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who said damn the torpedoes full steam ahead

David Farragut - wikipedia David Farragut Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> David Farragut <Td_colspan="2"> Birth name James Glasgow Farragut ( 1801 - 07 - 05 ) July 5 , 1801 Campbell 's Station , Tennessee U.S. ( now Farragut , Tennessee , U.S. ) August 14 , 1870 ( 1870 - 08 - 14 ) ( aged 69 ) Portsmouth , New Hampshire , U.S. ( now Kittery , Maine , U.S. ) Buried Woodlawn Cemetery , the Bronx Allegiance United States of America Union Service / branch United States Navy Union Navy Years of service 1810 -- 1870 Rank Admiral Commands held USS Ferret USS Saratoga USS Brooklyn Mare Island Navy Yard European Squadron Western Gulf Blockading Squadron Battles / wars War of 1812 USS Essex vs. HMS Alert Action off Charles Island Nuku Hiva Campaign Battle of Valparaiso ( WIA ) ( POW ) West Indies anti-piracy operations Mexican -- American War American Civil War Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip Battle of New Orleans Siege of Vicksburg Siege of Port Hudson Battle of Mobile Bay Signature David Glasgow Farragut / ˈfærəɡət / ( also spelled Glascoe ; July 5 , 1801 -- August 14 , 1870 ) was a flag officer of the United States Navy during the American Civil War . He was the first rear admiral , vice admiral , and admiral in the United States Navy . He is remembered for his order at the Battle of Mobile Bay usually paraphrased as `` Damn the torpedoes , full speed ahead '' in U.S. Navy tradition . Born near Knoxville , Tennessee , Farragut was fostered by naval officer David Porter after the death of his mother . Despite his young age , Farragut served in the War of 1812 under the command of his adoptive father . He received his first command in 1824 and participated in anti-piracy operations in the Caribbean Sea . He served in the Mexican - American War under the command of Matthew C. Perry , participating in the blockade of Tuxpan . After the war , he oversaw the construction of the Mare Island Naval Shipyard , the first U.S. Navy base established on the Pacific Ocean . Though Farragut resided in Norfolk , Virginia prior to the Civil War , he strongly opposed secession and remained loyal to the Union after the outbreak of the Civil War . Despite some doubts about Farragut 's loyalty , Farragut was assigned command of an attack on the important Confederate port city of New Orleans . After fighting past Fort St. Philip and Fort Jackson , Farragut captured New Orleans in April 1862 . He was promoted to rear admiral after the battle and helped extend Union control up along the Mississippi River , participating in the Siege of Port Hudson . With the Union in control of the Mississippi , Farragut led a successful attack on Mobile Bay , home to the last major Confederate port on the Gulf of Mexico . Farragut was promoted to Admiral following the end of the Civil War and remained on active duty until his death in 1870 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 War of 1812 2.2 West Indies 2.3 Mexican -- American War 2.4 Mare Island Navy Yard 2.5 Civil War service 2.6 Post-Civil War service 3 Death 4 Personal life 5 Timeline of service 6 Legacy 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 11.1 External links Early life ( edit ) Coat of Arms of David Farragut Farragut was born in 1801 to Jordi ( George ) Farragut , a native of Menorca , Spain , and his wife Elizabeth ( née Shine , 1765 -- 1808 ) , of North Carolina Scots - Irish American descent , at Lowe 's Ferry on the Holston River in Tennessee . It was a few miles southeast of Campbell 's Station , near Knoxville . His father operated the ferry and also served as a cavalry officer in the Tennessee militia . Jordi Farragut , son of Antoni Farragut and Joana Mesquida , became a Spanish merchant captain from Menorca . He joined the American Revolutionary cause after arriving in America in 1766 , when he changed his first name to George . George was a naval lieutenant during the Revolutionary War , serving first with the South Carolina Navy then the Continental Naval forces . George and Elizabeth had moved west to Tennessee after his service in the American Revolution . In 1805 , George Farragut accepted a position at the U.S. port of New Orleans . He traveled there first and his family followed , in a 1,700 - mile ( 2,700 km ) flatboat adventure aided by hired rivermen , the then four - year - old Farragut 's first voyage . The family was still living in New Orleans when Elizabeth died of yellow fever . His father made plans to place the young children with friends and family who could better care for them . David 's birth name was James . In 1808 , after his mother 's death , he agreed to live with David Porter , a naval officer whose father had been friends with James 's father , as Porter 's foster son . In 1812 , James adopted the name `` David '' in honor of his foster father , with whom he went to sea late in 1810 . David Farragut grew up in a naval family , as the foster brother of future Civil War admiral , David Dixon Porter , and Commodore William D. Porter . Career ( edit ) Farragut as he appears in the National Portrait Gallery in Washington , D.C. David Farragut 's naval career began as a midshipman when he was nine years old , and continued for 60 years until his death at the age of 69 . This included service in several wars , most notably during the American Civil War , where he gained fame for winning several decisive naval battles . War of 1812 ( edit ) Through the influence of his adoptive father , Farragut was commissioned a midshipman in the United States Navy on December 17 , 1810 , at the age of nine . A prize master by the age of 12 , Farragut fought in the War of 1812 , serving under Captain David Porter . While serving aboard USS Essex , Farragut participated in the capture of HMS Alert on August 13 , 1812 , then helped to establish America 's first naval base and colony in the Pacific , named Fort Madison , during the ill - fated Nuku Hiva Campaign . At the same time , the Americans battled the hostile tribes on the islands with the help of their Te I'i allies . Farragut was 12 years old when , during the War of 1812 , he was given the assignment to bring a ship captured by the Essex safely to port . He was wounded and captured while serving on the Essex during the engagement at Valparaíso Bay , Chile , against the British on March 28 , 1814 . West Indies ( edit ) Farragut was promoted to lieutenant in 1822 , during the operations against West Indian pirates . In 1824 , he was placed in command of USS Ferret , which was his first command of a U.S. naval vessel . He served in the Mosquito Fleet , a fleet of ships fitted out to fight pirates in the Caribbean Sea . After learning his old captain , Commodore Porter , would be commander of the fleet , he asked for , and received , orders to serve aboard Greyhound , one of the smaller vessels , commanded by John Porter , brother of David Porter . On February 14 , 1823 , the fleet set sail for the West Indies where , for the next six months , they would drive the pirates off the sea , and rout them from their hiding places in among the islands . He was executive officer aboard the Experiment during its campaign in the West Indies fighting pirates . Mexican -- American War ( edit ) In 1847 , Farragut , now a commander , took command of the sloop - of - war USS Saratoga when she was recommissioned at Norfolk Navy Yard in Norfolk , Virginia . Assigned to the Home Squadron for service in the Mexican -- American War , Saratoga departed Norfolk on March 29 , 1847 bound for the Gulf of Mexico under Farragut 's command and upon arriving off Veracruz , Mexico , on April 26 , 1847 reported to the squadron 's commander , Commodore Matthew C. Perry , for duty . On April 29 , Perry ordered Farragut to sail Saratoga 150 nautical miles ( 173 miles ; 278 km ) to the north to blockade Tuxpan , where she operated from April 30 to July 12 before Farragut returned to Veracruz . About two weeks later , Farragut began a round - trip voyage to carry dispatches to Tabasco , returning to Veracruz on August 11 , 1847 . On September 1 , 1847 , Farragut and Saratoga returned to blockade duty off Tuxpan , remaining there for two months despite a yellow fever outbreak on board . Farragut then brought the ship back to Veracruz and , after a month there , got underway for the Pensacola Navy Yard in Pensacola , Florida , where Saratoga arrived on January 6 , 1848 , disembarked all of her seriously sick patients at the base hospital , and replenished her stores . On January 31 , 1848 , Farragut took the ship out of Pensacola bound for New York City , arriving there on February 19 . Saratoga was decommissioned there on February 26 , 1848 . Mare Island Navy Yard ( edit ) In 1853 , Secretary of the Navy James C. Dobbin selected Commander David G. Farragut to create Mare Island Navy Yard near San Francisco in San Pablo Bay . In August 1854 , Farragut was called to Washington from his post as assistant inspector of ordnance at Norfolk , Virginia . President Franklin Pierce congratulated Farragut on his naval career and the task he was to undertake . On September 16 , 1854 , Commander Farragut arrived to oversee the building of the Mare Island Navy Yard at Vallejo , California , which became the port for ship repairs on the West Coast . Captain Farragut commissioned Mare Island on July 16 , 1858 . Farragut returned to a hero 's welcome at Mare Island on August 11 , 1859 . Civil War service ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rear Admiral David G. Farragut , c. 1863 Though living in Norfolk , Virginia , prior to the American Civil War , Farragut made it clear to all who knew him that he regarded secession as treason . Just before the war 's outbreak , Farragut moved with his Virginian - born wife to Hastings - on - Hudson , a small town just outside New York City . He offered his services to the Union , and was initially given a seat on the Naval Retirement Board . Offered a command by his foster brother , David Dixon Porter , for a special assignment , he hesitated upon learning the target might be Norfolk . As he had friends and relatives living there , he was relieved to learn the target was changed to his former childhood home of New Orleans . The navy had some doubts about Farragut 's loyalty to the Union because of his Southern birth as well as that of his wife . Porter argued on his behalf , and Farragut was accepted for the major role of attacking New Orleans . Farragut was appointed under secret instructions on February 3 , 1862 , to command the Gulf Blockading Squadron , sailing from Hampton Roads on the screw steamer USS Hartford , bearing 25 guns , which he made his flagship , accompanied by a fleet of 17 ships . He reached the mouth of the Mississippi River , near Confederate forts St. Philip and Jackson , situated opposite one another along the banks of the river , with a combined armament of more than 100 heavy guns and a complement of 700 men . Now aware of Farragut 's approach , the Confederates had amassed a fleet of 16 gunboats just outside New Orleans . On April 18 , Farragut ordered the mortar boats , under the command of Porter , to commence bombardment on the two forts , inflicting considerable damage , but not enough to compel the Confederates into surrender . After two days of heavy bombardment , Farragut ran past forts Jackson and St. Philip and the Chalmette batteries to take the city and port of New Orleans on April 29 , a decisive event in the war . Congress honored him by creating the rank of rear admiral on July 16 , 1862 , a rank never before used in the U.S. Navy . Before this time , the American Navy had resisted the rank of admiral , preferring the term `` flag officer '' , to distinguish the rank from the traditions of the European navies . Later that year , Farragut passed the batteries defending Vicksburg , Mississippi , but had no success there . A makeshift Confederate ironclad forced his flotilla of 38 ships to withdraw in July 1862 . While an aggressive commander , Farragut was not always cooperative . At the Siege of Port Hudson , the plan was that Farragut 's flotilla would pass by the guns of the Confederate stronghold with the help of a diversionary land attack by the Army of the Gulf , commanded by General Nathaniel Banks , to commence at 8 : 00 a.m. on March 15 , 1863 . Farragut unilaterally decided to move the timetable up to 9 : 00 