states to the federal government by Article I , Section 8 of the Constitution , the individual right to arm was retained and strengthened by the Militia Acts of 1792 and the similar act of 1795 . </P> <H2> Drafting and adoption of the Constitution ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Constitutional Convention James Madison ( left ) is known as the `` Father of the Constitution '' and `` Father of the Bill of Rights '' while George Mason ( right ) with Madison is also known as the `` Father of the Bill of Rights '' Patrick Henry ( left ) believed that a citizenry trained in arms was the only sure guarantor of liberty while Alexander Hamilton ( right ) wrote in Federalist No. 29 that `` little more can be reasonably aimed at , with respect to the people at large , than to have them properly armed ... '' <P> In March 1785 , delegates from Virginia and Maryland assembled at the Mount Vernon Conference to fashion a remedy to the inefficiencies of the Articles of Confederation . The following year , at a meeting in Annapolis , Maryland , 12 delegates from five states ( New Jersey , New York , Pennsylvania , Delaware , and Virginia ) met and drew up a list of problems with the current government model . At its conclusion , the delegates scheduled a follow - up meeting in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania for May 1787 to present solutions to these problems , such as the absence of : </P> <Ul> <Li> interstate arbitration processes to handle quarrels between states ; </Li> <Li> sufficiently trained and armed intrastate security forces to suppress insurrection ; </Li> <Li> a national militia to repel foreign invaders . </Li> </Ul> <P> It quickly became apparent that the solution to all three of these problems required shifting control of the states ' militias to the federal congress and giving that congress the power to raise a standing army . Article 1 , Section 8 of the Constitution codified these changes by allowing the Congress to provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States by doing the following : </P> <Ul> <Li> raise and support armies , but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; </Li> <Li> provide and maintain a navy ; </Li> <Li> make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces ; </Li> <Li> provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union , suppress insurrections and repel invasions ; </Li> <Li> provide for organizing , arming , and disciplining the militia , and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States , reserving to the states respectively , the appointment of the officers , and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress . </Li> </Ul> <P> Some representatives mistrusted proposals to enlarge federal powers , because they were concerned about the inherent risks of centralizing power . Federalists , including James Madison , initially argued that a bill of rights was unnecessary , sufficiently confident that the federal government could never raise a standing army powerful enough to overcome a militia . Federalist Noah Webster argued that an armed populace would have no trouble resisting the potential threat to liberty of a standing army . Anti-federalists , on the other hand , advocated amending the Constitution with clearly defined and enumerated rights providing more explicit constraints on the new government . Many Anti-federalists feared the new federal government would choose to disarm state militias . Federalists countered that in listing only certain rights , unlisted rights might lose protection . The Federalists realized there was insufficient support to ratify the Constitution without a bill of rights and so they promised to support amending the Constitution to add a bill of rights following the Constitution 's adoption . This compromise persuaded enough Anti-federalists to vote for the Constitution , allowing for ratification . The Constitution was declared ratified on June 21 , 1788 , when nine of the original thirteen states had ratified it . The remaining four states later followed suit , although the last two states , North Carolina and Rhode Island , ratified only after Congress had passed the Bill of Rights and sent it to the states for ratification . James Madison drafted what ultimately became the Bill of Rights , which was proposed by the first Congress on June 8 , 1789 , and was adopted on December 15 , 1791 . </P> <H2> Ratification Debates ( edit ) </H2> <P> The debate surrounding the Constitution 's ratification is of practical importance , particularly to adherents of originalist and strict constructionist legal theories . In the context of such legal theories and elsewhere , it is important to understand the language of the Constitution in terms of what that language meant to the people who wrote and ratified the Constitution . </P> <P> The Second Amendment was relatively uncontroversial at the time of its ratification . Robert Whitehill , a delegate from Pennsylvania , sought to clarify the draft Constitution with a bill of rights explicitly granting individuals the right to hunt on their own land in season , though Whitehill 's language was never debated . </P> <H3> Argument for state power ( edit ) </H3> <P> There was substantial opposition to the new Constitution , because it moved the power to arm the state militias from the states to the federal government . This created a fear that the federal government , by neglecting the upkeep of the militia , could have overwhelming military force at its disposal through its power to maintain a standing army and navy , leading to a confrontation with the states , encroaching on the states ' reserved powers and even engaging in a military takeover . Article VI of the Articles of Confederation states : </P> <Dl> <Dd> No vessel of war shall be kept up in time of peace by any State , except such number only , as shall be deemed necessary by the united States in congress assembled , for the defense of such State , or its trade ; nor shall any body of forces be kept up by any State in time of peace , except such number only , as in the judgement of the united States , in congress assembled , shall be deemed requisite to garrison the forts necessary for the defense of such State ; but every State shall always keep up a well - regulated and disciplined militia , sufficiently armed and accoutered , and shall provide and constantly have ready for use , in public stores , a due number of field pieces and tents , and a proper quantity of arms , ammunition and camp equipage . </Dd> </Dl> <P> In contrast , Article I , Section 8 , Clause 16 of the U.S. Constitution states : </P> <Dl> <Dd> To provide for organizing , arming , and disciplining , the Militia , and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States , reserving to the States respectively , the Appointment of the Officers , and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress . </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Government tyranny ( edit ) </H3> <P> A foundation of American political thought during the Revolutionary period was concerned about political corruption and governmental tyranny . Even the federalists , fending off their opponents who accused them of creating an oppressive regime , were careful to acknowledge the risks of tyranny . Against that backdrop , the framers saw the personal right to bear arms as a potential check against tyranny . Theodore Sedgwick of Massachusetts expressed this sentiment by declaring that it is `` a chimerical idea to suppose that a country like this could ever be enslaved ... Is it possible ... that an army could be raised for the purpose of enslaving themselves or their brethren ? or , if raised whether they could subdue a nation of freemen , who know how to prize liberty and who have arms in their hands ? '' Noah Webster similarly argued : </P> <Dl> <Dd> Before a standing army can rule the people must be disarmed ; as they are in almost every kingdom in Europe . The supreme power in America can not enforce unjust laws by the sword ; because the whole body of the people are armed , and constitute a force superior to any band of regular troops that can be , on any pretence , raised in the United States . </Dd> </Dl> <P> George Mason also argued the importance of the militia and right to bear arms by reminding his compatriots of England 's efforts `` to disarm the people ; that it was the best and most effectual way to enslave them ... by totally disusing and neglecting the militia . '' He also clarified that under prevailing practice the militia included all people , rich and poor . `` Who are the militia ? They consist now of the whole people , except a few public officers . '' Because all were members of the militia , all enjoyed the right to individually bear arms to serve therein . </P> <P> Writing after the ratification of the Constitution , but before the election of the first Congress , James Monroe included `` the right to keep and bear arms '' in a list of basic `` human rights '' , which he proposed to be added to the Constitution . </P> <P> Patrick Henry argued in the Virginia ratification convention on June 5 , 1788 , for the dual rights to arms and resistance to oppression : </P> <Dl> <Dd> Guard with jealous attention the public liberty . Suspect everyone who approaches that jewel . Unfortunately , nothing will preserve it but downright force . Whenever you give up that force , you are inevitably ruined . </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Preserving slave patrols ( edit ) </H3> <P> According to Thom Hartmann , the Virginians James Madison , Patrick Henry , and George Mason were concerned that `` slave patrols , '' organized groups of white men who enforced discipline upon enslaved African Americans , needed to remain armed and , therefore , the Constitution needed to clarify that states have the right to organize white men in such militias . Also , Patrick Henry argued against the ratification of both the Constitution and the Second Amendment . Most Southern white men age 18 - 45 were required to serve on such patrols . For example , Georgia law required the slave patrol militia , led by commissioned militia officers , to visit each plantation each month , to inspect slave dwellings for weapons and to apprehend and punish slaves who were found off premises . Patrick Henry formulated his concern that : `` If there should happen an insurrection of slaves , the country can not be said to be invaded . They can not , therefore , suppress it without the interposition of Congress ... Congress , and Congress only ( under the Constitution without a Second Amendment ) , can call forth the militia . '' </P> <P> Legal historian Paul Finkelman disputes Hartmann 's claim that the Second Amendment was adopted to protect slave patrols , arguing that Hartmann 's claim is `` factually incorrect and misleading '' and that there is no historical evidence for this assertion . </P> <H2> Conflict and compromise in Congress produce the Bill of rights ( edit ) </H2> <P> James Madison 's initial proposal for a bill of rights was brought to the floor of the House of Representatives on June 8 , 1789 , during the first session of Congress . The initial proposed passage relating to arms was : </P> <P> The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed ; a well armed and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country : but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person . </P> <P> On July 21 , Madison again raised the issue of his bill and proposed a select committee be created to report on it . The House voted in favor of Madison 's motion , and the Bill of Rights entered committee for review . The committee returned to the House a reworded version of the Second Amendment on July 28 . On August 17 , that version was read into the Journal : </P> <P> A well regulated militia , composed of the body of the people , being the best security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed ; but no person religiously scrupulous shall be compelled to bear arms . </P> <P> In late August 1789 , the House debated and modified the Second Amendment . These debates revolved primarily around risk of `` mal - administration of the government '' using the `` religiously scrupulous '' clause to destroy the militia as Great Britain had attempted to destroy the militia at the commencement of the American Revolution . These concerns were addressed by modifying the final clause , and on August 24 , the House sent the following version to the Senate : </P> <P> A well regulated militia , composed of the body of the people , being the best security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed ; but no one religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person . </P> <P> The next day , August 25 , the Senate received the amendment from the House and entered it into the Senate Journal . However , the Senate scribe added a comma before `` shall not be infringed '' and changed the semicolon separating that phrase from the religious exemption portion to a comma : </P> <P> A well regulated militia , composed of the body of the people , being the best security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed , but no one religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person . </P> <P> By this time , the proposed right to keep and bear arms was in a separate amendment , instead of being in a single amendment together with other proposed rights such as the due process right . As a Representative explained , this change allowed each amendment to `` be passed upon distinctly by the States . '' On September 4 , the Senate voted to change the language of the Second Amendment by removing the definition of militia , and striking the conscientious objector clause : </P> <P> A well regulated militia , being the best security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed . </P> <P> The Senate returned to this amendment for a final time on September 9 . A proposal to insert the words `` for the common defence '' next to the words `` bear arms '' was defeated . An extraneous comma added on August 25 was also removed . The Senate then slightly modified the language and voted to return the Bill of Rights to the House . The final version passed by the Senate was : </P> <P> A well regulated militia being the security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . </P> <P> The House voted on September 21 , 1789 to accept the changes made by the Senate , but the amendment as finally entered into the House journal contained the additional words `` necessary to '' : </P> <P> A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the People to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . </P> <P> On December 15 , 1791 , the Bill of Rights ( the first ten amendments to the Constitution ) was adopted , having been ratified by three - fourths of the states , having been ratified as a group by all the fourteen states then in existence except Connecticut , Massachusetts , and Georgia - which added ratifications in 1939 ; Vermont ratified them all . </P> <H2> Militia in the decades following ratification ( edit ) </H2> Ketland brass barrel smooth bore pistol common in Colonial America <P> During the first two decades following the ratification of the Second Amendment , public opposition to standing armies , among Anti-Federalists and Federalists alike , persisted and manifested itself locally as a general reluctance to create a professional armed police force , instead relying on county sheriffs , constables and night watchmen to enforce local ordinances . Though sometimes compensated , often these positions were unpaid -- held as a matter of civic duty . In these early decades , law enforcement officers were rarely armed with firearms , using billy clubs as their sole defensive weapons . In serious emergencies , a posse comitatus , militia company , or group of vigilantes assumed law enforcement duties ; these individuals were more likely than the local sheriff to be armed with firearms . On May 8 , 1792 , Congress passed `` ( a ) n act more effectually to provide for the National Defence , by establishing an Uniform Militia throughout the United States '' requiring : </P> <P> ( E ) ach and every free able - bodied white male citizen of the respective States , resident therein , who is or shall be of age of eighteen years , and under the age of forty - five years ( except as is herein after excepted ) shall severally and respectively be enrolled in the militia ... ( and ) every citizen so enrolled and notified , shall , within six months thereafter , provide himself with a good musket or firelock , a sufficient bayonet and belt , two spare flints , and a knapsack , a pouch with a box therein to contain not less than twenty - four cartridges , suited to the bore of his musket or firelock , each cartridge to contain a proper quantity of powder and ball : or with a good rifle , knapsack , shot - pouch and powder - horn , twenty balls suited to the bore of his rifle , and a quarter of a pound of powder ; and shall appear , so armed , accoutred and provided , when called out to exercise , or into service , except , that when called out on company days to exercise only , he may appear without a knapsack . </P> <P> The act also gave specific instructions to domestic weapon manufacturers `` that from and after five years from the passing of this act , muskets for arming the militia as herein required , shall be of bores sufficient for balls of the eighteenth part of a pound . '' In practice , private acquisition and maintenance of rifles and muskets meeting specifications and readily available for militia duty proved problematic ; estimates of compliance ranged from 10 to 65 percent . Compliance with the enrollment provisions was also poor . In addition to the exemptions granted by the law for custom - house officers and their clerks , post-officers and stage drivers employed in the care and conveyance of U.S. mail , ferrymen , export inspectors , pilots , merchant mariners and those deployed at sea in active service ; state legislatures granted numerous exemptions under Section 2 of the Act , including exemptions for : clergy , conscientious objectors , teachers , students , and jurors . And though a number of able - bodied white men remained available for service , many simply did not show up for militia duty . Penalties for failure to appear were enforced sporadically and selectively . None is mentioned in the legislation . </P> The Model 1795 Musket was made in the U.S. and used in the War of 1812 <P> The first test of the militia system occurred in July 1794 , when a group of disaffected Pennsylvania farmers rebelled against federal tax collectors whom they viewed as illegitimate tools of tyrannical power . Attempts by the four adjoining states to raise a militia for nationalization to suppress the insurrection proved inadequate . When officials resorted to drafting men , they faced bitter resistance . Forthcoming soldiers consisted primarily of draftees or paid substitutes as well as poor enlistees lured by enlistment bonuses . The officers , however , were of a higher quality , responding out of a sense of civic duty and patriotism , and generally critical of the rank and file . Most of the 13,000 soldiers lacked the required weaponry ; the war department provided nearly two - thirds of them with guns . In October , President George Washington and General Harry Lee marched on the 7,000 rebels who conceded without fighting . The episode provoked criticism of the citizen militia and inspired calls for a universal militia . Secretary of War Henry Knox and Vice-President John Adams had lobbied Congress to establish federal armories to stock imported weapons and encourage domestic production . Congress did subsequently pass `` ( a ) n act for the erecting and repairing of Arsenals and Magazines '' on April 2 , 1794 , two months prior to the insurrection . Nevertheless , the militia continued to deteriorate and twenty years later , the militia 's poor condition contributed to several losses in the War of 1812 , including the sacking of Washington , D.C. , and the burning of the White House in 1814 . </P> <H2> Scholarly commentary ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Early commentary ( edit ) </H3> William Rawle of Pennsylvania ( left ) was a lawyer and district attorney ; Thomas M. Cooley of Michigan ( right ) was an educator and judge . Joseph Story of Massachusetts ( left ) became a U.S. Supreme Court justice ; Tench Coxe of Pennsylvania ( right ) was a political economist and delegate to the Continental Congress . Richard Henry Lee ( edit ) <P> In May of 1788 , Richard Henry Lee wrote in Additional Letters From The Federal Farmer # 169 or Letter XVIII regarding the definition of a `` militia '' : </P> <P> A militia , when properly formed , are in fact the people themselves , and render regular troops in a great measure unnecessary . </P> George Mason ( edit ) <P> In June of 1788 , George Mason addressed the Virginia Ratifying Convention regarding a `` militia : '' </P> <P> A worthy member has asked , who are the militia , if they be not the people , of this country , and if we are not to be protected from the fate of the Germans , Prussians , &c. by our representation ? I ask who are the militia ? They consist now of the whole people , except a few public officers . But I can not say who will be the militia of the future day . If that paper on the table gets no alteration , the militia of the future day may not consist of all classes , high and low , and rich and poor ; but may be confined to the lower and middle classes of the people , granting exclusion to the higher classes of the people . If we should ever see that day , the most ignominious punishments and heavy fines may be expected . Under the present government all ranks of people are subject to militia duty . </P> Tench Coxe ( edit ) <P> In 1792 , Tench Coxe made the following point in a commentary on the Second Amendment : </P> <P> As civil rulers , not having their duty to the people duly before them , may attempt to tyrannize , and as the military forces which must be occasionally raised to defend our country , might pervert their power to the injury of their fellow citizens , the people are confirmed by the next article in their right to keep and bear their private arms . </P> Tucker / Blackstone ( edit ) <P> The earliest published commentary on the Second Amendment by a major constitutional theorist was by St. George Tucker . He annotated a five - volume edition of Sir William Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England , a critical legal reference for early American attorneys published in 1803 . Tucker wrote : </P> <P> A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state , the right of the people to keep , and bear arms , shall not be infringed . Amendments to C.U.S. Art . 4 . This may be considered as the true palladium of liberty ... The right of self defence is the first law of nature : in most governments it has been the study of rulers to confine this right within the narrowest limits possible . Wherever standing armies are kept up , and the right of the people to keep and bear arms is , under any colour or pretext whatsoever , prohibited , liberty , if not already annihilated , is on the brink of destruction . In England , the people have been disarmed , generally , under the specious pretext of preserving the game : a never failing lure to bring over the landed aristocracy to support any measure , under that mask , though calculated for very different purposes . True it is , their bill of rights seems at first view to counteract this policy : but the right of bearing arms is confined to protestants , and the words suitable to their condition and degree , have been interpreted to authorise the prohibition of keeping a gun or other engine for the destruction of game , to any farmer , or inferior tradesman , or other person not qualified to kill game . So that not one man in five hundred can keep a gun in his house without being subject to a penalty . </P> <P> In footnotes 40 and 41 of the Commentaries , Tucker stated that the right to bear arms under the Second Amendment was not subject to the restrictions that were part of English law : `` The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . Amendments to C.U.S. Art . 4 , and this without any qualification as to their condition or degree , as is the case in the British government '' and `` whoever examines the forest , and game laws in the British code , will readily perceive that the right of keeping arms is effectually taken away from the people of England . '' Blackstone himself also commented on English game laws , Vol. II , p. 412 , `` that the prevention of popular insurrections and resistance to government by disarming the bulk of the people , is a reason oftener meant than avowed by the makers of the forest and game laws . '' Blackstone discussed the right of self - defense in a separate section of his treatise on the common law of crimes . Tucker 's annotations for that latter section did not mention the Second Amendment but cited the standard works of English jurists such as Hawkins . </P> <P> Further , Tucker criticized the English Bill of Rights for limiting gun ownership to the very wealthy , leaving the populace effectively disarmed , and expressed the hope that Americans `` never cease to regard the right of keeping and bearing arms as the surest pledge of their liberty . '' </P> William Rawle ( edit ) <P> Tucker 's commentary was soon followed , in 1825 , by that of William Rawle in his landmark text , A View of the Constitution of the United States of America . Like Tucker , Rawle condemned England 's `` arbitrary code for the preservation of game , '' portraying that country as one that `` boasts so much of its freedom , '' yet provides a right to `` protestant subjects only '' that it `` cautiously describ ( es ) to be that of bearing arms for their defence '' and reserves for `` ( a ) very small proportion of the people ( . ) '' In contrast , Rawle characterizes the second clause of the Second Amendment , which he calls the corollary clause , as a general prohibition against such capricious abuse of government power , declaring bluntly : </P> <P> No clause could by any rule of construction be conceived to give to congress a power to disarm the people . Such a flagitious attempt could only be made under some general pretence by a state legislature . But if in any blind pursuit of inordinate power , either should attempt it , this amendment may be appealed to as a restraint on both . </P> <P> Speaking of the Second Amendment generally , Rawle said : </P> <P> The prohibition is general . No clause in the Constitution could by any rule of construction be conceived to give to congress a power to disarm the people . Such a flagitious attempt could only be made under some general pretence by a state legislature . But if in any blind pursuit of inordinate power , either should attempt it , this amendment may be appealed to as a restraint on both . </P> <P> Rawle , long before the concept of incorporation was formally recognized by the courts , or Congress drafted the Fourteenth Amendment , contended that citizens could appeal to the Second Amendment should either the state or federal government attempt to disarm them . He did warn , however , that `` this right ( to bear arms ) ought not ... be abused to the disturbance of the public peace '' and , paraphrasing Coke , observed : `` An assemblage of persons with arms , for unlawful purpose , is an indictable offence , and even the carrying of arms abroad by a single individual , attended with circumstances giving just reason to fear that he purposes to make an unlawful use of them , would be sufficient cause to require him to give surety of the peace . '' </P> Joseph Story ( edit ) <P> Joseph Story articulated in his influential Commentaries on the Constitution the orthodox view of the Second Amendment , which he viewed as the amendment 's clear meaning : </P> <P> The right of the citizens to keep and bear arms has justly been considered , as the palladium of the liberties of a republic ; since it offers a strong moral check against the usurpations and arbitrary power of rulers ; and it will generally , even if these are successful in the first instance , enable the people to resist and triumph over them . And yet , though this truth would seem so clear , and the importance of a well - regulated militia would seem so undeniable , it can not be disguised , that among the American people there is a growing indifference to any system of militia discipline , and a strong disposition , from a sense of its burdens , to be rid of all regulations . How it is practicable to keep the people duly armed without some organization , it is difficult to see . There is certainly no small danger , that indifference may lead to disgust , and disgust to contempt ; and thus gradually undermine all the protection intended by this clause of our National Bill of Rights . </P> <P> Story describes a militia as the `` natural defence of a free country , '' both against foreign foes , domestic revolts and usurpation by rulers . The book regards the militia as a `` moral check '' against both usurpation and the arbitrary use of power , while expressing distress at the growing indifference of the American people to maintaining such an organized militia , which could lead to the undermining of the protection of the Second Amendment . </P> Lysander Spooner ( edit ) <P> Abolitionist Lysander Spooner , commenting on bills of rights , stated that the object of all bills of rights is to assert the rights of individuals against the government and that the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms was in support of the right to resist government oppression , as the only security against the tyranny of government lies in forcible resistance to injustice , for injustice will certainly be executed , unless forcibly resisted . Spooner 's theory provided the intellectual foundation for John Brown and other radical abolitionists who believed that arming slaves was not only morally justified , but entirely consistent with the Second Amendment . An express connection between this right and the Second Amendment was drawn by Lysander Spooner who commented that a `` right of resistance '' is protected by both the right to trial by jury and the Second Amendment . </P> <P> The congressional debate on the proposed Fourteenth Amendment concentrated on what the Southern States were doing to harm the newly freed slaves , including disarming the former slaves . </P> Timothy Farrar ( edit ) <P> In 1867 , Judge Timothy Farrar published his Manual of the Constitution of the United States of America , which was written when the Fourteenth Amendment was `` in the process of adoption by the State legislatures . '' : </P> <P> The States are recognized as governments , and , when their own constitutions permit , may do as they please ; provided they do not interfere with the Constitution and laws of the United States , or with the civil or natural rights of the people recognized thereby , and held in conformity to them . The right of every person to `` life , liberty , and property , '' to `` keep and bear arms , '' to the `` writ of habeas corpus '' to `` trial by jury , '' and divers others , are recognized by , and held under , the Constitution of the United States , and can not be infringed by individuals or even by the government itself . </P> Judge Thomas Cooley ( edit ) <P> Judge Thomas M. Cooley , perhaps the most widely read constitutional scholar of the nineteenth century , wrote extensively about this amendment , and he explained in 1880 how the Second Amendment protected the `` right of the people '' : </P> <P> It might be supposed from the phraseology of this provision that the right to keep and bear arms was only guaranteed to the militia ; but this would be an interpretation not warranted by the intent . The militia , as has been elsewhere explained , consists of those persons who , under the law , are liable to the performance of military duty , and are officered and enrolled for service when called upon . But the law may make provision for the enrolment of all who are fit to perform military duty , or of a small number only , or it may wholly omit to make any provision at all ; and if the right were limited to those enrolled , the purpose of this guaranty might be defeated altogether by the action or neglect to act of the government it was meant to hold in check . The meaning of the provision undoubtedly is , that the people , from whom the militia must be taken , shall have the right to keep and bear arms ; and they need no permission or regulation of law for the purpose . </P> <H3> Late 20th century commentary ( edit ) </H3> Assortment of 20th century handguns <P> In the latter half of the 20th century , there was considerable debate over whether the Second Amendment protected an individual right or a collective right . The debate centered on whether the prefatory clause ( `` A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State '' ) declared the amendment 's only purpose or merely announced a purpose to introduce the operative clause ( `` the right of the People to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed '' ) . Scholars advanced three competing theoretical models for how the prefatory clause should be interpreted . </P> <P> The first , known as the `` states ' rights '' or `` collective right '' model , held that the Second Amendment does not apply to individuals ; rather , it recognizes the right of each state to arm its militia . Under this approach , citizens `` have no right to keep or bear arms , but the states have a collective right to have the National Guard '' . Advocates of collective rights models argued that the Second Amendment was written to prevent the federal government from disarming state militias , rather than to secure an individual right to possess firearms . Prior to 2001 , every circuit court decision that interpreted the Second Amendment endorsed the `` collective right '' model . However , beginning with the Fifth Circuit 's opinion United States v. Emerson in 2001 , some circuit courts recognized that the Second Amendment protects an individual right to bear arms . </P> <P> The second , known as the `` sophisticated collective right model '' , held that the Second Amendment recognizes some limited individual right . However , this individual right could only be exercised by actively participating members of a functioning , organized state militia . Some scholars have argued that the `` sophisticated collective rights model '' is , in fact , the functional equivalent of the `` collective rights model . '' Other commentators have observed that prior to Emerson , five circuit courts specifically endorsed the `` sophisticated collective right model '' . </P> <P> The third , known as the `` standard model '' , held that the Second Amendment recognized the personal right of individuals to keep and bear arms . Supporters of this model argued that `` although the first clause may describe a general purpose for the amendment , the second clause is controlling and therefore the amendment confers an individual right ' of the people ' to keep and bear arms '' . Additionally , scholars who favored this model argued the `` absence of founding - era militias mentioned in the Amendment 's preamble does not render it a ' dead letter ' because the preamble is a ' philosophical declaration ' safeguarding militias and is but one of multiple ' civic purposes ' for which the Amendment was enacted '' . </P> <P> Under both of the collective right models , the opening phrase was considered essential as a pre-condition for the main clause . These interpretations held that this was a grammar structure that was common during that era and that this grammar dictated that the Second Amendment protected a collective right to firearms to the extent necessary for militia duty . However , under the standard model , the opening phrase was believed to be prefatory or amplifying to the operative clause . The opening phrase was meant as a non-exclusive example -- one of many reasons for the amendment . This interpretation is consistent with the position that the Second Amendment protects a modified individual right . </P> <P> The question of a collective right versus an individual right was progressively resolved in favor of the individual rights model , beginning with the Fifth Circuit ruling in United States v. Emerson ( 2001 ) , along with the Supreme Court 's rulings in District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , and McDonald v. Chicago ( 2010 ) . In Heller , the Supreme Court resolved any remaining circuit splits by ruling that the Second Amendment protects an individual right . Although the Second Amendment is the only Constitutional amendment with a prefatory clause , such linguistic constructions were widely used elsewhere in the late eighteenth century . </P> <H3> Meaning of `` well regulated militia '' ( edit ) </H3> <P> The term `` regulated '' means `` disciplined '' or `` trained '' . In Heller , the U.S. Supreme Court stated that `` ( t ) he adjective ' well - regulated ' implies nothing more than the imposition of proper discipline and training . '' </P> <P> In the year prior to the drafting of the Second Amendment , in Federalist No. 29 Alexander Hamilton wrote the following about `` organizing '' , `` disciplining '' , `` arming '' , and `` training '' of the militia as specified in the enumerated powers : </P> <P> If a well regulated militia be the most natural defence of a free country , it ought certainly to be under the regulation and at the disposal of that body which is constituted the guardian of the national security ... confiding the regulation of the militia to the direction of the national authority ... ( but ) reserving to the states ... the authority of training the militia ... A tolerable expertness in military movements is a business that requires time and practice . It is not a day , or even a week , that will suffice for the attainment of it . To oblige the great body of the yeomanry , and of the other classes of the citizens , to be under arms for the purpose of going through military exercises and evolutions , as often as might be necessary to acquire the degree of perfection which would entitle them to the character of a well - regulated militia , would be a real grievance to the people , and a serious public inconvenience and loss ... Little more can reasonably be aimed at , with respect to the People at large , than to have them properly armed and equipped ; and in order to see that this be not neglected , it will be necessary to assemble them once or twice in the course of a year . </P> <P> Justice Scalia , writing for the Court in Heller : `` In Nunn v. State , 1 Ga . 243 , 251 ( 1846 ) , the Georgia Supreme Court construed the Second Amendment as protecting the ' natural right of self - defence ' and therefore struck down a ban on carrying pistols openly . Its opinion perfectly captured the way in which the operative clause of the Second Amendment furthers the purpose announced in the prefatory clause , in continuity with the English right '' : </P> <P> Nor is the right involved in this discussion less comprehensive or valuable : `` The right of the people to bear arms shall not be infringed . '' The right of the whole people , old and young , men , women and boys , and not militia only , to keep and bear arms of every description , not such merely as are used by the militia , shall not be infringed , curtailed , or broken in upon , in the smallest degree ; and all this for the important end to be attained : the rearing up and qualifying a well - regulated militia , so vitally necessary to the security of a free State . Our opinion is , that any law , State or Federal , is repugnant to the Constitution , and void , which contravenes this right , originally belonging to our forefathers , trampled under foot by Charles I. and his two wicked sons and successors , reestablished by the revolution of 1688 , conveyed to this land of liberty by the colonists , and finally incorporated conspicuously in our own Magna Charta ! And Lexington , Concord , Camden , River Raisin , Sandusky , and the laurel - crowned field of New Orleans , plead eloquently for this interpretation ! And the acquisition of Texas may be considered the full fruits of this great constitutional right . </P> <P> Justice Stevens in dissent : </P> <P> When each word in the text is given full effect , the Amendment is most naturally read to secure to the people a right to use and possess arms in conjunction with service in a well - regulated militia . So far as appears , no more than that was contemplated by its drafters or is encompassed within its terms . Even if the meaning of the text were genuinely susceptible to more than one interpretation , the burden would remain on those advocating a departure from the purpose identified in the preamble and from settled law to come forward with persuasive new arguments or evidence . The textual analysis offered by respondent and embraced by the Court falls far short of sustaining that heavy burden . And the Court 's emphatic reliance on the claim `` that the Second Amendment ... codified a pre-existing right , '' ante , at 19 ( refers to p. 19 of the opinion ) , is of course beside the point because the right to keep and bear arms for service in a state militia was also a pre-existing right . </P> <H3> Meaning of `` the right of the people '' ( edit ) </H3> <P> Justice Antonin Scalia , writing for the majority in Heller , stated : </P> <P> Nowhere else in the Constitution does a `` right '' attributed to `` the people '' refer to anything other than an individual right . What is more , in all six other provisions of the Constitution that mention `` the people , '' the term unambiguously refers to all members of the political community , not an unspecified subset . This contrasts markedly with the phrase `` the militia '' in the prefatory clause . As we will describe below , the `` militia '' in colonial America consisted of a subset of `` the people '' -- those who were male , able bodied , and within a certain age range . Reading the Second Amendment as protecting only the right to `` keep and bear Arms '' in an organized militia therefore fits poorly with the operative clause 's description of the holder of that right as `` the people '' . </P> <P> An earlier case , United States v. Verdugo - Urquidez ( 1990 ) , dealt with nonresident aliens and the Fourth Amendment , but led to a discussion of who are `` the People '' when referred to elsewhere in the Constitution : </P> <P> The Second Amendment protects `` the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , '' and the Ninth and Tenth Amendments provide that certain rights and powers are retained by and reserved to `` the people '' ... While this textual exegesis is by no means conclusive , it suggests that `` the people '' protected by the Fourth Amendment , and by the First and Second Amendments , and to whom rights and powers are reserved in the Ninth and Tenth Amendments , refers to a class of persons who are part of a national community or who have otherwise developed sufficient connection with this country to be considered part of that community . </P> <P> According to the majority in Heller , there were several different reasons for this amendment , and protecting militias was only one of them ; if protecting militias had been the only reason then the amendment could have instead referred to `` the right of the militia to keep and bear arms '' instead of `` the right of the people to keep and bear arms '' . </P> <H3> Meaning of `` keep and bear arms '' ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Heller the majority rejected the view that the term `` to bear arms '' implies only the military use of arms : </P> <P> Before addressing the verbs `` keep '' and `` bear , '' we interpret their object : `` Arms . '' The term was applied , then as now , to weapons that were not specifically designed for military use and were not employed in a military capacity . Thus , the most natural reading of `` keep Arms '' in the Second Amendment is to `` have weapons . '' At the time of the founding , as now , to `` bear '' meant to `` carry . '' In numerous instances , `` bear arms '' was unambiguously used to refer to the carrying of weapons outside of an organized militia . Nine state constitutional provisions written in the 18th century or the first two decades of the 19th , which enshrined a right of citizens `` bear arms in defense of themselves and the state '' again , in the most analogous linguistic context -- that `` bear arms '' was not limited to the carrying of arms in a militia . The phrase `` bear Arms '' also had at the time of the founding an idiomatic meaning that was significantly different from its natural meaning : `` to serve as a soldier , do military service , fight '' or `` to wage war . '' But it unequivocally bore that idiomatic meaning only when followed by the preposition `` against , '' . Every example given by petitioners ' amici for the idiomatic meaning of `` bear arms '' from the founding period either includes the preposition `` against '' or is not clearly idiomatic . In any event , the meaning of `` bear arms '' that petitioners and Justice Stevens propose is not even the ( sometimes ) idiomatic meaning . Rather , they manufacture a hybrid definition , whereby `` bear arms '' connotes the actual carrying of arms ( and therefore is not really an idiom ) but only in the service of an organized militia . No dictionary has ever adopted that definition , and we have been apprised of no source that indicates that it carried that meaning at the time of the founding . Worse still , the phrase `` keep and bear Arms '' would be incoherent . The word `` Arms '' would have two different meanings at once : `` weapons '' ( as the object of `` keep '' ) and ( as the object of `` bear '' ) one - half of an idiom . It would be rather like saying `` He filled and kicked the bucket '' to mean `` He filled the bucket and died . '' </P> <P> In a dissent , joined by Justices Souter , Ginsburg , and Breyer , Justice Stevens said : </P> <P> The Amendment 's text does justify a different limitation : the `` right to keep and bear arms '' protects only a right to possess and use firearms in connection with service in a state - organized militia . Had the Framers wished to expand the meaning of the phrase `` bear arms '' to encompass civilian possession and use , they could have done so by the addition of phrases such as `` for the defense of themselves '' . </P> <H2> Supreme Court Cases ( edit ) </H2> U.S. Supreme Court See also : Firearm case law in the United States <P> In the century following the ratification of the Bill of Rights , the intended meaning and application of the Second Amendment drew less interest than it does in modern times . The vast majority of regulation was done by states , and the first case law on weapons regulation dealt with state interpretations of the Second Amendment . A notable exception to this general rule was Houston v. Moore , 18 U.S. 1 ( 1820 ) , where the U.S. Supreme Court mentioned the Second Amendment in an aside . In the Dred Scott decision , the opinion of the court stated that if African Americans were considered U.S. citizens , `` It would give to persons of the negro race , who were recognised as citizens in any one State of the Union , the right ... to keep and carry arms wherever they went . '' </P> <P> State and federal courts historically have used two models to interpret the Second Amendment : the `` individual rights '' model , which holds that individuals hold the right to bear arms , and the `` collective rights '' model , which holds that the right is dependent on militia membership . The `` collective rights '' model has been rejected by the Supreme Court , in favor of the individual rights model . </P> <P> The Supreme Court 's primary Second Amendment cases include United States v. Miller , ( 1939 ) ; District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) ; and McDonald v. Chicago ( 2010 ) . </P> <P> Heller and McDonald supported the individual rights model , under which the Second Amendment protects the right to keep and bear arms much as the First Amendment protects the right to free speech . Under this model , the militia is composed of members who supply their own arms and ammunition . This is generally recognized as the method by which militias have historically been armed , as the Supreme Court in Miller said : </P> <P> The signification attributed to the term Militia appears from the debates in the Convention , the history and legislation of Colonies and States , and the writings of approved commentators . These show plainly enough that the Militia comprised all males physically capable of acting in concert for the common defense . ' A body of citizens enrolled for military discipline . ' And further , that ordinarily when called for service these men were expected to appear bearing arms supplied by themselves and of the kind in common use at the time . </P> <P> Of the collective rights model that holds that the right to arms is based on militia membership , the Supreme Court in Heller said : </P> <P> A purposive qualifying phrase that contradicts the word or phrase it modifies is unknown this side of the looking glass ( except , apparently , in some courses on Linguistics ) . If `` bear arms '' means , as we think , simply the carrying of arms , a modifier can limit the purpose of the carriage ( `` for the purpose of self - defense '' or `` to make war against the King '' ) . But if `` bear arms '' means , as the petitioners and the dissent think , the carrying of arms only for military purposes , one simply can not add `` for the purpose of killing game . '' The right `` to carry arms in the militia for the purpose of killing game '' is worthy of the mad hatter . </P> <H3> United States v. Cruikshank ( edit ) </H3> Main article : United States v. Cruikshank <P> In the Reconstruction Era case of United States v. Cruikshank , 92 U.S. 542 ( 1875 ) , the defendants were white men who had killed more than sixty black people in what was known as the Colfax massacre and had been charged with conspiring to prevent blacks from exercising their right to bear arms . The Court dismissed the charges , holding that the Bill of Rights restricted Congress but not private individuals . The Court concluded , `` ( f ) or their protection in its enjoyment , the people must look to the States . '' </P> <P> The Court stated that `` ( t ) he Second Amendment ... has no other effect than to restrict the powers of the national government ... '' Likewise , the Court held that there was no state action in this case , and therefore the Fourteenth Amendment was not applicable : </P> <P> The fourteenth amendment prohibits a State from depriving any person of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; but this adds nothing to the rights of one citizen as against another . </P> <P> Thus , the Court held a federal anti-Ku - Klux - Klan statute to be unconstitutional as applied in that case . </P> <H3> Presser v. Illinois ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Presser v. Illinois <P> In Presser v. Illinois , 116 U.S. 252 ( 1886 ) , Herman Presser headed a German - American paramilitary shooting organization and was arrested for leading a parade group of 400 men , training and drilling with military weapons with the declared intention to fight , through the streets of Chicago as a violation of Illinois law that prohibited public drilling and parading in military style without a permit from the governor . </P> <P> At his trial , Presser argued that the State of Illinois had violated his Second Amendment rights . The Supreme Court reaffirmed Cruikshank , and also held that the Second Amendment prevented neither the States nor Congress from barring private militias that parade with arms ; such a right `` can not be claimed as a right independent of law . '' This decision upheld the States ' authority to regulate the militia and that citizens had no right to create their own militias or to own weapons for semi-military purposes . However the court said : `` A state can not prohibit the people therein from keeping and bearing arms to an extent that would deprive the United States of the protection afforded by them as a reserve military force . '' </P> <H3> Miller v. Texas ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Miller v. Texas , 153 U.S. 535 ( 1894 ) , Franklin Miller was convicted and sentenced to be executed for shooting a police officer to death with an illegally carried handgun in violation of Texas law . Miller sought to have his conviction overturned , claiming his Second Amendment rights were violated and that the Bill of Rights should be applied to state law . The Supreme Court ruled that the Second Amendment did not apply to state laws such as the Texas law : `` As the proceedings were conducted under the ordinary forms of criminal prosecutions there certainly was no denial of due process of law . '' </P> <H3> Robertson v. Baldwin ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Robertson v. Baldwin , 165 U.S. 275 ( 1897 ) , the Court stated in dicta that laws regulating concealed arms did not infringe upon the right to keep and bear arms and thus were not a violation of the Second Amendment : </P> <P> The law is perfectly well settled that the first ten amendments to the Constitution , commonly known as the `` Bill of Rights , '' were not intended to lay down any novel principles of government , but simply to embody certain guaranties and immunities which we had inherited from our English ancestors , and which had , from time immemorial , been subject to certain well recognized exceptions arising from the necessities of the case . In incorporating these principles into the fundamental law , there was no intention of disregarding the exceptions , which continued to be recognized as if they had been formally expressed . Thus , the freedom of speech and of the press ( Art . I ) does not permit the publication of libels , blasphemous or indecent articles , or other publications injurious to public morals or private reputation ; the right of the people to keep and bear arms ( Art . II ) is not infringed by laws prohibiting the carrying of concealed weapons . </P> <H3> United States v. Miller ( edit ) </H3> Main article : United States v. Miller <P> In United States v. Miller , 307 U.S. 174 ( 1939 ) , the Supreme Court rejected a Second Amendment challenge to the National Firearms Act prohibiting the interstate transportation of unregistered Title II weapons : </P> <P> Jack Miller and Frank Layton `` did unlawfully ... transport in interstate commerce from ... Claremore ... Oklahoma to ... Siloam Springs ... Arkansas a certain firearm ... a double barrel ... shotgun having a barrel less than 18 inches in length ... at the time of so transporting said firearm in interstate commerce ... not having registered said firearm as required by Section 1132d of Title 26 , United States Code ... and not having in their possession a stamp - affixed written order ... as provided by Section 1132C ... '' </P> <P> In a unanimous opinion authored by Justice McReynolds , the Supreme Court stated `` the objection that the Act usurps police power reserved to the States is plainly untenable . '' As the Court explained : </P> <P> In the absence of any evidence tending to show that possession or use of a ' shotgun having a barrel of less than eighteen inches in length ' at this time has some reasonable relationship to any preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia , we can not say that the Second Amendment guarantees the right to keep and bear such an instrument . Certainly it is not within judicial notice that this weapon is any part of the ordinary military equipment or that its use could contribute to the common defense . </P> <P> Gun rights advocates claim that the Court in Miller ruled that the Second Amendment protected the right to keep arms that are part of `` ordinary military equipment . '' They also claim that the Court did not consider the question of whether the sawed - off shotgun in the case would be an applicable weapon for personal defense , instead looking solely at the weapon 's suitability for the `` common defense . '' Law professor Andrew McClurg states , `` The only certainty about Miller is that it failed to give either side a clear - cut victory . Most modern scholars recognize this fact . '' </P> <H3> District of Columbia v. Heller ( edit ) </H3> Main article : District of Columbia v. Heller Judgment ( edit ) The Justices who decided Heller <P> According to the syllabus prepared by the U.S. Supreme Court Reporter of Decisions , in District of Columbia v. Heller , 554 U.S. 570 ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court held : </P> <Dl> <Dd> 1 . The Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia , and to use that arm for traditionally lawful purposes , such as self - defense within the home . pp. 2 -- 53 . <Dl> <Dd> ( a ) The Amendment 's prefatory clause announces a purpose , but does not limit or expand the scope of the second part , the operative clause . The operative clause 's text and history demonstrate that it connotes an individual right to keep and bear arms . pp. 2 -- 22 . </Dd> <Dd> ( b ) The prefatory clause comports with the Court 's interpretation of the operative clause . The `` militia '' comprised all males physically capable of acting in concert for the common defense . The Antifederalists feared that the Federal Government would disarm the people in order to disable this citizens ' militia , enabling a politicized standing army or a select militia to rule . The response was to deny Congress power to abridge the ancient right of individuals to keep and bear arms , so that the ideal of a citizens ' militia would be preserved . pp. 22 -- 28 . </Dd> <Dd> ( c ) The Court 's interpretation is confirmed by analogous arms - bearing rights in state constitutions that preceded and immediately followed the Second Amendment . pp. 28 -- 30 . </Dd> <Dd> ( d ) The Second Amendment 's drafting history , while of dubious interpretive worth , reveals three state Second Amendment proposals that unequivocally referred to an individual right to bear arms . pp. 30 -- 32 . </Dd> <Dd> ( e ) Interpretation of the Second Amendment by scholars , courts and legislators , from immediately after its ratification through the late 19th century also supports the Court 's conclusion . pp. 32 -- 47 . </Dd> <Dd> ( f ) None of the Court 's precedents forecloses the Court 's interpretation . Neither United States v. Cruikshank , 92 U.S. 542 , nor Presser v. Illinois , 116 U.S. 252 , refutes the individual - rights interpretation . United States v. Miller , 307 U.S. 174 , does not limit the right to keep and bear arms to militia purposes , but rather limits the type of weapon to which the right applies to those used by the militia , i.e. , those in common use for lawful purposes . pp. 47 -- 54 . </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> 2 . Like most rights , the Second Amendment right is not unlimited . It is not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose : For example , concealed weapons prohibitions have been upheld under the Amendment or state analogues . The Court 's opinion should not be taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill , or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings , or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms . Miller 's holding that the sorts of weapons protected are those `` in common use at the time '' finds support in the historical tradition of prohibiting the carrying of dangerous and unusual weapons . pp. 54 -- 56 . </Dd> <Dd> 3 . The handgun ban and the trigger - lock requirement ( as applied to self - defense ) violate the Second Amendment . The District 's total ban on handgun possession in the home amounts to a prohibition on an entire class of `` arms '' that Americans overwhelmingly choose for the lawful purpose of self - defense . Under any of the standards of scrutiny the Court has applied to enumerated constitutional rights , this prohibition -- in the place where the importance of the lawful defense of self , family , and property is most acute -- would fail constitutional muster . Similarly , the requirement that any lawful firearm in the home be disassembled or bound by a trigger lock makes it impossible for citizens to use arms for the core lawful purpose of self - defense and is hence unconstitutional . Because Heller conceded at oral argument that the D.C. licensing law is permissible if it is not enforced arbitrarily and capriciously , the Court assumes that a license will satisfy his prayer for relief and does not address the licensing requirement . Assuming he is not disqualified from exercising Second Amendment rights , the District must permit Heller to register his handgun and must issue him a license to carry it in the home . pp. 56 -- 64 . </Dd> </Dl> <P> There are similar legal summaries of the Supreme Court 's findings in Heller . For example , the Illinois Supreme Court in People v. Aguilar ( 2013 ) , summed up Heller 's findings and reasoning : </P> <P> In District of Columbia v. Heller , 554 U.S. 570 ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court undertook its first - ever `` in - depth examination '' of the second amendment 's meaning Id . at 635 . After a lengthy historical discussion , the Court ultimately concluded that the second amendment `` guarantee ( s ) the individual right to possess and carry weapons in case of confrontation '' ( id . at 592 ) ; that `` central to '' this right is `` the inherent right of self - defense '' ( id . at 628 ) ; that `` the home '' is `` where the need for defense of self , family , and property is most acute '' ( id . at 628 ) ; and that , `` above all other interests , '' the second amendment elevates `` the right of law - abiding , responsible citizens to use arms in defense of hearth and home '' ( id . at 635 ) . Based on this understanding , the Court held that a District of Columbia law banning handgun possession in the home violated the second amendment . Id . at 635 . </P> Notes and analysis ( edit ) <P> Heller has been widely described as a landmark decision . To clarify that its ruling does not invalidate a broad range of existing firearm laws , the majority opinion , written by Justice Antonin Scalia , said : </P> <P> Like most rights , the right secured by the Second Amendment is not unlimited ... Although we do not undertake an exhaustive historical analysis today of the full scope of the Second Amendment , nothing in our opinion should be taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill , or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings , or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms . </P> <P> The Court 's statement that the right is limited has been widely discussed by lower courts and the media . The majority opinion also said that the amendment 's prefatory clause ( referencing the `` militia '' ) serves to clarify the operative clause ( referencing `` the people '' ) , but does not limit the scope of the operative clause , because `` the ' militia ' in colonial America consisted of a subset of ' the people ' ... '' </P> <P> Justice Stevens ' dissenting opinion , which was joined by the three other dissenters , said : </P> <P> The question presented by this case is not whether the Second Amendment protects a `` collective right '' or an `` individual right . '' Surely it protects a right that can be enforced by individuals . But a conclusion that the Second Amendment protects an individual right does not tell us anything about the scope of that right . </P> <P> Stevens went on to say the following : </P> <P> The Second Amendment was adopted to protect the right of the people of each of the several States to maintain a well - regulated militia . It was a response to concerns raised during the ratification of the Constitution that the power of Congress to disarm the state militias and create a national standing army posed an intolerable threat to the sovereignty of the several States . Neither the text of the Amendment nor the arguments advanced by its proponents evidenced the slightest interest in limiting any legislature 's authority to regulate private civilian uses of firearms . Specifically , there is no indication that the Framers of the Amendment intended to enshrine the common - law right of self - defense in the Constitution . </P> <P> This dissent called the majority opinion `` strained and unpersuasive '' and said that the right to possess a firearm exists only in relation to the militia and that the D.C. laws constitute permissible regulation . In the majority opinion , Justice Stevens ' interpretation of the phrase `` to keep and bear arms '' was referred to as a `` hybrid '' definition that Stevens purportedly chose in order to avoid an `` incoherent '' and `` ( g ) rotesque '' idiomatic meeting . </P> <P> Justice Breyer , in his own dissent joined by Stevens , Souter , and Ginsburg , stated that the entire Court subscribes to the proposition that `` the amendment protects an ' individual ' right -- i.e. , one that is separately possessed , and may be separately enforced , by each person on whom it is conferred '' . </P> <P> Regarding the term `` well regulated '' , the majority opinion said , `` The adjective ' well - regulated ' implies nothing more than the imposition of proper discipline and training . '' The majority opinion quoted Spooner from The Unconstitutionality of Slavery as saying that the right to bear arms was necessary for those who wanted to take a stand against slavery . The majority opinion also stated that : </P> <P> A purposive qualifying phrase that contradicts the word or phrase it modifies is unknown this side of the looking glass ( except , apparently , in some courses on Linguistics ) . If `` bear arms '' means , as we think , simply the carrying of arms , a modifier can limit the purpose of the carriage ( `` for the purpose of self - defense '' or `` to make war against the King '' ) . But if `` bear arms '' means , as the petitioners and the dissent think , the carrying of arms only for military purposes , one simply can not add `` for the purpose of killing game . '' The right `` to carry arms in the militia for the purpose of killing game '' is worthy of the mad hatter . </P> <P> The dissenting justices were not persuaded by this argument . </P> <P> Reaction to Heller has varied , with many sources giving focus to the ruling referring to itself as being the first in Supreme Court history to read the Second Amendment as protecting an individual right . The majority opinion , authored by Justice Scalia , gives explanation of the majority legal reasoning behind this decision . The majority opinion made clear that the recent ruling did not foreclose the Court 's prior interpretations given in United States v. Cruikshank , Presser v. Illinois , and United States v. Miller though these earlier rulings did not limit the right to keep and bear arms solely to militia purposes , but rather limits the type of weapon to which the right applies to those used by the militia ( i.e. , those in common use for lawful purposes ) . </P> <P> Heller pertained to three District of Columbia ordinances involving restrictions on firearms amounting to a total ban . These three ordinances were a ban on handgun registration , a requirement that all firearms in a home be either disassembled or have a trigger lock , and licensing requirement that prohibits carrying an unlicensed firearm in the home , such as from one room to another . </P> <P> Under any of the standards of scrutiny the Court has applied to enumerated constitutional rights , this prohibition -- in the place where the importance of the lawful defense of self , family , and property is most acute -- would fail constitutional muster ... Because Heller conceded at oral argument that the District 's licensing law is permissible if it is not enforced arbitrarily and capriciously , the Court assumed that a license will satisfy his prayer for relief and did not address the licensing requirement . Assuming he is not disqualified from exercising Second Amendment rights , the District must permit Heller to register his handgun and must issue him a license to carry it in the home . '' </P> <P> Justice Ginsburg has been a vocal critic of Heller . Speaking in an interview on public radio station WNYC , she called the Second Amendment `` outdated , '' saying : </P> <P> When we no longer need people to keep muskets in their home , then the Second Amendment has no function ... If the Court had properly interpreted the Second Amendment , the Court would have said that amendment was very important when the nation was new ; it gave a qualified right to keep and bear arms , but it was for one purpose only -- and that was the purpose of having militiamen who were able to fight to preserve the nation . </P> <H3> McDonald v. City of Chicago ( edit ) </H3> Main article : McDonald v. City of Chicago <P> On June 28 , 2010 , the Court in McDonald v. City of Chicago , 561 U.S. 3025 ( 2010 ) , held that the Second Amendment was incorporated , saying that `` ( i ) t is clear that the Framers and ratifiers of the Fourteenth Amendment counted the right to keep and bear arms among those fundamental rights necessary to our system of ordered liberty . '' This means that the Court ruled that the Second Amendment limits state and local governments to the same extent that it limits the federal government . It also remanded a case regarding a Chicago handgun prohibition . Four of the five Justices in the majority voted to do so by way of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment , while the fifth Justice , Clarence Thomas , voted to do so through the amendment 's Privileges or Immunities Clause . </P> <P> Justice Thomas noted that the Privileges or Immunities Clause refers to `` citizens '' whereas the Due Process Clause refers more broadly to any `` person '' , and therefore Thomas reserved the issue of non-citizens for later decision . After McDonald , many questions about the Second Amendment remain unsettled , such as whether non-citizens are protected through the Equal Protection Clause . </P> <P> In People v. Aguilar ( 2013 ) , the Illinois Supreme Court summed up the central Second Amendment findings in McDonald : </P> <P> Two years later , in McDonald v. City of Chicago , 561 U.S. ___ , ___ , 130 S. Ct. 3020 , 3050 ( 2010 ) , the Supreme Court held that the second amendment right recognized in Heller is applicable to the states through the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment . In so holding , the Court reiterated that `` the Second Amendment protects the right to keep and bear arms for the purpose of self - defense '' ( id . at ___ , 130 S. Ct . at 3026 ) ; that `` individual self - defense is ' the central component ' of the Second Amendment right '' ( emphasis in original ) ( id . at ___ , 130 S. Ct . at 3036 ( quoting Heller , 554 U.S. at 599 ) ) ; and that `` ( s ) elf - defense is a basic right , recognized by many legal systems from ancient times to the present day '' ( id . at ___ , 130 S. Ct . at 3036 ) . </P> <H3> Caetano v. Massachusetts ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Caetano v. Massachusetts <P> On March 21 , 2016 , in a per curiam decision the Court vacated a Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court decision upholding the conviction of a woman who carried a stun gun for self defense . The Court reiterated that the Heller and McDonald decisions saying that `` the Second Amendment extends , prima facie , to all instruments that constitute bearable arms , even those that were not in existence at the time of the founding '' , that `` the Second Amendment right is fully applicable to the States '' , and that the protection is not restricted to `` only those weapons useful in warfare '' . </P> <H2> United States courts of Appeals decisions before and after Heller ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Before Heller ( edit ) </H3> <P> Until District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , United States v. Miller ( 1939 ) had been the only Supreme Court decision that `` tested a congressional enactment against ( the Second Amendment ) . '' Miller did not directly mention either a collective or individual right , but for the 62 - year period from Miller until the Fifth Circuit 's decision in United States v. Emerson ( 2001 ) , federal courts recognized only the collective right , with `` courts increasingly referring to one another 's holdings ... without engaging in any appreciably substantive legal analysis of the issue '' . </P> <P> Emerson changed this by addressing the question in depth , with the Fifth Circuit determining that the Second Amendment protects an individual right . Subsequently , the Ninth Circuit conflicted with Emerson in Silveira v. Lockyer , and the D.C. Circuit supported Emerson in Parker v. District of Columbia . Parker evolved into District of Columbia v. Heller , in which the U.S. Supreme Court determined that the Second Amendment protects an individual right . </P> <H3> After Heller ( edit ) </H3> <P> Since Heller , the United States courts of appeals have ruled on many Second Amendment challenges to convictions and gun control laws . The following are post-Heller cases , divided by Circuit , along with summary notes : </P> <P> D.C. Circuit </P> <Ul> <Li> Heller v. District of Columbia , Civil Action No. 08 - 1289 ( RMU ) , No. 23. , 25 -- On March 26 , 2010 , the D.C. Circuit denied the follow up appeal of Dick Heller who requested the court to overturn the new District of Columbia gun control ordinances newly enacted after the 2008 Heller ruling . The court refused to do so , stating that the firearms registration procedures , the prohibition on assault weapons , and the prohibition on large capacity ammunition feeding devices were found to not violate the Second Amendment . On September 18 , 2015 , the D.C. Circuit ruled that requiring gun owners to re-register a gun every three years , make a gun available for inspection or pass a test about firearms laws violated the Second Amendment , although the court upheld requirements that gun owners be fingerprinted , photographed , and complete a safety training course . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Wrenn v. District of Columbia , No. 16 - 7025 -- On July 25 , 2017 , the D.C. Circuit ruled that a District of Columbia regulation that limited conceal - carry licenses only to those individuals who could demonstrate , to the satisfaction of the chief of police , that they have a `` good reason '' to carry a handgun in public was essentially designed to prevent the exercise of the right to bear arms by most District residents and so violated the Second Amendment by amounting to a complete prohibition on firearms possession . </Li> </Ul> <P> First Circuit </P> <Ul> <Li> United States v. Rene E. , 583 F. 3d 8 ( 1st Cir. 2009 ) -- On August 31 , 2009 , the First Circuit affirmed the conviction of a juvenile for the illegal possession of a handgun as a juvenile , under 18 U.S.C. § 922 ( x ) ( 2 ) ( A ) and 18 U.S.C. § 5032 , rejecting the defendant 's argument that the federal law violated his Second Amendment rights under Heller . The court cited `` the existence of a longstanding tradition of prohibiting juveniles from both receiving and possessing handguns '' and observed `` the federal ban on juvenile possession of handguns is part of a longstanding practice of prohibiting certain classes of individuals from possessing firearms -- those whose possession poses a particular danger to the public . '' </Li> </Ul> <P> Second Circuit </P> <Ul> <Li> Kachalsky v. County of Westchester , 11 - 3942 -- On November 28 , 2012 , the Second Circuit upheld New York 's may - issue concealed carry permit law , ruling that `` the proper cause requirement is substantially related to New York 's compelling interests in public safety and crime prevention . '' </Li> </Ul> <P> Fourth Circuit </P> <Ul> <Li> United States v. Hall , 551 F. 3d 257 ( 4th Cir. 2009 ) -- On August 4 , 2008 , the Fourth Circuit upheld as constitutional the prohibition of possession of a concealed weapon without a permit . </Li> <Li> United States v. Chester , 628 F. 3d 673 ( 4th Cir. 2010 ) -- On December 30 , 2010 , the Fourth Circuit vacated William Chester 's conviction for possession of a firearm after having been convicted of a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence , in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922 ( g ) ( 9 ) . The court found that the district court erred in perfunctorily relying on Heller 's exception for `` presumptively lawful '' gun regulations made in accordance with `` longstanding prohibitions '' . </Li> <Li> Kolbe v. Hogan , No. 14 - 1945 ( 4th Cir. 2016 ) -- On February 4 , 2016 , the Fourth Circuit vacated a U.S. District Court decision upholding a Maryland law banning high - capacity magazines and semi-automatic rifles , ruling that the District Court was wrong to have applied intermediate scrutiny . The Fourth Circuit ruled that the higher strict scrutiny standard is to be applied on remand . On March 4 , 2016 , the court agreed to rehear the case en banc on May 11 , 2016 . </Li> </Ul> <P> Fifth Circuit </P> <Ul> <Li> United States v. Dorosan , 350 Fed . Appx. 874 ( 5th Cir. 2009 ) -- On June 30 , 2008 , the Fifth Circuit upheld 39 C.F.R. 232.1 ( l ) , which bans weapons on postal property , sustaining restrictions on guns outside the home , specifically in private vehicles parked in employee parking lots of government facilities , despite Second Amendment claims that were dismissed . The employee 's Second Amendment rights were not infringed since the employee could have instead parked across the street in a public parking lot , instead of on government property . </Li> <Li> United States v. Bledsoe , 334 Fed . Appx. 771 ( 5th Cir. 2009 ) -- The Fifth Circuit affirmed the decision of a U.S. District Court decision in Texas , upholding 18 U.S.C. § 922 ( a ) ( 6 ) , which prohibits `` straw purchases . '' A `` straw purchase '' occurs when someone eligible to purchase a firearm buys one for an ineligible person . Additionally , the court rejected the request for a strict scrutiny standard of review . </Li> <Li> United States v. Scroggins , 551 F. 3d 257 ( 5th Cir. 2010 ) -- On March 4 , 2010 , the Fifth Circuit affirmed the conviction of Ernie Scroggins for possession of a firearm as a convicted felon , in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922 ( g ) ( 1 ) . The court noted that it had , prior to Heller , identified the Second Amendment as providing an individual right to bear arms , and had already , likewise , determined that restrictions on felon ownership of firearms did not violate this right . Moreover , it observed that Heller did not affect the longstanding prohibition of firearm possession by felons . </Li> </Ul> <P> Sixth Circuit </P> <Ul> <Li> Tyler v. Hillsdale Co . Sheriff 's Dept. , 775 F. 3d 308 ( 6th Cir. 2014 ) -- On December 18 , 2014 , the Sixth Circuit ruled that strict scrutiny should be applied to firearms regulations when regulations burden `` conduct that falls within the scope of the Second Amendment right , as historically understood . '' At issue in this case was whether the Second Amendment is violated by a provision of the Gun Control Act of 1968 that prohibits possession of a firearm by a person who has been involuntarily committed to a psychiatric hospital . The court did not rule on the provision 's constitutionality , instead remanding the case to the United States district court that has earlier heard this case . On April 21 , 2015 , the Sixth Circuit voted to rehear the case en banc , thereby vacating the December 18 opinion . </Li> </Ul> <P> Seventh Circuit </P> <Ul> <Li> United States v. Skoien , 587 F. 3d 803 ( 7th Cir. 2009 ) -- Steven Skoien , a Wisconsin man convicted of two misdemeanor domestic violence convictions , appealed his conviction based on the argument that the prohibition violated the individual rights to bear arms , as described in Heller . After initial favorable rulings in lower court based on a standard of intermediate scrutiny , on July 13 , 2010 , the Seventh Circuit , sitting en banc , ruled 10 -- 1 against Skoien and reinstated his conviction for a gun violation , citing the strong relation between the law in question and the government objective . Skoien was convicted and sentenced to two years in prison for the gun violation , and will thus likely be subject to a lifetime ban on gun ownership . Editorials favoring gun rights sharply criticized this ruling as going too far with the enactment of a lifetime gun ban , while editorials favoring gun regulations praised the ruling as `` a bucket of cold water thrown on the ' gun rights ' celebration '' . </Li> <Li> Moore v. Madigan ( Circuit docket 12 - 1269 ) -- On December 11 , 2012 , the Seventh Circuit ruled that the Second Amendment protected a right to keep and bear arms in public for self - defense . This was an expansion of the Supreme Court 's decisions in Heller and McDonald , each of which referred only to such a right in the home . Based on this ruling , the court declared Illinois 's ban on the concealed carrying of firearms to be unconstitutional . The court stayed this ruling for 180 days , so Illinois could enact replacement legislation . On February 22 , 2013 , a petition for rehearing en banc was denied by a vote of 5 - 4 . On July 9 , 2013 , the Illinois General Assembly , overriding Governor Quinn 's veto , passed a law permitting the concealed carrying of firearms . </Li> </Ul> <P> Ninth Circuit </P> <Ul> <Li> Nordyke v. King , 2012 WL 1959239 ( 9th Cir. 2012 ) -- On July 29 , 2009 , the Ninth Circuit vacated an April 20 panel decision and reheard the case en banc on September 24 , 2009 . The April 20 decision had held that the Second Amendment applies to state and local governments , while upholding an Alameda County , California ordinance that makes it a crime to bring a gun or ammunition on to , or possess either while on , county property . The en banc panel remanded the case to the three - judge panel . On May 2 , 2011 , that panel ruled that intermediate scrutiny was the correct standard by which to judge the ordinance 's constitutionality and remanded the case to the United States District Court for the Northern District of California . On November 28 , 2011 , the Ninth Circuit vacated the panel 's May 2 decision and agreed to rehear the case en banc . On April 4 , 2012 , the panel sent the case to mediation . The panel dismissed the case on June 1 , 2012 , but only after Alameda County officials changed their interpretation of the challenged ordinance . Under the new interpretation , gun shows may take place on county property under the ordinance 's exception for `` events '' , subject to restrictions regarding the display and handling of firearms . </Li> <Li> Teixeira v. County of Alameda , ( Circuit docket 13 - 17132 ) -- On May 16 , 2016 , the Ninth Circuit ruled that the right to keep and bear arms included being able to buy and sell firearms . The court ruled that a county law prohibiting a gun store being within 500 feet of a `` ( r ) esidentially zoned district ; elementary , middle or high school ; pre-school or day care center ; other firearms sales business ; or liquor stores or establishments in which liquor is served '' violated the Second Amendment . </Li> <Li> Peruta v. San Diego No. 10 - 56971 ( 9th Cir. 2016 ) , ( Circuit docket 13 - 17132 ) - On June 9 , 2016 , pertaining to the legality of San Diego County 's restrictive policy regarding requiring documentation of `` good cause '' before issuing a concealed carry permit , the Ninth Circuit upheld the policy , finding that `` there is no Second Amendment right for members of the general public to carry concealed firearms in public . '' </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Right to keep and bear arms -- international views on the concept by country </Li> <Li> Gun law in the United States </Li> <Li> List of amendments to the United States Constitution </Li> <Li> Uniform Firearms Act -- a set of statutes in Pennsylvania that define and amplify the right to bear arms in that state 's Constitution . </Li> <Li> Second Amendment Caucus -- a Congressional caucus dedicated to supporting the right to bear arms </Li> <Li> 2nd Amendment Day </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes and citations ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Constitutional Law . Casenotes . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jilson , Cal . American Government : Political Development and Institutional Change . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shaman , Jeffrey . `` After Heller : What Now for the Second Amendment '' . Santa Clara Law Review . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US Senate Annotated Constitution '' . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2014 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Case 1 : 11 - cv - 10644 - DPW Document 31 # 124 ; Memorandum and Order '' . 30 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 10 October 2017 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Permanent resident aliens have second amendment rights too Monachus Lex '' . monachuslex.com . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Epstein , Lee ; Walk , Thomas G. ( September 18 , 2012 ) . Constitutional Law for a Changing America : Rights , Liberties and Justice ( 8 ed . ) . CQ Press . pp. 395 -- 96 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 2674 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England -- Book the First -- Chapter the First : Of the Absolute Rights of Individuals , p. 139 '' . Avalon.law.yale.edu . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` United States of America v. Timothy Joe Emerson -- The Ratification Debates '' . Law.umkc.edu . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Federalist No. 46 , at 371 ( James Madison ) ( John . C. Hamilton Ed. , 1864 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` United States v. Cruikshank 92 U.S. 542 ( 1875 ) '' . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` United States v. Miller , 307 U.S. 174 ( 1939 ) '' . Cornell University Law School . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : CRS Report for Congress District of Columbia v. Heller : The Supreme Court and the Second Amendment April 11 , 2008 Congressional Research Service T.J. Halsted , Legislative Attorney , American Law Division . Order Code RL34446 `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 27 ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pollock , Earl ( 2008 ) . The Supreme Court and American Democracy : Case Studies on Judicial Review and Public Policy . Greenwood . pp. 375 , 423 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 36525 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ editor , Gregg Lee Carter , . Guns in American society : an encyclopedia of history , politics , culture , and the law ( 2nd ed . ) . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38670 - 1 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Liptak , Adam ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` Justices Extend Firearm Rights in 5 - to - 4 Ruling '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Liptak , Adam ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Supreme Court Declines to Hear Challenge to Colorado 's Marijuana Laws '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ editor , Gregg Lee Carter , . Guns in American society : an encyclopedia of history , politics , culture , and the law ( 2nd ed . ) . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . p . Introduction . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38670 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davies , pp. 209 -- 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The second amendment 's capitalization and punctuation are not uniformly reported ; another version has four commas , after `` militia , '' `` state , '' and `` arms . '' Since documents were at that time copied by hand , variations in punctuation and capitalization are common , and the copy retained by the first Congress , the copies transmitted by it to the state legislatures , and the ratifications returned by them show wide variations in such details . Letter from Marlene McGuirl , Chief , British - American Law Division , Library of Congress ( Oct. 29 , 1976 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Freedman , Adam ( December 16 , 2007 ) . `` Clause and Effect '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Errors in the Constitution '' . archives.gov . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Second Amendment Controversy Explained -- Theodore L. Johnson -- Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Writing Instruction for Generation 2.0 -- Gloria E. Jacobs -- Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Mythologies : New Perspectives on Controlling the State -- Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Separation of Powers in Practice -- Thomas Campbell -- Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How A Comma Gave Americans The Right To Own Guns '' Archived 2016 - 06 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... Business Insider . Retrieved on 1 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Clause and Effect '' Archived 2017 - 01 - 26 at the Wayback Machine ... The New York Times . 16 December 2007 . Retrieved on 1 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In Part II - A of the Opinion of the Court in District of Columbia v. Heller , the Supreme Court cited this version of the amendment , but another version is found in the copies distributed and then ratified by them . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis , and Interpretation -- 1992 Edition -- Second Amendment -- Bearing Arms '' . Gpo.gov . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Second Amendment Foundation Online '' . Saf.org. 1995 - 08 - 09 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael Arnheim ( 2009 - 04 - 29 ) . `` U.S. Constitution For Dummies '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reading the Second Amendment : The Freeman : Foundation for Economic Education '' . Fee.org . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Archives -- Bill of Rights '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 -- 1875 '' . memory.loc.gov . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blackstone 's Commentaries Book 1 Ch 1 -- `` The fifth and last auxiliary right of the subject ... is that of having arms for their defence '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ From the English Civil War until the Glorious Revolution militias occasionally disarmed Catholics , and the King , without Parliament 's consent , likewise occasionally disarmed Protestants . Malcolm , `` The Role of the Militia , '' pp. 139 -- 51 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joyce Lee Malcolm , To Keep and Bear Arms . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` They accordingly obtained an assurance from William and Mary , in the ... ( Bill of Rights ) , that Protestants would never be disarmed : ... This right has long been understood to be the predecessor to our Second Amendment ... It was clearly an individual right , having nothing whatever to do with service in a militia . To be sure , it was an individual right not available to the whole population , given that it was restricted to Protestants , and like all written English rights it was held only against the Crown , not Parliament . '' Opinion of the Court in Heller Archived 2013 - 03 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 1688 c. 2 1 Will. and Mar . Sess. 2 '' . Statutelaw.gov.uk . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barnett , Law , p. 172 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` This meaning is strongly confirmed by the historical background of the Second Amendment . We look to this because it has always been widely understood that the Second Amendment , like the First and Fourth Amendments , codified a pre-existing right . The very text of the Second Amendment implicitly recognizes the pre-existence of the right and declares only that it `` shall not be infringed . '' As we ( the United States Supreme Court ) said in United States v. Cruikshank , 92 U.S. 542 , 553 ( 1876 ) , `` ( t ) his is not a right granted by the Constitution . Neither is it in any manner dependent upon that instrument for its existence . The Second amendment declares that it shall not be infringed ... '' . Between the Restoration and the Glorious Revolution , the Stuart Kings Charles II and James II succeeded in using select militias loyal to them to suppress political dissidents , in part by disarming their opponents . See J. Malcolm , To Keep and Bear Arms 31 -- 53 ( 1994 ) ( hereinafter Malcolm ) ; L. Schwoerer , The Declaration of Rights , 1689 , p. 76 ( 1981 ) . Under the auspices of the 1671 Game Act , for example , the Catholic James II had ordered general disarmaments of regions home to his Protestant enemies . See Malcolm 103 -- 106 . These experiences caused Englishmen to be extremely wary of concentrated military forces run by the state and to be jealous of their arms . They accordingly obtained an assurance from William and Mary , in the Declaration of Right ( which was codified as the English Bill of Rights ) , that Protestants would never be disarmed : `` That the subjects which are Protestants may have arms for their defense suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law . '' 1 W. & M. , c. 2 , § 7 , in 3 Eng . Stat . at Large 441 ( 1689 ) . This right has long been understood to be the predecessor to our Second Amendment . See E. Dumbauld , The Bill of Rights and What It Means Today 51 ( 1957 ) ; W. Rawle , A View of the Constitution of the United States of America 122 ( 1825 ) ( hereinafter Rawle ) . '' From the Opinion of the Court in District of Coöimbia versus Heller `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2013 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Justice Antonin Scalia , wrote that `` the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed '' was a just a controlling one and referred to it as a pre-existing right of individuals to possess and carry personal weapons for self - defense and intrinsically for defense against tyranny . As with the English law `` like most rights , the Second Amendment is not unlimited . It is not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose . '' District of Columbia v Heller Archived 2013 - 03 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Where a later enactment does not expressly repeal an earlier enactment which it has power to override , but the provisions of the later enactment are contrary to those of the earlier , the latter by implication repeals the earlier . '' R v. Burke , ( 1998 ) EWHC Admin 913 ; `` ( T ) he Bill of Rights ... was declaratory of the common law . It contained in it its own words of limitation , namely that the right to have arms for self - defence is limited by the words ' and as allowed by Law ' . The law is a changing thing . Parliament by statute can repeal the common law ... Where the Bill of Rights says that ' the Subjects may have arms for their defence suitable for their condition and as allowed by law ' , ' and as allowed by law ' means ' and as allowed by law for the time being ' ( . ) '' R v. Burke , ( 1999 ) EWCA Civ 923 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson , Mark ( 1938 ) . Constitutional History of England . qtd. in Maer and Gay , p. 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Malcolm , To Keep and Bear Arms , p. 51 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ely and Bodenhamer , pp. 89 -- 91 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heyman , pp. 253 -- 59 . `` Finally , we should note that ( contrary to Kates 's assertion ) , Blackstone nowhere suggests that the right to arms derives from `` the common law . '' Instead , this is a right that is secured by `` the constitution , '' and in particular by the Bill of Rights . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` English Bill of Rights , 1689 , `` An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown '' `` . The Avalon Project . Yale Law School . 2008 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ e.g. , King Henry II 's Assize of Arms and the Statute of Winchester of 1285 . See `` The history of policing in the West , Collective responsibility in early Anglo - Saxon times '' , Encyclopædia Britannica online Archived 2009 - 06 - 07 at the Wayback Machine ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levy , pp. 136 -- 37 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cornell , Gun Control , p. 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hardy , p. 1237 . `` Early Americans wrote of the right in light of three considerations : ( 1 ) as auxiliary to a natural right of self - defense ; ( 2 ) as enabling an armed people to deter undemocratic government ; and ( 3 ) as enabling the people to organize a militia system . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Malcolm , `` That Every Man Be Armed , '' pp. 452 , 466 . `` The Second Amendment reflects traditional English attitudes toward these three distinct , but intertwined , issues : the right of the individual to protect his life , the challenge to government of an armed citizenry , and the preference for a militia over a standing army . The framers ' attempt to address all three in a single declarative sentence has contributed mightily to the subsequent confusion over the proper interpretation of the Second Amendment . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levy , p. 136 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , pp. 62 , 179 ff , 183 , 188 ff , 306 . `` ( T ) he right to bear arms was articulated as a civic right inextricably linked to the civic obligation to bear arms for the public defense . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spitzer , pp. 155 -- 59 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dulaney , p. 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bogus , Carl T. ( editor ) ; Bellesiles , Michael A. ( contributor ) ( 2001 ) . The Second Amendment in Law and History : Historians and Constitutional Scholars on the Right to Bear Arms . New Press , The . pp. 67 -- 69 , 239 -- 40 . ISBN 1565846990 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , pp. 62 , 179 ff , 183 , 188 ff , 306 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Oliver Ayer ( 1895 ) . History of the Military Company of the Massachusetts , Now Called , the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts : 1637 - 1888 , Vol. 1 . Boston : Alfred Mudge & Son . p. 1 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Humphrey , Hubert ( February 1960 ) . `` Know Your Lawmaker '' ( PDF ) . Guns . George E. von Rosen . p. 4 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2014 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved Mar 21 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bogus , Carl T. ; Professor , Roger Williams University School of Law ( Winter 1998 ) . `` The Hidden History of the Second Amendment '' . U.C. Davis Law Review . 31 : 309 -- 408 . SSRN 1465114 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hartmann , Thom ( 2013 - 01 - 15 ) . `` The Second Amendment was Ratified to Preserve Slavery '' . Truthout.org . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Whitewashing the Second Amendment '' . 2008 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . the `` well - regulated militias '' cited in the Constitution almost certainly referred to state militias that were used to suppress slave insurrections . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Paul Finkelman , professor of law and public policy at Albany Law School ; 2nd Amendment Passed to Protect Slavery ? No ! Archived 2018 - 02 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . The Root ( magazine ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 '' . The Avalon Project . Yale Law School . 2008 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : DeConde , Alexander ( 2001 ) . Gun Violence in America : The Struggle for Control . Northeastern University Press . ISBN 9781555534868 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Boston , March 17 '' . N.Y.J. , Supplement : 1 , Col. 3 . April 13 , 1769 . qtd. in Halbrook , A Right to Bear Arms , p. 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles , `` Arms for Their Defence ? '' , p. 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson and Horwitz , pp. 91 -- 92 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vest , Rose . `` Shay 's Rebellion '' Archived 2008 - 12 - 25 at the Wayback Machine. , Home of Heroes . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pole and Greene , p. 386 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vile , p. 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , p. 79 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McAffee and Quinlan , p. 781 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rakove , p. ? </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ William Blackstone , Commentaries on the Laws of England , Book 1 , Chapter 1 `` the fifth and last auxiliary right ... when the sanctions of society and laws are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Millis , p. 49 . `` The founders sought to balance military , as they did political , power , between people , states , and nation ( . ) '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Federalist Papers No. 29 ( Alexander Hamilton ) ( concerning the militia ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bogus , Carl T. `` Do We Place our Faith in Law or Guns ? '' . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved July 29 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Henigan , p. ? . `` ( A ) generalized constitutional right of all citizens to engage in armed insurrection against their government ... would threaten the rule of law itself . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reynolds , p. ? </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams , 22 December 1793 '' . Masshist.org . Archived from the original on 16 October 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cooke , p. 100 . `` This is another protection against a possible abuse by Congress . The right protected is really the right of a state to maintain an armed militia , or national guard , as we call it now . In the eighteenth century people feared that Congress might , by passing a law , prohibit the states from arming their citizens . Then having all the armed strength at its command , the national government could overwhelm the states . Such a circumstance has never happened , but this amendment would prevent it . The Second Amendment does not give anybody or everybody the right to possess and use firearms . The states may very properly prescribe regulations and permits governing the use of guns within their borders . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ US Constitution Article 1 Section 8 To provide for organizing , arming , and disciplining , the Militia , and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States , reserving to the States respectively , the Appointment of the Officers , and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Elliots Debates Vol 3 , Virginia Convention , Saturday June 14 , 1788 '' . Teachingamericanhistory.org . January 1 , 1980 . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . The national government has an exclusive right to provide for arming , organizing , and disciplining the militia , and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States . The state governments have the power of appointing the officers , and of training the militia , according to the discipline prescribed by Congress , if they should think proper to prescribe any . Should the national government wish to render the militia useless , they may neglect them , and let them perish , in order to have a pretence of establishing a standing army . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mulloy , p. 43 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , pp. 591 , 600 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cress , Lawrence . An Armed Community : The Origins and Meaning of the Right to Bear Arms . p. 31 . qtd. in Cottrol , p. 283 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vile , p. 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schmidt et al. , p. 39 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Williams , pp. 41 -- 44 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Story , Joseph . `` Commentaries on the Constitution 2 : § § 904 -- 25 , 927 -- 30 , 946 -- 52 , 954 -- 70 , 972 -- 76 , 988 '' . The Founders Constitution . The University of Chicago Press . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Federalist Papers No. 46 ( James Madison ) ( concerning the influence of state and federal governments ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Webster , Noah . `` An Examination of the Leading Principles of the Federal Constitution '' Archived 2010 - 08 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . ( October 10 , 1787 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Young , pp. 38 -- 41 . `` A Citizen of America ( Noah Webster ) October 10 , 1787 Pamphlet : An Examination into the leading principles of the Federal Constitution . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Foner and Garraty , p. 914 . `` The Massachusetts compromise determined the fate of the Constitution , as it permitted delegates with doubts to vote for it in the hope that it would be amended . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adamson , p. 63 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Theories of Constitutional Interpretation Archived 2011 - 12 - 16 at the Wayback Machine. , maintained by Doug Linder , University of Missouri - Kansas City Law School . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . ( Author cites Robert Bork : `` If the Constitution is law , then presumably its meaning , like that of all other law , is the meaning the lawmakers were understood to have intended . '' ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Garry Wills , A Necessary Evil : A History of American Distrust of Government , Simon and Schuster , 1999 , p. 252 . ( `` Until recently , the Second Amendment was a little - visited area of the Constitution . A two thousand - page commentary on the Constitution put out by the Library of Congress in 1973 has copious annotation for most clauses , but less than a page and a half for the Second Amendment . '' ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Garry Wills , A Necessary Evil : A History of American Distrust of Government , Simon and Schuster , 1999 , pp. 253 -- 54 . ( `` Whitehill deals with guns in three of his fifteen headings . Article 8 begins : ' The inhabitants of the several states shall have liberty to fowl and hunt in seasonable times ... ' article 7 : ' That the people have a right to bear arms for the defense of themselves and their own state , or the United States , or for the purposes of killing game ... ' '' ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Garry Wills , A Necessary Evil : A History of American Distrust of Government , Simon and Schuster , 1999 , p. 253 . ( `` The items on the ( Whitehill 's ) list were never discussed in the convention , which when on to approve the Constitution . '' ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Articles of Confederation '' . Usconstitution.net . May 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US Library of Congress , repro of original text '' . Memory.loc.gov . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2011 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US Constitution '' . US Constitution . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 2 Jonathan Elliot , The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution 97 ( 2d ed. 1863 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Noah Webster , An Examination into the Leading Principles of the Federal Constitution ( 1787 ) , Reprinted in Pamphlets on the Constitution of the United States , Published During Its Discussion by the People , 1787 -- 1788 , at 56 ( Paul L. Ford , ed. 1971 ) ( 1888 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 3 Jonathan Elliot , The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution 425 ( 3d Ed . 1937 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James Monroe Papers , New York Public Library ( Miscellaneous Papers of James Monroe ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Speech on the Federal Constitution , Virginia Ratifying Convention , 1788 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Raw Story , 22 Feb. 2018 , `` The Second Amendment Was Ratified to Preserve Slavery , '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2018 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Raw Story , 22 Feb. 2018 , `` The Second Amendment Was Ratified to Preserve Slavery , '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2018 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . citing U.C. Davis Law Review , Winter 1998 , Bogus , Carl T . `` The Hidden History of the Second Amendment '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Raw Story , 22 Feb. 2018 , `` The Second Amendment Was Ratified to Preserve Slavery , '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2018 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James Madison ( June 8 , 1789 ) . Gales & Seaton 's History of Debates in Congress Archived 2011 - 01 - 11 at the Wayback Machine. , `` Amendments to the Constitution '' , House of Representatives , 1st Congress , 1st Session : pp. 448 -- 459 ( 451 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States Archived 2015 - 09 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , Vol. 1 : p. 64 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Annals of Congress Archived 2015 - 09 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , House of Representatives , 1st Congress , 1st Session : p. 669 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Annals of Congress Archived 2011 - 01 - 10 at the Wayback Machine. , House of Representatives , 1st Congress , 1st Session : p. 778 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Journal of the Senate of the United States of America Archived 2017 - 01 - 26 at the Wayback Machine. , Vol. 1 : pp. 63 -- 64 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Letter from Roger Sherman to Simeon Baldwin ( Aug. 22 , 1789 ) qtd. in Bickford , et al. , p. 16 See also letter from James Madison to Alexander White ( Aug. 24 , 1789 ) qtd. in Madison , Writings , pp. 418 -- 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Journal of the Senate of the United States of America Archived 2016 - 12 - 19 at the Wayback Machine. , Vol. 1 : p. 71 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Journal of the Senate of the United States of America Archived 2015 - 09 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , Vol. 1 : p. 77 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States Archived 2015 - 09 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , Vol. 1 : p. 305 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Amendments to the Constitution of the United States ( Washington , Government Printing Office , n.d. ) `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2018 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : 1 Stat. 272 Archived 2011 - 01 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , pp. 293 -- 94 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Merkel and Uviller , p. 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Szatmary , p. 107 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 1 Stat. 351 Archived 2015 - 09 - 04 at the Wayback Machine ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Remarks on the First Part of the Amendments to the Federal Constitution , '' Federal Gazette , June 18 , 1792 , at 2 , col. 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glenn Harlan Reynolds . `` A Critical Guide to the Second Amendment '' . guncite.com . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Halbrook , Stephen P. ( 1998 ) . Freedmen , the 14th Amendment , and the Right to Bear Arms , 1866 -- 1876 . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 9780275963316 . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Tucker , p. 490 and Kopel , David B . `` The Second Amendment in the Nineteenth Century '' . Second Amendment Project . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blackstone , Sir William ; Tucker , St. George ; Christian , Edward ( 1803 ) . Blackstone 's Commentaries : With Notes of Reference , to the Constitution and Laws , of the Federal Government of the United States ; and of the Commonwealth of Virginia . In Five Volumes . With an Appendix to Each Volume , Containing Short Tracts Upon Such Subjects as Appeared Necessary to Form a Connected View of the Laws of Virginia , as a Member of the Federal Union . William Young Birch , and Abraham Small , no . 17 , South Second - street , Robert Carr , printer . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For two radically different views of Blackstone on the Second Amendment , see Heyman , Chicago - Kent , and Volokh , Senate Testimony . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rawle , p. 126 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rawle , pp. 125 -- 26 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rawle , William ( 1825 ) . A View of the Constitution of the United States of America . H.C. Carey & I. Lea . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . In the second article , it is declared , that a well regulated militia is necessary to the security of a free state ; a proposition from which few will dissent . Although in actual war , the services of regular troops are confessedly more valuable ; yet , while peace prevails , and in the commencement of a war before a regular force can be raised , the militia form the palladium of the country . They are ready to repel invasion , to suppress insurrection , and preserve the good order and peace of government . That they should be well regulated , is judiciously added . A disorderly militia is disgraceful to itself , and dangerous not to the enemy , but to its own country . The duty of the state government is , to adopt such regulations as will tend to make good soldiers with the least interruptions of the ordinary and useful occupations of civil life . In this all the Union has a strong and visible interest . The corollary , from the first position , is , that the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rawle , William ( 2011 ) . `` A View to the Constitution of the United States of America '' ( PDF ) . Portage Publications . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2013 - 11 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A Familiar Exposition of the Constitution of the United States : Containing a Brief Commentary on Every Clause , Explaining the True Nature , Reasons , and Objects Thereof : Designed for the Use of School Libraries and General Readers : with an Appendix , Containing Important Public Documents , Illustrative of the Constitution . 1833 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Story , Joseph ( 1865 ) . A Familiar Exposition of the Constitution of the United States : Containing a Brief Commentary on Every Clause , Explaining the True Nature , Reasons , and Objects Thereof : Designed for the Use of School Libraries and General Readers : with an Appendix , Containing Important Public Documents , Illustrative of the Constitution . The Lawbook Exchange , Ltd . ISBN 9781886363717 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . The next amendment is , ' A well - regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . ' One of the ordinary modes , by which tyrants accomplish their purposes without resistance , is , by disarming the people , and making it an offence to keep arms , and by substituting a regular army in the stead of a resort to the militia . The friends of a free government can not be too watchful , to overcome the dangerous tendency of the public mind to sacrifice , for the sake of mere private convenience , this powerful check upon the designs of ambitious men . § 451 . The importance of this article will scarcely be doubted by any persons , who have duly reflected upon the subject . The militia is the natural defence of a free country against sudden foreign invasions , domestic insurrections , and domestic usurpations of power by rulers . It is against sound policy for a free people to keep up large military establishments and standing armies in time of peace , both from the enormous expenses , with which they are attended , and the facile means , which they afford to ambitious and unprincipled rulers , to subvert the government , or trample upon the rights of the people . The right of the citizens to keep and bear arms has justly been considered , as the palladium of the liberties of a republic ; since it offers a strong moral check against the usurpations and arbitrary power of rulers ; and it will generally , even if these are successful in the first instance , enable the people to resist and triumph over them . And yet , though this truth would seem so clear , and the importance of a well - regulated militia would seem so undeniable , it can not be disguised , that among the American people there is a growing indifference to any system of militia discipline , and a strong disposition , from a sense of its burdens , to be rid of all regulations . How it is practicable to keep the people duly armed without some organization , it is difficult to see . There is certainly no small danger , that indifference may lead to disgust , and disgust to contempt ; and thus gradually undermine all the protection intended by this clause of our National Bill of Rights . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Story , Joseph ( 1833 ) . Commentaries on the U.S. Constitution . Harper & Brothers . pp. § 1890 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spooner , pp. 17 -- 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Renehan , pp. 172 -- 74 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spooner , p. 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cramer , p. ? </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Farrar , Timothy ( 1872 ) . Manual of the Constitution of the United States of America . Little , Brown . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . § 34 . The people of the United States , in making their Constitution , do not create or confer on themselves any new rights , but they expressly reserve all the rights they then held , except what were delegated for their own benefit ; and they particularly and expressly recognize and perpetuate many natural and civil common - law rights , which , of course , are placed beyond the reach of any subordinate government , and even of their own . Among these are the following : 1 . The right to be , what they call themselves , ' the people of the United States , ' citizens , and component members of the body politic , -- the nation ; and to participate in all the privileges , immunities , and benefits the Constitution was designed to obtain or secure for all the American people , especially the right to be protected and governed according to the provisions of the Constitution . 2 . A right to the privileges and immunities of citizens in any of the several States . Among these is the fundamental and elementary right of suffrage . The Representatives to the national and State legislatures must be chosen by the people , the citizens ( Section 2 ) . Consequently , the citizens must choose them , and have a right to choose them . Am. 14 , § 2 . 3 . A right to the common - law writ of habeas corpus , to protect the other common - law right , as well as natural and constitutional right , of personal liberty . 4 . A right to trial by jury in any criminal case . 5 . A right to keep and bear arms . 6 . A right to life , liberty , and property , unless deprived by due process of law . 7 . A right to just compensation for private property legally taken for public use . 8 . A right to participate in all rights retained by , or reserved to , the people . Most of these rights , with many others , belong by the Constitution not only to the citizens , -- the people of the United States , strictly so called , by reason of the franchise of natural birth or otherwise , -- but also to all persons who may be allowed to be and remain under the jurisdiction and protection of our government . These are a part only of the rights held by every member of the nation , under and by virtue of the Constitution of the United States , independent of any other earthly power , and which , of course , ' can not be destroyed or abridged by the laws of any particular State . ' Who , then , in the United States is destitute of rights ? ... The States are recognized as governments , and , when their own constitutions permit , may do as they please ; provided they do not interfere with the Constitution and laws of the United States , or with the civil or natural rights of the people recognized thereby , and held in conformity to them . The right of every person to ' life , liberty , and property , ' to ' keep and bear arms , ' to the ' writ of habeas corpus ' to ' trial by jury , ' and divers others , are recognized by , and held under , the Constitution of the United States , and can not be infringed by individuals or even by the government itself . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cooley , Thomas M. ( November 1883 ) . `` The Abnegation of Self - Government '' . Princeton Review : 213 -- 14 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 21 -- via University of Michigan Law School . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cooley , Thomas McIntyre ( 1871 ) . A treatise on the constitutional limitations which rest upon the legislative power of the states of the American union . Little , Brown and company . p. 381 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cooley , Thomas McIntyre ( 1880 ) . The General Principles of Constitutional Law in the United States of America . F.B. Rothman . p. 271 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Right to Keep and Bear Arms , U.S. Senate . 2001 Paladin Press . ISBN 1 - 58160 - 254 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United States v. Emerson Archived 2012 - 08 - 17 at the Wayback Machine. , 270 F. 3d 203 , 218 -- 19 ( 5th Cir. 2001 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Klukowski , Armed by Right : The Emerging Jurisprudence Of The Second Amendment , 18 Geo . Mason U. Civ . Rts . L.J. 167 , 176 ( 2008 ) ( `` Advocates of the collective theories posit that the Second Amendment was written out of fear that the new central government would disarm state militias needed for local defense . Under any sort of collective theory , the government could completely ban all firearm ownership whatsoever . '' ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George A. Mocsary , Explaining Away the Obvious : The Infusibility of Characterizing the Second Amendment as a Nonindividual Right , 76 Fordham L. Rev. 2113 , 2133 ( 2008 ) ( `` Up until 2001 , every federal circuit court of appeals that ruled on the issue had adopted the collective right approach . '' ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Klukowski , Citizen Gun Rights : Incorporating the Second Amendment Through the Privileges or Immunities Clause , 39 N.M.L. Rev. 195 , 199 -- 200 ( 2009 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George A. Mocsary , Explaining Away the Obvious : The Infusibility of Characterizing the Second Amendment as a Nonindividual Right , 76 Fordham L. Rev. 2113 , 2133 -- 34 ( 2008 ) ; cf . Silveira v. Lockyer , 312 F. 3d 1052 , 1087 ( 9th Cir. 2002 ) ( endorsing collective rights model ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barnett , Randy E. ( 2004 ) . Was the Right to Keep and Bear Arms Conditioned on Service in an Organized Militia ? . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Klukowski , Armed by Right : The Emerging Jurisprudence Of The Second Amendment , 18 Geo . Mason U. Civ . Rts . L.J. 167 , 176 ( 2008 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George A. Mocsary , Explaining Away the Obvious : The Infusibility of Characterizing the Second Amendment as a Nonindividual Right , 76 Fordham L. Rev. 2113 , 2133 ( 2008 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Klukowski , Citizen Gun Rights : Incorporating the Second Amendment Through the Privileges or Immunities Clause , 39 N.M.L. Rev. 195 , 200 ( 2009 ) ( citing United States v. Wright , 117 F. 3d 1265 , 1273 -- 74 ( 11th Cir. 1997 ) ; United States v. Rybar , 103 F. 3d 273 , 286 ( 3d Cir. 1996 ) ; United States v. Hale , 978 F. 2d 1016 , 1020 ( 8th Cir. 1992 ) ; United States v. Oakes , 564 F. 2d 384 , 387 ( 10th Cir. 1977 ) ; Cases v. United States , 131 F. 2d 916 , 923 ( 1st Cir. 1942 ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dorothy J. Hernaez , `` Parker v. District of Columbia : Understanding the Broader Implications for the Future of Gun Control '' , 6 Geo . J.L. & Pub . Pol'y 693 , 696 ( 2008 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George A. Mocsary , `` Explaining Away the Obvious : The Infusibility of Characterizing the Second Amendment as a Nonindividual Right '' , 76 Fordham L. Rev. 2113 , 2134 ( 2008 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , p. 150 . `` The linguistically correct reading of this unique construction is as though it said : ' Congress shall not limit the right of the people ( that is , the potential members of the state militia ) to acquire and keep the sort of arms appropriate to their military duty , so long as the following statement remains true : `` an armed , trained , and controlled militia is the best -- if not the only -- way to protect the state government and the liberties of its people against uprisings from within and incursions or oppression from without . ' '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Winterer , pp. 1 -- 21 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amicus Brief , ACRU , Case No. 03 - CV - 0213 - EGS , Shelly Parker , et al. vs. District of Columbia '' ( PDF ) . p. 14 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 4 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frey and Wellman , p. 194 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shapiro , p. 148 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Volokh , `` Commonplace , '' p. 793 . `` The Second Amendment is widely seen as quite unusual , because it has a justification clause as well as an operative clause . Professor Volokh points out that this structure was actually quite commonplace in American constitutions of the Framing era : State Bills of Rights contained justification clauses for many of the rights they secured . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Merkel , p. 361 . `` Well - regulated meant well trained , rather than subject to rules and regulations . '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Heller , Opinion of the Court , Part II - A-2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Scalia in Heller '' . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stevens ' dissent '' . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2013 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` District of Columbia v Heller '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kopel , David B. ( 1999 ) . The Supreme Court 's Thirty - five Other Gun Cases : What the Supreme Court Has Said about the Second Amendment . Independence Institute . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crooker , Constance . Gun Control and Gun Rights , p. 55 ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 2003 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lund , Nelson . `` The Past and Future of the Individual 's Right to Arms Archived 2018 - 03 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . '' , Georgia Law Review , Volume 31 , p. 26 ( 1996 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia v Heller '' . Cornell University Law School . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cornell , Gun Control , p. 6 . Neither of the two modern theories that have defined public debate over the right to bear arms is faithful to the original understanding of this provision of the Bill of Rights . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Justice Story `` misidentified '' it as the `` 5th Amendment . '' Several public officials , including James Madison and Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story , retained the confusing practice of referring to each of the ten amendments in the Bill of Rights by the enumeration found in the first draft ; the fifth article is the Second Amendment . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FindLaw Cases and Codes '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` United States v. Miller '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia v. Heller '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cruikshank , at 552 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cruikshank , at 553 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cruikshank , at 554 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Doherty , p. 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Lehr und Wehr Verein '' . The New York Times . July 20 , 1886 . p. 5 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cramer , Clayton E. ( 1994 ) . For the defense of themselves and the state : the original intent and judicial interpretation of the right to keep and bear arms . Praeger . ISBN 9780275949136 . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller , at 539 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robertson , at 281 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller , at 175 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller , at 177 -- 78 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller , at 178 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fezell , Howard J. `` The misconstruction of United States v. Miller '' . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2008 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Helmke ( March 28 , 2008 ) . `` One Court 's Second Amendment Fantasy '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved April 29 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McClurg , p. 139 . `` But when all is said and done , the only certainty about Miller is that it failed to give either side a clear - cut victory . Most modern scholars recognize this fact . For example , Professor Eugene Volokh describes Miller as ' deliciously and usefully ambiguous ' in an article about using the Second Amendment as a teaching tool in constitutional law . That is probably the most accurate statement that can be made about the case . '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` District of Columbia v. Heller ( No. 07 - 290 ) '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell University Law School . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Cornell School of Law Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Law.cornell.edu . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Witkin Legal Institute Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Witkin.com . June 30 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nathan Moore Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Mooredefenselaw.com . June 30 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Global Legal Information Network Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Glin.gov . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Veronica Rose ; Principal Analyst . `` OLR Research Institute 's Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Cga.ct.gov . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Oyez Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Oyez.org . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' Legal Community Against Violence '' Summary of the Heller Decision '' ( PDF ) . Lcav.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 13 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` People v. Aguilar , 2013 IL 112116 '' ( PDF ) . Illinois Supreme Court . Illinois Supreme Court . September 12 , 2013 . pp. 5 -- 6 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 11 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court Strikes Down D.C. Gun Ban '' . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2008 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . In a historic 5 -- 4 decision ... the landmark ruling ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Biskupic , Joan & Johnson , Kevin ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` Landmark ruling fires challenges to gun laws '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2008 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vicini , James ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Americans have right to guns under landmark ruling '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` Justices , Ruling 5 -- 4 , Endorse Personal Right to Own Gun '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . The landmark ruling ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( March 16 , 2009 ) . `` Few Ripples From Supreme Court Ruling on Guns '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . The Heller case is a landmark decision that has not changed very much at all ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert A. Sedler ( June 30 , 2008 ) . `` Ruling upholds most gun control laws '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heller , Opinion of the Court , Part III . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harris , Andrew . `` Illinois Bid for Rehearing of Gun - Carry Appeal Rejected '' Archived 2013 - 11 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , Bloomberg News ( February 22 , 2013 ) : `` The U.S. Court of Appeals in Denver today ruled the constitutional provision does n't guarantee a right to carry a concealed firearm ... . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kirkland , Michael . `` Scalia in ' 08 -- Right to bear arms is ' not unlimited ' '' Archived 2013 - 11 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , UPI ( December 16 , 2012 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Henigan , Dennis . Lethal Logic : Exploding the Myths That Paralyze American Gun Policy , p. 204 ( Potomac Books 2009 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Epstein , Lee and Walk , Thomas . Constitutional Law : Rights , Liberties and Justice , p. 396 ( SAGE 2012 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Huebert , Jacob . Libertarianism Today , p. 147 ( ABC - CLIO , 2010 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia v. Heller '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Heller , Justice Stevens dissenting '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Heller , Opinion of the Court , Part II - A-1 - b . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Heller , Justice Breyer dissenting '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Heller , Opinion of the Court , Part II - D - 1 '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2010 . 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Archived from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tyler v. Hillsdale County Sheriff 's Dep 't , 2015 U.S. App . LEXIS 6638 ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Skoien and the many challenges of Second Amendment jurisprudence '' . Sentencing Law and Policy . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2010 . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.S. v. Skoien No. 08 - 3770 '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Laws , Life , and Legal Matters -- Court Cases and Legal Information at Leagle.com -- All Federal and State Appeals Court Cases in One Search '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The right to regain the right to own a gun '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dennis A. Henigan : New Court Ruling Throws Cold Water on `` Gun Rights '' Celebration `` . Huffington Post . July 16 , 2010 . 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American Government and Politics Today : The Essentials . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth Publishing . ISBN 0 - 495 - 57170 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Shapiro , Ilya ( 2008 ) . Cato Supreme Court Review 2007 -- 2008 . Washington , D.C : Cato Institute . ISBN 1 - 933995 - 17 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Smith , Rich ( 2007 ) . The Bill of Rights : Defining Our Freedoms . ABDO Group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59928 - 913 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Spitzer , Robert J. ( 2001 ) . The Right to Bear Arms : Rights and Liberties under the Law . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 347 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Szatmary , David P. ( 1980 ) . Shays ' Rebellion : the Making of an Agrarian Insurrection . Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press . ISBN 0 - 87023 - 295 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Tucker , St. George ; Blackstone , William ( 1996 ) . Blackstone 's Commentaries : With Notes of Reference to the Constitution and Laws , of the Federal Government of the United States , and of the Commonwealth of Virginia : In Five Volumes . The Lawbook Exchange , Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 886363 - 15 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Tushnet , Mark V. ( 2007 ) . Out of Range : Why the Constitution Ca n't End the Battle Over Guns . Oxford University Press . p. xv . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530424 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Rabban , David ( 1999 ) . Free Speech in its Forgotten Years . Cambridge University Press . </Li> <Li> Rawle , William ( 1829 ) . A View of the Constitution of the United States of America ( 2 ed . ) . P.H. Nicklin . </Li> <Li> Spooner , Lysander ( 1852 ) . An Essay on the Trial by Jury . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Vile , John R. ( 2005 ) . The Constitutional Convention of 1787 : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America 's Founding ( 2 Volume Set ) . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 669 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Williams , David H. ( 2003 ) . The Mythic Meanings of the Second Amendment : Taming Political Violence in a Constitutional Republic . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09562 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Wills , Garry ( 2000 ) . Saul , Cornell , ed . Whose Right to Bear Arms did the Second Amendment Protect ? . Boston : Bedford / St. Martin 's . ISBN 0 - 312 - 24060 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Wills , Garry ( 2002 ) . A Necessary Evil : A History of American Distrust of Government . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 256 -- 57 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 87026 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Winterer , Caroline ( 2002 ) . The Culture of Classicism : Ancient Greece and Rome in American Intellectual Life , 1780 -- 1910 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . </Li> <Li> Young , David E. ( 2001 ) . The Origin of the Second Amendment : A Documentary History of the Bill of Rights 1787 -- 1792 ( 2 ed . ) . Golden Oak Books . ISBN 0 - 9623664 - 3 - 9 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Periodicals ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Barnett , Gary E. ( June 24 , 2008 ) . `` The Reasonable Regulation of the Right to Keep and Bear Arms '' . Geo . J.L. & Pub . Pol'y. 6 ( 2 ) . SSRN 1152102 . </Li> <Li> Bogus , Carl T. ( Winter 1998 ) . `` The Hidden History of the Second Amendment '' ( PDF ) . U.C. Davis Law Review . 31 ( 2 ) : 309 -- 408 . </Li> <Li> Breen , T.H. ( 1972 ) . `` English Origins and New World Development : The Case of the Covenanted Militia in Seventeenth - Century Massachusetts '' . Past & Present. 57 ( 1 ) : 74 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 57.1. 74 . </Li> <Li> Charles , Patrick J. ( 2009 ) . `` ' Arms for Their Defence ? ' : An Historical , Legal , and Textual Analysis of the English Right to Have Arms and Whether the Second Amendment should Be Incorporated in McDonald v. City of Chicago '' . Clev . St. L. Rev. SSRN 1550768 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Cramer , Clayton ( 15 June 2007 ) . `` The Racist Roots of Gun Control '' . Libcom.org . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Davies , Ross ( Winter 2008 ) . `` Which is the Constitution '' ( PDF ) . Green Bag 2d. 11 ( 2 ) : 209 -- 16 . </Li> <Li> Gunn , Steven H. ( 1998 ) . `` A Lawyer 's Guide to the Second Amendment '' . BYU L. Rev. 35 . </Li> <Li> Hardy , David ( 2007 ) . `` Book Review : A Well - Regulated Militia : The Founding Fathers and the Origins of Gun Control in America '' . Wm . & Mary Bill of Rts. J. 15 . SSRN 947334 . </Li> <Li> Henigan , Denis ( 1991 ) . `` Arms , Anarchy , and the Second Amendment '' . Val . L. Rev. 26 ( 107 ) . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Heyman , Stephen ( 2000 ) . `` Natural Rights and the Second Amendment '' . Chi. - Kent . L. Rev. 76 ( 237 ) . </Li> <Li> Kates Jr. , Don B. ( November 1983 ) . `` Handgun Prohibition and the Original Meaning of the Second Amendment '' . Mich . L. Rev. 82 ( 2 ) : 204 -- 73 . doi : 10.2307 / 1288537 . JSTOR 1288537 . </Li> <Li> Konig , David Thomas ( Spring 2004 ) . `` The Second Amendment : A Missing Transatlantic Context for the Historical Meaning of `` the Right of the People to Keep and Bear Arms '' `` . Law and History Review . 22 ( 1 ) : 120 -- 59 . doi : 10.2307 / 4141667 . </Li> <Li> Lund , Nelson . `` Heller and Second Amendment Precedent '' . Lewis & Clark L. Rev. SSRN 1235537 . </Li> <Li> Malcolm , Joyce Lee ( 1986 ) . `` Book Review : That Every Man Be Armed '' . 54 . </Li> <Li> Malcolm , Joyce Lee ( 1993 ) . `` The Role of the Militia in the Development of the Englishman 's Right to be Armed -- Clarifying the Legacy '' . J. On Firearms & Pub . Pol'y. 5 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 23 . </Li> <Li> McAffee , Thomas B. ; Quinlan , Michael J. ( March 1997 ) . `` Bringing Forward the Right to Keep and Bear Arms : Do Text , History , or Precedent Stand in the Way ? '' . N.C.L. Rev . </Li> <Li> McClurg , Andrew ( 1999 ) . `` Lotts ' More Guns and Other Fallacies Infecting the Gun Control Debate '' . J. Of Firearms & Pub . Pol'y. 11 . </Li> <Li> Merkel , William ( Summer 2009 ) . `` Heller and Scalia 's Originalism '' . Lewis & Clark L. Rev. 13 ( 2 ) . SSRN 1422048 . </Li> <Li> Rakove , Jack ( 2000 ) . `` The Second Amendment : The Highest Stage of Originalism '' . Chi. - Kent . L. Rev. 76 . </Li> <Li> Reynolds , Glenn ( 1995 ) . `` A Critical Guide to the Second Amendment '' . Tenn . L. Rev. 62 ( 461 ) . SSRN 960788 . </Li> <Li> Schmidt , Christopher ( February 2007 ) . `` An International Human Right to Keep and Bear Arms '' . Wm . & Mary Bill of Rts. J. 15 ( 3 ) : 983 . </Li> <Li> Smith , Douglas ( 2008 ) . `` The Second Amendment and the Supreme Court '' . Geo . J.L. & Pub . Pol'y. 6 . SSRN 1093751 . </Li> <Li> Volokh , Eugene ( 1998 ) . `` The Commonplace Second Amendment '' . NYU L. Rev. 73 ( 793 ) . </Li> <Li> Volokh , Eugene ( November -- December 1998 ) . `` Testimony of Eugene Volokh on the Second Amendment , Senate Subcommittee on the Constitution , September 23 , 1998 '' . Cal . Pol. Rev . </Li> <Li> Weisselberg , Charles D. ( 2009 ) . `` Selected Criminal Law Cases in the Supreme Court 's 2007 -- 2008 Term , and a Look Ahead '' ( PDF ) . Court Review . 44 . </Li> <Li> Winkler , Adam ( February 2007 ) . `` Scrutinizing the Second Amendment '' . Mich . L. Rev. 105 . </Li> <Li> Winkler , Adam ( June 2009 ) . `` Heller 's Catch 22 '' . UCLA L. Rev. 56 . SSRN 1359225 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Other publications ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Maer , Lucinda ; Gay , Oonagh ( 2009 ) . `` The Bill of Rights 1689 '' . Parliament and Constitution Centre . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Tahmassebi , S.B. ( 1991 ) . `` Gun Control and Racism '' . George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal . 2 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 100 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2000 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Second Amendment to the United States Constitution </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Works related to United States Bill of Rights at Wikisource </Li> <Li> District of Columbia v. 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Lionel Messi - wikipedia <H1> Lionel Messi </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Messi '' redirects here . For the 2014 film , see Messi ( 2014 film ) . <Table> Lionel Messi <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Messi with Barcelona in December 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Full name </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Lionel Andrés Messi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date of birth </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> ( 1987 - 06 - 24 ) 24 June 1987 ( age 30 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Place of birth </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Rosario , Argentina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Height </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> 1.70 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Playing position </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Forward </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Club information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current team </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Barcelona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Number </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Youth career </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1994 -- 2000 </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Newell 's Old Boys </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2001 -- 2004 </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Barcelona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Senior career * </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years </Th> <Td> Team </Td> <Td> Apps </Td> <Td> ( Gls ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2003 -- 2004 </Th> <Td> Barcelona C </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> ( 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2004 -- 2005 </Th> <Td> Barcelona B </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> ( 6 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2004 -- </Th> <Td> Barcelona </Td> <Td> 386 </Td> <Td> ( 354 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> National team </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2004 -- 2005 </Th> <Td> Argentina U20 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> ( 14 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2008 </Th> <Td> Argentina U23 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2005 -- </Th> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> 120 </Td> <Td> ( 58 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Honours ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Representing Argentina </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> South American U-20 Championship </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2005 Colombia </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> FIFA U-20 World Cup </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Winner </Td> <Td> 2005 Netherlands </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Copa América </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Runner - up </Td> <Td> 2007 Venezuela </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Runner - up </Td> <Td> 2015 Chile </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Runner - up </Td> <Td> 2016 United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Olympic Games </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2008 Beijing </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> FIFA World Cup </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Runner - up </Td> <Td> 2014 Brazil </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 16 September 2017 . ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 6 September 2017 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Lionel Andrés `` Leo '' Messi ( Spanish pronunciation : ( ljoˈnel anˈdɾes ˈmesi ) ( listen ) ; born 24 June 1987 ) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish club Barcelona and the Argentina national team . Often considered the best player in the world and regarded by many as the greatest of all time , Messi is the only player in history to win five FIFA Ballon d'Or awards , four of which he won consecutively , and a record - tying four European Golden Shoes . He has won 29 trophies with Barcelona , including eight La Liga titles , four UEFA Champions League titles , and five Copas del Rey . Both a prolific goalscorer and a creative playmaker , Messi holds the records for most official goals scored in La Liga ( 354 ) , a La Liga season ( 50 ) and a club football season in Europe ( 73 ) , a calendar year ( 91 ) , as well as those for most assists made in La Liga ( 138 ) and the Copa América ( 11 ) . He has scored over 500 senior career goals for club and country . </P> <P> Born and raised in central Argentina , Messi was diagnosed with a growth hormone deficiency as a child . At age 13 , he relocated to Spain to join Barcelona , who agreed to pay for his medical treatment . After a fast progression through Barcelona 's youth academy , Messi made his competitive debut aged 17 in October 2004 . Despite being injury - prone during his early career , he established himself as an integral player for the club within the next three years , finishing 2007 as a finalist for both the Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year award , a feat he repeated the following year . His first uninterrupted campaign came in the 2008 -- 09 season , during which he helped Barcelona achieve the first treble in Spanish football . At 22 years old , Messi won the Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year award by record voting margins . </P> <P> Three successful seasons followed , with Messi winning three consecutive FIFA Ballons d'Or , including an unprecedented fourth . His personal best campaign statistically to date was the 2011 -- 12 season , in which he set the La Liga and European records for most goals scored in a single season , while establishing himself as Barcelona 's all - time top scorer in official competitions in March 2012 . He again struggled with injury during the following two seasons , twice finishing second for the Ballon d'Or behind Cristiano Ronaldo , his perceived career rival . Messi regained his best form during the 2014 -- 15 campaign , breaking the all - time goalscoring records in both La Liga and the Champions League in November 2014 , and led Barcelona to a historic second treble . </P> <P> An Argentine international , Messi is his country 's all - time leading goalscorer . At youth level , he won the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship , finishing the tournament with both the Golden Ball and Golden Shoe , and an Olympic gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics . His style of play as a diminutive , left - footed dribbler drew comparisons with compatriot Diego Maradona , who declared the teenager his successor . After making his senior debut in August 2005 , Messi became the youngest Argentine to play and score in a FIFA World Cup during the 2006 edition , and reached the final of the 2007 Copa América , where he was named young player of the tournament . As the squad 's captain from August 2011 , he led Argentina to three consecutive finals : the 2014 World Cup , for which he won the Golden Ball , and the 2015 and 2016 Copas América . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 Club career <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Barcelona <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 2003 -- 05 : Rise to the first team </Li> <Li> 2.1. 2 2005 -- 08 : Making the starting eleven </Li> <Li> 2.1. 3 2009 -- 11 : Sustained success </Li> <Li> 2.1. 4 2012 : A record - breaking year </Li> <Li> 2.1. 5 2013 -- 14 : Messidependencia </Li> <Li> 2.1. 6 2014 -- 15 season : A historic treble </Li> <Li> 2.1. 7 2015 -- 16 season : Domestic success </Li> <Li> 2.1. 8 2016 -- 17 season : Individual success </Li> <Li> 2.1. 9 2017 -- 18 season </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 International career <Ul> <Li> 3.1 2004 -- 05 : Success at youth level </Li> <Li> 3.2 2005 -- 06 : Senior and World Cup debuts </Li> <Li> 3.3 2007 -- 08 : Copa América final and Olympic gold </Li> <Li> 3.4 2008 -- 11 : Collective decline </Li> <Li> 3.5 2011 -- 13 : Assuming the captaincy </Li> <Li> 3.6 2014 -- 15 : World Cup and Copa América finals </Li> <Li> 3.7 2016 : Copa América Centenario , retirement , and return <Ul> <Li> 3.7. 1 `` Do n't go , Leo '' </Li> <Li> 3.7. 2 Return </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Player profile <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Style of play </Li> <Li> 4.2 Reception </Li> <Li> 4.3 Comparisons to Cristiano Ronaldo </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 6 Personal life <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Family and relationships </Li> <Li> 6.2 Charity </Li> <Li> 6.3 Legal issues </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Career statistics <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Club </Li> <Li> 7.2 International </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Honours and achievements <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Club </Li> <Li> 8.2 International </Li> <Li> 8.3 Individual <Ul> <Li> 8.3. 1 Awards </Li> <Li> 8.3. 2 Performances </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8.4 Records <Ul> <Li> 8.4. 1 World </Li> <Li> 8.4. 2 Continental </Li> <Li> 8.4. 3 Spain </Li> <Li> 8.4. 4 Argentina </Li> <Li> 8.4. 5 Barcelona </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Early life </H2> <P> Lionel Andrés Messi was born on 24 June 1987 in Rosario , the third of four children of Jorge Messi , a steel factory manager , and his wife Celia Cuccittini , who worked in a magnet manufacturing workshop . On his father 's side , he is of Italian and Spanish descent , the great - grandson of immigrants from Marche and Catalonia , and on his mother 's side , he has primarily Italian ancestry . Growing up in a tight - knit , football - loving family , `` Leo '' developed a passion for the sport from an early age , playing constantly with his older brothers , Rodrigo and Matías , and his cousins , Maximiliano and Emanuel Biancucchi , both of whom became professional footballers . At the age of four he joined local club Grandoli , where he was coached by his father , though his earliest influence as a player came from his maternal grandmother , Celia , who accompanied him to training and matches . He was greatly affected by her death , shortly before his eleventh birthday ; since then , as a devout Catholic , he has celebrated his goals by looking up and pointing to the sky in tribute of his grandmother . </P> `` When you saw him you would think : this kid ca n't play ball . He 's a dwarf , he 's too fragile , too small . But immediately you 'd realise that he was born different , that he was a phenomenon and that he was going to be something impressive . '' -- Newell 's Old Boys youth coach Adrián Coria shares his first impression of the 12 - year - old Messi . <P> A lifelong supporter of Newell 's Old Boys , Messi joined the Rosario club when he was six years old . During the six years he played for Newell 's , he scored almost 500 goals as a member of `` The Machine of ' 87 '' , the near - unbeatable youth side named for the year of their birth , and regularly entertained crowds by performing ball tricks during half - time of the first team 's home games . However , his future as a professional player was threatened when , at age 10 , he was diagnosed with a growth hormone deficiency . As his father 's health insurance covered only two years of growth hormone treatment , which cost at least $ 1,000 per month , Newell 's agreed to contribute , but later reneged on their promise . He was scouted by Buenos Aires club River Plate , whose playmaker , Pablo Aimar , he idolised , but they were also unable to pay for his treatment due to the country 's economic collapse . </P> Messi enrolled at Barcelona 's youth academy , La Masia , at age 13 <P> As the Messi family had relatives in Catalonia , they sought to arrange a trial with Barcelona in September 2000 . First team director Charly Rexach immediately wanted to sign him , but the board of directors hesitated ; at the time it was highly unusual for European clubs to sign foreign players of such a young age . On 14 December , an ultimatum was issued for Barcelona to prove their commitment , and Rexach , with no other paper at hand , offered a contract on a paper napkin . In February 2001 , the family relocated to Barcelona , where they moved into an apartment near the club 's stadium , Camp Nou . During his first year in Spain , Messi rarely played with the Infantiles due to a transfer conflict with Newell 's ; as a foreigner , he could only be fielded in friendlies and the Catalan league . Without football , he struggled to integrate into the team ; already reserved by nature , he was so quiet that his teammates initially believed he was mute . At home , he suffered from homesickness after his mother moved back to Rosario with his brothers and little sister , María Sol , while he stayed in Barcelona with his father . </P> <P> After a year at Barcelona 's youth academy , La Masia , Messi was finally enrolled in the Royal Spanish Football Federation ( RFEF ) in February 2002 . Now playing in all competitions , he befriended his teammates , among whom were Cesc Fàbregas and Gerard Piqué . After completing his growth hormone treatment aged 14 , Messi became an integral part of the `` Baby Dream Team '' , Barcelona 's greatest - ever youth side . During his first full season ( 2002 -- 03 ) , he was top scorer with 36 goals in 30 games for the Cadetes A , who won an unprecedented treble of the league and both the Spanish and Catalan cups . The Copa Catalunya final , a 4 -- 1 victory over Espanyol , became known in club lore as the partido de la máscara , the final of the mask . A week after suffering a broken cheekbone during a league match , Messi was allowed to start the game on the condition that he wear a plastic protector ; soon hindered by the mask , he took it off and scored two goals in 10 minutes before his substitution . At the close of the season , he received an offer to join Arsenal , his first from a foreign club , but while Fàbregas and Piqué soon left for England , he chose to remain in Barcelona . </P> <H2> Club career </H2> <H3> Barcelona </H3> 2003 -- 05 : rise to the first team `` It seemed as if he had been playing with us all his life . '' -- Barcelona 's then assistant coach Henk Ten Cate on Messi 's first - team debut . <P> During the 2003 -- 04 season , his fourth with Barcelona , Messi rapidly progressed through the club 's ranks , debuting for a record five teams in a single campaign . After being named player of the tournament in four international pre-season competitions with the Juveniles B , he played only one official match with the team before being promoted to the Juveniles A , where he scored 18 goals in 11 league games . Messi was then one of several youth players called up to strengthen a depleted first team during the international break . French Winger Ludovic Giuly explained how a teenage Leo caught the eye in a training session with Frank Rijkaard 's first team : `` He destroyed us all ... They were kicking him all over the place to avoid being ridiculed by this kid , he just got up and kept on playing . He would dribble past four players and score a goal . Even the team 's starting centre - backs were nervous . He was an alien . '' At 16 years , four months , and 23 days old , he made his first team debut when he came on in the 75th minute during a friendly against José Mourinho 's Porto on 16 November 2003 . His performance , creating two chances and a shot on goal , impressed the technical staff , and he subsequently began training daily with the club 's reserve side , Barcelona B , as well as weekly with the first team . After his first training session with the senior squad , Barça 's new star player , Ronaldinho , told his teammates that he believed the 16 - year - old would become an even better player than himself . Ronaldinho soon befriended Messi , whom he called `` little brother '' , which greatly eased his transition into the first team . </P> Messi against Málaga in 2005 <P> To gain further match experience , Messi joined Barcelona C in addition to the Juveniles A , playing his first game for the third team on 29 November . He helped save them from the relegation zone of the Tercera División , scoring five goals in ten games , including a hat - trick in eight minutes during a Copa del Rey match while man - marked by Sevilla 's Sergio Ramos . His progress was reflected in his first professional contract , signed on 4 February 2004 , which lasted until 2012 and contained an initial buyout clause of € 30 million . A month later , on 6 March , he made his debut for Barcelona B in the Segunda División B , and his buyout clause automatically increased to € 80 million . He played five games with the B team that season but did not score . Physically he was weaker than his opponents , who were often much older and taller , and in training he worked on increasing his muscle mass and overall strength in order to be able to shake off defenders . Towards the end of the season , he returned to both youth teams , helping the Juveniles B win the league . He finished the campaign having scored for four of his five teams with a total of 36 goals in all official competitions . </P> <P> During the 2004 -- 05 season , Messi was a guaranteed starter for the B team , playing 17 games throughout the campaign and scoring on six occasions . Since his debut the previous November , he had not been called up to the first team again , but in October 2004 , the senior players asked manager Frank Rijkaard to promote him . Since Ronaldinho already played on the left wing , Rijkaard moved Messi from his usual position onto the right flank ( though initially against the player 's wishes ) , allowing him to cut into the centre of the pitch and shoot with his dominant left foot . Messi made his league debut during the next match on 16 October , against Espanyol , coming on in the 82nd minute . At 17 years , three months , and 22 days old , he was at the time the youngest player to represent Barcelona in an official competition . As a substitute player , he played only 77 minutes in nine matches for the first team that season , including his debut in the UEFA Champions League against Shakhtar Donetsk . He scored his first senior goal on 1 May 2005 , against Albacete , from an assist by Ronaldinho , becoming -- at that time -- the youngest - ever scorer for the club . Barcelona , in their second season under Rijkaard , won the league for the first time in six years . </P> 2005 -- 08 : making the starting Eleven `` In my entire life I have never seen a player of such quality and personality at such a young age , particularly wearing the ' heavy ' shirt of one of the world 's great clubs . '' -- Fabio Capello praises the 18 - year - old Messi following the Joan Gamper trophy in August 2005 . <P> On 24 June 2005 , his 18th birthday , Messi signed his first contract as a senior team player . It made him a Barcelona player until 2010 , two years less than his previous contract , but his buyout clause increased to € 150 million . His breakthrough came two months later , on 24 August , during the Joan Gamper Trophy , Barcelona 's pre-season competition . A starter for the first time , he gave a well - received performance against Fabio Capello 's Juventus , receiving an ovation from the Camp Nou . While Capello requested to loan Messi , a bid to buy him came from Inter Milan , who were willing to pay his € 150 million buyout clause and triple his wages . According to then - president Joan Laporta , it was the only time the club faced a real risk of losing Messi , but he ultimately decided to stay . On 16 September , his contract was updated for the second time in three months and extended to 2014 . </P> Messi during a training session with Barça in August 2006 <P> Due to issues regarding his legal status in the Royal Spanish Football Federation , Messi missed the start of La Liga , but on 26 September , he acquired Spanish citizenship and became eligible to play . Wearing the number 19 shirt , he gradually established himself as the first - choice right winger , forming an attacking trio with Ronaldinho and striker Samuel Eto'o . He was in the starting line - up in major matches like his first Clásico against rivals Real Madrid on 19 November , as well as Barcelona 's away victory over Chelsea in the last 16 round of the Champions League , where he played his best match to that point . After he had scored 8 goals in 25 games , including his first in the Champions League , his season ended prematurely during the return leg against Chelsea on 7 March 2006 , when he suffered a torn hamstring . Messi worked to regain fitness in time for the Champions League final , but on 17 May , the day of the final , he was eventually ruled out . He was so disappointed that he did not celebrate his team 's victory over Arsenal in Paris , something he later came to regret . </P> <P> While Barcelona began a gradual decline , the 19 - year - old Messi established himself as one of the best players in the world during the 2006 -- 07 campaign . Already an idol to the culés , the club 's supporters , he scored 17 goals in 36 games across all competitions . However , he continued to be plagued by major injuries ; a metatarsal fracture sustained on 12 November 2006 kept him out of action for three months . He recovered in time for the last 16 round of the Champions League against Liverpool , but was effectively marked out of the game ; Barcelona , the reigning champions , were out of the competition . In the league , his goal contribution increased towards the end of the season ; 11 of his 14 goals came from the last 13 games . On 10 March 2007 , he scored his first hat - trick in a Clásico , the first player to do so in 12 years , equalising after each goal by Real Madrid to end the match in a 3 -- 3 draw in extra time . His growing importance to the club was reflected in a new contract , signed that month , which greatly increased his wages . </P> Messi makes his Maradona-esque run against Getafe in April 2007 <P> Already frequently compared to compatriot Diego Maradona , Messi proved their similarity when he nearly replicated Maradona 's two most famous goals in the span of three weeks . During a Copa del Rey semi-final against Getafe on 18 April , he scored a goal remarkably similar to Maradona 's goal in the quarter - finals of the 1986 FIFA World Cup , known as the Goal of the Century . Messi collected the ball on the right side near the halfway line , ran 60 metres ( 200 ft ) , and beat five defenders before scoring with an angled finish , just as Maradona had done . A league match against Espanyol on 9 June saw him score by launching himself at the ball and guiding it past the goalkeeper with his hand in similar fashion to Maradona 's Hand of God goal in the same World Cup match . As Messi continued his individual rise , Barcelona faltered ; the team failed to reach the Copa del Rey final after Messi was rested during the second leg against Getafe and lost the league to Real Madrid on head - to - head results . </P> <P> After Ronaldinho lost form , Messi became Barça 's new star player at only 20 years old , receiving the nickname `` Messiah '' from the Spanish media . His efforts in 2007 also earned him award recognition ; journalists voted him the third - best player of the year for the Ballon d'Or , behind Kaká and runner - up Cristiano Ronaldo , while international managers and national team captains voted him second for the FIFA World Player of the Year award , again behind Kaká . Although he managed to score 16 goals during the 2007 -- 08 campaign , the second half of his season was again marred by injuries after he suffered a torn hamstring on 15 December . He returned to score twice in their away victory against Celtic in the last 16 round of the Champions League , becoming the competition 's top scorer at that point with six goals , but reinjured himself during the return leg on 4 March 2008 . Rijkaard had fielded him despite warning from the medical staff , leading captain Carles Puyol to criticise the Spanish media for pressuring Messi to play every match . Barcelona finished the season without trophies , eliminated in the Champions League semi-finals by the eventual champions , Manchester United , and placed third in the league . </P> <P> After two unsuccessful seasons , Barcelona were in need of an overhaul , leading to the departure of Rijkaard and Ronaldinho . Upon the latter 's departure , Messi was given the number 10 shirt . He signed a new contract in July 2008 on an annual salary of € 7.8 million , becoming the club 's highest - paid player . Ahead of the new season , a major concern remained his frequent muscular injuries , which had left him side - lined for a total of eight months between 2006 and 2008 . To combat the problem , the club implemented new training , nutrition , and lifestyle regimens , and assigned him a personal physiotherapist , who would travel with him during call - ups for the Argentina national team . As a result , Messi remained virtually injury - free during the next four years , allowing him to reach his full potential . Despite his injuries early in the year , his performances in 2008 saw him again voted runner - up for the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award , both times behind Cristiano Ronaldo . </P> 2009 -- 11 : sustained success <P> In his first uninterrupted campaign , the 2008 -- 09 season , he scored 38 goals in 51 games , contributing alongside Eto'o and winger Thierry Henry to a total of 100 goals in all competitions , a record at the time for the club . </P> Messi in the Champions League final against Manchester United in May 2009 <P> During his first season under Barcelona 's new manager , former captain Pep Guardiola , Messi played mainly on the right wing , like he had under Rijkaard , though this time as a false winger with the freedom to cut inside and roam the centre . During the Clásico on 2 May 2009 , however , he played for the first time as a false nine , positioned as a centre - forward but dropping deep into midfield to link up with Xavi and Andrés Iniesta . He assisted with a chip his side 's first goal and scored twice to end the match in an emphatic 6 -- 2 victory , the team 's greatest - ever score at Real Madrid 's Santiago Bernabéu Stadium . Returning to the wing , he played his first final since breaking into the first team on 13 May , scoring once and assisting a second goal as Barcelona defeated Athletic Bilbao 4 -- 1 to win the Copa del Rey . With 23 league goals from Messi that season , Barcelona became La Liga champions three days later and achieved its fifth double . </P> <P> As the season 's Champions League top scorer with nine goals , the youngest in the tournament 's history , Messi scored two goals and assisted two more to ensure a 4 -- 0 quarter - final victory over Bayern Munich . He returned as a false nine during the final on 27 May in Rome against Manchester United . Barcelona were crowned champions of Europe by winning the match 2 -- 0 , the second goal coming from a Messi header over goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar . Barcelona thus achieved the first treble in the history of Spanish football . This success was reflected in a new contract , signed on 18 September , which committed Messi to the club through 2016 with a new buyout clause of € 250 million , while his salary increased to € 12 million . His team 's prosperity continued into the second half of 2009 , as Barcelona became the first club to achieve the sextuple , winning six top - tier trophies in a single year . After victories in the Supercopa de España and UEFA Super Cup in August , Barcelona won the FIFA Club World Cup against Estudiantes de La Plata on 19 December , with Messi scoring the winning 2 -- 1 goal with his chest . At 22 years old , Messi won the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award , both times by the greatest voting margin in each trophy 's history . </P> `` Messi is the best player in the world by some distance . He 's like a PlayStation . He can take advantage of every mistake we make . '' -- Arsène Wenger commends Messi for his four -- goal display against Arsenal in April 2010 . <P> Unsatisfied with his position on the right wing , Messi resumed playing as a false nine in early 2010 , beginning with a Champions League last 16 - round match against VfB Stuttgart . After a first - leg draw , Barcelona won the second leg 4 -- 0 with two goals and an assist from Messi . At that point , he effectively became the tactical focal point of Guardiola 's team , and his goalscoring rate increased . Messi scored a total of 47 goals in all competitions that season , equaling Ronaldo 's club record from the 1996 -- 97 campaign . He notably scored all of his side 's four goals in the Champions League quarter - final against Arsène Wenger 's Arsenal on 6 April while becoming Barcelona 's all - time top scorer in the competition . Although Barcelona were eliminated in the Champions League semi-finals by the eventual champions , Inter Milan , Messi finished the season as top scorer ( with 8 goals ) for the second consecutive year . As the league 's top scorer with 34 goals ( again tying Ronaldo 's record ) , he helped Barcelona win a second consecutive La Liga trophy with only a single defeat . </P> Messi ( centre ) and his teammates celebrate winning the FIFA Club World Cup in December 2011 <P> Messi secured Barcelona 's first trophy of the 2010 -- 11 campaign , the Supercopa de España , by scoring a hat - trick in his side 's second - leg 4 -- 0 victory over Sevilla , after a first - leg defeat . Assuming a playmaking role , he was again instrumental in a Clásico on 29 November 2010 , the first with José Mourinho in charge of Real Madrid , as Barcelona defeated their rivals 5 -- 0 . Messi helped the team achieve 16 consecutive league victories , a record in Spanish football , concluding with another hat - trick against Atlético Madrid on 5 February 2011 . His club performances in 2010 earned him the inaugural FIFA Ballon d'Or , an amalgamation of the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award , though his win was met with some criticism due to his lack of success with Argentina at the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Under the award 's old format , he would have placed just outside the top three , owing his win to the votes from the international coaches and captains . </P> <P> Towards the end of the season , Barcelona played four Clásicos in the span of 18 days . A league match on 16 April ended in a draw after a penalty from Messi . After Barcelona lost the Copa del Rey final four days later , Messi scored both goals in his side 's 2 -- 0 win in the first leg of the Champions League semi-finals , the second of which -- a dribble past three players -- was acclaimed as one of the best ever in the competition . Although he did not score , he was again important in the second - leg draw that sent Barcelona through to the Champions League final , where they faced Manchester United in a repeat of the final two years earlier . As the competition 's top scorer for the third consecutive year , with 12 goals , Messi gave a man - of - the - match performance at Wembley on 28 May , scoring the match - winning goal of Barça 's 3 -- 1 victory . Barcelona won a third consecutive La Liga title . In addition to his 31 goals , Messi was also the league 's top assist provider with 18 . He finished the season with 53 goals and 24 assists in all competitions , becoming Barcelona 's all - time single - season top scorer and the first player in Spanish football to reach the 50 - goal benchmark . </P> <P> As Messi developed into a combination of a number 8 ( a creator ) , a 9 ( scorer ) , and a 10 ( assistant ) , he scored an unprecedented 73 goals and provided 29 assists in all club competitions during the 2011 -- 12 season , producing a hat - trick or more on 10 occasions . He began the campaign by helping Barcelona win both the Spanish and European Super Cups ; in the Supercopa de España , he scored three times to achieve a 5 -- 4 aggregate victory over Real Madrid , overtaking Raúl as the competition 's all - time top scorer with eight goals . At the close of the year , on 18 December , he scored twice in the FIFA Club World Cup final , a 4 -- 0 victory over Santos , earning the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament , as he had done two years previously . For his efforts in 2011 , he again received the FIFA Ballon d'Or , becoming only the fourth player in history to win the Ballon d'Or three times , after Johan Cruyff , Michel Platini , and Marco van Basten . Additionally , he won the inaugural UEFA Best Player in Europe Award , a revival of the old - style Ballon d'Or . By then , Messi was already widely considered one of the best footballers in history , alongside players like Diego Maradona and Pelé . </P> 2012 : a record - breaking year `` I feel sorry for those who want to compete for Messi 's throne -- it 's impossible , this kid is unique . '' -- Pep Guardiola after Messi became Barcelona 's all - time top scorer at age 24 in March 2012 <P> As Messi maintained his goalscoring form into the second half of the season , the year 2012 saw him break several longstanding records . On 7 March , two weeks after scoring four goals in a league fixture against Valencia , he scored five times in a Champions League last 16 - round match against Bayer Leverkusen , an unprecedented achievement in the history of the competition . In addition to being the joint top assist provider with five assists , this feat made him top scorer with 14 goals , tying José Altafini 's record from the 1962 -- 63 season , as well as becoming only the second player after Gerd Müller to be top scorer in four campaigns . Two weeks later , on 20 March , Messi became the top goalscorer in Barcelona 's history at 24 years old , overtaking the 57 - year record of César Rodríguez 's 232 goals with a hat - trick against Granada . </P> Messi points to the sky during his five - goal display against Bayer Leverkusen in March 2012 <P> Despite Messi 's individual form , Barcelona 's four - year cycle of success under Guardiola -- one of the greatest eras in the club 's history -- drew to an end . Although Barcelona won the Copa del Rey against Athletic Bilbao on 25 May , its 14th title of that period , the team had lost the league to Real Madrid and was eliminated in the Champions League semi-finals by the eventual champions , Chelsea , with Messi sending a crucial second - leg penalty kick against the crossbar . In Barça 's last home league match on 5 May , against Espanyol , Messi scored all four goals before approaching the bench to embrace Guardiola , who had announced his resignation as manager . He finished the season as league top scorer in Spain and Europe for a second time , with 50 goals , an all - time La Liga record , while his 73 goals in all competitions surpassed Gerd Müller 's 67 goals in the 1972 -- 73 Bundesliga season , making him the single - season top scorer in the history of European club football . </P> <P> Under manager Tito Vilanova , who had first coached him aged 14 at La Masia , Messi helped the club achieve its best - ever start to a La Liga season during the second half of 2012 , amassing 55 points by the competition 's midway point , a record in Spanish football . A double scored on 9 December against Real Betis saw Messi break two longstanding records : he surpassed César Rodríguez 's record of 190 league goals , becoming Barcelona 's all - time top scorer in La Liga , and Gerd Müller 's record of most goals scored in a calendar year , overtaking his 85 goals scored in 1972 for Bayern Munich and Germany . Messi sent Müller a number 10 Barcelona shirt , signed `` with respect and admiration '' , after breaking his 40 - year record . At the close of the year , Messi had scored a record 91 goals in all competitions for Barcelona and Argentina . Although FIFA did not acknowledge the achievement , citing verifiability issues , he received the Guinness World Records title for most goals scored in a calendar year . As the odds - on favourite , Messi again won the FIFA Ballon d'Or , becoming the only player in history to win the Ballon d'Or four times . </P> 2013 -- 14 : Messidependencia <P> Barcelona had virtually secured their La Liga title by the start of 2013 , eventually equalling Real Madrid 's 100 - point record of the previous season . However , their performances deteriorated in the second half of the 2012 -- 13 campaign , concurrently with Vilanova 's absence due to ill health . After losing successive Clásicos , including the Copa del Rey semi-finals , they were nearly eliminated in the first knockout round of the Champions League by Milan , but a revival of form in the second leg led to a 4 -- 0 comeback , with two goals and an assist from Messi . Now in his ninth senior season with Barcelona , Messi signed a new contract on 7 February , committing himself to the club through 2018 , while his fixed wage rose to € 13 million . He wore the captain 's armband for the first time a month later , on 17 March , in a league match against Rayo Vallecano ; by then , he had become the team 's tactical focal point to a degree that was arguably rivalled only by former Barcelona players Josep Samitier , László Kubala and Johan Cruyff . Since his evolution into a false nine three years earlier , his input into the team 's attack had increased exponentially ; from 24 % in their treble - winning campaign , his goal contribution rose to more than 40 % that season . </P> `` In Leo we are talking about the best player in the world and when things are not going well you have to use him . Even if he is half lame , his presence on the pitch is enough to lift us and our play in general . '' -- Defender Gerard Piqué explains Barcelona 's reliance on an unfit Messi against Paris Saint - Germain in April 2013 . <P> After four largely injury - free seasons , the muscular injuries that had previously plagued Messi reoccurred . After he suffered a hamstring strain on 2 April , during the first quarter - final against Paris Saint - Germain , his appearances became sporadic . In the second leg against PSG , with an underperforming Barcelona down a goal , Messi came off the bench in the second half and within nine minutes helped create their game - tying goal , which allowed them to progress to the semi-finals . Still unfit , he proved ineffective during the first leg against Bayern Munich and was unable to play at all during the second , as Barcelona were defeated 7 -- 0 on aggregate by the eventual champions . These matches gave credence to the notion of Messidependencia , Barcelona 's perceived tactical and psychological dependence on their star player . </P> <P> Messi continued to struggle with injury throughout 2013 , eventually parting ways with his long - time personal physiotherapist . Further damage to his hamstring sustained on 12 May ended his goalscoring streak of 21 consecutive league games , a worldwide record ; he had netted 33 goals during his run , including a four - goal display against Osasuna , while becoming the first player to score consecutively against all 19 opposition teams in La Liga . With 60 goals in all competitions , including 46 goals in La Liga , he finished the campaign as league top scorer in Spain and Europe for the second consecutive year , becoming the first player in history to win the European Golden Shoe three times . Following an irregular start to the new season under manager Gerardo Martino , formerly of his boyhood club Newell 's Old Boys , Messi suffered his fifth injury of 2013 when he tore his hamstring on 10 November , leaving him sidelined for two months . Despite his injuries , he was voted runner - up for the FIFA Ballon d'Or , relinquishing the award after a four - year monopoly to Cristiano Ronaldo . </P> Messi celebrates his second goal against Granada in September 2014 <P> During the second half of the 2013 -- 14 season , doubts persisted over Messi 's form , leading to a perception among the culés that he was reserving himself for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Statistically , his contribution of goals , shots , and passes had dropped significantly compared to previous seasons . He still managed to break two longstanding records in a span of seven days : a hat - trick on 16 March against Osasuna saw him overtake Paulino Alcántara 's 369 goals to become Barcelona 's top goalscorer in all competitions including friendlies , while another hat - trick against Real Madrid on 23 March made him the all - time top scorer in El Clásico , ahead of the 18 goals scored by former Real Madrid player Alfredo Di Stéfano . Messi finished the campaign with his worst output in five seasons , though he still managed to score 41 goals in all competitions . For the first time in five years , Barcelona ended the season without a major trophy ; they were defeated in the Copa del Rey final by Real Madrid and lost the league in the last game to Atlético Madrid , causing Messi to be booed by sections of fans at the Camp Nou . After prolonged speculation over his future with the club , Messi signed a new contract on 19 May 2014 , only a year after his last contractual update ; his salary increased to € 20 million , or € 36 million before taxes , the highest wage ever in the sport . </P> 2014 -- 15 season : a historic treble `` Messi is an alien that dedicates himself to playing with humans . '' -- Juventus captain Gianluigi Buffon ahead of their meeting in the Champions League final in June 2015 <P> Under new manager and former captain Luis Enrique , Messi experienced a largely injury - free start to the 2014 -- 15 season , allowing him to break three more longstanding records towards the end of the year . A hat - trick scored against Sevilla on 22 November made him the all - time top scorer in La Liga , as he surpassed the 59 - year record of 251 league goals held by Telmo Zarra . Three days later , he scored another hat - trick against APOEL , overtaking Raúl 's 71 goals to become top scorer in the history of the Champions League . A third hat - trick , scored against city rivals Espanyol on 7 December , allowed him to surpass César Rodríguez as the all - time top scorer in the Derbi barceloní with 12 goals . Messi again placed second in the FIFA Ballon d'Or behind Cristiano Ronaldo , largely owing to his second - place achievement with Argentina at the World Cup . </P> <P> At the start of 2015 , Barcelona were perceived to be headed for another disappointing end to the season , with renewed speculation in the media that Messi was leaving the club . A turning point came on 11 January during a 3 -- 1 victory over Atlético Madrid , the first time Barça 's attacking trident of Messi , Luis Suárez and Neymar , dubbed `` MSN '' , each scored in a match , marking the beginning of a highly successful run . After five years of playing in the centre of the pitch , Messi had returned to his old position on the right wing late the previous year , by his own suggestion according to Suárez , their striker . From there , he regained his best -- arguably his best - ever -- form , while Suárez and Neymar ended the team 's attacking dependency on their star player . With 58 goals from Messi , the trio scored a total of 122 goals in all competitions that season , a record in Spanish football . </P> Messi battles Juventus defender Patrice Evra for the ball during the Champions League final in June 2015 <P> Towards the end of the campaign , Messi scored the only goal in a 1 -- 0 away win over Atlético Madrid on 17 May , securing the La Liga title . Among his 43 league goals that season was a hat - trick scored in 11 minutes against Rayo Vallecano on 8 March , the fastest of his senior career ; it was his 32nd hat - trick overall for Barcelona , allowing him to overtake Telmo Zarra as the player with the most hat - tricks ever in Spanish football . Additionally , as the season 's top assist provider with 18 assists , he surpassed Luís Figo as the player with the most assists in La Liga ; he made his record 106th assist in a fixture against Levante on 15 February , in which he also scored a hat - trick . Messi then scored twice as Barcelona defeated Athletic Bilbao 3 -- 1 in the Copa del Rey final on 30 May , achieving the sixth double in their history . His opening goal was hailed as one of the greatest in his career ; he collected the ball near the halfway line and beat four opposing players , before feinting the goalkeeper to score in a tight space by the near post . The goal was later named one of the three final nominees for the 2015 FIFA Puskás Award . </P> <P> In the Champions League , Messi scored twice and assisted on another in their 3 -- 0 semi-final victory over Bayern Munich , now under the stewardship of Guardiola . His second goal , which came only three minutes after his first , saw him chip the ball over goalkeeper Manuel Neuer after his dribble past Jérôme Boateng had made the defender drop to the ground ; it went viral , becoming the year 's most tweeted about sporting moment , and was named the best goal of the season by UEFA . Despite a second - leg loss , Barcelona progressed to the final on 6 June in Berlin , where they defeated Juventus 3 -- 1 to win their second treble , becoming the first team in history to do so . Although Messi did not score , he participated in each of his side 's goals , particularly the second as he forced a parried save from goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon from which Suárez scored the match - winning goal on the rebound . In addition to being the top assist provider with six assists , Messi finished the competition as the joint top scorer with ten goals , which earned him the distinction of being the first player ever to achieve the top scoring mark in five Champions League seasons . For his efforts during the season , he received the UEFA Best Player in Europe award for a second time . </P> 2015 -- 16 season : domestic success Messi dribbling past Sevilla 's Éver Banega in the 2015 UEFA Super Cup <P> Messi opened the 2015 -- 16 season by scoring twice from free kicks in Barcelona 's 5 -- 4 victory ( after extra time ) over Sevilla in the UEFA Super Cup . A subsequent 5 -- 1 aggregate defeat against Athletic Bilbao in the Supercopa de España ended their expressed hopes of a second sextuple , with Messi scoring his side 's only goal . On 16 September , he became the youngest player to make 100 appearances in the UEFA Champions League in a 1 -- 1 away draw to Roma . On 26 September , Messi sustained an injury in Barcelona 's match against Las Palmas ; tests later confirmed that he suffered a tear in the medial collateral ligament of his left knee , ruling him out for six to eight weeks . He finally returned to the pitch on 21 November , making a substitute appearance in Barcelona 's 4 -- 0 away win over rivals Real Madrid in El Clásico . Messi capped off the year by winning the 2015 FIFA Club World Cup Final on 20 December , collecting his fifth club trophy of 2015 as Barcelona went on to defeat River Plate 3 -- 0 in Yokohama . Messi also won the tournament 's Silver Ball , despite missing the semi-final . On 30 December , Messi scored on his 500th appearance for Barcelona , in a 4 -- 0 home win over Real Betis . </P> <P> On 6 January 2016 , recording Barcelona 's first goal of the new year , Messi scored two goals and assisted the other two in a 4 -- 1 derby win over Espanyol at the Camp Nou , in the first leg of the round of 16 of the 2015 -- 16 Copa del Rey . Five days later , Messi won the FIFA Ballon d'Or for a record fifth time in his career . On 3 February , he scored a hat - trick in Barcelona 's 7 -- 0 win against Valenciain the first leg of the Copa del Rey semi-final at the Camp Nou , also scoring his 500th career goal in the process , including youth competitions . With teammate Luis Suárez scoring the other four goals in the same match , this was the first time that two players had scored at least three goals each at Camp Nou , and the first time since Luis Suárez Miramontes and Justo Tejada in 1956 . The feat had only occurred three times before in the club 's history , all at Camp de Les Corts . The next league match at Camp Nou , a 6 -- 1 win against Celta de Vigo , Messi assisted Suárez from a penalty kick . Some people saw it as `` a touch of genius '' , while others criticised it as being disrespectful to the opponent . The Celta players , however , never complained and their coach defended the penalty , stating , `` Barca 's forwards are very respectful . '' The penalty routine has been compared to that of Barça icon Johan Cruyff in 1982 , who was battling lung cancer , leading many fans to indicate that the penalty was a tribute to him . Cruyff himself was `` very happy '' with the play , insisting `` it was legal and entertaining '' . </P> <P> On 17 February , Messi reached his 300th league goal in a 1 -- 3 away win against Sporting de Gijón . A few days later , he scored both goals in Barcelona 's 0 -- 2 win against Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium , in the first leg of the 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League round of 16 , with the second goal being Barcelona 's 10,000 th in official competitions . On 17 April , Messi ended a five - match scoring drought with his 500th senior career goal for club and country in Barcelona 's 2 -- 1 home loss to Valencia . Messi finished the 2015 -- 16 season by setting up both goals in Barcelona 's 2 -- 0 extra time win over Sevilla in the 2016 Copa del Rey Final , at the Vicente Calderón Stadium , on 22 May 2016 , as the club celebrated winning the domestic double for the second consecutive season . In total , Messi scored 41 goals and provided 23 assists , as Barcelona 's attacking trio managed a Spanish record of 131 goals throughout the season , breaking the record they had set the previous season . </P> 2016 -- 17 season : individual success `` ( Messi ) is indispensable , but the rest of us are dispensable . -- No , the club