p.m. on March 14 , and initiated his run past the guns before Union ground forces were in position . The consequently uncoordinated attack allowed the Confederates to concentrate on Farragut 's flotilla and inflict heavy damage to his warships . Farragut on board Hartford Farragut 's battle group was forced to retreat with only two ships able to pass the heavy cannon of the Confederate bastion . After surviving the gauntlet , Farragut played no further part in the battle for Port Hudson , and General Banks was left to continue the siege without the advantage of naval support . The Union Army made two major attacks on the fort ; both were repulsed with heavy losses . Farragut 's flotilla was splintered , yet was able to blockade the mouth of the Red River with the two remaining warships ; he could not efficiently patrol the section of the Mississippi between Port Hudson and Vicksburg . Farragut 's decision proved costly to the Union Navy and the Union Army , which suffered its highest casualty rate of the war at Port Hudson . Vicksburg surrendered on July 4 , 1863 , leaving Port Hudson as the last remaining Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River . General Banks accepted the surrender of the Confederate garrison at Port Hudson on July 9 , ending the longest siege in U.S. military history . Control of the Mississippi River was the centerpiece of the Union strategy to win the war , and , with the surrender of Port Hudson , the Confederacy was now cut in two . On August 5 , 1864 , Farragut won a great victory in the Battle of Mobile Bay . Mobile , Alabama , was then the Confederacy 's last major open port on the Gulf of Mexico . The bay was heavily mined ( tethered naval mines were then known as `` torpedoes '' ) . Farragut ordered his fleet to charge the bay . When the monitor USS Tecumseh struck a mine and sank , the others began to pull back . Admiral David Farragut and General Gordon Granger Farragut could see the ships pulling back from his high perch , where he was lashed to the rigging of his flagship , USS Hartford . `` What 's the trouble ? '' , he shouted through a trumpet to USS Brooklyn . `` Torpedoes '' , was the shouted reply . `` Damn the torpedoes . '' , said Farragut , `` Four bells , Captain Drayton , go ahead . Jouett , full speed . '' The bulk of the fleet succeeded in entering the bay . Farragut triumphed over the opposition of heavy batteries in Fort Morgan and Fort Gaines to defeat the squadron of Admiral Franklin Buchanan . On December 21 , 1864 , Lincoln promoted Farragut to vice admiral . Post-civil War service ( edit ) After the Civil War , Farragut was elected a companion of the first class of the New York Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States on March 18 , 1866 and assigned insignia number 231 . He served as the commander of the Commandery of New York from May 1866 to until his death . Farragut was promoted to full admiral on July 25 , 1866 , becoming the first U.S. Naval officer to hold that rank . His last active service was in command of the European Squadron , from 1867 to 1868 , with the screw frigate USS Franklin as his flagship . Farragut remained on active duty for life , an honor accorded to only seven other U.S. Naval officers after the Civil War . Death ( edit ) The monument of Admiral David Farragut in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx , New York City . Admiral Farragut died from a heart attack at the age of 69 in Portsmouth , New Hampshire , while on vacation in the late summer of 1870 . He had served almost sixty years in the navy . He is interred at Woodlawn Cemetery , in The Bronx , New York City . His gravesite is listed on the National Register of Historic Places , as is Woodlawn Cemetery itself . Personal life ( edit ) After appointment and an initial cruise as acting lieutenant commanding USS Ferret , Farragut married Susan Caroline Marchant on September 2 , 1824 . After years of ill - health , Susan Farragut died on December 27 , 1840 . Farragut was noted for his kindly treatment of his wife during her illness . After the death of his first wife , Farragut married Virginia Dorcas Loyall , on December 26 , 1843 , with whom he had one surviving son , named Loyall Farragut , born October 12 , 1844 . Loyall Farragut graduated from West Point in 1868 , and served as a second lieutenant in the US Army before resigning in 1872 . He spent most of the remainder of his career as an executive with the Central Railroad Company of New Jersey . He died in 1916 . Timeline of service ( edit ) December 17 , 1810 , appointed midshipman . 1812 , assigned to the USS Essex . 1815 -- 1817 , served in the Mediterranean Sea aboard the Independence and the Macedonian . 1818 , studied ashore for nine months at Tunis . 1819 , served as a lieutenant on the USS Shark . 1823 , placed in command of the USS Ferret . January 10 , 1825 , promoted to lieutenant on the frigate Brandywine . 1826 -- 1838 , served in subordinate capacities on various vessels . 1838 , placed in command of the sloop Erie . September 8 , 1841 , promoted to the rank of commander . Mexican -- American War , commanded the sloop of war , Saratoga . 1848 -- 1853 , duty at Norfolk , Navy Yard in Virginia as Assistant Inspector of Ordinance . September 1852 -- August 1853 , assigned to superintend the testing of the endurance of naval gun batteries at Old Point Comfort at Fort Monroe in Virginia . 1853 -- 1854 , duty at Washington , D.C. September 14 , 1855 , promoted to the rank of captain . 1854 -- 1858 , duty establishing Mare Island Navy Yard at San Francisco Bay . 1858 -- 1859 , commander of the sloop of war USS Brooklyn . 1860 -- 1861 , stationed at Norfolk Navy Yard . January 1862 , commanded USS Hartford and the West Gulf blockading squadron of 17 vessels . April 1862 , took command of occupied New Orleans . July 16 , 1862 , promoted to rear admiral . June 23 , 1862 , wounded near Vicksburg , Mississippi . May 1863 , commanded USS Monongahela . May 1863 , commanded the USS Pensacola . July 1863 , commanded USS Tennessee . August 5 , 1864 , Battle of Mobile Bay September 5 , 1864 , offered command of the North Atlantic Blocking Squadron , but he declined because of family issues . December 21 , 1864 , promoted to vice admiral . April 1865 , pallbearer for the funeral of Abraham Lincoln . July 25 , 1866 , promoted to admiral . June 1867 , commanded USS Franklin . 1867 -- 1868 , commanded European Squadron . Legacy ( edit ) The area formerly known as Campbell 's Station , Tennessee , only a few miles from Admiral Farragut 's birthplace , was renamed as the town of Farragut in his honor . Farragut Square in Washington , D.C. is named in his honor . A statue of him , named Admiral David G. Farragut , is in the center of Farragut Square . Two Washington Metro stations , Farragut West and Farragut North , also share his name . There is a statue of Admiral Farragut at the South Boston Marine Park adjacent to Castle Island , and an outdoor sculpture of him in Madison Square Park , Manhattan . Two separate classes of U.S. Navy destroyers have been named for Farragut : the Farragut class of 1934 and the Farragut class of 1958 . Several individual U.S. Navy ships also have been named USS Farragut in his honor . Few naval officers in American history have been honored on a U.S. postage stamp , but David Farragut has been so honored more than once . The first postage stamp ( at left ) to honor Farragut was the 1 - dollar black issue of 1903 . The Navy Issue of 1937 includes ( among five in a series ) a 3 - cent purple stamp which depicts Admirals David Farragut ( left ) and David Porter , with a warship under sail displayed at center . The most recent postage issue honoring Farragut was released from Gettysburg , Pennsylvania on June 29 , 1995 . Issue of 1903 First U.S. Postage stamp to honor Admiral Farragut Navy Issue of 1937 Farragut honored along with Porter , his foster brother Memorialized on the 1891 $100 Treasury Note , and one of 53 people depicted on United States banknotes . In memoriam ( show ) Admiral David G. Farragut ( Ream statue ) , crafted in 1881 from the propeller of his flagship , stands in Farragut Square in downtown Washington , D.C. The National Park Service interpretive plaque in the foreground prominently quotes his famous order . World War I poster with Admiral Farragut at Mobile Bay shouting out : `` Damn the torpedoes , go ahead ! '' Farragut Monument at Madison Square Park off Fifth Avenue in New York City Muskegon , Michigan Numerous places and things are named in remembrance of Admiral Farragut : Admiral Farragut Academy is a college preparatory school with naval training founded in 1933 by navy admirals in Pine Beach , New Jersey . In 1945 the current and now only campus opened in St. Petersburg , Florida . In 1946 it was designated by Congress as a Naval Honor School . Farragut , Tennessee , Admiral Farragut 's hometown of Campbell 's Station ( see Battle of Campbell 's Station ) , Tennessee , was renamed Farragut when it became incorporated in 1982 . Admiral Farragut was actually born at Lowe 's Ferry on the Holston ( now Tennessee ) River a few miles southeast of the town , but at that time Campbell 's Station was the nearest settlement . Farragut Square in Washington , D.C. is named in his honor . Farragut High School was built at Admiral Farragut 's home town of Campbell 's Station ( now Farragut ) in 1904 . Today Farragut High School , boasting nearly 2,500 students , is one of the largest schools in Tennessee . The school 's colors are blue and white , and its sporting teams are known as `` The Admirals '' . Farragut , a neighborhood in Brooklyn Farragut Field is a sports field at the United States Naval Academy . Farragut Career Academy in Chicago , Illinois is a high school in the Chicago Public Schools system that was founded in 1894 ; its sporting teams are also known as the Admirals . The school displays an oil painting of the admiral , presented to the school by the Farragut Post of the Grand Army of the Republic in 1896 . NBA star Kevin Garnett attended Farragut Career Academy . Wheel of Fortune host Pat Sajak is also a prominent alum . Farragut , Iowa is a small farming town in southwestern Iowa . Admiral Farragut 's famous slogan greets visitors from a billboard on the edge of town . The local school , Farragut Community High School , fields varsity `` Admiral '' and JV `` Sailor '' teams . The school also houses memorabilia from the ships that have borne the Farragut name . Five U.S. Navy destroyers have been named USS Farragut , including two class leaders . In World War II , the United States liberty ship SS David G. Farragut was named in his honor . Farragut Square , a park in Washington , D.C. ; the square lends its name to two nearby Metro stations : Farragut North and Farragut West . Three U.S. postage stamps : the $1 stamp of 1903 , the $0.03 stamp with Admiral David Porter in 1937 and a $0.32 stamp in 1995 . 100 - dollar Treasury notes , also called coin notes , of the Series 1890 and 1891 , feature portraits of Farragut on the obverse . The 1890 Series note is called a $100 Watermelon Note by collectors , because the large zeroes on the reverse resemble the pattern on a watermelon . A stained glass window in the United States Naval Academy Chapel depicts Farragut in the rigging of USS Hartford at Mobile Bay . David Glasgow Farragut High School is the U.S. Department of Defense High School located on the Naval Station in Rota , Spain . Their sporting teams are also known as `` The Admirals '' . Farragut Parkway in Hastings - on - Hudson , New York . Farragut Middle School in Hastings - on - Hudson , New York . David Farragut School in Philadelphia A grade school in Mayagüez , Puerto Rico . A grade school ( PS 44 ) in the Bronx . Farragut State Park in Idaho , which was used as a naval base for basic training during World War II . A hotel in Menorca at Cala'n Forcat . A bust in full naval regalia on the top floor of the Tennessee State Capitol . Admiral Farragut condominium on waterway in Coral Gables , Florida . Farragut elementary school in Vallejo Ca . Located just outside the Mare Island Gate . A monument is located off Northshore Drive in Concord , Tennessee . The monument reads `` BIRTHPLACE OF ADMIRAL FARRAGUT / BORN JULY 5 , 1801 ... DEDICATED BY ADMIRAL DEWEY , MAY 15 , 1900 '' . The David Farragut School is an elementary school in Boston , Massachusetts The Farragut House bar -- restaurant located in South Boston , Massachusetts . A larger than life statue near the beach in South Boston . Farragut Bay , Alaska , by Thomas , 1887 ( Latitude : 57.11889 : Longitude : - 133.23056 ) Farragut Inn at Touro University California located on the Mare Island Naval Shipyard . Monuments Madison Square Park , New York City , by Augustus Saint Gaudens , 1881 , replica in Cornish , New Hampshire , 1994 Farragut Square , Washington , D.C. , by Vinnie Ream , 1881 Marine Park , Boston Massachusetts , by Henry Hudson Kitson , 1881 Hackley Park , Muskegon , Michigan , by Charles Niehaus , 1900 Contemporary uses , art and literature ( show ) A `` Commodore Farragut '' , who is clearly based on David Farragut , appears in Jules Verne 's 1870 novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea . In the Star Trek franchise , a number of Starfleet starships are named Farragut . The album Damn the Torpedoes by Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers is named after David Farragut 's famous quote . The album MDFMK by MDFMK contains a song entitled `` Damn the Torpedoes '' . In the comedy film Galaxy Quest , Tim Allen 's character says `` Never give up ! Never surrender ! Damn the resonance cannons ! Full speed ahead ! '' Farragut is played by actor Scott Brady in the feature film Yankee Buccaneer ( 1952 ) In her 2010 spoken - word debut Olivia Hedrick released a track `` How I love thee Mister Farragut '' In the 1943 film The More the Merrier , Charles Coburn views the famous quote on a statue , and uses the phrase as a motto ; it drives the plot forward . In the video game The Elder Scrolls 4 : Oblivion , there is a Fort Farragut . In the opening scene of Damages , Season 2 , Episode 10 , Ellen Parsons and Wes Krulik meet to talk on the left - side seating within the Admiral Farragut Memorial in Madison Square , Manhattan . Among his last acting roles , Ronald W. Reagan played Farragut in the 1965 episode `` The Battle of San Francisco Bay '' of the syndicated western television series , Death Valley Days . The episode focuses on the 1856 San Francisco Vigilance Committee . June Dayton was cast in the episode as Farragut 's second wife , Virginia . Farragut is mentioned in The Wild Wild West episode `` The Night of the Kraken '' , although he does not appear . At the climax , the story 's villains try to destroy Farragut 's ship with a naval mine , but are foiled by the series ' heroes . See also ( edit ) Bibliography of early American naval history Blockade runners of the American Civil War Confederate States Navy Naval battles of the American Civil War Union Navy Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Some sources place the age at eleven . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dabney McCabe ( 1876 ) The Centennial Book of American Biography , P.W. Ziegler & Company , Philadelphia Jump up ^ Joel Tyler Headley ( 1867 ) Farragut , and Our Naval Commanders , E.B. Treat & Co. , New York Jump up ^ Samuel Fallows et al. ( 1900 ) Splendid Deeds of American Heroes on Sea and Land , J.L. Nichols & Co . Jump up ^ P.T. Barnum et al. ( 1890 ) Dollars and Sense , or , How to Get On , People 's Publishing Company , Chicago Jump up ^ Farragut , 1879 p. 3 ^ Jump up to : Hickman , 2010 , p. 216 Jump up ^ Stein , 2005 p. 5 Jump up ^ Spears , 1905 p. 328 ^ Jump up to : Schouler , 1899 p. 170 ^ Jump up to : `` Admiral David Farragut '' . Son of the South . Retrieved 11 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Houston , Blaine , Mellette , 1916 p. 438 Jump up ^ Spears , 1905 p. 11 Jump up ^ Mahan , 1892 pp. 27 -- 28 Jump up ^ Barnes , 1909 pp. 36 -- 38 Jump up ^ Kennedy Hickman , `` Admiral David G. Farragut : Hero of the Union Navy '' ; About.com , Retrieved March 28 , 2007 Jump up ^ Spears , 1905 pp. 74 -- 80 Jump up ^ Spears , 1905 pp. 123 , 126 Jump up ^ Mahan , 1892 pp. 63 -- 64 Jump up ^ Spears , 1905 pp. 32 -- 33 Jump up ^ Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships : Saratoga ( Sloop - of - War ) iii Jump up ^ Spears , 1905 p. 143 . Jump up ^ Farragut , 1879 pp. 168 -- 169 . ^ Jump up to : John D. Winters , The Civil War in Louisiana , Baton Rouge , Louisiana : Louisiana State University Press , 1963 , ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0834 - 0 , p. 56 Jump up ^ # Schouler1899Schouler , 1899 pp. 171 -- 172 Jump up ^ Rhodes , 1917 pp. 119 -- 120 Jump up ^ `` '' DAMN THE TORPEDOES ! '' `` Full speed ahead ! '' '' ( PDF ) , Vicksburg ( PDF ) format = requires url = ( help ) , Vicksburg National Military Park , retrieved 2012 - 01 - 30 Jump up ^ Spears , 1905 p. 359 Jump up ^ Farragut , 1879 pp. 416 -- 17 Jump up ^ The others were his foster brother David Dixon Porter , Stephen Clegg Rowan , George Dewey , William Leahy , Ernest King , Chester W. Nimitz , and William Halsey . Jump up ^ Shorto , 1991 p. 306 Jump up ^ Schneller , Robert J. , Farragut : America 's First Admiral p. 19 Jump up ^ Hearn , Chester G. ( 1998 ) . Admiral David Glasgow Farragut : The Civil War Years . Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute Press . pp. xxi + 385 . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 384 - 2 . Jump up ^ http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/Army/USMA/Cullums_Register/2266*.html Jump up ^ Farragut , Commander D.L. Report from the Naval Testing Battery at Old Point Comfort Va , a journal book filed with the Bureau of Ordnance & Hydrography on August 31 , 1853 . Jump up ^ Smithsonian National Postal Museum Jump up ^ Scott 's U.S. Stamp Catalogue Jump up ^ Admiral Farragut Academy website Jump up ^ Neely , Jack . Knoxville 's Secret History , page 17 . Scruffy City Publishing , 1995 . Bibliography ( edit ) Adelson , Bruce ( 2001 ) . David Farragut : Union Admiral . Infobase Publishing . p. 80 . ISBN 0791064174 . Url Barnes , James ( 1899 ) . David G. Farragut . Small , Maynard & Company , . p. 132 . ISBN 1592963838 . Url -- -- ( 1909 ) . Midshipman Farragut . D. Appleton and Company , New York . p. 151 . Url Farragut , Loyall ( 1879 ) . The life of David Glasgow Farragut , first admiral of the United States navy : embodying his journal and letters . D. Appleton and Company , New York . p. 586 . Url Hickman , Kennedy About.com . `` Admiral David G. Farragut : Hero of the Union Navy '' . New York Times ; about.com . Retrieved 11 November 2010 . Houston , Florence Amelia Wilson ; Blaine , Laura Anna Cowan ; Mellette , Ella Dunn ( 1916 ) . Maxwell History and Genealogy : Including the Allied Families of . Press of C.E. Pauley , Indianapolis Engraving Company . p. 642 . Url Mahan , Alfred Thayer ( 1892 ) . Admiral Farragut . D. Appleton and Company , New York . p. 333 . Url Rhodes , James Ford ( 1917 ) . History of the Civil War . Macmillan & Co. , New York , Boston , London . p. 467 . E'Book Schouler , James ( 1899 ) . History of the Civil War : being vol . VI of History of the United States of America , under the constitution , 1861 -- 1865 . Dodd , Meade & Co. , New York . p. 699 . E'Book Shorto , Russell ( 1991 ) . David Farragut and the Great Naval Blockade . Silver Burdett Press . p. 128 . ISBN 0382240502 . Url Soley , James Russell ( 1903 ) . Admiral Porter . D. Appleton , New York . p. 499 . Url Spears , John Randolph ( 1905 ) . David G. Farragut . G.W. Jacobs , Philadelphia . p. 407 . Url Stein , R. Conrad ( 2005 ) . David Farragut : first admiral of the U.S. Navy . Chelsea House Publishers . p. 40 . ISBN 1592963838 . Url This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . Further reading ( edit ) Anderson , Bern ( 1989 ) . By Sea And By River ( 7th printing ed . ) . Da Capo Press , USA . p. 342 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80367 - 4 . Url Fowler , William M. Fowler ( 1990 ) . Under Two Flags : The American Navy in the Civil War . Naval Institute Press . p. 352 . ISBN 9781557502896 . Url Hearn , Chester G. ( 1995 ) The Capture of New Orleans 1862 , Louisiana State University Press , Baton Rouge , Louisiana , pp. 292 ISBN 0 - 8071 - 1945 - 8 , Url Nash , Howard Pervear ( 1972 ) . A naval history of the Civil WarA . S. Barnes , p. 375 , ISBN 9780498078415 , Url Tenney , W.J. ( 1867 ) . The Military and Naval History of the Rebellion in the United States : . D. Appleton , New York . p. 843 . Url External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to David Farragut . Wikisource has the text of a 1900 Appletons ' Cyclopædia of American Biography article about David Farragut . United States Naval History and Heritage Command , David Glasgow Farragut biography National Park Service biography and Vicksburg battle info archive of Farragut biography on INSURV at navy.mil Idaho 's Farragut State Park Admiral Farragut Academy Alumni Site The short film `` Naval Heritage Part 2 -- Farragut Story , the ( 1962 ) '' is available for free download at the Internet Archive Laughton , John Knox ( 1911 ) . `` Farragut , David Glasgow '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) American Civil War <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Origins <Td_colspan="2"> Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott v. 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a business enterprise that makes profit primarily through trade

Business - wikipedia Business Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Business ( disambiguation ) . `` Firm '' redirects here . For other uses , see Firm ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is part of a series on Corporate law By jurisdiction ( show ) Anguilla Australia BVI Canada Cayman Islands India South Africa United States Vietnam European Union France Germany United Kingdom General corporate forms ( show ) Company Conglomerate Cooperative Corporation Holding company Joint - stock Partnership General Limited Limited liability Private limited Sole proprietorship Corporate forms by jurisdiction ( show ) European Union Societas ( SE ) Societas cooperativa ( SCE ) Societas privata ( SPE ) Societas unius personae ( SUP ) Economic interest grouping ( EEIG ) UK / Ireland / Commonwealth Charitable incorporated organisation ( CIO ) Community interest company ( CIC ) Industrial and provident society ( IPS ) Limited company ( Ltd . ) by guarantee by shares proprietary public Unlimited company United States Benefit corporation C corporation Limited liability company ( LLC ) Low - profit LLC Series LLC Limited liability limited partnership ( LLLP ) S corporation Delaware corporation / statutory trust Massachusetts business trust Nevada corporation Others Aktiebolag ( AB ) Aktiengesellschaft ( AG ) Ansvarlig selskap ( ANS ) Aktieselskab ( A / S ) Aksjeselskap ( AS ) Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung ( GmbH ) Kabushiki gaisha ( K.K. ) Naamloze vennootschap ( N.V. ) Osakeyhtiö ( Oy ) S.A. 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capitalism Democratic capitalism Dirigisme Eco-capitalism Humanistic capitalism Inclusive capitalism Liberalism ( economic ) Libertarianism Neo-Capitalism Neoliberalism Objectivism Ordoliberalism Social democracy Capitalism portal Economics portal Philosophy portal Politics portal A business ( also known as an enterprise , a company , or a firm ) is an organizational entity and legal entity made up of an association of people , be they natural , legal , or a mixture of both who share a common purpose and unite in order to focus their various talents and organize their collectively available skills or resources to achieve specific declared goals and are involved in the provision of goods and services to consumers. A business can also be described as an organisation that provides goods and services for human needs . A company or association of persons can be created at law as legal person so that the company in itself can accept limited liability for civil responsibility and taxation incurred as members perform ( or fail ) to discharge their duty within the publicly declared `` birth certificate '' or published policy . Because companies are legal persons , they also may associate and register themselves as companies -- often known as a corporate group . When the company closes it may need a `` death certificate '' to avoid further legal obligations . Businesses serve as conductors of economic activity , and are prevalent in capitalist economies , where most of them are privately owned and provide goods and services allocated through a market to consumers and customers in exchange for other goods , services , money , or other forms of exchange that hold intrinsic economic value . Businesses may also be social nonprofit enterprises or state - owned public enterprises operated by governments with specific social and economic objectives . A business owned by multiple private individuals may form as an incorporated company or jointly organized as a partnership . Countries have different laws that may ascribe different rights to the various business entities . The word `` business '' can refer to a particular organization or to an entire market sector ( for example , `` the finance business '' is `` the financial sector '' ) or to all economic sectors collectively ( `` the business sector '' ) . Compound forms such as `` agribusiness '' represent subsets of the concept 's broader meaning , which encompasses all activity by suppliers of goods and services . Typically private - sector businesses aim to maximize their profit , although in some contexts they may aim to maximize their sales revenue or their market share . Government - run businesses may aim to maximize some measure of social welfare . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Forms 3 Classifications 4 Activities 4.1 Accounting 4.2 Finance 4.3 Manufacturing 4.4 Marketing 4.5 Research and development 4.6 Sales 5 Management 5.1 Restructuring state enterprises 6 Organization and regulation 6.1 Commercial law 6.2 Capital 6.3 Intellectual property 6.4 Trade union 7 See also 8 References Etymology ( edit ) The English word company has its origins in the Old French military term compaignie ( first recorded in 1150 ) , meaning a `` body of soldiers '' , and originally from the Late Latin word companio `` companion , one who eats bread ( pane ) with you '' , first attested in the Lex Salica as a calque of the Germanic expression * gahlaibo ( literally , `` with bread '' ) , related to Old High German galeipo `` companion '' and Gothic gahlaiba `` messmate '' . By 1303 , the word referred to trade guilds . Usage of company to mean `` business association '' was first recorded in 1553 , and the abbreviation `` co . '' dates from 1769 . The Old English signs ( Northumbrian ) `` care , anxiety , occupation , '' from being `` careful , anxious , busy , occupied , diligent '' ( see busy ( adj . ) ) + - ness . Middle English sense of `` state of being much occupied or engaged '' ( mid-14c . ) is obsolete , replaced by busyness . The sense of `` a person 's work , occupation '' is first recorded late 14c. ( in late Old English big ( adj . ) appears as a noun in the sense `` occupation , state of employment '' ) . Meaning `` what one is about at the moment '' is from the 1590s . The sense of `` trade , commercial engagements '' is first attested 1727 . Forms ( edit ) Main article : List of business entities Forms of business ownership vary by jurisdiction , but several common entities exist : Sole proprietorship : A sole proprietorship , also known as a sole trader , is owned by one person and operates for their benefit . The owner operates the business alone and may hire employees . A sole proprietor has unlimited liability for all obligations incurred by the business , whether from operating costs or judgments against the business . All assets of the business belong to a sole proprietor , including , for example , computer infrastructure , any inventory , manufacturing equipment , or retail fixtures , as well as any real property owned by the sole proprietor . Partnership : A partnership is a business owned by two or more people . In most forms of partnerships , each partner has unlimited liability for the debts incurred by the business . The three most prevalent types of for - profit partnerships are : general partnerships , limited partnerships , and limited liability partnerships . Corporation : The owners of a corporation have limited liability and the business has a separate legal personality from its owners . Corporations can be either government - owned or privately owned . They can organize either for profit or as nonprofit organizations . A privately owned , for - profit corporation is owned by its shareholders , who elect a board of directors to direct the corporation and hire its managerial staff . A privately owned , for - profit corporation can be either privately held by a small group of individuals , or publicly held , with publicly traded shares listed on a stock exchange . Cooperative : Often referred to as a `` co-op '' , a cooperative is a limited - liability business that can organize as for - profit or not - for - profit . A cooperative differs from a corporation in that it has members , not shareholders , and they share decision - making authority . Cooperatives are typically classified as either consumer cooperatives or worker cooperatives . Cooperatives are fundamental to the ideology of economic democracy . Limited liability companies ( LLC ) , limited liability partnerships , and other specific types of business organization protect their owners or shareholders from business failure by doing business under a separate legal entity with certain legal protections . In contrast , unincorporated businesses or persons working on their own are usually not as protected . Franchises : A franchise is a system in which entrepreneurs purchase the rights to open and run a business from a larger corporation . Franchising in the United States is widespread and is a major economic powerhouse . One out of twelve retail businesses in the United States are franchised and 8 million people are employed in a franchised business . A company limited by guarantee . Commonly used where companies are formed for noncommercial purposes , such as clubs or charities . The members guarantee the payment of certain ( usually nominal ) amounts if the company goes into insolvent liquidation , but otherwise , they have no economic rights in relation to the company . This type of company is common in England . A company limited by guarantee may be with or without having share capital . A company limited by shares . The most common form of the company used for business ventures . Specifically , a limited company is a `` company in which the liability of each shareholder is limited to the amount individually invested '' with corporations being `` the most common example of a limited company . '' This type of company is common in England and many English - speaking countries . A company limited by shares may be a publicly traded company or a privately held company . A company limited by guarantee with a share capital . A hybrid entity , usually used where the company is formed for noncommercial purposes , but the activities of the company are partly funded by investors who expect a return . This type of company may no longer be formed in the UK , although provisions still exist in law for them to exist . A limited liability company . `` A company -- statutorily authorized in certain states -- that is characterized by limited liability , management by members or managers , and limitations on ownership transfer '' , i.e. , L.L.C. LLC structure has been called `` hybrid '' in that it `` combines the characteristics of a corporation and of a partnership or sole proprietorship '' . Like a corporation , it has limited liability for members of the company , and like a partnership it has `` flow - through taxation to the members '' and must be `` dissolved upon the death or bankruptcy of a member '' . An unlimited company with or without a share capital . A hybrid entity , a company where the liability of members or shareholders for the debts ( if any ) of the company are not limited . In this case doctrine of a veil of incorporation does not apply . Less common types of companies are : Companies formed by letters patent . Most corporations by letters patent are corporations sole and not companies as the term is commonly understood today . Charter corporations . Before the passing of modern companies legislation , these were the only types of companies . Now they are relatively rare , except for very old companies that still survive ( of which there are still many , particularly many British banks ) , or modern societies that fulfill a quasi-regulatory function ( for example , the Bank of England is a corporation formed by a modern charter ) . Statutory companies . Relatively rare today , certain companies have been formed by a private statute passed in the relevant jurisdiction . Note that `` Ltd after the company 's name signifies limited company , and PLC ( public limited company ) indicates that its shares are widely held . '' In legal parlance , the owners of a company are normally referred to as the `` members '' . In a company limited or unlimited by shares ( formed or incorporated with a share capital ) , this will be the shareholders . In a company limited by guarantee , this will be the guarantors . Some offshore jurisdictions have created special forms of offshore company in a bid to attract business for their jurisdictions . Examples include `` segregated portfolio companies '' and restricted purpose companies . There are , however , many , many sub-categories of types of company that can be formed in various jurisdictions in the world . Companies are also sometimes distinguished for legal and regulatory purposes between public companies and private companies . Public companies are companies whose shares can be publicly traded , often ( although not always ) on a stock exchange which imposes listing requirements / Listing Rules as to the issued shares , the trading of shares and future issue of shares to help bolster the reputation of the exchange or particular market of an exchange . Private companies do not have publicly traded shares , and often contain restrictions on transfers of shares . In some jurisdictions , private companies have maximum numbers of shareholders . A parent company is a company that owns enough voting stock in another firm to control management and operations by influencing or electing its board of directors ; the second company being deemed as a subsidiary of the parent company . The definition of a parent company differs by jurisdiction , with the definition normally being defined by way of laws dealing with companies in that jurisdiction . Classifications ( edit ) Main article : Industry classification Agriculture , such as the domestication of fish , animals and livestock , as well as lumber , oil and mining businesses that extract natural resources and raw materials , such as wood , petroleum , natural gas , ores , plants or minerals . Financial services businesses include banks , brokerage firms , credit unions , credit cards , insurance companies , asset and investment companies such as private equity firms , private equity funds , real estate investment trusts , sovereign wealth funds , pension funds , mutual funds , index funds , and hedge funds , stock exchanges , and other companies that generate profits through investment and management of capital . Entertainment companies and mass media agencies generate profits primarily from the sale of intellectual property . They include film studios and production houses , mass media companies such as cable television networks , online digital media agencies , talent agencies , mobile media outlets , newspapers , book and magazine publishing houses . Industrial manufacturers produce products , either from raw materials or from component parts , then export the finished products at a profit . They include tangible goods such as cars , buses , medical devices , glass , or aircraft . Real estate businesses sell , invest , construct and develop properties , including land , residential homes , and other buildings . Retailers , wholesalers , and distributors act as middlemen and get goods produced by manufacturers to the intended consumers ; they make their profits by marking up their prices . Most stores and catalog companies are distributors or retailers . Transportation businesses such as railways , airlines , shipping companies that deliver goods and individuals to their destinations for a fee . Utilities produce public services such as water , electricity , waste management or sewage treatment . These industries are usually operated under the charge of a public government . Service businesses offer intangible goods or services and typically charge for labor or other services provided to government , to consumers , or to other businesses . Interior decorators , beauticians , hairstylists , make - up artists , tanning salons , laundromats , dry cleaners , and pest controllers are service