is bigger than any manager , than any player ... except Leo . That 's the reality , and you have to accept it . '' -- In an interview with Barcelona 's official magazine , Messi 's compatriot Javier Mascherano points out that Barcelona has continued to enjoy success despite the departures of its key figures . <P> Messi opened the 2016 -- 17 season by lifting the 2016 Supercopa de España as Barcelona 's captain in the absence of the injured Andrés Iniesta ; he set - up Munir 's goal in a 2 -- 0 away win over Sevilla in the first leg on 14 August , and subsequently scored and assisted in a 3 -- 0 win in the return leg on 17 August . Three days later , he scored two goals and provided an assist to lead Barcelona to a 6 -- 2 victory against Real Betis in the opening game of the 2016 -- 17 La Liga season . On 13 September 2016 , Messi scored his first hat - trick of the season in the opening game of the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Champions League campaign against Celtic in a 7 -- 0 victory ; this was also Messi 's sixth hat - trick in the Champions League , the most by any player . A week later , Messi sustained a groin injury in a 1 -- 1 draw against Atlético Madrid and was ruled out with injury for three weeks . He marked his return with a goal , scoring three minutes after coming off the bench in a 4 -- 0 home win over Deportivo de La Coruña , on 16 October . Three days after this , he netted his seventh Champions League hat - trick as Barcelona defeated Manchester City 4 -- 0 . On 1 November , Messi scored his 54th Champions League group stage goal in Barcelona 's 3 -- 1 away return fixture to Manchester City , surpassing the previous record of 53 goals held by Raúl . On 12 November , Messi placed second in the 2016 Ballon d'Or behind Cristiano Ronaldo , who claimed the award for the fourth time . He finished the year with 51 goals , making him Europe 's top scorer , one ahead of Zlatan Ibrahimović . </P> <P> After placing second in the 2016 Ballon d'Or , on 9 January 2017 Messi also finished in second place -- behind Cristiano Ronaldo once again -- in the 2016 Best FIFA Men 's Player Award . On 11 January , Messi scored from a free - kick in Barcelona 's 3 -- 1 victory against Athletic Bilbao in the second leg of the round of 16 of the Copa del Rey , which enabled Barcelona to advance to the quarter - finals of the competition ; with his 26th goal from a free - kick for Barcelona in all competitions , he equalled the club 's all - time record , which had previously been set by Ronald Koeman . In his next league match , on 14 January , Messi scored in a 5 -- 0 win against Las Palmas ; with this goal , he equalled Raúl 's record for the most number of teams scored against in La Liga ( 35 ) . On 4 February , Messi scored his 27th free - kick for Barcelona in a 3 -- 0 home win over Athletic Bilbao in the league , overtaking Koeman as the club 's all - time top - scorer from free - kicks . On 23 April , Messi scored twice in a 3 -- 2 away win over Real Madrid . His game - winning goal in stoppage time was his 500th for Barcelona . On 27 May , Messi scored a goal and set up another for Paco Alcácer in the 2017 Copa del Rey Final , helping Barcelona to a 3 -- 1 victory over Alavés , and was named Man of the Match . In total , Messi finished the 2016 -- 17 season with 54 goals and 16 assists , while his 37 goals in La Liga saw him claim both the Pichichi and European Golden Boot Awards for the fourth time in his career . </P> 2017 -- 18 season <P> Messi opened the 2017 -- 18 season by converting a penalty in Barcelona 's 1 -- 3 first leg home defeat to Real Madrid in Supercopa de España . Thereby , Messi also extended his El Clásico goalscoring record with the goal being his 24th official and 25th overall . On 27 August , Messi scored his first two goals of the 2017 -- 18 La Liga season in a 2 -- 0 away win over Alavés . Messi 's first goal marked his 350th in the fixture , becoming the first player to ever achieve the milestone . On 9 September , Messi scored his first hat - trick of the 2017 -- 18 league campaign , against Espanyol in derbi barceloní , thus helping to secure a 5 -- 0 home win for Blaugrana over local rivals . Messi netted twice against Gianluigi Buffon , on 12 September , as Barça defeated the last season 's Italian champions Juventus 3 -- 0 at home in the UEFA Champions League . </P> <H2> International career </H2> <H3> 2004 -- 05 : success at youth level </H3> <P> As a dual Argentine - Spanish national , Messi was eligible to play for the national team of both countries . Selectors for Spain 's Under - 17 squad began pursuing him in 2003 after Barcelona 's director of football , Carles Rexach , alerted the Royal Spanish Football Federation to their young player . Messi declined the offer , having aspired to represent La Albiceleste since childhood . To further prevent Spain from taking him , the Argentine Football Association organised two under - 20 friendlies in June 2004 , against Paraguay and Uruguay , with the purpose of finalising his status as an Argentina player in FIFA . Five days after his 17th birthday , on 29 June , he made his debut for his country against Paraguay , scoring once and providing two assists in their 8 -- 0 victory . He was subsequently included in the squad for the South American Youth Championship , held in Colombia in February 2005 . As he lacked the stamina of his teammates , the result of his former growth hormone deficiency , he was used as a substitute in six of the nine games , proving more effective when coming on in the second half . After being named man of the match against Venezuela , he scored the winning 2 -- 1 goal in the crucial last match against Brazil , thereby securing their third - place qualification for the FIFA World Youth Championship . </P> <P> Aware of his physical limitations , Messi employed a personal trainer to increase his muscle mass , returning to the squad in improved condition in time for the World Youth Championship , hosted by the Netherlands in June 2005 . After he was left out of the starting line - up in their first match against the United States , a 1 -- 0 defeat , the squad 's senior players asked manager Francisco Ferraro to let Messi start , as they considered him their best player . After helping the team defeat Egypt and Germany to progress past the group stage , Messi proved decisive in the knockout phase as he scored their equaliser against Colombia , provided a goal and an assist against title favourites Spain , and scored their opening goal against reigning champions Brazil . Ahead of the final , he was awarded the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament . He scored two penalties in their 2 -- 1 victory over Nigeria , clinching Argentina 's fifth championship and finishing the tournament as top scorer with 6 goals . His performances drew comparisons with compatriot Diego Maradona , who had led Argentina to the title in 1979 . </P> <H3> 2005 -- 06 : senior and World Cup debuts </H3> <P> In recognition of his achievements with the under - 20 side , senior manager José Pékerman gave Messi his first call - up for a friendly against Hungary on 17 August 2005 . Aged 18 , Messi made his senior debut for Argentina when he came on in the 63rd minute , only to be sent off after two minutes for a perceived foul against Vilmos Vanczák , who had grabbed his shirt ; Messi had struck the defender with his arm while trying to shake him off , which the referee interpreted as an intentional elbowing , a contentious decision . Messi was reportedly found weeping in the dressing room after his sending - off . He returned to the team on 3 September in their World Cup qualifier defeat to Paraguay , which he had declared his `` re-debut '' ahead of the match . Messi started his first game in the next qualifying match against Peru , in which he was able to win a crucial penalty that secured their victory . After the match , Pékerman described him as `` a jewel '' . He subsequently made regular appearances for the team ahead of Argentina 's participation in the 2006 FIFA World Cup , scoring his first goal in a friendly against Croatia on 1 March 2006 . A hamstring injury sustained a week later jeopardised his presence in the World Cup , but he was nevertheless selected for Pékerman 's squad and regained fitness in time for the start of the tournament . </P> <P> During the World Cup in Germany , Messi witnessed their opening match victory against the Ivory Coast from the substitutes ' bench . In the next match , against Serbia and Montenegro , he became the youngest player to represent Argentina at a FIFA World Cup when he came on as a substitute in the 74th minute . He assisted their fourth strike within minutes and scored the final goal in their 6 -- 0 victory , making him the youngest scorer in the tournament and the sixth - youngest goalscorer in the history of the World Cup . As their progression to the knockout phase was secured , several starters were rested during the last group match . Messi consequently started the game against the Netherlands , a 0 -- 0 draw , as they won their group on goal differential . In the round of 16 match against Mexico , played on his 19th birthday , Messi came on in the 84th minute , with the score tied at 1 -- 1 . He appeared to score a goal , but it was contentiously ruled offside , with the team needing a late goal in extra time to proceed . He did not play in the quarter - final against Germany , during which Argentina were eliminated 4 -- 2 in a penalty shootout . Back home , Pékerman 's decision to leave him on the bench against Germany led to widespread criticism from those who believed Messi could have changed the outcome of the match in Argentina 's favour . </P> <H3> 2007 -- 08 : Copa América final and Olympic gold </H3> Messi evades Brazil 's Marcelo in the semi-final of the 2008 Summer Olympics <P> As Messi evolved into one of the best players in the world , he secured a place in Alfio Basile 's starting line - up , as part of a team considered favourites to win the 2007 Copa América , held in Venezuela . He set up the game - winning goal of their 4 -- 1 victory over the United States in the opening match , before winning a penalty that led to the game - tying first strike of their 4 -- 2 win in the next match against Colombia . As they had secured their place in the knockout phase , Messi started the next game on the bench , coming on in the last 25 minutes with the score at 0 -- 0 to help his team defeat Paraguay by assisting their only goal . At the quarter - final stage , where the group winners faced Peru , he scored the second goal of a 4 -- 0 victory that saw them through to the semi-final , during which he chipped the ball over Mexico 's goalkeeper to ensure another 3 -- 0 win . In a surprise defeat , Argentina lost the final 3 -- 0 to a Brazil squad which lacked several of the nation 's best players . Their unexpected loss was followed by much criticism in Argentina , though Messi was mostly exempt due to his young age and secondary status to star player Juan Román Riquelme . He was named the best young player of the tournament by CONMEBOL . </P> <P> Ahead of the 2008 Summer Olympics , Barcelona legally barred Messi from representing Argentina at the tournament as it coincided with their Champions League qualifying matches . After interference from newly appointed Barcelona manager Pep Guardiola , who had won the tournament in 1992 , Messi was permitted to join Sergio Batista 's under - 23 squad in Beijing . During the first match , he scored the opening goal and assisted another in their 2 -- 1 victory over the Ivory Coast . Following a 1 -- 0 win in the next group match against Australia , ensuring their quarter - final qualification , Messi was rested during the game against Serbia , while his side won the match to finish first in their group . Against the Netherlands , he again scored the first goal and assisted a second strike to help his team to a 2 -- 1 win in extra time . After a 3 -- 0 semi-final victory over Brazil , Messi assisted the only goal in the final as Argentina defeated Nigeria to claim Olympic gold medals . Along with Riquelme , Messi was singled out by FIFA as the stand - out player from the tournament 's best team . </P> <H3> 2008 -- 11 : collective decline </H3> <P> From late 2008 , the national team experienced a three - year period marked by poor performances . Under manager Diego Maradona , who had led Argentina to World Cup victory as a player , the team struggled to qualify for the 2010 World Cup , securing their place in the tournament only after defeating Uruguay 1 -- 0 in their last qualifying match . Maradona was criticised for his strategic decisions as he played Messi out of position , positioned too deep for him to be able to contribute to the attack to his full ability . In eight qualifying matches under Maradona 's stewardship , Messi scored only one goal , netting the opening goal in the first such match , a 4 -- 0 victory over Venezuela . During that game , played on 28 March 2009 , he wore Argentina 's number 10 shirt for the first time , following the international retirement of Riquelme . Overall , Messi scored four goals in 18 appearances during the qualifying process . Ahead of the tournament , Maradona visited Messi in Barcelona to request his tactical input ; Messi then outlined a 4 -- 3 -- 1 -- 2 formation with himself playing behind the two strikers , a playmaking position known as the enganche in Argentine football , which had been his preferred position since childhood . </P> Messi in action during the opening match against Bolivia in the 2011 Copa América <P> Despite their poor qualifying campaign , Argentina were considered title contenders at the World Cup in South Africa . At the start of the tournament , the new formation proved effective ; Messi managed at least four attempts on goal during their opening match but was repeatedly denied by Nigeria 's goalkeeper , resulting in a 1 -- 0 win . During the next match , against South Korea , he excelled in his playmaking role , participating in all four goals of his side 's 4 -- 1 victory . As their place in the knockout phase was guaranteed , most of the starters were rested during the last group match , but Messi reportedly refused to be benched . He wore the captain 's armband for the first time in their 2 -- 0 win against Greece ; as the focal point of their play , he helped create their second goal to see Argentina finish as group winners . In the round of 16 , they defeated Mexico 3 -- 1 , with Messi assisting their first goal , a controversial strike that stood despite being offside . </P> <P> Argentina 's unstructured defence had proved a liability throughout the World Cup and finally led to their elimination in the quarter - final against Germany , at the same stage of the tournament and by the same opponent as four years earlier . Their 4 -- 0 loss was their worst margin of defeat since 1974 . FIFA subsequently identified Messi as one of the tournament 's 10 best players , citing his `` outstanding '' pace and creativity and `` spectacular and efficient '' dribbling , shooting and passing . Back home , however , Messi was the subject of far harsher judgement . As the perceived best player in the world , he had been expected to lead an average team to the title , as Maradona arguably did in 1986 , but he had failed to replicate his performances at Barcelona with the national team , leading to the accusation that he cared less about his country than his club . </P> <P> Maradona was replaced by Sergio Batista , who had orchestrated Argentina 's Olympic victory . Batista publicly stated that he intended to build the team around Messi , employing him as a false nine within a 4 -- 3 -- 3 system , as used to much success by Barcelona . Although Messi scored a record 53 goals during the 2010 -- 11 club season , he had not scored for Argentina in an official match since March 2009 . Despite the tactical change , his goal drought continued during the 2011 Copa América , hosted by Argentina . Their first two matches , against Bolivia and Colombia , ended in draws , with Messi underperforming by his standards . Media and fans noted that he did not combine well with striker Carlos Tevez , who enjoyed far greater popularity among the Argentine public ; Messi was consequently booed by his own team 's supporters for the first time in his career . During the crucial next match , with Tevez on the bench , he gave a well - received performance , assisting two goals in their 3 -- 0 victory over Costa Rica . After the quarter - final against Uruguay ended in a 1 -- 1 draw following extra time , with Messi having assisted their equaliser , Argentina were eliminated 4 -- 5 in the penalty shootout by the eventual champions . </P> <H3> 2011 -- 13 : assuming the captaincy </H3> Messi scored his first international hat - trick against Switzerland in February 2012 <P> After Argentina 's unsuccessful performance in the Copa América , Batista was replaced by Alejandro Sabella . Upon his appointment in August 2011 , Sabella awarded the 24 - year - old Messi the captaincy of the squad , in accord with then - captain Javier Mascherano . Reserved by nature , Messi went on to lead his squad by example as their best player , while Mascherano continued to fulfil the role of the team 's on - field leader and motivator . In a further redesign of the team , Sabella dismissed Tevez and brought in players with whom Messi had won the World Youth Championship and Olympic Games . Now playing in a free role in an improving team , Messi finally ended his goal drought by scoring during their first World Cup qualifying match against Chile on 7 October , his first official goal for Argentina in two - and - a-half years . </P> <P> Under Sabella , Messi 's goalscoring rate drastically increased ; where he had scored only 17 goals in 61 matches under his previous managers , he scored 25 times in 32 appearances during the following three years . He netted a total of 12 goals in 9 games for Argentina in 2012 , equalling the record held by Gabriel Batistuta , Argentina 's all - time top scorer , for the most goals scored in a calendar year for their country . His first hat - trick with the Albicelestes came in a friendly against Switzerland on 29 February 2012 , followed by two more hat - tricks over the next year - and - a-half in friendlies against Brazil and Guatemala . Messi then helped the team secure their place in the 2014 World Cup with a 5 -- 2 victory over Paraguay on 10 September 2013 ; in addition to providing an assist , he scored twice from a penalty kick , taking his international tally to 37 goals to become Argentina 's second - highest goalscorer behind only Batistuta . Overall , he had scored a total of 10 goals in 14 matches during the qualifying campaign . Concurrently with his bettered performances , his relationship with his compatriots improved , as he gradually began to be perceived more favourably in Argentina . </P> <H3> 2014 -- 15 : World Cup and Copa América finals </H3> <P> Ahead of the World Cup in Brazil , doubts persisted over Messi 's form , as he finished an unsuccessful and injury - plagued season with Barcelona . At the start of the tournament , however , he gave strong performances , being elected man of the match in their first four matches . In his first World Cup match as captain , he led them to a 2 -- 1 victory over Bosnia and Herzegovina ; he helped create their early opening goal and scored their second strike after a dribble past three players , his first World Cup goal since his debut in the tournament eight years earlier . During the second match against Iran , he scored an injury - time goal from 23 metres out to end the game in a 1 -- 0 win , securing their qualification for the knockout phase . He scored twice in the last group match , a 3 -- 2 victory over Nigeria , his second goal from a free kick , as they finished first in their group . Messi assisted a late goal in extra time to ensure a 1 -- 0 win against Switzerland in the round of 16 , before starting the play that led to their match - winning 1 -- 0 goal in the quarter - final against Belgium , helping Argentina progress to the semi-final of the World Cup for the first time since 1990 . Following a 0 -- 0 draw in extra time , they eliminated the Netherlands 4 -- 2 in a penalty shootout to reach the final . </P> Messi battles Germany 's Mats Hummels for the ball during the final of the 2014 FIFA World Cup <P> Billed as Messi versus Germany , the world 's best player against the best team , the final was a repeat of the 1990 final featuring Diego Maradona . Within the first half - hour , Messi had started the play that led to a goal , but it was ruled offside . He missed several opportunities to open the scoring throughout the match , in particular at the start of the second half when his breakaway effort went wide of the far post . Substitute Mario Götze finally scored in the 113th minute , followed in the last minute of extra time by a free kick that Messi sent over the net , as Germany won the match 1 -- 0 to claim the World Cup . At the conclusion of the final , Messi was awarded the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament . In addition to being the joint third - highest goalscorer , with four goals and an assist , he created the most chances , completed the most dribbling runs , made the most deliveries into the penalty area and produced the most throughballs in the competition . However , his selection drew criticism due to his lack of goals in the knockout round ; FIFA President Sepp Blatter expressed his surprise , while Maradona suggested that Messi had undeservedly been chosen for marketing purposes . </P> <P> Another final appearance , the third of Messi 's senior international career , followed in the 2015 Copa América , held in Chile . Under the stewardship of former Barcelona manager Gerardo Martino , Argentina entered the tournament as title contenders due to their second - place achievement at the World Cup . During the opening match against Paraguay , they were ahead two goals by half - time but lost their lead to end the match in a 2 -- 2 draw ; Messi had scored from a penalty kick , netting his only goal in the tournament . Following a 1 -- 0 win against defending champions Uruguay , Messi earned his 100th cap for his country in the final group match , a 1 -- 0 win over Jamaica , becoming only the fifth Argentine to achieve this milestone . In his 100 appearances , he had scored a total of 46 goals for Argentina , 22 of which came in official competitive matches . </P> <P> As Messi evolved from the team 's symbolic captain into a genuine leader , he led Argentina to the knockout stage as group winners . In the quarter - final , they created numerous chances , including a rebound header by Messi , but were repeatedly denied by Colombia 's goalkeeper , and ultimately ended the match scoreless , leading to a 5 -- 4 penalty shootout in their favour . At the semi-final stage , Messi excelled as playmaker as he provided three assists and helped create three more goals in his side 's 6 -- 1 victory over Paraguay , receiving applause from the initially hostile crowd . Argentina started the final as the odds - on title favourites , but were defeated by Chile 4 -- 1 in a penalty shootout after an 0 -- 0 extra-time draw . Faced with aggression from opposing players , including taking a boot to the midriff , Messi played below his standards , though he was the only Argentine to successfully convert his penalty . At the close of the tournament , he was reportedly selected to receive the Most Valuable Player award but rejected the honour . As Argentina continued a trophy drought that began in 1993 , the World Cup and Copa América defeats again brought intense criticism for Messi from Argentine media and fans . </P> <H3> 2016 : Copa América Centenario. , retirement , and return </H3> <P> Messi 's place in Argentina 's Copa América Centenario squad was initially put in jeopardy when he sustained a back injury in a 1 -- 0 friendly win over Honduras in a pre-Copa América warm - up match on 27 May 2016 . It was later reported that he had suffered a deep bruise in his lumbar region , but that he would remain in Martino 's squad for the tournament , although he was later left on the bench in Argentina 's 2 -- 1 opening win over defending champions Chile on 6 June due to concerns regarding his fitness . Although Messi was declared match - fit for his nation 's second group match against Panama on 10 June , Martino left him on the bench once again ; he replaced Augusto Fernández in the 61st minute and subsequently scored a hat - trick in 19 minutes , also starting the play which led to Sergio Agüero 's goal , as the match ended in a 5 -- 0 victory , sealing Argentina 's place in the quarter - finals of the competition ; he was elected man of the match for his performance . </P> <P> On 18 June 2016 , in the quarter - final of the Copa América against Venezuela , Messi produced another man of the match performance , assisting two goals and scoring another in a 4 -- 1 victory , which enabled him to equal Gabriel Batistuta 's national record of 54 goals in official international matches . This record was broken three days later when Messi scored in a 4 -- 0 win in the semi-final of the Copa América against hosts the United States ; he also assisted two goals during the match as Argentina sealed a place in the final of the competition for a second consecutive year , and was named man of the match once again . </P> `` I tried my hardest . It has been four finals , I want more than anyone to win a title with the national team , but unfortunately , it did not happen ... I think this is best for everyone , firstly for me and for a lot of people that wish this . The team has ended for me , a decision made . '' -- Messi announcing his retirement on 27 June 2016 <P> During a repeat of the previous year 's final on 26 June , Argentina once again lost to Chile on penalties after a 0 -- 0 deadlock , resulting in Messi 's third consecutive defeat in a major tournament final with Argentina , and his fourth overall . After the match , Messi , who had missed his penalty in the shootout , announced his retirement from international football . Sources reported that other Argentine players -- Sergio Agüero , Javier Mascherano , Gonzalo Higuaín , Lucas Biglia , Éver Banega , Ezequiel Lavezzi and Ángel Di María -- could follow their captain in retiring from international football . Chile coach Juan Antonio Pizzi said after the match , `` My generation ca n't compare him to Maradona that 's for my generation , because of what Maradona did for Argentine football . But I think the best player ever played today here in the United States . '' Messi finished the tournament as the second highest scorer , behind Eduardo Vargas , with five goals , and was the highest assist provider with four assists , also winning more Man of the Match awards than any other player in the tournament ( 3 ) ; he was named to the team of the tournament for his performances , but missed out on the Golden Ball Award for best player , which went to Alexis Sánchez . </P> `` Do n't go , Leo '' <P> Following his announcement , a campaign began in Argentina for Messi to change his mind about retiring . He was greeted by fans with signs like `` Do n't go , Leo '' when the team landed in Buenos Aires . President of Argentina Mauricio Macri urged Messi not to quit , stating , `` We are lucky , it is one of life 's pleasures , it is a gift from God to have the best player in the world in a footballing country like ours ... Lionel Messi is the greatest thing we have in Argentina and we must take care of him . '' Mayor of Buenos Aires Horacio Rodríguez Larreta unveiled a statue of Messi in the capital to convince him reconsider retirement . On social networks , NoTeVayasLeo became a global trending topic , and even a playlist on Spotify . The campaign also continued in the streets and avenues of the Argentine capital , with about 50,000 supporters going to the Obelisco de Buenos Aires on 2 July , using the same slogan . </P> Return `` A lot of things went through my mind on the night of the final and I gave serious thought to quitting , but my love for my country and this shirt is too great . '' -- Messi reversing his decision from retiring on 12 August 2016 <P> Just a week after Messi announced his international retirement , Argentine newspaper La Nación reported that he was reconsidering playing for Argentina at the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers in September . On 12 August , it was confirmed that Messi had reversed his decision to retire from international football , and he was included in the squad for the national team 's upcoming 2018 World Cup qualifiers . On 1 September , in his first game for Argentina after reversing his decision to retire , he scored the only goal in a 1 -- 0 home win over Uruguay in a 2018 World Cup qualifier . </P> <P> On 28 March 2017 , Messi was suspended for four international games for insulting an assistant referee in a game against Chile on 23 March 2017 . He was also fined CHF 10,000 . On 5 May 2017 , Messi 's four match ban as well as his 10,000 CHF was lifted by FIFA after Argentina Football Association appealed against his suspension , which meant he could now play Argentina 's remaining World Cup Qualifiers . </P> <H2> Player Profile </H2> <H3> Style of play </H3> `` I have fun like a child in the street . When the day comes when I 'm not enjoying it , I will leave football . '' -- Messi explains his approach to the game in May 2011 . <P> Due to his short stature , Messi has a lower centre of gravity than taller players , which gives him greater agility , allowing him to change direction more quickly and evade opposing tackles ; this has led the Spanish media to dub him La Pulga Atómica ( `` The Atomic Flea '' ) . Despite being physically unimposing , he possesses significant upper - body strength , which , combined with his low centre of gravity and resulting balance , aids him in withstanding physical challenges from opponents ; he has consequently been noted for his lack of diving in a sport rife with playacting . His short , strong legs allow him to excel in short bursts of acceleration while his quick feet enable him to retain control of the ball when dribbling at speed . His former Barcelona manager Pep Guardiola once stated , `` Messi is the only player that runs faster with the ball than he does without it . '' Although he has improved his ability with his weaker foot since his mid-20s , Messi is predominantly a left - footed player ; with the outside of his left foot , he usually begins dribbling runs , while he uses the inside of his foot to finish and provide passes and assists . </P> Messi prepares to shoot with his dominant left foot during the final of the 2014 FIFA World Cup <P> A prolific goalscorer , Messi is known for his finishing , positioning , quick reactions , and ability to make attacking runs to beat the defensive line . He also functions in a playmaking role , courtesy of his vision and precise passing , and is an accurate free kick and penalty kick taker , though his ability on penalties has somewhat deteriorated in recent seasons . His pace and technical ability enable him to undertake individual dribbling runs towards goal , in particular during counterattacks , usually starting from the halfway line or the right side of the pitch . Widely considered to be the best dribbler in the world , and one of the greatest of all time , with regard to this ability , his former Argentina manager Diego Maradona has said of him , `` The ball stays glued to his foot ; I 've seen great players in my career , but I 've never seen anyone with Messi 's ball control . '' Beyond his individual qualities , he is also a well - rounded , hard - working team player , known for his creative combinations , in particular with Barcelona midfielders Xavi and Andrés Iniesta . </P> <P> Tactically , Messi plays in a free attacking role ; a versatile player , he is capable of attacking on either wing or through the centre of the pitch . His favoured position in childhood was the playmaker behind two strikers , known as the enganche in Argentine football , but he began his career in Spain as a left - winger or left - sided forward . Upon his first - team debut , he was moved onto the right wing by manager Frank Rijkaard ; from this position , he could more easily cut through the defence into the middle of the pitch and curl shots on goal with his left foot , rather than predominantly cross balls for teammates . Under Guardiola and subsequent managers , he most often played in a false nine role ; positioned as a centre - forward or lone striker , he would roam the centre , often moving deep into midfield and drawing defenders with him , in order to create and exploit spaces for passes , dribbling runs or combinations with Xavi and Iniesta . Under the stewardship of Luis Enrique , Messi returned to playing in the right - sided position that characterised much of his early career , while also being deployed in a deeper , free role . With the Argentina national team , Messi has similarly played anywhere along the frontline ; under various managers , he has been employed on the right wing , as a false nine , or in a deeper , creative role as a classic number 10 or attacking midfielder . </P> <H3> Reception </H3> <P> A prodigious talent as a teenager , Messi established himself among the world 's best players before age 20 . Diego Maradona considered the 18 - year - old Messi the best player in the world alongside Ronaldinho , while the Brazilian himself , shortly after winning the Ballon d'Or , commented , `` I 'm not even the best at Barça , '' in reference to his protégé . Four years later , after Messi had won his first Ballon d'Or by a record margin , the public debate regarding his qualities as a player moved beyond his status in contemporary football to the possibility that he was the greatest player in history . An early proponent was his then - manager Pep Guardiola , who , as early as August 2009 , declared Messi to be the best player he had ever seen . In the following years , this opinion gained greater acceptance among pundits , managers , former and current players , and by the end of Barça 's second treble - winning season , Messi 's superiority , ahead of Maradona and Pelé , had become the predominant view among insiders in continental Europe . A frequent dismissal , however , has centred on the fact that Messi has not won the FIFA World Cup with Argentina , leading some in the sport to instead cite him as the best club player in history . </P> `` I 've seen the player who will inherit my place in Argentinian football and his name is Messi . '' -- Diego Maradona hails the 18 - year - old Messi as his successor in February 2006 . <P> Throughout his career , Messi has been compared with his compatriot Diego Maradona , due to their similar playing styles as diminutive , left - footed dribblers . Initially , he was merely one of many young Argentine players , including his boyhood idol Pablo Aimar , to receive the `` New Maradona '' moniker , but as his career progressed , Messi proved his similarity beyond all previous contenders , establishing himself as the greatest player Argentina had produced since Maradona . Jorge Valdano , who won the 1986 World Cup alongside Maradona , said in October 2013 , `` Messi is Maradona every day . For the last five years , Messi has been the Maradona of the World Cup in Mexico . '' César Menotti , who as manager orchestrated their 1978 World Cup victory , echoed this sentiment when he opined that Messi plays `` at the level of the best Maradona '' . Other notable Argentines in the sport , such as Osvaldo Ardiles , Javier Zanetti , and Diego Simeone , have expressed their belief that Messi has overtaken Maradona as the best player in history . </P> <P> In Argentine society , Messi is generally held in lesser esteem than Maradona , a consequence of not only his uneven performances with the national team , but also of differences in class , personality , and background . Messi is in some ways the antithesis of his predecessor : where Maradona was an extroverted , controversial character who rose to greatness from the slums , Messi is reserved and unassuming , an unremarkable man outside of football . An enduring mark against him is the fact that , although through no fault of his own , he never proved himself in the Argentine Primera División as an upcoming player , achieving stardom overseas from a young age , while his lack of outward passion for the Albiceleste shirt -- he does not sing the national anthem and is disinclined to emotional displays -- have in the past led to the false perception that he felt Catalan rather than truly Argentine . Despite having lived in Spain since age 13 , Messi has said : `` Argentina is my country , my family , my way of expressing myself . I would change all my records to make the people in my country happy . '' In November 2016 , with the Argentine Football Association being run by a FIFA committee for emergency due to an economic crisis , it was reported that three of the national team 's security staff told Messi that they have n't been given their salaries for six months . He has stepped in and paid the salaries of the three members . </P> <H3> Comparisons to Cristiano Ronaldo </H3> Main article : Messi -- Ronaldo rivalry Messi has been compared to Cristiano Ronaldo ( left ) for much of their careers <P> Among his contemporary peers , Messi is most often compared and contrasted with Portuguese forward Cristiano Ronaldo , as part of an ongoing rivalry that has been compared to past sports rivalries like the Muhammad Ali -- Joe Frazier rivalry in boxing , the Björn Borg -- John McEnroe rivalry in tennis , and the Ayrton Senna -- Alain Prost rivalry from Formula One . Although Messi has at times denied any rivalry , they are widely believed to push one another in their aim to be the best player in the world : since 2008 , Ronaldo has won four Ballons d'Or to Messi 's five , and four European Golden Shoes to Messi 's three . Pundits and fans regularly argue the individual merits of both players ; beyond their playing styles , the debate also revolves around their differing physiques -- Ronaldo is 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) with a muscular build -- and contrasting public personalities , with Ronaldo 's self - confidence and theatrics a foil to Messi 's humility . Messi faces Ronaldo at least twice every season in El Clásico , which ranks among the world 's most viewed annual sports events . Off the pitch , Ronaldo is his direct competitor in terms of salary , sponsorships , and social media fanbase . </P> <H2> In popular culture </H2> `` That is me and Messi . We 're right up there . Absolutely . '' -- US president Barack Obama when given an honorary number 10 jersey at the White House . <P> According to France Football , Messi was the world 's highest - paid footballer for five years out of six between 2009 and 2014 ; he was the first player to exceed the € 40 million benchmark , with earnings of € 41 million in 2013 , and the € 50 -- € 60 million points , with income of € 65 million in 2014 . In 2016 , Messi was second on Forbes list of the world 's highest - paid athletes ( after Cristiano Ronaldo ) with income of $81.4 million from his salary and endorsements in 2015 -- 16 . Since 2008 , he has been Barcelona 's highest - paid player , receiving a salary that increased incrementally from € 7.8 million to € 13 million over the next five years . His current salary of € 20 million net ( € 36 million before taxes ) , established in 2014 , is the highest ever in the sport . In addition to his salary and multimillion - euro bonuses , much of his income derives from endorsements ; SportsPro has consequently cited him as one of the world 's most marketable athletes every year since their research began in 2010 . His main sponsor since 2006 is the sportswear company Adidas . As Barça 's leading youth prospect , he had been signed with Nike since age 14 , but transferred to Adidas after they successfully challenged their rival 's claim to his image rights in court . Over time , Messi established himself as their leading brand endorser ; from 2008 , he had a long - running signature collection of Adidas F50 boots , and in 2015 , he became the first footballer to receive his own sub-brand of boots , the Adidas Messi . </P> A mural of Messi 's likeness in the San Siro district of Milan , photographed in 2013 <P> As a commercial entity , Messi 's marketing brand has been based exclusively on his talents and achievements as a player , in contrast to arguably more glamorous players like Cristiano Ronaldo and David Beckham . At the start of his career , he thus mainly held sponsorship contracts with companies that employ sports - oriented marketing , such as Adidas , Pepsi , and Konami . From 2010 onwards , concurrently with his increased achievements as a player , his marketing appeal widened , leading to long - term endorsement deals with luxury brands Dolce & Gabbana and Audemars Piguet . Messi is also a global brand ambassador for Gillette , Turkish Airlines , Ooredoo , and Tata Motors , among other companies . Additionally , Messi was the face of Konami 's video game series Pro Evolution Soccer , appearing on the covers of PES 2009 , PES 2010 and PES 2011 . He subsequently signed with rival company EA Sports to become the face of their series FIFA and has since appeared on four consecutive covers from FIFA 13 to FIFA 16 . </P> <P> Messi 's global popularity and influence are well documented . He was among the Time 100 , an annual list of the world 's most influential people as published by Time , in 2011 and 2012 . His fanbase on the social media website Facebook is among the largest of all public figures : within seven hours of its launch in April 2011 , his Facebook page had nearly seven million followers , and by November 2013 , he had become only the second sportsperson , after Cristiano Ronaldo , to amass over 50 million followers . According to a 2014 survey by sports research firm Repucom in 15 international markets , Messi was familiar to 87 % of respondents around the world , of whom 78 % perceived him favourably , making him the second-most recognised player globally , behind Ronaldo , and the most likable of all contemporary players . </P> <P> Other events have illustrated Messi 's presence in popular culture . A solid gold replica of his left foot , weighing 25 kg ( 55 lb ) and valued at $5.25 million , went on sale in Japan in March 2013 to raise funds for victims of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami . A 2013 Turkish Airlines advertisement starring Messi , in which he engages in a selfie competition with then - Los Angeles Lakers star Kobe Bryant , was the most - watched ad on YouTube in the year of its release , receiving 137 million views , and was subsequently voted the best advertisement of the 2005 -- 15 decade to commemorate YouTube 's founding . World Press Photo selected `` The Final Game '' , a photograph of Messi facing the World Cup trophy after Argentina 's final defeat to Germany , as the best sports image of 2014 . Messi , a documentary about his life by filmmaker Álex de la Iglesia , premiered at the Venice Film Festival in August 2014 . </P> <H2> Personal life </H2> <H3> Family and relationships </H3> <P> Since 2008 , when he was 20 , Messi has been in a relationship with Antonella Roccuzzo , a fellow native of Rosario . He has known Roccuzzo since he was five years old , as she is the cousin of his best friend since childhood , Lucas Scaglia , who is also a football player . After keeping their relationship private for a year , Messi first confirmed their romance in an interview in January 2009 , before going public a month later during a carnival in Sitges after the Barcelona -- Espanyol derby . He had previously been romantically linked with Argentine models Macarena Lemos and Luciana Salazar . </P> `` Leo is not shy . He 's introverted . He 's reserved . '' -- Endocrinologist Dr. Diego Schwarzstein addressed Messi 's growth hormone deficiency from 1997 to 2001 . According to Bleacher Report 's Richard Fitzpatrick , `` Schwarzstein and Messi built up a close relationship during more than four years of treatment . '' <P> Messi and Roccuzzo have two sons : Thiago ( born 2012 ) and Mateo ( born 2015 ) . To celebrate his partner 's first pregnancy , Messi placed the ball under his shirt after scoring in Argentina 's 4 -- 0 win against Ecuador on 2 June 2012 , before confirming the pregnancy in an interview two weeks later . Thiago was born in Barcelona on 2 November 2012 , with Messi attending the birth after being given permission by Barcelona to miss training . He announced his son 's arrival on his Facebook page , writing , `` Today I am the happiest man in the world , my son was born and thanks to God for this gift ! '' Thiago 's name and handprints are tattooed on his left calf . In April 2015 , Messi confirmed on Facebook that they were expecting another child . He missed training ahead of a match against Atlético Madrid to attend the birth of his second son , Mateo , on 11 September 2015 in Barcelona . On 30 June 2017 , he married Roccuzzo at a luxury hotel named Hotel City Center in Rosario with about 260 guests attending his wedding . </P> `` Leo has always liked Antonella ( Roccuzzo ) , since forever . Although she did n't pay him much attention when they were little . We knew he was in love with Antonella . I remember one day , we went to Lucas ' house in Funes . We went there for a weekend . Antonella was there too . Every time Messi saw her , he blushed ! '' -- Messi 's teammate from La Maquina del ' 87 , Franco Falleroni , in an interview with Richard Fitzpatrick of Bleacher Report . <P> Messi enjoys a close relationship with his immediate family members , particularly his mother , Celia , whose face he has tattooed on his left shoulder . His professional affairs are largely run as a family business : his father , Jorge , has been his agent since he was 14 , and his oldest brother , Rodrigo , handles his daily schedule and publicity . His mother and other brother , Matías , manage his charitable organisation , the Leo Messi Foundation , and take care of personal and professional matters in Rosario . </P> <P> Since leaving for Spain at age 13 , Messi has maintained close ties to his hometown of Rosario , even preserving his distinct Rosarino accent . He has kept ownership of his family 's old house , although it has long stood empty ; he maintains a penthouse apartment in an exclusive residential building for his mother , as well as a family compound just outside the city . Once when he was in training with the national team in Buenos Aires , he made a three - hour trip by car to Rosario immediately after practice to have dinner with his family , spent the night with them , and returned to Buenos Aires the next day in time for practice . Messi keeps in daily contact via phone and text with a small group of confidants in Rosario , most of whom were fellow members of `` The Machine of ' 87 '' at Newell 's Old Boys . Although considered a one - club man , he has long planned to return to Rosario to end his playing career at Newell 's . He was on bad terms with the club after his transfer to Barcelona , but by 2012 their public feud had ended , with Newell 's embracing their ties with Messi , even issuing a club membership card to his newborn son . </P> <H3> Charity </H3> <P> Throughout his career , Messi has been involved in charitable efforts aimed at vulnerable children , a commitment that stems in part from the medical difficulties he faced in his own childhood . Since 2004 , he has contributed his time and finances to the United Nations Children 's Fund ( UNICEF ) , an organisation with which Barcelona also have a strong association . Messi has served as a UNICEF goodwill ambassador since his appointment in March 2010 , completing his first field mission for the organisation four months later as he travelled to Haiti to bring public awareness to the plight of the country 's children in the wake of the recent earthquake . He has since participated in UNICEF campaigns targeting HIV prevention , education , and the social inclusion of disabled children . To celebrate his son 's first birthday , in November 2013 , Messi and Thiago were part of a publicity campaign to raise awareness of mortality rates among disadvantaged children . </P> Messi pictured in July 2014 <P> In addition to his work with UNICEF , Messi founded his own charitable organisation , the Leo Messi Foundation , which supports access to health care , education , and sport for children . It was established in 2007 following a visit Messi paid to a hospital for terminally ill children in Boston , an experience that resonated with him to the point that he decided to reinvest part of his earnings into society . Through his foundation , Messi has awarded research grants , financed medical training , and invested in the development of medical centres and projects in Argentina , Spain , and elsewhere in the world . In addition to his own fundraising activities , such as his global `` Messi and Friends '' football matches , his foundation receives financial support from various companies to which he has assigned his name in endorsement agreements , with Adidas as their main sponsor . </P> <P> Messi has also invested in youth football in Argentina : he financially supports Sarmiento , a football club based in the Rosario neighbourhood where he was born , committing in 2013 to the refurbishment of their facilities and the installation of all - weather pitches , and funds the management of several youth players at Newell 's Old Boys and rival club Rosario Central , as well as at River Plate and Boca Juniors in Buenos Aires . At Newell 's Old Boys , his boyhood club , he funded the 2012 construction of a new gymnasium and a dormitory inside the club 's stadium for their youth academy . His former youth coach at Newell 's , Ernesto Vecchio , is employed by the Leo Messi Foundation as a talent scout for young players . On 7 June 2016 , Messi won a libel case against La Razón newspaper and was awarded € 65,000 in damages , which he donated to the charity Doctors without Borders . </P> <H3> Legal issues </H3> <P> Messi 's financial affairs came under investigation in 2013 for suspected tax evasion . Offshore companies in tax havens Uruguay and Belize were allegedly used to evade € 4.1 million in taxes related to sponsorship earnings between 2007 and 2009 . An unrelated shell company in Panama , set up in 2012 , was subsequently identified as belonging to the Messis in the Panama Papers data leak . Messi , who pleaded ignorance of the alleged scheme , voluntarily paid arrears of € 5.1 million in August 2013 . He stood trial alongside his father on three counts of tax evasion in May 2016 . On 6 July 2016 , Messi and his father were both found guilty of tax fraud and were handed suspended 21 - month prison sentences and respectively ordered to pay € 1.7 million and € 1.4 million in fines . </P> <P> While the District Attorney did not consider there to be motives to accuse Messi , the state lawyer 's office became the only party that requested a punishment for him , despite his declarations that he was not aware of any of the deals that were taking place with his money . Facing the judge , he said , `` I just played football . '' </P> <H2> Career statistics </H2> <H3> Club </H3> <Dl> <Dd> As of 16 September 2017 </Dd> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Club </Th> <Th> Season </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> League </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Copa del Rey </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Champions League </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Other </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Division </Th> <Th> Apps </Th> <Th> Goals </Th> <Th> Apps </Th> <Th> Goals </Th> <Th> Apps </Th> <Th> Goals </Th> <Th> Apps </Th> <Th> Goals </Th> <Th> Apps </Th> <Th> Goals </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barcelona C </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 04 </Td> <Td> Tercera División </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Total </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> -- </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> -- </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> -- </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barcelona B </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 04 </Td> <Td> Segunda División B </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 -- 05 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Total </Th> <Th> 22 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> -- </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> -- </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> -- </Th> <Th> 22 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barcelona </Td> <Td> 2004 -- 05 </Td> <Td> La Liga </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 -- 06 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 -- 07 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 -- 08 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 -- 09 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 -- 10 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 -- 11 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 -- 12 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 -- 13 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 -- 14 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 -- 15 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 -- 16 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 -- 17 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 -- 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Total </Th> <Th> 386 </Th> <Th> 354 </Th> <Th> 62 </Th> <Th> 44 </Th> <Th> 116 </Th> <Th> 96 </Th> <Th> 26 </Th> <Th> 21 </Th> <Th> 590 </Th> <Th> 515 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Career total </Th> <Th> 418 </Th> <Th> 365 </Th> <Th> 62 </Th> <Th> 44 </Th> <Th> 116 </Th> <Th> 96 </Th> <Th> 26 </Th> <Th> 21 </Th> <Th> 622 </Th> <Th> 526 </Th> </Tr> </Table> <P> Notes </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ One appearance in UEFA Super Cup , two appearances in Supercopa de España </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ One appearance in UEFA Super Cup , one appearance and two goals in Supercopa de España , two appearances and two goals in FIFA Club World Cup </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Appearances in Supercopa de España </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ One appearance and one goal in UEFA Super Cup , two appearances and three goals in Supercopa de España , two appearances and two goals in FIFA Club World Cup </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ One appearance and two goals in UEFA Super Cup , two appearances and one goal in Supercopa de España , one appearance and one goal in FIFA Club World Cup </Li> </Ol> <H3> International </H3> See also : List of international goals scored by Lionel Messi <Dl> <Dd> As of 6 September 2017 </Dd> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Competitive </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Friendly </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Apps </Th> <Th> Goals </Th> <Th> Apps </Th> <Th> Goals </Th> <Th> Apps </Th> <Th> Goals </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Argentina U20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> 16 </Th> <Th> 11 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 18 </Th> <Th> 14 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Argentina U23 </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> -- </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> 79 </Th> <Th> 31 </Th> <Th> 41 </Th> <Th> 27 </Th> <Th> 120 </Th> <Th> 58 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Career total </Th> <Th> 100 </Th> <Th> 44 </Th> <Th> 43 </Th> <Th> 30 </Th> <Th> 143 </Th> <Th> 74 </Th> </Tr> </Table> <P> Notes </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Nine appearances and five goals in South American Youth Football Championship , seven appearances and six goals in FIFA World Youth Championship </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Appearances in Summer Olympics </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Appearances in FIFA World Cup qualification </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Appearances in FIFA World Cup </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Six appearances and two goals in Copa América , four appearances and two goals in FIFA World Cup qualification </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Four appearances in Copa América , four appearances and two goals in FIFA World Cup qualification </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Appearances in Copa América </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Five appearances and three goals in FIFA World Cup qualification , five appearances and five goals in Copa América </Li> </Ol> <H2> Honours and achievements </H2> Messi accepting the Golden Ball award , alongside his future teammate Neymar after the 2011 FIFA Club World Cup Final <H3> Club </H3> <Dl> <Dd> As of 27 May 2017 </Dd> <Dt> Barcelona </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> La Liga : 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 </Li> <Li> Copa del Rey : 2008 -- 09 , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 </Li> <Li> Supercopa de España : 2006 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 </Li> <Li> UEFA Champions League : 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2014 -- 15 </Li> <Li> UEFA Super Cup : 2009 , 2011 , 2015 </Li> <Li> FIFA Club World Cup : 2009 , 2011 , 2015 </Li> </Ul> <H3> International </H3> <Dl> <Dt> Argentina </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> FIFA U-20 World Cup : 2005 </Li> <Li> Olympic Gold Medal : 2008 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Individual </H3> Awards <Ul> <Li> Ballon d'Or / FIFA Ballon d'Or : 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 </Li> <Li> European Golden Shoe : 2010 , 2012 , 2013 , 2017 </Li> <Li> FIFA World Cup Golden Ball : 2014 </Li> <Li> FIFA World Player of the Year : 2009 </Li> <Li> UEFA Men 's Player of the Year Award : 2011 , 2015 </Li> <Li> UEFA Club Footballer of the Year : 2009 </Li> <Li> UEFA Club Forward of the Year : 2009 </Li> <Li> World Soccer World Player of the Year : 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Onze d'Or : 2009 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 </Li> <Li> Globe Soccer Awards Best Player of the Year : 2015 </Li> <Li> Best Player in La Liga : 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Best Forward in La Liga : 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 </Li> <Li> FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball : 2009 , 2011 </Li> <Li> FIFA Club World Cup Silver Ball : 2015 </Li> <Li> FIFA Club World Cup Final Most Valuable Player : 2009 , 2011 </Li> <Li> FIFA World Youth Championship Golden Ball : 2005 </Li> <Li> FIFA World Youth Championship Golden Shoe : 2005 </Li> <Li> Olimpia de Oro ( Argentine Sportsperson of the Year ) : 2011 </Li> <Li> Olimpia de Plata ( Argentine Footballer of the Year ) : 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Copa América Best Young Player : 2007 </Li> <Li> FIFPro Young World Player of the Year : 2006 , 2007 , 2008 </Li> <Li> World Soccer Young Player of the Year : 2006 , 2007 , 2008 </Li> <Li> Bravo Award : 2007 </Li> <Li> Golden Boy ( Young European Footballer of the Year ) : 2005 </Li> <Li> IFFHS World 's Best Playmaker : 2015 , 2016 </Li> <Li> IFFHS World 's Best Top Goalscorer : 2011 , 2012 </Li> <Li> IFFHS World 's Best Top Division Goalscorer : 2012 , 2013 </Li> <Li> La Liga Player of the Month : January 2016 , April 2017 </Li> <Li> Trofeo Aldo Rovira : 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 </Li> <Li> Trofeo EFE : 2006 -- 07 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 </Li> <Li> FIFA FIFPro World XI : 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 </Li> <Li> UEFA Team of the Year : 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 </Li> <Li> ESM Team of the Season : 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 </Li> <Li> UEFA Ultimate Team of the Year </Li> <Li> La Liga Team of the Season : 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 </Li> <Li> FIFA World Cup Dream Team : 2014 </Li> <Li> Copa América Dream Team : 2007 , 2011 , 2015 , 2016 </Li> <Li> AFA Team of All Time ( published 2015 ) </Li> <Li> UEFA Goal of the Season : 2006 -- 07 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 </Li> <Li> Copa América Best Goal : 2007 </Li> <Li> UEFA Champions League Final Fan 's Man of the Match : 2009 , 2011 </Li> <Li> UEFA Champions League Final UEFA Man of the Match : 2011 </Li> <Li> UEFA Super Cup Man of the Match : 2011 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Best International Athlete ESPY Award : 2012 , 2015 </Li> </Ul> Performances <Ul> <Li> La Liga top goalscorer : 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2016 -- 17 </Li> <Li> La Liga top assist provider : 2010 -- 11 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 </Li> <Li> Copa del Rey top goalscorer : 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 </Li> <Li> UEFA Champions League top goalscorer : 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 </Li> <Li> UEFA Champions League top assist provider : 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 </Li> <Li> FIFA Club World Cup top goalscorer : 2011 </Li> <Li> FIFA World Youth Championship top goalscorer : 2005 </Li> <Li> Copa América top assist provider : 2011 , 2015 , 2016 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Records </H3> <Dl> <Dd> As of September 2017 </Dd> </Dl> World <Ul> <Li> Most ( FIFA ) Ballons d'Or : 5 ( 2009 -- 12 , 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Most consecutive Ballons d'Or : 4 </Li> <Li> Youngest two - time and three - time Ballon d'Or winner : 23 and 24 years old </Li> <Li> Top goalscorer in the history of FIFA Club World Cup : 5 goals ( shared with César Delgado , Luis Suárez and Cristiano Ronaldo ) </Li> <Li> Guinness World Record as top goalscorer for club and country in a calendar year : 91 goals in 2012 </Li> <Li> Top goalscorer in all club competitions in a calendar year : 79 goals in 2012 </Li> <Li> Top goalscorer in a club season : 73 goals in 2011 -- 12 </Li> <Li> Longest goalscoring run in a domestic league : 21 matches , 33 goals in 2012 -- 13 </Li> <Li> Only player to have won more than one FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball </Li> <Li> Only player to have won more than one FIFA Club World Cup Final Most Valuable Player award </Li> <Li> Most appearances in the FIFPro World XI : 10 times ( 2007 -- 2016 ) ( shared with Cristiano Ronaldo ) </Li> </Ul> Continental <Ul> <Li> Most goals in a European Cup / Champions League game : 5 goals ( shared with 13 other players ) </Li> <Li> Most European Golden Shoe awards : 4 ( shared with Cristiano Ronaldo ) </Li> <Li> Most hat - tricks scored in the UEFA Champions League : 7 ( shared with Cristiano Ronaldo ) </Li> <Li> Youngest player to make 100 appearances in the UEFA Champions League : 28 years , 84 days in 2015 </Li> <Li> Top goalscorer in the UEFA Super Cup : 3 goals ( shared with Arie Haan , Oleg Blokhin , Gerd Müller , Rob Rensenbrink , François Van der Elst , Terry McDermott , and Radamel Falcao ) </Li> <Li> Most appearances in the ESM Team of the Year : 10 ( 2006 , 2008 -- 2013 , 2015 -- 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Top assist provider in Copa América : 11 assists </Li> </Ul> Spain <Ul> <Li> Most Best Player in La Liga awards : 6 ( 2009 -- 13 , 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Most Best Forward in La Liga awards : 7 ( 2009 -- 13 , 2015 , 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Top goalscorer in La Liga : 354 goals </Li> <Li> Top assist provider in La Liga : 138 assists </Li> <Li> Top goalscorer in the Supercopa de España : 13 goals </Li> <Li> Top goalscorer in a La Liga season : 50 goals in 2011 -- 12 </Li> <Li> Most braces scored in La Liga : 103 </Li> <Li> Most hat - tricks scored in a La Liga season : 8 in 2011 -- 12 ( shared with Cristiano Ronaldo ) </Li> <Li> Most teams scored against in a season : 19 in 2012 -- 13 ( shared with Ronaldo and Cristiano Ronaldo ) </Li> <Li> Only player to score consecutively against all opposition teams in La Liga : 19 matches , 30 goals in 2012 -- 13 </Li> <Li> First player to reach 300 La Liga goals </Li> <Li> First player to reach 350 La Liga goals </Li> <Li> Youngest player to score 200 goals in La Liga : 25 years and 7 months in January 2013 </Li> </Ul> Argentina <Ul> <Li> Argentina all - time top goalscorer : 58 goals </Li> <Li> Top goalscorer for Argentina in a calendar year : 12 goals in 2012 ( shared with Gabriel Batistuta ) </Li> <Li> Only Argentina player to score against every CONMEBOL nation </Li> <Li> Youngest player to play for Argentina in a FIFA World Cup : 18 years , 357 days in 2006 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to score for Argentina in a FIFA World Cup : 18 years , 357 days in 2006 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to reach 100 caps for a country under CONMEBOL 's jurisdiction : 27 years , 361 days in 2015 </Li> </Ul> Barcelona <Ul> <Li> Top goalscorer in El Clásico : 25 goals </Li> <Li> Top goalscorer in the Derbi barceloní : 20 goals </Li> <Li> Top goalscorer in official competitions : 515 goals </Li> <Li> Top goalscorer including friendlies : 549 goals </Li> <Li> Top goalscorer in the UEFA Champions League : 96 goals </Li> <Li> Top goalscorer in European competitions : 99 goals </Li> <Li> Top goalscorer in International competitions : 104 </Li> <Li> Most hat - tricks scored in all competitions : 38 </Li> <Li> Most hat - tricks scored in La Liga : 27 </Li> <Li> First player to be top goalscorer in four La Liga seasons ( 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2016 -- 17 ) </Li> <Li> Most titles won with the team : 30 ( shared with Andrés Iniesta ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Messi -- Ronaldo rivalry </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <P> Notes </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ According to his club 's official website , FCBarcelona.com , and his authorised biography , Messi by Guillem Balagué , his surname is the single `` Messi '' , in accordance with Argentine customs . Other sources , including a 2014 document by FIFA , give his surname as the double `` Messi Cuccittini '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In addition to four FIFA Ballons d'Or , Messi received France Football 's Ballon d'Or and FIFA 's World Player of the Year award prior to their fusion ; both organisations credit him with five ( FIFA ) Ballons d'Or . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A record he shares with Cristiano Ronaldo . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Since surpassed by Cristiano Ronaldo , Messi is the second - highest goalscorer in the European Cup / Champions League as of September 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Assist statistics began in 1990 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Includes a goal scored in the 2017 International Champions Cup . </Li> </Ol> <P> Citations </P> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Profile : Lionel Andrés Messi '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Balagué 2013 , pp. 32 -- 37 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil : List of Players '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 10 June 2014 . p. 2 . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lacombe , Rémy ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` Messi , le Cinquième Élément '' . France Football . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Messi , Lloyd , Luis Enrique and Ellis Triumph at FIFA Ballon d'Or 2015 '' . FIFA. 11 January 2016 . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caioli 2012 , pp. 9 -- 10 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Carlin , John ( 27 March 2010 ) . `` Lionel Messi : Magic in His Feet '' . The Independent . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Balagué 2013 , pp. 44 -- 45 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maume , Chris ( 11 July 2014 ) . `` Lionel Messi : The World at His Feet '' . The Independent . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caioli 2012 , p. 38 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Wright ( 22 October 2012 ) . `` Here and Gone : The Strange Relationship between Lionel Messi and His Hometown in Argentina '' . Outside the Lines . ESPN FC . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caioli 2012 , pp. 31 -- 35 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cazadieu , Jérôme ; Juillard , Alexandre ; Traïni , Frédéric ( 15 November 2008 ) . `` Leo Messi : La Légende d'El Enano '' ( Leo Messi : The Legend of El Enano ) . L'Équipe via Irish Independent . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hawkey , Ian ( 20 April 2008 ) . `` Lionel Messi on a Mission '' . The Times ( subscription required ) . Archived from the original on 30 August 2008 . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Paul ( 16 July 2015 ) . `` Pablo Aimar : The Argentinian Wizard Admired by Maradona and Messi '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Sid ( 15 October 2014 ) . `` Lionel Messi : How Argentinian Teenager Signed for Barcelona on a Serviette '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Longman , Jeré ( 21 May 2011 ) . `` Lionel Messi : Boy Genius '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Caioli 2012 , pp. 61 -- 62 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Balagué 2013 , pp. 149 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jenson , Pete ( 27 March 2010 ) . `` Fàbregas , Messi , Piqué : Class of 2002 '' . The Independent . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hunter 2012 , pp. 44 -- 45 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Could Have Joined Arsenal as a Teenager , Says Arsène Wenger '' . The Guardian . 21 November 2014 . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The New Messiah '' . FIFA. 5 March 2006 . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 16 October 2014 ) . `` The best quotes about Lionel Messi 's 10 years at Barcelona '' . ESPN FC . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Caioli 2012 , pp. 68 -- 71 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bird , Liviu ( 5 June 2015 ) . `` Ex-Teammate , La Masia Coach Recall Lionel Messi 's Early Days , Persona '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Giuly remembers the first time he saw Messi ' kill ' his team - mates '' . Sport. 14 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 15 November 2013 ) . `` Messi Reflects on Debut 10 Years On '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Balagué 2013 , pp. 191 -- 193 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Balagué 2013 , pp. 246 -- 249 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hunter 2012 , p. 53 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Carbonell , Rafael ( 26 October 2004 ) . `` El Último Salto de la ' Pulga ' '' ( The Last Jump of the ' Flea ' ) . El País ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Balagué 2013 , pp. 183 -- 185 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Balagué 2013 , pp. 262 -- 263 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini : Matches 2003 -- 04 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini : Matches 2004 -- 05 '' . BDFutbol . 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Retrieved 22 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McPherson , Ian ( 28 February 2013 ) . `` Messi Cashes in with Qatari Contract '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Is Global Brand Ambassador for Tata Motors '' . Firstpost. 3 November 2015 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2015 . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guinness World Records 2014 , p. 102 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi to Star on Cover of EA Sports FIFA for Fourth Straight Year '' . Sports Illustrated . 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Henry , Thierry ( 21 April 2011 ) . `` The 2011 Time 100 : Lionel Messi , God of the Field '' . Time . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamm , Mia ( 18 April 2012 ) . `` The World 's 100 Most Influential People 2012 : Lionel Messi '' . Time . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Messi Joins Facebook , Nets 7m Followers '' . ESPN FC. 6 April 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Giuliano , Karissa ( 9 June 2015 ) . `` The 10 Most Popular Celebrities on Facebook '' . CNBC . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Borg , Chris ( 2 December 2014 ) . `` Ballon D'Or : Lionel Messi vs. Cristiano Ronaldo -- Battle of the Brands '' . CNN . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Most Marketable Footballers in the World '' ( PDF ) . Repucom ( press release ) . 28 May 2014 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Messi 's Left Foot -- Yours for $5.25 Million '' . CNN . 6 March 2013 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Krasselt , Kaitlyn ( 21 June 2014 ) . `` Cannes to Cannes : YouTube 's Most Viewed Ads '' . USA Today . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lorenzetti , Laura ( 3 June 2015 ) . `` YouTube Users Say This Is the ' Ad of the Decade ' '' . Time . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Best Sports Photo of the Year Goes To ... Lionel Messi and ' the Final Game ' '' . Eurosport. 12 February 2015 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2015 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barker , Andrew ( 27 August 2014 ) . `` Venice Film Review : ' Messi ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Argentina hosts Lionel Messi 's ' wedding of the century ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caioli 2012 , pp. 196 -- 197 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fitzpatrick , Richard ( 23 June 2017 ) . `` The Machine of ' 87 : Messi 's Boyhood Teammates Recall Early Signs of Greatness '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Messi Shares Baby Joy '' . beIN Sports . 17 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 19 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Messi Junior Named Thiago '' . ESPN FC. 2 November 2012 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi 's Wife Expecting Second Child , Barcelona Star Says '' . ESPN FC. 30 April 2015 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Messi 's Brother Confirms Birth of Barcelona Star 's Second Child '' . FourFourTwo. 11 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi marries stunning childhood sweetheart Antonella Roccuzzo in Argentine home town '' . The Independent Ireland . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Balagué 2013 , pp. 31 , 143 , 570 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Balagué 2013 , pp. 576 -- 577 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright , Chris ( 5 November 2012 ) . `` After Just 72 Hours on the Planet , Thiago Messi Signs for Newell 's Old Boys '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Leo Messi : Goodwill Ambassador '' . UNICEF. 25 May 2012 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rogers , Iain ; Palmer , Justin . `` Barcelona Extend UNICEF Shirt Deal to 2016 '' . Reuters . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Leo Messi Activity Highlights '' . UNICEF. 14 May 2015 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Leo Messi 's Son Turns One and Celebrates with UNICEF '' . UNICEF ( press release ) . 28 October 2013 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Fast Facts '' . CNN . 25 June 2015 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ooredoo , Messi Foundation Continue Expansion : Three New Mobile Health Clinics Launched in Algeria '' . Arab Times . 3 August 2015 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Lionel Messi and Friends ' Soccer Tour Is One of Many Causes Argentine Superstar Supports '' . New England Sports Network . 22 June 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Partners '' . Leo Messi Foundation . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Argentina 's Lionel Messi wins libel case , donates damages to charity '' . ESPN FC. 7 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Messi wins a case against ' La Razon ' newspaper '' . Sport. 6 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Much , Mauritius ; Obermayer , Bastian ( 5 April 2016 ) . `` The Small Kaiser '' . Süddeutsche Zeitung . Retrieved 10 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Messi , father guilty of tax fraud , given suspended 21 - month sentences '' . SI.com. 6 July 2016 . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi in tax court : I played football and trusted my father '' . ESPN FC. 2 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caioli 2012 , pp. 69 -- 71 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini : Matches 2015 -- 16 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini : Matches 2016 -- 17 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini : Matches 2017 -- 18 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi : Player Profile '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi achievements '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Andrés Iniesta and Leo Messi win 30th trophy with Barcelona '' . Sport EN. 27 May 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` European Footballer of the Year ( '' Ballon d'Or `` ) '' . The Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Ballon d'Or : History '' . FIFA . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Messi , Neuer Heralded as Brazil 2014 's Best '' . FIFA. 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Profile : Lionel Messi '' . UEFA . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Messi voted 2009 World Soccer Player of the Year '' . World Soccer . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi voted 2011 World Soccer 's Player of the Year '' . World Soccer . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi wins 2012 World Soccer Player of the Year award '' . World Soccer . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World Soccer Awards : Messi leads the way as Barcelona sweep the board '' . World Soccer . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Onze d'Or all - time winners '' . rsssf.com . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2015 Globe Soccer Awards '' . globesoccer.com . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Otero , Paul M. ( 12 November 2013 ) . `` Palmarés de un Genio : El Coleccionista de Trofeos '' ( Honours of a Genius : The Collector of Trophies ) . Marca ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Messi , Mejor Delantero y Mejor Jugador '' ( Messi , Best Forward and Best Player ) ( in Spanish ) . Liga de Fútbol Profesional. 2 December 2013 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Messi , 2014 -- 15 Liga BBVA Best Player '' . Liga de Fútbol Profesional. 30 November 2015 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi named Best Striker in La Liga Santander 2015 -- 16 '' . Liga de Fútbol Profesional. 24 October 2016 . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Club World Cup : Awards '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 7 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Barcelona Trio Sweep Awards '' . FIFA. 20 December 2015 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Youth Championship Netherlands 2005 '' . FIFA . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Premios Olimpia 2015 : La Judoca Paula Pareto se Llevó el Oro y los de Plata Fueron Para Messi , Marco Ruben , Andrés Nocioni y Adolfo Cambiaso '' ( Olympia Awards 2015 : The Judoca Paula Pareto Took the Gold and Silver Was for Messi , Marco Ruben , Andrés Nocioni and Adolfo Cambiaso ) ( in Spanish ) . LRA Radio Nacional. 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Los Ganadores de Olimpia de Plata en Cada Deporte , con los Medallistas Dorados de Río entre los Destacados '' ( The Winners of the Silver Olimpia in Each Sport , with the Gold Medalists of Río among the Highlights ) . La Nacion ( in Spanish ) . 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Caioli 2012 , p. 248 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2008 World Soccer Awards results '' . worldsoccer.com . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bravo Award all - time winners '' . rsssf.com . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The World 's Best Playmaker 2015 '' . International Federation of Football History and Statistics . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert Ley ( 29 December 2016 ) . `` THE WORLD 'S BEST PLAYMAKER 2016 : Lionel Messi '' . IFFHS.de . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` IFFHS : Former Results '' . International Federation of Football History and Statistics . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi named Liga BBVA Player of the Month for January '' . Liga de Fútbol Profesional. 12 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi named LaLiga Santander Player of the Month for April '' . La Liga. 12 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ EN , Sport ( 28 November 2015 ) . `` Leo Messi presented with the sixth Memorial Aldo Rovira award '' . sport ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CatalunyaPress.es ( 23 June 2017 ) . `` Messi gana el trofeo Aldo Rovira por quinta vez '' . Catalunyapress ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Messi recibe el Trofeo EFE como mejor futbolista latinoamericano de la Liga BBVA '' . Mundo Deportivo ( in Spanish ) . 14 May 2012 . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFPro and FIFA Present the 2015 World XI '' . FIFPro. 11 January 2016 . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Best named at FIFA Football Awards '' . FIFA. 9 January 2017 . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Team of the Year 2015 : Lionel Messi '' . UEFA. 8 January 2016 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ESM Top - Elf : Ein Bayern - Star in Europas Elite . Abendzeitung ( in German ) . 8 June 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Team of the Year : the all - time XI '' . UEFA.com. 30 November 2015 . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 2014 -- 15 Liga BBVA Ideal XI '' . Liga de Fútbol Profesional. 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dream Team Winners Earn Sony Prizes '' . FIFA. 23 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` El Once Ideal de la Copa América '' ( The Ideal Eleven of the Copa América ) . La República ( in Spanish ) . 16 July 2007 . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Copa América 2011 Dream Team '' . Copa America Organisation. 8 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Copa América 2015 : Team of the Tournament '' . Copa America Organisation. 5 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 2 September 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` La Selección de Todos los Tiempos '' ( The Team of All Time ) ( in Spanish ) . Argentine Football Association . 4 January 2016 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Leo Messi wins UEFA goal of the season award FC Barcelona '' . www.fcbarcelona.com . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Robinho Disputará a Messi y Riquelme la Copa América y el MVP del Torneo '' ( Robinho Battles Messi and Riquelme for the Copa América and the MVP of the Tournament ) . Diario AS ( in Spanish ) . 14 July 2007 . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Los 10 Mejores Goles de la Copa América 2007 '' ( The 10 Best Goals of the 2007 Copa América ) . Copa America Organisation. 6 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2015 . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gerrard and Messi share fans ' vote '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Stellar Messi hails ' incredible ' Barcelona '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2009 UEFA Super Cup '' . linguasport.com . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Messi thanks Tbilisi fans after Barça beat Sevilla '' . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ESPYs : Lionel Messi , Robbie Keane , U.S. women 's team all win awards '' . ESPN FC. 15 July 2015 . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ <Ul> <Li> `` Spanish Primera División Statistics : Top Scorers 2009 -- 10 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> `` Spanish Primera División Statistics : Top Scorers 2011 -- 12 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> `` Spanish Primera División Statistics : Top Scorers 2012 -- 13 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> `` Spanish Primera División Statistics : Top Scorers 2016 -- 17 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ <Ul> <Li> `` Spanish Primera División Statistics : Top Assists 2010 -- 11 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> `` Spanish Primera División Statistics : Top Assists 2014 -- 15 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> `` Spanish Primera División Statistics : Top Assists 2015 -- 16 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ <Ul> <Li> `` Copa del Rey Top Scorer : 2008 -- 09 '' . World Football . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> `` Copa del Rey Top Scorer : 2010 -- 11 '' . World Football . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> `` Copa del Rey Top Scorer : 2013 -- 14 '' . World Football . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> `` Copa del Rey Top Scorer : 2015 -- 16 '' . World Football . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> `` Copa del Rey Top Scorer : 2016 -- 17 '' . World Football . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ <Ul> <Li> `` UEFA Champions League Statistics : Top Scorers 2008 -- 09 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> `` UEFA Champions League Statistics : Top Scorers 2009 -- 10 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> `` UEFA Champions League Statistics : Top Scorers 2010 -- 11 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> `` UEFA Champions League Statistics : Top Scorers 2011 -- 12 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> `` UEFA Champions League Statistics : Top Scorers 2014 -- 15 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ <Ul> <Li> `` UEFA Champions League 2011 -- 12 Statistics : Assists '' . UEFA . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> `` UEFA Champions League 2014 -- 15 Statistics : Assists '' . UEFA . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2011 : Statistics '' . FIFA . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Copa América 2015 Stats Centre : Player Stats Attack '' . Copa America Organisation . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Copa America 2016 : Six players who have starred in the United States '' . Sky Sports . 25 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Wins Ballon d'Or over Ronaldo and Neymar '' . BBC Sport. 11 January 2016 . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 14 Facts about the FIFA Ballon d'Or '' . FIFA. 22 September 2014 . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 20 December 2015 ) . `` Lionel Messi and Luis Suárez Star in Club World Cup Win over River '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Cup : Players & Coaches '' . FIFA . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi : The Goal That Started the Barcelona Legend '' . BBC Sport. 1 May 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Records & Achievements </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top scorers in a single European game '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Five - goal Messi leaves Leverkusen spellbound '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chavez , Christopher ( 16 September 2015 ) . `` Lionel Messi Becomes Youngest to 100 Champions League Appearances '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Saffer , Paul ( 11 August 2015 ) . `` Messi , Alves among Super Cup Record - Breakers '' . UEFA . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Sets Copa América Assists Record , Thrills Gillette Stadium '' . NESN. 18 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Messi Tiene Presente a Suárez '' . El País ( in Spanish ) . 1 December 2015 . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hannah , Ralph ( 25 November 2014 ) . `` Double for Lionel Messi as Barcelona Star Takes Both La Liga and Champions League All - Time Goals Records in a Week '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most Goals Scored in a Season in the Top Division of Spanish Football '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Football news in brief : Another record for Messi . '' . The Guardian . 25 January 2015 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi is the first player to score 300 goals in La Liga '' . ESPN FC. 17 February 2016 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Roundup : Messi Youngest to Score 200 Goals in La Liga '' . USA Today . 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi breaks Argentina 's all - time goal - scoring record '' . ESPN FC. 22 June 2016 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Messi , máximo artillero histórico de la selección argentina '' . FIFA ( Spanish ) . 22 June 2016 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Messi , único dueño del gol '' . Argentine Football Association ( Spanish ) . 22 June 2016 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ EN , Sport ( 5 September 2015 ) . `` Messi 's now scored vs. EVERY South American country ... except Argentina '' . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` It 's Lionel Messi 's 28th Birthday , Here Are 10 of His Stunning Career Stats ... '' . Eurosport. 24 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Messi se apunta al ' hat - trick ' : tres en los últimos cuatro partidos '' ( in Spanish ) . Marca. 7 December 2014 . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona v RCD Espanyol : Messi delivers first - leg victory ( 4 -- 1 ) '' . FCBarcelona.com. 6 January 2016 . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` FC Barcelona Individual Records '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 9 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` L. Messi '' . Soccerway.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <P> Bibliography </P> <Ul> <Li> Balagué , Guillem ( 2013 ) . Messi . Orion Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4091 - 4659 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Caioli , Luca ( 2012 ) . Messi : The Inside Story of the Boy Who Became a Legend . Corinthian Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 90685 - 040 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Caioli , Luca ( 2015 ) . Messi : More than a Superstar . Icon Books . ISBN 978 - 190685 - 091 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Guinness World Records 2015 . Guinness World Records . 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 908843 - 65 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Hunter , Graham ( 2012 ) . Barça : The Making of the Greatest Team in the World . BackPage Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9564971 - 8 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Lisi , Clemente Angelo ( 2011 ) . A History of the World Cup : 1930 -- 2010 . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7754 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Tomkins , Paul ( 2007 ) . Above Us Only Sky : Liverpool FC 's Global Revolution . Anchor Print Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9556367 - 0 - 7 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Ul> <Li> Biography portal </Li> <Li> Association football portal </Li> <Li> Argentina portal </Li> </Ul> Find more aboutLionel Messiat Wikipedia 's sister projects <Ul> <Li> Media from Commons </Li> <Li> News from Wikinews </Li> <Li> Quotations from Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Learning resources from Wikiversity </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Official website ( in Catalan ) ( in English ) ( in Spanish ) </Li> <Li> Profile for FC Barcelona </Li> <Li> Profile at La Liga </Li> <Li> Lionel Messi at ESPN FC </Li> <Li> Lionel Messi at BDFutbol </Li> <Li> Lionel Messi at Soccerway </Li> <Li> Lionel Messi at Soccerbase </Li> <Li> Lionel Messi at National-Football-Teams.com </Li> <Li> Lionel Messi -- FIFA competition record </Li> <Li> Lionel Messi -- UEFA competition record </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> FC Barcelona -- current squad </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1 Ter Stegen </Li> <Li> 2 Semedo </Li> <Li> 3 Piqué </Li> <Li> 4 Rakitić </Li> <Li> 5 Busquets </Li> <Li> 6 D. Suárez </Li> <Li> 7 Arda </Li> <Li> 8 Iniesta ( c ) </Li> <Li> 9 L. Suárez </Li> <Li> 10 Messi </Li> <Li> 11 Dembélé </Li> <Li> 12 Rafinha </Li> <Li> 13 Cillessen </Li> <Li> 14 Mascherano </Li> <Li> 15 Paulinho </Li> <Li> 16 Deulofeu </Li> <Li> 17 Alcácer </Li> <Li> 18 Alba </Li> <Li> 19 Digne </Li> <Li> 20 Roberto </Li> <Li> 21 Gomes </Li> <Li> 22 Vidal </Li> <Li> 23 Umtiti </Li> <Li> 25 Vermaelen </Li> <Li> Coach : Valverde </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Argentina squads </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Argentina squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1 Abbondanzieri </Li> <Li> 2 Ayala </Li> <Li> 3 Sorín ( c ) </Li> <Li> 4 Coloccini </Li> <Li> 5 Cambiasso </Li> <Li> 6 Heinze </Li> <Li> 7 Saviola </Li> <Li> 8 Mascherano </Li> <Li> 9 Crespo </Li> <Li> 10 Riquelme </Li> <Li> 11 Tevez </Li> <Li> 12 Franco </Li> <Li> 13 Scaloni </Li> <Li> 14 Palacio </Li> <Li> 15 Milito </Li> <Li> 16 Aimar </Li> <Li> 17 Cufré </Li> <Li> 18 Rodríguez </Li> <Li> 19 Messi </Li> <Li> 20 Cruz </Li> <Li> 21 Burdisso </Li> <Li> 22 González </Li> <Li> 23 Ustari </Li> <Li> Coach : Pékerman </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Argentina squad -- 2007 Copa América runners - up </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1 Abbondanzieri </Li> <Li> 2 Ayala ( c ) </Li> <Li> 3 Díaz </Li> <Li> 4 Ibarra </Li> <Li> 5 Gago </Li> <Li> 6 Heinze </Li> <Li> 7 Palacio </Li> <Li> 8 Zanetti </Li> <Li> 9 Crespo </Li> <Li> 10 Riquelme </Li> <Li> 11 Tevez </Li> <Li> 12 Carrizo </Li> <Li> 13 González </Li> <Li> 14 Mascherano </Li> <Li> 15 G. Milito </Li> <Li> 16 Aimar </Li> <Li> 17 Burdisso </Li> <Li> 18 Messi </Li> <Li> 19 Cambiasso </Li> <Li> 20 Verón </Li> <Li> 21 D. Milito </Li> <Li> 22 Orión </Li> <Li> Coach : Basile </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Argentina men 's football squad -- 2008 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1 Ustari </Li> <Li> 2 Garay </Li> <Li> 3 Monzón </Li> <Li> 4 Zabaleta </Li> <Li> 5 Gago </Li> <Li> 6 Fazio </Li> <Li> 7 Sosa </Li> <Li> 8 Banega </Li> <Li> 9 Lavezzi </Li> <Li> 10 Riquelme ( c ) </Li> <Li> 11 Di María </Li> <Li> 12 Pareja </Li> <Li> 13 Acosta </Li> <Li> 14 Mascherano </Li> <Li> 15 Messi </Li> <Li> 16 Agüero </Li> <Li> 17 Buonanotte </Li> <Li> 18 Romero </Li> <Li> 22 Navarro </Li> <Li> Coach : Batista </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Argentina squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1 Pozo </Li> <Li> 2 Demichelis </Li> <Li> 3 C. Rodríguez </Li> <Li> 4 Burdisso </Li> <Li> 5 Bolatti </Li> <Li> 6 Heinze </Li> <Li> 7 Di María </Li> <Li> 8 Verón </Li> <Li> 9 Higuaín </Li> <Li> 10 Messi </Li> <Li> 11 Tevez </Li> <Li> 12 Garcé </Li> <Li> 13 Samuel </Li> <Li> 14 Mascherano ( c ) </Li> <Li> 15 Otamendi </Li> <Li> 16 Agüero </Li> <Li> 17 Gutiérrez </Li> <Li> 18 Palermo </Li> <Li> 19 Milito </Li> <Li> 20 M. Rodríguez </Li> <Li> 21 Andújar </Li> <Li> 22 Romero </Li> <Li> 23 Pastore </Li> <Li> Coach : Maradona </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Argentina squad -- 2011 Copa América </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1 Carrizo </Li> <Li> 2 Garay </Li> <Li> 3 Zabaleta </Li> <Li> 4 Burdisso </Li> <Li> 5 Cambiasso </Li> <Li> 6 G. Milito </Li> <Li> 7 Di María </Li> <Li> 8 Zanetti </Li> <Li> 9 Higuaín </Li> <Li> 10 Messi </Li> <Li> 11 Tevez </Li> <Li> 12 Andújar </Li> <Li> 13 Pareja </Li> <Li> 14 Mascherano ( c ) </Li> <Li> 15 Biglia </Li> <Li> 16 Agüero </Li> <Li> 17 Rojo </Li> <Li> 18 Pastore </Li> <Li> 19 Banega </Li> <Li> 20 Gago </Li> <Li> 21 Lavezzi </Li> <Li> 22 D. Milito </Li> <Li> 23 Romero </Li> <Li> Coach : Batista </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Argentina squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup runners - up </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1 Romero </Li> <Li> 2 Garay </Li> <Li> 3 Campagnaro </Li> <Li> 4 Zabaleta </Li> <Li> 5 Gago </Li> <Li> 6 Biglia </Li> <Li> 7 Di María </Li> <Li> 8 Pérez </Li> <Li> 9 Higuaín </Li> <Li> 10 Messi ( c ) </Li> <Li> 11 M. Rodríguez </Li> <Li> 12 Orión </Li> <Li> 13 A. Fernández </Li> <Li> 14 Mascherano </Li> <Li> 15 Demichelis </Li> <Li> 16 Rojo </Li> <Li> 17 F. Fernández </Li> <Li> 18 Palacio </Li> <Li> 19 Álvarez </Li> <Li> 20 Agüero </Li> <Li> 21 Andújar </Li> <Li> 22 Lavezzi </Li> <Li> 23 Basanta </Li> <Li> Coach : Sabella </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Argentina squad -- 2015 Copa América runners - up </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1 Romero </Li> <Li> 2 Garay </Li> <Li> 3 Roncaglia </Li> <Li> 4 Zabaleta </Li> <Li> 5 Gago </Li> <Li> 6 Biglia </Li> <Li> 7 Di María </Li> <Li> 8 Pereyra </Li> <Li> 9 Higuaín </Li> <Li> 10 Messi ( c ) </Li> <Li> 11 Agüero </Li> <Li> 12 Guzmán </Li> <Li> 13 Casco </Li> <Li> 14 Mascherano </Li> <Li> 15 Demichelis </Li> <Li> 16 Rojo </Li> <Li> 17 Otamendi </Li> <Li> 18 Tevez </Li> <Li> 19 Banega </Li> <Li> 20 Lamela </Li> <Li> 21 Pastore </Li> <Li> 22 Lavezzi </Li> <Li> 23 Andújar ( Marchesín ) </Li> <Li> Coach : Martino </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Argentina squad -- 2016 Copa América Centenario runners - up </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1 Romero </Li> <Li> 2 Maidana </Li> <Li> 3 Roncaglia </Li> <Li> 4 Mercado </Li> <Li> 5 Kranevitter </Li> <Li> 6 Biglia </Li> <Li> 7 Di María </Li> <Li> 8 Fernández </Li> <Li> 9 Higuaín </Li> <Li> 10 Messi ( c ) </Li> <Li> 11 Agüero </Li> <Li> 12 Guzmán </Li> <Li> 13 Funes Mori </Li> <Li> 14 Mascherano </Li> <Li> 15 Cuesta </Li> <Li> 16 Rojo </Li> <Li> 17 Otamendi </Li> <Li> 18 Lamela </Li> <Li> 19 Banega </Li> <Li> 20 Gaitán </Li> <Li> 21 Pastore </Li> <Li> 22 Lavezzi </Li> <Li> 23 Andújar </Li> <Li> Coach : Martino </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Awards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Awards and achievements </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Luciana Aymar </Td> <Td> Olimpia de Oro 2011 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Sergio Martínez </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Rafael Nadal </Td> <Td> L'Équipe Champion of Champions 2011 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Serena Williams ( female ) Usain Bolt ( male ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by José Mourinho </Td> <Td> Gazzetta dello Sport Sportsman of the Year 2011 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Usain Bolt </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> FIFA Player of the Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FIFA World Player of the Year </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1991 : Matthäus </Li> <Li> 1992 : Van Basten </Li> <Li> 1993 : Baggio </Li> <Li> 1994 : Romário </Li> <Li> 1995 : Weah </Li> <Li> 1996 : Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 1997 : Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 1998 : Zidane </Li> <Li> 1999 : Rivaldo </Li> <Li> 2000 : Zidane </Li> <Li> 2001 : Figo </Li> <Li> 2002 : Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2003 : Zidane </Li> <Li> 2004 : Ronaldinho </Li> <Li> 2005 : Ronaldinho </Li> <Li> 2006 : Cannavaro </Li> <Li> 2007 : Kaká </Li> <Li> 2008 : C. Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2009 : Messi </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FIFA Ballon d'Or </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2010 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2011 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2012 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2013 : C. Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2014 : C. Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2015 : Messi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Best FIFA Men 's Player </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2016 : C. Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2017 : </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> See also : Ballon d'Or </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Ballon d'Or </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> France Football magazine award </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ballon d'Or ( 1956 -- 2009 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1956 : Matthews </Li> <Li> 1957 : Di Stéfano </Li> <Li> 1958 : Kopa </Li> <Li> 1959 : Di Stéfano </Li> <Li> 1960 : Suárez </Li> <Li> 1961 : Sívori </Li> <Li> 1962 : Masopust </Li> <Li> 1963 : Yashin </Li> <Li> 1964 : Law </Li> <Li> 1965 : Eusébio </Li> <Li> 1966 : Charlton </Li> <Li> 1967 : Albert </Li> <Li> 1968 : Best </Li> <Li> 1969 : Rivera </Li> <Li> 1970 : Müller </Li> <Li> 1971 : Cruyff </Li> <Li> 1972 : Beckenbauer </Li> <Li> 1973 : Cruyff </Li> <Li> 1974 : Cruyff </Li> <Li> 1975 : Blokhin </Li> <Li> 1976 : Beckenbauer </Li> <Li> 1977 : Simonsen </Li> <Li> 1978 : Keegan </Li> <Li> 1979 : Keegan </Li> <Li> 1980 : Rummenigge </Li> <Li> 1981 : Rummenigge </Li> <Li> 1982 : Rossi </Li> <Li> 1983 : Platini </Li> <Li> 1984 : Platini </Li> <Li> 1985 : Platini </Li> <Li> 1986 : Belanov </Li> <Li> 1987 : Gullit </Li> <Li> 1988 : Van Basten </Li> <Li> 1989 : Van Basten </Li> <Li> 1990 : Matthäus </Li> <Li> 1991 : Papin </Li> <Li> 1992 : Van Basten </Li> <Li> 1993 : Baggio </Li> <Li> 1994 : Stoichkov </Li> <Li> 1995 : Weah </Li> <Li> 1996 : Sammer </Li> <Li> 1997 : Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 1998 : Zidane </Li> <Li> 1999 : Rivaldo </Li> <Li> 2000 : Figo </Li> <Li> 2001 : Owen </Li> <Li> 2002 : Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2003 : Nedvěd </Li> <Li> 2004 : Shevchenko </Li> <Li> 2005 : Ronaldinho </Li> <Li> 2006 : Cannavaro </Li> <Li> 2007 : Kaká </Li> <Li> 2008 : C. Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2009 : Messi </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2010 -- 2015 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2010 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2011 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2012 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2013 : C. Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2014 : C. Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2015 : Messi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ballon d'Or ( 2016 -- present ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2016 : C. Ronaldo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> FIFA World Player of the Year ( 1991 -- 2009 ) </Li> <Li> FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2010 -- 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The Best FIFA Men 's Player ( 2016 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> World Soccer Player of the Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1982 : Rossi </Li> <Li> 1983 : Zico </Li> <Li> 1984 : Platini </Li> <Li> 1985 : Platini </Li> <Li> 1986 : Maradona </Li> <Li> 1987 : Gullit </Li> <Li> 1988 : Van Basten </Li> <Li> 1989 : Gullit </Li> <Li> 1990 : Matthäus </Li> <Li> 1991 : Papin </Li> <Li> 1992 : Van Basten </Li> <Li> 1993 : Baggio </Li> <Li> 1994 : Maldini </Li> <Li> 1995 : Vialli </Li> <Li> 1996 : Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 1997 : Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 1998 : Zidane </Li> <Li> 1999 : Rivaldo </Li> <Li> 2000 : Figo </Li> <Li> 2001 : Owen </Li> <Li> 2002 : Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2003 : Nedvěd </Li> <Li> 2004 : Ronaldinho </Li> <Li> 2005 : Ronaldinho </Li> <Li> 2006 : Cannavaro </Li> <Li> 2007 : Kaká </Li> <Li> 2008 : C. Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2009 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2010 : Xavi </Li> <Li> 2011 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2012 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2013 : C. Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2014 : C. Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2015 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2016 : C. Ronaldo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> La Liga Foreign Player of the Year - Don Balón Award </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1976 : Neeskens </Li> <Li> 1977 : Cruyff </Li> <Li> 1978 : Cruyff </Li> <Li> 1979 : Stielike </Li> <Li> 1980 : Stielike </Li> <Li> 1981 : Stielike </Li> <Li> 1982 : Stielike </Li> <Li> 1983 : Barbas </Li> <Li> 1984 : Barbas </Li> <Li> 1985 : Schuster </Li> <Li> 1986 : Valdano </Li> <Li> 1987 : Sánchez </Li> <Li> 1988 : Alemão </Li> <Li> 1989 : Ruggeri </Li> <Li> 1990 : Sánchez </Li> <Li> 1991 : Schuster </Li> <Li> 1992 : Laudrup </Li> <Li> 1993 : Đukić </Li> <Li> 1994 : Stoichkov </Li> <Li> 1995 : Zamorano </Li> <Li> 1996 : Mijatović </Li> <Li> 1997 : Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 1998 : Rivaldo </Li> <Li> 1999 : Figo </Li> <Li> 2000 : Figo </Li> <Li> 2001 : Figo </Li> <Li> 2002 : Zidane </Li> <Li> 2003 : Nihat </Li> <Li> 2004 : Ronaldinho </Li> <Li> 2005 : Riquelme </Li> <Li> 2006 : Ronaldinho </Li> <Li> 2007 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2008 : Agüero </Li> <Li> 2009 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2010 : Messi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> La Liga Forward of the Year - LFP Awards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 2009 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2010 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2011 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2012 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2013 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2014 : Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2015 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2016 : Messi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> La Liga Best Player of the Year - LFP Awards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 2009 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2010 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2011 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2012 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2013 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2014 : Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2015 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2016 : Griezmann </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> EFE Trophy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1990 -- 91 : Fernández </Li> <Li> 1991 -- 92 : Zalazar </Li> <Li> 1992 -- 93 : Zamorano </Li> <Li> 1993 -- 94 : Romário </Li> <Li> 1994 -- 95 : Zamorano </Li> <Li> 1995 -- 96 : Simeone </Li> <Li> 1996 -- 97 : Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 1997 -- 98 : Roberto Carlos </Li> <Li> 1998 -- 99 : Rivaldo </Li> <Li> 1999 -- 2000 : Herrera </Li> <Li> 2000 -- 01 : Acuña </Li> <Li> 2001 -- 02 : Saviola </Li> <Li> 2002 -- 03 : Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2003 -- 04 : Ronaldinho </Li> <Li> 2004 -- 05 : Forlán </Li> <Li> 2005 -- 06 : Aimar </Li> <Li> 2006 -- 07 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2007 -- 08 : Agüero </Li> <Li> 2008 -- 09 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2009 -- 10 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2010 -- 11 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2011 -- 12 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2012 -- 13 : C. Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2013 -- 14 : Diego Costa </Li> <Li> 2014 -- 15 : Suárez </Li> <Li> 2015 -- 16 : Navas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 2000 : Edílson </Li> <Li> 2005 : Rogério Ceni </Li> <Li> 2006 : Deco </Li> <Li> 2007 : Kaká </Li> <Li> 2008 : Rooney </Li> <Li> 2009 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2010 : Eto'o </Li> <Li> 2011 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2012 : Cássio </Li> <Li> 2013 : Ribéry </Li> <Li> 2014 : Ramos </Li> <Li> 2015 : Suárez </Li> <Li> 2016 : Ronaldo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> FIFA U-20 World Cup awards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Golden Ball </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1977 : Bessonov </Li> <Li> 1979 : Maradona </Li> <Li> 1981 : Gabor </Li> <Li> 1983 : Geovani </Li> <Li> 1985 : Silas </Li> <Li> 1987 : Prosinečki </Li> <Li> 1989 : Bismarck </Li> <Li> 1991 : Peixe </Li> <Li> 1993 : Adriano </Li> <Li> 1995 : Caio </Li> <Li> 1997 : Olivera </Li> <Li> 1999 : Keita </Li> <Li> 2001 : Saviola </Li> <Li> 2003 : Matar </Li> <Li> 2005 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2007 : Agüero </Li> <Li> 2009 : Adiyiah </Li> <Li> 2011 : Henrique </Li> <Li> 2013 : Pogba </Li> <Li> 2015 : Traoré </Li> <Li> 2017 : Solanke </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Golden Shoe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1977 : Guina </Li> <Li> 1979 : Díaz </Li> <Li> 1981 : Koussas </Li> <Li> 1983 : Geovani </Li> <Li> 1985 : Losada </Li> <Li> 1987 : Witeczek </Li> <Li> 1989 : Salenko </Li> <Li> 1991 : Scherbakov </Li> <Li> 1993 : Zambrano </Li> <Li> 1995 : Etxeberria </Li> <Li> 1997 : Adaílton </Li> <Li> 1999 : Couñago </Li> <Li> 2001 : Saviola </Li> <Li> 2003 : Johnson </Li> <Li> 2005 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2007 : Agüero </Li> <Li> 2009 : Adiyiah </Li> <Li> 2011 : Henrique </Li> <Li> 2013 : Assifuah </Li> <Li> 2015 : Kovalenko </Li> <Li> 2017 : Orsolini </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Golden Glove </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2009 : Alvarado </Li> <Li> 2011 : Mika </Li> <Li> 2013 : De Amores </Li> <Li> 2015 : Rajković </Li> <Li> 2017 : Woodman </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Footballer of the Year of Argentina </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1970 : Yazalde </Li> <Li> 1971 : Pastoriza </Li> <Li> 1972 : Bargas </Li> <Li> 1973 : Brindisi </Li> <Li> 1974 : Raimondo </Li> <Li> 1975 : Scotta </Li> <Li> 1976 : Passarella </Li> <Li> 1977 : Fillol </Li> <Li> 1978 : Kempes </Li> <Li> 1979 : Maradona </Li> <Li> 1980 : Maradona </Li> <Li> 1981 : Maradona </Li> <Li> 1982 : Gatti </Li> <Li> 1983 : Bochini </Li> <Li> 1984 : Márcico </Li> <Li> 1985 : Francescoli </Li> <Li> 1986 : Maradona </Li> <Li> 1987 : Fabbri </Li> <Li> 1988 : Paz </Li> <Li> 1989 : Alfaro Moreno </Li> <Li> 1990 : Goycochea </Li> <Li> 1991 : Ruggeri </Li> <Li> 1992 : Islas </Li> <Li> 1993 : Medina Bello </Li> <Li> 1994 : Navarro Montoya </Li> <Li> 1995 : Francescoli </Li> <Li> 1996 : Chilavert </Li> <Li> 1997 : Salas </Li> <Li> 1998 : Batistuta </Li> <Li> 1999 : Saviola </Li> <Li> 2000 : Riquelme </Li> <Li> 2001 : Riquelme </Li> <Li> 2002 : Milito </Li> <Li> 2003 : Tevez </Li> <Li> 2004 : Tevez </Li> <Li> 2005 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2006 : Verón </Li> <Li> 2007 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2008 : Messi & Riquelme </Li> <Li> 2009 : Messi & Verón </Li> <Li> 2010 : Messi & Martínez </Li> <Li> 2011 : Messi & Riquelme </Li> <Li> 2012 : Messi & L. López </Li> <Li> 2013 : Messi & M. Rodríguez </Li> <Li> 2014 : Di María & Pratto </Li> <Li> 2015 : Messi & Ruben </Li> <Li> 2016 : Messi & Belluschi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> UEFA Club Footballer of the Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1998 : Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 1999 : Beckham </Li> <Li> 2000 : Redondo </Li> <Li> 2001 : Effenberg </Li> <Li> 2002 : Zidane </Li> <Li> 2003 : Buffon </Li> <Li> 2004 : Deco </Li> <Li> 2005 : Gerrard </Li> <Li> 2006 : Ronaldinho </Li> <Li> 2007 : Kaká </Li> <Li> 2008 : C. Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2009 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2010 : Milito </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> UEFA Club Football Awards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best Goalkeeper </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1997 -- 98 : Schmeichel </Li> <Li> 1998 -- 99 : Kahn </Li> <Li> 1999 -- 2000 : Kahn </Li> <Li> 2000 -- 01 : Kahn </Li> <Li> 2001 -- 02 : Kahn </Li> <Li> 2002 -- 03 : Buffon </Li> <Li> 2003 -- 04 : Baía </Li> <Li> 2004 -- 05 : Čech </Li> <Li> 2005 -- 06 : Lehmann </Li> <Li> 2006 -- 07 : Čech </Li> <Li> 2007 -- 08 : Čech </Li> <Li> 2008 -- 09 : Van der Sar </Li> <Li> 2009 -- 10 : Júlio César </Li> <Li> 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded </Li> <Li> 2016 -- 17 : Buffon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best Defender </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1997 -- 98 : Hierro </Li> <Li> 1998 -- 99 : Stam </Li> <Li> 1999 -- 2000 : Stam </Li> <Li> 2000 -- 01 : Ayala </Li> <Li> 2001 -- 02 : Roberto Carlos </Li> <Li> 2002 -- 03 : Roberto Carlos </Li> <Li> 2003 -- 04 : Carvalho </Li> <Li> 2004 -- 05 : Terry </Li> <Li> 2005 -- 06 : Puyol </Li> <Li> 2006 -- 07 : Maldini </Li> <Li> 2007 -- 08 : Terry </Li> <Li> 2008 -- 09 : Terry </Li> <Li> 2009 -- 10 : Maicon </Li> <Li> 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded </Li> <Li> 2016 -- 17 : Ramos </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best Midfielder </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1997 -- 98 : Zidane </Li> <Li> 1998 -- 99 : Beckham </Li> <Li> 1999 -- 2000 : Mendieta </Li> <Li> 2000 -- 01 : Mendieta </Li> <Li> 2001 -- 02 : Ballack </Li> <Li> 2002 -- 03 : Nedvěd </Li> <Li> 2003 -- 04 : Deco </Li> <Li> 2004 -- 05 : Kaká </Li> <Li> 2005 -- 06 : Deco </Li> <Li> 2006 -- 07 : Seedorf </Li> <Li> 2007 -- 08 : Lampard </Li> <Li> 2008 -- 09 : Xavi </Li> <Li> 2009 -- 10 : Sneijder </Li> <Li> 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded </Li> <Li> 2016 -- 17 : Modrić </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best Forward </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1997 -- 98 : Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 1998 -- 99 : Shevchenko </Li> <Li> 1999 -- 2000 : Raúl </Li> <Li> 2000 -- 01 : Raúl </Li> <Li> 2001 -- 02 : Raúl </Li> <Li> 2002 -- 03 : Van Nistelrooy </Li> <Li> 2003 -- 04 : Morientes </Li> <Li> 2004 -- 05 : Ronaldinho </Li> <Li> 2005 -- 06 : Eto'o </Li> <Li> 2006 -- 07 : Kaká </Li> <Li> 2007 -- 08 : C. Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2008 -- 09 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2009 -- 10 : Milito </Li> <Li> 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded </Li> <Li> 2016 -- 17 : C. Ronaldo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> UEFA Men 's Player of the Year Award </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UEFA Best Player in Europe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2010 -- 11 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2011 -- 12 : Iniesta </Li> <Li> 2012 -- 13 : Ribéry </Li> <Li> 2013 -- 14 : Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2014 -- 15 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2015 -- 16 : Ronaldo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UEFA Men 's Player of the Year </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2016 -- 17 : Ronaldo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Trofeo Alfredo Di Stéfano </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 2007 -- 08 : Raúl </Li> <Li> 2008 -- 09 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2009 -- 10 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2010 -- 11 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2011 -- 12 : C. Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2012 -- 13 : C. Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2013 -- 14 : C. Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2014 -- 15 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2015 -- 16 : C. Ronaldo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> FIFPro Player of the Year awards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> World Player of the Year </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2005 : Ronaldinho </Li> <Li> 2006 : Ronaldinho </Li> <Li> 2007 : Kaká </Li> <Li> 2008 : C. Ronaldo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Young Player of the Year </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2005 : Rooney </Li> <Li> 2006 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2007 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2008 : Messi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Bravo Award </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1978 : Case </Li> <Li> 1979 : Birtles </Li> <Li> 1980 : H. Müller </Li> <Li> 1981 : Wark </Li> <Li> 1982 : Shaw </Li> <Li> 1983 : Bonini </Li> <Li> 1984 : Righetti </Li> <Li> 1985 : Butragueño </Li> <Li> 1986 : Butragueño </Li> <Li> 1987 : van Basten </Li> <Li> 1988 : Ohana </Li> <Li> 1989 : Maldini </Li> <Li> 1990 : Baggio </Li> <Li> 1991 : Prosinečki </Li> <Li> 1992 : Guardiola </Li> <Li> 1993 : Giggs </Li> <Li> 1994 : Panucci </Li> <Li> 1995 : Kluivert </Li> <Li> 1996 : Del Piero </Li> <Li> 1997 : Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 1998 : Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 1999 : Buffon </Li> <Li> 2000 : Casillas </Li> <Li> 2001 : Hargreaves </Li> <Li> 2002 : Metzelder </Li> <Li> 2003 : Rooney </Li> <Li> 2004 : C. Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2005 : Robben </Li> <Li> 2006 : Fàbregas </Li> <Li> 2007 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2008 : Benzema </Li> <Li> 2009 : Busquets </Li> <Li> 2010 : T. Müller </Li> <Li> 2011 : Hazard </Li> <Li> 2012 : Verratti </Li> <Li> 2013 : Isco </Li> <Li> 2014 : Pogba </Li> <Li> 2015 : Berardi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Golden Boy award winners </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 2003 : Van der Vaart </Li> <Li> 2004 : Rooney </Li> <Li> 2005 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2006 : Fàbregas </Li> <Li> 2007 : Agüero </Li> <Li> 2008 : Anderson </Li> <Li> 2009 : Pato </Li> <Li> 2010 : Balotelli </Li> <Li> 2011 : Götze </Li> <Li> 2012 : Isco </Li> <Li> 2013 : Pogba </Li> <Li> 2014 : Sterling </Li> <Li> 2015 : Martial </Li> <Li> 2016 : Sanches </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> La Liga top scorers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1929 : Bienzobas </Li> <Li> 1930 : Gorostiza </Li> <Li> 1931 : Bata </Li> <Li> 1932 : Bata </Li> <Li> 1933 : Olivares </Li> <Li> 1934 : Lángara </Li> <Li> 1935 : Lángara </Li> <Li> 1936 : Lángara </Li> <Li> 1940 : Unamuno </Li> <Li> 1941 : Pruden </Li> <Li> 1942 : E. Suárez </Li> <Li> 1943 : Martín </Li> <Li> 1944 : E. Suárez </Li> <Li> 1945 : Zarra </Li> <Li> 1946 : Zarra </Li> <Li> 1947 : Zarra </Li> <Li> 1948 : Pahiño </Li> <Li> 1949 : César </Li> <Li> 1950 : Zarra </Li> <Li> 1951 : Zarra </Li> <Li> 1952 : Pahiño </Li> <Li> 1953 : Zarra </Li> <Li> 1954 : Di Stéfano </Li> <Li> 1955 : Arza </Li> <Li> 1956 : Di Stéfano </Li> <Li> 1957 : Di Stéfano </Li> <Li> 1958 : Badenes , Di Stéfano & Ricardo </Li> <Li> 1959 : Di Stéfano </Li> <Li> 1960 : Puskás </Li> <Li> 1961 : Puskás </Li> <Li> 1962 : Seminario </Li> <Li> 1963 : Puskás </Li> <Li> 1964 : Puskás </Li> <Li> 1965 : Ré </Li> <Li> 1966 : Aragonés </Li> <Li> 1967 : Waldo </Li> <Li> 1968 : Uriarte </Li> <Li> 1969 : Amancio & Gárate </Li> <Li> 1970 : Amancio , Aragonés & Gárate </Li> <Li> 1971 : Gárate & Rexach </Li> <Li> 1972 : Porta </Li> <Li> 1973 : Marianín </Li> <Li> 1974 : Quini </Li> <Li> 1975 : Carlos </Li> <Li> 1976 : Quini </Li> <Li> 1977 : Kempes </Li> <Li> 1978 : Kempes </Li> <Li> 1979 : Krankl </Li> <Li> 1980 : Quini </Li> <Li> 1981 : Quini </Li> <Li> 1982 : Quini </Li> <Li> 1983 : Rincón </Li> <Li> 1984 : Da Silva & Juanito </Li> <Li> 1985 : Sánchez </Li> <Li> 1986 : Sánchez </Li> <Li> 1987 : Sánchez </Li> <Li> 1988 : Sánchez </Li> <Li> 1989 : Baltazar </Li> <Li> 1990 : Sánchez </Li> <Li> 1991 : Butragueño </Li> <Li> 1992 : Manolo </Li> <Li> 1993 : Bebeto </Li> <Li> 1994 : Romário </Li> <Li> 1995 : Zamorano </Li> <Li> 1996 : Pizzi </Li> <Li> 1997 : Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 1998 : Vieri </Li> <Li> 1999 : Raúl </Li> <Li> 2000 : Salva </Li> <Li> 2001 : Raúl </Li> <Li> 2002 : Tristán </Li> <Li> 2003 : Makaay </Li> <Li> 2004 : Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2005 : Forlán & Eto'o </Li> <Li> 2006 : Eto'o </Li> <Li> 2007 : Van Nistelrooy </Li> <Li> 2008 : Güiza </Li> <Li> 2009 : Forlán </Li> <Li> 2010 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2011 : C. Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2012 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2013 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2014 : C. Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2015 : C. Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2016 : L. Suárez </Li> <Li> 2017 : Messi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Copa del Rey top scorers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1995 : Penev </Li> <Li> 1996 : Pantić </Li> <Li> 1997 : Klimowicz </Li> <Li> 1998 : Rivaldo </Li> <Li> 1999 : C. López </Li> <Li> 2000 : Arenaza , Barata , Cembranos , Gâlcă , Hasselbaink , Míchel & Yordi </Li> <Li> 2001 : Salva </Li> <Li> 2002 : Guti & Raúl </Li> <Li> 2003 : Portillo </Li> <Li> 2004 : Raúl </Li> <Li> 2005 : Huegún , Alejandro & Muñoz </Li> <Li> 2006 : Ewerthon </Li> <Li> 2007 : Saviola </Li> <Li> 2008 : Soler </Li> <Li> 2009 : Messi & Luis Fabiano </Li> <Li> 2010 : Maxi </Li> <Li> 2011 : Messi & C. Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2012 : Infante </Li> <Li> 2013 : Costa </Li> <Li> 2014 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2015 : Aspas & Neymar </Li> <Li> 2016 : Guidetti , Messi , Munir , Negredo & Suárez </Li> <Li> 2017 : Ben Yedder & Messi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> European Golden Shoe </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> L'Équipe award </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1968 : Eusébio </Li> <Li> 1969 : Zhekov </Li> <Li> 1970 : Müller </Li> <Li> 1971 : Skoblar </Li> <Li> 1972 : Müller </Li> <Li> 1973 : Eusébio </Li> <Li> 1974 : Yazalde </Li> <Li> 1975 : Georgescu </Li> <Li> 1976 : Kaiafas </Li> <Li> 1977 : Georgescu </Li> <Li> 1978 : Krankl </Li> <Li> 1979 : Kist </Li> <Li> 1980 : Vandenbergh </Li> <Li> 1981 : Slavkov </Li> <Li> 1982 : Kieft </Li> <Li> 1983 : Gomes </Li> <Li> 1984 : Rush </Li> <Li> 1985 : Gomes </Li> <Li> 1986 : Van Basten </Li> <Li> 1987 : Cămătaru / Polster </Li> <Li> 1988 : Çolak </Li> <Li> 1989 : Mateuţ </Li> <Li> 1990 : Sánchez & Stoichkov </Li> <Li> 1991 : Pančev </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unofficial </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1992 : McCoist </Li> <Li> 1993 : McCoist </Li> <Li> 1994 : Taylor </Li> <Li> 1995 : Avetisyan </Li> <Li> 1996 : Endeladze </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ESM award </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1997 : Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 1998 : Machlas </Li> <Li> 1999 : Jardel </Li> <Li> 2000 : Phillips </Li> <Li> 2001 : Larsson </Li> <Li> 2002 : Jardel </Li> <Li> 2003 : Makaay </Li> <Li> 2004 : Henry </Li> <Li> 2005 : Henry & Forlán </Li> <Li> 2006 : Toni </Li> <Li> 2007 : Totti </Li> <Li> 2008 : C. Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2009 : Forlán </Li> <Li> 2010 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2011 : C. Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2012 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2013 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2014 : C. Ronaldo & Suárez </Li> <Li> 2015 : C. Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2016 : Suárez </Li> <Li> 2017 : Messi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> European Cup and UEFA Champions League top scorers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> European Cup </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1955 -- 56 : Milutinović </Li> <Li> 1956 -- 57 : Viollet </Li> <Li> 1957 -- 58 : Di Stéfano </Li> <Li> 1958 -- 59 : Fontaine </Li> <Li> 1959 -- 60 : Puskás </Li> <Li> 1960 -- 61 : J. Águas </Li> <Li> 1961 -- 62 : Di Stéfano , Løfqvist , Puskás , Strehl & Tejada </Li> <Li> 1962 -- 63 : Altafini </Li> <Li> 1963 -- 64 : Kovačević , Mazzola & Puskás </Li> <Li> 1964 -- 65 : Eusébio & Torres </Li> <Li> 1965 -- 66 : Albert & Eusébio </Li> <Li> 1966 -- 67 : Piepenburg & Van Himst </Li> <Li> 1967 -- 68 : Eusébio </Li> <Li> 1968 -- 69 : Law </Li> <Li> 1969 -- 70 : Jones </Li> <Li> 1970 -- 71 : Antoniadis </Li> <Li> 1971 -- 72 : Dunai , Macari & Takač </Li> <Li> 1972 -- 73 : Müller </Li> <Li> 1973 -- 74 : Müller </Li> <Li> 1974 -- 75 : Müller & Markarov </Li> <Li> 1975 -- 76 : Heynckes </Li> <Li> 1976 -- 77 : Cucinotta & Müller </Li> <Li> 1977 -- 78 : Simonsen </Li> <Li> 1978 -- 79 : Sulser </Li> <Li> 1979 -- 80 : Lerby </Li> <Li> 1980 -- 81 : McDermott , Rummenigge & Souness </Li> <Li> 1981 -- 82 : Hoeneß </Li> <Li> 1982 -- 83 : Rossi </Li> <Li> 1983 -- 84 : Sokol </Li> <Li> 1984 -- 85 : Nilsson & Platini </Li> <Li> 1985 -- 86 : Nilsson </Li> <Li> 1986 -- 87 : Cvetković </Li> <Li> 1987 -- 88 : R. Águas , Ferreri , Hagi , Madjer , McCoist , Míchel & Novák </Li> <Li> 1988 -- 89 : Van Basten </Li> <Li> 1989 -- 90 : Papin & Romário </Li> <Li> 1990 -- 91 : Pacult & Papin </Li> <Li> 1991 -- 92 : Papin & Yuran </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UEFA Champions League </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1992 -- 93 : Romário </Li> <Li> 1993 -- 94 : Koeman & Rufer </Li> <Li> 1994 -- 95 : Weah </Li> <Li> 1995 -- 96 : Litmanen </Li> <Li> 1996 -- 97 : Pantić </Li> <Li> 1997 -- 98 : Del Piero </Li> <Li> 1998 -- 99 : Shevchenko & Yorke </Li> <Li> 1999 -- 2000 : Jardel , Raúl & Rivaldo </Li> <Li> 2000 -- 01 : Raúl </Li> <Li> 2001 -- 02 : Van Nistelrooy </Li> <Li> 2002 -- 03 : Van Nistelrooy </Li> <Li> 2003 -- 04 : Morientes </Li> <Li> 2004 -- 05 : Van Nistelrooy </Li> <Li> 2005 -- 06 : Shevchenko </Li> <Li> 2006 -- 07 : Kaká </Li> <Li> 2007 -- 08 : C. Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2008 -- 09 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2009 -- 10 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2010 -- 11 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2011 -- 12 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2012 -- 13 : C. Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2013 -- 14 : C. Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2014 -- 15 : Neymar , C. Ronaldo & Messi </Li> <Li> 2015 -- 16 : C. Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2016 -- 17 : C. Ronaldo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> FIFA World Cup Golden Ball </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best Player </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1930 : Nasazzi </Li> <Li> 1934 : Meazza </Li> <Li> 1938 : Leônidas </Li> <Li> 1950 : Zizinho </Li> <Li> 1954 : Puskás </Li> <Li> 1958 : Didi </Li> <Li> 1962 : Garrincha </Li> <Li> 1966 : Charlton </Li> <Li> 1970 : Pelé </Li> <Li> 1974 : Cruijff </Li> <Li> 1978 : Kempes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Golden Ball </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1982 : Rossi </Li> <Li> 1986 : Maradona </Li> <Li> 1990 : Schillaci </Li> <Li> 1994 : Romário </Li> <Li> 1998 : Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2002 : Kahn </Li> <Li> 2006 : Zidane </Li> <Li> 2010 : Forlán </Li> <Li> 2014 : Messi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Golden Ball was first awarded in 1982 . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> 2014 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Goalkeeper </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Manuel Neuer </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defenders </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> David Luiz </Li> <Li> Mats Hummels </Li> <Li> Thiago Silva </Li> <Li> Marcelo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Midfielders </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ángel Di María </Li> <Li> James Rodríguez </Li> <Li> Toni Kroos </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Forwards </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lionel Messi </Li> <Li> Thomas Müller </Li> <Li> Neymar </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coach </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Joachim Löw </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> CONMEBOL Copa América Player of the Tournament </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South American Nations Championship Player of the tournament </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1916 : Gradín </Li> <Li> 1917 : Scarone </Li> <Li> 1919 : Friedenreich </Li> <Li> 1920 : Piendibene </Li> <Li> 1921 : Tesoriere </Li> <Li> 1922 : Fortes </Li> <Li> 1923 : Nasazzi </Li> <Li> 1924 : Petrone </Li> <Li> 1925 : Seoane </Li> <Li> 1926 : Andrade </Li> <Li> 1927 : Seoane </Li> <Li> 1929 : Ferreira </Li> <Li> 1935 : Nasazzi </Li> <Li> 1937 : Mata </Li> <Li> 1939 : Fernández </Li> <Li> 1941 : Livingstone </Li> <Li> 1942 : Varela </Li> <Li> 1945 : da Guia </Li> <Li> 1946 : Pedernera </Li> <Li> 1947 : Moreno </Li> <Li> 1949 : Ademir </Li> <Li> 1953 : Herrera </Li> <Li> 1955 : Hormazábal </Li> <Li> 1956 : Míguez </Li> <Li> 1957 : Sívori </Li> <Li> 1959 -- 1 : Pelé </Li> <Li> 1959 -- 2 : Silveira </Li> <Li> 1963 : Blacut </Li> <Li> 1967 : Rocha </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Copa América Player of the tournament </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1975 : Cubillas </Li> <Li> 1979 : Caszely </Li> <Li> 1983 : Francescoli </Li> <Li> 1987 : Valderrama </Li> <Li> 1989 : Sosa </Li> <Li> 1991 : Rodríguez </Li> <Li> 1993 : Goycochea </Li> <Li> 1995 : Francescoli </Li> <Li> 1997 : Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 1999 : Rivaldo </Li> <Li> 2001 : Guevara </Li> <Li> 2004 : Adriano </Li> <Li> 2007 : Robinho </Li> <Li> 2011 : Suárez </Li> <Li> 2015 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2016 : Sánchez </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> 2015 Copa América Team of the Tournament </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Goalkeeper </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Claudio Bravo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defenders </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jeison Murillo </Li> <Li> Gary Medel </Li> <Li> Nicolás Otamendi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Midfielders </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Christian Cueva </Li> <Li> Marcelo Díaz </Li> <Li> Javier Mascherano </Li> <Li> Arturo Vidal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Forwards </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eduardo Vargas </Li> <Li> Paolo Guerrero </Li> <Li> Lionel Messi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coach </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jorge Sampaoli </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Copa América Centenario Team of the Tournament </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Goalkeeper </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Claudio Bravo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defenders </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mauricio Isla </Li> <Li> Nicolás Otamendi </Li> <Li> Gary Medel </Li> <Li> Jean Beausejour </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Midfielders </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Javier Mascherano </Li> <Li> Arturo Vidal </Li> <Li> Charles Aránguiz </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Forwards </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eduardo Vargas </Li> <Li> Alexis Sánchez </Li> <Li> Lionel Messi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> 2014 -- 15 La Liga Team of the Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> GK : Bravo </Li> <Li> RB : Dani Alves </Li> <Li> CB : Piqué </Li> <Li> CB : Otamendi </Li> <Li> LB : Alba </Li> <Li> MF : J. Rodríguez </Li> <Li> MF : Krychowiak </Li> <Li> MF : Rakitić </Li> <Li> FW : Messi </Li> <Li> FW : Ronaldo </Li> <Li> FW : Griezmann </Li> <Li> Manager : Luis Enrique </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> 2015 -- 16 La Liga Team of the Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> GK : Oblak </Li> <Li> RB : Ramos </Li> <Li> CB : Piqué </Li> <Li> CB : Godín </Li> <Li> LB : Marcelo </Li> <Li> MF : Iniesta </Li> <Li> MF : Busquets </Li> <Li> MF : Modrić </Li> <Li> FW : Messi </Li> <Li> FW : Ronaldo </Li> <Li> FW : Suárez </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> IFFHS World 's Best Playmaker </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 2006 : Zidane </Li> <Li> 2007 : Kaká </Li> <Li> 2008 : Xavi </Li> <Li> 2009 : Xavi </Li> <Li> 2010 : Xavi </Li> <Li> 2011 : Xavi </Li> <Li> 2012 : Iniesta </Li> <Li> 2013 : Iniesta </Li> <Li> 2014 : Kroos </Li> <Li> 2015 - 16 : Messi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Best International Athlete ESPY Award winners </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 2005 : Pujols </Li> <Li> 2006 : Pujols </Li> <Li> 2007 : Federer </Li> <Li> 2008 : Ochoa </Li> <Li> 2009 : Bolt </Li> <Li> 2010 -- 2011 : Award not given </Li> <Li> 2012 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2013 : Bolt </Li> <Li> 2014 : Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2015 : Messi </Li> <Li> 2016 : Ronaldo </Li> <Li> 2017 : Bolt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lionel_Messi&oldid=801253559 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1987 births </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> 2006 FIFA World Cup players </Li> <Li> 2007 Copa América players </Li> <Li> 2010 FIFA World Cup players </Li> <Li> 2011 Copa América players </Li> <Li> 2014 FIFA World Cup players </Li> <Li> 2015 Copa América players </Li> <Li> Copa América Centenario players </Li> <Li> Argentina international footballers </Li> <Li> Argentina youth international footballers </Li> <Li> Argentine expatriate footballers </Li> <Li> Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Spain </Li> <Li> Argentine footballers </Li> <Li> Argentine fraudsters </Li> <Li> Argentine people of Catalan descent </Li> <Li> Argentine people of Italian descent </Li> <Li> Argentine people of Spanish descent </Li> <Li> Argentine Roman Catholics </Li> <Li> Argentina under - 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Field goal percentage - Wikipedia <H1> Field goal percentage </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Field goal percentage in basketball is the ratio of field goals made to field goals attempted . Its abbreviation is FG % . Although three - point field goal percentage is often calculated separately , three - point field goals are included in the general field goal percentage . Instead of using scales of 0 to 100 % , the scale . 000 to 1.000 is commonly used . A higher field goal percentage denotes higher efficiency . In basketball , a FG % of . 500 ( 50 % ) or above is considered a good percentage , although this criterion does not apply equally to all positions . Guards usually have lower FG % than forwards and centers . Field goal percentage does not completely tell the skill of a player , but a low field goal percentage can indicate a poor offensive player or a player who takes many difficult shots . In the NBA , Center Shaquille O'Neal had a high career FG % ( around . 580 ) because he played near the basket making many high percentage layups and dunks . Guard Allen Iverson often had a low FG % ( around . 420 ) because he took the bulk of his team 's shot attempts , even with high difficulty shots . </P> <P> The NBA career record for field goal percentage is held by DeAndre Jordan at 0.677 . The highest field goal percentage for a single season was set by Wilt Chamberlain with 0.727 in the 1972 -- 73 season . </P> <P> Field goal percentages were substantially lower in the NBA until the mid-to - late 1960s . For this reason , many early NBA stars have low field goal percentages , such as Bob Cousy at . 375 , and George Mikan , Bob Pettit , and Bill Russell , whose career field goal percentages of . 404 , . 436 , and . 440 , respectively , are much lower than later post players . </P> <P> Three - point field goal percentage is usually kept as additional statistics . Its abbreviation is 3FG % . A 3FG % of . 400 and above is a very good percentage . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 50 -- 40 -- 90 club , an exclusive group of players with one criterion being shooting at least 50 percent of field goals </Li> <Li> List of National Basketball Association top individual field goal percentage seasons </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Field Goal Percentage ( FG % ) '' . Jr . NBA . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Year - by - Year Leaders and Records for Field Goal Pct - Basketball-Reference.com '' . Basketball-Reference.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Inductees - Basketball-Reference.com '' . Basketball-Reference.com . </Li> </Ol> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This basketball - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Field_goal_percentage&oldid=846490739 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Basketball terminology </Li> <Li> Basketball statistics </Li> <Li> Percentages </Li> <Li> Basketball stubs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from December 2009 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> All stub articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 02 : 44 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Free Press of India - wikipedia <H1> Free Press of India </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Free Press of India <Tr> <Th> Industry </Th> <Td> News media </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> 1920s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founder </Th> <Td> Swaminathan Sadanand </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defunct </Th> <Td> July , 1935 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Key people </Th> <Td> Swaminathan Sadanand </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Free Press of India was an Indian nationalist - supporting news agency founded in the 1920s by Swaminathan Sadanand , during the period of the British Raj . It was the first news agency owned and managed by Indians . Beset by dubious business acumen from the outset , and beholden to those who financed it , the agency failed to obtain substantial support from Indian - owned press and hence closed down in 1935 . It was revived briefly between 1945 and 1947 before being stifled by the government of the newly independent country . It was at various times a supporter of the Swaraj Party and , later , of the Responsive Cooperation Party , as well as various business interests . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Formation </Li> <Li> 3 Effect </Li> <Li> 4 Revival </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the three decades prior to independence of India , the Reuters news agency and its affiliates , such as the Associated Press of India ( API ) , Eastern News Agency and Indian News Agency Service , had more or less complete control of newswire services in India . They supplied news services to the Government of the British Raj in that country , as well as from India to the international media , and vice versa . Sadanand had worked for API and left that arm of the Reuters monopoly soon after being dismayed by government suppression of reportage concerning the Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 1919 . Thereafter , he worked for the Independent newspaper in Allahabad and then for the Rangoon Times in Burma , but he held a desire to break the monopoly , as did Gandhi and others involved in the Indian independence movement . </P> <H2> Formation ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Free Press of India ( FPI ) was the first news agency in the country to be both owned and managed by Indians . Sadanand said that he had planned its creation in 1923 and that it was actually established in 1925 . K.M. Shrivastava , a professor of news agency journalism , notes that Sadanand 's account of the origins is one of several differing versions . Milton Israel notes late 1924 , but also an announcement of the FPI office opening that was published by the Bombay Chronicle on 8 January 1925 . Sadanand had issued an appeal in September 1924 , and earlier in that year he had approached Congress with his ideas and costings . His appeal noted that he proposed `` An independent news agency that will collect and disseminate news with accuracy and impartiality from the Indian viewpoint ( which is ) a long - felt public want '' . One difficulty that would have to be surmounted , as the Chronicle noted , was that among all the various nationalist factions there was no common `` Indian viewpoint '' ; Israel describes the extant monopoly as `` efficient , dependable , and generally accurate '' . Another difficulty was to be the poor financial acumen of Sadanand , who envisaged that the FPI could be financially self - supporting by its second year of operation . Experienced newspaper businessmen , such as J.B. Petit and F.H. Holsinger , foresaw a much longer period of subsidy being required , as well as little chance of success because there were neither sufficient newspapers in print to justify another agency nor means to prevent the existing agencies from temporarily engaging in a price war to see off the new business . J.K. Singh was later to describe him as a great journalist but a poor business manager and a `` sad failure '' . </P> <P> Although Petit served briefly on the board of directors , he refused to invest . Others did provide funds and the FPI became beholden to its principal financial backers , being various businesses and political factions . The Swaraj Party was a major initial supporter but when one member , M.R. Jayakar , who was also a director of FPI , shifted his support from that to the Responsive Cooperation movement after October 1925 , so too did the FPI . Other early board members included GD Birla and P. Thakurdas . Israel writes that the FPI since its establishment `` had been run by a coalition of Bombay industrialists and journalists '' . A primary stimulus in the formation and growth of the nationalist - supporting FPI was probably the `` rupee ratio '' debate that pitted the colonial government against Indian nationalists . This debate concerned whether it was better to devalue the rupee or restrict the amount of rupees in circulation , together with the aim of maintaining a fixed ratio between the rupee and sterling of 1 s . 6 d . Any outcome of the debate would affect business but Israel also says that </P> <P> It was clear from the beginning that the long term future of the FPI was going to be Sadanand 's problem ; and the willingness of his affluent backers to continue more than marginal philanthropy would depend on his success in becoming a stable competitor in the professional press world . They were never willing , however , to underwrite the high cost that might have made it possible to achieve that goal . </P> <P> Sadanand was already aware of the constraints acting on the press as a result of the repressive laws of the British Empire . Newspapers could not carry factual reports of what Shrivastava calls `` official excesses '' even though FPI supplied them . To counteract this problem , he started his own newspaper , first as a cyclostyled news bulletin , the Free Press Bulletin , and finally The Free Press Journal on 13 June 1930 . The Bulletin was a short - lived affair that had become a supplement to the Advocate of India Sunday newspaper as early as 1926 , due to the inability to finance it as a standalone publication . </P> <H2> Effect ( edit ) </H2> <P> The potential of the FPI as a new competitor was sufficient to cause the management at Reuters to institute various administrative changes in order to meet the perceived challenge . Sadanand claimed that the FPI `` had the support of the entire national press of India while it was functioning . It maintained a comprehensive internal service . It was the first Indian news agency which organised and maintained an effective world news service to the press of India during the years 1932 -- 35 '' . Shrivastava notes that , despite Sadanand 's own description , the venture was not a success and was not in fact supported by the press of India , however worthy his aims may have been . Sadanand was an affluent man and could afford to take risks , which was evidenced by his agency frequently forfeiting security deposits in acts of defiance , but the combined effects of a lack of general support , the opposition of the government of the British Raj and the vested interests of established news media caused it to close in 1935 . </P> <H2> Revival ( edit ) </H2> <P> The FPI was revived in 1945 and aimed then to provide feeds of international news to the Indian press , for which purpose it established correspondents in Batavia , Cairo , London , Nanking , New York and Singapore . The revival was abandoned in 1947 when the necessary teleprinter lines were denied to the organisation . The FPI had angered Sardar Patel , the Home Minister , by circulating a news story , on the day after independence of India , that revealed unauthorised details of military movements . Patel thereafter denied FPI the facilities that it needed in order to operate . Sadanand had hoped to resurrect the venture once more when the new government of the now - independent India had settled into place but in fact the FPI was not revived . Sadanand was one of the seven initial shareholders of the Press Trust of India , which was started in 1948 . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> Notes </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The Free Press of India Agency became a limited company in March 1926 , according to Milton Israel , but some sources place the date of establishment as late as 1927 . </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dt> Citations </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Iyengar , A.S. ( 2001 ) . Role of press and Indian freedom struggle : all through the Gandhian era . APH Publishing . p. 137 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7648 - 256 - 1 . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Israel , Milton ( 1994 ) . Communications and Power : Propaganda and the Press in the Indian Nationalist Struggle , 1920 -- 1947 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 127 -- 128 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 46763 - 6 . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Iyengar , A.S. ( 2001 ) . Role of press and Indian freedom struggle : all through the Gandhian era . APH Publishing . p. 141 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7648 - 256 - 1 . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George , K.M. ( 1998 ) . Western influence on Malayalam language and literature . Sahitya Akademi . p. 185 . ISBN 9788126004133 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kumar , Ravinder ( 1993 ) . Selected works of Motilal Nehru. 5 . Vikas . p. 274 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7069 - 6379 - 3 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 03 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Shrivastava , K.M. ( 2007 ) . News Agencies from Pigeon to Internet . Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd . pp. 41 -- 44 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932705 - 67 - 6 . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Israel , Milton ( 1994 ) . Communications and Power : Propaganda and the Press in the Indian Nationalist Struggle , 1920 -- 1947 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 134 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 46763 - 6 . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George1998p185 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Basu , Aparna ( 2001 ) . G.L. Mehta , A Many Splendoured Man . New Delhi : Concept Publishing Company . p. 98 . ISBN 9788170228912 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 03 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Israel , Milton ( 1994 ) . Communications and Power : Propaganda and the Press in the Indian Nationalist Struggle , 1920 -- 1947 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 128 -- 129 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 46763 - 6 . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Singh , J.K. ( 2007 ) . Media And Journalism . APH Publishing . pp. 3 , 5 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 313 - 0062 - 6 . Retrieved 4 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Israel , Milton ( 1994 ) . Communications and Power : Propaganda and the Press in the Indian Nationalist Struggle , 1920 -- 1947 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 128 -- 129 , 134 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 46763 - 6 . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Israel , Milton ( 1994 ) . Communications and Power : Propaganda and the Press in the Indian Nationalist Struggle , 1920 -- 1947 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 131 -- 132 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 46763 - 6 . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Iyengar , A.S. ( 2001 ) . Role of press and Indian freedom struggle : all through the Gandhian era . APH Publishing . p. 140 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7648 - 256 - 1 . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Manikumar , K.A. ( 2003 ) . A colonial economy in the Great Depression , Madras ( 1929 -- 1937 ) . Orient Blackswan . p. 125 . ISBN 9788125024569 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Israel , Milton ( 1994 ) . Communications and Power : Propaganda and the Press in the Indian Nationalist Struggle , 1920 -- 1947 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 132 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 46763 - 6 . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shrivastava , K.M. ( 2007 ) . News Agencies from Pigeon to Internet . Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd . pp. 68 -- 69 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932705 - 67 - 6 . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Iyengar , A.S. ( 2001 ) . Role of press and Indian freedom struggle : all through the Gandhian era . APH Publishing . pp. 139 -- 140 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7648 - 256 - 1 . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shrivastava , K.M. ( 2007 ) . News agencies from pigeon to internet . Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd . pp. 69 -- 70 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932705 - 67 - 6 . Retrieved 12 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Radhey Shyam Chaurasia ( 1 January 2002 ) . History of Modern India , 1707 A.D. to 2000 A. D. Atlantic Publishers & Dist . pp. 441 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 269 - 0085 - 5 . Retrieved 3 April 2012 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_Press_of_India&oldid=767344448 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Media in India </Li> <Li> News agencies based in India </Li> <Li> Newspapers published in India </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from June 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 February 2017 , at 09 : 36 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees - wikipedia <H1> List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees </H1> <P> </P> The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . <P> The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , established in 1983 and located in Cleveland , Ohio , United States , is dedicated to recording the history of some of the best - known and most influential musicians , bands , producers , and others that have in some major way influenced the music industry , particularly in the area of rock and roll . Originally , there were four categories of induction : performers , non-performers , early influences , and lifetime achievement . In 2000 , `` sidemen '' was introduced as a category . </P> <P> The only category that has seen new inductees every single year is the performers category . Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are then sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers that receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2010 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . As of 2017 , new inductees will be honored at an annual ceremony held alternately in New York and at the Hall of Fame in Cleveland ; prior to that , the ceremonies rotated between Cleveland , New York , and Los Angeles . </P> <P> The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has garnered criticism for allegedly allowing the nomination process to be controlled by a few individuals , nominating too many artists in too many genres that are not entirely rock , ignoring entire rock genres , and using technicalities to induct groups who may not have been among the top vote getters . The Sex Pistols , who were inducted in 2006 , refused to attend the ceremony ; John Lydon writing a note , read out by Jann Wenner , calling the museum a `` piss stain . '' </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Inductees <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Performers </Li> <Li> 1.2 Early influences </Li> <Li> 1.3 Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) </Li> <Li> 1.4 Award for Musical Excellence </Li> <Li> 1.5 Singles </Li> <Li> 1.6 Sidemen </Li> <Li> 1.7 Lifetime achievement </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Multiple inductees </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Inductees ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Performers ( edit ) </H3> <P> The performers category is meant for recording artists and bands that have `` influence and significance to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll . '' Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who then evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers who receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2011 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . In 2012 , six additional bands and groups were inducted as performers by a special committee , due to the controversial nature of their band being excluded when their lead singer was inducted . `` There was a lot of discussion about this , '' said Terry Stewart , a member of the nominating committee . `` There had always been conversations about why the groups were n't included when the lead singers were inducted . Very honestly , nobody could really answer that question -- it was so long ago ... We decided we 'd sit down as an organization and look at that . This is the result . '' </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Image </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Inducted members </Th> <Th> Inducted by </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chuck Berry </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Keith Richards </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> James Brown </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Steve Winwood </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ray Charles </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Quincy Jones </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sam Cooke </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Herb Alpert </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Fats Domino </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Billy Joel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Everly Brothers </Td> <Td> Don Everly and Phil Everly . </Td> <Td> Neil Young </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Buddy Holly </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Fogerty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jerry Lee Lewis </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hank Williams Jr . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Little Richard </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Roberta Flack </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Elvis Presley </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Julian and Sean Lennon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Coasters </Td> <Td> Carl Gardner , Cornell Gunter , Billy Guy , and Will `` Dub '' Jones . </Td> <Td> Lester Sill </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eddie Cochran </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mick Jones </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bo Diddley </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ZZ Top </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Aretha Franklin </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Keith Richards </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Marvin Gaye </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nick Ashford and Valerie Simpson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bill Haley </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chuck Berry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> B.B. King </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Clyde McPhatter </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ben E. King </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ricky Nelson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Fogerty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Roy Orbison </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bruce Springsteen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Carl Perkins </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sam Phillips </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Smokey Robinson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Daryl Hall and John Oates </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Big Joe Turner </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Doc Pomus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Muddy Waters </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paul Butterfield </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jackie Wilson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Peter Wolf </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Beach Boys </Td> <Td> Al Jardine , Mike Love , Brian Wilson , Carl Wilson , and Dennis Wilson . </Td> <Td> Elton John </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Beatles </Td> <Td> George Harrison , John Lennon , Paul McCartney , and Ringo Starr . </Td> <Td> Mick Jagger </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Drifters </Td> <Td> Ben E. King , Rudy Lewis , Clyde McPhatter , Johnny Moore , Bill Pinkney , Charlie Thomas , and Gerhart Thrasher . </Td> <Td> Billy Joel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bob Dylan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bruce Springsteen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Supremes </Td> <Td> Florence Ballard , Diana Ross , and Mary Wilson . </Td> <Td> Little Richard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dion </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lou Reed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Otis Redding </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Little Richard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Rolling Stones </Td> <Td> Mick Jagger , Brian Jones , Keith Richards , Ian Stewart , Mick Taylor , Charlie Watts , Ronnie Wood , and Bill Wyman . </Td> <Td> Pete Townshend </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Temptations </Td> <Td> Melvin Franklin , Eddie Kendricks , David Ruffin , Otis Williams , Paul Williams , Dennis Edwards . </Td> <Td> Daryl Hall and John Oates </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stevie Wonder </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paul Simon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hank Ballard </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Boz Scaggs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bobby Darin </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paul Anka </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Four Seasons </Td> <Td> Tom DeVito , Bob Gaudio , Nick Massi , and Frankie Valli . </Td> <Td> Bob Crewe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Four Tops </Td> <Td> Renaldo `` Obie '' Benson , Abdul `` Duke '' Fakir , Lawrence Payton , and Levi Stubbs . </Td> <Td> Stevie Wonder </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Kinks </Td> <Td> Mick Avory , Dave Davies , Ray Davies , and Pete Quaife . </Td> <Td> Graham Nash </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Platters </Td> <Td> David Lynch , Herb Reed , Paul Robi , Zola Taylor , and Tony Williams . </Td> <Td> Phil Spector </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Simon & Garfunkel </Td> <Td> Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel . </Td> <Td> James Taylor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Who </Td> <Td> Roger Daltrey , John Entwistle , Keith Moon , and Pete Townshend . </Td> <Td> Bono </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> LaVern Baker </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chaka Khan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Byrds </Td> <Td> Gene Clark , Michael Clarke , David Crosby , Chris Hillman , and Roger McGuinn . </Td> <Td> Don Henley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Lee Hooker </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bonnie Raitt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> The Impressions </Td> <Td> Curtis Mayfield , Sam Gooden , Fred Cash , Arthur Brooks , Richard Brooks , and Jerry Butler . </Td> <Td> Tracy Chapman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wilson Pickett </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bobby Brown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jimmy Reed </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ZZ Top </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ike & Tina Turner </Td> <Td> Ike Turner and Tina Turner . </Td> <Td> Phil Spector </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bobby `` Blue '' Bland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> B.B. King </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Booker T. & the M.G. 's </Td> <Td> Booker T. Jones , Steve Cropper , Donald `` Duck '' Dunn , Al Jackson Jr. , and Lewie Steinberg . </Td> <Td> Jim Stewart </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Johnny Cash </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lyle Lovett </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Isley Brothers </Td> <Td> Ernie Isley , Marvin Isley , O'Kelly Isley Jr. , Ronald Isley , Rudolph Isley , and Chris Jasper . </Td> <Td> Little Richard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Jimi Hendrix Experience </Td> <Td> Jimi Hendrix , Mitch Mitchell , and Noel Redding . </Td> <Td> Neil Young </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sam & Dave </Td> <Td> Sam Moore and Dave Prater . </Td> <Td> Billy Joel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Yardbirds </Td> <Td> Jeff Beck , Eric Clapton , Chris Dreja , Jim McCarty , Jimmy Page , Keith Relf , and Paul Samwell - Smith . </Td> <Td> The Edge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ruth Brown </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bonnie Raitt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cream </Td> <Td> Ginger Baker , Jack Bruce , and Eric Clapton . </Td> <Td> ZZ Top </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Creedence Clearwater Revival </Td> <Td> Doug Clifford , Stu Cook , John Fogerty , and Tom Fogerty . </Td> <Td> Bruce Springsteen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Doors </Td> <Td> John Densmore , Robby Krieger , Ray Manzarek , and Jim Morrison . </Td> <Td> Eddie Vedder </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers </Td> <Td> Herman Santiago , Jimmy Merchant , Sherman Garnes , Frankie Lymon , and Joe Negroni </Td> <Td> Boyz II Men </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Etta James </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> k.d. lang </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Van Morrison </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robbie Robertson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sly and the Family Stone </Td> <Td> Gregg Errico , Larry Graham , Jerry Martini , Cynthia Robinson , Freddie Stone , Rosie Stone , and Sly Stone . </Td> <Td> George Clinton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Animals </Td> <Td> Eric Burdon , Chas Chandler , Alan Price , John Steel , and Hilton Valentine . </Td> <Td> Dave Pirner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Band </Td> <Td> Rick Danko , Levon Helm , Garth Hudson , Richard Manuel , and Robbie Robertson . </Td> <Td> Eric Clapton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Duane Eddy </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mick Jones </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Grateful Dead </Td> <Td> Tom Constanten , Jerry Garcia , Donna Jean Godchaux , Keith Godchaux , Mickey Hart , Robert Hunter , Bill Kreutzmann , Phil Lesh , Ron McKernan , Brent Mydland , Bob Weir , and Vince Welnick . </Td> <Td> Bruce Hornsby </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Elton John </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Axl Rose </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Lennon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paul McCartney </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bob Marley </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bono </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rod Stewart </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jeff Beck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Allman Brothers Band </Td> <Td> Duane Allman , Gregg Allman , Dickey Betts , Jai Johanny Johanson , Berry Oakley , and Butch Trucks . </Td> <Td> Willie Nelson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Al Green </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Natalie Cole </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Janis Joplin </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Melissa Etheridge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Led Zeppelin </Td> <Td> John Bonham , John Paul Jones , Jimmy Page , and Robert Plant </Td> <Td> Steven Tyler and Joe Perry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Martha and the Vandellas </Td> <Td> Rosalind Ashford , Annette Beard , Betty Kelly , Lois Reeves , and Martha Reeves . </Td> <Td> Fred Schneider and Kate Pierson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Neil Young </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eddie Vedder </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Frank Zappa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lou Reed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> David Bowie </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Madonna and David Byrne </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gladys Knight & the Pips </Td> <Td> William Guest , Gladys Knight , Merald `` Bubba '' Knight , and Edward Patten . </Td> <Td> Mariah Carey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jefferson Airplane </Td> <Td> Marty Balin , Jack Casady , Spencer Dryden , Paul Kantner , Jorma Kaukonen , and Grace Slick . </Td> <Td> Mickey Hart and Phil Lesh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Little Willie John </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stevie Wonder </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pink Floyd </Td> <Td> Syd Barrett , David Gilmour , Nick Mason , Roger Waters , and Rick Wright . </Td> <Td> Billy Corgan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Shirelles </Td> <Td> Shirley Alston Reeves , Addie Harris , Doris Kenner - Jackson , and Beverly Lee . </Td> <Td> Merry Clayton , Marianne Faithfull and Darlene Love </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Velvet Underground </Td> <Td> John Cale , Sterling Morrison , Lou Reed , and Maureen Tucker . </Td> <Td> Patti Smith </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bee Gees </Td> <Td> Barry Gibb , Maurice Gibb , and Robin Gibb . </Td> <Td> Brian Wilson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Buffalo Springfield </Td> <Td> Richie Furay , Dewey Martin , Bruce Palmer , Stephen Stills , and Neil Young . </Td> <Td> Tom Petty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Crosby , Stills & Nash </Td> <Td> David Crosby , Graham Nash , and Stephen Stills . </Td> <Td> James Taylor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Jackson 5 </Td> <Td> Jackie Jackson , Jermaine Jackson , Marlon Jackson , Michael Jackson , and Tito Jackson . </Td> <Td> Diana Ross </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Joni Mitchell </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Shawn Colvin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Parliament - Funkadelic </Td> <Td> Jerome Brailey , George Clinton , Bootsy Collins , Raymond Davis , Tiki Fulwood , Glenn Goins , Michael Hampton , Fuzzy Haskins , Eddie Hazel , Walter Morrison , Cordell Mosson , William `` Billy Bass '' Nelson , Garry Shider , Calvin Simon , Grady Thomas , and Bernie Worrell . </Td> <Td> Prince </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The ( Young ) Rascals </Td> <Td> Eddie Brigati , Felix Cavaliere , Gene Cornish , and Dino Danelli . </Td> <Td> Steven Van Zandt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eagles </Td> <Td> Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Bernie Leadon , Randy Meisner , Timothy B. Schmit , and Joe Walsh . </Td> <Td> Jimmy Buffett </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Fleetwood Mac </Td> <Td> Lindsey Buckingham , Mick Fleetwood , Peter Green , Danny Kirwan , Christine McVie , John McVie , Stevie Nicks , and Jeremy Spencer . </Td> <Td> Sheryl Crow </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Mamas & the Papas </Td> <Td> Denny Doherty , Cass Elliot , John Phillips , and Michelle Phillips . </Td> <Td> Shania Twain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lloyd Price </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tony Rich </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Santana </Td> <Td> Jose Chepito Areas , David Brown , Michael Carabello , Gregg Rolie , Carlos Santana , and Michael Shrieve . </Td> <Td> John Popper </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gene Vincent </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Fogerty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Billy Joel </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ray Charles </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Curtis Mayfield </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sean Combs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paul McCartney </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Neil Young </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Del Shannon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Art Alexakis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dusty Springfield </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Elton John </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bruce Springsteen </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bono </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Staple Singers </Td> <Td> Cleotha Staples , Mavis Staples , Pervis Staples , Pops Staples , and Yvonne Staples . </Td> <Td> Lauryn Hill </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eric Clapton </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robbie Robertson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Earth , Wind & Fire </Td> <Td> Philip Bailey , Larry Dunn , Johnny Graham , Ralph Johnson , Al McKay , Fred White , Maurice White , Verdine White , and Andrew Woolfolk . </Td> <Td> Lil Kim </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Lovin ' Spoonful </Td> <Td> Steve Boone , Joe Butler , John Sebastian , and Zal Yanovsky . </Td> <Td> John Mellencamp </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Moonglows </Td> <Td> Prentiss Barnes , Harvey Fuqua , Peter Graves , Billy Johnson , and Bobby Lester . </Td> <Td> Paul Simon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bonnie Raitt </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Melissa Etheridge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> James Taylor </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paul McCartney </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Aerosmith </Td> <Td> Tom Hamilton , Joey Kramer , Joe Perry , Steven Tyler , and Brad Whitford . </Td> <Td> Kid Rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Solomon Burke </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mary J. Blige </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Flamingos </Td> <Td> Jake Carey , Zeke Carey , Johnny Carter , Tommy Hunt , Terry `` Buzzy '' Johnson , Sollie McElroy , Nate Nelson , and Paul Wilson . </Td> <Td> Frankie Valli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> NSYNC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Queen </Td> <Td> John Deacon , Brian May , Freddie Mercury , and Roger Taylor . </Td> <Td> Dave Grohl and Taylor Hawkins </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paul Simon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Marc Anthony </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Steely Dan </Td> <Td> Walter Becker and Donald Fagen . </Td> <Td> Moby </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ritchie Valens </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ricky Martin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Isaac Hayes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Alicia Keys </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brenda Lee </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jewel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers </Td> <Td> Tom Petty , Ron Blair , Mike Campbell , Howie Epstein , Stan Lynch , and Benmont Tench . </Td> <Td> Jakob Dylan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gene Pitney </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Darlene Love </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ramones </Td> <Td> Dee Dee Ramone , Joey Ramone , Johnny Ramone , Marky Ramone , and Tommy Ramone . </Td> <Td> Eddie Vedder </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Talking Heads </Td> <Td> David Byrne , Chris Frantz , Jerry Harrison , and Tina Weymouth . </Td> <Td> Anthony Kiedis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> AC / DC </Td> <Td> Brian Johnson , Phil Rudd , Bon Scott , Cliff Williams , Angus Young , and Malcolm Young . </Td> <Td> Steven Tyler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Clash </Td> <Td> Terry Chimes , Topper Headon , Mick Jones , Paul Simonon , and Joe Strummer . </Td> <Td> The Edge and Tom Morello </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Elvis Costello & the Attractions </Td> <Td> Elvis Costello , Steve Nieve , Bruce Thomas , and Pete Thomas . </Td> <Td> Elton John </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Police </Td> <Td> Stewart Copeland , Sting , and Andy Summers . </Td> <Td> Gwen Stefani </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Righteous Brothers </Td> <Td> Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley . </Td> <Td> Billy Joel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jackson Browne </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bruce Springsteen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Dells </Td> <Td> Verne Allison , Chuck Barksdale , Johnny Carter , Johnny Funches , Marvin Junior , and Michael McGill . </Td> <Td> Robert Townsend </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> George Harrison </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Petty and Jeff Lynne </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Prince </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Outkast and Alicia Keys </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bob Seger </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kid Rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Traffic </Td> <Td> Jim Capaldi , Dave Mason , Steve Winwood , and Chris Wood . </Td> <Td> Dave Matthews </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ZZ Top </Td> <Td> Frank Beard , Billy Gibbons , and Dusty Hill . </Td> <Td> Keith Richards </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Buddy Guy </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eric Clapton and B.B. King </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The O'Jays </Td> <Td> Eddie Levert , Bobby Massey , William Powell , Sammy Strain , and Walter Williams . </Td> <Td> Justin Timberlake </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Pretenders </Td> <Td> Martin Chambers , Pete Farndon , James Honeyman - Scott , and Chrissie Hynde . </Td> <Td> Neil Young </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Percy Sledge </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rod Stewart </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> U2 </Td> <Td> Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , and Larry Mullen , Jr ... </Td> <Td> Bruce Springsteen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Black Sabbath </Td> <Td> Geezer Butler , Tony Iommi , Ozzy Osbourne , and Bill Ward . </Td> <Td> James Hetfield and Lars Ulrich </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Blondie </Td> <Td> Clem Burke , Jimmy Destri , Nigel Harrison , Debbie Harry , Frank Infante , Chris Stein , and Gary Valentine . </Td> <Td> Shirley Manson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Miles Davis </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Herbie Hancock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lynyrd Skynyrd </Td> <Td> Bob Burns , Allen Collins , Steve Gaines , Ed King , Billy Powell , Artimus Pyle , Gary Rossington , Ronnie Van Zant , and Leon Wilkeson . </Td> <Td> Kid Rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sex Pistols </Td> <Td> Paul Cook , Steve Jones , Glen Matlock , John Lydon , and Sid Vicious . </Td> <Td> Jann Wenner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five </Td> <Td> Melvin `` Melle Mel '' Glover , Nathaniel `` The Kidd Creole '' Glover , Eddie `` Scorpio '' Morris , Joseph `` Grandmaster Flash '' Sadler , Robert Keith `` Keef Cowboy '' Wiggins , and Guy Todd `` Rahiem '' Williams . </Td> <Td> Jay - Z </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> R.E.M. </Td> <Td> Bill Berry , Peter Buck , Mike Mills , and Michael Stipe . </Td> <Td> Eddie Vedder </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Ronettes </Td> <Td> Estelle Bennett , Ronnie Spector , and Nedra Talley . </Td> <Td> Keith Richards </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Patti Smith </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Zack de la Rocha </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Van Halen </Td> <Td> Michael Anthony , Sammy Hagar , David Lee Roth , Alex Van Halen , and Eddie Van Halen . </Td> <Td> Velvet Revolver </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Dave Clark Five </Td> <Td> Dave Clark , Lenny Davidson , Rick Huxley , Denis Payton , and Mike Smith . </Td> <Td> Tom Hanks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Leonard Cohen </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lou Reed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Madonna </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Justin Timberlake </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Mellencamp </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Billy Joel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Ventures </Td> <Td> Bob Bogle , Nokie Edwards , Gerry McGee , Mel Taylor , and Don Wilson . </Td> <Td> John Fogerty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jeff Beck </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jimmy Page </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Little Anthony and the Imperials </Td> <Td> Clarence Collins , Anthony Gourdine , Tracy Lord , Glouster `` Nat '' Rogers , Sammy Strain , and Ernest Wright Jr . </Td> <Td> Smokey Robinson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Metallica </Td> <Td> Cliff Burton , Kirk Hammett , James Hetfield , Jason Newsted , Robert Trujillo , and Lars Ulrich . </Td> <Td> Flea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Run - DMC </Td> <Td> Darryl `` D.M.C. '' McDaniels , Jason `` Jam - Master Jay '' Mizell , and Joseph `` DJ Run '' Simmons . </Td> <Td> Eminem </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bobby Womack </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ron Wood </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ABBA </Td> <Td> Benny Andersson , Agnetha Fältskog , Anni - Frid Lyngstad , and Björn Ulvaeus . </Td> <Td> Barry and Robin Gibb </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Genesis </Td> <Td> Tony Banks , Phil Collins , Peter Gabriel , Steve Hackett , and Mike Rutherford . </Td> <Td> Trey Anastasio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jimmy Cliff </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wyclef Jean </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Hollies </Td> <Td> Bernie Calvert , Allan Clarke , Bobby Elliott , Eric Haydock , Tony Hicks , Graham Nash , and Terry Sylvester . </Td> <Td> Steven Van Zandt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Stooges </Td> <Td> Dave Alexander , Ron Asheton , Scott Asheton , Iggy Pop , and James Williamson . </Td> <Td> Billie Joe Armstrong </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Alice Cooper </Td> <Td> Alice Cooper , Michael Owen Bruce , Glen Buxton , Dennis Dunaway , and Neal Smith . </Td> <Td> Rob Zombie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Neil Diamond </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paul Simon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dr. John </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Legend </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Darlene Love </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bette Midler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Waits </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Neil Young </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Beastie Boys </Td> <Td> Michael `` Mike D '' Diamond , Adam `` Ad - Rock '' Horovitz , and Adam `` MCA '' Yauch . </Td> <Td> Chuck D and LL Cool J </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> The Blue Caps </Td> <Td> Backing band for Gene Vincent . Inducted : Tommy Facenda , Cliff Gallup , Dickie Harrell , Bobby Jones , Johnny Meeks , Jack Neal , Paul Peek , and Willie Williams . </Td> <Td> Smokey Robinson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Comets </Td> <Td> Backing band for Bill Haley . Inducted : Joey Ambrose , Franny Beecher , Danny Cedrone , Johnny Grande , Ralph Jones , Marshall Lytle , Rudy Pompilli , Al Rex , Dick Richards , and Billy Williamson . </Td> <Td> Smokey Robinson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Crickets </Td> <Td> Backing band for Buddy Holly . Inducted : Jerry Allison , Sonny Curtis , Joe B. Mauldin , and Niki Sullivan . </Td> <Td> Smokey Robinson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Donovan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Mellencamp </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Famous Flames </Td> <Td> Backing vocal group for James Brown . Inducted : Bobby Bennett , Bobby Byrd , Lloyd Stallworth , and Johnny Terry . </Td> <Td> Smokey Robinson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guns N ' Roses </Td> <Td> Steven Adler , Duff McKagan , Dizzy Reed , Axl Rose , Slash , Matt Sorum , and Izzy Stradlin . </Td> <Td> Green Day </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> The Midnighters </Td> <Td> Backing vocal group for Hank Ballard . Inducted : Henry Booth , Billy Davis , Cal Green , Arthur Porter , Lawson Smith , Charles Sutton , Norman Thrasher , and Sonny Woods . </Td> <Td> Smokey Robinson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Miracles </Td> <Td> Backing vocal group for Smokey Robinson . Inducted : Claudette Rogers , Bobby Rogers , Ronald White , Marv Tarplin , and Pete Moore . </Td> <Td> Smokey Robinson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Laura Nyro </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bette Midler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Red Hot Chili Peppers </Td> <Td> Flea , John Frusciante , Jack Irons , Anthony Kiedis , Josh Klinghoffer , Cliff Martinez , Hillel Slovak , and Chad Smith . </Td> <Td> Chris Rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Small Faces / Faces </Td> <Td> Kenney Jones , Ronnie Lane , Ian McLagan , Steve Marriott , Rod Stewart , and Ronnie Wood . </Td> <Td> Steven Van Zandt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Heart </Td> <Td> Michael DeRosier , Roger Fisher , Steve Fossen , Howard Leese , Ann Wilson , and Nancy Wilson . </Td> <Td> Chris Cornell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Albert King </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Mayer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Randy Newman </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Don Henley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Public Enemy </Td> <Td> Flavor Flav , Professor Griff , Terminator X , and Chuck D . </Td> <Td> Harry Belafonte and Spike Lee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rush </Td> <Td> Geddy Lee , Alex Lifeson , and Neil Peart . </Td> <Td> Dave Grohl and Taylor Hawkins </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Donna Summer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kelly Rowland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Peter Gabriel </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chris Martin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hall & Oates </Td> <Td> Daryl Hall and John Oates . </Td> <Td> Questlove </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kiss </Td> <Td> Peter Criss , Ace Frehley , Gene Simmons , and Paul Stanley . </Td> <Td> Tom Morello </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nirvana </Td> <Td> Kurt Cobain , Dave Grohl , and Krist Novoselic . </Td> <Td> Michael Stipe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Linda Ronstadt </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Glenn Frey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cat Stevens </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Art Garfunkel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Paul Butterfield Blues Band </Td> <Td> Paul Butterfield , Mike Bloomfield , Elvin Bishop , Mark Naftalin , Jerome Arnold , Billy Davenport , and Sam Lay . </Td> <Td> Peter Wolf </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Joan Jett & the Blackhearts </Td> <Td> Joan Jett , Gary Ryan , Lee Crystal , and Ricky Byrd . </Td> <Td> Miley Cyrus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lou Reed </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Patti Smith </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Green Day </Td> <Td> Billie Joe Armstrong , Tré Cool , and Mike Dirnt . </Td> <Td> Fall Out Boy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble </Td> <Td> Stevie Ray Vaughan , Chris Layton , Tommy Shannon , and Reese Wynans . </Td> <Td> John Mayer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bill Withers </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stevie Wonder </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cheap Trick </Td> <Td> Bun E. Carlos , Rick Nielsen , Tom Petersson , and Robin Zander . </Td> <Td> Kid Rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chicago </Td> <Td> Peter Cetera , Terry Kath , Robert Lamm , Lee Loughnane , James Pankow , Walter Parazaider , and Danny Seraphine . </Td> <Td> Rob Thomas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Deep Purple </Td> <Td> Ritchie Blackmore , David Coverdale , Rod Evans , Ian Gillan , Roger Glover , Glenn Hughes , Jon Lord , and Ian Paice </Td> <Td> Lars Ulrich </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N.W.A </Td> <Td> DJ Yella , Ice Cube , MC Ren , Eazy - E , and Dr. Dre </Td> <Td> Kendrick Lamar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Steve Miller </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Black Keys </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Electric Light Orchestra </Td> <Td> Bev Bevan , Jeff Lynne , Richard Tandy , and Roy Wood </Td> <Td> Dhani Harrison </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Joan Baez </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jackson Browne </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Journey </Td> <Td> Jonathan Cain , Aynsley Dunbar , Steve Perry , Gregg Rolie , Neal Schon , Steve Smith , and Ross Valory </Td> <Td> Pat Monahan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pearl Jam </Td> <Td> Jeff Ament , Matt Cameron , Stone Gossard , Dave Krusen , Mike McCready , and Eddie Vedder </Td> <Td> David Letterman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tupac Shakur </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Snoop Dogg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Jon Anderson , Bill Bruford , Steve Howe , Tony Kaye , Trevor Rabin , Chris Squire , Rick Wakeman , and Alan White </Td> <Td> Geddy Lee and Alex Lifeson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bon Jovi </Td> <Td> Jon Bon Jovi , David Bryan , Hugh McDonald , Richie Sambora , Alec John Such and Tico Torres </Td> <Td> Howard Stern </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Cars </Td> <Td> Elliot Easton , Greg Hawkes , David Robinson , Ric Ocasek and Benjamin Orr </Td> <Td> Brandon Flowers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dire Straits </Td> <Td> Alan Clark , Guy Fletcher , John Illsley , David Knopfler , Mark Knopfler and Pick Withers </Td> <Td> John Illsley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Moody Blues </Td> <Td> Graeme Edge , Justin Hayward , Denny Laine , John Lodge , Mike Pinder and Ray Thomas </Td> <Td> Ann Wilson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nina Simone </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mary J. Blige </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ^ Note 1 . These backing bands were inducted by a separate committee , and not by the ballot voting used for all other performer inductees . </P> <P> ^ Note 2 . This artist was later inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame after inducting someone else . </P> <P> ^ Note 3 . This artist was already a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when they inducted someone else . </P> <P> ^ Note 4 . Dire Straits were the first artist in the hall 's history to not have an official induction speaker . Band member John Illsley did the induction speech himself . </P> <H3> Early influences ( edit ) </H3> Woody Guthrie , inducted in 1988 . Louis Armstrong , inducted in 1990 . Pete Seeger , inducted in 1996 . Charles Brown , inducted in 1999 . <P> Artists inducted into the early influences category are those `` whose music predated rock and roll but had an impact on the evolution of rock and roll and inspired rock 's leading artists . '' Unlike the performers category , these inductees are selected by a committee . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Jimmie Rodgers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Jimmy Yancey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Robert Johnson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Louis Jordan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> T - Bone Walker </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hank Williams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Woody Guthrie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Lead Belly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Les Paul </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> The Ink Spots </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Bessie Smith </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> The Soul Stirrers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Charlie Christian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Louis Armstrong </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Ma Rainey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Howlin ' Wolf </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Elmore James </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Professor Longhair </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Dinah Washington </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Willie Dixon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> The Orioles </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pete Seeger </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Mahalia Jackson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Bill Monroe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Jelly Roll Morton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Charles Brown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Nat King Cole </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Billie Holiday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Wanda Jackson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Freddie King </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> The `` 5 '' Royales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Sister Rosetta Tharpe </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ^ A. Inducted members : Bill Kenny , Charlie Fuqua , Deek Watson , and Orville `` Hoppy '' Jones . ^ B. Inducted members : Roy Crain Sr. , R.H. Harris , Jesse Farley , and E.A. Rundless . ^ C. Inducted members : Sonny Til , Tommy Gaither , George Nelson , Johnny Reed , and Alexander Sharp . ^ D. Inducted members : Bob Wills , Tommy Duncan , Leon McAuliffe , Johnny Gimble , Joe `` Jody '' Holley , Tiny Moore , Herb Remington , Eldon Shamblin , and Al Stricklin . ^ E. Nominated as a performer . ^ F. Inducted members : John L. Tanner , Eugene Tanner , James E. Moore , Obadiah H. Carter and Lowman Pauling , Jr </P> <H3> Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegün Award ) ( edit ) </H3> Carole King , inducted in 1990 Dick Clark , inducted in 1993 Clive Davis , inducted in 2000 <P> The non-performer category honors `` songwriters , producers , disc jockeys , record executives , journalists and other industry professionals who have had a major influence on the development of rock and roll . '' Several of the inductees in this category were in fact prominent performers as well . The inductees in this category are selected by the same committee that chooses the early influences . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . This category has been criticized for inducting those that have `` been coming to the dinner for years and paying for their tickets '' and not revealing their full criteria . In 2008 , this category was renamed the `` Ahmet Ertegün Award '' . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Alan Freed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Sam Phillips </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Leonard Chess </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ahmet Ertegun </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jerry Wexler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Berry Gordy , Jr . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Phil Spector </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Gerry Goffin and Carole King </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Holland -- Dozier -- Holland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Dave Bartholomew </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Ralph Bass </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Leo Fender </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Bill Graham </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Doc Pomus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Dick Clark </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Milt Gabler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Johnny Otis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Paul Ackerman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Donahue </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Syd Nathan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Allen Toussaint </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> George Martin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Clive Davis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Chris Blackwell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Jim Stewart </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Mo Ostin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> David Geffen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Otis Blackwell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mort Shuman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jesse Stone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Jac Holzman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Art Rupe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Don Kirshner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Lou Adler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Quincy Jones </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Brian Epstein </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Andrew Loog Oldham </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Bert Berns </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Award for Musical Excellence ( edit ) </H3> Leon Russell , inducted in 2011 . <P> This category , which replaced sidemen , `` honors those musicians , producers and others who have spent their careers out of the spotlight working with major artists on various parts of their recording and live careers . '' </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Leon Russell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Cosimo Matassa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Tom Dowd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Glyn Johns </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> E Street Band </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Ringo Starr </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Nile Rodgers </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ^ G. Inducted members : Garry Tallent , Roy Bittan , Max Weinberg , Steven Van Zandt , Nils Lofgren , Patti Scialfa , Clarence Clemons , Danny Federici , Vini Lopez , David Sancious . </P> <H3> Singles ( edit ) </H3> <P> At the 2018 ceremony , a new induction category for singles was announced by Steven Van Zandt . According to Van Zandt , the category is `` a recognition of the excellence of the singles that shaped rock ' n ' roll , kind of a rock ' n ' roll jukebox , records by artists not in the Rock Hall -- which is not to say these artists will never be in the Rock Hall . They just are not in the Rock Hall at the moment . '' </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Artist </Th> <Th> Song ( Year ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats </Td> <Td> `` Rocket 88 '' ( 1951 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Link Wray </Td> <Td> `` Rumble '' ( 1958 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Chubby Checker </Td> <Td> `` The Twist '' ( 1960 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> The Kingsmen </Td> <Td> `` Louie Louie '' ( 1963 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Procol Harum </Td> <Td> `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ( 1967 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Steppenwolf </Td> <Td> `` Born to Be Wild '' ( 1968 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Sidemen ( edit ) </H3> <P> Established in 2000 , the sidemen category `` honors those musicians who have spent their careers out of the spotlight , performing as backup musicians for major artists on recording sessions and in concert . '' A separate committee , composed mainly of producers , chooses the inductees . In 2010 , the category was renamed to `` Award for Musical Excellence '' . According to Joel Peresman , the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation , `` This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized . '' </P> James Burton , inducted in 2001 . <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Instrument </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Hal Blaine </Td> <Td> Drums </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> King Curtis </Td> <Td> Saxophone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> James Jamerson </Td> <Td> Bass guitar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Scotty Moore </Td> <Td> Guitar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Earl Palmer </Td> <Td> Drums </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> James Burton </Td> <Td> Guitar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Johnnie Johnson </Td> <Td> Piano </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Chet Atkins </Td> <Td> Guitar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Benny Benjamin </Td> <Td> Drums </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Floyd Cramer </Td> <Td> Piano </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Steve Douglas </Td> <Td> Saxophone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Little Walter </Td> <Td> Harmonica </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Bill Black </Td> <Td> Bass guitar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> D.J. Fontana </Td> <Td> Drums </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Spooner Oldham </Td> <Td> Keyboard </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Lifetime achievement ( edit ) </H3> <P> The following were inducted for `` Lifetime Achievement in the Non-Performer Category . '' </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> John Hammond </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Nesuhi Ertegun </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jann Wenner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Frank Barsalona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Seymour Stein </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Multiple inductees ( edit ) </H2> <P> As of 2017 , 22 performers have been inducted twice or more ; fourteen have been recognized as a solo artist and with a band and seven have been inducted with two separate bands . Eric Clapton is the only one to be inducted three times : as a solo artist , with Cream and with The Yardbirds . Clyde McPhatter was the first to ever be inducted twice and is one of three artists to be inducted first as a solo artist and then as a member of a band , the other artists being Neil Young and Rod Stewart . Stephen Stills is the only artist to be inducted twice in the same year . Crosby , Stills & Nash , inducted in 1997 , is the only band to see all of its inducted members be inducted with other acts : David Crosby with The Byrds in 1991 , Stephen Stills with Buffalo Springfield in 1997 , and Graham Nash with The Hollies in 2010 . </P> <P> Two inducted bands were spinoffs of other inducted bands . Journey was founded by two former members of Santana . Led Zeppelin was founded by lead guitarist Jimmy Page after The Yardbirds broke up , with the encouragement of the band 's management . They were originally billed as `` The New Yardbirds . '' </P> <P> The Beatles , inducted in 1988 , is the second band to have all of its members be inducted , as well as the only band to have each of its members be inducted for their solo careers as their second induction . Ringo Starr is the first inductee to be inducted twice in different categories ( The Beatles were inducted in the performers category in 1988 and Starr was inducted as a solo artist in the Award for Musical Excellence category in 2015 ) . He also holds the record for the longest time between first and second inductions , at 27 years . Both of Stills ' inductions happened during the 1997 ceremony and Clapton and McPhatter were inducted in back - to - back years ( 1987 / 88 for McPhatter , 1992 / 93 for Clapton , as well as his solo induction in 2000 ) . </P> <P> The Traveling Wilburys are the only band to have all of its members be inducted without the band itself having been inducted : Roy Orbison as a solo artist in 1987 , Bob Dylan as a solo artist in 1988 , George Harrison with the Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 2004 , Tom Petty with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers in 2002 , and Jeff Lynne with the Electric Light Orchestra in 2017 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> First </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Second </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Third </Th> <Th> Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jeff Beck </Td> <Td> The Yardbirds </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Solo career </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Johnny Carter </Td> <Td> The Flamingos </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> The Dells </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eric Clapton </Td> <Td> The Yardbirds </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Cream </Td> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Solo career </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> David Crosby </Td> <Td> The Byrds </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Crosby , Stills & Nash </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Peter Gabriel </Td> <Td> Genesis </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Solo career </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> George Harrison </Td> <Td> The Beatles </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Solo career </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> The Jackson Five </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Solo career </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Lennon </Td> <Td> The Beatles </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Solo career </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Curtis Mayfield </Td> <Td> The Impressions </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Solo career </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paul McCartney </Td> <Td> The Beatles </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Solo career </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Clyde McPhatter </Td> <Td> Solo career </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Drifters </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Graham Nash </Td> <Td> Crosby , Stills & Nash </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> The Hollies </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jimmy Page </Td> <Td> The Yardbirds </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Led Zeppelin </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lou Reed </Td> <Td> The Velvet Underground </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Solo career </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gregg Rolie </Td> <Td> Santana </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Journey </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paul Simon </Td> <Td> Simon and Garfunkel </Td> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Solo career </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ringo Starr </Td> <Td> The Beatles </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Award For Musical Excellence , Solo career </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rod Stewart </Td> <Td> Solo career </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Faces </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stephen Stills </Td> <Td> Buffalo Springfield </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Crosby , Stills & Nash </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sammy Strain </Td> <Td> The O'Jays </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Little Anthony & The Imperials </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ronnie Wood </Td> <Td> The Rolling Stones </Td> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Faces </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Neil Young </Td> <Td> Solo career </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Buffalo Springfield </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> General </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> `` Inductee list '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 02 . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Specific </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inductees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Induction Ceremony and Process '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Troy L. ( 2016 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Cleveland will host Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Ceremony every two years '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( April 4 , 2001 ) . `` Rock Hall of Fame Fallout : ' There Is Resentment Building Up '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Selvin , Joel ( November 14 , 2007 ) . `` View : Rock and Roll Hall offers lackluster candidates '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sinkevics , John ( March 11 , 2007 ) . `` Hall voters ' bias leaves prog - rock out -- again '' . The Grand Rapids Press . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Hall Voting Scandal : Rock Group Actually Won '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 10 Most COntroversial Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Moments '' . billboard.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Were not coming . Were not your monkey and so what ? '' ( sic ) Official announcement from the Sex Pistols regarding the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on February 24 , 2006 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Crickets , Famous Flames , Comets , Miracles , Midnighters and Blue Caps added to Rock Hall induction ceremony '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Famers '' . Future Rock Legends . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Everly Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Coasters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Beach Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Beatles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Drifters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Supremes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Temptations '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Four Seasons '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Four Tops '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Kinks '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Platters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Simon & Garfunkel '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Who '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Byrds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Impressions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ike & Tina Turner '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Booker T . & The M.G. 's '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Isley Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Jimi Hendrix Experience '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sam & Dave '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Yardbirds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cream '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Creedence Clearwater Revival '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Doors '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sly & The Family Stone '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Animals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Grateful Dead '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Allman Brothers Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Martha & The Vandellas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gladys Knight & the Pips '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jefferson Airplane '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Shirelles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Velvet Underground '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Bee Gees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Springfield '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Crosby , Stills & Nash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Jackson Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Parliament - Funkadelic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Rascals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eagles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fleetwood Mac '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Mamas & The Papas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Santana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Staple Singers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Soeder , John ( September 22 , 1999 ) . `` Canton 's O'Jays , Aerosmith among Rock Hall finalists '' . The Plain Dealer . p. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Flamingos '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Queen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Steely Dan '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ramones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Talking Heads '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AC / DC '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Clash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Elvis Costello & the Attractions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Police '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Righteous Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Dells '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Traffic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ZZ Top '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The O'Jays '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Pretenders '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U2 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Black Sabbath '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Blondie '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lynyrd Skynyrd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sex Pistols '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` R.E.M. '' Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Ronettes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Van Halen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Dave Clark Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Ventures '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Little Anthony and the Imperials '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Metallica '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Run - D.M.C. '' Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ABBA '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Genesis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Hollies '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Stooges '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alice Cooper Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Beastie Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Blue Caps '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Comets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Crickets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Famous Flames '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Midnighters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Miracles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Small Faces / Faces '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Heart '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Public Enemy '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rush '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Daryl Hall and John Oates '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kiss '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nirvana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Paul Butterfield Blues Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Joan Jett & the Blackhearts '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lou Reed '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Green Day '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stevie Ray Vaughan & Double Trouble '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cheap Trick '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chicago '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Deep Purple '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` N.W.A '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Electric Light Orchestra '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Journey '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Yes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Cars '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dire Straits '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Moody Blues '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dire Straits Awkwardly Enter Rock Hall Of Fame Without An Induction Speaker Or A Performance '' . Stereogum. 15 April 2018 . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Ink Spots '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Soul Stirrers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Orioles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The `` 5 '' Royales `` . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roger Friedman ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` Golden Globes : Stars Fill in Blanks ; Rock Hall of Fame '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Inductees for 2008 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame official website . December 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Class of 2017 Inductions '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inducts Songs for the First Time , Including ' Born to Be Wild ' & ' Louie Louie ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame introduces new category for singles '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Neil Diamond , Alice Cooper , Dr. John , Darlene Love and Tom Waits headed into Rock Hall '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hal Blaine '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` King Curtis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` James Jamerson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Scotty Moore '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Earl Palmer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` James Burton '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Johnnie Johnson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chet Atkins '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Benny Benjamin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Floyd Cramer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Steve Douglas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Little Walter '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bill Black '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` DJ Fontana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spooner Oldham '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame makes Clapton first triple inductee '' . CNN . March 7 , 2000 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Classes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_inductees&oldid=853977081 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Music - related lists </Li> <Li> Lists of musicians </Li> <Li> Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from December 2014 </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles containing potentially dated statements </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> Featured lists </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> مصرى </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 5 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 04 : 03 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Dallas Stars - Wikipedia <H1> Dallas Stars </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Dallas Stars </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 2017 -- 18 Dallas Stars season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conference </Th> <Td> Western </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Division </Th> <Td> Central </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> 1967 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> Minnesota North Stars 1967 -- 1993 Dallas Stars 1993 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Home arena </Th> <Td> American Airlines Center </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> City </Th> <Td> Dallas , Texas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Colors </Th> <Td> <P> Victory Green , Black , Silver , White </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media </Th> <Td> FS Southwest The Ticket ( 1310 AM , 96.7 FM ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner ( s ) </Th> <Td> DSE Hockey Club , L.P. ( Tom Gaglardi , governor ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General manager </Th> <Td> Jim Nill </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Head coach </Th> <Td> Ken Hitchcock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Captain </Th> <Td> Jamie Benn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Minor league affiliates </Th> <Td> Texas Stars ( AHL ) Idaho Steelheads ( ECHL ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stanley Cups </Th> <Td> 1 ( 1998 -- 99 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conference championships </Th> <Td> 2 ( 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 00 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presidents ' Trophy </Th> <Td> 2 ( 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Division championships </Th> <Td> 8 ( 1996 -- 97 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 00 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2005 -- 06 , 2015 -- 16 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official website </Th> <Td> nhl.com/stars </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Dallas Stars are a professional ice hockey team based in Dallas , Texas . They are members of the Central Division of the Western Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The team was founded during the 1967 NHL expansion as the Minnesota North Stars , based in Bloomington , Minnesota . Before the beginning of the 1978 -- 79 NHL season , the team merged with the Cleveland Barons after the league granted them permission due to each team 's respective financial struggles . Ultimately , the franchise relocated to Dallas for the 1993 -- 94 NHL season . The Stars played out of Reunion Arena from their relocation until 2001 , when the team moved less than 1.5 miles into the American Airlines Center . </P> <P> The Stars have won eight division titles in Dallas , two Presidents ' Trophies as the top regular season team in the NHL , the Western Conference championship twice , and in 1998 -- 99 , the Stanley Cup . Joe Nieuwendyk won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs that year . </P> <P> In 2000 , Neal Broten was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame . In 2009 , Brett Hull became the first Dallas Stars player inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame , followed by Ed Belfour and Joe Nieuwendyk in 2011 and Mike Modano in 2014 . In 2010 , brothers Derian and Kevin Hatcher were inducted to the United States Hockey Hall of Fame . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Franchise history <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Minnesota North Stars ( 1967 -- 1993 ) </Li> <Li> 1.2 Relocation to Dallas ( 1993 -- 1998 ) <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 1 Building for a championship </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.3 Dominance , a Stanley Cup , and playoff disappointment ( 1998 -- 2004 ) <Ul> <Li> 1.3. 1 Unsuccessful playoff runs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.4 Post-lockout era ( 2005 -- 2008 ) <Ul> <Li> 1.4. 1 Dallas hosts the All - Stars Game ( 2006 -- 2007 season ) </Li> <Li> 1.4. 2 Return to playoff prominence ( 2007 -- 2008 season ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.5 Fast starts to slow finishes ( 2008 -- 2011 ) </Li> <Li> 1.6 Tom Gaglardi era ( 2011 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Team information <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Logo and jersey design </Li> <Li> 2.2 Arena </Li> <Li> 2.3 Traditions </Li> <Li> 2.4 Broadcast </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Affiliated teams <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Texas Stars </Li> <Li> 3.2 Idaho Steelheads </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Season - by - season record </Li> <Li> 5 Players <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Current roster </Li> <Li> 5.2 Retired numbers </Li> <Li> 5.3 Team captains </Li> <Li> 5.4 Hall of Famers </Li> <Li> 5.5 First - round draft picks </Li> <Li> 5.6 Franchise scoring leaders </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 NHL awards and trophies </Li> <Li> 7 Franchise individual records </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Franchise history ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Minnesota North Stars ( 1967 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Minnesota North Stars The logo of the Minnesota North Stars ( founded in 1967 ) from 1991 -- 1993 . The franchise was moved to Dallas in 1993 , choosing to maintain the Stars identity as opposed to rebrand . <P> The Minnesota North Stars began play in 1967 as part of the NHL 's six - team expansion . Home games were played at the newly constructed Metropolitan Sports Center ( `` Met Center '' ) in Bloomington , Minnesota . Initially successful both on the ice and at the gate , the North Stars fell victim to financial problems after several poor seasons in the mid-1970s . </P> <P> In 1978 , the North Stars were purchased by the owners of the Cleveland Barons ( formerly the California Golden Seals ) , the Gund brothers , George III and Gordon . With both teams on the verge of folding , the NHL permitted the two failing franchises to merge . The merged team continued as the Minnesota North Stars , but assumed the Barons ' place in the Adams Division in order to balance out the divisions , while the Seals / Barons franchise records were retired . The merger brought with it a number of talented players , and the North Stars were revived -- they reached the Stanley Cup Finals in 1981 , where they lost in five games to the New York Islanders . However , by the early 1990s , declining attendance and the inability to secure a new downtown revenue - generating arena led ownership to request permission to move the team to the San Francisco Bay Area in 1990 . The NHL rejected the request and instead agreed to award an expansion franchise , the San Jose Sharks , to the Gund brothers . The North Stars were sold to a group of investors that were originally looking to place a team in San Jose , although one of the group 's members , Norman Green , would eventually gain control of the team . In the following season , the Minnesota North Stars made it to the Stanley Cup Finals , only to lose to the Pittsburgh Penguins . </P> <H3> Relocation to Dallas ( 1993 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> After the 1991 season , the North Stars suffered through poor attendance and profitability . The team 's fortunes were further impeded by the terms of the settlement with the Gund brothers , in which they were permitted to take a number of North Stars players to San Jose . New owner Norman Green explored the possibility of moving the team to Anaheim , however the NHL decided instead to place the expansion Mighty Ducks there in 1992 . In their final two seasons in Minnesota , the team adopted a new logo which omitted the `` North '' from `` North Stars , '' leading many fans to anticipate the team heading south . </P> Reunion Arena was the first home for the Stars in Dallas . The arena was the Star 's home from 1993 to 2001 . <P> In 1993 , amid further attendance woes and bitter personal controversy , Green obtained permission to move the team to Dallas , and the decision was announced on March 10 , 1993 . Green was convinced by former Dallas Cowboys quarterback Roger Staubach that Dallas would be a suitable market for an NHL team . The NHL , to quell the controversy , promised the fans of Minnesota a return in the future with a new franchise ; that promise was fulfilled in 2000 when Minnesota was awarded the Minnesota Wild as an expansion franchise . The Stars would move into Reunion Arena , built in 1980 , the downtown arena already occupied by the Dallas Mavericks . </P> <P> The Stars played their first game in Dallas on October 5 , 1993 , a 6 -- 4 win against the Detroit Red Wings . In that game , Neal Broten scored the first Stars goal in Dallas . Dallas was an experiment for the NHL . At that time , the Stars would be one of the three southern-most teams in the NHL , along with the newly created Tampa Bay Lightning and Florida Panthers as the NHL 's first real ventures into southern non-traditional hockey markets . Though the Stars were relatively still unknown , word of the team spread rapidly , and the immediate success of the team on the ice , as well as Mike Modano 's career best season ( 50 goals , 93 points ) helped spur the team 's popularity in Dallas . The Stars set franchise bests in wins ( 42 ) and points ( 97 ) in their first season in Texas , qualifying for the 1994 playoffs . The Stars further shocked the hockey world by sweeping the St. Louis Blues in the first round , but lost to the eventual Western Conference Champion Vancouver Canucks in the second round . The Stars ' success in their first season , along with American superstar Mike Modano 's spectacular on ice performances would be an integral part of the Stars ' eventual franchise success in the immediate years to come . The almost immediate success of the Stars was also helped by a long history of second tier hockey in the area . The minor league Central Hockey League had two teams in the area , the Fort Worth Texans and the Dallas Blackhawks for three decades before the Stars arrival . </P> <P> Green , who had run into financial problems stemming from his business ventures outside of hockey , was forced to sell the team to businessman Tom Hicks in December 1995 . </P> Building for a championship ( edit ) <P> The 1994 -- 95 season was shortened by an owners ' lockout . The Stars traded captain Mark Tinordi along with Rick Mrozik to the Washington Capitals before the season began for Kevin Hatcher . Long time North Stars hold - over Neal Broten was named his replacement , although he was traded too after only 17 games to the New Jersey Devils . Broten was replaced by Kevin 's younger brother Derian Hatcher as team captain , a role he would serve in for the next decade . The Stars played only 48 games that season posting a record of 17 -- 23 -- 8 . Despite the shortened season and the losing record , the Stars again made the playoffs , losing in five games to the Red Wings in the first round . </P> The Stars made several moves to revamp the roster in the 1996 off - season , notably making a trade to acquire Sergei Zubov . He remained on the team until he left the NHL in 2009 . <P> 1995 -- 96 would be the first complete season under new owner Tom Hicks . In the offseason , the Stars traded for former Montreal Canadiens ' captain and three - time Frank J. Selke Trophy winner Guy Carbonneau , who was then with the St. Louis Blues . With the Stars struggling to begin the season , general manager and head coach Bob Gainey traded for center Joe Nieuwendyk from the Calgary Flames for Corey Millen and Jarome Iginla , then a Stars prospect . The Stars recorded only 11 wins in the first half of the season , and Bob Gainey relinquished his coaching duties in January to be the full - time general manager for the team . The Stars soon hired Michigan K - Wings head coach Ken Hitchcock to replace him ; it would be his first NHL head coaching position . The Stars then traded for Benoit Hogue from the Toronto Maple Leafs late in the season , but ultimately finished in sixth place in the Central Division , missing the playoffs for the first time since moving to Texas . </P> <P> In the 1996 off - season , the Stars continued to revamp their roster , adding defensemen Darryl Sydor from the Los Angeles Kings followed by Sergei Zubov from the Pittsburgh Penguins for Kevin Hatcher . Zubov would serve as the Stars ' top defenseman and powerplay quarterback until leaving the NHL in 2009 . On the ice , Ken Hitchcock 's first season proved to be a good one . The Stars bested their 1994 totals , posting 48 wins and reaching the 100 - point mark for the first time in franchise history . The Stars won the Central Division , their first division title since 1983 -- 84 ( when they were still the Minnesota North Stars ) and were seeded second in the playoffs . Despite the regular season success , the youthful Stars were upset in the first round by the Edmonton Oilers in seven games . Defenseman Grant Ledyard tripped in overtime of Game 7 , allowing Todd Marchant to score the game - and series - winning goal on a breakaway against goaltender Andy Moog . </P> <P> In the 1997 off - season , the Stars signed star goaltender Ed Belfour as a free agent after a well publicized falling - out with the San Jose Sharks , who had traded a number of players to the Chicago Blackhawks to obtain him in January in the previous season . Andy Moog was allowed to leave via free agency , but later returned to the Stars as an assistant coach . The 1997 -- 98 season was another banner year for the Stars . The Stars again set franchise records in wins ( 49 ) and points ( 109 ) . Dallas acquired Mike Keane at the deadline from the New York Rangers . The Stars won the franchise 's first Presidents ' Trophy as the NHL 's best regular season team , as well as the Central Division title for the second season in a row . Belfour set franchise season records for goals against average ( 1.88 ) , wins ( 37 ) and just missed out on the Jennings Trophy by one goal to Martin Brodeur of the New Jersey Devils . The Stars were the first overall seed for the 1998 Stanley Cup playoffs and defeated the eighth - seeded San Jose Sharks in six games in the first round . Notorious enforcer Bryan Marchment injured Joe Nieuwendyk 's right knee , forcing him to miss the rest of the playoffs with torn ligaments . In the second round , they again met the Edmonton Oilers , this time defeating them in five games . Without Nieuwendyk , however , the Stars lacked the firepower to overcome the defending Stanley Cup champion Detroit Red Wings in the Western Conference Finals , and lost in six games . The Red Wings went on to win their second consecutive Stanley Cup . </P> <H3> Dominance , a Stanley Cup , and playoff disappointment ( 1998 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) </H3> See also : 1999 Stanley Cup Finals <P> In the 1998 off - season , after falling just short in the Western Conference Finals , the Stars added what they believed was the final piece toward winning a championship : star goalscoring winger Brett Hull . Hull had already had a magnificent career with the St. Louis Blues , with three consecutive 70 - goal seasons and a Hart Memorial Trophy , but a fallout with Blues management led Hull to leave St. Louis via free agency . Additionally , this was the first season for the Stars in the Pacific Division after the 1998 NHL division re-alignment . </P> <P> The Stars 1998 -- 99 season was excellent . The Stars won 51 games , surpassing the 50 - win mark for the first time in franchise history . They also recorded 114 points , which still stands today as a franchise record . They won the Pacific Division by 24 points , their third consecutive division title ; a second consecutive Presidents ' Trophy ; the Jennings Trophy as the league 's top defensive team ; and were awarded the top seed in the 1999 Stanley Cup playoffs . Winger Jere Lehtinen was also awarded the Frank J. Selke Trophy . </P> Joe Nieuwendyk helped the Stars win their first Stanley Cup in 1999 . Nieuwendyk was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy for that year 's playoffs . <P> In the first round of the playoffs , Dallas faced their playoff arch - rivals , the Edmonton Oilers . The Stars swept the Oilers in four tough games , winning Game 4 in the third overtime on a goal by Joe Nieuwendyk . They then faced the St. Louis Blues in the second round . After taking a 2 -- 0 series lead , the Blues stormed back to tie the series . The Stars then won the next two games to beat the Blues in six games . The series again ended on an overtime goal , this time from Mike Modano . In the Conference Finals , they faced the Colorado Avalanche for the first time in Stars history . This would be the first of four playoff meetings between the Stars and Avalanche in the next seven years . After both the Stars and the Avalanche split the first four games at a 2 -- 2 series tie , the Avalanche won Game 5 by a score of 7 -- 5 , taking a 3 -- 2 series lead , The Stars rallied winning game six on the road , and game seven at home , both by 4 -- 1 scores . </P> <P> This was the Stars ' first Stanley Cup Finals appearance as the Dallas Stars , although they made the finals twice as the Minnesota North Stars . They faced the Eastern Conference champion Buffalo Sabres , who had defeated the Toronto Maple Leafs 4 -- 1 in the Eastern Conference Finals . After splitting the first four games , the Stars vaunted defense would hold the Sabres to only one goal in the next two , winning Game 5 2 -- 0 and Game 6 2 -- 1 on an overtime goal by Brett Hull . Hull 's goal at 14 : 51 of the third overtime was remembered as one of the most controversial goals ever scored . That season , the NHL still had the infamous `` crease rule '' in effect , which stated that if any player of the attacking team who did not have possession of the puck was in the crease before the puck , then any resulting goal was disallowed . Hull had initially gained possession of the puck outside the crease and had made a shot that was blocked by Buffalo goaltender Dominik Hasek . One of Hull 's skates entered the crease as he corralled the rebound , and Hull 's second shot scored the Cup - winning goal , followed by a lengthy official review . The goal was eventually allowed , as having simply blocked Hull 's shot rather than catching it , Hasek never took possession of the puck away from Hull . Officials therefore determined that rather than calling it a loose puck , Hull would be considered to have had continuous possession of the puck from before his first shot outside the crease . The complexity of the crease rule , and the attendant difficulties in understanding its application by fans and players alike , combined with the controversy arising out of the disputed Cup - winning goal , resulted in the crease rule being repealed the following season . Hull 's goal marked the 13th time a Stanley Cup - winning goal was scored in overtime , and only the fourth to be scored in multiple overtimes . This was the only time between 1995 and 2003 that a team other than the New Jersey Devils , Colorado Avalanche or Detroit Red Wings won the Stanley Cup . </P> <P> The team added veterans Kirk Muller , Dave Manson and Sylvain Cote in an effort to defend their Stanley Cup championship in 1999 -- 2000 . On December 31 , 1999 , Brett Hull scored his 600 and 601st career goals in a 5 -- 4 win over the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim . The Stars ultimately won the Pacific Division for the second year in a row , and were seeded second in the Western Conference . Dallas then defeated the Edmonton Oilers and San Jose Sharks in the first and second rounds , both 4 -- 1 series victories . The Stars , for the second season in a row , defeated the Colorado Avalanche in the Western Conference Finals in seven games to reach their second consecutive Stanley Cup Finals , where they met the New Jersey Devils . Because the Devils finished the regular season with one more point than Dallas , the Stars had to play their first playoff series without home ice advantage since 1995 . The Stars lost all three games in Reunion Arena in the Finals , and lost the series in Game 6 on a double - overtime goal by New Jersey forward Jason Arnott . </P> Unsuccessful playoff runs ( edit ) <P> Hoping to win back the Stanley Cup , the Stars again captured the Pacific Division , posting a solid 48 -- 24 -- 8 -- 2 record in the 2000 -- 01 season . In the playoffs , the Stars met the Edmonton Oilers in the first round , battling back - and - forth through the first four games , with each game decided by one goal , including three going into overtime . Game 5 would also go to overtime , as the Stars took a 3 -- 2 series lead on a goal by Kirk Muller . In Game 6 in Edmonton , however , the Stars did not need overtime , advancing to the second round with a 3 -- 1 win . Facing the St. Louis Blues , the Stars would run out of gas , being swept in four straight games . The Game 2 loss would be the last NHL game played in Reunion Arena . </P> Marty Turco was awarded the starting goaltender position in the 2001 -- 02 season , with the departure of Ed Belfour to free agency . <P> Moving into the brand new American Airlines Center for the 2001 -- 02 season , the Stars got off to a slow start to the season , as goaltender Ed Belfour struggled through one of his worst seasons . Coach Ken Hitchcock was eventually fired , being replaced by Rick Wilson . Despite the coaching change , the Stars continued to play poor hockey . With the prospect of missing the playoffs , the Stars traded 1999 Conn Smythe winner Joe Nieuwendyk and Jamie Langenbrunner to the New Jersey Devils in exchange for Randy McKay and Jason Arnott , who scored the game - winning goal in the 2000 Finals against Dallas . The Stars would eventually go on to post a respectable record of 35 -- 28 -- 13 -- 5 . However , it would not be enough for the playoffs , as they fell four points short of the final eighth spot in the Western Conference . Following the season , coach Rick Wilson would return to assistant coaching duties , as the Stars brought in Dave Tippett as his replacement . </P> <P> As in the 2002 off - season , Ed Belfour left via free agency to the Toronto Maple Leafs . To begin the 2002 -- 03 campaign , the Stars awarded the starting goaltending position to Marty Turco , who went on to have one of the best seasons in NHL history , posting the lowest goals against average ( GAA ) since 1940 , at 1.76 . However , missing 18 games late in the season likely cost him a shot at the Vezina Trophy , awarded to the league 's top goaltender . Regardless , the Stars posted the best record in the Western Conference at 46 -- 17 -- 15 -- 4 , and along the way , two - way star Jere Lehtinen won his third Frank J. Selke Trophy . In the playoffs , the Stars once again met the Edmonton Oilers , and once again the Oilers would prove a contentious opponent , winning two of the first three games . However , the Stars would prove the better team again by winning the next three games to take the series in six games . The Stars ' second round series against the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim got off to an unbelievable start , as the game went deep into overtime tied 3 -- 3 . However , Mighty Ducks goaltender Jean - Sebastien Giguere stopped 60 shots as the Ducks scored early in the fifth overtime . Game 2 would be more of the same , as the Ducks stunned the Stars in overtime . Desperately needing a win , the Stars bounced back to take Game 3 in Anaheim . However , the Ducks would take a 3 -- 1 series lead by breaking a scoreless tie late in the third period of Game 4 . In Game 5 , the Stars finally solved Giguere by scoring four goals to keep their playoff hopes alive . However , the Stars dreams of a return trip to the Stanley Cup Finals would end in heartbreaking fashionm as the Ducks broke a 3 -- 3 tie with 1 : 06 left in Game 6 on a goal by defenseman Sandis Ozolinsh . </P> <P> Coming off their disappointing playoff loss , the Stars would get off to a shaky start to the 2003 -- 04 season , as they played mediocre hockey through the first three months of the season , posting a sub -. 500 record . As the calendar turned to 2004 , however , the Stars began to find their game , as they posted a 9 -- 4 -- 3 record in January . As the season wore on , the Stars would get stronger , climbing up the playoff ladder and eventually reaching second place in the Pacific Division , where they finished with a solid 41 -- 26 -- 13 -- 2 record ; Marty Turco had another outstanding season , recording a 1.98 GAA . However , the Stars could not carry their momentum into the playoffs , as they were beaten by the Colorado Avalanche in five games in the first round . </P> <H3> Post-lockout era ( 2005 -- 2008 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Coming out of the owners ' lockout that cancelled the entire 2004 -- 05 season , the Stars remained one of the strongest teams in the Western Conference for the start of 2005 -- 06 , as they won four of their first five games on the way to a solid October . November would be even better for Dallas , as they won 10 of 13 games and took over first place in the Pacific Division , a position they would hold most of the season , as they went on to finish with a terrific record of 53 -- 23 -- 6 . One reason for the Stars success was their strong play in shootouts , as forward Jussi Jokinen was nearly automatic , making 10 - of - 13 shot attempts . Also performing strong in shootouts was Sergei Zubov , who used a slow - but - steady backhand to go 7 - for - 12 , as the Stars ultimately won 12 of 13 games that were settled by a shootout . As the number two seed in the Western Conference , the Stars faced the seventh - seeded Colorado Avalanche . The Stars were favorited to win the Western Conference , and some even predicted them to win the Stanley Cup . However , the Stars would stumble right from the start , losing Game 1 by a score of 5 -- 2 as the Avalanche scored five unanswered goals after the Stars jumped out to a promising 2 -- 0 lead . Game 2 would see the Stars suffer another setback at home , as the Stars lost in overtime 5 -- 4 on a goal by Joe Sakic . On the road in Game 3 , the Stars led 3 -- 2 in the final minute before the Avalanche forced overtime on a goal by Andrew Brunette , while Alex Tanguay won the game just 69 seconds into overtime to put the Stars in a 3 -- 0 hole . The Stars would avoid the sweep with 4 -- 1 win in Game 4 , but overtime would doom them again in Game 5 , as Andrew Brunette scored the series winner at 6 : 05 , ending the Stars ' playoffs hopes after just five games . </P> Dallas hosts the all - Stars Game ( 2006 -- 2007 season ) ( edit ) Mike Modano scored his 500th goal on November 7 , 2007 against the San Jose Sharks . He was only the second American - born player to reach the milestone . He later surpassed Joe Mullen as the highest scoring American in the league . <P> Following the previous season 's disappointing first round playoff upset at the hands of the seventh - seeded Avalanche , the Stars made a number of changes during the 2006 off - season . Former Stars goalkeeper Andy Moog was promoted to assistant general manager for player development ( he kept his job as goaltending coach ) and former player Ulf Dahlen was hired as an assistant coach . The Stars allowed center Jason Arnott , defenseman Willie Mitchell and goaltender Johan Hedberg to leave as free agents . Forward Niko Kapanen was traded to the Atlanta Thrashers and the remaining two years on fan - favorite right - winger Bill Guerin 's contract were bought out . The Stars also received Patrik Stefan and Jaroslav Modry in the Atlanta trade , and signed Eric Lindros , Jeff Halpern , Matthew Barnaby and Darryl Sydor as free agents . Young goaltender Mike Smith was promoted to the NHL to serve as Marty Turco 's backup . During the season , key future pieces -- center Mike Ribeiro and defenseman Mattias Norstrom -- were added through separate trades . Young players Joel Lundqvist , Krys Barch , Nicklas Grossmann and Chris Conner all saw significant ice time while other players were out of the lineup with injuries . </P> <P> On September 29 , 2006 , Brenden Morrow was announced as new team captain , taking the role over from Mike Modano , who had served as the incumbent since 2003 . Jere Lehtinen remained the last Minnesota North Star still with the franchise , although he never wore a Minnesota North Stars jersey ; he was drafted by the club while it was still in Minnesota . On March 13 , 2007 , Mike Modano scored his 500th career NHL goal , making him only the 39th player and second American to ever reach the milestone . On March 17 , Modano scored his 502nd and 503rd NHL goals , breaking the record for an American - born player , previously held by Joe Mullen . </P> <P> On January 24 , 2007 , the 55th National Hockey League All - Star Game was held at the American Airlines Center . Defenseman Philippe Boucher and goaltender Marty Turco would represent the Stars as part of the Western Conference All - Star roster . The Stars qualified for the playoffs as the sixth seed in the Western Conference and squared off against the Vancouver Canucks in the first round . Marty Turco delivered three shutout wins in Games 2 , 5 and 6 , but the Stars ' offense failed to capitalize and they lost the series in seven games , the third season in a row that they lost in the first round . </P> Return to playoff prominence ( 2007 -- 2008 season ) ( edit ) <P> In the 2007 NHL Entry Draft , the Stars drafted the relatively unknown Jamie Benn 129th overall . After starting a lackluster 7 -- 7 -- 3 in the 2007 -- 08 season , General Manager Doug Armstrong was fired by the team . He was replaced by an unusual `` co-general manager '' arrangement of former assistant GM Les Jackson and former Stars player Brett Hull . On November 8 , 2007 , Mike Modano became the top American born point scorer of all - time , finishing off a shorthanded breakaway opportunity on San Jose Sharks goaltender Evgeni Nabokov . </P> <P> On February 26 , 2008 , just hours before the trade deadline , the Stars traded for All - Star center Brad Richards from the Tampa Bay Lightning for backup netminder Mike Smith and forwards Jussi Jokinen and Jeff Halpern . The Stars rallied to a final record of 45 -- 30 -- 7 and qualified for the playoffs as the fifth seed , matching up with the defending Stanley Cup champion , the Anaheim Ducks , in the first round . After a rough end to the season , only winning two games in March of that year , the Stars shocked everyone by winning the first two games of the series in Anaheim , and then would go on to finish off the Ducks in six games , their first playoff series win since 2003 . In the second round , the Stars matched up with the Pacific Division champion San Jose Sharks . Once again , the Stars surprised everyone by winning the first two games of the series on the road . In Game 2 , Brad Richards tied an NHL record by recording four points in the third period . The Stars would then take a 3 -- 0 lead after a Mattias Norstome overtime goal in Game 3 . Captain Brenden Morrow finished the Sharks off in Game 6 with a powerplay goal nearly halfway into the fourth overtime . The win sent the Stars to their first Conference Finals since 2000 , where they met the powerhouse Detroit Red Wings . After falling behind 3 -- 0 , the Stars made a series of it , however , winning two games before ultimately finally being ousted by the Red Wings in six games . </P> <H3> Fast starts to slow finishes ( 2008 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> The 2008 -- 09 season saw the early loss for the season of captain Brenden Morrow to an ACL tear . Off - season free agent acquisition Sean Avery caused a media uproar over comments he made to a Canadian reporter about ex-girlfriend Elisha Cuthbert and her relationship with Calgary Flames ' defenseman Dion Phaneuf before a game in Calgary . The incident forced the team to suspend Avery for the season ; he was later waived by the Stars . That incident , plus injuries to key players Brad Richards and Sergei Zubov , caused the Stars to tailspin to a 12th - place finish and the first missed playoffs for Dallas since 2002 . </P> <P> In the wake of the season , the Stars hired a new general manager , former player and alternate captain Joe Nieuwendyk . Hull and Jackson remained with the Stars , but were reassigned to new roles within the organization . Less than a week after he was hired , Nieuwendyk fired six - season head coach Dave Tippett on June 10 , 2009 , and hired Marc Crawford the next day as his replacement . Other off - season moves included the addition of Charlie Huddy as assistant coach in charge of defense and the promotions of Stu Barnes and Andy Moog to assistant coaches . </P> Kari Lehtonen was named the team 's number one goaltender after they let go of longtime goaltender Marty Turco . <P> The Stars ' 2009 -- 10 season was similar to the previous one . Inconsistent play and defensive struggles plagued the team throughout the season , as they failed to adjust to Marc Crawford 's new offensively - minded system , and owner Tom Hicks ' financial troubles prevented the team from spending more than $45 million on payroll , over $11 million beneath the league salary cap . The Stars failed to win more than three games in a row all season , finished in last in the Pacific Division and repeated their 12th place conference finish from the year before with a record of 37 -- 31 -- 14 for 88 points . This was the first time that they would miss the playoffs two seasons in a row since the Stars moved to Texas . In the off - season , longtime goaltender Marty Turco was let go in favor of Kari Lehtonen to become the team 's number one goaltender for the future . In the last game of the season at the Minnesota Wild , Mike Modano was named the game 's first star and skated around the rink after the game wearing his North Stars uniform , receiving a rousing ovation . </P> <P> In the 2010 off - season , the Stars released Marty Turco and Mike Modano , the face of the franchise for the past two decades . Modano subsequently signed with the Detroit Red Wings while Turco joined the Chicago Blackhawks . Winger Jere Lehtinen , who played his entire career with the Stars , announced his retirement in December 2010 . The team also made key acquisitions , such as winger Adam Burish ( who was on the 2010 Stanley Cup champion Chicago Blackhawks ) and goaltender Andrew Raycroft . They also gave Jonathan Cheechoo a try - out , but he was cut and later signed with division rivals San Jose Sharks . </P> <P> To begin the 2010 season , the Stars won their first three games , going on a three - game win streak for the first time since the 2007 -- 08 season by beating the New Jersey Devils in overtime , New York Islanders in a shootout and against Mike Modano and the Red Wings . During the third game against the Red Wings , the Stars crowd gave Modano a standing ovation as he was shown on the Jumbotron . </P> <P> After a hot start to the season , the Stars dominated the first half of the season , staying on the Pacific Division lead and staying in the top three spots of the conference . It seemed like the old Stars were back , as through the first half of the season , they went 30 -- 15 -- 6 . But after the All - Star Game , the Stars went into a slump , going on numerous losing streaks and blowing games . Through this though , the Stars still remained in the playoff picture . On the day of the trade deadline , the Stars traded James Neal and Matt Niskanen to the Pittsburgh Penguins for defenseman Alex Goligoski . After an awful second half , the Stars still had a chance to make the playoffs by winning all their games in April . They won all of them except for last , as they lost to the Minnesota Wild 5 -- 3 , costing them a playoff spot . </P> <P> After missing the playoffs for the third consecutive season , Dallas fired coach Marc Crawford on April 12 , 2011 . In the spring of 2011 , according to Darren Dreger of TSN , the team has been `` financially managed '' by the NHL for over a year . On June 16 , 2011 , Dallas hired Glen Gulutzan to be head coach , making him the sixth coach since the franchise 's move from Minnesota . On September 13 , 2011 , lenders voted to agree to have the Stars file for bankruptcy and sold at auction . On September 21 , 2011 , Mike Modano announced his retirement from the NHL . By October 22 , 2011 , competing bids to buy the club were due . Vancouver businessman and Kamloops Blazers owner Tom Gaglardi 's bid was the only one submitted , clearing the way for him to enter the final stages of taking over ownership of the team . Gaglardi 's purchase was approved by the NHL Board of Governors on November 18 , 2011 . </P> <P> A bankruptcy court judge approved the bid for an enterprise value of $240 million . First lien creditors got about 75 cents on the dollar . The Stars lost $38 million during their the last fiscal year and $92 million over the last three seasons . </P> <H3> Tom Gaglardi era ( 2011 -- present ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> As the new owner , Gaglardi 's first move was bringing back former Stars President Jim Lites to once again take the reins as team president and CEO . To begin the 2011 -- 12 season , the Stars once again jumped out to a fast start , going 22 -- 15 -- 1 through the first 38 games of the season . When the second half of the season began , however , the Stars slumped through the months of January and February , before getting hot again in late February . Throughout March , the Stars regained the lead of the Pacific Division . Beginning on March 26 , 2012 , the Stars embarked on a western road trip that saw them visit the Calgary Flames , Edmonton Oilers , Vancouver Canucks and San Jose Sharks . Going into the road trip , the Stars were in control of their own destiny , having to gain four points on the road trip to win their first Pacific Division title since the 2005 -- 06 season . After the Stars lost 5 -- 4 in Calgary to the Flames , the Stars beat the Oilers two nights later , 3 -- 1 . This would be their last win of the season , as the Stars were rolled over by the Canucks and Sharks . Even though they had lost the division crown , the Stars still had a chance to clinch a playoff spot . The Stars , however , were eliminated from playoff contention on April 5 in a 2 -- 0 loss to the playoff - bound Nashville Predators . The team failed to qualify for the post-season for the fourth consecutive year , setting a franchise record for futility . </P> In the 2013 off - season , the Stars acquired Tyler Seguin as a part of a seven - player trade with the Boston Bruins . <P> On July 1 , 2012 , the team signed free agent veterans Ray Whitney , Aaron Rome and future Hockey Hall of Famer Jaromir Jagr . The next day , the Stars traded fan - favorite Steve Ott and Adam Pardy to the Buffalo Sabres for center Derek Roy . When 2012 -- 13 NHL lockout ended , the Stars began an up - and - down season , although staying in the race for one of the eight playoff spots in the shortened season , which had only 48 games . In mid-season , forward Michael Ryder was traded to his former team , the Montreal Canadiens , for Erik Cole . This shocked many Stars fans , as Ryder was a fan - favorite to Stars fans and had been producing good stats for the Stars throughout the shortened season . Before the trade deadline in early April , the Stars began to falter , and the team 's captain , Brenden Morrow , was traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins ; Roy was traded to the Vancouver Canucks ; Jagr to the Boston Bruins ; and Tomas Vincour to the Colorado Avalanche to close out the trade deadline , all in exchange for draft picks and prospects . After all of the trades at the NHL trade deadline , many counted the Stars out , as it seemed they were beginning to rebuild and throw in the towel during the season . However , the Stars ' remaining young players pulled together to win six of their next eight games , thus propelling the Stars back into the 2013 playoff race . The Stars soon became the new Cinderella team and were getting better as their new - found success went on . However , the Stars dropped their final five games , losing all of them and gaining only one point in their final five games , which eliminated them from playoff contention . The Stars had now missed the playoffs for five - straight seasons , continuing to set the all - time record in the franchise ( dating back to the Minnesota days ) for most consecutive seasons without a playoff appearance . </P> <P> The day after their final regular season game of the 2012 - 13 season ( a 3 -- 0 loss to the Detroit Red Wings ) , the Stars fired General Manager Joe Nieuwendyk . The next day , the Stars introduced their 11th all - time general manager , Jim Nill , the former assistant general manager of the Red Wings . On May 14 , 2013 , the coaching staff was also fired , and on May 31 , 2013 , Scott White was re-introduced as the director of hockey operations . Nill made his first big trade as general manager when he acquired Tyler Seguin , Rich Peverley and Ryan Button from the Boston Bruins for Loui Eriksson , Reilly Smith , Matt Fraser and Joe Morrow . Under new head coach Lindy Ruff , the Stars made it to the 2014 playoffs with a successful run on a 40 -- 31 -- 11 record , finishing fourth in the new - look Central Division for the 2013 -- 14 season . They lost in the first round of the playoffs to the Anaheim Ducks in six games with a 4 -- 2 Game 6 loss . </P> <P> Nill made another big trade as general manager when he acquired Jason Spezza and Ludwig Karlsson from the Ottawa Senators in exchange for Alex Chiasson , Nick Paul , Alex Guptill and a second - round pick in 2015 . He also signed Senators player Ales Hemsky as a free agent on a three - year , $12 million contract on July 1 , 2014 . Despite these moves , the Stars finished with the second - lowest goaltender save percentage in the NHL during the 2014 -- 15 season , which resulted in them failing to qualify for the 2015 playoffs due to their sixth - place finish in the Central Division . The lone bright spot of the 2014 -- 15 season was Jamie Benn winning the Art Ross Trophy . On April 11 , 2015 , Benn scored 4 points in the Stars ' last regular season game to finish with 87 points on the season and win the Art Ross Trophy . His final point , a secondary assist with 8.5 seconds left in the game , allowed him to overtake John Tavares for the award . </P> <P> In the 2015 -- 16 season , the Stars won their first Central Division title since 1998 and posted the best regular season record in the Western Conference . In the first round of the playoffs , they defeated the Minnesota Wild in six games . In the second round , they faced the St. Louis Blues , for the first time since 2001 , and lost the series in seven games . The Stars finished with a 34 -- 37 -- 11 record in the 2016 -- 17 season , missing the playoffs for the seventh time in the past nine seasons . As a result , the team announced that head coach Lindy Ruff 's contract would not be renewed . </P> <H2> Team information ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Logo and Jersey design ( edit ) </H3> <P> When they debuted in Dallas for the 1993 -- 94 season , they kept the same uniform design from their Minnesota days , except for the addition of the Texas logo patch on the shoulders . Away uniforms were black and home uniforms were white . With minor trim changes , a darker shade of green , and the word ' Dallas ' added in the 1994 -- 95 season , they kept this design until their 1999 Stanley Cup - winning campaign . The black pants have the word ' Dallas ' in gold run through the sides with green stripes . </P> <P> In the 1997 -- 98 season , the Stars introduced an alternate uniform that partly resembled those worn during the All - Star Game at the time . The uniform was mostly green on top and black at the bottom , in a star - shaped design . For the 1999 -- 2000 season , it became the primary away uniform , and was paired with a new home uniform featuring the same basic design , with white on top and green at the bottom . They kept this design until the 2006 -- 07 season , during which the NHL switched color designations on home and away jerseys in the 2003 -- 04 season . The striping was also eliminated on the black pants . </P> <P> The Stars introduced an alternate jersey for the 2003 -- 04 season that proved both embarrassing and unpopular to critics and fans . The uniform , which was black with a green bottom and red trim , featured a modern representation of the constellation Taurus topped by a trailing green star with red trail marks . However , fans and critics derided the uniform crest for its resemblance to a uterus , nicknaming it the `` Mooterus '' . The uniform was used until the 2005 -- 06 season . </P> <P> With the switch to the Reebok Edge uniform system , the jerseys underwent a complete redesign . The home black jersey , introduced for the 2007 -- 08 season , features the player 's number on the chest and an arched ' Dallas ' in white with gold trim , with the primary logo on the shoulders . The primary away jerseys , which were used from 2007 -- 10 and was used as an alternate for its final season , had the Stars logo crest in front and the uniform number on the top right , with the Texas alternate logo on the shoulders . An alternate white jersey based on the home black jersey was introduced for the 2008 -- 09 season ; they became the regular away uniforms for the 2010 -- 11 season . The lettering is in green with gold and black trim . Both uniforms were used until the 2012 -- 13 season . </P> <P> A new logo and uniforms were introduced for the 2013 -- 14 season . Silver replaced gold as the tertiary color , while green ( in a bright new shade called `` Victory Green '' , similar to the old North Stars ' shade of green ) was reintroduced as a primary uniform color . The new logo features the letter D centering a star , symbolizing Dallas ' nickname as `` The Big D '' . The home uniforms are in green with black and white striping , while the away uniforms are in white with a green shoulder yoke , and black and green striping . The inner collar features the team name on the home uniforms , and the city name on the away uniforms . The secondary logo , with the primary inside a roundel with the team name , is featured in the shoulders . </P> Former primary logo used from 1993 to 2013 . One of the alternate logos used from 1999 to 2013 . Current primary logo used ( 2013 -- present ) . <H3> Arena ( edit ) </H3> The American Airlines Center is the second , and current home of the Dallas Stars . <P> When the Stars first moved from Minnesota , the Stars moved into Reunion Arena , which was being shared with the NBA 's Dallas Mavericks . For hockey , Reunion Arena held 17,001 for NHL games . Throughout the hockey history of Reunion Arena , the arena was known for having one of the worst ice surfaces in the NHL , especially in its final days hosting the Stars . The Stars played at Reunion for eight years , from 1993 -- 2001 . Before the 2001 - 02 NHL season , Both the Stars and the Mavericks moved into the American Airlines Center , which is in the Victory Park neighborhood of Dallas , just north of Reunion Arena . The American Airlines center holds 18,584 for Stars and NHL games . On January 24 , 2007 , the AAC hosted the 55th National Hockey League All - Star Game . The AAC and the Dallas Stars have won several local and NHL awards for `` Best Fan Experience '' . </P> <H3> Traditions ( edit ) </H3> <P> Since the 2005 -- 06 season , the national anthems are performed by Celena Rae , a Fort Worth native and former semi-finalist on American Idol . During The Star - Spangled Banner , the fans yell the word `` stars '' in the lines `` whose broad stripes and bright stars '' and `` O say does that star spangled banner yet wave . '' At games , as part of the entertainment , a Kahlenberg KDT - 123 fog horn sounds after every Stars goal . </P> <P> When the Stars take the ice at the beginning of each period , the song `` Puck Off '' ( also referred to as the `` Dallas Stars Fight Song '' ) by Pantera , is played in the arena . Members of the Dallas area band had become friends with members of the Stars in the 90s . `` Puck Off '' later also became the team 's goal celebration song . During the song , fans chant the only lyrics in the song , `` Dallas ! Stars ! Dallas ! Stars ! '' while pumping their fists in the air . After each Stars win , the Stevie Ray Vaughan ( a Dallas native ) and Double Trouble song `` The House is Rockin ' '' is played . A song of unknown origin called `` The Darkness Music '' is played after nearly every away goal . In recent years , fans have usually yelled , `` Who cares ! ? '' after away team goals are announced by the public address announcer . </P> <P> The Stars have hosted a home game on New Year 's Eve every year since 1997 . For a period of time , the game coincided with the Big D NYE celebration ( now on hiatus ) on the south side of the arena in AT&T Plaza . </P> <H3> Broadcast ( edit ) </H3> <P> All Dallas Stars games are broadcast on radio on KTCK under a five - year deal announced in January 2009 . KTCK replaced WBAP , which had broadcast games since the beginning of the 1994 season after KLIF has broadcast the first season in Dallas in 1993 . Television coverage occurs primarily on Fox Sports Southwest ( FSN ) , with KTXA ( Channel 21 ) or FSSW+ broadcasting games when FSSW has a conflict . </P> <P> The Stars , along with the Buffalo Sabres , are one of only two NHL teams to simulcast the entirety of their games on TV and radio , which the team has done since their 1993 arrival in Dallas . The original broadcast team from 1993 -- 1996 was ( play by play ) Mike Fornes and ( color ) Ralph Strangis . Fornes left the broadcast team after the 1995 -- 96 season ; Strangis moved to the play - by - play role and color commentator Daryl `` Razor '' Reaugh was added . Although both the DFW - area 's large media market and the team 's fan base could theoretically support separate television and radio broadcast teams , the Stars have continued simulcasting due to the popularity of `` Ralph and Razor '' ( as they are known ) among local listeners and viewers . Like other NHL teams , the Stars now have a live radio broadcast transmitted inside American Airlines Center on 97.5 FM . This is done because AM radio signals often can not penetrate concrete and steel building exteriors . </P> <P> Strangis retired from the booth after the 2014 -- 15 season and was replaced by Dave Strader . However , as of the 2016 -- 17 season , Reaugh has assumed play - by - play duties while Strader undergoes cancer treatment , with studio analyst and former Stars defenseman Craig Ludwig taking over as color commentator . on October 1 , 2017 , Strader passed away at the age of 62 from his battle with cancer . </P> <H2> Affiliated teams ( edit ) </H2> The Texas Stars , based in Cedar Park , are the Stars current American Hockey League affiliate . <H3> Texas Stars ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Texas Stars are the affiliate of the Dallas Stars , who after becoming unaffiliated with the Iowa Stars of the AHL , did not have an AHL affiliate for the 2008 -- 09 season . The Texas Stars began play in the AHL in the 2009 -- 10 season . They are located in Cedar Park , Texas ( Northwest of Austin ) . </P> <H3> Idaho Steelheads ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Idaho Steelheads are the Stars ' ECHL affiliate . Based in Boise , the Steelheads have played home games in CenturyLink Arena Boise since 2003 . </P> <H2> Season - by - season record ( edit ) </H2> <P> This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed by the Stars . For the full season - by - season history , see List of Dallas Stars seasons </P> <P> Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , OTL = Overtime losses , Pts = Points , GF = Goals for , GA = Goals against </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Season </Td> <Td> GP </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> OTL </Td> <Td> Pts </Td> <Td> GF </Td> <Td> GA </Td> <Td> Finish </Td> <Td> Playoffs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 -- 13 </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 130 </Td> <Td> 142 </Td> <Td> 5th , Pacific </Td> <Td> Did not qualify </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 -- 14 </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> 235 </Td> <Td> 228 </Td> <Td> 5th , Central </Td> <Td> Lost in First Round , 2 -- 4 ( Ducks ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 -- 15 </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> 261 </Td> <Td> 260 </Td> <Td> 6th , Central </Td> <Td> Did not qualify </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 -- 16 </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 109 </Td> <Td> 267 </Td> <Td> 230 </Td> <Td> 1st , Central </Td> <Td> Lost in Second Round , 3 -- 4 ( Blues ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 -- 17 </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> 223 </Td> <Td> 262 </Td> <Td> 6th , Central </Td> <Td> Did not qualify </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Players ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Current roster ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> view </Li> <Li> talk </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <P> Updated October 18 , 2017 </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> # </Th> <Th> Nat </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Pos </Th> <Th> S / G </Th> <Th> Age </Th> <Th> Acquired </Th> <Th> Birthplace </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 </Th> <Td> Canada ! </Td> <Td> Benn , Jamie Jamie Benn ( C ) </Td> <Td> 4.2 ! C / LW </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Victoria , British Columbia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 </Th> <Td> United States ! </Td> <Td> Bishop , Ben Ben Bishop </Td> <Td> 1.0 ! G </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Denver , Colorado </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 </Th> <Td> Canada ! </Td> <Td> Elie , Remi Remi Elie </Td> <Td> 6.0 ! LW </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Green Valley , Ontario </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 </Th> <Td> Czech Republic ! </Td> <Td> Faksa , Radek Radek Faksa </Td> <Td> 4.0 ! C </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Vítkov , Czech Republic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 </Th> <Td> Canada ! </Td> <Td> Hamhuis , Dan Dan Hamhuis </Td> <Td> 2.0 ! D </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Smithers , British Columbia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 </Th> <Td> Czech Republic ! </Td> <Td> Hanzal , Martin Martin Hanzal </Td> <Td> 4.0 ! C </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Pisek , Czechoslovakia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 </Th> <Td> Finland ! </Td> <Td> Honka , Julius Julius Honka </Td> <Td> 2.0 ! D </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Jyväskylä , Finland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 </Th> <Td> Sweden ! </Td> <Td> Janmark , Mattias Mattias Janmark </Td> <Td> 4.0 ! C </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Danderyd , Sweden </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 </Th> <Td> United States ! </Td> <Td> Johns , Stephen Stephen Johns </Td> <Td> 2.0 ! D </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Ellwood City , Pennsylvania </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 </Th> <Td> Sweden ! </Td> <Td> Klingberg , John John Klingberg ( A ) </Td> <Td> 2.0 ! D </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lerum , Sweden </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 </Th> <Td> Finland ! </Td> <Td> Lehtonen , Kari Kari Lehtonen </Td> <Td> 1.0 ! G </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Helsinki , Finland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 </Th> <Td> Finland ! </Td> <Td> Lindell , Esa Esa Lindell </Td> <Td> 2.0 ! D </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Helsinki , Finland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 </Th> <Td> Canada ! </Td> <Td> Methot , Marc Marc Methot </Td> <Td> 2.0 ! D </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Ottawa , Ontario </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 </Th> <Td> Canada ! </Td> <Td> Oleksiak , Jamie Jamie Oleksiak </Td> <Td> 2.0 ! D </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Toronto , Ontario </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 </Th> <Td> United States ! </Td> <Td> Pateryn , Greg Greg Pateryn </Td> <Td> 2.0 ! D </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Sterling Heights , Michigan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 </Th> <Td> United States ! </Td> <Td> Pitlick , Tyler Tyler Pitlick </Td> <Td> 7.0 ! RW </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , Minnesota </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 </Th> <Td> Russia ! </Td> <Td> Radulov , Alexander Alexander Radulov ( A ) </Td> <Td> 7.0 ! RW </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Nizhny Tagil , Soviet Union </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 </Th> <Td> Canada ! </Td> <Td> Ritchie , Brett Brett Ritchie </Td> <Td> 7.0 ! RW </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Orangeville , Ontario </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 </Th> <Td> France ! </Td> <Td> Roussel , Antoine Antoine Roussel </Td> <Td> 6.0 ! LW </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Roubaix , France </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 </Th> <Td> Canada ! </Td> <Td> Seguin , Tyler Tyler Seguin ( A ) </Td> <Td> 7.2 ! RW / C </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Brampton , Ontario </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 </Th> <Td> Canada ! </Td> <Td> Shore , Devin Devin Shore </Td> <Td> 4.0 ! C </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Ajax , Ontario </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 </Th> <Td> Canada ! </Td> <Td> Smith , Gemel Gemel Smith </Td> <Td> 4.0 ! C </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Toronto , Ontario </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001900000000000000 ♠ 90 </Th> <Td> Canada ! </Td> <Td> Spezza , Jason Jason Spezza ( A ) </Td> <Td> 4.0 ! C </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Mississauga , Ontario </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H3> Retired numbers ( edit ) </H3> <Table> Dallas Stars retired numbers <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Career </Th> <Th> Date of retirement </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Neal Broten </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1981 -- 1995 , 1997 </Td> <Td> February 7 , 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Bill Goldsworthy </Td> <Td> RW </Td> <Td> 1967 -- 1977 </Td> <Td> February 15 , 1992 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Mike Modano </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1989 -- 2010 </Td> <Td> March 8 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Bill Masterton </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1967 -- 1968 </Td> <Td> January 17 , 1987 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> Notes </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Broten and Modano both began their careers with the North Stars and continued to play with the team when the franchise moved to Dallas . </Li> <Li> Goldsworthy and Masterton played exclusively for the Minnesota North Stars ; Dallas continues to honor their retired numbers . </Li> <Li> The NHL retired Wayne Gretzky 's No. 99 for all its member teams at the 2000 NHL All - Star Game . </Li> </Ul> <P> In the 2017 -- 18 season , the Stars will retire the No. 26 jersey of Jere Lehtinen as part of their 25th anniversary in Dallas . </P> <H3> Team captains ( edit ) </H3> Jamie Benn is the current captain of the Dallas stars . He was named to the position in 2013 . <P> Note : This list does not include former captains of the Minnesota North Stars and Oakland Seals </P> <Ul> <Li> Mark Tinordi , 1993 -- 1995 </Li> <Li> Neal Broten , 1995 </Li> <Li> Derian Hatcher , 1995 -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Mike Modano , 2003 -- 2006 </Li> <Li> Brenden Morrow , 2006 -- 2013 </Li> <Li> Jamie Benn , 2013 -- present </Li> </Ul> <H3> Hall of famers ( edit ) </H3> <P> Please see the Hall of Fame section for the Minnesota North Stars for a list of franchise Hockey Hall of Fame members . </P> <Ul> <Li> Brett Hull , RW , 1998 -- 2001 , inducted 2009 </Li> <Li> Joe Nieuwendyk , C , 1995 -- 2002 , inducted 2011 </Li> <Li> Ed Belfour , G , 1997 -- 2002 , inducted 2011 </Li> <Li> Mike Modano , C , 1989 -- 2010 , inducted 2014 </Li> <Li> Eric Lindros , C , 2006 -- 2007 , inducted 2016 </Li> <Li> Sergei Makarov , RW , 1996 , inducted 2016 </Li> </Ul> <H3> First - round draft picks ( edit ) </H3> Steve Ott was selected as the Stars ' first round draft pick in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft . He was the 25th overall pick in the draft . <P> Note : This list does not include selections of the Minnesota North Stars . </P> <Ul> <Li> 1993 : Todd Harvey ( 9th overall ) </Li> <Li> 1994 : Jason Botterill ( 20th overall ) </Li> <Li> 1995 : Jarome Iginla ( 11th overall ) </Li> <Li> 1996 : Ric Jackman ( 5th overall ) </Li> <Li> 1997 : Brenden Morrow ( 25th overall ) </Li> <Li> 1998 : None </Li> <Li> 1999 : None </Li> <Li> 2000 : Steve Ott ( 25th overall ) </Li> <Li> 2001 : Jason Bacashihua ( 26th overall ) </Li> <Li> 2002 : Martin Vagner ( 26th overall ) </Li> <Li> 2003 : None </Li> <Li> 2004 : Mark Fistric ( 28th overall ) </Li> <Li> 2005 : Matt Niskanen ( 28th overall ) </Li> <Li> 2006 : Ivan Vishnevskiy ( 27th overall ) </Li> <Li> 2007 : None </Li> <Li> 2008 : None </Li> <Li> 2009 : Scott Glennie ( 8th overall ) </Li> <Li> 2010 : Jack Campbell ( 11th overall ) </Li> <Li> 2011 : Jamie Oleksiak ( 14th overall ) </Li> <Li> 2012 : Radek Faksa ( 13th overall ) </Li> <Li> 2013 : Valeri Nichushkin ( 10th overall ) </Li> <Li> 2013 : Jason Dickinson ( 29th overall ) </Li> <Li> 2014 : Julius Honka ( 14th overall ) </Li> <Li> 2015 : Denis Guryanov ( 12th overall ) </Li> <Li> 2016 : Riley Tufte ( 25th overall ) </Li> <Li> 2017 : Miro Heiskanen ( 3rd overall ) and Jake Oettinger ( 26th overall ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Franchise scoring leaders ( edit ) </H3> Brenden Morrow is the Stars ' eighth all - time points and goals leader . He recorded 528 points and 243 goals playing with the Stars . <P> These are the top - ten point - scorers in franchise ( Minnesota & Dallas ) history . Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season . </P> <Ul> <Li> * -- current Stars player </Li> </Ul> <P> Note : Pos = Position ; GP = Games Played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; P / G = Points per game </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> Points <Tr> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Pos </Th> <Th> GP </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Pts </Th> <Th> P / G </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mike Modano </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1,459 </Td> <Td> 557 </Td> <Td> 802 </Td> <Td> 1,359 </Td> <Td> . 93 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Neal Broten </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 867 </Td> <Td> 274 </Td> <Td> 593 </Td> <Td> 867 </Td> <Td> 1.00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brian Bellows </Td> <Td> LW </Td> <Td> 753 </Td> <Td> 342 </Td> <Td> 380 </Td> <Td> 722 </Td> <Td> . 96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dino Ciccarelli </Td> <Td> RW </Td> <Td> 602 </Td> <Td> 332 </Td> <Td> 319 </Td> <Td> 651 </Td> <Td> 1.08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bobby Smith </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 572 </Td> <Td> 185 </Td> <Td> 369 </Td> <Td> 554 </Td> <Td> . 97 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sergei Zubov </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 839 </Td> <Td> 111 </Td> <Td> 442 </Td> <Td> 553 </Td> <Td> . 66 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dave Gagner </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 609 </Td> <Td> 247 </Td> <Td> 287 </Td> <Td> 534 </Td> <Td> . 88 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brenden Morrow </Td> <Td> LW </Td> <Td> 835 </Td> <Td> 243 </Td> <Td> 285 </Td> <Td> 528 </Td> <Td> . 63 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jamie Benn * </Td> <Td> LW </Td> <Td> 585 </Td> <Td> 218 </Td> <Td> 299 </Td> <Td> 517 </Td> <Td> . 88 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jere Lehtinen </Td> <Td> RW </Td> <Td> 875 </Td> <Td> 243 </Td> <Td> 271 </Td> <Td> 514 </Td> <Td> . 59 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> Goals <Tr> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Pos </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mike Modano </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 557 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brian Bellows </Td> <Td> LW </Td> <Td> 342 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dino Ciccarelli </Td> <Td> RW </Td> <Td> 332 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Neal Broten </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 274 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bill Goldsworthy </Td> <Td> RW </Td> <Td> 267 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dave Gagner </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 247 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jere Lehtinen </Td> <Td> RW </Td> <Td> 243 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brenden Morrow </Td> <Td> LW </Td> <Td> 243 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steve Payne </Td> <Td> LW </Td> <Td> 228 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jamie Benn * </Td> <Td> LW </Td> <Td> 218 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> Assists <Tr> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Pos </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mike Modano </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 802 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Neal Broten </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 593 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sergei Zubov </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 442 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brian Bellows </Td> <Td> LW </Td> <Td> 380 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bobby Smith </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 369 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dino Ciccarelli </Td> <Td> RW </Td> <Td> 319 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tim Young </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 316 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Craig Hartsburg </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 315 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jamie Benn * </Td> <Td> LW </Td> <Td> 299 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dave Gagner </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 287 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> NHL awards and trophies ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Dallas Stars award winners <P> Stanley Cup </P> <Ul> <Li> 1998 -- 99 </Li> </Ul> <P> Presidents ' Trophy </P> <Ul> <Li> 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 </Li> </Ul> <P> Clarence S. Campbell Bowl </P> <Ul> <Li> 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 </Li> </Ul> <P> Art Ross Trophy </P> <Ul> <Li> Jamie Benn : 2014 -- 15 </Li> </Ul> <P> Conn Smythe Trophy </P> <Ul> <Li> Joe Nieuwendyk : 1998 -- 99 </Li> </Ul> <P> Frank J. Selke Trophy </P> <Ul> <Li> Jere Lehtinen : 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 2002 -- 03 </Li> </Ul> <P> Lester Patrick Trophy </P> <Ul> <Li> Neal Broten : 1997 -- 98 </Li> </Ul> <P> Roger Crozier Saving Grace Award </P> <Ul> <Li> Ed Belfour : 1999 -- 2000 </Li> <Li> Marty Turco : 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 </Li> </Ul> <P> William M. Jennings Trophy </P> <Ul> <Li> Ed Belfour and Roman Turek : 1998 -- 99 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Franchise individual records ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Most goals in a season : Dino Ciccarelli ; Brian Bellows , 55 ( 1981 -- 82 ; 1989 -- 90 ) </Li> <Li> Most assists in a season : Neal Broten , 76 ( 1985 -- 86 ) </Li> <Li> Most points in a season : Bobby Smith , 114 ( 1981 -- 82 ) </Li> <Li> Most penalty minutes in a season : Basil McRae , 378 ( 1987 -- 88 ) </Li> <Li> Most points in a season , defenseman : Craig Hartsburg , 77 ( 1981 -- 82 ) </Li> <Li> Most points in a season , rookie : Neal Broten , 98 ( 1981 -- 82 ) </Li> <Li> Most goals in a season , rookie : Neal Broten , 38 ( 1981 -- 82 ) * </Li> <Li> Most wins in a season : Marty Turco , 41 ( 2005 -- 06 ) </Li> <Li> Most shutouts in a season : Marty Turco , 9 ( 2003 -- 04 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Dallas - Fort Worth portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Minnesota North Stars </Li> <Li> Oakland Seals </Li> <Li> Cleveland Barons ( NHL ) </Li> <Li> List of NHL players </Li> <Li> List of NHL seasons </Li> <Li> List of Stars ' head coaches </Li> <Li> List of Stanley Cup champions </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Hunt , Steve ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Dallas Stars unveil new uniforms , logo '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dallas Stars Staff ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Dallas Stars reveal new logo , uniform at special rebrand event '' . Dallas Stars . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cameron , Steve ( 1994 ) . Feeding Frenzy ! The Wild New World of the San Jose Sharks . Taylor Publishing Co. pp. 29 -- 38 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The 35 Biggest Moments in Modern Dallas History '' . Dmagazine.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Patrick Plus : Thanks , Norm Green '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 1993 - 94 Dallas Stars Schedule and Results . hockey-reference.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dallas Stars Franchise Index '' . Hockey-Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dallas Stars Franchise Index '' . Hockey-Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1996 -- 97 NHL Season Summary '' . Hockey-Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Belfour '' . Hockeygoalies.org . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Blues Legends : Brett Hull '' . Stlouisblueslegends.blogspot.com. 2011 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1998 -- 99 NHL Season Summary '' . Hockey-Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1999 NHL Playoffs Summary '' . Hockey-Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1999 - 00 NHL Season Summary '' . Hockey-Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Morrow replaces Modano as Stars captain -- NHL -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2006 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Armstrong fired after 7 -- 7 -- 3 start ; Hull , Jackson named interim GMs -- NHL -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2007 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Modano sets scoring mark in Dallas ' victory '' . Los Angeles Times . November 8 , 2007 . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Richards gets new start , goes to Dallas in 5 - player deal -- NHL -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2008 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2007 -- 08 NHL Preseason Conference Standings -- National Hockey League -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Playoff Records -- Individual '' . Tsn.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` San Jose Sharks vs. Dallas Stars -- Recap -- May 04 , 2008 -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2008 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Detroit Red Wings vs. Dallas Stars -- Recap -- May 19 , 2008 -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2008 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived February 12 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 12 NHL Preseason Conference Standings -- National Hockey League -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Marty Turco Will Not Be Re-Signed By Dallas Stars ; Will Become A Free Agent '' . SBNation.com. 2010 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dallas Stars vs. Minnesota Wild -- Recap -- April 10 , 2010 -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2010 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stars fire Marc Crawford . Sports.espn.go.com ( 2011 - 04 - 13 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 01 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ AP Source : Stars to hire Gulutzan as coach NHL.com - News . NHL.com ( 2011 - 06 - 15 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 01 - 24 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : dallas - stars - lenders - said - to - vote - for - bankruptcy - court - auction Archived November 2 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , 2011 - 09 - 14 , businessweek.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dallas Stars Sale To Tom Gaglardi For $240 Million Pummels Team 's Creditors , November 22 , 2011 , forbes.com , Accessed November 23 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dallas Stars Statistics and History '' . Internet Hockey Database . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Minnesota North Stars Statistics and History '' . Internet Hockey Database . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ' ' Daryl Reaugh ' ' . Many Questions Posed , Important Answers To Come , And I Have A Dream ( A Mishmash Love Story ) . Stars.nhl.com . Retrieved on 2016 - 01 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dallas Stars Dallas Stars relieve Glen Gulutzan and Paul Jerrard of coaching duties - Dallas Stars - News . Stars.nhl.com . Retrieved on 2016 - 01 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dallas Stars Announce Scott White As Director Of Hockey Operations , Shuffle Front Office . Defending Big D ( 2013 - 05 - 31 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 01 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.cbssports.com/nhl/news/jamie-benn-records-assist-with-9-seconds-to-play-to-win-art-ross-trophy/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stars earn highest grade for ' Fan Experience ' '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dallas Stars Game Personalities - Dallas Stars - Fan Zone . Stars.nhl.com . Retrieved on 2016 - 01 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dallas Stars '' . goalhorns.frozenfaceoff.net . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carlton , Brendon . `` The Dallas Stars and the Mystery Dent in the Stanley Cup '' . www.hookedonhockeymagazine.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Darkness music a big hit . Even if you do n't want to hear it . '' . NHL.com. 4 June 2004 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How To Be a Stars Fan : Official Guide ( Updated ) '' . Defending Big D. 2016 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ AT&TPLAZA . americanairlinescenter.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived January 18 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dallas Stars Roster '' . NHL.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dallas Stars Hockey Transactions '' . TSN.ca . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Perfect setting : Gretzky 's number retired before All - Star Game '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . February 6 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stars announce plans for 25th anniversary celebration '' . NHL.com . February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fox , Luke . `` Lindros , Quinn headline 2016 Hockey Hall of Fame class '' . Sportsnet . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Regular Season -- All Skaters -- Career for Franchise -- Career Points -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . NHL . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dallas Stars . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Dallas Stars </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Formerly the Minnesota North Stars </Li> <Li> Founded in 1967 </Li> <Li> Based in Dallas , Texas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Franchise </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Team </Li> <Li> General managers </Li> <Li> Coaches </Li> <Li> Players </Li> <Li> Captains </Li> <Li> Draft picks ( Expansion draft ) </Li> <Li> Seasons </Li> <Li> Current season </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1967 expansion </Li> <Li> Records </Li> <Li> Award winners </Li> <Li> Retired numbers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Personnel </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Owners </Dt> <Dd> DSE Hockey Club , L.P. ( Tom Gaglardi , governor ) </Dd> <Dt> General manager </Dt> <Dd> Jim Nill </Dd> <Dt> Head coach </Dt> <Dd> Ken Hitchcock </Dd> <Dt> Team captain </Dt> <Dd> Jamie Benn </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Current roster </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arenas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Reunion Arena </Li> <Li> American Airlines Center </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Affiliates </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> AHL </Dt> <Dd> Texas Stars </Dd> <Dt> ECHL </Dt> <Dd> Idaho Steelheads </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> TV </Dt> <Dd> Fox Sports Southwest </Dd> <Dd> KTXA ( TXA 21 ) </Dd> <Dt> Radio </Dt> <Dd> KTCK ( 1310 AM ) </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture and lore </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Minnesota North Stars </Li> <Li> `` No Goal '' </Li> <Li> Ralph and Razor </Li> <Li> Victor E. Green </Li> <Li> The Fifth Overtime </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Detroit Red Wings </Td> <Td> Stanley Cup champions 1998 -- 99 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by New Jersey Devils </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Dallas Stars seasons </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pre-1993 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Minnesota North Stars </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1990 -- 91 . 1991 -- 92 . 1992 -- 93 . 1993 -- 94 </Li> <Li> 1994 -- 95 </Li> <Li> 1995 -- 96 </Li> <Li> 1996 -- 97 </Li> <Li> 1997 -- 98 </Li> <Li> 1998 -- 99 </Li> <Li> 1999 -- 2000 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2000 -- 01 </Li> <Li> 2001 -- 02 </Li> <Li> 2002 -- 03 </Li> <Li> 2003 -- 04 </Li> <Li> 2004 -- 05 </Li> <Li> 2005 -- 06 </Li> <Li> 2006 -- 07 </Li> <Li> 2007 -- 08 </Li> <Li> 2008 -- 09 </Li> <Li> 2009 -- 10 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2010 -- 11 </Li> <Li> 2011 -- 12 </Li> <Li> 2012 -- 13 </Li> <Li> 2013 -- 14 </Li> <Li> 2014 -- 15 </Li> <Li> 2015 -- 16 </Li> <Li> 2016 -- 17 </Li> <Li> 2017 -- 18 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Highlighted seasons indicate Stanley Cup championship </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> National Hockey League </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Western Conference </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Eastern Conference </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Pacific Division </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Anaheim Ducks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Arizona Coyotes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Calgary Flames </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Edmonton Oilers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Los Angeles Kings </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> San Jose Sharks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Vancouver Canucks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Vegas Golden Knights </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Central Division </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Chicago Blackhawks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Colorado Avalanche </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Dallas Stars </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Minnesota Wild </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Nashville Predators </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> St. Louis Blues </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Winnipeg Jets </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Atlantic Division </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Boston Bruins </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Buffalo Sabres </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Detroit Red Wings </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Florida Panthers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Montreal Canadiens </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Ottawa Senators </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Tampa Bay Lightning </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Toronto Maple Leafs </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Metropolitan Division </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Carolina Hurricanes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Columbus Blue Jackets </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> New Jersey Devils </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> New York Islanders </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> New York Rangers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Philadelphia Flyers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Pittsburgh Penguins </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Washington Capitals </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Events </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Seasons <Dl> <Dd> structure </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> Stanley Cup <Dl> <Dd> Playoffs <Dl> <Dd> Conference Finals </Dd> <Dd> Finals </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> Champions </Dd> <Dd> Winning players </Dd> <Dd> Traditions and anecdotes </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> Presidents ' Trophy </Dd> <Dd> All - Star Game </Dd> <Dd> Draft </Dd> <Dd> Players <Dl> <Dd> Association </Dd> <Dd> Retired jersey numbers </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> All - Star Teams </Dd> <Dd> Awards </Dd> <Dd> Captains </Dd> <Dd> Outdoor games <Dl> <Dd> Winter Classic </Dd> <Dd> Heritage Classic </Dd> <Dd> Stadium Series </Dd> <Dd> Centennial Classic </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> Hockey Day <Dl> <Dd> America </Dd> <Dd> Canada </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> International games </Dd> <Dd> Kraft Hockeyville </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Lore </Dd> <Dd> Organizational changes <Dl> <Dd> Potential expansion </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> All - time standings </Dd> <Dd> All - time playoff series </Dd> <Dd> Defunct teams </Dd> <Dd> NHA </Dd> <Dd> Original Six </Dd> <Dd> 1967 expansion </Dd> <Dd> WHA <Dl> <Dd> merger </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Streaks </Dd> <Dd> Droughts </Dd> <Dd> Hall of Fame <Dl> <Dd> Members </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> Rivalries </Dd> <Dd> Arenas </Dd> <Dd> Rules </Dd> <Dd> Fighting </Dd> <Dd> Violence </Dd> <Dd> Ice hockey in Canada </Dd> <Dd> Ice hockey in the United States </Dd> <Dd> Collective bargaining agreement </Dd> <Dd> Lockouts </Dd> <Dd> Television and radio coverage </Dd> <Dd> Attendance figures </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> Portal </Dd> <Dd> 2017 -- 18 season </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Defunct and relocated National Hockey League teams </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defunct </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> California / Oakland ( Golden ) Seals / Cleveland Barons </Li> <Li> Montreal Maroons </Li> <Li> Montreal Wanderers </Li> <Li> New York / Brooklyn Americans </Li> <Li> Ottawa Senators ( original ) / St. Louis Eagles </Li> <Li> Pittsburgh Pirates / Philadelphia Quakers </Li> <Li> Quebec Bulldogs / Hamilton Tigers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Relocated ( still active ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atlanta Thrashers ( Winnipeg Jets ) </Li> <Li> Atlanta Flames ( Calgary Flames ) </Li> <Li> Hartford Whalers ( Carolina Hurricanes ) </Li> <Li> Kansas City Scouts / Colorado Rockies ( New Jersey Devils ) </Li> <Li> Minnesota North Stars ( Dallas Stars ) </Li> <Li> Quebec Nordiques ( Colorado Avalanche ) </Li> <Li> Winnipeg Jets ( 1972 -- 96 ) ( Phoenix / Arizona Coyotes ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Sports teams based in Texas </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Baseball </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> MLB </Dt> <Dd> Houston Astros </Dd> <Dd> Texas Rangers </Dd> <Dt> PCL </Dt> <Dd> El Paso Chihuahuas </Dd> <Dd> Round Rock Express </Dd> <Dt> TL </Dt> <Dd> Corpus Christi Hooks </Dd> <Dd> Frisco RoughRiders </Dd> <Dd> Midland RockHounds </Dd> <Dd> San Antonio Missions </Dd> <Dt> AA </Dt> <Dd> Cleburne Railroaders </Dd> <Dd> Texas AirHogs </Dd> <Dt> ALPB </Dt> <Dd> Sugar Land Skeeters </Dd> <Dt> PL </Dt> <Dd> Alpine Cowboys </Dd> <Dt> SWL </Dt> <Dd> Royse City Griffins </Dd> <Dd> Waco BlueCats </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Basketball </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> NBA </Dt> <Dd> Dallas Mavericks </Dd> <Dd> Houston Rockets </Dd> <Dd> San Antonio Spurs </Dd> <Dt> G League </Dt> <Dd> Austin Spurs </Dd> <Dd> Rio Grande Valley Vipers </Dd> <Dd> Texas Legends </Dd> <Dt> WNBA </Dt> <Dd> Dallas Wings </Dd> <Dt> ABA </Dt> <Dd> Dallas Impact </Dd> <Dt> IBL </Dt> <Dd> Texas Lone Star Strikers </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Football </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> NFL </Dt> <Dd> Dallas Cowboys </Dd> <Dd> Houston Texans </Dd> <Dt> CIF </Dt> <Dd> Amarillo Venom </Dd> <Dd> Dallas Marshals </Dd> <Dd> Texas Revolution </Dd> <Dt> LFL </Dt> <Dd> Austin Acoustic </Dd> <Dt> WFA </Dt> <Dd> Arlington Impact </Dd> <Dd> Austin Outlaws </Dd> <Dd> Dallas Elite </Dd> <Dd> Houston Power </Dd> <Dt> IWFL </Dt> <Dd> Austin Yellow Jackets </Dd> <Dd> Houston Energy </Dd> <Dd> San Antonio Regulators </Dd> <Dd> South Texas Lady Crushers </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hockey </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> NHL </Dt> <Dd> Dallas Stars </Dd> <Dt> AHL </Dt> <Dd> San Antonio Rampage </Dd> <Dd> Texas Stars </Dd> <Dt> ECHL </Dt> <Dd> Allen Americans </Dd> <Dt> NAHL </Dt> <Dd> Amarillo Bulls </Dd> <Dd> Corpus Christi IceRays </Dd> <Dd> Lone Star Brahmas </Dd> <Dd> Odessa Jackalopes </Dd> <Dt> NA3HL </Dt> <Dd> Mid-Cities Junior Stars </Dd> <Dd> Texas Jr . Brahmas </Dd> <Dt> WSHL </Dt> <Dd> El Paso Rhinos </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Soccer </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> MLS </Dt> <Dd> FC Dallas </Dd> <Dd> Houston Dynamo </Dd> <Dt> USL </Dt> <Dd> Rio Grande Valley FC Toros </Dd> <Dd> San Antonio FC </Dd> <Dt> NPSL </Dt> <Dd> Corinthians FC of San Antonio </Dd> <Dd> Dallas City FC </Dd> <Dd> Fort Worth Vaqueros FC </Dd> <Dd> Houston Dutch Lions </Dd> <Dd> Liverpool Warriors </Dd> <Dd> Midland - Odessa FC </Dd> <Dt> PDL </Dt> <Dd> Brazos Valley Cavalry F.C. </Dd> <Dd> FC Cleburne </Dd> <Dd> Houston FC </Dd> <Dd> Texas United FC </Dd> <Dd> Tyler FC </Dd> <Dt> MASL </Dt> <Dd> Dallas Sidekicks </Dd> <Dd> El Paso Coyotes </Dd> <Dd> RGV Barracudas </Dd> <Dt> NWSL </Dt> <Dd> Houston Dash </Dd> <Dt> UWS </Dt> <Dd> Houston Aces </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australian rules football </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> USAFL </Dt> <Dd> Austin Crows </Dd> <Dd> Dallas Magpies </Dd> <Dd> Houston Lonestars </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Roller derby </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> WFTDA </Dt> <Dd> Alamo City Rollergirls </Dd> <Dd> Assassination City Roller Derby </Dd> <Dd> Cowboy Capital Rollergirls </Dd> <Dd> Dallas Derby Devils </Dd> <Dd> Houston Roller Derby </Dd> <Dd> Spindletop Roller Girls </Dd> <Dd> Texas Rollergirls </Dd> <Dd> West Texas Roller Dollz </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rugby union </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> TGU </Dt> <Dd> Alamo City Rugby Football Club </Dd> <Dd> Austin Huns </Dd> <Dd> Corpus Christi Rugby Football Club </Dd> <Dd> Dallas Harlequins R.F.C. </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Softball </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> NPF </Dt> <Dd> Scrap Yard Dawgs </Dd> <Dd> Texas Charge </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ultimate </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> AUDL </Dt> <Dd> Austin Sol </Dd> <Dd> Dallas Roughnecks </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> ACU </Dd> <Dd> Baylor </Dd> <Dd> Houston </Dd> <Dd> Houston Baptist </Dd> <Dd> UIW </Dd> <Dd> Lamar </Dd> <Dd> North Texas </Dd> <Dd> PVAMU </Dd> <Dd> Rice </Dd> <Dd> Sam Houston State </Dd> <Dd> SMU </Dd> <Dd> Stephen F. 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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Dallas_Stars&oldid=807983826 | -5,336,317,433,150,198,000 |
The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air - wikipedia <H1> The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Andy Borowitz Susan Borowitz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> Will Smith James Avery Janet Hubert - Whitten Alfonso Ribeiro Karyn Parsons Tatyana M. Ali Joseph Marcell Daphne Maxwell Reid Ross Bagley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theme music composer </Th> <Td> The Fresh Prince in association with A Touch of Jazz , Inc . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening theme </Th> <Td> `` Yo Home to Bel Air '' , performed by The Fresh Prince </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Quincy Jones </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English ( 1990 - 1996 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 148 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <P> Quincy Jones Andy Borowitz Susan Borowitz Kevin Wendle ( Season 1 ) Winifred Hervey ( Seasons 2 -- 3 ) Gary H. Miller ( Season 4 -- 5 ) Cheryl Gard ( Mid-Late Season 5 ) Jeff Pollack Will Smith ( Season 6 ) </P> Benny Medina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Werner Walian Lisa Rosenthal Joel Madison Leilani Downer Joanne Curley - Kerner Joel Markowitz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location ( s ) </Th> <Td> Hollywood Center Studios Hollywood , California ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Sunset Gower Studios Hollywood , California ( 1991 -- 1993 ) NBC Studios Burbank , California ( 1993 -- 1996 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Camera setup </Th> <Td> Videotape ; Multi-camera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 23 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> The Stuffed Dog Company Quincy Jones Productions ( 1990 - 1993 ) ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Quincy Jones / David Salzman Entertainment ( 1993 - 1996 ) ( seasons 4 -- 6 ) NBC Productions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> Warner Bros. Television Distribution </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> NBC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> 480i ( SDTV ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> September 10 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 10 ) -- May 20 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 20 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air is an American sitcom that originally aired on NBC from September 10 , 1990 , to May 20 , 1996 . The show stars Will Smith as a fictionalized version of himself , a street - smart teenager from West Philadelphia who is sent to move in with his wealthy aunt and uncle in their Bel Air mansion after getting into a fight on a local basketball court . In the series , his lifestyle often clashes with the lifestyle of his relatives in Bel Air . The series ran for six seasons and aired 148 episodes . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Development </Li> <Li> 2 Plot </Li> <Li> 3 Cast and characters <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Main </Li> <Li> 3.2 Recurring </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Episodes </Li> <Li> 5 Crossovers and other appearances </Li> <Li> 6 Syndication </Li> <Li> 7 DVD releases </Li> <Li> 8 Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> 9 Possible reboot </Li> <Li> 10 Notes </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Development ( edit ) </H2> The characters of The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air . From top left : Hilary Banks , Geoffrey , Vivian Banks , Carlton Banks . From bottom left : Ashley Banks , Philip Banks , Will Smith . <P> In December 1989 , NBC approached Will Smith , a popular rapper during the late 1980s . The pilot episode began taping on May 1 , 1990 . Season 1 first aired in September 1990 , and ended in May 1991 . The series finale was taped on Thursday , March 21 , 1996 . </P> <P> The theme song `` Yo Home to Bel Air '' was written and performed by Smith under his stage name , The Fresh Prince . The music was composed by Quincy Jones , who is credited with Smith at the end of each episode . The music often used to bridge scenes together during the show is based on a similar chord structure . </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> The theme song and opening sequence set the premise of the show . Will Smith is a street smart teenager , born and raised in West Philadelphia . While playing basketball , Will misses a shot and the ball hits a group of people , causing a confrontation that frightens his mother , who sends him to live with his aunt and uncle in the opulent neighborhood of Bel Air , Los Angeles . </P> <P> Will 's working - class background ends up clashing in various humorous ways with the upper class world of the Banks family -- Will 's uncle Phil and aunt Vivian and their children , Will 's cousins : Hilary , Carlton , and Ashley . </P> <H2> Cast and characters ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air characters <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Actor / actress </Th> <Th> Character </Th> <Th_colspan="11"> Seasons </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Will Smith </Td> <Td> Will Smith </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Avery </Td> <Td> Philip Banks </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Janet Hubert - Whitten </Td> <Td> Vivian Banks </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Main </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daphne Maxwell Reid </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alfonso Ribeiro </Td> <Td> Carlton Banks </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Karyn Parsons </Td> <Td> Hilary Banks </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tatyana M. Ali </Td> <Td> Ashley Banks </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joseph Marcell </Td> <Td> Geoffrey Butler </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ross Bagley </Td> <Td> Nicholas `` Nicky '' Banks </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Main </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Recurring ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Actor / actress </Th> <Th> Character </Th> <Th_colspan="11"> Seasons </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> DJ Jazzy Jeff </Td> <Td> Jazz </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vernee Watson - Johnson </Td> <Td> Viola `` Vy '' Smith </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Weiner </Td> <Td> Kellogg Lieberbaum </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lisa Fuller </Td> <Td> Toni </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jenifer Lewis </Td> <Td> Helen Smith </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Charlayne Woodard </Td> <Td> Janice Smith </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Perry Moore </Td> <Td> Tyriq `` Ty '' Johnson </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brian Stokes Mitchell </Td> <Td> Trevor Collins - Newsworthy </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tyra Banks </Td> <Td> Jacqueline `` Jackie '' Ames </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nia Long </Td> <Td> Beullah `` Lisa '' Wilkes </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air episodes <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Nielsen ratings </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Rating </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 25 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> September 10 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> May 6 , 1991 ( 1991 - 05 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 24 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> September 9 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> May 4 , 1992 ( 1992 - 05 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 14.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 24 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> September 14 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> May 10 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 14.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 26 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> September 20 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> May 23 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 13.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 5 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 25 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> September 19 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> May 15 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 6 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 24 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> September 18 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> May 20 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Crossovers and other appearances ( edit ) </H2> <P> During the fall 1991 -- 1992 season , NBC gained two hit television shows to anchor their Monday night lineup ( Blossom aired immediately after The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air ) . To gain popularity between the two shows , Will Smith appeared in the Blossom episode `` I 'm with the Band '' as himself under his rap stage name , The Fresh Prince . That same season , Karyn Parsons appeared in the Blossom episode `` Wake Up Little Suzy '' as Hilary Banks . Parsons also appeared in the Patti LaBelle sitcom Out All Night as Hilary . </P> <P> In the House and Fresh Prince were both executive produced by Winifred Hervey , David Salzman and Quincy Jones . During the second season 's first episode , Alfonso Ribeiro and Tatyana Ali appeared as their Fresh Prince characters ( Carlton and Ashley Banks ) in the crossover episode `` Dog Catchers '' . Later that season , James Avery ( Phillip Banks ) appeared as a mediator in the episode `` Love on a One - Way Street '' . </P> <P> In the Season 4 episode `` My Pest Friend 's Wedding '' , James Avery and Daphne Maxwell Reid ( Vivian Banks ) guest starred as Dr. Maxwell Stanton 's parents ( Stanton was played by Ribeiro ) . Both Avery and Reid portrayed the parents of Ribeiro 's Fresh Prince character . Joseph Marcell , who played the wisecracking Geoffrey Butler on Fresh Prince , appeared as an officiating minister in the same episode . </P> <H2> Syndication ( edit ) </H2> <P> The series was produced by NBC Productions in association with the Stuffed Dog Company and Quincy Jones Entertainment ( later Quincy Jones - David Salzman Entertainment in 1993 ) . After the show was released to syndication in 1994 , the series was distributed by Warner Bros. Television , which continues to distribute the show worldwide ( although NBCUniversal does own the series ' copyright ) . WGN America was the first cable channel to acquire the series in 1997 , and TBS acquired the series a year later in 1998 ; both channels carried the series until the fall of 2003 , though TBS reacquired the series in 2007 . </P> <P> The theme song was shown in the original TBS run , but after TBS re-acquired Fresh Prince in 2007 , the opening credits were truncated and the theme song was removed and replaced with the instrumental version used as the show 's closing theme . These versions also re-added portions of scenes cut from the original syndicated prints for some episodes , particularly those from Seasons 3 to 6 . TBS continues to air the series today , early in the morning . Reruns also aired on WPIX - TV back to back weeknights at 6 pm and6 : 30 pm EST from 1994 until 2000 , on weekdays 5 pm from 2000 to 2005 , and sometimes on weekends , until 2007 . The series was still rerunning on The WB 's affiliation WPIX - TV until 2006 . While moving from The WB to Nick at Nite , it was airing to 2006 - 2009 and moved to Disney XD . </P> <P> In July 2009 , Disney XD acquired the rights to the series , though it was quickly moved from prime time to late night , and only episodes from Seasons 1 to 3 are aired , mainly because those episodes are more appropriate for young viewers as they do not contain as many mature themes , sexual content and strong language as later episodes . In August 2010 , Disney XD stopped airing the show . ABC Family ( now called Freeform ) acquired the series in September 2008 , though airing all 148 episodes ; originally airing exclusively on Saturday nights , the series was added to ABC Family 's weekday line up in late 2009 . On September 29 , 2014 , Disney / ABC 's rights to the show expired . Viacom Media Networks got the series back . </P> <P> In October 2014 , Viacom Media Networks also gave the series to BET , and it would also air on Centric . It was previously aired on MTV 's retro block . The series is also re-aired on VH1 . On November 2 , 2015 , the series started airing on the Family Channel in Canada . On January 1 , 2017 , the series was added to Netflix in the United Kingdom and Ireland . In 2014 , Fresh Prince of Bel - Air started airing again in Nickelodeon 's block night channel , Nick at Nite , but was removed again in 2018 . </P> <P> In 2017 , the series began from the beginning on the 5 * channel in the UK . MeTV will start airing the show in September 2018 . </P> <H2> DVD releases ( edit ) </H2> <P> Warner Home Video has released the complete series , seasons 1 to 6 , on DVD in Region 1 . Seasons 1 to 4 have been released in Regions 2 and 4 . Seasons 5 to 6 have been released in Region 2 in Germany , and in the complete series boxset in the United Kingdom . The episodes and DVD menus are in English ; only the DVD packaging is in German . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> DVD name </Th> <Th> Ep # </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Release dates </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Region 1 </Th> <Th> Region 2 </Th> <Th> Region 4 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Complete First Season </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> February 8 , 2005 </Td> <Td> February 21 , 2005 </Td> <Td> April 13 , 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Complete Second Season </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> October 11 , 2005 </Td> <Td> November 21 , 2005 </Td> <Td> March 1 , 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Complete Third Season </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> February 14 , 2006 </Td> <Td> June 26 , 2006 </Td> <Td> August 9 , 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Complete Fourth Season </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> August 8 , 2006 </Td> <Td> January 22 , 2007 </Td> <Td> December 6 , 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Complete Fifth Season </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> May 11 , 2010 </Td> <Td> June 18 , 2010 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Complete Sixth Season </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> April 19 , 2011 </Td> <Td> May 6 , 2011 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Awards and nominations ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Awards </Th> <Th> Outcome </Th> <Th> Recipient ( s ) </Th> <Th> Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards : </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Top TV Series </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> Quincy Jones Will Smith DJ Jazzy Jeff </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Emmy Awards : </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Individual Achievement in Lighting Direction for a Comedy Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Art Busch </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Golden Globe Awards : </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Performance by an Actor in a TV - Series -- Comedy / Musical </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Will Smith </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Performance by an Actor in a TV - Series -- Comedy / Musical </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Will Smith </Td> <Td> 1993 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Image Award : </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Comedy Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> Alfonso Ribeiro </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Will Smith </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Youth Actor / Actress </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> Tatyana M. Ali </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Janet Hubert - Whitten </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Nia Long </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Daphne Maxwell Reid </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Kids ' Choice Awards : </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Favorite Television Actor </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Will Smith </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Favorite Television Show </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Favorite TV Actress </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> Tatyana M. Ali </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> NCLR Bravo Awards : </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Television Series Actor in a Crossover Role </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Alfonso Ribeiro </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> TP de Oro : </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Foreign Series ( Mejor Serie Extranjera ) </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Foreign Series ( Mejor Serie Extranjera ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> TV Land Awards : </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Broadcast Butler </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Joseph Marcell </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Favorite `` Fish Out of Water '' </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Will Smith </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Young Artist Awards : </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Performance by an Actor Under Ten -- Television </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> Ross Bagley </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Performance by an Actor Under Ten in a TV Series </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> Ross Bagley </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Youth Comedienne </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Tatyana M. Ali </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Young Actor Guest Starring in a Television Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Larenz Tate </Td> <Td> 1993 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Young Actor Guest Starring or Recurring Role in a TV Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Tevin Campbell </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best New Family Television Comedy Series </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> YoungStar Award : </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Comedy TV Series </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> Tatyana M. Ali </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Possible reboot ( edit ) </H2> <P> On August 13 , 2015 , it was reported that a reboot of the show was in development by Overbrook Entertainment , with Will Smith serving as a producer . In August 2016 , during a promotional interview with the E ! television network , for his then upcoming film Suicide Squad , Smith denied that a reboot was in development , saying that it would happen `` ... pretty close to when Hell freezes over . '' </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Tied with Empty Nest </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tied with Hangin ' with Mr. Cooper and The Jackie Thomas Show </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tied with Dave 's World </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air '' . TV.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coker , Cheo Hodari ( May 20 , 1996 ) . `` Good Night , ' Prince ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rohter , Larry ( September 17 , 1990 ) . `` ' Fresh Prince of Bel Air ' Puts Rap in Mainstream '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wolf , Matt ( February 11 , 1991 ) . `` ' Fresh Prince ' makes Marcell changed man '' . Kentucky New Era . Associated Press . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cerone , Daniel . `` Rap 's Prince Soon to Be TV Royalty ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Hollywood Minute '' . CNN . Cable News Network Inc . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . p. 1693 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air DVD news : Announcement for The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air - The Complete 6th Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . May 25 , 2007 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fresh Prince Of Bel - Air , The : The Complete First Season DVD @ DVD Empire '' . Dvdempire.com . February 8 , 2005 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Fresh Prince Of Bel - Air - The Complete First Series DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Will Smith , James Avery , Janet Hubert - Whitten , Alfonso Ribeiro , Karyn Parsons , Tatyana M. Ali , Joseph Marcell : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Buy Fresh Prince Of Bel - Air , The - The Complete 1st Season ( 5 Disc Set ) @ EzyDVD '' . Ezydvd.com.au. April 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2011 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fresh Prince Of Bel - Air , The : The Complete Second Season DVD @ DVD Empire '' . Dvdempire.com . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Fresh Prince Of Bel - Air - The Complete Second Series DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Will Smith , James Avery , Janet Hubert - Whitten , Alfonso Ribeiro , Karyn Parsons , Tatyana M. Ali , Joseph Marcell , DJ Jazzy Jeff , Ellen Falcon : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Buy Fresh Prince Of Bel - Air , The - The Complete 2nd Season ( 4 Disc Set ) @ EzyDVD '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2011 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fresh Prince Of Bel - Air , The : The Complete Third Season DVD @ DVD Empire '' . Dvdempire.com . February 14 , 2006 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Fresh Prince Of Bel - Air - The Complete Third Season DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Will Smith , James Avery , Karyn Parsons , Alfonso Ribeiro , Tatyana M. Ali , Joseph Marcell : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Buy Fresh Prince Of Bel - Air , The - The Complete 3rd Season ( 4 Disc Set ) @ EzyDVD '' . Ezydvd.com.au . August 9 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2010 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fresh Prince Of Bel - Air , The : The Complete Fourth Season DVD @ DVD Empire '' . Dvdempire.com . August 8 , 2006 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Fresh Prince Of Bel - Air - Series 4 ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : Will Smith : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Buy Fresh Prince Of Bel - Air , The - The Complete 4th Season ( 4 Disc Set ) @ EzyDVD '' . Ezydvd.com.au . December 6 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2010 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fresh Prince Of Bel - Air , The : The Complete Fifth Season DVD @ DVD Empire '' . Dvdempire.com . November 5 , 2010 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Awards for The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air '' . Imdb.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( August 13 , 2015 ) . `` Will Smith Producing A Fresh Prince Of Bel Air Reboot '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' Fresh Prince of Bel - Air '' Reboot in the Works - thenewbenjamin `` . thenewbenjamin . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Will Smith says Fresh Prince of Bel - Air reboot will happen when ' hell freezes over ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air at epguides.com </Li> <Li> The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air on IMDb </Li> <Li> The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air at TV.com </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Will Smith </Li> <Li> Philip Banks </Li> <Li> Vivian Banks </Li> <Li> Carlton Banks </Li> <Li> Hilary Banks </Li> <Li> Ashley Banks </Li> <Li> Geoffrey Butler </Li> <Li> Nicky Banks </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theme song </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Yo Home to Bel - Air '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fresh_Prince_of_Bel-Air&oldid=832728243 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air </Li> <Li> 1990s American black sitcoms </Li> <Li> 1990s American sitcoms </Li> <Li> 1990 American television series debuts </Li> <Li> 1996 American television series endings </Li> <Li> American college television series </Li> <Li> English - language television programs </Li> <Li> American high school television series </Li> <Li> Metafictional television series </Li> <Li> NBC network shows </Li> <Li> Television series by Warner Bros. 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Eastern Ghats - wikipedia <H1> Eastern Ghats </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Eastern Ghats </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Godavari River at Papi Hills of the Eastern Ghats in Andhra Pradesh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Highest point </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Peak </Th> <Td> Jindhagada ( Andhra Pradesh , India ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elevation </Th> <Td> 1,680 m ( 5,510 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Prominence </Th> <Td> 1,290 m ( 4,230 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Geography </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> States </Th> <Td> List ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Odisha </Li> <Li> Andhra Pradesh </Li> <Li> Karnataka </Li> <Li> Tamil Nadu </Li> <Li> West Bengal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regions </Th> <Td> Eastern India and South India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Settlement </Th> <Td> List ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Vishakhapatnam </Li> <Li> Vijayawada </Li> <Li> Tirupati </Li> <Li> Kurnool </Li> <Li> Srisailam </Li> <Li> St. Thomas Mount , Chennai </Li> <Li> Vellore Jawadhu Hills </Li> <Li> Salem </Li> <Li> Sirumalai , Dindigul </Li> <Li> Thiruvannamalai </Li> <Li> Bhubaneswar </Li> <Li> Namakkal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Biome </Th> <Td> Forests </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Geology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type of rock </Th> <Td> Igneous , Iron and Limestone </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Eastern Ghats are a discontinuous range of mountains along India 's eastern coast . The Eastern Ghats run from the northern Odisha through Andhra Pradesh to Tamil Nadu in the south passing some parts of Karnataka and in the Wayanad region of Kerala . They are eroded and cut through by four major rivers of peninsular India , viz . Godavari , Mahanadi , Krishna , and Kaveri . </P> <P> The mountain ranges run parallel to the Bay of Bengal . The Deccan Plateau lies to the west of the range , between the Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats . The coastal plains , including the Coromandel Coast region , lie between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal . The Eastern Ghats are not as high as the Western Ghats . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Geography </Li> <Li> 2 Hill ranges </Li> <Li> 3 Rivers </Li> <Li> 4 Fauna <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Mammals </Li> <Li> 4.2 Birds </Li> <Li> 4.3 Amphibians </Li> <Li> 4.4 Reptiles </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Protected areas </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <H2> Geography ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Eastern Ghats are older than the Western Ghats , and have a complex geologic history related to the assembly and breakup of the ancient supercontinent of Rodinia and the assembly of the Gondwana supercontinent . </P> <P> The Eastern Ghats are made up of charnockites , granite gneiss , khondalites , metamorphic gneisses and quartzite rock formations . The structure of the Eastern Ghats includes thrusts and strike - slip faults all along its range . Limestone , bauxite and iron ore are found in the Eastern Ghats hill ranges . </P> <P> The Eparchaean Unconformity of the Tirumala Hills is a major discontinuity of stratigraphic significance that represents an extensive period of erosion and non-deposition . It is seen at the steep natural slopes , road scars and ravines in the Tirumala ghat roads in the Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh . </P> <H2> Hill ranges ( edit ) </H2> Topography - Eastern Ghats ( Southern part ) <P> As with the Western Ghats , these mountain ranges also have local names along the discontinuous hill ranges . </P> <P> At their southern end , the Eastern Ghats form several ranges of low hills . The southernmost of the Eastern Ghats are the low Sirumalai and Karanthamalai Hills of southern Tamil Nadu . </P> <P> North of the Kaveri River are the higher Kollimalai , Pachaimalai , Shevaroy ( Servarayan ) , Kalrayan Hills , Chitteri , Javadhu Hills , Palamalai and Mettur Hills in northern Tamil Nadu state . The climate of the higher hill ranges is generally cooler and wetter than the surrounding plains , and the hills are home to coffee plantations and enclaves of dry forest . </P> <P> The hill station of Yercaud is located in the Shevaroy Hills . The Biligiriranga Hills , which run east from the Western Ghats to the River Kaveri , form a forested ecological corridor that connects the Eastern and Western Ghats , and allows the second - largest wild Asian elephant population in India to range between the South Eastern Ghats , the Biligiriranga Hills and Nilgiri Hills , and the South Western Ghats . </P> <P> The Male Mahadeshwara Hills Temple is situated in Chamarajanagar district in Karnataka state in the Eastern Ghats . </P> <P> The Ponnaiyar and Palar rivers flow from headwaters on the Kolar Plateau eastward through gaps in the Ghats to empty into the Bay of Bengal ; the Javadhu Hills lie between the two rivers . There are waterfalls in remote areas , such as the Kiliyur Falls . </P> <P> North of the Palar River in Andhra Pradesh , the central portion of the Eastern Ghats consists of two parallel ranges running approximately north - south . The lower Velikonda Range lies to the east , and the higher Palikonda - Lankamalla - Nallamalai Ranges lie to the west . They run in a nearly north - south alignment , parallel to the Coromandel Coast for close to 430 km between the Krishna and Pennar rivers . Its northern boundaries are marked by the flat Palnadu basin , while in the south it merges with the Tirupati hills . An extremely old system , the hills have been extensively weathered and eroded over the years . The average elevation today is about 520 m , but reaches 1,100 m at Bhairani Konda and 1,048 m at Gundla Brahmeswara . </P> <P> The Tirumala Hills are located along the Seshachalam - Velikonda Range of the Eastern Ghats . The Palar River cuts through the ranges . The Velikonda Range eventually descends to the coastal plain in northern Nellore district , while the Nallamalla Range in Kurnool continues to the River Krishna . </P> <P> The Kondapalli Hills are a range of low hills which lie between the Krishna and the Godavari rivers . These hills are located in the Guntur , Krishna , West Godavari and Khammam districts of Andhra Pradesh . The Krishna River bisects these hills of the Eastern Ghats . The main hill range starts from Nandigrama to Vijayawada known as Kondapalli . </P> <P> The Papi Hills ( Papi Kondalu ) are distributed among the Khammam , East Godavari and West Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh and lie in the Eastern Ghats . </P> <P> Madhurawada Dome in the Eastern Ghats mobile belt is formed by a tectonic arrangement with the khondalite suite and quartz Archean rocks along the Eastern Ghats north of Visakhapatnam . </P> <P> The Maliya Range is located in the northern portion of the Eastern Ghats . The Maliya Range generally ranges between elevations of 900 -- 1200 m , although some of its summits soar higher . The tallest peak in this range is Mahendragiri ( 1,501 m ) . </P> <P> The Madugula Konda Range is located in the northern portion of the Eastern Ghats . The Madugula Konda range is higher than the Maliyas and generally ranges between elevations of 1100 -- 1400 m . Prominent summits include the highest peak of the Eastern Ghats - Arma Konda ( 1680 m ) , Gali Konda ( 1643 m ) and Sinkram Gutta ( 1620 m ) . </P> <P> The highest mountain peak in the state of Odisha is Deomali ( 1672 m ) , which is situated in the Koraput district of southern Odisha . It is part of the Chandragiri - Pottangi mountain system . The region covers about three - fourths of the entire Odisha state . Geologically it is a part of the Indian Peninsula which was a part of the ancient land mass of Gondwanaland . The major rivers of Odisha with their tributaries have cut deep and narrow valleys . </P> <P> The Garhjat Range is a northeastern prolongation of the eastern Ghats which rises abruptly and steeply in the east and slopes gently to a dissected plateau in the west running from north - west ( Mayurbhanj ) to south - west ( Malkangiri ) . The Odisha highlands are also known as the Garhjat Hills . This region is well marked by a number of interfluves or watersheds which interrupt the terrain in the form of broad and narrow river valleys and flood plains . The average height of this region is about 900 metres above mean sea level . </P> <P> The Similipal massif is considered the farthest northeast extension of the Eastern Ghats . </P> <H2> Rivers ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Eastern Ghats are the source points for many small and medium rivers along the east coastal plains of South India . </P> <P> Rivers flowing through Eastern Ghats include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Godavari </Li> <Li> Kaveri </Li> <Li> Krishna </Li> <Li> Mahanadi </Li> <Li> Tungabhadra </Li> </Ul> <P> Rivers originating on the Eastern Ghats include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Rushikulya River </Li> <Li> Vamsadhara River </Li> <Li> Palar River </Li> <Li> Nagavali River </Li> <Li> Champavathi River </Li> <Li> Gosthani River </Li> <Li> Sarada River </Li> <Li> Sabari River </Li> <Li> Sileru River </Li> <Li> Tammileru </Li> <Li> Gundlakamma River </Li> <Li> Pennai Yaru River </Li> <Li> Swarnamukhi </Li> <Li> Kundu River </Li> <Li> Vellar River </Li> </Ul> <H2> Fauna ( edit ) </H2> <P> The endemic fauna of the Eastern Ghats are the Jerdon 's courser ( Rhinoptilus bitorquatus ) and grey slender loris ( Loris lydekkerianus ) . The rare geckos found here are the Indian golden gecko ( Calodactylodes aureus ) , rock gecko ( Hemiphyllodactylus aurantiacus ) , and Sharma 's skink ( Eutropis nagarjuni ) . </P> <H3> Mammals ( edit ) </H3> <P> Indian elephant ( Elephas maximus indicus ) , blackbuck ( Antilope cervicapra ) , Asian palm civet ( Paradoxurus hermaphroditus ) , small Indian civet ( Viverricula indica ) , Madras treeshrew ( Anathana ellioti ) , common grey mongoose ( Herpestes edwardsii ) , sambar deer ( Rusa unicolor ) , Indian crested porcupine ( Hystrix indica ) , Indian bison ( Bos gaurus ) , wild boar ( Sus scrofa ) , common muntjac ( Muntiacus muntjak ) , Indian leopard ( Panthera pardus fusca ) , Bengal tiger ( Panthera tigris tigris ) , dhole ( Cuon alpinus ) , golden jackal ( Canis aureus ) , Indian giant squirrel ( Ratufa indica ) , Indian hare ( Lepus nigricollis ) , Asian house shrew ( Suncus murinus ) , tufted grey langur ( Semnopithecus priam ) , Indian flying fox ( Pteropus giganteus ) , bonnet macaque ( Macaca radiata ) , rhesus macaque ( Macaca mulatta ) , Bengal fox ( Vulpes bengalensis ) , smooth - coated otter ( Lutrogale perspicillata ) , jungle cat ( Felis chaus ) , cheetal ( Axis axis ) , striped hyena ( Hyaena hyaena ) , Indian mole - rat ( Bandicota bengalensis ) </P> <H3> Birds ( edit ) </H3> <P> Great Indian bustard ( Ardeotis nigriceps ) , red - wattled lapwing ( Vanellus indicus ) , spot - billed pelican ( Pelecanus philippensis ) , blue peafowl ( Pavo cristatus ) , Indian pond heron ( Ardeola grayii ) , hoopoe ( Upupa epops ) , spotted owlet ( Athene brama ) , greater coucal ( Centropus sinensis ) , pied crested cuckoo ( Clamator jacobinus ) , Oriental white ibis ( Threskiornis melanocephalus ) , Indian pitta ( Pitta brachyura ) , Indian paradise flycatcher ( Terpsiphone paradisi ) , red - vented bulbul ( Pycnonotus cafer ) , red - whiskered bulbul ( Pycnonotus jocosus ) , jungle babbler ( Turdoides striata ) , painted stork ( Mycteria leucocephala ) , black - rumped flameback ( Dinopium benghalense ) , brahminy kite ( Haliastur indus ) , jungle myna ( Acridotheres fuscus ) , Indian spotted eagle ( Aquila hastata ) , Indian vulture ( Gyps indicus ) , Malabar whistling thrush ( Myophonus horsfieldii ) </P> <H3> Amphibians ( edit ) </H3> <P> Up to 30 species of amphibians including the Gunther 's toad ( Bufo hololius ) , pond frogs ( Euphlyctis ) , cricket frog ( Fejervarya ) , bull frogs ( Hoplobatrachus ) , burrowing frogs ( Sphaerotheca ) , balloon frogs ( Uperodon ) , small - mouthed frogs ( Microhyla ) , and tree frog ( Polypedates ) occur here . Endemic ones include the golden - backed frogs ( Hylarana spp . ) , the bush frog Raorchestes terebrans and the recently described caecilian Gegeneophis orientalis and an Ichthyophis species that is known from old records . </P> <H3> Reptiles ( edit ) </H3> <P> Nearly 100 species of reptiles occur in the Eastern Ghats . Many endangered species are also present , including the mugger crocodile ( Crocodylus palustris ) , Indian black turtle ( Melanochelys trijuga ) , Indian flapshell turtle ( Lissemys punctata ) , Indian tent turtle ( Pangshura tentoria ) , Indian star tortoise ( Geochelone elegans ) , Leith 's softshell turtle ( Nilssonia leithii ) , many of which are found in the northern rivers and riverine valley tracts . </P> <P> Among lizards are the Roux 's forest calotes Calotes rouxii , those of the genera ( Psammophilus ) , ( Sitana ) , Indian chameleon ( Chamaeleo zeylanicus ) , Reticulated gecko ( Hemidactylus reticulatus ) , the rock geckoes Hemidactylus giganteus , Hemidactylus graniticolus , the golden gecko ( Calodactylodes aureus ) , the slender gecko ( Hemiphyllodactylus aurantiacus ) , the rare ground geckoes ( Cyrtodactylus nebulosus ) , ( Cyrtodactylus collegalensis ) , the recently rediscovered ( Geckoella jeyporensis ) , Leschenault 's snake - eye ( Ophisops leschenaultii ) , Blinking snake - eye ( Ophisops minor ) , Ashwamedh 's skink ( Eutropis ashwamedhii ) , Beddome 's skink Eutropis beddomei , Nagarjun 's skink ( Eutropis nagarjuni ) and Bengal monitor ( Varanus bengalensis ) . Noteworthy lizards include the endemic , fossorial genera of leg-less skinks such as Sepsophis punctatus , Barkudia melanosticta and Barkudia insularis that are known only from the northern ranges and along the adjoining Eastern coastal plains in northern Andhra Pradesh and Odisha . </P> <P> Among snakes are the beaked worm snake ( Grypotyphlops acutus ) , the endemic shield - tailed snakes like Uropeltis ellioti , Uropeltis shorttii , the recently described Rhinophis goweri , the endangered Indian rock python ( Python molurus ) , Forsten 's cat snake ( Boiga forsteni ) , yellow - green cat snake ( Boiga flaviviridis ) , Srilankan flying snake ( Chrysopelea taprobanica ) , Nagarjun Sagar racer ( Coluber bholanathi ) , green keelback ( Macropisthodon plumbicolor ) , Duméril 's black - headed snake ( Sibynophis subpunctatus ) , Indian reed snake ( Liopeltis calamaria ) . Apart from the Big Four Indian venomous snakes , endemic ones like the Beddome 's coral snake ( Calliophis beddomei ) and the Indian green Bamboo pit viper ( Trimeresurus gramineus ) and the rare King cobra ( Ophiophagus hannah ) and the Banded krait ( Bungarus fasciatus ) are also known from parts of this region . </P> <H2> Protected areas ( edit ) </H2> Panoramic view of Sri Venkateswara National Park near Talakona , Andhra Pradesh <P> Sanctuaries and national parks of the Eastern Ghats : </P> <Ul> <Li> Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary , Andhra Pradesh </Li> <Li> Hadgarh Wildlife Sanctuary , Odisha </Li> <Li> Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary , Andhra Pradesh </Li> <Li> Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary , Andhra Pradesh </Li> <Li> Koundinya Wildlife Sanctuary , Andhra Pradesh </Li> <Li> Lakhari Valley Wildlife Sanctuary , Odisha </Li> <Li> Nagarjunsagar - Srisailam Tiger Reserve , Andhra Pradesh and Telangana </Li> <Li> Papikonda Wildlife Sanctuary , Andhra Pradesh </Li> <Li> Rollapadu Bird Sanctuary , Andhra Pradesh </Li> <Li> Satkosia Tiger Reserve , Odisha </Li> <Li> Simlipal National Park , Odisha </Li> <Li> Sri Lankamalleswara Wildlife Sanctuary , Andhra Pradesh </Li> <Li> Sri Venkateswara National Park , Andhra Pradesh </Li> <Li> Sunabeda Tiger Reserve , Odisha </Li> <Li> Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary , Tamil Nadu </Li> </Ul> <P> According to a study published in 2018 , the forest cover of the Eastern Ghats has shrunk drastically since 1920 and several plant species endemic to this region face the threat of extinction . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Coromandel Coast </Li> <Li> Javadi Hills </Li> <Li> Nallamala Hills </Li> <Li> Sri Venkateswara National Park </Li> <Li> Western Ghats </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Kenneth Pletcher ( August 2010 ) . The Geography of India : Sacred and Historic Places . The Rosen Publishing Group , 2010 . pp. 28 -- . ISBN 978 - 16 - 1530 - 142 - 3 . Retrieved 4 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Geology of Eastern Ghats in Andhra Pradesh '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences , Section B. 66 ( 5 ) : 200 -- 205 . November 1967 . doi : 10.1007 / BF03052185 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eparchaean Unconformity , Tirumala Ghat section '' . Geological Survey of India . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Geological Monuments of India . Eparchaean Unconformity ( Tirupati Tirupati Road ) . Geological Survey of India . 2001 . pp. 5 -- 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jungle Look '' . Chennai , India : The Hindu . 2006 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jagadeeswara Rao , P. ; Harikrishna , P. ; Srivastav , S.K. ; Satyanarayana , P.V.V. ; Vasu Deva Rao , B. ( October 2009 ) . `` Selection of groundwater potential zones in and around Madhurawada Dome , Visakhapatnam District - A GIS approach '' ( PDF ) . J. Ind . Geophys . Union . 13 ( 4 ) : 191 -- 200 . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : M.S. Kohli ( August 2010 ) . Mountains of India : Tourism , Adventure and Pilgrimage . Indus Publishing , 2014 . pp. 36 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7387 - 135 - 1 . Retrieved 4 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan profiles the Eastern Ghats of southern India '' originally from http://sdnp.delhi.nic.in/nbsap/dactionp/ecoregion/eghatdraft.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Flora of Eastern Ghats : Hill Ranges of South East India - Thammineni Pullaiah , D. Muralidhara Rao , K. Sri Ramamurthy - Google Books . Books.google.co.in . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ No. 1 , 2006. pdf The Eastern Ghats . Archive of No. 1 , 2006. pdf original site </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Endangered vultures sighted in Raichur . The Hindu ( 2012 - 08 - 29 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Critically endangered vulture found in Adilabad district . The Hindu ( 2013 - 06 - 05 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 28 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Srinivasulu , C. , & Das , I. ( 2008 ) . The herpetofauna of Nallamala Hills , Eastern Ghats , India : an annotated checklist , with remarks on nomenclature , taxonomy , habitat use , adaptive types and biogeography . Asiatic Herpetological Research , 11 , 110 - 131 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ganesh , S.R. , & Arumugam , M. ( 2015 ) . Species Richness of Montane Herpetofauna of Southern Eastern Ghats , India : A Historical Resume and a Descriptive Checklist . Russian Journal of Herpetology , 23 ( 1 ) , 7 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pacha , Aswathi ( 2018 - 10 - 06 ) . `` Eastern Ghats face loss of forest cover , endemic plants '' . The Hindu . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 13 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eastern Ghats . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Coordinates : 15.418 ° 0 ′ N 78.789 ° 0 ′ E / 15.418 ° N 78.789 ° E / 15.418 ; 78.789 </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Eastern Ghats </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rivers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Champavathi River </Li> <Li> Godavari </Li> <Li> Gosthani River </Li> <Li> Gundlakamma River </Li> <Li> Kaveri </Li> <Li> Krishna </Li> <Li> Kundu River </Li> <Li> Mahanadi </Li> <Li> Nagavali River </Li> <Li> Palar </Li> <Li> Penner River </Li> <Li> Ponnaiyar </Li> <Li> Rushikulya </Li> <Li> Sabari River </Li> <Li> Sarada River </Li> <Li> Sileru River </Li> <Li> Sweata Nadi </Li> <Li> Vasishta Nadi </Li> <Li> Vellar </Li> <Li> Vamsadhara River </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Deccan Plateau </Li> <Li> Kolar Plateau </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hills </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bilgiri ( Biligirirangan ) </Li> <Li> Chitteri </Li> <Li> Erramala </Li> <Li> Kalrayan </Li> <Li> Karanthamalai </Li> <Li> Kolli </Li> <Li> Lankamalla </Li> <Li> Mahendragiri </Li> <Li> Mettur </Li> <Li> Nallamalla </Li> <Li> Pachaimalai </Li> <Li> Palamalai </Li> <Li> Palkonda </Li> <Li> Shevaroy </Li> <Li> Sirumalai </Li> <Li> Vada Chennimalai </Li> <Li> Velikonda </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Waterfalls </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agaya Gangai </Li> <Li> Kiliyur </Li> <Li> Mayil Uthu </Li> <Li> Mangalam </Li> <Li> Periyar </Li> <Li> Pudur Megan </Li> <Li> Talakona Falls </Li> <Li> Ubbalamadugu Falls </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> States </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Andhra Pradesh </Li> <Li> Karnataka </Li> <Li> Odisha </Li> <Li> Tamil Nadu </Li> <Li> Telangana </Li> <Li> West Bengal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parks & Reserves </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Badrama Wildlife Sanctuary </Li> <Li> Chilika Bird Sanctuary </Li> <Li> Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary </Li> <Li> Gundla Brahmeswaram Wildlife Sanctuary </Li> <Li> Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary </Li> <Li> Kanger Ghati National Park </Li> <Li> Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary </Li> <Li> Kolleru Lake Bird Sanctuary </Li> <Li> Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary </Li> <Li> Koundinya Wildlife Sanctuary </Li> <Li> Lakhari Valley Wildlife Sanctuary </Li> <Li> Sri Lankamalleswara Wildlife Sanctuary </Li> <Li> Nagarjunsagar - Srisailam Tiger Reserve </Li> <Li> Nalbana Bird Sanctuary </Li> <Li> Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary </Li> <Li> Papikonda Wildlife Sanctuary </Li> <Li> Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary </Li> <Li> Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary </Li> <Li> Simlipal National Park </Li> <Li> Sri Venkateswara National Park </Li> <Li> Telineelapuram and Telukunchi Bird Sanctuaries </Li> <Li> Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary </Li> <Li> Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Godavari basin </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rivers </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Major tributaries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Godavari </Li> <Li> Pranhita </Li> <Li> Indravati </Li> <Li> Sabari </Li> <Li> Manjira </Li> <Li> Manair </Li> <Li> Wardha </Li> <Li> Wainganga </Li> <Li> Penganga </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Minor tributaries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pravara </Li> <Li> Kinnerasani </Li> <Li> Purna </Li> <Li> Sileru </Li> <Li> Sindphana </Li> <Li> Taliperu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sub-tributaries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adan </Li> <Li> Banganga </Li> <Li> Bindusara </Li> <Li> Darna </Li> <Li> Kadva </Li> <Li> Kanhan </Li> <Li> Kolar </Li> <Li> Nasardi </Li> <Li> Pench </Li> <Li> Purna </Li> <Li> Shivana </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dams , barrages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jayakwadi Dam </Li> <Li> Majalgaon Dam </Li> <Li> Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project </Li> <Li> Sriram Sagar Project </Li> <Li> Nizam Sagar </Li> <Li> Upper Wardha Dam </Li> <Li> Singur Reservoir </Li> <Li> Neher water system </Li> <Li> Dowleswaram Barrage </Li> <Li> Balimela Reservoir </Li> <Li> Devadula lift irrigation scheme </Li> <Li> Upper Dudhana Dam </Li> <Li> Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects </Li> <Li> Pattiseema Lift Irrigation Project </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Geographical features / regions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Marathwada </Li> <Li> Vidarbha </Li> <Li> Coastal Andhra </Li> <Li> Konaseema </Li> <Li> Deccan Plateau </Li> <Li> Western Ghats </Li> <Li> Eastern Ghats </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Riparian districts </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Maharashtra </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nashik </Li> <Li> Ahmednagar </Li> <Li> Aurangabad </Li> <Li> Parbhani </Li> <Li> Nanded </Li> <Li> Gadchiroli </Li> <Li> Beed </Li> <Li> Amravati </Li> <Li> Bhandara </Li> <Li> Gondia </Li> <Li> Chandrapur </Li> <Li> Wardha </Li> <Li> Nagpur </Li> <Li> Yavatmal </Li> <Li> Washim </Li> <Li> Buldhana </Li> <Li> Hingoli </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Madhya Pradesh </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Balaghat </Li> <Li> Seoni </Li> <Li> Betul </Li> <Li> Chhindwara </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Odisha </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kalahandi </Li> <Li> Koraput </Li> <Li> Malkangiri </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chhattisgarh </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bastar </Li> <Li> Bijapur </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Karnataka </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bidar </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Telangana </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Medak </Li> <Li> Sangareddy </Li> <Li> Siddipet </Li> <Li> Nizamabad </Li> <Li> Kamareddy </Li> <Li> Adilabad </Li> <Li> Nirmal </Li> <Li> Mancherial </Li> <Li> Komaram Bheem Asifabad </Li> <Li> Karimnagar </Li> <Li> Jagtial </Li> <Li> Peddapalli </Li> <Li> Rajanna Sircilla </Li> <Li> Warangal Urban </Li> <Li> Warangal rural </Li> <Li> Jayashankar Bhupalpally </Li> <Li> Jangaon </Li> <Li> Mahabubabad </Li> <Li> Bhadradri Kothagudem </Li> <Li> Khammam </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Andhra Pradesh </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> West Godavari </Li> <Li> East Godavari </Li> <Li> Vishakapatnam </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nashik </Li> <Li> Nagpur </Li> <Li> Nanded </Li> <Li> Rajahmundry </Li> <Li> Warangal </Li> <Li> Koraput </Li> <Li> Bastar </Li> <Li> Bidar </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Languages / people </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Indo - Aryan languages </Li> <Li> Marathi </Li> <Li> Bhili </Li> <Li> Khandeshi </Li> <Li> Andh </Li> <Li> Banjari </Li> <Li> Odia </Li> <Li> Bhunjia </Li> <Li> Hindi </Li> <Li> Dravidian languages </Li> <Li> Kolami </Li> <Li> Goni </Li> <Li> Telugu </Li> <Li> Kannadiga </Li> <Li> Duruwa </Li> <Li> Multani </Li> <Li> Urdu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coalfields </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Godavari Valley Coalfield </Li> <Li> Wardha Valley Coalfield </Li> <Li> Kamptee Coalfield </Li> <Li> Pench Kanhan Coalfield </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oil / gas fields </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Krishna Godavari Basin </Li> <Li> Ravva oil field </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Industries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Khaparkheda Thermal Power Station </Li> <Li> Koradi Thermal Power Station </Li> <Li> Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station </Li> <Li> Wardha Warora Power Plant </Li> <Li> Lanco Vidarbha Power Plant </Li> <Li> Nashik Thermal Power Station </Li> <Li> Dhariwal Power Station </Li> <Li> RattanIndia Nashik Thermal Power Station </Li> <Li> Kothagudem Thermal Power Station </Li> <Li> Kakatiya Thermal Power Station </Li> <Li> Parli Thermal Power Station </Li> <Li> NTPC Ramagundam </Li> <Li> NTPC Mauda Super Thermal Power Station </Li> <Li> Ramagundam B Thermal Power Station </Li> <Li> Tiroda Thermal Power Station </Li> <Li> Butibori Power Project </Li> <Li> Heavy Water Plant at Manuguru </Li> <Li> Waluj MIDC </Li> <Li> Shendra MIDC </Li> <Li> Shendra -- Bidkin Industrial Park </Li> <Li> Ballarpur Industries </Li> <Li> HAL Sunabeda </Li> <Li> NALCO Damanjodi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Transport </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> NH 5 </Li> <Li> National Highway 6 ( India ) ( old numbering ) </Li> <Li> NH 7 </Li> <Li> Godavari Bridge </Li> <Li> Old Godavari Bridge </Li> <Li> Godavari Arch Bridge </Li> <Li> Hyderabad - Godavari Valley Railways </Li> <Li> Visakhapatnam -- Vijayawada section </Li> <Li> Bilaspur -- Nagpur section </Li> <Li> Nagpur -- Hyderabad line </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pollution concerns , River basin 's sustainable productivity & ecology </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Algal bloom in reservoirs </Li> <Li> High alkalinity of river water in the river basin upstream of Pochampadu dam </Li> <Li> Frequent floods in tail end area of the river basin </Li> <Li> Alkali salts / high pH water run off from ash / red mud dumps of coal fired power stations / bauxite ore enrichment </Li> <Li> Excessive silting of reservoirs due to deforestation and mining activities </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other basins </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mahanadi -- Brahmani -- Baitarani </Li> <Li> Damodar </Li> <Li> Kosi </Li> <Li> Narmada </Li> <Li> Son </Li> <Li> Krishna </Li> <Li> Penna </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Geography of South Asia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mountains and plateaus </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Himalayas <Ul> <Li> Mount Everest </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Western Ghats </Li> <Li> Eastern Ghats </Li> <Li> Aravalli Range </Li> <Li> Nilgiris </Li> <Li> Vindhya Range </Li> <Li> Satpura Range </Li> <Li> Garo Hills </Li> <Li> Shivalik Hills </Li> <Li> Mahabharat Range </Li> <Li> Khasi Hills </Li> <Li> Anaimalai Hills </Li> <Li> Cardamom Hills </Li> <Li> Sulaiman Mountains </Li> <Li> Toba Kakar Range </Li> <Li> Karakoram </Li> <Li> Hindu Kush </Li> <Li> Chittagong Hill Tracts </Li> <Li> Deccan Plateau </Li> <Li> Thar Desert </Li> <Li> Makran </Li> <Li> Chota Nagpur </Li> <Li> Naga Hills </Li> <Li> Mysore Plateau </Li> <Li> Ladakh Plateau </Li> <Li> Gandhamardan Hills </Li> <Li> Malwa </Li> <Li> Lushai Hills </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lowlands and islands </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Indo - 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literacy </Li> <Li> International Geography Olympiad </Li> <Li> Spatial citizenship </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> <Li> Commons </Li> <Li> WikiProject </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Physical geography </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Atmospheric science / Meteorology </Li> <Li> Biogeography / Phytogeography </Li> <Li> Climatology / Paleoclimatology / Palaeogeography </Li> <Li> Coastal geography / Oceanography </Li> <Li> Edaphology / Pedology or Soil science </Li> <Li> Geobiology </Li> <Li> Geology </Li> <Li> Geomorphology </Li> <Li> Geostatistics </Li> <Li> Glaciology </Li> <Li> Hydrology / Limnology </Li> <Li> Landscape ecology </Li> <Li> Quaternary science </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Ghats&oldid=865625573 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Eastern Ghats </Li> <Li> Mountain ranges of India </Li> <Li> Landforms of Tamil Nadu </Li> <Li> Landforms of Andhra Pradesh </Li> <Li> Landforms of Odisha </Li> <Li> Geography of Tamil Nadu </Li> <Li> Landforms of West Bengal </Li> <Li> Physiographic provinces </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from January 2018 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Archived copy as title </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from February 2018 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from January 2018 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 </Li> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> भोजपुरी </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> ગુજરાતી </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> മലയാളം </Li> <Li> मराठी </Li> <Li> მარგალური </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча </Li> <Li> ਪੰਜਾਬੀ </Li> <Li> پنجابی </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> తెలుగు </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 29 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 03 : 32 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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Sumer - wikipedia <H1> Sumer </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Sumeria '' redirects here . For other uses , see Sumeria ( disambiguation ) . For other uses , see Sumer ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with summer . <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Geographical range </Th> <Td> Near East - Middle East </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Period </Th> <Td> Late Neolithic - Middle Bronze Age </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dates </Th> <Td> c. 4500 -- c. 1900 BC </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Part of a series on the </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History of Iraq </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ancient Mesopotamia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sumer </Li> <Li> Assyria </Li> <Li> Akkadian Empire </Li> <Li> Babylonia </Li> <Li> Neo-Assyrian Empire </Li> <Li> Neo-Babylonian Empire </Li> <Li> Median Kingdom </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Classical antiquity </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Achaemenid Assyria </Li> <Li> Seleucid Babylonia </Li> <Li> Parthian Babylonia </Li> <Li> Roman Mesopotamia </Li> <Li> Sasanian Asorestan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Middle Ages </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Islamic conquest </Li> <Li> Rashidun Caliphate </Li> <Li> Umayyad Caliphate </Li> <Li> Abbasid Caliphate </Li> <Li> Hamdanids </Li> <Li> Buyid amirate of Iraq </Li> <Li> Marwanids </Li> <Li> Uqaylids </Li> <Li> Al - Mazeedi </Li> <Li> Ayyubids </Li> <Li> Seljuk Empire </Li> <Li> Zengids </Li> <Li> Ilkhanate </Li> <Li> Jalairid Sultanate </Li> <Li> Kara Koyunlu </Li> <Li> Aq Qoyunlu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Early modern period </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Safavids </Li> <Li> Ottoman Iraq </Li> <Li> Mamluk dynasty </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Modern Iraq </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mandatory Iraq </Li> <Li> Kingdom of Iraq </Li> <Li> Republic ( 1958 -- 68 ) </Li> <Li> Ba'athist rule ( 1968 -- 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Occupation ( 2003 -- 11 ) </Li> <Li> Recent history </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iraq portal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Ancient history </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Prehistory </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ancient Near East </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sumer </Li> <Li> Egypt </Li> <Li> Assyria </Li> <Li> Elam </Li> <Li> Akkad </Li> <Li> Babylonia </Li> <Li> Canaan </Li> <Li> Israel and Judah </Li> <Li> Hittite Empire </Li> <Li> Arzawa </Li> <Li> Mitanni </Li> <Li> Minoan Crete </Li> <Li> Mycenaean Greece </Li> <Li> Syro - Hittite states </Li> <Li> Hayasa - Azzi </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Anatolia </Li> <Li> Armenia </Li> <Li> Neo-Assyrian Empire </Li> <Li> Urartu </Li> <Li> Neo-Babylonian Empire </Li> <Li> Medes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Classical antiquity </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Persia ( Achaemenid ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Hellenism </Li> <Li> Rome </Li> <Li> Africa </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Late Antiquity </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> East Asia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> China </Li> <Li> Korea </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South Asia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Indus Valley </Li> <Li> Vedic period </Li> <Li> Maha Janapadas </Li> <Li> Maurya Empire </Li> <Li> Tamilakam </Li> <Li> Satavahana </Li> <Li> Gupta Empire </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pre-Columbian Americas </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mesoamerica <Ul> <Li> Olmec </Li> <Li> Maya civilization </Li> <Li> Teotihuacan </Li> <Li> Aztec </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Andean civilizations <Ul> <Li> Chavín culture </Li> <Li> Moche </Li> <Li> Inca empire </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> History of the world </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Ancient maritime history </Li> <Li> Protohistory </Li> <Li> Axial Age </Li> <Li> Iron Age </Li> <Li> Historiography </Li> <Li> Ancient literature </Li> <Li> Ancient warfare </Li> <Li> Cradle of civilization </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Followed by the Postclassical Era </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Sumer ( / ˈsuːmər / ) was the first urban civilization in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia , modern - day southern Iraq , during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze ages , and arguably the first civilization in the world with Ancient Egypt and the Indus Valley . Living along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates , Sumerian farmers were able to grow an abundance of grain and other crops , the surplus of which enabled them to settle in one place . Proto - writing in the prehistory dates back to c. 3000 BC . The earliest texts come from the cities of Uruk and Jemdet Nasr and date back to 3300 BC ; early cuneiform script writing emerged in 3000 BC . </P> <P> Modern historians have suggested that Sumer was first permanently settled between c. 5500 and 4000 BC by a West Asian people who spoke the Sumerian language ( pointing to the names of cities , rivers , basic occupations , etc. , as evidence ) , an agglutinative language isolate . These conjectured , prehistoric people are now called `` proto - Euphrateans '' or `` Ubaidians '' , and are theorized to have evolved from the Samarra culture of northern Mesopotamia . The Ubaidians ( though never mentioned by the Sumerians themselves ) are assumed by modern - day scholars to have been the first civilizing force in Sumer , draining the marshes for agriculture , developing trade , and establishing industries , including weaving , leatherwork , metalwork , masonry , and pottery . </P> <P> Some scholars contest the idea of a Proto - Euphratean language or one substrate language . It has been suggested by them , and others , that the Sumerian language was originally that of the hunter and fisher peoples , who lived in the marshland and the Eastern Arabia littoral region , and were part of the Arabian bifacial culture . Reliable historical records begin much later ; there are none in Sumer of any kind that have been dated before Enmebaragesi ( c. 26th century BC ) . Juris Zarins believes the Sumerians lived along the coast of Eastern Arabia , today 's Persian Gulf region , before it flooded at the end of the Ice Age . </P> <P> Sumerian civilization took form in the Uruk period ( 4th millennium BC ) , continuing into the Jemdet Nasr and Early Dynastic periods . During the 3rd millennium BC , a close cultural symbiosis developed between the Sumerians , who spoke a language isolate , and Akkadian - speakers , which included widespread bilingualism . The influence of Sumerian on Akkadian ( and vice versa ) is evident in all areas , from lexical borrowing on a massive scale , to syntactic , morphological , and phonological convergence . This has prompted scholars to refer to Sumerian and Akkadian in the 3rd millennium BC as a Sprachbund . Sumer was conquered by the Semitic - speaking kings of the Akkadian Empire around 2270 BC ( short chronology ) , but Sumerian continued as a sacred language . </P> <P> Native Sumerian rule re-emerged for about a century in the Third Dynasty of Ur at approximately 2100 -- 2000 BC , but the Akkadian language also remained in use . The Sumerian city of Eridu , on the coast of the Persian Gulf , is considered to have been the world 's first city , where three separate cultures may have fused : that of peasant Ubaidian farmers , living in mud - brick huts and practicing irrigation ; that of mobile nomadic Semitic pastoralists living in black tents and following herds of sheep and goats ; and that of fisher folk , living in reed huts in the marshlands , who may have been the ancestors of the Sumerians . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Origin of name </Li> <Li> 2 City - states in Mesopotamia </Li> <Li> 3 History <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Ubaid period </Li> <Li> 3.2 Uruk period </Li> <Li> 3.3 Early Dynastic Period <Ul> <Li> 3.3. 1 1st Dynasty of Lagash </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.4 Akkadian Empire </Li> <Li> 3.5 Gutian period <Ul> <Li> 3.5. 1 2nd Dynasty of Lagash </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.6 Ur III period </Li> <Li> 3.7 Fall and Transmission </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Population </Li> <Li> 5 Culture <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Social and family life </Li> <Li> 5.2 Language and writing </Li> <Li> 5.3 Religion <Ul> <Li> 5.3. 1 Deities </Li> <Li> 5.3. 2 Cosmology </Li> <Li> 5.3. 3 Temple and temple organisation </Li> <Li> 5.3. 4 Funerary practices </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.4 Agriculture and hunting </Li> <Li> 5.5 Architecture </Li> <Li> 5.6 Mathematics </Li> <Li> 5.7 Economy and trade <Ul> <Li> 5.7. 1 Money and credit </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.8 Military </Li> <Li> 5.9 Technology </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Legacy </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 Notes </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Further reading </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Origin of name ( edit ) </H2> <P> The term Sumerian is the common name given to the ancient non-Semitic - speaking inhabitants of Mesopotamia , Sumer , by the East Semitic - speaking Akkadians . The Sumerians referred to themselves as ùĝ saĝ gíg ga ( cuneiform : 𒌦 𒊕 𒈪 𒂵 ) , phonetically / uŋ saŋ gi ga / , literally meaning `` the black - headed people '' , and to their land as ki - en - gi ( - r ) ( cuneiform : 𒆠𒂗𒄀 ) ( ' place ' + ' lords ' + ' noble ' ) , meaning `` place of the noble lords '' . The Akkadian word Shumer may represent the geographical name in dialect , but the phonological development leading to the Akkadian term šumerû is uncertain . Hebrew Shinar , Egyptian Sngr , and Hittite Šanhar ( a ) , all referring to southern Mesopotamia , could be western variants of Shumer . </P> <H2> City - states in Mesopotamia ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Cities of the Ancient Near East and Geography of Mesopotamia <P> In the late 4th millennium BC , Sumer was divided into many independent city - states , which were divided by canals and boundary stones . Each was centered on a temple dedicated to the particular patron god or goddess of the city and ruled over by a priestly governor ( ensi ) or by a king ( lugal ) who was intimately tied to the city 's religious rites . </P> <P> The five `` first '' cities , said to have exercised pre-dynastic kingship `` before the flood '' : </P> <Ol> <Li> Eridu ( Tell Abu Shahrain ) </Li> <Li> Bad - tibira ( probably Tell al - Madain ) </Li> <Li> Larsa ( Tell as - Senkereh ) </Li> <Li> Sippar ( Tell Abu Habbah ) </Li> <Li> Shuruppak ( Tell Fara ) </Li> </Ol> <P> Other principal cities : </P> <Ol> <Li> Uruk ( Warka ) </Li> <Li> Kish ( Tell Uheimir & Ingharra ) </Li> <Li> Ur ( Tell al - Muqayyar ) </Li> <Li> Nippur ( Afak ) </Li> <Li> Lagash ( Tell al - Hiba ) </Li> <Li> Girsu ( Tello or Telloh ) </Li> <Li> Umma ( Tell Jokha ) </Li> <Li> Hamazi </Li> <Li> Adab ( Tell Bismaya ) </Li> <Li> Mari ( Tell Hariri ) </Li> <Li> Akshak </Li> <Li> Akkad </Li> <Li> Isin ( Ishan al - Bahriyat ) </Li> </Ol> <P> ( location uncertain ) ( an outlying city in northern Mesopotamia ) </P> <P> Minor cities ( from south to north ) : </P> <Ol> <Li> Kuara ( Tell al - Lahm ) </Li> <Li> Zabala ( Tell Ibzeikh ) </Li> <Li> Kisurra ( Tell Abu Hatab ) </Li> <Li> Marad ( Tell Wannat es - Sadum ) </Li> <Li> Dilbat ( Tell ed - Duleim ) </Li> <Li> Borsippa ( Birs Nimrud ) </Li> <Li> Kutha ( Tell Ibrahim ) </Li> <Li> Der ( al - Badra ) </Li> <Li> Eshnunna ( Tell Asmar ) </Li> <Li> Nagar ( Tell Brak ) </Li> </Ol> <P> ( an outlying city in northern Mesopotamia ) </P> <P> Apart from Mari , which lies full 330 kilometres ( 205 miles ) north - west of Agade , but which is credited in the king list as having `` exercised kingship '' in the Early Dynastic II period , and Nagar , an outpost , these cities are all in the Euphrates - Tigris alluvial plain , south of Baghdad in what are now the Bābil , Diyala , Wāsit , Dhi Qar , Basra , Al - Muthannā and Al - Qādisiyyah governorates of Iraq . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Main article : History of Sumer A 24th - century BC statue of a praying Sumerian man ( modern day eastern Syria ) <P> The Sumerian city - states rose to power during the prehistoric Ubaid and Uruk periods . Sumerian written history reaches back to the 27th century BC and before , but the historical record remains obscure until the Early Dynastic III period , c. the 23rd century BC , when a now deciphered syllabary writing system was developed , which has allowed archaeologists to read contemporary records and inscriptions . Classical Sumer ends with the rise of the Akkadian Empire in the 23rd century BC . Following the Gutian period , there was a brief Sumerian Renaissance in the 21st century BC , cut short in the 20th century BC by invasions by the Amorites . The Amorite `` dynasty of Isin '' persisted until c. 1700 BC , when Mesopotamia was united under Babylonian rule . The Sumerians were eventually absorbed into the Akkadian ( Assyro - Babylonian ) population . </P> <Ul> <Li> Ubaid period : 6500 -- 4100 BC ( Pottery Neolithic to Chalcolithic ) </Li> <Li> Uruk period : 4100 -- 2900 BC ( Late Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age I ) <Ul> <Li> Uruk XIV - V : 4100 -- 3300 BC </Li> <Li> Uruk IV period : 3300 -- 3100 BC </Li> <Li> Jemdet Nasr period ( Uruk III ) : 3100 -- 2900 BC </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Early Dynastic period ( Early Bronze Age II - IV ) <Ul> <Li> Early Dynastic I period : 2900 -- 2800 BC </Li> <Li> Early Dynastic II period : 2800 -- 2600 BC ( Gilgamesh ) </Li> <Li> Early Dynastic IIIa period : 2600 -- 2500 BC </Li> <Li> Early Dynastic IIIb period : c. 2500 -- 2334 BC </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Akkadian Empire period : c. 2334 -- 2218 BC ( Sargon ) </Li> <Li> Gutian period : c. 2218 -- 2047 BC ( Early Bronze Age IV ) </Li> <Li> Ur III period : c. 2047 -- 1940 BC </Li> </Ul> The Samarra bowl , at the Pergamonmuseum , Berlin . The swastika in the center of the design is a reconstruction . <H3> Ubaid period ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Ubaid period <P> The Ubaid period is marked by a distinctive style of fine quality painted pottery which spread throughout Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf . During this time , the first settlement in southern Mesopotamia was established at Eridu ( Cuneiform : nun.ki 𒉣𒆠 ) , c. 6500 BC , by farmers who brought with them the Hadji Muhammed culture , which first pioneered irrigation agriculture . It appears that this culture was derived from the Samarran culture from northern Mesopotamia . It is not known whether or not these were the actual Sumerians who are identified with the later Uruk culture . The rise of the city of Uruk may be reflected in the story of the passing of the gifts of civilization ( me ) to Inanna , goddess of Uruk and of love and war , by Enki , god of wisdom and chief god of Eridu , may reflect the transition from Eridu to Uruk . </P> <H3> Uruk period ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Uruk period <P> The archaeological transition from the Ubaid period to the Uruk period is marked by a gradual shift from painted pottery domestically produced on a slow wheel to a great variety of unpainted pottery mass - produced by specialists on fast wheels . The Uruk period is a continuation and an outgrowth of Ubaid with pottery being the main visible change . </P> <P> By the time of the Uruk period ( c. 4100 -- 2900 BC calibrated ) , the volume of trade goods transported along the canals and rivers of southern Mesopotamia facilitated the rise of many large , stratified , temple - centered cities ( with populations of over 10,000 people ) where centralized administrations employed specialized workers . It is fairly certain that it was during the Uruk period that Sumerian cities began to make use of slave labor captured from the hill country , and there is ample evidence for captured slaves as workers in the earliest texts . Artifacts , and even colonies of this Uruk civilization have been found over a wide area -- from the Taurus Mountains in Turkey , to the Mediterranean Sea in the west , and as far east as central Iran . </P> <P> The Uruk period civilization , exported by Sumerian traders and colonists ( like that found at Tell Brak ) , had an effect on all surrounding peoples , who gradually evolved their own comparable , competing economies and cultures . The cities of Sumer could not maintain remote , long - distance colonies by military force . </P> <P> Sumerian cities during the Uruk period were probably theocratic and were most likely headed by a priest - king ( ensi ) , assisted by a council of elders , including both men and women . It is quite possible that the later Sumerian pantheon was modeled upon this political structure . There was little evidence of organized warfare or professional soldiers during the Uruk period , and towns were generally unwalled . During this period Uruk became the most urbanized city in the world , surpassing for the first time 50,000 inhabitants . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Notable Sumerians History of Sumer Mythology King list </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pre-dynastic kings : </Th> <Td> Alulim Dumuzid , the Shepherd En - men - dur - ana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1st Dynasty of Kish : </Th> <Td> Etana En - me - barage - si Aga of Kish </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1st Dynasty of Uruk : </Th> <Td> Enmerkar Lugalbanda Gilgamesh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1st Dynasty of Ur : </Th> <Td> Meskalamdug Mesh - Ane - pada Puabi Mesilim of Kish </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2nd Dynasty of Uruk : </Th> <Td> En - shag - kush - ana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1st Dynasty of Lagash : </Th> <Td> Ur - Nanshe Eannatum Entemena Urukagina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dynasty of Adab : </Th> <Td> Lugal - Ane - mundu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 3rd Dynasty of Kish : </Th> <Td> Kug - Bau </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 3rd Dynasty of Uruk : </Th> <Td> Lugal - zage - si </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dynasty of Akkad : </Th> <Td> Sargon Tashlultum En - hedu - ana Man - ishtishu Naram - Sin of Akkad Shar - kali - sharri Dudu of Akkad Shu - Durul </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2nd Dynasty of Lagash : </Th> <Td> Puzer - Mama Gudea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5th Dynasty of Uruk : </Th> <Td> Utu - hengal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 3rd dynasty of Ur : </Th> <Td> Ur - Namma Shulgi Amar - Suena Shu - Suen Ibbi - Suen </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The ancient Sumerian king list includes the early dynasties of several prominent cities from this period . The first set of names on the list is of kings said to have reigned before a major flood occurred . These early names may be fictional , and include some legendary and mythological figures , such as Alulim and Dumizid . </P> <P> The end of the Uruk period coincided with the Piora oscillation , a dry period from c. 3200 -- 2900 BC that marked the end of a long wetter , warmer climate period from about 9,000 to 5,000 years ago , called the Holocene climatic optimum . </P> <H3> Early Dynastic period ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Early Dynastic Period ( Mesopotamia ) <P> The dynastic period begins c. 2900 BC and was associated with a shift from the temple establishment headed by council of elders led by a priestly `` En '' ( a male figure when it was a temple for a goddess , or a female figure when headed by a male god ) towards a more secular Lugal ( Lu = man , Gal = great ) and includes such legendary patriarchal figures as Enmerkar , Lugalbanda and Gilgamesh -- who are supposed to have reigned shortly before the historic record opens c. 2700 BC , when the now deciphered syllabic writing started to develop from the early pictograms . The center of Sumerian culture remained in southern Mesopotamia , even though rulers soon began expanding into neighboring areas , and neighboring Semitic groups adopted much of Sumerian culture for their own . </P> <P> The earliest dynastic king on the Sumerian king list whose name is known from any other legendary source is Etana , 13th king of the first dynasty of Kish . The earliest king authenticated through archaeological evidence is Enmebaragesi of Kish ( c. 26th century BC ) , whose name is also mentioned in the Gilgamesh epic -- leading to the suggestion that Gilgamesh himself might have been a historical king of Uruk . As the Epic of Gilgamesh shows , this period was associated with increased war . Cities became walled , and increased in size as undefended villages in southern Mesopotamia disappeared . ( Both Enmerkar and Gilgamesh are credited with having built the walls of Uruk ) . </P> 1st dynasty of Lagash ( edit ) Fragment of Eannatum 's Stele of the Vultures Main article : Lagash <P> c. 2500 -- 2270 BC </P> <P> The dynasty of Lagash , though omitted from the king list , is well attested through several important monuments and many archaeological finds . </P> <P> Although short - lived , one of the first empires known to history was that of Eannatum of Lagash , who annexed practically all of Sumer , including Kish , Uruk , Ur , and Larsa , and reduced to tribute the city - state of Umma , arch - rival of Lagash . In addition , his realm extended to parts of Elam and along the Persian Gulf . He seems to have used terror as a matter of policy . Eannatum 's Stele of the Vultures depicts vultures pecking at the severed heads and other body parts of his enemies . His empire collapsed shortly after his death . </P> <P> Later , Lugal - Zage - Si , the priest - king of Umma , overthrew the primacy of the Lagash dynasty in the area , then conquered Uruk , making it his capital , and claimed an empire extending from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean . He was the last ethnically Sumerian king before Sargon of Akkad . </P> <H3> Akkadian Empire ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Akkadian Empire <P> c. 2270 -- 2083 BC ( short chronology ) </P> <P> The Eastern Semitic Akkadian language is first attested in proper names of the kings of Kish c. 2800 BC , preserved in later king lists . There are texts written entirely in Old Akkadian dating from c. 2500 BC . Use of Old Akkadian was at its peak during the rule of Sargon the Great ( c. 2270 -- 2215 BC ) , but even then most administrative tablets continued to be written in Sumerian , the language used by the scribes . Gelb and Westenholz differentiate three stages of Old Akkadian : that of the pre-Sargonic era , that of the Akkadian empire , and that of the `` Neo-Sumerian Renaissance '' that followed it . Akkadian and Sumerian coexisted as vernacular languages for about one thousand years , but by around 1800 BC , Sumerian was becoming more of a literary language familiar mainly only to scholars and scribes . Thorkild Jacobsen has argued that there is little break in historical continuity between the pre - and post-Sargon periods , and that too much emphasis has been placed on the perception of a `` Semitic vs. Sumerian '' conflict . However , it is certain that Akkadian was also briefly imposed on neighboring parts of Elam that were previously conquered , by Sargon . </P> <H3> Gutian period ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Gutian dynasty of Sumer <P> c. 2083 -- 2050 BC ( short chronology ) </P> 2nd dynasty of Lagash ( edit ) Gudea of Lagash Main article : Lagash <P> c. 2093 -- 2046 BC ( short chronology ) </P> <P> Following the downfall of the Akkadian Empire at the hands of Gutians , another native Sumerian ruler , Gudea of Lagash , rose to local prominence and continued the practices of the Sargonid kings ' claims to divinity . The previous Lagash dynasty , Gudea and his descendants also promoted artistic development and left a large number of archaeological artifacts . </P> <H3> Ur III period ( edit ) </H3> Great Ziggurat of Ur , near Nasiriyah , Iraq Main article : Third Dynasty of Ur <P> c. 2047 -- 1940 BC ( short chronology ) </P> <P> Later , the 3rd dynasty of Ur under Ur - Nammu and Shulgi , whose power extended as far as southern Assyria , was the last great `` Sumerian renaissance '' , but already the region was becoming more Semitic than Sumerian , with the resurgence of the Akkadian speaking Semites in Assyria and elsewhere , and the influx of waves of Semitic Martu ( Amorites ) who were to found several competing local powers in the south , including Isin , Larsa , Eshnunna and some time later Babylonia . The last of these eventually came to briefly dominate the south of Mesopotamia as the Babylonian Empire , just as the Old Assyrian Empire had already done so in the north from the late 21st century BC . The Sumerian language continued as a sacerdotal language taught in schools in Babylonia and Assyria , much as Latin was used in the Medieval period , for as long as cuneiform was utilized . </P> <H3> Fall and transmission ( edit ) </H3> <P> This period is generally taken to coincide with a major shift in population from southern Mesopotamia toward the north . Ecologically , the agricultural productivity of the Sumerian lands was being compromised as a result of rising salinity . Soil salinity in this region had been long recognized as a major problem . Poorly drained irrigated soils , in an arid climate with high levels of evaporation , led to the buildup of dissolved salts in the soil , eventually reducing agricultural yields severely . During the Akkadian and Ur III phases , there was a shift from the cultivation of wheat to the more salt - tolerant barley , but this was insufficient , and during the period from 2100 BC to 1700 BC , it is estimated that the population in this area declined by nearly three fifths . This greatly upset the balance of power within the region , weakening the areas where Sumerian was spoken , and comparatively strengthening those where Akkadian was the major language . Henceforth , Sumerian would remain only a literary and liturgical language , similar to the position occupied by Latin in medieval Europe . </P> <P> Following an Elamite invasion and sack of Ur during the rule of Ibbi - Sin ( c. 1940 BC ) , Sumer came under Amorites rule ( taken to introduce the Middle Bronze Age ) . The independent Amorite states of the 20th to 18th centuries are summarized as the `` Dynasty of Isin '' in the Sumerian king list , ending with the rise of Babylonia under Hammurabi c. 1700 BC . </P> <P> Later rulers who dominated Assyria and Babylonia occasionally assumed the old Sargonic title `` King of Sumer and Akkad '' , such as Tukulti - Ninurta I of Assyria after c. 1225 BC . </P> <H2> Population ( edit ) </H2> The first farmers from Samarra migrated to Sumer , and built shrines and settlements at Eridu . <P> Uruk , one of Sumer 's largest cities , has been estimated to have had a population of 50,000 - 80,000 at its height ; given the other cities in Sumer , and the large agricultural population , a rough estimate for Sumer 's population might be 0.8 million to 1.5 million . The world population at this time has been estimated at about 27 million . </P> <P> The Sumerians spoke a language isolate , but a number of linguists have claimed to be able to detect a substrate language of unknown classification beneath Sumerian because names of some of Sumer 's major cities are not Sumerian , revealing influences of earlier inhabitants . However , the archaeological record shows clear uninterrupted cultural continuity from the time of the early Ubaid period ( 5300 -- 4700 BC C - 14 ) settlements in southern Mesopotamia . The Sumerian people who settled here farmed the lands in this region that were made fertile by silt deposited by the Tigris and the Euphrates . </P> <P> Some archaeologists have speculated that the original speakers of ancient Sumerian may have been farmers , who moved down from the north of Mesopotamia after perfecting irrigation agriculture there . The Ubaid period pottery of southern Mesopotamia has been connected via Choga Mami transitional ware to the pottery of the Samarra period culture ( c. 5700 -- 4900 BC C - 14 ) in the north , who were the first to practice a primitive form of irrigation agriculture along the middle Tigris River and its tributaries . The connection is most clearly seen at Tell Awayli ( Oueilli , Oueili ) near Larsa , excavated by the French in the 1980s , where eight levels yielded pre-Ubaid pottery resembling Samarran ware . According to this theory , farming peoples spread down into southern Mesopotamia because they had developed a temple - centered social organization for mobilizing labor and technology for water control , enabling them to survive and prosper in a difficult environment . </P> <P> Others have suggested a continuity of Sumerians , from the indigenous hunter - fisherfolk traditions , associated with the bifacial assemblages found on the Arabian littoral . Juris Zarins believes the Sumerians may have been the people living in the Persian Gulf region before it flooded at the end of the last Ice Age . </P> <H2> Culture ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Social and family Life ( edit ) </H3> Upper part of a gypsum statue of a Sumerian woman with her hands folded in worship dating to c. 2400 BC , currently held in the British Museum in London <P> Sumerian myths suggest a prohibition against premarital sex . Marriages were often arranged by the parents of the bride and groom ; engagements were usually completed through the approval of contracts recorded on clay tablets . These marriages became legal as soon as the groom delivered a bridal gift to his bride 's father . Nonetheless , evidence suggests that premarital sex was a common , but surreptitious , occurrence . </P> A reconstruction in the British Museum of headgear and necklaces worn by the women in some Sumerian graves <P> In the early Sumerian period , the primitive pictograms suggest that </P> <Ul> <Li> `` Pottery was very plentiful , and the forms of the vases , bowls and dishes were manifold ; there were special jars for honey , butter , oil and wine , which was probably made from dates . Some of the vases had pointed feet , and stood on stands with crossed legs ; others were flat - bottomed , and were set on square or rectangular frames of wood . The oil - jars , and probably others also , were sealed with clay , precisely as in early Egypt . Vases and dishes of stone were made in imitation of those of clay . '' </Li> <Li> `` A feathered head - dress was worn . Beds , stools and chairs were used , with carved legs resembling those of an ox . There were fire - places and fire - altars . '' </Li> <Li> `` Knives , drills , wedges and an instrument that looks like a saw were all known . While spears , bows , arrows , and daggers ( but not swords ) were employed in war . '' </Li> <Li> `` Tablets were used for writing purposes . Daggers with metal blades and wooden handles were worn , and copper was hammered into plates , while necklaces or collars were made of gold . '' </Li> <Li> `` Time was reckoned in lunar months . '' </Li> </Ul> <P> There is considerable evidence concerning Sumerian music . Lyres and flutes were played , among the best - known examples being the Lyres of Ur . </P> <P> Inscriptions describing the reforms of king Urukagina of Lagash ( c. 2300 BC ) say that he abolished the former custom of polyandry in his country , prescribing that a woman who took multiple husbands be stoned with rocks upon which her crime had been written . </P> <P> Sumerian culture was male - dominated and stratified . The Code of Ur - Nammu , the oldest such codification yet discovered , dating to the Ur III , reveals a glimpse at societal structure in late Sumerian law . Beneath the lu - gal ( `` great man '' or king ) , all members of society belonged to one of two basic strata : The `` lu '' or free person , and the slave ( male , arad ; female geme ) . The son of a lu was called a dumu - nita until he married . A woman ( munus ) went from being a daughter ( dumu - mi ) , to a wife ( dam ) , then if she outlived her husband , a widow ( numasu ) and she could then remarry . </P> <P> Prostitution existed but it is not clear if sacred prostitution did . </P> <H3> Language and writing ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Sumerian language and Cuneiform Early writing tablet recording the allocation of beer , 3100 -- 3000 BC <P> The most important archaeological discoveries in Sumer are a large number of clay tablets written in cuneiform script . Sumerian writing , while proven to not be the oldest example of writing on earth , is considered to be a great milestone in the development of humanity 's ability to not only create historical records but also in creating pieces of literature , both in the form of poetic epics and stories as well as prayers and laws . Although pictures -- that is , hieroglyphs -- were used first , cuneiform and then ideograms ( where symbols were made to represent ideas ) soon followed . Triangular or wedge - shaped reeds were used to write on moist clay . A large body of hundreds of thousands of texts in the Sumerian language have survived , such as personal and business letters , receipts , lexical lists , laws , hymns , prayers , stories , and daily records . Full libraries of clay tablets have been found . Monumental inscriptions and texts on different objects , like statues or bricks , are also very common . Many texts survive in multiple copies because they were repeatedly transcribed by scribes in training . Sumerian continued to be the language of religion and law in Mesopotamia long after Semitic speakers had become dominant . </P> <P> A prime example of cuneiform writing would be a lengthy poem that was discovered in the ruins of Uruk . The Epic of Gilgamesh was written in the standard Sumerian cuneiform . It tells of a king from the early Dynastic II period named Gilgamesh or `` Bilgamesh '' in Sumerian . The story is based around the fictional adventures of Gilgamesh and his companion , Enkidu . It was laid out on several clay tablets and is claimed to be the earliest example of a fictional , written piece of literature discovered so far . </P> <P> The Sumerian language is generally regarded as a language isolate in linguistics because it belongs to no known language family ; Akkadian , by contrast , belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages . There have been many failed attempts to connect Sumerian to other language families . It is an agglutinative language ; in other words , morphemes ( `` units of meaning '' ) are added together to create words , unlike analytic languages where morphemes are purely added together to create sentences . Some authors have proposed that there may be evidence of a substratum or adstratum language for geographic features and various crafts and agricultural activities , called variously Proto - Euphratean or Proto Tigrean , but this is disputed by others . </P> <P> Understanding Sumerian texts today can be problematic even for experts . Most difficult are the earliest texts , which in many cases do not give the full grammatical structure of the language and seem to have been used as an `` aide - mémoire '' for knowledgeable scribes . </P> <P> During the 3rd millennium BC a cultural symbiosis developed between the Sumerians and the Akkadians , which included widespread bilingualism . The influences between Sumerian on Akkadian are evident in all areas including lexical borrowing on a massive scale -- and syntactic , morphological , and phonological convergence . This mutual influence has prompted scholars to refer to Sumerian and Akkadian of the 3rd millennium BC as a Sprachbund . </P> <P> Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as a spoken language somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC , but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred , ceremonial , literary , and scientific language in Babylonia and Assyria until the 1st century AD . </P> <H3> Religion ( edit ) </H3> Tell Asmar votive sculpture , 2750 -- 2600 BC Main article : Sumerian religion <P> The Sumerians credited their divinities for all matters pertaining to them and exhibited humility in the face of cosmic forces , such as death and divine wrath . </P> <P> Sumerian religion seems to have been founded upon two separate cosmogenic myths . The first saw creation as the result of a series of hieroi gamoi or sacred marriages , involving the reconciliation of opposites , postulated as a coming together of male and female divine beings ; the gods . This continued to influence the whole Mesopotamian mythos . Thus , in the later Akkadian Enuma Elish , the creation was seen as the union of fresh and salt water ; as male Abzu , and female Tiamat . The products of that union , Lahm and Lahmu , `` the muddy ones '' , were titles given to the gate keepers of the E-Abzu temple of Enki , in Eridu , the first Sumerian city . Describing the way that muddy islands emerge from the confluence of fresh and salty water at the mouth of the Euphrates , where the river deposited its load of silt , a second hieros gamos supposedly created Anshar and Kishar , the `` sky - pivot '' or axle , and the `` earth pivot '' , parents in turn of Anu ( the sky ) and Ki ( the earth ) . Another important Sumerian hieros gamos was that between Ki , here known as Ninhursag or `` Lady of the Mountains '' , and Enki of Eridu , the god of fresh water which brought forth greenery and pasture . </P> <P> At an early stage , following the dawn of recorded history , Nippur , in central Mesopotamia , replaced Eridu in the south as the primary temple city , whose priests exercised political hegemony on the other city - states . Nippur retained this status throughout the Sumerian period . </P> Deities ( edit ) Akkadian cylinder seal from sometime around 2300 BC or thereabouts depicting the deities Inanna , Utu , Enki , and Isimud . <P> Sumerians believed in an anthropomorphic polytheism , or the belief in many gods in human form . There was no common set of gods ; each city - state had its own patrons , temples , and priest - kings . Nonetheless , these were not exclusive ; the gods of one city were often acknowledged elsewhere . Sumerian speakers were among the earliest people to record their beliefs in writing , and were a major inspiration in later Mesopotamian mythology , religion , and astrology . </P> <P> The Sumerians worshiped : </P> <Ul> <Li> An as the full - time god equivalent to heaven ; indeed , the word an in Sumerian means sky and his consort Ki , means earth . </Li> <Li> Enki in the south at the temple in Eridu . Enki was the god of beneficence and of wisdom , ruler of the freshwater depths beneath the earth , a healer and friend to humanity who in Sumerian myth was thought to have given humans the arts and sciences , the industries and manners of civilization ; the first law book was considered his creation , </Li> <Li> Enlil was the god of storm , wind , and rain . He was the chief god of the Sumerian pantheon and the patron god of Nippur . His consort was Ninlil , the goddess of the south wind . </Li> <Li> Inanna was the goddess of love , beauty , sexuality , prostitution , and war ; the deification of Venus , the morning ( eastern ) and evening ( western ) star , at the temple ( shared with An ) at Uruk . Deified kings may have re-enacted the marriage of Inanna and Dumuzid with priestesses . </Li> <Li> The sun - god Utu at Larsa in the south and Sippar in the north , </Li> <Li> The moon god Sin at Ur . </Li> </Ul> Sumero - early Akkadian pantheon <P> These deities formed a core pantheon ; there were additionally hundreds of minor ones . Sumerian gods could thus have associations with different cities , and their religious importance often waxed and waned with those cities ' political power . The gods were said to have created human beings from clay for the purpose of serving them . The temples organized the mass labour projects needed for irrigation agriculture . Citizens had a labor duty to the temple , though they could avoid it by a payment of silver . </P> Cosmology ( edit ) <P> Sumerians believed that the universe consisted of a flat disk enclosed by a dome . The Sumerian afterlife involved a descent into a gloomy netherworld to spend eternity in a wretched existence as a Gidim ( ghost ) . </P> <P> The universe was divided into four quarters : </P> <Ul> <Li> To the north were the hill - dwelling Subartu , who were periodically raided for slaves , timber , and other raw materials . </Li> <Li> To the west were the tent - dwelling Martu , ancient Semitic - speaking peoples living as pastoral nomads tending herds of sheep and goats . </Li> <Li> To the south was the land of Dilmun , a trading state associated with the land of the dead and the place of creation . </Li> <Li> To the east were the Elamites , a rival people with whom the Sumerians were frequently at war . </Li> </Ul> <P> Their known world extended from The Upper Sea or Mediterranean coastline , to The Lower Sea , the Persian Gulf and the land of Meluhha ( probably the Indus Valley ) and Magan ( Oman ) , famed for its copper ores . </P> Temple and temple organisation ( edit ) <P> Ziggurats ( Sumerian temples ) each had an individual name and consisted of a forecourt , with a central pond for purification . The temple itself had a central nave with aisles along either side . Flanking the aisles would be rooms for the priests . At one end would stand the podium and a mudbrick table for animal and vegetable sacrifices . Granaries and storehouses were usually located near the temples . After a time the Sumerians began to place the temples on top of multi-layered square constructions built as a series of rising terraces , giving rise to the Ziggurat style . </P> Funerary practices ( edit ) <P> It was believed that when people died , they would be confined to a gloomy world of Ereshkigal , whose realm was guarded by gateways with various monsters designed to prevent people entering or leaving . The dead were buried outside the city walls in graveyards where a small mound covered the corpse , along with offerings to monsters and a small amount of food . Those who could afford it sought burial at Dilmun . Human sacrifice was found in the death pits at the Ur royal cemetery where Queen Puabi was accompanied in death by her servants . </P> <H3> Agriculture and hunting ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Sumerians adopted an agricultural lifestyle perhaps as early as c. 5000 BC -- 4500 BC . The region demonstrated a number of core agricultural techniques , including organized irrigation , large - scale intensive cultivation of land , mono - cropping involving the use of plough agriculture , and the use of an agricultural specialized labour force under bureaucratic control . The necessity to manage temple accounts with this organization led to the development of writing ( c. 3500 BC ) . </P> From the royal tombs of Ur , made of lapis lazuli and shell , shows peacetime <P> In the early Sumerian Uruk period , the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep , goats , cattle , and pigs were domesticated . They used oxen as their primary beasts of burden and donkeys or equids as their primary transport animal and `` woollen clothing as well as rugs were made from the wool or hair of the animals ... By the side of the house was an enclosed garden planted with trees and other plants ; wheat and probably other cereals were sown in the fields , and the shaduf was already employed for the purpose of irrigation . Plants were also grown in pots or vases . '' </P> An account of barley rations issued monthly to adults and children written in cuneiform script on a clay tablet , written in year 4 of King Urukagina , c. 2350 BC <P> The Sumerians were one of the first known beer drinking societies . Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew . They brewed multiple kinds of beer consisting of wheat , barley , and mixed grain beers . Beer brewing was very important to the Sumerians . It was referenced in the Epic of Gilgamesh when Enkidu was introduced to the food and beer of Gilgamesh 's people : `` Drink the beer , as is the custom of the land ... He drank the beer - seven jugs ! and became expansive and sang with joy ! '' </P> <P> The Sumerians practiced similar irrigation techniques as those used in Egypt . American anthropologist Robert McCormick Adams says that irrigation development was associated with urbanization , and that 89 % of the population lived in the cities . </P> <P> They grew barley , chickpeas , lentils , wheat , dates , onions , garlic , lettuce , leeks and mustard . Sumerians caught many fish and hunted fowl and gazelle . </P> <P> Sumerian agriculture depended heavily on irrigation . The irrigation was accomplished by the use of shaduf , canals , channels , dykes , weirs , and reservoirs . The frequent violent floods of the Tigris , and less so , of the Euphrates , meant that canals required frequent repair and continual removal of silt , and survey markers and boundary stones needed to be continually replaced . The government required individuals to work on the canals in a corvee , although the rich were able to exempt themselves . </P> <P> As is known from the `` Sumerian Farmer 's Almanac '' , after the flood season and after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu or New Year Festival , using the canals , farmers would flood their fields and then drain the water . Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds . They then dragged the fields with pickaxes . After drying , they plowed , harrowed , and raked the ground three times , and pulverized it with a mattock , before planting seed . Unfortunately , the high evaporation rate resulted in a gradual increase in the salinity of the fields . By the Ur III period , farmers had switched from wheat to the more salt - tolerant barley as their principal crop . </P> <P> Sumerians harvested during the spring in three - person teams consisting of a reaper , a binder , and a sheaf handler . The farmers would use threshing wagons , driven by oxen , to separate the cereal heads from the stalks and then use threshing sleds to disengage the grain . They then winnowed the grain / chaff mixture . </P> <H3> Architecture ( edit ) </H3> Dedication Nail , ca . 2100 BC . Main articles : Sumerian architecture , Ziggurat , and Mudhif <P> The Tigris - Euphrates plain lacked minerals and trees . Sumerian structures were made of plano - convex mudbrick , not fixed with mortar or cement . Mud - brick buildings eventually deteriorate , so they were periodically destroyed , leveled , and rebuilt on the same spot . This constant rebuilding gradually raised the level of cities , which thus came to be elevated above the surrounding plain . The resultant hills , known as tells , are found throughout the ancient Near East . </P> <P> According to Archibald Sayce , the primitive pictograms of the early Sumerian ( i.e. Uruk ) era suggest that `` Stone was scarce , but was already cut into blocks and seals . Brick was the ordinary building material , and with it cities , forts , temples and houses were constructed . The city was provided with towers and stood on an artificial platform ; the house also had a tower - like appearance . It was provided with a door which turned on a hinge , and could be opened with a sort of key ; the city gate was on a larger scale , and seems to have been double . The foundation stones -- or rather bricks -- of a house were consecrated by certain objects that were deposited under them . '' </P> <P> The most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats , large layered platforms that supported temples . Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE . The Sumerians also developed the arch , which enabled them to develop a strong type of dome . They built this by constructing and linking several arches . Sumerian temples and palaces made use of more advanced materials and techniques , such as buttresses , recesses , half columns , and clay nails . </P> <H3> Mathematics ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Babylonian mathematics <P> The Sumerians developed a complex system of metrology c. 4000 BC . This advanced metrology resulted in the creation of arithmetic , geometry , and algebra . From c. 2600 BC onwards , the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems . The earliest traces of the Babylonian numerals also date back to this period . The period c. 2700 -- 2300 BC saw the first appearance of the abacus , and a table of successive columns which delimited the successive orders of magnitude of their sexagesimal number system . The Sumerians were the first to use a place value numeral system . There is also anecdotal evidence the Sumerians may have used a type of slide rule in astronomical calculations . They were the first to find the area of a triangle and the volume of a cube . </P> <H3> Economy and trade ( edit ) </H3> Bill of sale of a male slave and a building in Shuruppak , Sumerian tablet , c. 2600 BC <P> Discoveries of obsidian from far - away locations in Anatolia and lapis lazuli from Badakhshan in northeastern Afghanistan , beads from Dilmun ( modern Bahrain ) , and several seals inscribed with the Indus Valley script suggest a remarkably wide - ranging network of ancient trade centered on the Persian Gulf . For example , Imports to Ur came from many parts of the world . In particular , the metals of all types had to be imported . </P> <P> The Epic of Gilgamesh refers to trade with far lands for goods such as wood that were scarce in Mesopotamia . In particular , cedar from Lebanon was prized . The finding of resin in the tomb of Queen Puabi at Ur , indicates it was traded from as far away as Mozambique . </P> <P> The Sumerians used slaves , although they were not a major part of the economy . Slave women worked as weavers , pressers , millers , and porters . </P> <P> Sumerian potters decorated pots with cedar oil paints . The potters used a bow drill to produce the fire needed for baking the pottery . Sumerian masons and jewelers knew and made use of alabaster ( calcite ) , ivory , iron , gold , silver , carnelian , and lapis lazuli . </P> Money and credit ( edit ) <P> Large institutions kept their accounts in barley and silver , often with a fixed rate between them . The obligations , loans and prices in general were usually denominated in one of them . Many transactions involved debt , for example goods consigned to merchants by temple and beer advanced by `` ale women '' . </P> <P> Commercial credit and agricultural consumer loans were the main types of loans . The trade credit was usually extended by temples in order to finance trade expeditions and was nominated in silver . The interest rate was set at 1 / 60 a month ( one shekel per mina ) some time before 2000 BC and it remained at that level for about two thousand years . Rural loans commonly arose as a result of unpaid obligations due to an institution ( such as a temple ) , in this case the arrears were considered to be lent to the debtor . They were denominated in barley or other crops and the interest rate was typically much higher than for commercial loans and could amount to 1 / 3 to 1 / 2 of the loan principal . </P> <P> Periodically , rulers signed `` clean slate '' decrees that cancelled all the rural ( but not commercial ) debt and allowed bondservants to return to their homes . Customarily , rulers did it at the beginning of the first full year of their reign , but they could also be proclaimed at times of military conflict or crop failure . The first known ones were made by Enmetena and Urukagina of Lagash in 2400 - 2350 BC . According to Hudson , the purpose of these decrees was to prevent debts mounting to a degree that they threatened the fighting force , which could happen if peasants lost the subsistence land or became bondservants due to the inability to repay the debt . </P> <H3> Military ( edit ) </H3> Early chariots on the Standard of Ur , c. 2600 BC Battle formations on a fragment of the Stele of the Vultures <P> The almost constant wars among the Sumerian city - states for 2000 years helped to develop the military technology and techniques of Sumer to a high level . The first war recorded in any detail was between Lagash and Umma in c. 2525 BC on a stele called the Stele of the Vultures . It shows the king of Lagash leading a Sumerian army consisting mostly of infantry . The infantry carried spears , wore copper helmets , and carried rectangular shields . The spearmen are shown arranged in what resembles the phalanx formation , which requires training and discipline ; this implies that the Sumerians may have made use of professional soldiers . </P> <P> The Sumerian military used carts harnessed to onagers . These early chariots functioned less effectively in combat than did later designs , and some have suggested that these chariots served primarily as transports , though the crew carried battle - axes and lances . The Sumerian chariot comprised a four or two - wheeled device manned by a crew of two and harnessed to four onagers . The cart was composed of a woven basket and the wheels had a solid three - piece design . </P> <P> Sumerian cities were surrounded by defensive walls . The Sumerians engaged in siege warfare between their cities , but the mudbrick walls were able to deter some foes . </P> <H3> Technology ( edit ) </H3> <P> Examples of Sumerian technology include : the wheel , cuneiform script , arithmetic and geometry , irrigation systems , Sumerian boats , lunisolar calendar , bronze , leather , saws , chisels , hammers , braces , bits , nails , pins , rings , hoes , axes , knives , lancepoints , arrowheads , swords , glue , daggers , waterskins , bags , harnesses , armor , quivers , war chariots , scabbards , boots , sandals , harpoons and beer . The Sumerians had three main types of boats : </P> <Ul> <Li> clinker - built sailboats stitched together with hair , featuring bitumen waterproofing </Li> <Li> skin boats constructed from animal skins and reeds </Li> <Li> wooden - oared ships , sometimes pulled upstream by people and animals walking along the nearby banks </Li> </Ul> <H2> Legacy ( edit ) </H2> <P> Evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared in the mid 4th millennium BC , near - simultaneously in Mesopotamia , the Northern Caucasus ( Maykop culture ) and Central Europe . The wheel initially took the form of the potter 's wheel . The new concept quickly led to wheeled vehicles and mill wheels . The Sumerians ' cuneiform script is the oldest ( or second oldest after the Egyptian hieroglyphs ) which has been deciphered ( the status of even older inscriptions such as the Jiahu symbols and Tartaria tablets is controversial ) . The Sumerians were among the first astronomers , mapping the stars into sets of constellations , many of which survived in the zodiac and were also recognized by the ancient Greeks . They were also aware of the five planets that are easily visible to the naked eye . </P> <P> They invented and developed arithmetic by using several different number systems including a mixed radix system with an alternating base 10 and base 6 . This sexagesimal system became the standard number system in Sumer and Babylonia . They may have invented military formations and introduced the basic divisions between infantry , cavalry , and archers . They developed the first known codified legal and administrative systems , complete with courts , jails , and government records . The first true city - states arose in Sumer , roughly contemporaneously with similar entities in what are now Syria and Lebanon . Several centuries after the invention of cuneiform , the use of writing expanded beyond debt / payment certificates and inventory lists to be applied for the first time , about 2600 BC , to messages and mail delivery , history , legend , mathematics , astronomical records , and other pursuits . Conjointly with the spread of writing , the first formal schools were established , usually under the auspices of a city - state 's primary temple . </P> <P> Finally , the Sumerians ushered in domestication with intensive agriculture and irrigation . Emmer wheat , barley , sheep ( starting as mouflon ) , and cattle ( starting as aurochs ) were foremost among the species cultivated and raised for the first time on a grand scale . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Marsh Arabs ( on the DNA distribution of Marsh Arabs ) </Li> <Li> History of Iraq </Li> <Li> History of writing numbers </Li> <Li> Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement </Li> <Li> Ancient Mesopotamian religion </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The name is from Akkadian Šumeru ; Sumerian 𒆠𒂗𒂠 ki - en - ĝir , approximately `` land of the civilized kings '' or `` native land '' . ĝir means `` native , local '' , in ( ĝir NATIVE ( 7x : Old Babylonian ) from The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary ) . Literally , `` land of the native ( local , noble ) lords '' . Stiebing ( 1994 ) has `` Land of the Lords of Brightness '' ( William Stiebing , Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture ) . Postgate ( 1994 ) takes en as substituting eme `` language '' , translating `` land of the Sumerian heart '' ( John Nicholas Postgate ( 1994 ) . Early Mesopotamia : Society and Economy at the Dawn of History . Routledge ( UK ) ... Postgate believes it not that eme , ' tongue ' , became en , ' lord ' , through consonantal assimilation . ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ King , Leonid W. ( 2015 ) A History of Sumer and Akkad ( ISBN 1522847308 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cuneiform ancient.eu </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ancient Mesopotamia . Teaching materials '' . Oriental Institute in collaboration with Chicago Web Docent and eCUIP , The Digital Library . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Ubaid Period ( 5500 -- 4000 B.C. ) '' In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art . The Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York ( October 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ubaid Culture '' , The British Museum </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Beyond the Ubaid '' , ( Carter , Rober A. and Graham , Philip , eds . ) , University of Durham , April 2006 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Sumer ( ancient region , Iraq ) '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kleniewski , Nancy ; Thomas , Alexander R ( 2010 - 03 - 26 ) . `` Cities , Change , and Conflict : A Political Economy of Urban Life '' . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 81222 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maisels , Charles Keith ( 1993 ) . `` The Near East : Archaeology in the `` Cradle of Civilization '' `` . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 04742 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maisels , Charles Keith ( 2001 ) . `` Early Civilizations of the Old World : The Formative Histories of Egypt , the Levant , Mesopotamia , India and China '' . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 10976 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shaw , Ian ; Jameson , Robert ( 2002 ) . `` A dictionary of archaeology '' . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 23583 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Margarethe Uepermann ( 2007 ) , `` Structuring the Late Stone Age of Southeastern Arabia '' ( Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy Volume 3 , Issue 2 , pages 65 -- 109 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamblin , Dora Jane ( May 1987 ) . `` Has the Garden of Eden been located at last ? '' ( PDF ) . Smithsonian Magazine . 18 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 January 2014 . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Deutscher , Guy ( 2007 ) . Syntactic Change in Akkadian : The Evolution of Sentential Complementation . Oxford University Press US . pp. 20 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 953222 - 3 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Leick , Gwendolyn ( 2003 ) , `` Mesopotamia , the Invention of the City '' ( Penguin ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ W. Hallo ; W. Simpson ( 1971 ) . The Ancient Near East . New York : Harcourt , Brace , Jovanovich . p. 28 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : K. van der Toorn , P.W. van der Horst ( Jan 1990 ) . `` Nimrod before and after the Bible '' . The Harvard Theological Review . 83 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 29 . doi : 10.1017 / S0017816000005502 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stanley A. Freed , Research Pitfalls as a Result of the Restoration of Museum Specimens , Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , Volume 376 , The Research Potential of Anthropological Museum Collections pages 229 -- 245 , December 1981 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wolkstein , Diane ; Kramer , Samuel Noah ( 1983 ) . Inanna : Queen of Heaven and Earth : Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 978 - 0060147136 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elizabeth F. Henrickson ; Ingolf Thuesen ; I. Thuesen ( 1989 ) . Upon this Foundation : The N̜baid Reconsidered : Proceedings from the U̜baid Symposium , Elsinore , May 30th - June 1st 1988 . p. 353 . ISBN 9788772890708 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jean - Jacques Glassner ( 2003 ) . The Invention of Cuneiform : Writing in Sumer . p. 31 . ISBN 9780801873898 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Algaze , Guillermo ( 2005 ) `` The Uruk World System : The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization '' , ( Second Edition , University of Chicago Press ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jacobsen , Thorkild ( Ed ) ( 1939 ) , `` The Sumerian King List '' ( Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago ; Assyriological Studies , No. 11. , 1939 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lamb , Hubert H. ( 1995 ) . Climate , History , and the Modern World . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 12735 - 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jacobsen , Thorkild ( 1976 ) , `` The Harps that Once ... ; Sumerian Poetry in Translation '' and `` Treasures of Darkness : a history of Mesopotamian Religion '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George , Andrew ( Translater ) ( 2003 ) , `` The Epic of Gilgamesh '' ( Penguin Classics ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Roux , Georges ( March 1 , 1993 ) . Ancient Iraq . Harmondsworth : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0140125238 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Toward the Image of Tammuz and Other Essays on Mesopotamian History and Culture by T. Jacobsen </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson , William R. ( 2004 ) . `` Complexity , Diminishing Marginal Returns and Serial Mesopotamian Fragmentation '' ( PDF ) . Journal of World Systems Research . 10 ( 3 ) : 612 -- 652 . doi : 10.5195 / jwsr. 2004.288 . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harmansah , Ömür , The Archaeology of Mesopotamia : Ceremonial centers , urbanization and state formation in Southern Mesopotamia , 2007 , p. 699 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones , 1978 , Atlas of World Population History , Facts on File , New York , ISBN 0 - 7139 - 1031 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Karen Rhea Nemet - Nejat ( 30 September 1998 ) . Daily life in ancient Mesopotamia . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29497 - 6 . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.ldolphin.org/eden/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Celibacy in the Ancient World : Its Ideal and Practice in Pre-Hellenistic Israel , Mesopotamia , and Greece by Dale Launderville , page 28 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kramer , Samuel Noah ( 1963 ) . The Sumerians : Their History , Culture , and Character ( PDF ) . The Univ. of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 45238 - 7 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sayce , Rev. A.H. ( 1908 ) . The Archaeology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions ( 2nd revised ed . ) . London , Brighton , New York : Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge . pp. 98 -- 100 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goss , Clint ( 15 April 2017 ) . `` Flutes of Gilgamesh and Ancient Mesopotamia '' . Flutopedia . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gender and the Journal : Diaries and Academic Discourse p. 62 by Cinthia Gannett , 1992 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Black , Jeremy ; Green , Anthony ( 1992 ) , Gods , Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia : An Illustrated Dictionary , University of Texas Press , ISBN 0 - 292 - 70794 - 0 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Woods C. 2006 `` Bilingualism , Scribal Learning , and the Death of Sumerian '' . In S.L. Sanders ( ed ) Margins of Writing , Origins of Culture : 91 - 120 Chicago </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Campbell , Lyle ; Mauricio J. Mixco ( 2007 ) . A glossary of historical linguistics . Edinburgh University Press . p. 196 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 2379 - 2 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Coleman , J.A. ; Davidson , George ( 2015 ) , The Dictionary of Mythology : An A-Z of Themes , Legends , and Heroes , London , England : Arcturus Publishing Limited , ISBN 978 - 1 - 78404 - 478 - 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kramer , Samuel Noah ( 1983 ) , `` The Sumerian Deluge Myth : Reviewed and Revised '' , Anatolian Studies , British Institute at Ankara , 33 : 115 -- 121 , doi : 10.2307 / 3642699 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hallo , William W. ( 1996 ) , `` Review : Enki and the Theology of Eridu '' , Journal of the American Oriental Society , 116 ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Black , Jeremy A. ; Cunningham , Graham ; Robson , Eleanor ( 2006 ) , The Literature of Ancient Sumer , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 929633 - 0 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Black , Jeremy ; Green , Anthony ( 1992 ) . Gods , Demons , and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia : An Illustrated Dictionary . University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0292707948 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leick , Gwendolyn ( 2003 ) , Mesopotamia : The Invention of the City ' ( Penguin ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crawford , Harriet ( 1993 ) , `` Sumer and the Sumerians '' ( Cambridge University Press , ( New York 1993 ) ) , ISBN 0 - 521 - 38850 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibby Geoffrey and Carl Phillips ( 2013 ) , `` Looking for Dilmun '' ( Alfred A. Knopf ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gately , Iain . Drink : A Cultural History of Alcohol . Gotham Books . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 592 - 40303 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mackenzie , Donald Alexander ( 1927 ) . Footprints of Early Man . Blackie & Son Limited . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adams , R. McC. ( 1981 ) . Heartland of Cities . University of Chicago Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tannahill , Reay ( 1968 ) . The fine art of food . Folio Society . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ By the sweat of thy brow : Work in the Western world , Melvin Kranzberg , Joseph Gies , Putnam , 1975 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Duncan J. Melville ( 2003 ) . Third Millennium Chronology , Third Millennium Mathematics . St. Lawrence University . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ifrah 2001 : 11 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson , Marlow ; Wilson , Robin J. ( October 14 , 2004 ) . Sherlock Holmes in Babylon : and other tales of mathematical history . Google Books . ISBN 9780883855461 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Diplomacy by design : Luxury arts and an `` international style '' in the ancient Near East , 1400 - 1200 BC , Marian H. Feldman , University of Chicago Press , 2006 , pp. 120 - 121 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hudson , Michael ( 1998 ) . Michael Hudson and Marc Van De Mieroop , ed . Debt and Economic Renewal in the Ancient Near East . Bethesda , Maryland : CDL . pp. 23 -- 35 . ISBN 1883053714 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Van De Mieroop , Marc ( 1998 ) . Michael Hudson and Marc Van De Mieroop , ed . Debt and Economic Renewal in the Ancient Near East . Bethesda , Maryland : CDL . p. 63 . ISBN 1883053714 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roux , Georges ( 1992 ) , `` Ancient Iraq '' ( Penguin ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Winter , Irene J. ( 1985 ) . `` After the Battle is Over : The ' Stele of the Vultures ' and the Beginning of Historical Narrative in the Art of the Ancient Near East '' . In Kessler , Herbert L. ; Simpson , Marianna Shreve . Pictorial Narrative in Antiquity and the Middle Ages . Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts , Symposium Series IV 16 . Washington DC : National Gallery of Art . pp. 11 -- 32 . ISSN 0091 - 7338 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gary Thompson . `` History of Constellation and Star Names '' . Members.optusnet.com.au . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sumerian Questions and Answers '' . Sumerian.org . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 29 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Ascalone , Enrico. 2007 . Mesopotamia : Assyrians , Sumerians , Babylonians ( Dictionaries of Civilizations ; 1 ) . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 25266 - 7 ( paperback ) . </Li> <Li> Bottéro , Jean , André Finet , Bertrand Lafont , and George Roux. 2001 . Everyday Life in Ancient Mesopotamia . Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . </Li> <Li> Crawford , Harriet E.W. 2004 . Sumer and the Sumerians . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . </Li> <Li> Leick , Gwendolyn. 2002 . Mesopotamia : Invention of the City . London and New York : Penguin . </Li> <Li> Lloyd , Seton. 1978 . The Archaeology of Mesopotamia : From the Old Stone Age to the Persian Conquest . London : Thames and Hudson . </Li> <Li> Nemet - Nejat , Karen Rhea. 1998 . Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia . London and Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press . </Li> <Li> Kramer , Samuel Noah ( 1972 ) . Sumerian Mythology : A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.C. ( Originally published 1944 by American Philosophical Society . Revised 1961 by Harper & Row . Revised edition reprinted 1972 by U. Penn . ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( Rev. ed. ed . ) . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0812210476 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Roux , Georges. 1992 . Ancient Iraq , 560 pages . London : Penguin ( earlier printings may have different pagination : 1966 , 480 pages , Pelican ; 1964 , 431 pages , London : Allen and Urwin ) . </Li> <Li> Schomp , Virginia . Ancient Mesopotamia : The Sumerians , Babylonians , And Assyrians . </Li> <Li> Sumer : Cities of Eden ( Timelife Lost Civilizations ) . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books , 1993 ( hardcover , ISBN 0 - 8094 - 9887 - 1 ) . </Li> <Li> Woolley , C. Leonard . 1929 . The Sumerians . Oxford : Clarendon Press . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Sumer ( category ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Ancient Sumer History -- - The History of the Ancient Near East Electronic Compendium </Li> <Li> Iraq 's Ancient Past -- Penn Museum </Li> <Li> The Sumerians </Li> </Ul> <P> Geography </P> <Ul> <Li> The History Files : Ancient Mesopotamia </Li> </Ul> <P> Language </P> <Ul> <Li> Sumerian Language Page , perhaps the oldest Sumerian website on the web ( it dates back to 1996 ) , features compiled lexicon , detailed FAQ , extensive links , and so on . </Li> <Li> ETCSL : The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature has complete translations of more than 400 Sumerian literary texts . </Li> <Li> PSD : The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary , while still in its initial stages , can be searched on - line , from August 2004 . </Li> <Li> CDLI : Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative a large corpus of Sumerian texts in transliteration , largely from the Early Dynastic and Ur III periods , accessible with images . </Li> </Ul> <P> Coordinates : 32 ° 00 ′ N 45 ° 30 ′ E / 32.0 ° N 45.5 ° E / 32.0 ; 45.5 </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Ancient Syria and Mesopotamia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Syria </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Northern Mesopotamia </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Southern Mesopotamia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> c. 3500 -- 2350 BCE </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Martu </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Subartu </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Sumerian city - 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Xiaomi Mi Band - Wikipedia <H1> Xiaomi Mi Band </H1> <Table> Xiaomi Mi Band <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developer </Th> <Td> Xiaomi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manufacturer </Th> <Td> Foxconn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> fitness tracker </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> July 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 22 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> System - on - chip used </Th> <Td> Dialog SmartBond DA14580 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Connectivity </Th> <Td> Bluetooth 4.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Power </Th> <Td> 41.01 mAh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Online services </Th> <Td> Google Play , F - Droid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Weight </Th> <Td> 13 g ( 0.46 oz ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Successor </Th> <Td> Xiaomi Mi Band 1S , Xiaomi Mi Band 2 , Xiaomi Mi Band 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> mi.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Xiaomi Mi Band is a wearable fitness tracker produced by Xiaomi . Xiaomi Mi Band was unveiled during a Xiaomi launch event on 22 July 2014 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Design </Li> <Li> 2 Specifications </Li> <Li> 3 Software compatibility </Li> <Li> 4 Xiaomi Mi Band Pulse </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Design ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Mi Band resembles a bracelet in its design , and can be worn on either hand , ankle or around the neck . The band 's location can be set using the official Mi Band app called Mi Fit . </P> <P> The band contains the core tracker which is around 9 mm thick , and 36 mm in length . It is inserted into a hypoallergenic TPSiV wristband , which has anti-UV and anti-microbal properties . The tracker is inserted into the charger module , which can be connected to a 5.0 V external power source . It is also called `` Xiaomi Fit '' </P> <H2> Specifications ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Fitness monitor & sleep tracker </Li> <Li> Sleep - cycle smart alarm </Li> <Li> Unlock your Android without a password </Li> <Li> 30 - day standby power </Li> <Li> Water resistant ( IP67 ) </Li> <Li> vibrate alert ( call & notification ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Software compatibility ( edit ) </H2> <P> At the time of launch , the only way to use Mi Band was to use the official Mi Fit app produced by Xiaomi themselves . As the protocol was successfully reverse - engineered , independent companion software implementations were created by different enthusiasts . The most common free unofficial implementations for Android are Gadgetbridge ( that also supports Pebble devices and is focused on notifications more than on fitness purposes ) , Tools & Mi Band and OpenBand ( focused solely on fitness and does n't support notifications as of October 2015 ) . All unofficial implementations that do n't depend on Mi Fit app installed are missing some features official app has , such as OTA firmware update or ability to set different LED colors . Some unofficial companion programs were also written for other officially unsupported platforms such as BlackBerry 10 and Windows Phone . </P> <H2> Xiaomi Mi Band Pulse ( edit ) </H2> <P> Xiaomi , on 7 November 2015 , announced the successor of Xiaomi Mi Band : The Xiaomi Mi Band 1s , or the Xiaomi Mi Band Pulse . It is almost identical to its predecessor but the newer version includes a heart beat sensor , on the bottom side of the band . The new heart beat sensor , adds a little bit of bulkiness on the band as it now measures at 37 x 13.6 x 9.9 mm . The addition of the heart beat sensor seems to have a small impact on the battery life as well . The company though , still promises 30 days of battery life . </P> <P> Heart Rate is measured on demand , the 1S does not offer continuous monitoring . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ https://plus.google.com/+HugoBarra/posts/W1RAY3JZYRh </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Xiaomi Mi Band , la Recensione di ZoomingIn '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://allmydroids.blogspot.com/2014/12/xiaomi-mi-band-ble-protocol-reverse.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://f-droid.org/repository/browse/?fdid=nodomain.freeyourgadget.gadgetbridge </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=cz.zdenekhorak.mibandtools </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ugopiemontese.openband </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Xiaomi Mi Band 1S is official ; $15 device tracks your heart rate , quality of sleep and more '' . PhoneArena.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 18 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Mi Band -- Mi International </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Xiaomi </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mi Phones </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Xiaomi Mi 1 </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> 2S </Li> <Li> 2A </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> 4c </Li> <Li> 4i </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 <Ul> <Li> 5s </Li> <Li> 5s Plus </Li> <Li> 5c </Li> <Li> 5x </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 <Ul> <Li> 6x </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 <Ul> <Li> SE </Li> <Li> EE </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> A1 </Li> <Li> A2 </Li> <Li> Max 1 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> MIX 1 </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> 2S </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Note </Li> <Li> Note 2 </Li> <Li> Note 3 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Redmi Phones </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Redmi 1 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> S2 </Li> <Li> Note </Li> <Li> Note 2 </Li> <Li> Note 3 </Li> <Li> Note 4 </Li> <Li> Note 5 <Ul> <Li> 5a </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pro </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pocophone </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> POCO F1 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other Products </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Xiaomi Mi Band </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Xiaomi Mi Pad </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lei Jun </Li> <Li> MIUI </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This fitness - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xiaomi_Mi_Band&oldid=853253771 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Athletics ( track and field ) equipment </Li> <Li> Sports equipment </Li> <Li> Xiaomi </Li> <Li> Wearable computers </Li> <Li> Activity trackers </Li> <Li> Sports stubs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> <Li> Pages using Infobox information appliance with unknown parameters </Li> <Li> Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia </Li> <Li> All stub articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 12 : 58 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Garage Sale ( the Office ) - wikipedia <H1> Garage Sale ( the Office ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Garage Sale '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The Office episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episode no . </Th> <Td> Season 7 Episode 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Steve Carell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Jon Vitti </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production code </Th> <Td> 7019 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Td> March 24 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Episode chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> ← Previous `` Todd Packer '' </Td> <Td> Next → `` Training Day '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The Office ( U.S. season 7 ) List of The Office ( U.S. TV series ) episodes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Garage Sale '' is the nineteenth episode of the seventh season of the American comedy television series The Office and the show 's 145th episode overall . It originally aired on NBC in the United States on March 24 , 2011 . The episode was written by Jon Vitti and directed by series cast member , Steve Carell . The episode marks his third director 's credit for the series and the final physical appearance of Amy Ryan , having appeared as a regular since `` Classy Christmas '' . </P> <P> In the episode , Michael ( Steve Carell ) decides to propose to Holly ( Amy Ryan ) , and runs into trouble thinking of how to do it well with his expensive diamond ring . He consults several coworkers on advice and for ideas on how to propose . Meanwhile , Dunder Mifflin Scranton 's warehouse and crew hosts a public garage sale . </P> <P> `` Garage Sale '' was met with critical acclaim by both television reviewers as well as fans . Furthermore , HitFix reviewer Alan Sepinwall wrote that the episode could have served as Carell 's last episode . It is considered one of the best episodes of The Office . According to Nielsen Media Research , the episode was viewed by more than 7 million viewers and received a 3.4 rating / 10 % share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 which marked a slight rise in the ratings from the previous episode , `` Todd Packer '' . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Synopsis </Li> <Li> 2 Production </Li> <Li> 3 Cultural references </Li> <Li> 4 Reception <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Ratings </Li> <Li> 4.2 Reviews </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Synopsis ( edit ) </H2> <P> Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) decides to propose to Holly Flax ( Amy Ryan ) , and runs into trouble thinking of how to do it in the most elaborate way possible with his expensive diamond ring ( which cost what he believes is the traditional `` three years ' salary '' ) . He pours gasoline in the parking lot in the shape of letters , planning to light them on fire and show it to Holly . Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) stops it and gathers a meeting of Michael , herself , Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) , Ryan Howard ( B.J. Novak ) , and Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) . They believe Holly truly is `` the one '' for him and give him anecdotes and ideas . He calls Holly 's father to ask his permission ( although he leaves a message rather than speak to him personally ) . Holly catches onto the idea when she calls her parents herself , but she notices her parents seem mentally disoriented . She talks to Michael later and says she wants to move back to Colorado to be there for her dad , and Michael supports her decision . </P> <P> Michael takes Holly on a walk through the office , pointing out the locations of various events throughout their courtship . He opens the door to the kitchen , revealing all of the other employees holding candles . Various members of the office ask Holly if she will marry them ( all of Michael 's plan ) and she politely says no . Michael then leads Holly out to her desk , which is surrounded by dozens of candles . Michael gets down on his knee and begins to make a speech when the sprinklers go off from the candles . The water drenches everyone in the office and Michael proposes . Holly accepts . Everyone then begins to congratulate Michael . However , Michael announces he is moving to Colorado with Holly . The scene ends with his employees in shock . </P> <P> Meanwhile , Dunder Mifflin Scranton 's warehouse and crew host a public garage sale . Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) attempts to walk away with the most expensive item by trading smaller items with his office mates beginning with a thumbtack ( a reference to One red paperclip ) and continuously trading up from table to table . One item on Jim and Pam 's table that piques his interest is a packet of `` miracle legumes . '' Dwight initially believes Jim is trying to prank him , but is astonished when they reappear after Jim had seemingly destroyed the packet . Eventually , his curiosity gets the better of him and he trades Jim a $150 telescope for the legumes . At the end of the episode , Dwight plants and waters the seeds and Jim secretly replaces the pots with full - grown plants . </P> <P> Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) , Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) , and Kevin Malone ( Brian Baumgartner ) play and bet on the Dallas board game ( which Kevin had for sale ) . As the instruction booklet is not with the game , Andy and Darryl make up the rules as they go along , much to Kevin 's objection . Eventually , Kevin notices the money they had bet on the game with is missing , and storms out . As Darryl and Andy look at each other in confusion , Kevin reveals to the cameras that he has the money , stating , `` And that ... is Dallas '' , mocking Andy and Darryl 's previous statement . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> Coupled with the fact that it was the start of Steve 's departure and it was my own , yeah , there was n't a dry eye in the house -- literally , from the water pouring down on us and from our emotions . But it was a beautiful night ... We did it in two takes , but it took the crew quite a bit to vacuum up all the water with these big power vacs and reset everything as we stood by in robes , shivering . `` '' Amy Ryan <P> This episode was written by consulting producer Jon Vitti , his second writing credit of the series since joining the staff at the beginning of the seventh season . It was directed by series star Steve Carell , the third episode he has directed for the series . The episode marked Amy Ryan 's last physical appearance on the series , although she did speak in `` Goodbye , Michael '' . Ryan later said in an interview with New York that `` The script was so sweet anyway that it made us all have a good cry '' especially adding the fact that it was her final appearance . She also expressed her confidence that the series could survive without Carell and that it was the right move for him to leave . Vitti later submitted the episode for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , but it was not nominated . </P> <H2> Cultural references ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Garage Sale '' features several callbacks to previous episodes . Kevin 's skills at poker were previously shown in `` Casino Night '' . Michael 's St. Pauli Girl sign was previously shown in `` Dinner Party '' . Michael mentions when Toby left for Costa Rica from `` Night Out '' . </P> <P> When Dwight trades his thumbtack for various objects , this is a reference to the One red paperclip blog , in which a man trades his red paper clip for an eventual house . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Ratings ( edit ) </H3> <P> In its original American broadcast , `` Garage Sale '' was viewed by an estimated 7.07 million viewers and received a 3.4 rating / 10 % share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 3.4 % of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds , and 10 % of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This marked a slight rise in the ratings from the previous episode , `` Todd Packer '' , which received series lows . The episode ranked second in its timeslot beating the Fox crime drama Bones , which was seen by 8.78 million households ; and CBS coverage of NCAA basketball , which was seen by 6.82 million household ; but it was defeated by the ABC medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , which was seen by an average 10.1 million households . </P> <H3> Reviews ( edit ) </H3> <P> This episode received critical acclaim and is considered one of the best Office episodes . HitFix reviewer Alan Sepinwall called it one of his `` favorite Office episodes ever '' and also called it one of the greatest romantic sitcom episodes of all - time . He also said the episode could have served as Carell 's last episode , and praised `` Garage Sale '' for its multiple subplots , its exploration of the ensemble cast , and Jim 's prank against Dwight . Sepinwall named it one of the best TV episodes of 2011 for series that were not great the whole year and praised it for showcasing `` the ridiculous and romantic sides of The Office '' . He also wrote that it gave Fischer and Krasinski their best material for the series in years . Cindy White of IGN praised it for its mix of comedy and drama . She also complimented it for the showcase of the cast , ultimately giving the episode a 9 / 10 . James Poniewozik of Time said it `` was unspectacular as an episode overall but did build to a delightful moment as Michael finally proposed to Holly '' , later naming it one of his honorable mentions for the top 10 TV episodes of 2011 . </P> <P> The A.V. Club writer Myles McNutt called the episode a `` spiritual successor to ' Casino Night ' , which remains one of my all - time favorite episodes of the series '' for `` turning what could feel like a gimmicky sitcom scenario into something that feels distinct to both the office ( the characters ) ... and The Office '' . He ultimately gave the episode an A - . Kevin Fallon of The Atlantic compared the proposal to other television proposals on Friends , Cheers and Frasier . New York writer Willer Paskin praised the writers for being adept at writing for romance . Following the airing of the episode , Colorado governor John Hickenlooper issued a press release appointing Michael Scott to the position of Director of Paper Distribution in the Department of Natural Resources . `` Garage Sale '' was voted the third - highest - rated out of 24 from the seventh season , according to an `` Survivor '' episode poll at the fansite OfficeTally . It was later named the 20th - best episode of the series according to an episode poll by OfficeTally . BuddyTV named the episode the 19th - best TV episode of 2011 and it was the only episode of the series to make the list . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Office : Garage Sale '' . OfficeTally . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chou , Jessica . `` Amy Ryan Talks About Her Cold , Wet Proposal on The Office -- Vulture '' . New York . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Office Emmy nominating ballot submissions '' . OfficeTally . June 13 , 2011 . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McNutt , Myles ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` '' Garage Sale '' The Office TV Club TV `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : White , Cindy ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` The Office : `` Garage Sale '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : `` Private Practice , '' `` Parks & Recreation , '' `` 30 Rock '' Adjusted Down ; `` American Idol , '' `` Grey 's Anatomy , '' `` Wipeout '' Adjusted Up ; Plus CBS NCAA Basketball Ratings `` . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 25 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Office , ' ' Outsourced , ' and ' Private Practice ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` Review : ' The Office ' -- ' Garage Sale ' : More than decent proposal '' . HitFix . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( December 23 , 2011 ) . `` Best of the Rest : 10 Great TV episodes from 2011 '' . HitFix . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` The Morning After : That 's What She Said '' . Time . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` The Top 10 TV Episodes of 2011 : The Best and the Rest '' . Time . Retrieved December 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Great Proposals in Sitcom History , From ' Cheers ' to ' The Office ' -- Kevin Fallon -- Entertainment '' . The Atlantic . March 11 , 2011 . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa . `` The Office Recap : Marrying Me Will You Be ? -- Vulture '' . New York . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gov. Hickenlooper appoints new Director of Paper Distribution in the Department of Natural Resources </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Survivor Poll : Season 7 '' . OfficeTally . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Office All - Time Fan Favorite Poll , 2011 '' . OfficeTally . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Kubicek . `` BuddyTV Slideshow The 50 Best TV Episodes of 2011 '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` Garage Sale '' at NBC.com </Li> <Li> `` Garage Sale '' on IMDb </Li> <Li> `` Garage Sale '' at TV.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Office ( U.S. ) episodes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 1 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Pilot '' </Li> <Li> `` Diversity Day '' </Li> <Li> `` Health Care '' </Li> <Li> `` The Alliance '' </Li> <Li> `` Basketball '' </Li> <Li> `` Hot Girl '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 2 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Dundies '' </Li> <Li> `` Sexual Harassment '' </Li> <Li> `` Office Olympics '' </Li> <Li> `` The Fire '' </Li> <Li> `` Halloween '' </Li> <Li> `` The Fight '' </Li> <Li> `` The Client '' </Li> <Li> `` Performance Review '' </Li> <Li> `` Email Surveillance '' </Li> <Li> `` Christmas Party '' </Li> <Li> `` Booze Cruise '' </Li> <Li> `` The Injury '' </Li> <Li> `` The Secret '' </Li> <Li> `` The Carpet '' </Li> <Li> `` Boys and Girls '' </Li> <Li> `` Valentine 's Day '' </Li> <Li> `` Dwight 's Speech '' </Li> <Li> `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' </Li> <Li> `` Michael 's Birthday '' </Li> <Li> `` Drug Testing '' </Li> <Li> `` Conflict Resolution '' </Li> <Li> `` Casino Night '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 3 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Gay Witch Hunt '' </Li> <Li> `` The Convention '' </Li> <Li> `` The Coup '' </Li> <Li> `` Grief Counseling '' </Li> <Li> `` Initiation '' </Li> <Li> `` Diwali '' </Li> <Li> `` Branch Closing '' </Li> <Li> `` The Merger '' </Li> <Li> `` The Convict '' </Li> <Li> `` A Benihana Christmas '' </Li> <Li> `` Back from Vacation '' </Li> <Li> `` Traveling Salesmen '' </Li> <Li> `` The Return '' </Li> <Li> `` Ben Franklin '' </Li> <Li> `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' </Li> <Li> `` Business School '' </Li> <Li> `` Cocktails '' </Li> <Li> `` The Negotiation '' </Li> <Li> `` Safety Training '' </Li> <Li> `` Product Recall '' </Li> <Li> `` Women 's Appreciation '' </Li> <Li> `` Beach Games '' </Li> <Li> `` The Job '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 4 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Fun Run '' </Li> <Li> `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' </Li> <Li> `` Launch Party '' </Li> <Li> `` Money '' </Li> <Li> `` Local Ad '' </Li> <Li> `` Branch Wars '' </Li> <Li> `` Survivor Man '' </Li> <Li> `` The Deposition '' </Li> <Li> `` Dinner Party '' </Li> <Li> `` Chair Model '' </Li> <Li> `` Night Out '' </Li> <Li> `` Did I Stutter ? '' </Li> <Li> `` Job Fair '' </Li> <Li> `` Goodbye , Toby '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 5 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Weight Loss '' </Li> <Li> `` Business Ethics '' </Li> <Li> `` Baby Shower '' </Li> <Li> `` Crime Aid '' </Li> <Li> `` Employee Transfer '' </Li> <Li> `` Customer Survey '' </Li> <Li> `` Business Trip '' </Li> <Li> `` Frame Toby '' </Li> <Li> `` The Surplus '' </Li> <Li> `` Moroccan Christmas '' </Li> <Li> `` The Duel '' </Li> <Li> `` Prince Family Paper '' </Li> <Li> `` Stress Relief '' </Li> <Li> `` Lecture Circuit '' </Li> <Li> `` Blood Drive '' </Li> <Li> `` Golden Ticket '' </Li> <Li> `` New Boss '' </Li> <Li> `` Two Weeks '' </Li> <Li> `` Dream Team '' </Li> <Li> `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' </Li> <Li> `` Heavy Competition '' </Li> <Li> `` Broke '' </Li> <Li> `` Casual Friday '' </Li> <Li> `` Cafe Disco '' </Li> <Li> `` Company Picnic '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 6 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Gossip '' </Li> <Li> `` The Meeting '' </Li> <Li> `` The Promotion '' </Li> <Li> `` Niagara '' </Li> <Li> `` Mafia '' </Li> <Li> `` The Lover '' </Li> <Li> `` Koi Pond '' </Li> <Li> `` Double Date '' </Li> <Li> `` Murder '' </Li> <Li> `` Shareholder Meeting '' </Li> <Li> `` Scott 's Tots '' </Li> <Li> `` Secret Santa '' </Li> <Li> `` The Banker '' </Li> <Li> `` Sabre '' </Li> <Li> `` The Manager and the Salesman '' </Li> <Li> `` The Delivery '' </Li> <Li> `` St. Patrick 's Day '' </Li> <Li> `` New Leads '' </Li> <Li> `` Happy Hour '' </Li> <Li> `` Secretary 's Day '' </Li> <Li> `` Body Language '' </Li> <Li> `` The Cover - Up '' </Li> <Li> `` The Chump '' </Li> <Li> `` Whistleblower '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 7 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Nepotism '' </Li> <Li> `` Counseling '' </Li> <Li> `` Andy 's Play '' </Li> <Li> `` Sex Ed '' </Li> <Li> `` The Sting </Li> <Li> `` Costume Contest '' </Li> <Li> `` Christening '' </Li> <Li> `` Viewing Party '' </Li> <Li> `` WUPHF.com '' </Li> <Li> `` China '' </Li> <Li> `` Classy Christmas '' </Li> <Li> `` Ultimatum '' </Li> <Li> `` The Seminar '' </Li> <Li> `` The Search '' </Li> <Li> `` PDA '' </Li> <Li> `` Threat Level Midnight '' </Li> <Li> `` Todd Packer '' </Li> <Li> `` Garage Sale '' </Li> <Li> `` Training Day '' </Li> <Li> `` Michael 's Last Dundies '' </Li> <Li> `` Goodbye , Michael '' </Li> <Li> `` The Inner Circle '' </Li> <Li> `` Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager '' </Li> <Li> `` Search Committee '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 8 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The List '' </Li> <Li> `` The Incentive '' </Li> <Li> `` Lotto '' </Li> <Li> `` Garden Party '' </Li> <Li> `` Spooked '' </Li> <Li> `` Doomsday '' </Li> <Li> `` Pam 's Replacement '' </Li> <Li> `` Gettysburg '' </Li> <Li> `` Mrs. California '' </Li> <Li> `` Christmas Wishes '' </Li> <Li> `` Trivia '' </Li> <Li> `` Pool Party '' </Li> <Li> `` Jury Duty '' </Li> <Li> `` Special Project '' </Li> <Li> `` Tallahassee '' </Li> <Li> `` After Hours '' </Li> <Li> `` Test the Store '' </Li> <Li> `` Last Day in Florida '' </Li> <Li> `` Get the Girl '' </Li> <Li> `` Welcome Party '' </Li> <Li> `` Angry Andy '' </Li> <Li> `` Fundraiser '' </Li> <Li> `` Turf War '' </Li> <Li> `` Free Family Portrait Studio '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 9 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` New Guys '' </Li> <Li> `` Roy 's Wedding '' </Li> <Li> `` Andy 's Ancestry '' </Li> <Li> `` Work Bus '' </Li> <Li> `` Here Comes Treble '' </Li> <Li> `` The Boat '' </Li> <Li> `` The Whale '' </Li> <Li> `` The Target '' </Li> <Li> `` Dwight Christmas '' </Li> <Li> `` Lice '' </Li> <Li> `` Suit Warehouse '' </Li> <Li> `` Customer Loyalty '' </Li> <Li> `` Junior Salesman '' </Li> <Li> `` Vandalism '' </Li> <Li> `` Couples Discount '' </Li> <Li> `` Moving On '' </Li> <Li> `` The Farm '' </Li> <Li> `` Promos '' </Li> <Li> `` Stairmageddon '' </Li> <Li> `` Paper Airplane '' </Li> <Li> `` Livin ' the Dream '' </Li> <Li> `` A.A.R.M. '' </Li> <Li> `` Finale '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Webisodes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Accountants </Li> <Li> Kevin 's Loan </Li> <Li> The Outburst </Li> <Li> Blackmail </Li> <Li> Subtle Sexuality </Li> <Li> The Mentor </Li> <Li> The 3rd Floor </Li> <Li> The Podcast </Li> <Li> The Girl Next Door </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garage_Sale_(The_Office)&oldid=818056078 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> The Office ( U.S. season 7 ) episodes </Li> <Li> 2011 American television episodes </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Good articles </Li> <Li> Tv.com template using numeric id </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 07 : 18 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Politics of the United States - Wikipedia <H1> Politics of the United States </H1> Jump to : navigation , search See also : Elections in the United States <Table> <Tr> <Td> This article is part of a series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Politics of the United States of America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federal Government ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Constitution of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Law </Li> <Li> Taxation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Legislature ( show ) <Ul> <Li> United States Congress </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> House of Representatives </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Congressional districts </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> United States Senate </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> President Mike Pence ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Executive ( show ) <Ul> <Li> President of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Donald Trump ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Vice President of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Mike Pence ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Cabinet </Li> <Li> Federal agencies </Li> <Li> Executive Office </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Judiciary ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Supreme Court of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Chief Justice John Roberts </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Kennedy </Li> <Li> Thomas </Li> <Li> Ginsburg </Li> <Li> Breyer </Li> <Li> Alito </Li> <Li> Sotomayor </Li> <Li> Kagan </Li> <Li> Gorsuch </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Courts of Appeals </Li> <Li> District Courts ( list ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Other tribunals </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elections ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Presidential elections </Li> <Li> Midterm elections </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Off - year elections </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Political parties ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Democratic </Li> <Li> Republican </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Third parties </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federalism ( show ) <Ul> <Li> State Government </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Governors </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Legislatures ( List ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> State courts </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Local government </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Other countries </Li> <Li> Atlas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Political system of the United States <P> The United States is a federal republic in which the president , Congress , and federal courts share powers reserved to the national government according to its Constitution . At the same time , the federal government shares sovereignty with the state governments . </P> <P> The executive branch is headed by the President and is formally independent of both the legislature and the judiciary . The cabinet serves as a set of advisers to the President . They include the Vice President and heads of the executive departments . Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of Congress , the Senate and the House of Representatives . The judicial branch ( or judiciary ) , composed of the Supreme Court and lower federal courts , exercises judicial power ( or judiciary ) . The judiciary 's function is to interpret the United States Constitution and federal laws and regulations . This includes resolving disputes between the executive and legislative branches . The federal government 's layout is explained in the Constitution . </P> <P> Two political parties , the Democratic Party and the Republican Party , have dominated American politics since the American Civil War , although there have also been smaller parties like the Libertarian Party , the Green Party , and the Constitution Party . </P> <P> There are major differences between the political system of the United States and that of most other developed democracies . These include greater power in the upper house of the legislature , a wider scope of power held by the Supreme Court , the separation of powers between the legislature and the executive , and the dominance of only two main parties . Third parties have less political influence in the United States than in other democratically run developed countries ; this is because of a combination of stringent historic controls . These controls take shape in the form of state and federal laws , informal media prohibitions , and winner - take - all elections , and include ballot access issues and exclusive debate rules . </P> <P> This multiplicity of jurisdictions reflects the country 's history . The federal government was created by the states , which as colonies were established separately and governed themselves independently of the others . Units of local government were created by the colonies to efficiently carry out various state functions . As the country expanded , it admitted new states modeled on the existing ones . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Political culture <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Colonial origins </Li> <Li> 1.2 American ideology </Li> <Li> 1.3 Usage of `` left -- right '' politics </Li> <Li> 1.4 Suffrage </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 State government </Li> <Li> 3 Local government <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Mayor - Council </Li> <Li> 3.2 The Commission </Li> <Li> 3.3 Council - Manager </Li> <Li> 3.4 County government </Li> <Li> 3.5 Town and village government </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Campaign finance </Li> <Li> 5 Political parties and elections <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Political parties </Li> <Li> 5.2 Elections </Li> <Li> 5.3 Organization of American political parties </Li> <Li> 5.4 General developments </Li> <Li> 5.5 Development of the two - party system in the United States </Li> <Li> 5.6 Gerrymandering </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Political pressure groups </Li> <Li> 7 Concerns about oligarchy and a diminishing democracy </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Further reading </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Political culture ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Political culture of the United States <P> Scholars from Alexis de Tocqueville to the present have found a strong continuity in core American political values since the time of the American Revolution in the late 18th century . </P> <H3> Colonial origins ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Colonial history of the United States <P> Some of Britain 's North American colonies became exceptional in the European world for their vibrant political culture , which attracted the most talented and ambitious young men into politics . Reasons for this American exceptionalism included : </P> <Ol> <Li> Suffrage was the most widespread in the world , with every man who owned a certain amount of property allowed to vote . While fewer than 20 % of British men could vote , a majority of white American men were eligible . While the roots of democracy were apparent , nevertheless deference was typically shown to social elites in colonial elections . That deference declined sharply with the American Revolution . </Li> <Li> In each colony , elected bodies , especially the assemblies and county governments , decided a wide range of public and private business . Topics of public concern and debate included land grants , commercial subsidies , and taxation , as well as oversight of roads , poor relief , taverns , and schools . Americans spent a great deal of time in court , as private lawsuits were very common . Legal affairs were overseen by local judges and juries , with a central role for trained lawyers . This promoted the rapid expansion of the legal profession , and the dominant role of lawyers in politics was apparent by the 1770s , as attested by the careers of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson , among many others . </Li> <Li> The North American colonies were exceptional in the world context because of the growth of representation of different interest groups . Unlike in Europe , where royal courts , aristocratic families and established churches exercised control , the American political culture was open to merchants , landlords , petty farmers , artisans , Anglicans , Presbyterians , Quakers , Germans , Scotch Irish , Yankees , Yorkers , and many other identifiable groups . Over 90 % of the representatives elected to the legislature lived in their districts , unlike in the United Kingdom where it was common to have an absentee member of Parliament . </Li> <Li> Americans became fascinated by and increasingly adopted the political values of republicanism , which stressed equal rights , the need for virtuous citizens , and the evils of corruption , luxury , and aristocracy . </Li> </Ol> <P> None of the colonies had political parties of the sort that formed in the 1790s , but each had shifting factions that vied for power . </P> <H3> American ideology ( edit ) </H3> <P> Republicanism , along with a form of classical liberalism , remains the dominant ideology . Central documents include the Declaration of Independence ( 1776 ) , Constitution ( 1787 ) , The Federalist Papers ( 1788 ) , Bill of Rights ( 1791 ) , and Abraham Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address ( 1863 ) , among others . The political scientist Louis Hartz articulated this theme in American political culture in The Liberal Tradition in America ( 1955 ) . Hartz saw the antebellum South as breaking away from this central ideology in the 1820s as it constructed a fantasy to support hierarchical , feudal society . Others , such as David Gordon of the libertarian , Alabama - based Mises Institute argue that the secessionists who formed the Confederacy in 1861 retained the values of classical liberalism . Among the core tenets of this ideology are the following : </P> <Ul> <Li> Civic duty : Citizens have the responsibility to understand and support the government , participate in elections , pay taxes , and perform military service . </Li> <Li> Opposition to Political corruption </Li> <Li> Democracy : The government is answerable to citizens , who may change the representatives through elections . </Li> <Li> Equality before the law : The laws should attach no special privilege to any citizen . Government officials are subject to the law just as others are </Li> <Li> Freedom of religion : The government can neither support nor suppress religion </Li> <Li> Freedom of speech : The government can not restrict through law or action the personal speech of a citizen ; a marketplace of ideas </Li> </Ul> <P> In response to Hartz and others , political scientist Rogers M. Smith argued in Civic Ideals ( 1999 ) that in addition to liberalism and republicanism , United States political culture has historically served to exclude various populations from access to full citizenship . Terming this ideological tradition `` ascriptive inegalitarianism , '' Smith traces its relevance in nativist , sexist , and racist beliefs and practices alongside struggles over citizenship laws from the early colonial period to the Progressive Era , and further political debates in the following century . </P> <P> At the time of the United States ' founding , agriculture and small private businesses dominated the economy , and state governments left welfare issues to private or local initiative . Laissez - faire ideology was largely abandoned in the 1930s during the Great Depression . Between the 1930s and 1970s , fiscal policy was characterized by the Keynesian consensus , a time during which modern American liberalism dominated economic policy virtually unchallenged . Since the late - 1970s and early 1980s , however , laissez - faire ideology , as explained especially by Milton Friedman , has once more become a powerful force in American politics . While the American welfare state expanded more than threefold after World War II , it has been at 20 % of GDP since the late - 1970s . As of 2014 modern American liberalism , and modern American conservatism are engaged in a continuous political battle , characterized by what The Economist describes as `` greater divisiveness ( and ) close , but bitterly fought elections . '' </P> <H3> Usage of `` left -- right '' politics ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Usage of `` left -- right '' politics in the United States <P> The modern American political spectrum and the usage of the terms `` left -- right politics '' , `` liberalism '' , and `` conservatism '' in the United States differs from that of the rest of the world . According to American historian Arthur Schlesinger , Jr. ( writing in 1956 ) , `` Liberalism in the American usage has little in common with the word as used in the politics of any European country , save possibly Britain '' . Schlesinger noted that American liberalism does not support classical liberalism 's commitment to limited government and laissez - faire economics . Because those two positions are instead generally supported by American conservatives , historian Leo P. Ribuffo noted in 2011 , `` what Americans now call conservatism much of the world calls liberalism or neoliberalism . '' </P> <H3> Suffrage ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Voting rights in the United States <P> The right of suffrage is nearly universal for citizens eighteen years of age and older . All states and the District of Columbia contribute to the electoral vote for President . However , the District , and other U.S. holdings like Puerto Rico and Guam , lack federal representation in Congress . These constituencies do not have the right to choose any political figure outside their respective areas . Each commonwealth , territory , or district can only elect a non-voting delegate to serve in the House of Representatives . </P> <P> Women 's suffrage became an important issue after the American Civil War of 1861 - 65 . After the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified in 1870 , giving African - American men the right to vote , various women 's groups wanted the right to vote as well . Two major interest groups formed . The first group was the National Woman Suffrage Association , formed by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton , that wanted to work for suffrage on the federal level and to push for more governmental changes , such as the granting of property rights to married women . The second group , the American Woman Suffrage Association formed by Lucy Stone , aimed to give women the right to vote . In 1890 , the two groups merged to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) . The NAWSA then mobilized to obtain support state - by - state , and by 1920 , the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified , giving women the right to vote . </P> <P> Student activism against the Vietnam War in the 1960s prompted the passage of the Twenty - sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which lowered the voting age from twenty - one to eighteen , and prohibited age discrimination at the voting booth . </P> <H2> State government ( edit ) </H2> See also : State governments of the United States <P> States governments have the power to make laws that are not granted to the federal government or denied to the states in the U.S. Constitution for all citizens . These include education , family law , contract law , and most crimes . Unlike the federal government , which only has those powers granted to it in the Constitution , a state government has inherent powers allowing it to act unless limited by a provision of the state or national constitution . </P> <P> Like the federal government , state governments have three branches : executive , legislative , and judicial . The chief executive of a state is its popularly elected governor , who typically holds office for a four - year term ( although in some states the term is two years ) . Except for Nebraska , which has unicameral legislature , all states have a bicameral legislature , with the upper house usually called the Senate and the lower house called the House of Representatives , the House of Delegates , Assembly or something similar . In most states , senators serve four - year terms , and members of the lower house serve two - year terms . </P> <P> The constitutions of the various states differ in some details but generally follow a pattern similar to that of the federal Constitution , including a statement of the rights of the people and a plan for organizing the government . However , state constitutions are generally more detailed . </P> <H2> Local government ( edit ) </H2> See also : Urban politics in the United States <P> The United States has 89,500 local governments , including 3,033 counties , 19,492 municipalities , 16,500 townships , 13,000 school districts , and 37,000 other special districts that deal with issues like fire protection . Local governments directly serve the needs of the people , providing everything from police and fire protection to sanitary codes , health regulations , education , public transportation , and housing . Typically local elections are nonpartisan -- local activists suspend their party affiliations when campaigning and governing . </P> <P> About 28 % of the people live in cities of 100,000 or more population . City governments are chartered by states , and their charters detail the objectives and powers of the municipal government . The United States Constitution only provides for states and territories as subdivisions of the country , and the Supreme Court has accordingly confirmed the supremacy of state sovereignty over municipalities . For most big cities , cooperation with both state and federal organizations is essential to meeting the needs of their residents . Types of city governments vary widely across the nation . However , almost all have a central council , elected by the voters , and an executive officer , assisted by various department heads , to manage the city 's affairs . Cities in the West and South usually have nonpartisan local politics . </P> <P> There are three general types of city government : the mayor - council , the commission , and the council - manager . These are the pure forms ; many cities have developed a combination of two or three of them . </P> <H3> Mayor - council ( edit ) </H3> <P> This is the oldest form of city government in the United States and , until the beginning of the 20th century , was used by nearly all American cities . Its structure is like that of the state and national governments , with an elected mayor as chief of the executive branch and an elected council that represents the various neighborhoods forming the legislative branch . The mayor appoints heads of city departments and other officials , sometimes with the approval of the council . He or she has the power of veto over ordinances ( the laws of the city ) and often is responsible for preparing the city 's budget . The council passes city ordinances , sets the tax rate on property , and apportions money among the various city departments . As cities have grown , council seats have usually come to represent more than a single neighborhood . </P> <H3> The Commission ( edit ) </H3> <P> This combines both the legislative and executive functions in one group of officials , usually three or more in number , elected citywide . Each commissioner supervises the work of one or more city departments . Commissioners also set policies and rules by which the city is operated . One is named chairperson of the body and is often called the mayor , although his or her power is equivalent to that of the other commissioners . </P> <H3> Council - manager ( edit ) </H3> <P> The city manager is a response to the increasing complexity of urban problems that need management ability not often possessed by elected public officials . The answer has been to entrust most of the executive powers , including law enforcement and provision of services , to a highly trained and experienced professional city manager . </P> <P> The city manager plan has been adopted by a large number of cities . Under this plan , a small , elected council makes the city ordinances and sets policy , but hires a paid administrator , also called a city manager , to carry out its decisions . The manager draws up the city budget and supervises most of the departments . Usually , there is no set term ; the manager serves as long as the council is satisfied with his or her work . </P> <H3> County government ( edit ) </H3> <P> The county is a subdivision of the state , sometimes ( but not always ) containing two or more townships and several villages . New York City is so large that it is divided into five separate boroughs , each a county in its own right . On the other hand , Arlington County , Virginia , the United States ' smallest county , located just across the Potomac River from Washington , D.C. , is both an urbanized and suburban area , governed by a unitary county administration . In other cities , both the city and county governments have merged , creating a consolidated city -- county government . </P> <P> In most U.S. counties , one town or city is designated as the county seat , and this is where the government offices are located and where the board of commissioners or supervisors meets . In small counties , boards are chosen by the county ; in the larger ones , supervisors represent separate districts or townships . The board collects taxes for state and local governments ; borrows and appropriates money ; fixes the salaries of county employees ; supervises elections ; builds and maintains highways and bridges ; and administers national , state , and county welfare programs . In very small counties , the executive and legislative power may lie entirely with a sole commissioner , who is assisted by boards to supervise taxes and elections . In some New England states , counties do not have any governmental function and are simply a division of land . </P> <H3> Town and village government ( edit ) </H3> <P> Thousands of municipal jurisdictions are too small to qualify as city governments . These are chartered as towns and villages and deal with local needs such as paving and lighting the streets , ensuring a water supply , providing police and fire protection , and waste management . In many states of the US , the term town does not have any specific meaning ; it is simply an informal term applied to populated places ( both incorporated and unincorporated municipalities ) . Moreover , in some states , the term town is equivalent to how civil townships are used in other states . </P> <P> The government is usually entrusted to an elected board or council , which may be known by a variety of names : town or village council , board of selectmen , board of supervisors , board of commissioners . The board may have a chairperson or president who functions as chief executive officer , or there may be an elected mayor . Governmental employees may include a clerk , treasurer , police and fire officers , and health and welfare officers . </P> <P> One unique aspect of local government , found mostly in the New England region of the United States , is the town meeting . Once a year , sometimes more often if needed , the registered voters of the town meet in open session to elect officers , debate local issues , and pass laws for operating the government . As a body , they decide on road construction and repair , construction of public buildings and facilities , tax rates , and the town budget . The town meeting , which has existed for more than three centuries in some places , is often cited as the purest form of direct democracy , in which the governmental power is not delegated , but is exercised directly and regularly by all the people . </P> <H2> Campaign finance ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Campaign finance in the United States <P> Successful participation , especially in federal elections , requires large amounts of money , especially for television advertising . This money is very difficult to raise by appeals to a mass base , although in the 2008 election , candidates from both parties had success with raising money from citizens over the Internet , as had Howard Dean with his Internet appeals . Both parties generally depend on wealthy donors and organizations -- traditionally the Democrats depended on donations from organized labor while the Republicans relied on business donations . This dependency on donors is controversial , and has led to laws limiting spending on political campaigns being enacted ( see campaign finance reform ) . Opponents of campaign finance laws cite the First Amendment 's guarantee of free speech , and challenge campaign finance laws because they attempt to circumvent the people 's constitutionally guaranteed rights . Even when laws are upheld , the complication of compliance with the First Amendment requires careful and cautious drafting of legislation , leading to laws that are still fairly limited in scope , especially in comparison to those of other countries such as the United Kingdom , France or Canada . </P> <P> Fundraising plays a large role in getting a candidate elected to public office . Without money , a candidate may have little chance of achieving their goal . In the 2004 general elections , 95 % of House races and 91 % of senate races were won by the candidates who spent the most on their campaigns . Attempts to limit the influence of money on American political campaigns dates back to the 1860s . Recently , Congress passed legislation requiring candidates to disclose sources of campaign contributions , how the campaign money is spent , and regulated use of `` soft money '' contributions . </P> <H2> Political parties and elections ( edit ) </H2> <P> The United States Constitution does not mention political parties , primarily because the Founding Fathers did not intend for American politics to be partisan . In Federalist Papers No. 9 and No. 10 , Alexander Hamilton and James Madison , respectively , wrote specifically about the dangers of domestic political factions . In addition , the first President of the United States , George Washington , was not a member of any political party at the time of his election or during his tenure as president . Washington hoped that political parties would not be formed , fearing conflict and stagnation . Nevertheless , the beginnings of the American two - party system emerged from his immediate circle of advisers . Hamilton and Madison ended up being the core leaders in this emerging party system . </P> <P> In modern times , in partisan elections , candidates are nominated by a political party or seek public office as an independent . Each state has significant discretion in deciding how candidates are nominated , and thus eligible to appear on the election ballot . Typically , major party candidates are formally chosen in a party primary or convention , whereas minor party and Independents are required to complete a petitioning process . </P> <H3> Political parties ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Political parties in the United States <P> The modern political party system in the United States is a two - party system dominated by the Democratic Party and the Republican Party . These two parties have won every United States presidential election since 1852 and have controlled the United States Congress since 1856 . The Democratic Party generally positions itself as left - of - center in American politics and supports a modern American liberal platform , while the Republican Party generally positions itself as right - of - center and supports a modern American conservative platform . </P> <P> Third parties have achieved relatively minor representation from time to time at local levels . The Libertarian Party is the largest third party in the country , claiming more than 250,000 registered voters in 2013 ; it generally positions itself as centrist or radical centrist and supports a classical liberal position . Other contemporary third parties include the left - wing Green Party , supporting Green politics , and the right - wing Constitution Party , supporting paleoconservatism . </P> <H3> Elections ( edit ) </H3> For more details on this topic , see Elections in the United States . <P> Unlike in some parliamentary systems , Americans vote for a specific candidate instead of directly selecting a particular political party . With a federal government , officials are elected at the federal ( national ) , state and local levels . On a national level , the President , is elected indirectly by the people , through an Electoral College . In modern times , the electors virtually always vote with the popular vote of their state . All members of Congress , and the offices at the state and local levels are directly elected . </P> <P> Various federal and state laws regulate elections . The United States Constitution defines ( to a basic extent ) how federal elections are held , in Article One and Article Two and various amendments . State law regulates most aspects of electoral law , including primaries , the eligibility of voters ( beyond the basic constitutional definition ) , the running of each state 's electoral college , and the running of state and local elections . </P> <H3> Organization of American political parties ( edit ) </H3> See also : Political party strength in U.S. states <P> American political parties are more loosely organized than those in other countries . The two major parties , in particular , have no formal organization at the national level that controls membership , activities , or policy positions , though some state affiliates do . Thus , for an American to say that he or she is a member of the Democratic or Republican party , is quite different from a Briton 's stating that he or she is a member of the Conservative or Labour party . In the United States , one can often become a `` member '' of a party , merely by stating that fact . In some U.S. states , a voter can register as a member of one or another party and / or vote in the primary election for one or another party . Such participation does not restrict one 's choices in any way . It also does not give a person any particular rights or obligations within the party , other than possibly allowing that person to vote in that party 's primary elections . A person may choose to attend meetings of one local party committee one day and another party committee the next day . The sole factor that brings one `` closer to the action '' is the quantity and quality of participation in party activities and the ability to persuade others in attendance to give one responsibility . </P> <P> Party identification becomes somewhat formalized when a person runs for partisan office . In most states , this means declaring oneself a candidate for the nomination of a particular party and intent to enter that party 's primary election for an office . A party committee may choose to endorse one or another of those who is seeking the nomination , but in the end the choice is up to those who choose to vote in the primary , and it is often difficult to tell who is going to do the voting . </P> <P> The result is that American political parties have weak central organizations and little central ideology , except by consensus . A party really can not prevent a person who disagrees with the majority of positions of the party or actively works against the party 's aims from claiming party membership , so long as the voters who choose to vote in the primary elections elect that person . Once in office , an elected official may change parties simply by declaring such intent . An elected official once in office may also act contradictory to many of his or her party 's positions ( this had led to terms such as `` Republican In Name Only '' ) . </P> <P> At the federal level , each of the two major parties has a national committee ( See , Democratic National Committee , Republican National Committee ) that acts as the hub for much fund - raising and campaign activities , particularly in presidential campaigns . The exact composition of these committees is different for each party , but they are made up primarily of representatives from state parties and affiliated organizations , and others important to the party . However , the national committees do not have the power to direct the activities of members of the party . </P> <P> Both parties also have separate campaign committees which work to elect candidates at a specific level . The most significant of these are the Hill committees , which work to elect candidates to each house of Congress . </P> <P> State parties exist in all fifty states , though their structures differ according to state law , as well as party rules at both the national and the state level . </P> <P> Despite these weak organizations , elections are still usually portrayed as national races between the political parties . In what is known as `` presidential coattails '' , candidates in presidential elections become the de facto leader of their respective party , and thus usually bring out supporters who in turn then vote for his party 's candidates for other offices . On the other hand , federal midterm elections ( where only Congress and not the president is up for election ) are usually regarded as a referendum on the sitting president 's performance , with voters either voting in or out the president 's party 's candidates , which in turn helps the next session of Congress to either pass or block the president 's agenda , respectively . </P> <H3> General developments ( edit ) </H3> See also : History of the United States Republican Party and History of the United States Democratic Party <P> Most of the Founding Fathers rejected political parties as divisive and disruptive . By the 1790s , however , most joined one of the two new parties , and by the 1830s parties had become accepted as central to the democracy . By the 1790s , the First Party System was born . Men who held opposing views strengthened their cause by identifying and organizing men of like mind . The followers of Alexander Hamilton , were called `` Federalists '' ; they favored a strong central government that would support the interests of national defense , commerce and industry . The followers of Thomas Jefferson , the Jeffersonians took up the name `` Republicans '' ; they preferred a decentralized agrarian republic in which the federal government had limited power . </P> <P> By 1828 , the First Party System had collapsed . Two new parties emerged from the remnants of the Jeffersonian Democracy , forming the Second Party System with the Whigs , brought to life in opposition to President Andrew Jackson and his new Democratic Party . The forces of Jacksonian Democracy , based among urban workers , Southern poor whites , and western farmers , dominated the era . </P> <P> In the 1860s , the issue of slavery took center stage , with disagreement in particular over the question of whether slavery should be permitted in the country 's new territories in the West . The Whig Party straddled the issue and sank to its death after the overwhelming electoral defeat by Franklin Pierce in the 1852 presidential election . Ex-Whigs joined the Know Nothings or the newly formed Republican Party . While the Know Nothing party was short - lived , Republicans would survive the intense politics leading up to the Civil War . The primary Republican policy was that slavery be excluded from all the territories . Just six years later , this new party captured the presidency when Abraham Lincoln won the election of 1860 . By then , parties were well established as the country 's dominant political organizations , and party allegiance had become an important part of most people 's consciousness . Party loyalty was passed from fathers to sons , and party activities , including spectacular campaign events , complete with uniformed marching groups and torchlight parades , were a part of the social life of many communities . </P> <P> By the 1920s , however , this boisterous folksiness had diminished . Municipal reforms , civil service reform , corrupt practices acts , and presidential primaries to replace the power of politicians at national conventions had all helped to clean up politics . </P> <H3> Development of the two - party system in the United States ( edit ) </H3> See also : Causes of a two - party system <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Since the 1790s , the country has been run by two major parties . Many minor or third political parties appear from time to time . They tend to serve a means to advocate policies that eventually are adopted by the two major political parties . At various times the Socialist Party , the Farmer - Labor Party and the Populist Party for a few years had considerable local strength , and then faded away -- although in Minnesota , the Farmer -- Labor Party merged into the state 's Democratic Party , which is now officially known as the Democratic -- Farmer -- Labor Party . At present , the Libertarian Party is the most successful third party . New York State has a number of additional third parties , who sometimes run their own candidates for office and sometimes nominate the nominees of the two main parties . In the District of Columbia , the D.C. Statehood Green Party has served as a strong third party behind the Democratic Party and Republican Party . </P> <P> Most officials in America are elected from single - member districts and win office by beating out their opponents in a system for determining winners called first - past - the - post ; the one who gets the plurality wins , ( which is not the same thing as actually getting a majority of votes ) . This encourages the two - party system ; see Duverger 's law . In the absence of multi-seat congressional districts , proportional representation is impossible and third parties can not thrive . Although elections to the Senate elect two senators per constituency ( state ) , staggered terms effectively result in single - seat constituencies for elections to the Senate . </P> <P> Another critical factor has been ballot access law . Originally , voters went to the polls and publicly stated which candidate they supported . Later on , this developed into a process whereby each political party would create its own ballot and thus the voter would put the party 's ballot into the voting box . In the late nineteenth century , states began to adopt the Australian Secret Ballot Method , and it eventually became the national standard . The secret ballot method ensured that the privacy of voters would be protected ( hence government jobs could no longer be awarded to loyal voters ) and each state would be responsible for creating one official ballot . The fact that state legislatures were dominated by Democrats and Republicans provided these parties an opportunity to pass discriminatory laws against minor political parties , yet such laws did not start to arise until the first Red Scare that hit America after World War I. State legislatures began to enact tough laws that made it harder for minor political parties to run candidates for office by requiring a high number of petition signatures from citizens and decreasing the length of time that such a petition could legally be circulated . </P> <P> It should also be noted that while more often than not , party members will `` toe the line '' and support their party 's policies , they are free to vote against their own party and vote with the opposition ( `` cross the aisle '' ) when they please . </P> <P> `` In America the same political labels ( Democratic and Republican ) cover virtually all public officeholders , and therefore most voters are everywhere mobilized in the name of these two parties , '' says Nelson W. Polsby , professor of political science , in the book New Federalist Papers : Essays in Defense of the Constitution . `` Yet Democrats and Republicans are not everywhere the same . Variations ( sometimes subtle , sometimes blatant ) in the 50 political cultures of the states yield considerable differences overall in what it means to be , or to vote , Democratic or Republican . These differences suggest that one may be justified in referring to the American two - party system as masking something more like a hundred - party system . '' </P> <H3> Gerrymandering ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Gerrymandering in the United States U.S. congressional districts covering Travis County , Texas ( outlined in red ) in 2002 , left , and 2004 , right . In 2003 , the majority of Republicans in the Texas legislature redistricted the state , diluting the voting power of the heavily Democratic county by parcelling its residents out to more Republican districts . Shaw v. Reno was a United States Supreme Court case involving the redistricting and racial gerrymandering of North Carolina 's 12th congressional district ( pictured ) . <P> The United States has a long tradition of gerrymandering . In some states , bipartisan gerrymandering is the norm . State legislators from both parties sometimes agree to draw congressional district boundaries in a way that ensures the re-election of most or all incumbent representatives from both parties . Rather than allowing more political influence , some states have shifted redistricting authority from politicians and given it to non-partisan redistricting commissions . The states of Washington , Arizona , and California 's Proposition 11 ( 2008 ) and Proposition 20 ( 2010 ) have created standing committees for redistricting following the 2010 census . Rhode Island and New Jersey have developed ad hoc committees , but developed the past two decennial reapportionments tied to new census data . Florida 's amendments 5 and 6 , meanwhile , established rules for the creation of districts but did not mandate an independent commission . </P> <P> International election observers from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights , who were invited to observe and report on the 2004 national elections , expressed criticism of the U.S. congressional redistricting process and made a recommendation that the procedures be reviewed to ensure genuine competitiveness of Congressional election contests . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Political pressure groups ( edit ) </H2> See also : Advocacy group and Lobbying in the United States <P> Special interest groups advocate the cause of their specific constituency . Business organizations will favor low corporate taxes and restrictions of the right to strike , whereas labor unions will support minimum wage legislation and protection for collective bargaining . Other private interest groups , such as churches and ethnic groups , are more concerned about broader issues of policy that can affect their organizations or their beliefs . </P> <P> The Israel lobby is the diverse coalition of those who , as individuals and as groups , seek to influence the foreign policy of the United States in support of Zionism , Israel or the specific policies of its government . The Israel lobby is known for its success in encouraging U.S. lawmakers to support the policies that it supports . </P> <P> One type of private interest group that has grown in number and influence in recent years is the political action committee or PAC . These are independent groups , organized around a single issue or set of issues , which contribute money to political campaigns for U.S. Congress or the presidency . PACs are limited in the amounts they can contribute directly to candidates in federal elections . There are no restrictions , however , on the amounts PACs can spend independently to advocate a point of view or to urge the election of candidates to office . PACs today number in the thousands . </P> <P> `` The number of interest groups has mushroomed , with more and more of them operating offices in Washington , D.C. , and representing themselves directly to Congress and federal agencies , '' says Michael Schudson in his 1998 book The Good Citizen : A History of American Civic Life . `` Many organizations that keep an eye on Washington seek financial and moral support from ordinary citizens . Since many of them focus on a narrow set of concerns or even on a single issue , and often a single issue of enormous emotional weight , they compete with the parties for citizens ' dollars , time , and passion . '' </P> <P> The amount of money spent by these special interests continues to grow , as campaigns become increasingly expensive . Many Americans have the feeling that these wealthy interests , whether corporations , unions or PACs , are so powerful that ordinary citizens can do little to counteract their influences . </P> <H2> Concerns about oligarchy and a diminishing democracy ( edit ) </H2> <P> Some views suggest that the political structure of the United States is in many respects an oligarchy , where a small economic elite overwhelmingly determines policy and law . Some academic researchers suggest a drift toward oligarchy has been occurring by way of the influence of corporations , wealthy , and other special interest groups , leaving individual citizens with less impact than economic elites and organized interest groups in the political process . </P> <P> A study by political scientists Martin Gilens ( Princeton University ) and Benjamin Page ( Northwestern University ) released in April 2014 suggested that when the preferences of a majority of citizens conflicts with elites , elites tend to prevail . While not characterizing the United States as an `` oligarchy '' or `` plutocracy '' outright , Gilens and Page do give weight to the idea of a `` civil oligarchy '' as used by Jeffrey A. Winters , saying , `` Winters has posited a comparative theory of ' Oligarchy , ' in which the wealthiest citizens -- even in a ' civil oligarchy ' like the United States -- dominate policy concerning crucial issues of wealth - and income - protection . '' </P> <P> In their study , Gilens and Page reached these conclusions : </P> <P> When a majority of citizens disagrees with economic elites and / or with organized interests , they generally lose . Moreover , because of the strong status quo bias built into the US political system , even when fairly large majorities of Americans favor policy change , they generally do not get it ... ( T ) he preferences of the average American appear to have only a minuscule , near - zero , statistically non-significant impact upon public policy . </P> -- Martin Gilens and Benjamin I. Page , 2014 <P> E.J. Dionne Jr. described what he considers the effects of ideological and oligarchical interests on the judiciary . The journalist , columnist , and scholar interprets recent Supreme Court decisions as ones that allow wealthy elites to use economic power to influence political outcomes in their favor . `` Thus , '' Dionne wrote , in speaking about the Supreme Court 's McCutcheon et al. v. FEC and Citizens United v. FEC decisions , `` has this court conferred on wealthy people the right to give vast sums of money to politicians while undercutting the rights of millions of citizens to cast a ballot . '' </P> <P> Nobel Prize - winning economist Paul Krugman wrote : </P> <P> The stark reality is that we have a society in which money is increasingly concentrated in the hands of a few people . This threatens to make us a democracy in name only . </P> -- Paul Krugman , 2012 <P> The effects of oligarchy on democracy and the economy were key points of the 2016 presidential campaigns of Bernie Sanders and Green Party candidate Jill Stein . Bernie Sanders said about the Citizens United verdict and the Republicans ' rise to power in Congress , </P> <P> I fear that we may be on the verge of becoming an oligarchic form of society where a handful of billionaires control not just the economy , but the political life of this country . And that 's just something we 're going to have wrestle with . </P> -- Bernie Sanders , 2014 <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> American exceptionalism </Li> <Li> Criticism of United States foreign policy </Li> <Li> Deep state in the United States </Li> <Li> Fifth Party System </Li> <Li> Issue voting </Li> <Li> Money loop </Li> <Li> Political arguments of gun politics in the United States </Li> <Li> Political culture of the United States </Li> <Li> Political divisions of the United States </Li> <Li> Political ideologies in the United States <Ul> <Li> American Left </Li> <Li> Progressivism in the United States </Li> <Li> Modern liberalism in the United States </Li> <Li> Alt - right </Li> <Li> Conservativism in the United States </Li> <Li> List of political parties in the United States <Ul> <Li> Constitution Party </Li> <Li> Democratic Party </Li> <Li> Green Party </Li> <Li> Libertarian Party </Li> <Li> Modern Whig Party </Li> <Li> Reform Party </Li> <Li> Republican Party </Li> <Li> Socialist Party USA </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Politics of the Southern United States </Li> <Li> Reform topics <Ul> <Li> Campaign finance reform in the United States </Li> <Li> Electoral reform in the United States </Li> <Li> Health care reform in the United States </Li> <Li> Marijuana law reform in the United States </Li> <Li> Tort reform in the United States </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sixth Party System </Li> <Li> Tea Party movement </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Samuel P. Huntington ( 1981 ) . American Politics : The Promise of Disharmony . Harvard University Press . pp. 21 -- 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patricia U. Bonomi , A Factious People : Politics and Society in Colonial New York ( Columbia U.P. , 1971 ) p. 281 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richard R. Beeman , `` The Varieties of Deference in Eighteenth - Century America , '' Early American Studies : An Interdisciplinary Journal , Volume 3 # 2 Fall 2005 , pp. 311 -- 40 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patricia U. Bonomi , A Factious People : Politics and Society in Colonial New York ( Columbia U.P. , 1971 ) pp. 281 -- 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anton - Hermann Chroust , The Rise of the legal profession in America ( 2 vol. 1965 ) , vol. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bonomi , A Factious People , pp. 281 -- 86 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cal Jillson ( 2013 ) . American Government : Political Development and Institutional Change . Taylor & Francis . p. 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hartz , Louis . The Liberal Tradition in America : An Interpretation of American Political Thought since the Revolution . Orlando : Harcourt , 1955 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Gordon , ed. ( 2002 ) . Secession , State , and Liberty . Transaction Publishers . p. 99 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert E. Shalhope , `` Republicanism and Early American Historiography , '' William and Mary Quarterly , 39 ( April 1982 ) , pp. 334 -- 56 in JSTOR ( registration required ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Civic Ideals Yale University Press '' . yalebooks.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clark , B. ( 1998 ) . Political economy : A comparative approach . Westport , CT : Preager . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alber , J. ( 1988 ) . Is There a crisis of the welfare state ? Cross-national evidence from Europe , North America , and Japan . European Sociological Review , 4 ( 3 ) , 181 -- 207 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barr , N. ( 2004 ) . Economics of the welfare state . New York : Oxford University Press ( USA ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Economist Intelligence Unit . ( July 11 , 2007 ) . United States : Political Forces . '' . The Economist . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Liberalism in America : A Note for Europeans by Arthur Schlesinger , Jr. ( 1956 ) from : The Politics of Hope ( Boston : Riverside Press , 1962 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leo P. Ribuffo , `` 20 Suggestions for Studying the Right now that Studying the Right is Trendy '' , Historically Speaking Jan 2011 v. 12 # 1 pp. 2 -- 6 , quote on p. 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ellen Carol Dubois , Woman Suffrage and Women 's Rights ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andrea Moore Kerr , Lucy Stone : speaking out for equality ( 1992 ) ch 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul D. Buchanan , American Women 's Rights Movement : A Chronology of Events ( 2009 ) p. 129 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Statistical Abstract : 2010 p. 416 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ann O 'M . Bowman and Richard C. Kearney , State and Local Government : The Essentials ( 2008 ) p. 78 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` City Commission '' . Talgov.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Public Funding of Presidential Elections Brochure '' . Fec.gov. 2011 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mishak , Michael ( 2009 - 09 - 28 ) . `` Recession means there 's less money for political campaigns '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Internet Revolutionizes Campaign Fundraising '' . America.gov. 2008 - 07 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Thirty - Ninth Congress . -- Second Session . Senate ... House of Representatives . '' . New York Times . 1867 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Washington 's Farewell Address </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions about the Libertarian Party '' . Libertarian National Committee . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ; VandeHei , Jim ( 2006 - 11 - 08 ) . `` A Voter Rebuke For Bush , the War And the Right '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . Bush and senior adviser Karl Rove tried to replicate that strategy this fall , hoping to keep the election from becoming a referendum on the president 's leadership . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Election ' 98 Lewinsky factor never materialized '' . CNN . 1998 - 11 - 04 . Americans shunned the opportunity to turn Tuesday 's midterm elections into a referendum on President Bill Clinton 's behavior , dashing Republican hopes of gaining seats in the House and Senate . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richard Hofstadter , The Idea of a Party System : The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States , 1780 -- 1840 ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ William Nisbet Chambers , Political Parties in a New Nation : The American Experience , 1776 -- 1809 ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gordon S. Wood , Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daniel Walker Howe , What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Siegel , Harry ; Siegel , Fred ( 7 October 2009 ) . `` New York 's Two - Party System '' . City-Journal.org . City Journal . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` D.C. BOARD OF ELECTIONS MONTHLY REPORT OF VOTER REGISTRATION STATISTICS '' ( PDF ) . District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics. 31 December 2013 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Washington State Redistricting Commission `` Washington State Redistricting Commission '' . Redistricting.wa.gov . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission `` Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission '' . Azredistricting.org . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island Reapportionment Commission '' . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2007 . Retrieved October 18 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Election 2010 : Palm Beach County & Florida Voting , Candidates , Endorsements The Palm Beach Post '' . Projects.palmbeachpost.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` XI '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mearsheimer , John J. and Walt , Stephen . The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy , London Review of Books , Volume 28 Number 6 , March 22 , 2006 . Retrieved March 24 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sevcik , J.C. ( April 16 , 2014 ) `` The US is not a democracy but an oligarchy , study concludes '' UPI </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gilens & Page ( 2014 ) Testing Theories of American Politics : Elites , Interest Groups , and Average Citizens , Perspectives on Politics , Princeton University . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Piketty , Thomas ( 2014 ) . Capital in the Twenty - First Century . Belknap Press . ISBN 067443000X p. 514 : * `` the risk of a drift towards oligarchy is real and gives little reason for optimism about where the United States is headed . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( French economist Thomas Piketty ) , Associated Press , April 23 , 2014 , The Washington Post , Q&A : A French economist 's grim view of wealth gap , Accessed April 26 , 2014 , `` ... The main problem to me is really the proper working of our democratic institutions . It 's just not compatible with an extreme sort of oligarchy where 90 percent of the wealth belongs to a very tiny group ... '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alan Wolfe ( book reviewer ) , October 24 , 2010 , The Washington Post , Review of `` The Mendacity of Hope , '' by Roger D. Hodge , Accessed April 26 , 2014 , `` ... Although Hodge devotes a chapter to foreign policy , the main charge he levels against Obama is that , like all politicians in the United States , he serves at the pleasure of a financial oligarchy ... '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ COLIN MOYNIHAN , September 17 , 2011 , The New York Times , Wall Street Protest Begins , With Demonstrators Blocked , Accessed April 26 , 2014 , `` ... End the Oligarchy and said ... '' And 1 percent of the people have 99 percent of the money . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gilens , M. and B.I. Page ( 2014 ) `` Testing Theories of American Politics : Elites , Interest Groups , and Average Citizens '' Perspectives on Politics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Do the Rich Call the Shots ? April 23 , 2014 New York Times , `` ... A recent study by Martin Gilens and Benjamin I. Page examining 30 years of opinion surveys and policy decisions by the federal government found that , `` When a majority of citizens disagrees with economic elites and / or with organized interests , they generally lose ... '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nesbit , J. ( April 21 , 2014 ) `` Oligarchy Nation : Political scientists find wealthy elites control politics in America '' US News& World Report </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clark , M. ( April 19 , 2014 ) `` U.S. more oligarchy than democracy , study suggests '' MSNBC </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cassidy , J. ( April 18 , 2014 ) `` Is America an Oligarchy ? '' The New Yorker </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Prokop , A. ( April 18 , 2014 ) `` The new study about oligarchy that 's blowing up the Internet , explained '' Vox </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gilens , M. and B.I. Page ( 2014 ) `` Testing Theories of American Politics : Elites , Interest Groups , and Average Citizens '' Perspectives on Politics . '' Accessed November 6 , 2015 , `` ... When the preferences of economic elites and the stands of organized interest groups are controlled for , the preferences of the average American appear to have only a minuscule , near - zero , statistically non-significant impact upon public policy ... '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ E.J. Dionne Jr. , April 6 , 2014 , Washington Post , Supreme oligarchy , Accessed April 26 , 2014 , `` ... Thus has this court conferred on wealthy people the right to give vast sums of money to politicians while undercutting the rights of millions of citizens to cast a ballot ... '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Krugman , New York Times , November 3 , 2011 , Oligarchy , American Style , Accessed April 26 , 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bernie Sanders ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` No To Oligarchy '' . The Nation . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George Galloway ( February 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Clinton & Trump both representatives of oligarchy ' - Jill Stein , Green Party presidential candidate '' . RT . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Democracy Now , November 5 , 2014 , ( 1 ) , Accessed February 4 , 2017 </Li> </Ol> <H3> Further reading ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Barone , Michael et al . The Almanac of American Politics , 2012 ( 2011 ) ; covers every member of Congress and governor in depth ; rich details on politics of each state </Li> <Li> Edwards , George C. , Martin P. Wattenberg , and Robert L. Lineberry . Government in America : People , Politics , and Policy ( 15th Edition , 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Finkelman , Paul , and Peter Wallenstein , eds . The Encyclopedia Of American Political History ( 2001 ) , short essays by scholars </Li> <Li> Greene , Jack P. , ed . Encyclopedia of American Political History : Studies of the Principal Movements and Ideas ( 3 vol. 1984 ) , long essays by scholars </Li> <Li> Hansen , Susan B. ( January 2016 ) . `` Women 's equality , candidate difference , and the vote '' . Journal of Women , Politics & Policy . Taylor and Francis . 37 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 67 . doi : 10.1080 / 1554477X. 2016.1116917 . </Li> <Li> Harrington , Mona . The Dream of Deliverance in American Politics . New York : A.A. Knopf , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 54973 - 2 </Li> <Li> Hershey , Marjorie R. Party Politics in America ( 14th Edition , 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Hetherington , Marc J. , and Bruce A. Larson . Parties , Politics , and Public Policy in America ( 11th edition , 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Kazin , Michael , Rebecca Edwards , and Adam Rothman , eds . The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History ( 2 vol. 2009 ) ; Concise edition ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Maisel , L. Sandy , ed . Political Parties and Elections in the United States : an Encyclopedia 2 vol . ( Garland , 1991 ) . ( ISBN 0 - 8240 - 7975 - 2 ) , short essays by scholars </Li> <Li> Maisel , L. Sandy . American Political Parties and Elections : A Very Short Introduction ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> O'Connor , Karen , Larry J. Sabato , and Alixandra B. Yanus . American Government : American Government : Roots and Reform ( 11th ed. 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Swirski , Peter . Ars Americana Ars Politica : Partisan Expression in Contemporary American Literature and Culture . Montreal , London : McGill - Queen 's University Press ( 2010 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 3766 - 8 </Li> <Li> Wilson , James Q. , and John J. Diiulio and Meena Bose . American Government : Institutions and Policies ( 12th ed. 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Politics of the United States . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Politics of the United States at DMOZ </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Official party websites </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Official Democratic Party Web Site </Li> <Li> Official Republican Party Web Site </Li> <Li> Official Green Party Web Site </Li> <Li> Official Libertarian Party Web Site </Li> <Li> Official Constitution Party Web Site </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Politics of the United States by polity </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> States </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alabama </Li> <Li> Alaska </Li> <Li> Arizona </Li> <Li> Arkansas </Li> <Li> California </Li> <Li> Colorado </Li> <Li> Connecticut </Li> <Li> Delaware </Li> <Li> Florida </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Hawaii </Li> <Li> Idaho </Li> <Li> Illinois </Li> <Li> Indiana </Li> <Li> Iowa </Li> <Li> Kansas </Li> <Li> Kentucky </Li> <Li> Louisiana </Li> <Li> Maine </Li> <Li> Maryland </Li> <Li> Massachusetts </Li> <Li> Michigan </Li> <Li> Minnesota </Li> <Li> Mississippi </Li> <Li> Missouri </Li> <Li> Montana </Li> <Li> Nebraska </Li> <Li> Nevada </Li> <Li> New Hampshire </Li> <Li> New Jersey </Li> <Li> New Mexico </Li> <Li> New York </Li> <Li> North Carolina </Li> <Li> North Dakota </Li> <Li> Ohio </Li> <Li> Oklahoma </Li> <Li> Oregon </Li> <Li> Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Rhode Island </Li> <Li> South Carolina </Li> <Li> South Dakota </Li> <Li> Tennessee </Li> <Li> Texas </Li> <Li> Utah </Li> <Li> Vermont </Li> <Li> Virginia </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> <Li> West Virginia </Li> <Li> Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Wyoming </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Federal district </Th> <Td> Washington , D.C. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Insular areas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Samoa </Li> <Li> The Marianas <Ul> <Li> Guam </Li> <Li> Northern Mariana Islands </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> U.S. Virgin Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Politics of North America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sovereign states </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Antigua and Barbuda </Li> <Li> Bahamas </Li> <Li> Barbados </Li> <Li> Belize </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Costa Rica </Li> <Li> Cuba </Li> <Li> Dominica </Li> <Li> Dominican Republic </Li> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> Grenada </Li> <Li> Guatemala </Li> <Li> Haiti </Li> <Li> Honduras </Li> <Li> Jamaica </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> <Li> Nicaragua </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> <Li> Saint Kitts and Nevis </Li> <Li> Saint Lucia </Li> <Li> Saint Vincent and the Grenadines </Li> <Li> Trinidad and Tobago </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dependencies and other territories </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anguilla </Li> <Li> Aruba </Li> <Li> Bermuda </Li> <Li> Bonaire </Li> <Li> British Virgin Islands </Li> <Li> Cayman Islands </Li> <Li> Curaçao </Li> <Li> Greenland </Li> <Li> Guadeloupe </Li> <Li> Martinique </Li> <Li> Montserrat </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> Saint Barthélemy </Li> <Li> Saint Martin </Li> <Li> Saint Pierre and Miquelon </Li> <Li> Saba </Li> <Li> Sint Eustatius </Li> <Li> Sint Maarten </Li> <Li> Turks and Caicos Islands </Li> <Li> United States Virgin Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> United States articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> By event </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Timeline of U.S. history </Li> <Li> Pre-Columbian era </Li> <Li> Colonial era <Ul> <Li> Thirteen Colonies </Li> <Li> military history </Li> <Li> Continental Congress </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> American Revolution <Ul> <Li> War </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> American frontier </Li> <Li> Drafting and ratification of Constitution </Li> <Li> Federalist Era </Li> <Li> War of 1812 </Li> <Li> Territorial acquisitions </Li> <Li> Territorial evolution </Li> <Li> Mexican -- American War </Li> <Li> Civil War </Li> <Li> Reconstruction Era </Li> <Li> Indian Wars </Li> <Li> Gilded Age </Li> <Li> Progressive Era </Li> <Li> African - 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List of NFL tied games - wikipedia <H1> List of NFL tied games </H1> <P> In the National Football League ( NFL ) , a tied game occurs when a regular season game ends with both teams having an equal score after one ten minute overtime period . Ties have counted as a half - win and half - loss in league standings since 1972 ; before that , ties were not counted in the standings at all . Since the National Hockey League eliminated ties by adopting the shootout following the 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout , the NFL is the only one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America to have tied games in regular - season play , as Major League Baseball ( in the modern era since 1900 ) and the National Basketball Association have historically played until there is a winner . NFL teams rarely play for ties . In general , tied games in the NFL are frowned upon by both teams and fans . Because tied games are rare , some players have not known they were allowed in the NFL , such as former Philadelphia Eagles quarterback Donovan McNabb , who said after a tie game against the Cincinnati Bengals that he did not know a tie was a possible result . </P> <P> Tie games were frequent in the NFL from its inaugural season in 1920 through 1973 , when the league did not have overtime during the regular season . During this period , the NFL had a total of 258 tied games . Only three seasons ( 1934 , 1950 , 1952 ) went without a tied game , while five seasons ( 1920 , 1923 , 1926 , 1929 , 1932 ) had at least ten ties . The most ties , 17 , occurred in the 1920 season . </P> <P> Ties became uncommon after a 1974 rule change added one sudden death overtime period ( 15 minutes ) to regular - season and preseason games if they were tied after regulation . Under the original overtime rules , any score by either team in overtime would win the game . The rules were modified in 2012 ; if the team that received the opening kickoff scores a field goal , the other team has an opportunity to tie or surpass that score , and if they are able to tie the score the next team to score any points wins . The overtime rules were further modified in 2017 , shortening the extra period from 15 minutes to 10 minutes for preseason and regular season games . </P> <P> There have been 24 tied games since the 1974 rule change ; 17 ties occurred from 1974 to 2011 under the original overtime rules , while seven ties have occurred since the overtime rules were modified in 2012 . Four seasons ( 1986 , 1997 , 2016 , 2018 ) had two ties since the introduction of overtime. The most recent tie game occurred on September 16 , 2018 , when the Minnesota Vikings and Green Bay Packers played to a 29 -- 29 tie . The Houston Texans and Jacksonville Jaguars are the only current NFL teams that have never recorded a tied game ; the New England Patriots have never recorded a tie in an NFL game , but recorded nine ties as members of the American Football League ( AFL ) . The Chicago Bears have played to 42 ties ( all prior to 1974 ) , the most of any NFL team , while the Green Bay Packers have recorded the most ties since the 1974 introduction of overtime , with six . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Tied games ( 1920 -- 1973 ) </Li> <Li> 2 Tied games ( 1974 -- 2011 ) </Li> <Li> 3 Tied games ( 2012 -- 2016 ) </Li> <Li> 4 Tied games ( 2017 -- present ) </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 General references </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Tied games ( 1920 -- 1973 ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> From 1920 to 1973 , there were no overtime rules during the NFL regular season . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> hide Season </Th> <Th> No. of ties </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1920 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1921 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1922 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1923 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1924 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1925 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1926 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1927 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1928 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1929 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1930 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1931 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1932 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1933 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1934 </Th> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1935 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1936 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1937 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1938 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1939 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1940 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1941 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1942 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1943 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1944 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1945 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1946 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1947 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1948 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1949 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1950 </Th> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1951 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1952 </Th> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1953 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1954 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1955 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1956 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1957 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1958 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1959 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1960 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1961 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1962 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1963 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1964 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1965 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1966 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1967 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1968 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1969 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1971 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1972 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1973 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Tied games ( 1974 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1974 , the NFL introduced a single sudden death overtime period for all games that were tied at the end of regulation . During these seasons , a total of 494 regular season games went to overtime , 17 ( 7000340000000000000 ♠ 3.4 % ) of which ended in ties . </P> <Table> Key <Tr> <Th> Symbol </Th> <Th> Meaning </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Team ( # ) </Th> <Td> Denotes the number of times the team has tied a game since 1974 . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Away team </Th> <Th> Home team </Th> <Th> Score </Th> <Th> Note ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> September 22 , 1974 </Th> <Td> Pittsburgh Steelers </Td> <Td> Denver Broncos </Td> <Td> 35 -- 35 </Td> <Td> First regular - season overtime game in NFL history . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> September 19 , 1976 </Th> <Td> Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> Minnesota Vikings </Td> <Td> 10 -- 10 </Td> <Td> With about a minute left in overtime , Vikings quarterback Fran Tarkenton 's pass is intercepted by Rams linebacker Rick Kay at the Los Angeles 1 - yard line . The Rams then concede the tie with the ball deep in their own territory . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> November 26 , 1978 </Th> <Td> Minnesota Vikings ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Green Bay Packers </Td> <Td> 10 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Both teams finished the season with an 8 -- 7 -- 1 record . Minnesota won the NFC Central over Green Bay by virtue of a 1 -- 0 -- 1 head - to - head record . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> October 12 , 1980 </Th> <Td> Green Bay Packers ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Tampa Bay Buccaneers </Td> <Td> 14 -- 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Th> October 4 , 1981 </Th> <Td> New York Jets </Td> <Td> Miami Dolphins </Td> <Td> 28 -- 28 </Td> <Td> Jets kicker Pat Leahy missed a 48 - yard field goal as time expired in overtime . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Th> December 19 , 1982 </Th> <Td> Green Bay Packers ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> Baltimore Colts </Td> <Td> 20 -- 20 </Td> <Td> Baltimore , which eventually finished its season at 0 -- 8 -- 1 , overcame a 20 -- 6 fourth - quarter deficit to force overtime . Packers ' Jan Stenerud missed wide right from 47 yards with 2 : 00 left to seal the draw . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Th> October 24 , 1983 </Th> <Td> New York Giants </Td> <Td> St. Louis Cardinals </Td> <Td> 20 -- 20 </Td> <Td> Only overtime tie to date on Monday Night Football . Cardinals ' Neil O'Donoghue missed three field - goal attempts in the extra period from 45 , 20 and 42 yards , the last two in the final 66 seconds . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Th> November 4 , 1984 </Th> <Td> Philadelphia Eagles </Td> <Td> Detroit Lions </Td> <Td> 23 -- 23 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Th> October 19 , 1986 </Th> <Td> San Francisco 49ers </Td> <Td> Atlanta Falcons </Td> <Td> 10 -- 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Th> December 7 , 1986 </Th> <Td> St. Louis Cardinals ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 10 -- 10 </Td> <Td> 2nd tie game in 1986 season . First season to have more than one tie game since overtime was started . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Th> September 20 , 1987 </Th> <Td> Denver Broncos ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Green Bay Packers ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 17 -- 17 </Td> <Td> Game played at Milwaukee County Stadium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Th> October 2 , 1988 </Th> <Td> Kansas City Chiefs </Td> <Td> New York Jets ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 17 -- 17 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Th> November 19 , 1989 </Th> <Td> Kansas City Chiefs ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Cleveland Browns </Td> <Td> 10 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Chiefs kicker Nick Lowery , one of the most accurate kickers during the 1989 season , played poorly on the sloppy turf of Cleveland Municipal Stadium . He missed a 45 - yard field goal that would have won it for Kansas City with four seconds left in regulation . In overtime , he had a chance to win the game on a 47 - yard attempt with 3 seconds left , but missed that one as well . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Th> November 16 , 1997 </Th> <Td> Philadelphia Eagles ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> Baltimore Ravens </Td> <Td> 10 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Each team had an unsuccessful field - goal attempt in the overtime ; Ravens ' Matt Stover missed wide right from 53 yards with 2 : 21 remaining , Eagles ' Chris Boniol also wide right from 40 yards on the last play of the game . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Th> November 23 , 1997 </Th> <Td> New York Giants ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 7 -- 7 </Td> <Td> First overtime tie in the league 's Sunday night slot , and the only one so far in an ESPN - aired game ( and in an NFL cable package , as NFL Network 's Thursday Night Football has yet to carry a tied game ) . Redskins ' Gus Frerotte injured himself by headbutting a stadium wall while celebrating his team 's lone touchdown . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Th> November 10 , 2002 </Th> <Td> Atlanta Falcons ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 34 -- 34 </Td> <Td> Atlanta mounted a 17 - point comeback to force overtime . Pittsburgh wide receiver Plaxico Burress was stopped a yard short of the end zone on the final play of overtime . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Th> November 16 , 2008 </Th> <Td> Philadelphia Eagles ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> Cincinnati Bengals </Td> <Td> 13 -- 13 </Td> <Td> Bengals kicker Shayne Graham missed a 47 - yard field goal with seven seconds left in overtime . Eagles QB Donovan McNabb infamously stated at the post-game press conference that he did n't know games could end in a tie . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Tied games ( 2012 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2012 , the league instituted a modified sudden death overtime system . A total of 83 regular season games went to overtime during these seasons , 5 ( 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6.0 % ) of which ended in a tie . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Away team </Th> <Th> Home team </Th> <Th> Score </Th> <Th> Note ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> November 11 , 2012 </Th> <Td> St. Louis Rams ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> San Francisco 49ers ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 24 -- 24 </Td> <Td> While this was the first tie under the modified overtime rules , it would have been a tie under the old rules as neither team scored in the extra period . The Rams had a game - winning field goal taken away because of a penalty . Both teams missed field goal attempts in the overtime period . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> November 24 , 2013 </Th> <Td> Minnesota Vikings ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> Green Bay Packers ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> 26 -- 26 </Td> <Td> The Packers scored 16 unanswered points in the fourth quarter to tie the game at 23 and force overtime . Both teams scored a field goal in the overtime period , resulting in a final score of 26 -- 26 . This was the first tied game in which both teams converted field goal attempts in the extra period . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> October 12 , 2014 </Th> <Td> Carolina Panthers </Td> <Td> Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 37 -- 37 </Td> <Td> Both teams scored a field goal in the overtime period . Bengals kicker Mike Nugent missed a 36 - yard field goal attempt as the overtime period expired . The game was the highest - scoring tie game in NFL history since the institution of overtime </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> October 23 , 2016 </Th> <Td> Seattle Seahawks </Td> <Td> Arizona Cardinals ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 6 -- 6 </Td> <Td> Lowest scoring tie since introduction of overtime . Arizona kicker Chandler Catanzaro and Seattle kicker Steven Hauschka missed consecutive field goals from short distances late in overtime after having each made one earlier in the overtime period , and Cardinals quarterback Carson Palmer threw a Hail Mary pass that was knocked out of the endzone at the end of the overtime period , resulting in the 6 -- 6 tie . This was the first tie since 1997 to be carried on a network other than Fox . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Th> October 30 , 2016 </Th> <Td> Washington Redskins ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Cincinnati Bengals ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 27 -- 27 </Td> <Td> First overtime game played at Wembley Stadium in London , and the first overtime regular season tie game played outside the United States . Second time in the overtime era in which there were ties in two consecutive weeks , and first since 1997 . Neither team scored in the overtime period . Redskins kicker Dustin Hopkins missed a 34 - yard field goal in overtime which would have won the game . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Tied games ( 2017 -- present ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2017 , NFL shortened overtime from 15 minutes to 10 minutes for preseason and regular season games with the intent of reducing the risk of injury , despite concerns that this would lead to more ties . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Away team </Th> <Th> Home team </Th> <Th> Score </Th> <Th> Note ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> September 9 , 2018 </Th> <Td> Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> Cleveland Browns ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 21 -- 21 </Td> <Td> Both Steelers kicker Chris Boswell and Browns kicker Zane Gonzalez missed field goals in the final two minutes of overtime . This was the first Week 1 tie since 1971 and the first tie to be televised on CBS since 1986 . This tie ended a 17 - game losing streak for the Browns that dated back to the 2016 season . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> September 16 , 2018 </Th> <Td> Minnesota Vikings ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> Green Bay Packers ( 6 ) </Td> <Td> 29 -- 29 </Td> <Td> Packers kicker Mason Crosby made what would have been a game - winning field goal as time expired in regulation , but the Vikings called timeout before the play and Crosby missed his second attempt , sending the game to overtime . Vikings kicker Daniel Carlson missed two field goals in overtime , one as time expired . This was the fourth time since 1974 that two games in the same season finished in ties ( the latter three occurrences featuring tie games in consecutive weeks ) . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> Notes </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ No official standings were recorded throughout the 1920 season and teams played games against opponents outside of the league . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The 1982 season was reduced from 16 to 9 games because of a 57 - day players ' strike . </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dt> Footnotes </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Dave ( November 13 , 2012 ) . `` Rams -- 49ers tie likely not enough to alter NFL rule '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Piascik , Andy ( 2005 ) . `` Old and New Style : Winning Percentages '' ( PDF ) . The Coffin Corner . Professional Football Researchers Association . 27 ( 5 ) : 21 -- 23 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Graham , Bryan Armen ( November 17 , 2012 ) . `` An argument in favor of tie games '' . Fan Nation . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Farrar , Doug ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` 49ers and Rams players fail the test when asked about overtime rules '' . Shutdown Corner . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 1920 APFA Weekly League Schedule '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jonsson , Patrick ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` First NFL tie since 2008 , between Rams and 49ers : What is this , soccer ? '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( March 28 , 2012 ) . `` NFL passes new overtime rules for regular - season games '' . Shutdown Corner . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL overtime rules '' . National Football League . March 28 , 2012 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas , Jeanna ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` NFL voted on rule changes for the 2017 season , and we graded each one '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` All - Time Records of Current NFL Franchises '' ( PDF ) . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Champions '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Team Game Finder Query Results '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` All recent NFL ties have happened in mid-November and other interesting facts '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rollow , Copper ( September 20 , 1976 ) . `` Viking - Ram tie all Fran 's fault '' . Chicago Tribune . § 5 , p. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eskenazi , Gerald ( October 5 , 1981 ) . `` Jets and Dolphins play to a 28 -- 28 tie '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL History by Decade : 1981 -- 1990 '' . NFL.com Baltimore finished with zero wins , eight losses , and one tie . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christopulos , Mike ( December 20 , 1982 ) . `` Packers blow lead : Colts earn 20 -- 20 tie '' . The Milwaukee Sentinel . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weinfuss , Josh ( October 23 , 2012 ) . `` Amped Up For Monday Night Football '' . Arizona Cardinals . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Litsky , Frank ( October 26 , 1983 ) . `` Mistakes Hurt Giants in Tie '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lowery , Chiefs Fit to Be Tied , 10 -- 10 '' . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press . November 20 , 1989 . p . C6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eagles 10 , Ravens 10 '' . Chicago Tribune . November 17 , 1997 . p. 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schremmer , Mak ( November 13 , 2012 ) . `` Redskins Pro Bowler remembered for bizarre celebration '' . The Joplin Globe . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bouchette , Ed ( November 11 , 2012 ) . `` Steelers settle for tie as Vick rallies Atlanta from 17 - point deficit in fourth quarter '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eagles , Bengals play to NFL 's first tie in six years at 13 -- 13 '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Team Game Finder Query Results '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gregory , Sean ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` Unusual Ending : How the NFL Got a Tie Game '' . Time . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL roundup : Patriots refuse to quit , ties still happen , and the Buccaneers are ... good ? '' . Statesman Journal . Salem , OR . November 24 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Orr , Conor ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` Bengals , Panthers have highest - scoring tie game ever '' . National Football League . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` Cardinals , Seahawks settle for historic tie after wild OT '' . National Football League . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Orr , Conor ( October 30 , 2016 ) . `` Redskins - Bengals London duel ends in 27 -- 27 tie '' . National Football League . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ruiz , Steven ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` 3 possible consequences of the NFL shortening overtime to 10 minutes '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shook , Nick ( September 9 , 2018 ) . `` Browns do n't lose , but tie Steelers in wild , sloppy affair '' . National Football League . Retrieved September 9 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Packers , Vikings settle for OT tie , 29 - 29 '' . National Football League . September 16 , 2018 . Retrieved September 16 , 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> General references ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` Past Standings ( 1920 -- 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Sessler , Mike ( November 11 , 2012 ) . `` Rams - 49ers play to tie in game fueled by weirdness '' . National Football League . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> National Football League </Li> <Li> Pro-Football-Reference.com : Years </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> National Football League ( 2018 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> AFC </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> East </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> North </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> South </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> West </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Buffalo Bills </Li> <Li> Miami Dolphins </Li> <Li> New England Patriots </Li> <Li> New York Jets </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baltimore Ravens </Li> <Li> Cincinnati Bengals </Li> <Li> Cleveland Browns </Li> <Li> Pittsburgh Steelers </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Houston Texans </Li> <Li> Indianapolis Colts </Li> <Li> Jacksonville Jaguars </Li> <Li> Tennessee Titans </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Denver Broncos </Li> <Li> Kansas City Chiefs </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Chargers </Li> <Li> Oakland Raiders </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NFC </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> East </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> North </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> South </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> West </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dallas Cowboys </Li> <Li> New York Giants </Li> <Li> Philadelphia Eagles </Li> <Li> Washington Redskins </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chicago Bears </Li> <Li> Detroit Lions </Li> <Li> Green Bay Packers </Li> <Li> Minnesota Vikings </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atlanta Falcons </Li> <Li> Carolina Panthers </Li> <Li> New Orleans Saints </Li> <Li> Tampa Bay Buccaneers </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arizona Cardinals </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Rams </Li> <Li> San Francisco 49ers </Li> <Li> Seattle Seahawks </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Seasons ( by team ) </Li> <Li> Preseason <Ul> <Li> Hall of Fame Game </Li> <Li> American Bowl </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Regular season <Ul> <Li> Kickoff game </Li> <Li> Monday Night Football </Li> <Li> International Series <Ul> <Li> London </Li> <Li> Toronto </Li> <Li> Bills Series </Li> <Li> List of games played outside the U.S. </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Thanksgiving games </Li> <Li> Christmas games </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Playoffs <Ul> <Li> Streaks </Li> <Li> Droughts </Li> <Li> AFC Championship </Li> <Li> NFC Championship </Li> <Li> Super Bowl <Ul> <Li> champions </Li> <Li> quarterbacks </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pro Bowl </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> League history <Ul> <Li> Executive history </Li> <Li> Championship history </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Timeline <Ul> <Li> Defunct franchises </Li> <Li> Franchise moves and mergers </Li> <Li> Los Angeles team history <Ul> <Li> Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) <Ul> <Li> Playoffs </Li> <Li> Merger </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Playoff Bowl </Li> <Li> Records <Ul> <Li> individual </Li> <Li> team </Li> <Li> Super Bowl </Li> <Li> All time win -- loss </Li> <Li> Last undefeated </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tied games </Li> <Li> Canceled games </Li> <Li> Controversies </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Business </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Owners </Li> <Li> Properties </Li> <Li> Management Council </Li> <Li> Competition Committee </Li> <Li> Collective Bargaining Agreement </Li> <Li> National Football League Players Association </Li> <Li> Lockouts </Li> <Li> Media <Ul> <Li> TV <Ul> <Li> NFL Network </Li> <Li> NFL RedZone </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Radio </Li> <Li> NFL Films </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Officials </Li> <Li> Stadiums <Ul> <Li> Chronology </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Awards <Ul> <Li> All - Pro </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hall of Fame </Li> <Li> Foreign players <Ul> <Li> NFL Europe </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Player conduct <Ul> <Li> Suspensions </Li> <Li> Player misconduct </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Combine </Li> <Li> Draft </Li> <Li> Training camp </Li> <Li> Rivalries </Li> <Li> NFL Foundation </Li> <Li> Culture <Ul> <Li> Cheerleading </Li> <Li> Color Rush </Li> <Li> Mascots </Li> <Li> Lore </Li> <Li> Nicknames </Li> <Li> Numbers <Ul> <Li> Retired </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NFL_tied_games&oldid=866465155 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> National Football League lists </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from October 2016 </Li> <Li> Featured lists </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 14 : 14 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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Measures of national income and output - wikipedia <H1> Measures of national income and output </H1> <P> A variety of measures of national income and output are used in economics to estimate total economic activity in a country or region , including gross domestic product ( GDP ) , gross national product ( GNP ) , net national income ( NNI ) , and adjusted national income also called as NNI at factor cost ( NNI * adjusted for natural resource depletion ) . All are specially concerned with counting the total amount of goods and services produced within the economy and by different sectors . The boundary is usually defined by geography or citizenship , and it is also defined as the total income of the nation and also restrict the goods and services that are counted . For instance , some measures count only goods & services that are exchanged for money , excluding bartered goods , while other measures may attempt to include bartered goods by imputing monetary values to them . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 National accounts </Li> <Li> 2 Market value <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Methods of measuring national income </Li> <Li> 2.2 Output </Li> <Li> 2.3 Expenditure </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Gross domestic product and gross national product </Li> <Li> 4 National income and welfare </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> National accounts ( edit ) </H2> Main article : National accounts <P> Arriving at a figure for the total production of goods and services in a large region like a country entails a large amount of data - collection and calculation . Although some attempts were made to estimate national incomes as long ago as the 17th century , the systematic keeping of national accounts , of which these figures are a part , only began in the 1930s , in the United States and some European countries . The impetus for that major statistical effort was the Great Depression and the rise of Keynesian economics , which prescribed a greater role for the government in managing an economy , and made it necessary for governments to obtain accurate information so that their interventions into the economy could proceed as well - informed as possible . </P> <H2> Market value ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Market value <P> In order to count a good or service , it is necessary to assign value to it . The value that the measures of national income and output assign to a good or service is its market value -- the price it fetches when bought or sold . The actual usefulness of a product ( its use - value ) is not measured -- assuming the use - value to be any different from its market value . </P> <P> Three strategies have been used to obtain the market values of all the goods and services produced : the product ( or output ) method , the expenditure method , and the income method . The product method looks at the economy on an industry - by - industry basis . The total output of the economy is the sum of the outputs of every industry . However , since an output of one industry may be used by another industry and become part of the output of that second industry , to avoid counting the item twice we use not the value output by each industry , but the value - added ; that is , the difference between the value of what it puts out and what it takes in . The total value produced by the economy is the sum of the values - added by every industry . </P> <P> The expenditure method is based on the idea that all products are bought by somebody or some organisation . Therefore , we sum up the total amount of money people and organisations spend in buying things . This amount must equal the value of everything produced . Usually , expenditures by private individuals , expenditures by businesses , and expenditures by government are calculated separately and then summed to give the total expenditure . Also , a correction term must be introduced to account for imports and exports outside the boundary . </P> <P> The income method works by summing the incomes of all producers within the boundary . Since what they are paid is just the market value of their product , their total income must be the total value of the product . Wages , proprietor 's incomes , and corporate profits are the major subdivisions of income . </P> <H3> Methods of measuring national income ( edit ) </H3> <H3> Output ( edit ) </H3> <P> The output approach focuses on finding the total output of a nation by directly finding the total value of all goods and services a nation produces . </P> <P> Because of the complication of the multiple stages in the production of a good or service , only the final value of a good or service is included in the total output . This avoids an issue often called ' double counting ' , wherein the total value of a good is included several times in national output , by counting it repeatedly in several stages of production . In the example of meat production , the value of the good from the farm may be $10 , then $30 from the butchers , and then $60 from the supermarket . The value that should be included in final national output should be $60 , not the sum of all those numbers , $100 . The values added at each stage of production over the previous stage are respectively $10 , $20 , and $30 . Their sum gives an alternative way of calculating the value of final output . </P> <P> Formulae : </P> <P> GDP ( gross domestic product ) at market price = value of output in an economy in the particular year - intermediate consumption </P> <P> at factor cost = GDP at market price - depreciation + NFIA ( net factor income from abroad ) - net indirect taxes </P> <P> NDP at factor cost = Compensation of employees + Net interest + Rental & royalty income + Profit of incorporated and unincorporated NDP at factor cost </P> <H3> Expenditure ( edit ) </H3> <P> The expenditure approach is basically an output accounting method . It focuses on finding the total output of a nation by finding the total amount of money spent . This is acceptable to economists , because , like income , the total value of all goods is equal to the total amount of money spent on goods . The basic formula for domestic output takes all the different areas in which money is spent within the region , and then combines them to find the total output . </P> <P> G D P = C + G + I + ( X − M ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( GDP ) = C + G + I+ \ left ( \ mathrm ( X ) - M \ right ) ) </P> <P> Where : C = household consumption expenditures / personal consumption expenditures I = gross private domestic investment G = government consumption and gross investment expenditures X = gross exports of goods and services M = gross imports of goods and services </P> <P> Note : ( X - M ) is often written as X or less commonly as NX , both stand for `` net exports '' </P> <P> The names of the measures consist of one of the words `` Gross '' or `` Net '' , followed by one of the words `` National '' or `` Domestic '' , followed by one of the words `` Product '' , `` Income '' , or `` Expenditure '' . All of these terms can be explained separately . </P> <Dl> <Dd> `` Gross '' means total product , regardless of the use to which it is subsequently put . </Dd> <Dd> `` Net '' means `` Gross '' minus the amount that must be used to offset depreciation -- ie. , wear - and - tear or obsolescence of the nation 's fixed capital assets . `` Net '' gives an indication of how much product is actually available for consumption or new investment . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> `` Domestic '' means the boundary is geographical : we are counting all goods and services produced within the country 's borders , regardless of by whom . </Dd> <Dd> `` National '' means the boundary is defined by citizenship ( nationality ) . We count all goods and services produced by the nationals of the country ( or businesses owned by them ) regardless of where that production physically takes place . </Dd> <Dd> The output of a French - owned cotton factory in Senegal counts as part of the Domestic figures for Senegal , but the National figures of France . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> `` Product '' , `` Income '' , and `` Expenditure '' refer to the three counting methodologies explained earlier : the product , income , and expenditure approaches . However the terms are used loosely . </Dd> <Dd> `` Product '' is the general term , often used when any of the three approaches was actually used . Sometimes the word `` Product '' is used and then some additional symbol or phrase to indicate the methodology ; so , for instance , we get `` Gross Domestic Product by income '' , `` GDP ( income ) '' , `` GDP ( I ) '' , and similar constructions . </Dd> <Dd> `` Income '' specifically means that the income approach was used . </Dd> <Dd> `` Expenditure '' specifically means that the expenditure approach was used . </Dd> </Dl> <P> Note that all three counting methods should in theory give the same final figure . However , in practice minor differences are obtained from the three methods for several reasons , including changes in inventory levels and errors in the statistics . One problem for instance is that goods in inventory have been produced ( therefore included in Product ) , but not yet sold ( therefore not yet included in Expenditure ) . Similar timing issues can also cause a slight discrepancy between the value of goods produced ( Product ) and the payments to the factors that produced the goods ( Income ) , particularly if inputs are purchased on credit , and also because wages are collected often after a period of production . </P> <H2> Gross domestic product and gross national product ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : GDP and GNP <P> Gross domestic product ( GDP ) is defined as `` the value of all final goods and services produced in a country in 1 year '' . </P> <P> Gross national product ( GNP ) is defined as `` the market value of all goods and services produced in one year by labour and property supplied by the residents of a country . '' </P> <P> As an example , the table below shows some GDP and GNP , and NNI data for the United States : </P> <Table> National income and output ( billions of dollars ) <Tr> <Th_colspan="1"> Period ending </Th> <Th> 2003 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gross national product </Td> <Td> 11,063.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Net U.S. income receipts from rest of the world </Td> <Td> 55.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. income receipts </Td> <Td> 329.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. income payments </Td> <Td> - 273.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gross domestic product </Td> <Td> 11,008.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Private consumption of fixed capital </Td> <Td> 1,135.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Government consumption of fixed capital </Td> <Td> 218.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Statistical discrepancy </Td> <Td> 25.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> National income </Td> <Td> 9,679.7 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> NDP : Net domestic product is defined as `` gross domestic product ( GDP ) minus depreciation of capital '' , similar to NNP . </Li> <Li> GDP per capita : Gross domestic product per capita is the mean value of the output produced per person , which is also the mean income . </Li> </Ul> <H2> National income and welfare ( edit ) </H2> <P> GDP per capita ( per person ) is often used as a measure of a person 's welfare . Countries with higher GDP may be more likely to also score high on other measures of welfare , such as life expectancy . However , there are serious limitations to the usefulness of GDP as a measure of welfare : </P> <Ul> <Li> Measures of GDP typically exclude unpaid economic activity , most importantly domestic work such as childcare . This leads to distortions ; for example , a paid nanny 's income contributes to GDP , but an unpaid parent 's time spent caring for children will not , even though they are both carrying out the same economic activity . </Li> <Li> GDP takes no account of the inputs used to produce the output . For example , if everyone worked for twice the number of hours , then GDP might roughly double , but this does not necessarily mean that workers are better off as they would have less leisure time . Similarly , the impact of economic activity on the environment is not measured in calculating GDP . </Li> <Li> Comparison of GDP from one country to another may be distorted by movements in exchange rates . Measuring national income at purchasing power parity may overcome this problem at the risk of overvaluing basic goods and services , for example subsistence farming . </Li> <Li> GDP does not measure factors that affect quality of life , such as the quality of the environment ( as distinct from the input value ) and security from crime . This leads to distortions - for example , spending on cleaning up an oil spill is included in GDP , but the negative impact of the spill on well - being ( e.g. loss of clean beaches ) is not measured . </Li> <Li> GDP is the mean ( average ) wealth rather than median ( middle - point ) wealth . Countries with a skewed income distribution may have a relatively high per - capita GDP while the majority of its citizens have a relatively low level of income , due to concentration of wealth in the hands of a small fraction of the population . See Gini coefficient . </Li> </Ul> <P> Because of this , other measures of welfare such as the Human Development Index ( HDI ) , Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare ( ISEW ) , Genuine Progress Indicator ( GPI ) , gross national happiness ( GNH ) , and sustainable national income ( SNI ) are used . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Capital formation </Li> <Li> Chained volume series </Li> <Li> Compensation of employees </Li> <Li> European System of Accounts </Li> <Li> Green national product </Li> <Li> Gross domestic product </Li> <Li> Gross national product </Li> <Li> Gross national happiness ( GNH ) </Li> <Li> Gross national income in the European Union </Li> <Li> Gross output </Li> <Li> Input - output model </Li> <Li> Intermediate consumption </Li> <Li> National accounts </Li> <Li> National Income and Product Accounts </Li> <Li> Net output </Li> <Li> Penn World Table </Li> <Li> Savings identity </Li> <Li> United Nations System of National Accounts ( UNSNA ) </Li> <Li> Wealth ( economics ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics , Concepts , Sources and Methods , Chap. 4 , `` Economic concepts and the national accounts '' , `` Production '' , `` The production boundary '' . Retrieved November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ E.g. , William Petty ( 1665 ) , Gregory King ( 1688 ) ; and , in France , Boisguillebert and Vauban . Australia 's National Accounts : Concepts , Sources and Methods , 2000 . Chapter 1 ; heading : Brief history of economic accounts ( retrieved November 2009 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Australian Council of Trade Unions , APHEDA , Glossary , accessed November 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United States , of the United States ) , p 5 ; retrieved November 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S Federal Reserve , the link appears to be dead as of late 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Penn State Glossary </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Australian Bureau of Statistics , Australian National Accounts : Concepts , Sources and Methods , 2000 . This fairly large document has a wealth of information on the meaning of the national income and output measures and how they are obtained . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Library resources about National income </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Resources in your library </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Historicalstatistics.org : Links to historical national accounts and statistics for different countries and regions </Li> <Li> World Bank 's Development and Education Program Website </Li> <Li> Quandl - GDP by country - data available in CSV , Excel , JSON or XML formats </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Measures_of_national_income_and_output&oldid=861532282 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Gross domestic product </Li> <Li> National accounts </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча </Li> <Li> پښتو </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> 8 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 28 September 2018 , at 03 : 36 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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