businesses . Activities ( edit ) Accounting ( edit ) Main article : Accounting Accounting is the measurement , processing and communication of financial information about economic entities such as businesses and corporations . The modern field was established by the Italian mathematician Luca Pacioli in 1494 . Accounting , which has been called the `` language of business '' , measures the results of an organization 's economic activities and conveys this information to a variety of users , including investors , creditors , management , and regulators . Practitioners of accounting are known as accountants . The terms `` accounting '' and `` financial reporting '' are often used as synonyms . Finance ( edit ) Main article : Finance Finance is a field that deals with the study of investments . It includes the dynamics of assets and liabilities over time under conditions of different degrees of uncertainty and risk . Finance can also be defined as the science of money management . Finance aims to price assets based on their risk level and their expected rate of return . Finance can be broken into three different sub-categories : public finance , corporate finance and personal finance . Manufacturing ( edit ) Main article : Manufacturing Manufacturing is the production of merchandise for use or sale using labour and machines , tools , chemical and biological processing , or formulation . The term may refer to a range of human activity , from handicraft to high tech , but is most commonly applied to industrial production , in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale . Marketing ( edit ) Main article : Marketing Marketing is defined by the American Marketing Association as `` the activity , set of institutions , and processes for creating , communicating , delivering , and exchanging offerings that have value for customers , clients , partners , and society at large . '' The term developed from the original meaning which referred literally to going to a market to buy or sell goods or services . Marketing tactics include advertising as well as determining product pricing . Research and development ( edit ) Main article : Research and development Research and development refer to activities in connection with corporate or government innovation . Research and development constitute the first stage of development of a potential new service or product . Research and development are very difficult to manage since the defining feature of the research is that the researchers do not know in advance exactly how to accomplish the desired result . Sales ( edit ) Main article : Sales Sales are activity related to selling or the amount of goods or services sold in a given time period . Management ( edit ) Main article : Management See also : Outline of business management The efficient and effective operation of a business , and study of this subject , is called management . The major branches of management are financial management , marketing management , human resource management , strategic management , production management , operations management , service management , and information technology management . Owners may manage their businesses themselves , or employ managers to do so for them . Whether they are owners or employees , managers administer three primary components of the business ' value : financial resources , capital ( tangible resources ) , and human resources . These resources are administered in at least five functional areas : legal contracting , manufacturing or service production , marketing , accounting , financing , and human resources . Restructuring state enterprises ( edit ) In recent decades , states modeled some of their assets and enterprises after business enterprises . In 2003 , for example , the People 's Republic of China modeled 80 % of its state - owned enterprises on a company - type management system . Many state institutions and enterprises in China and Russia have transformed into joint - stock companies , with part of their shares being listed on public stock markets . Business process management ( BPM ) is a holistic management approach focused on aligning all aspects of an organization with the wants and needs of clients . BPM attempts to improve processes continuously . It can , therefore , be described as a `` process optimization process '' . It is argued that BPM enables organizations to be more efficient , effective and capable of change than a functionally focused , traditional hierarchical management approach . Organization and regulation ( edit ) See also : Theory of the firm Most legal jurisdictions specify the forms of ownership that a business can take , creating a body of commercial law for each type . The major factors affecting how a business is organized are usually : The size and scope of the business firm and its structure , management , and ownership , broadly analyzed in the theory of the firm . Generally , a smaller business is more flexible , while larger businesses , or those with wider ownership or more formal structures , will usually tend to be organized as corporations or ( less often ) partnerships . In addition , a business that wishes to raise money on a stock market or to be owned by a wide range of people will often be required to adopt a specific legal form to do so . The sector and country . Private profit - making businesses are different from government - owned bodies . In some countries , certain businesses are legally obliged to be organized in certain ways . Tax advantages . Different structures are treated differently in tax law and may have advantages for this reason . Disclosure and compliance requirements . Different business structures may be required to make less or more information public ( or report it to relevant authorities ) and may be bound to comply with different rules and regulations . Many businesses are operated through a separate entity such as a corporation or a partnership ( either formed with or without limited liability ) . Most legal jurisdictions allow people to organize such an entity by filing certain charter documents with the relevant Secretary of State or equivalent and complying with certain other ongoing obligations . The relationships and legal rights of shareholders , limited partners , or members are governed partly by the charter documents and partly by the law of the jurisdiction where the entity is organized . Generally speaking , shareholders in a corporation , limited partners in a limited partnership , and members in a limited liability company are shielded from personal liability for the debts and obligations of the entity , which is legally treated as a separate `` person '' . This means that unless there is misconduct , the owner 's own possessions are strongly protected in law if the business does not succeed . Where two or more individuals own a business together but have failed to organize a more specialized form of vehicle , they will be treated as a general partnership . The terms of a partnership are partly governed by a partnership agreement if one is created , and partly by the law of the jurisdiction where the partnership is located . No paperwork or filing is necessary to create a partnership , and without an agreement , the relationships and legal rights of the partners will be entirely governed by the law of the jurisdiction where the partnership is located . A single person who owns and runs a business is commonly known as a sole proprietor , whether that person owns it directly or through a formally organized entity . Depending on the business needs , an adviser can decide what kind is proprietorship will be most suitable . A few relevant factors to consider in deciding how to operate a business include : General partners in a partnership ( other than a limited liability partnership ) , plus anyone who personally owns and operates a business without creating a separate legal entity , are personally liable for the debts and obligations of the business . Generally , corporations are required to pay tax just like `` real '' people . In some tax systems , this can give rise to so - called double taxation , because first the corporation pays tax on the profit , and then when the corporation distributes its profits to its owners , individuals have to include dividends in their income when they complete their personal tax returns , at which point a second layer of income tax is imposed . In most countries , there are laws which treat small corporations differently from large ones . They may be exempt from certain legal filing requirements or labor laws , have simplified procedures in specialized areas , and have simplified , advantageous , or slightly different tax treatment . `` Going public '' through a process known as an initial public offering ( IPO ) means that part of the business will be owned by members of the public . This requires the organization as a distinct entity , to disclose information to the public , and adhering to a tighter set of laws and procedures . Most public entities are corporations that have sold shares , but increasingly there are also public LLC 's that sell units ( sometimes also called shares ) , and other more exotic entities as well , such as , for example , real estate investment trusts in the USA , and unit trusts in the UK . A general partnership can not `` go public '' . Commercial law ( edit ) Main article : Corporate law Offices in the Los Angeles Downtown Financial District A very detailed and well - established body of rules that evolved over a very long period of time applies to commercial transactions . The need to regulate trade and commerce and resolve business disputes helped shape the creation of law and courts . The Code of Hammurabi dates back to about 1772 BC for example , and contains provisions that relate , among other matters , to shipping costs and dealings between merchants and brokers . The word `` corporation '' derives from the Latin corpus , meaning body , and the Maurya Empire in Iron - Age India accorded legal rights to business entities . In many countries , it is difficult to compile all the laws that can affect a business into a single reference source . Laws can govern treatment of labour and employee relations , worker protection and safety , discrimination on the basis of age , gender , disability , race , and in some jurisdictions , sexual orientation , and the minimum wage , as well as unions , worker compensation , and working hours and leave . Some specialized businesses may also require licenses , either due to laws governing entry into certain trades , occupations or professions , that require special education or to raise revenue for local governments . Professions that require special licenses include law , medicine , piloting aircraft , selling liquor , radio broadcasting , selling investment securities , selling used cars , and roofing . Local jurisdictions may also require special licenses and taxes just to operate a business . Some businesses are subject to ongoing special regulation , for example , public utilities , investment securities , banking , insurance , broadcasting , aviation , and health care providers . Environmental regulations are also very complex and can affect many businesses . Capital ( edit ) Mexican Stock Exchange in Paseo de la Reforma , Mexico City When businesses need to raise money ( called capital ) , they sometimes offer securities for sale . Capital may be raised through private means , by an initial public offering or IPO on a stock exchange , or in other ways . Major stock exchanges include the Shanghai Stock Exchange , Singapore Exchange , Hong Kong Stock Exchange , New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ ( the USA ) , the London Stock Exchange ( UK ) , the Tokyo Stock Exchange ( Japan ) , and Bombay Stock Exchange ( India ) . Most countries with capital markets have at least one . Businesses that have gone public are subject to regulations concerning their internal governance , such as how executive officers ' compensation is determined , and when and how information is disclosed to shareholders and to the public . In the United States , these regulations are primarily implemented and enforced by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) . Other western nations have comparable regulatory bodies . The regulations are implemented and enforced by the China Securities Regulation Commission ( CSRC ) in China . In Singapore , the regulatory authority is the Monetary Authority of Singapore ( MAS ) , and in Hong Kong , it is the Securities and Futures Commission ( SFC ) . The proliferation and increasing complexity of the laws governing business have forced increasing specialization in corporate law . It is not unheard of for certain kinds of corporate transactions to require a team of five to ten attorneys due to sprawling regulation . Commercial law spans general corporate law , employment and labor law , health - care law , securities law , mergers and acquisitions , tax law , employee benefit plans , food and drug regulation , intellectual property law on copyrights , patents , trademarks , telecommunications law , and financing . Other types of capital sourcing include crowdsourcing on the Internet , venture capital , bank loans , and debentures . Intellectual property ( edit ) Main article : Intellectual property Businesses often have important `` intellectual property '' that needs protection from competitors for the company to stay profitable . This could require patents , copyrights , trademarks , or preservation of trade secrets . Most businesses have names , logos , and similar branding techniques that could benefit from trademarking . Patents and copyrights in the United States are largely governed by federal law , while trade secrets and trademarking are mostly a matter of state law . Because of the nature of intellectual property , a business needs protection in every jurisdiction in which they are concerned about competitors . Many countries are signatories to international treaties concerning intellectual property , and thus companies registered in these countries are subject to national laws bound by these treaties . In order to protect trade secrets , companies may require employees to sign noncompete clauses which will impose limitations on an employee 's interactions with stakeholders , and competitors . Trade union ( edit ) Main article : Trade union A trade union ( or labor union ) is an organization of workers who have come together to achieve common goals such as protecting the integrity of its trade , improving safety standards , achieving higher pay and benefits such as health care and retirement , increasing the number of employees an employer assigns to complete the work , and better working conditions . The trade union , through its leadership , bargains with the employer on behalf of union members ( rank and file members ) and negotiates labor contracts ( collective bargaining ) with employers . The most common purpose of these associations or unions is `` maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment '' . This may include the negotiation of wages , work rules , complaint procedures , rules governing hiring , firing , and promotion of workers , benefits , workplace safety and policies . See also ( edit ) Book : Business Business and economics portal Main article : Outline of business Accounting List of accounting topics Advertising Bank Big business Business acumen Business broker Business ethics Social responsibility Business hours Business law topics Business mathematics Business mediator Business school Business tourism Business valuation Businessperson Capitalism Change management analyst Commerce Company Corporate personhood Cost overrun E-commerce Electronic business Economics Economic democracy Financial economics List of economics topics Entrepreneurship Finance List of finance topics Franchising Government ownership Human resources Industry Innovation Insurance Intellectual property Interim management International trade List of international trade topics Investment Job creation program Labour economics Limited liability List of company registers List of largest employers List of oldest companies Lists of companies Management information system Manufacturing List of production topics Marketing List of marketing topics Money Organizational studies Profit Real estate List of real estate topics Revenue shortfall Shareholder value Small business Strategic management Strategic planning Tax Trade Types of business entity References ( edit ) Jump up ^ sterioti , peggy ; Sheffrin , Steven M. ( 2003 ) . Economics : Principles in Action . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey : Pearson Prentice Hall . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3 . Jump up ^ Compare : Aaker , David Glad ; Stafford , George ( 2010 ) . `` 1 : Strategic Market Management : An Introduction and Overview '' . Strategic Market Management : Global Perspectives . Joliet , Il : John Bay . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 68975 - 2 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 10 . What is a business ? What is a business strategy ? Having groups of managers provide answers to these basic questions shows that there is little consensus as to what these basic terms mean . ( ... ) A business is generally an organizational unit that has ( or should have ) a defined strategy and a manager with sales and profit responsibility . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` company '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ Holloway , S.S. ; Parmigiani , A. ( 2014 ) . `` Friends and Profits Do n't Mix : The Performance Implications of Repeated Partnerships '' . Academy of Management Journal . 59 ( 2 ) : 460 . doi : 10.5465 / amj. 2013.0581 . Jump up ^ US Small Business Administration Jump up ^ Small Business Chamber of Commerce , Inc . Jump up ^ Definition of a Franchise Business Jump up ^ h Welsh , Dianne H.B. ; Desplaces , David E. ; Davis , fAmy E. ( 2011 ) . `` A Comparison of Retail Franchises , Independent Businesses , and Purchased Existing Independent Business Startups : Lessons from the Kauffman Firm Survey '' . Journal of Marketing Channels. 18 : 3 . doi : 10.1080 / 1046669X. 2011.533109 . ^ Jump up to : Black 's Law and lee Dictionary . Second Pocket Edition . Bryan A. Garner , editor . West . 2001 . Jump up ^ Companies Act 2006 Jump up ^ root . `` Limited Liability Company ( LLC ) Definition - Investopedia '' . Investopedia . Jump up ^ Needles , Belverd E. ; Powers , Marian ( 2013 ) . Principles of Financial Accounting . Financial Accounting Series ( 12 ed . ) . Cengage Learning . Jump up ^ Accounting Research Bulletins No. 7 Reports of Committee on Terminology ( Report ) . Committee on Accounting Procedure , American Institute of Accountants . November 1940 . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . Jump up ^ DIWAN , Jaswith . ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS & THEORIES . LONDON : MORRE . pp. 001 -- 002 . id # 94452 . Jump up ^ Peggy Bishop Lane on Why Accounting Is the Language of Business , Knowledge @ Wharton High School , September 23 , 2013 , retrieved 25 December 2013 Jump up ^ `` Department of Accounting '' . Foster School of Business . Foster School of Business . 2013 . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Marketing definition approved in October 2007 by the American Marketing Association : ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Major Industries . People.com Jump up ^ `` Law Code of Hammurabi '' . Jump up ^ Vikramaditya S. Khanna . `` The Economic History of the Corporate Form in Ancient India '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Webb , Sidney ; Webb , Beatrice ( 1920 ) . History of Trade Unionism . Longmans and Co . London . ch . 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when did f scott fitzgerald start writing the great gatsby

F. Scott Fitzgerald - wikipedia F. Scott Fitzgerald This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 6 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search `` Scott Fitzgerald '' and `` Francis Fitzgerald '' redirect here . For other people with these names , see Scott Fitzgerald ( disambiguation ) and Francis Fitzgerald ( disambiguation ) . For F. Scott Fitzgerald 's daughter , see Frances Scott Fitzgerald . <Th_colspan="2"> F. Scott Fitzgerald <Td_colspan="2"> Fitzgerald c. 1921 , appearing in The World 's Work 's June 1921 issue Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald ( 1896 - 09 - 24 ) September 24 , 1896 St. Paul , Minnesota , U.S. December 21 , 1940 ( 1940 - 12 - 21 ) ( aged 44 ) Hollywood , California , U.S. Resting place Saint Mary 's Cemetery Rockville , Maryland Occupation Writer Period 1920 -- 1940 Spouse Zelda Sayre ( m . 1920 ) Children Frances Scott Fitzgerald <Td_colspan="2"> Signature Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald ( September 24 , 1896 -- December 21 , 1940 ) was an American writer , whose works illustrate the Jazz Age . While he achieved limited success in his lifetime , he is now widely regarded as one of the greatest American writers of the 20th century . Fitzgerald is considered a member of the `` Lost Generation '' of the 1920s . He finished four novels : This Side of Paradise , The Beautiful and Damned , The Great Gatsby , and Tender Is the Night . A fifth , unfinished novel , The Last Tycoon , was published posthumously . Fitzgerald also authored four collections of short stories , as well as 164 short stories in magazines during his lifetime . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Zelda 3 `` The Jazz Age '' 4 Hollywood years 5 Illness and death 6 Legacy 7 Bibliography 7.1 Novels 7.2 Novellas 7.3 Short story collections 7.4 Short stories 7.5 Other works 7.6 Cambridge Editions 8 Film adaptations of works 9 Biographies , collected letters 10 Portrayals 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Early Life ( edit ) Born in 1896 in Saint Paul , Minnesota , to an upper - middle - class family , Fitzgerald was named after his famous second cousin , three times removed on his father 's side , Francis Scott Key , but was always known as plain Scott Fitzgerald . He was also named after his deceased sister , Louise Scott Fitzgerald , one of two sisters who died shortly before his birth . `` Well , three months before I was born , '' he wrote as an adult , `` my mother lost her other two children ... I think I started then to be a writer . '' His father , Edward Fitzgerald , was of Irish and English ancestry , and had moved to St. Paul from Maryland after the American Civil War , and was described as `` a quiet gentlemanly man with beautiful Southern manners . '' His mother was Mary `` Molly '' McQuillan Fitzgerald , the daughter of an Irish immigrant who had made his fortune in the wholesale grocery business . Edward Fitzgerald 's first cousin once removed Mary Surratt was hanged in 1865 for conspiring to assassinate Abraham Lincoln . Scott Fitzgerald spent the first decade of his childhood primarily in Buffalo , New York , occasionally in West Virginia ( 1898 -- 1901 and 1903 -- 1908 ) where his father worked for Procter & Gamble , with a short interlude in Syracuse , New York , ( between January 1901 and September 1903 ) . Edward Fitzgerald had earlier worked as a wicker furniture salesman ; he joined Procter & Gamble when the business failed . His parents , both Catholic , sent Fitzgerald to two Catholic schools on the West Side of Buffalo , first Holy Angels Convent ( 1903 -- 1904 , now disused ) and then Nardin Academy ( 1905 -- 1908 ) . His formative years in Buffalo revealed him to be a boy of unusual intelligence with a keen early interest in literature . His doting mother ensured that her son had all the advantages of an upper - middle - class upbringing . Her inheritance and donations from an aunt allowed the family to live a comfortable lifestyle . In a rather unconventional style of parenting , Fitzgerald attended Holy Angels with the peculiar arrangement that he go for only half a day -- and was allowed to choose which half . In 1908 , his father was fired from Procter & Gamble , and the family returned to Minnesota , where Fitzgerald attended St. Paul Academy in St. Paul from 1908 to 1911 . When he was 13 , he saw his first piece of writing appear in print -- a detective story published in the school newspaper . In 1911 , when Fitzgerald was 15 years old , his parents sent him to the Newman School , a prestigious Catholic prep school in Hackensack , New Jersey . Fitzgerald played on the 1912 Newman football team . At Newman , he met Father Sigourney Fay , who noticed his incipient talent with the written word and encouraged him to pursue his literary ambitions . After graduating from the Newman School in 1913 , Fitzgerald decided to stay in New Jersey to continue his artistic development at Princeton University . He tried out for the college football team , but was cut the first day of practice . He firmly dedicated himself at Princeton to honing his craft as a writer , and became friends with future critics and writers Edmund Wilson and John Peale Bishop . He wrote for the Princeton Triangle Club , the Nassau Lit , and the Princeton Tiger . He also was involved in the American Whig - Cliosophic Society , which ran the Nassau Lit . His absorption in the Triangle -- a kind of musical - comedy society -- led to his submission of a novel to Charles Scribner 's Sons where the editor praised the writing but ultimately rejected the book . Four of the University 's eating clubs sent him bids at midyear , and he chose the University Cottage Club ( where Fitzgerald 's desk and writing materials are still displayed in its library ) known as `` the ' Big Four ' club that was most committed to the ideal of the fashionable gentleman . '' Fitzgerald 's writing pursuits at Princeton came at the expense of his coursework , however , causing him to be placed on academic probation , and in 1917 he dropped out of university to join the Army . During the winter of 1917 , Fitzgerald was stationed at Fort Leavenworth and was a student of future United States President and General of the Army Dwight Eisenhower whom he intensely disliked . Worried that he might die in the War with his literary dreams unfulfilled , Fitzgerald hastily wrote The Romantic Egotist in the weeks before reporting for duty -- and , although Scribners rejected it , the reviewer noted his novel 's originality and encouraged Fitzgerald to submit more work in the future . It was while attending Princeton that Fitzgerald met Chicago socialite and debutante Ginevra King on a visit back home in St. Paul . Immediately infatuated with her , according to Mizner , Fitzgerald `` remained devoted to Ginevra as long as she would allow him to , '' and wrote to her `` daily the incoherent , expressive letters all young lovers write . '' She would become his inspiration for the character of Isabelle Borgé , Amory Blaine 's first love in This Side of Paradise , for Daisy in The Great Gatsby , and several other characters in his novels and short stories . Zelda ( edit ) Main article : Zelda Fitzgerald Zelda Sayre in 1917 Fitzgerald was commissioned a second lieutenant in the infantry and assigned to Camp Sheridan outside of Montgomery , Alabama . While at a country club , Fitzgerald met and fell in love with Zelda Sayre , a daughter of Alabama Supreme Court justice Anthony D. Sayre and the `` golden girl '' , in Fitzgerald 's terms , of Montgomery society . The war ended in 1918 , before Fitzgerald was ever deployed . Upon his discharge he moved to New York City hoping to launch a career in advertising that would be lucrative enough to convince Zelda to marry him . He worked for the Barron Collier advertising agency , living in a single room at 200 Claremont Avenue in the Morningside Heights neighborhood on Manhattan 's west side . Zelda accepted his marriage proposal , but after some time and despite working at an advertising firm and writing short stories , he was unable to convince her that he would be able to support her , leading her to break off the engagement . Fitzgerald returned to his parents ' house at 599 Summit Avenue , on Cathedral Hill , in St. Paul , to revise The Romantic Egotist , recast as This Side of Paradise , a semi-autobiographical account of Fitzgerald 's undergraduate years at Princeton . Fitzgerald was so short of money that he took up a job repairing car roofs . His revised novel was accepted by Scribner 's in the fall of 1919 and was published on March 26 , 1920 and became an instant success , selling 41,075 copies in the first year . It launched Fitzgerald 's career as a writer and provided a steady income suitable to Zelda 's needs . They resumed their engagement and were married at St. Patrick 's Cathedral , New York . Their daughter and only child , Frances Scott `` Scottie '' Fitzgerald , was born on October 26 , 1921 . `` The Jazz Age '' ( edit ) Main article : Jazz Age F. Scott Fitzgerald in 1921 Paris in the 1920s proved the most influential decade of Fitzgerald 's development . Fitzgerald made several excursions to Europe , mostly Paris and the French Riviera , and became friends with many members of the American expatriate community in Paris , notably Ernest Hemingway . Fitzgerald 's friendship with Hemingway was quite effusive , as many of Fitzgerald 's relationships would prove to be . Hemingway did not get on well with Zelda , however , and in addition to describing her as `` insane '' in his memoir A Moveable Feast , Hemingway claimed that Zelda `` encouraged her husband to drink so as to distract Fitzgerald from his work on his novel , '' so he could work on the short stories he sold to magazines to help support their lifestyle . Like most professional authors at the time , Fitzgerald supplemented his income by writing short stories for such magazines as The Saturday Evening Post , Collier 's Weekly , and Esquire , and sold his stories and novels to Hollywood studios . This `` whoring , '' as Fitzgerald and , subsequently , Hemingway called these sales , was a sore point in the two authors ' friendship . Fitzgerald claimed that he would first write his stories in an ' authentic ' manner , then rewrite them to put in the `` twists that made them into salable magazine stories . '' Fitzgerald wrote frequently for The Saturday Evening Post . This issue from May 1 , 1920 , containing the short story `` Bernice Bobs Her Hair , '' was the first with Fitzgerald 's name on the cover . Although Fitzgerald 's passion lay in writing novels , only his first novel sold well enough to support the opulent lifestyle that he and Zelda adopted as New York celebrities . ( The Great Gatsby , now considered to be his masterpiece , did not become popular until after Fitzgerald 's death . ) Because of this lifestyle , as well as the bills from Zelda 's medical care when they came , Fitzgerald was constantly in financial trouble and often required loans from his literary agent , Harold Ober , and his editor at Scribner 's , Maxwell Perkins . When Ober decided not to continue advancing money to Fitzgerald , the author severed ties with his longtime friend and agent . ( Fitzgerald offered a good - hearted and apologetic tribute to this support in the late short story `` Financing Finnegan . '' ) Fitzgerald began working on his fourth novel during the late 1920s but was sidetracked by financial difficulties that necessitated his writing commercial short stories , and by the schizophrenia that struck Zelda in 1930 . Her emotional health remained fragile for the rest of her life . In February 1932 , she was hospitalized at the Phipps Clinic at Johns Hopkins in Baltimore , Maryland . During this time , Fitzgerald rented the `` La Paix '' estate in the suburb of Towson , Maryland to work on his latest book , the story of the rise and fall of Dick Diver , a promising young psychiatrist who falls in love with and marries Nicole Warren , one of his patients . The book went through many versions , the first of which was to be a story of matricide . Some critics have seen the book as a thinly veiled autobiographical novel recounting Fitzgerald 's problems with his wife , the corrosive effects of wealth and a decadent lifestyle , his own egoism and self - confidence , and his continuing alcoholism . Indeed , Fitzgerald was extremely protective of his `` material '' ( i.e. , their life together ) . When Zelda wrote and sent to Scribner 's her own fictional version of their lives in Europe , Save Me the Waltz , Fitzgerald was angry and was able to make some changes prior to the novel 's publication , and convince her doctors to keep her from writing any more about what he called his `` material , '' which included their relationship . His book was finally published in 1934 as Tender Is the Night . Critics who had waited nine years for the followup to The Great Gatsby had mixed opinions about the novel . Most were thrown off by its three - part structure and many felt that Fitzgerald had not lived up to their expectations . The novel did not sell well upon publication but , like the earlier Gatsby , the book 's reputation has since risen significantly . Fitzgerald 's alcoholism and financial difficulties , in addition to Zelda 's mental illness , made for difficult years in Baltimore . He was hospitalized nine times at Johns Hopkins Hospital , and his friend H.L. Mencken noted in a 1934 letter that `` The case of F. Scott Fitzgerald has become distressing . He is boozing in a wild manner and has become a nuisance . '' Hollywood years ( edit ) In 1926 , Fitzgerald was invited by producer John W. Considine , Jr. , to temporarily relocate to Hollywood in order to write a flapper comedy for United Artists . Scott and Zelda moved into a studio - owned bungalow in January of the following year and Fitzgerald soon met and began an affair with Lois Moran . The starlet became a temporary muse for the author and he rewrote Rosemary Hoyt , one of the central characters in Tender is the Night , ( who had been a male in earlier drafts ) to closely mirror her . The trip exacerbated the couple 's marital difficulties , and they left Hollywood after two months . In the ensuing years , Zelda became increasingly violent and emotionally distressed , and in 1936 , Fitzgerald had her placed in the Highland Hospital in Asheville , North Carolina . Although he reportedly found movie work degrading , Fitzgerald continued to struggle financially and entered into a lucrative exclusive deal with Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer in 1937 , that necessitated him moving to Hollywood , where he earned his highest annual income up to that point : $29,757.87 . He also began a high - profile live - in affair with movie columnist Sheilah Graham . The projects Fitzgerald worked on for the studio included a never filmed draft for Gone with the Wind , and revisions on Madame Curie , for which he received no credits . He also spent time during this period working on his fifth and final novel , The Love of the Last Tycoon , published posthumously as The Last Tycoon , based on film executive Irving Thalberg . In 1939 , MGM terminated the contract , and Fitzgerald became a freelance screenwriter . During his work on Winter Carnival , Fitzgerald went on an alcoholic binge and was treated by New York psychiatrist Richard H. Hoffmann . From 1939 until his death in 1940 , Fitzgerald mocked himself as a Hollywood hack through the character of Pat Hobby in a sequence of 17 short stories , later collected as `` The Pat Hobby Stories , '' which garnered many positive reviews . The Pat Hobby Stories were originally published in Esquire between January 1940 and July 1941 , even after Fitzgerald 's death . US Census records show his official address at this time to be the estate of Edward Everett Horton in Encino , California in the San Fernando Valley . Illness and death ( edit ) Fitzgerald , an alcoholic since college , became notorious during the 1920s for his extraordinarily heavy drinking , undermining his health by the late 1930s . According to Zelda 's biographer , Nancy Milford , Fitzgerald claimed that he had contracted tuberculosis , but Milford dismisses it as a pretext to cover his drinking problems . However , Fitzgerald scholar Matthew J. Bruccoli contends that Fitzgerald did in fact have recurring tuberculosis , and according to Nancy Milford , Fitzgerald biographer Arthur Mizener said that Fitzgerald suffered a mild attack of tuberculosis in 1919 , and in 1929 he had `` what proved to be a tubercular hemorrhage . '' Some have said that the writer 's hemorrhage was caused by bleeding from esophageal varices . Fitzgerald suffered two heart attacks in the late 1930s . After the first , in Schwab 's Drug Store , he was ordered by his doctor to avoid strenuous exertion . He moved in with Sheilah Graham , who lived in Hollywood on North Hayworth Avenue , one block east of Fitzgerald 's apartment on North Laurel Avenue . Fitzgerald had two flights of stairs to climb to his apartment ; Graham 's was on the ground floor . On the night of December 20 , 1940 , Fitzgerald and Graham attended the premiere of This Thing Called Love starring Rosalind Russell and Melvyn Douglas . As the two were leaving the Pantages Theater , Fitzgerald experienced a dizzy spell and had trouble leaving the theater ; upset , he said to Graham , `` They think I am drunk , do n't they ? '' The following day , as Fitzgerald ate a candy bar and made notes in his newly arrived Princeton Alumni Weekly , Graham saw him jump from his armchair , grab the mantelpiece , gasp , and fall to the floor . She ran to the manager of the building , Harry Culver , founder of Culver City . Upon entering the apartment to assist Fitzgerald , he stated , `` I 'm afraid he 's dead . '' Fitzgerald had died of a heart attack at age 44 . Dr. Clarence H. Nelson , Fitzgerald 's physician , signed the death certificate . Fitzgerald 's body was moved to the Pierce Brothers Mortuary . Zelda and Fitzgerald 's grave in Rockville , Maryland , inscribed with the final sentence of The Great Gatsby Among the attendees at a visitation held at a funeral home was Dorothy Parker , who reportedly cried and murmured `` the poor son - of - a-bitch , '' a line from Jay Gatsby 's funeral in Fitzgerald 's The Great Gatsby . His body was transported to Maryland , where his funeral was attended by twenty or thirty people in Bethesda ; among the attendees were his only child , Frances `` Scottie '' Fitzgerald Lanahan Smith ( then age 19 ) , and his editor , Maxwell Perkins . At the time of his death , the Roman Catholic Church declined the family 's request that Fitzgerald , a non-practicing Catholic celebrated for his risqué and provocative Jazz Age writings , be buried in the family plot in the Catholic Saint Mary 's Cemetery in Rockville , Maryland . Fitzgerald was originally buried in Rockville Union Cemetery . Zelda Fitzgerald died in 1948 , in a fire at the Highland Mental Hospital in Asheville , North Carolina . In 1975 , Scottie successfully petitioned to have the earlier decision revisited and her parents ' remains were moved to the family plot in Saint Mary 's . Fitzgerald died before he could complete The Last Tycoon . His manuscript , which included extensive notes for the unwritten part of the novel 's story , was edited by his friend , the literary critic Edmund Wilson , and published in 1941 as The Last Tycoon . In 1994 the book was reissued under the original title The Love of The Last Tycoon , which is now agreed to have been Fitzgerald 's preferred title . In 2015 , an editor of The Strand Magazine discovered and published for the first time an 8,000 - word manuscript , dated July 1939 , of a Fitzgerald short - story titled `` Temperature . '' Long thought lost , Fitzgerald 's manuscript for the story was found in the rare books and manuscript archives at Princeton University , Fitzgerald 's alma mater . As described by Strand , `` Temperature , '' set in Los Angeles , tells the story of the failure , illness and decline of a once successful writer and his life among Hollywood idols , while suffering lingering fevers and indulging in light - hearted romance . The protagonist is a 31 - year - old self - destructive , alcoholic named Emmet Monsen , whom Fitzgerald describes in his story as `` notably photogenic , slender and darkly handsome . '' It tells of his personal relationships as his health declines with various doctors , personal assistants , and a Hollywood actress who is his lover . `` As for that current dodge ' No reference to any living character is intended ' -- no use even trying that , '' Fitzgerald writes at the beginning of the story . Fitzgerald bibliographies have previously listed the story , sometimes referred to as `` The Women in the House , '' as `` unpublished , '' or as `` Lost -- mentioned in correspondence , but no surviving transcript or manuscript . '' Legacy ( edit ) Fitzgerald 's work has inspired writers ever since he was first published . The publication of The Great Gatsby prompted T.S. Eliot to write , in a letter to Fitzgerald , `` It seems to me to be the first step that American fiction has taken since Henry James ... '' Don Birnam , the protagonist of Charles Jackson 's The Lost Weekend , says to himself , referring to The Great Gatsby , `` There 's no such thing ... as a flawless novel . But if there is , this is it . '' In letters written in the 1940s , J.D. Salinger expressed admiration of Fitzgerald 's work , and his biographer Ian Hamilton wrote that Salinger even saw himself for some time as `` Fitzgerald 's successor . '' Richard Yates , a writer often compared to Fitzgerald , called The Great Gatsby `` the most nourishing novel ( he ) read ... a miracle of talent ... a triumph of technique . '' It was written in a New York Times editorial after his death that Fitzgerald `` was better than he knew , for in fact and in the literary sense he invented a generation ... He might have interpreted them and even guided them , as in their middle years they saw a different and nobler freedom threatened with destruction . '' Into the 21st century , millions of copies of The Great Gatsby and his other works have been sold , and Gatsby , a constant best - seller , is required reading in many high school and college classes . Fitzgerald is a 2009 inductee of the New Jersey Hall of Fame . He is also the namesake of the Fitzgerald Theater in St. Paul , Minnesota , home of the radio broadcast of A Prairie Home Companion . Bibliography ( edit ) For a complete list of works , see F. Scott Fitzgerald bibliography . Novels ( edit ) This Side of Paradise ( New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1920 ) The Beautiful and Damned ( New York : Scribners , 1922 ) The Great Gatsby ( New York : Scribners , 1925 ) Tender Is the Night ( New York : Scribners , 1934 ) The Last Tycoon ( New York : Scribners , unfinished , published posthumously , 1941 ) , reissued under the original title The Love of The Last Tycoon in 1993 . Novellas ( edit ) The Diamond as Big as the Ritz ( 1922 ) ( in Tales of the Jazz Age ) May Day ( 1922 ) ( in Tales of the Jazz Age ) The Rich Boy ( 1926 ) ( in All the Sad Young Men ) Short story collections ( edit ) Flappers and Philosophers ( New York : Scribners , 1920 ) Tales of the Jazz Age ( New York : Scribners , 1922 ) All the Sad Young Men ( New York : Scribners , 1926 ) Taps at Reveille ( New York : Scribners , 1935 ) Afternoon of an Author ( New York : Scribners , 1957 ) Babylon Revisited and Other Stories ( New York : Scribners , 1960 ) The Pat Hobby Stories ( Esquire Magazine , 1940 -- 41 ) The Basil and Josephine Stories ( New York : Scribners , 1973 ) The Price Was High : Fifty Uncollected Stories ( New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich , 1979 ) The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald ( New York : Scribners , 1989 ) I 'd Die For You . And Other Lost Stories , edited by : Anne Margaret Daniel ( New York : Simon & Schuster , April 2017 ) Short stories ( edit ) `` Bernice Bobs Her Hair '' ( 1920 ) ( in Flappers and Philosophers ) `` Head and Shoulders '' ( 1920 ) ( in Flappers and Philosophers ) `` The Ice Palace '' ( 1920 ) ( in Flappers and Philosophers and Babylon Revisited and Other Stories ) `` The Offshore Pirate '' ( 1920 ) ( in Flappers and Philosophers ) `` The Curious Case of Benjamin Button '' ( 1921 ) ( in Tales of the Jazz Age ) `` Winter Dreams '' ( 1922 ) ( in All the Sad Young Men ) `` The Baby Party '' ( 1925 ) ( in All the Sad Young Men ) `` The Freshest Boy '' ( 1928 ) ( in Taps at Reveille ) `` The Bridal Party '' ( 1930 ) `` A New Leaf '' ( 1931 ) `` Babylon Revisited '' ( 1931 ) ( in Babylon Revisited and Other Stories ) `` Crazy Sunday '' ( 1932 ) ( in Babylon Revisited and Other Stories ) Other works ( edit ) The Vegetable , or From President to Postman -- Play ( New York : Scribners , 1923 ) The Crack - Up -- Collection of essays , notebook excerpts , and letters ( New York : New Directions , 1945 ) Cambridge editions ( edit ) Cambridge University Press has published the complete works of F. Scott Fitzgerald in authoritative annotated editions . The Cambridge Edition runs to fifteen volumes . Cover of the first volume in the series Volume Title Date published ISBN The Great Gatsby August 1991 978 - 0 - 521 - 40230 - 9 The Last Tycoon : A Western December 1993 978 - 0 - 521 - 40231 - 6 This Side of Paradise January 1996 978 - 0 - 521 - 40234 - 7 Flappers and Philosophers December 1999 978 - 0 - 521 - 40236 - 1 5 Trimalchio : An Early Version of The Great Gatsby April 2000 978 - 0 - 521 - 40237 - 8 6 Tales of the Jazz Age August 2002 978 - 0 - 521 - 40238 - 5 7 My Lost City : Personal Essays , 1920 -- 1940 October 2005 978 - 0 - 521 - 40239 - 2 8 All the Sad Young Men January 2007 978 - 0 - 521 - 40240 - 8 9 The Beautiful and Damned June 2008 978 - 0 - 521 - 88366 - 5 10 The Lost Decade : Short Stories from Esquire , 1936 -- 1941 September 2008 978 - 0 - 521 - 88530 - 0 11 The Basil , Josephine , and Gwen Stories October 2009 978 - 0 - 521 - 76973 - 0 12 Spires and Gargoyles : Early Writings , 1909 -- 1919 March 2010 978 - 0 - 521 - 76592 - 3 13 Tender Is the Night May 2012 978 - 0 - 521 - 40232 - 3 14 Taps at Reveille May 2014 978 - 0 - 521 - 76603 - 6 15 A Change of Class June 2016 978 - 0 - 521 - 40235 - 4 Film adaptations of works ( edit ) Fitzgerald 's works have been adapted into films many times . One of the earliest Fitzgerald short stories was adapted into a 1921 silent film The Off - Shore Pirate . His short story , The Curious Case of Benjamin Button , was the basis for a 2008 film . Tender Is the Night was the subject of the eponymous 1962 film , and made into a television miniseries in 1985 . The Beautiful and Damned was filmed in 1922 and 2010 . The Great Gatsby has been the basis for numerous films of the same name , spanning nearly 90 years : 1926 , 1949 , 1974 , 2000 , and 2013 adaptations . Biographies , collected letters ( edit ) The standard biographies of Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald are Arthur Mizener 's The Far Side of Paradise ( 1951 , 1965 ) and Matthew Bruccoli 's Some Sort of Epic Grandeur ( 1981 ) . Fitzgerald 's letters have also been published in various editions such as Dear Scott , Dearest Zelda : The Love Letters of F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald , ed. Jackson R. Bryer and Cathy W. Banks ( 2002 ) ; Correspondence of F. Scott Fitzgerald , ed . Matthew Bruccoli and Margaret Duggan ( 1980 ) , and F. Scott Fitzgerald : A Life in Letters , ed . Matthew Bruccoli ( 1994 ) . A collection of F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald 's scrapbooks of photographs and reviews was compiled by Bruccoli and F. Scott and Zelda 's daughter Frances `` Scottie '' Fitzgerald ( as Scottie Fitzgerald Smith ) in a book The Romantic Egoists ( 1976 ) . Portrayals ( edit ) ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A musical about the lives of Fitzgerald and wife Zelda Fitzgerald was composed by Frank Wildhorn titled Waiting for the Moon , formerly known as Zelda , followed by Scott & Zelda : The Other Side Of Paradise . The musical shows their lives from when they first met , through Fitzgerald 's career , their lives together ( the good and bad ) , to both of their deaths . The musical made its world premiere at the Lenape Regional Performing Arts Center in a production that ran from July 20 , 2005 through July 31 , 2005 . It starred Broadway veteran actors Jarrod Emick as Fitzgerald and Lauren Kennedy as Zelda . A reworked version of Wildhorn 's musical , titled Zelda -- An American Love Story , with a script and lyrics by Jack Murphy and currently in production at Flat Rock Playhouse , will have its New York premiere in 2016 , presented by Marymount Manhattan College , at the National Dance Institute . The Japanese Takarazuka Revue has also created a musical adaptation of Fitzgerald 's life . Titled The Last Party : S. Fitzgerald 's Last Day , it was produced in 2004 and 2006 . Yuhi Oozora and Yūga Yamato starred as Fitzgerald , while Zelda was played by Kanami Ayano and Rui Shijou . Fitzgerald was portrayed by the actor Malcolm Gets in the 1994 film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle . Others include the TV movies Zelda ( 1993 , with Timothy Hutton ) , F. Scott Fitzgerald in Hollywood ( 1976 , with Jason Miller ) , and F. Scott Fitzgerald and ' The Last of the Belles ' ( 1974 , with Richard Chamberlain ) . A film based on Fitzgerald and Zelda 's relationship called The Beautiful and the Damned was announced for a 2011 release by director John Curran . The last years of Fitzgerald and his affair with Sheilah Graham , the Hollywood gossip columnist , was the theme of the movie Beloved Infidel ( 1959 ) based on Graham 's 1958 memoir by the same name . The film depicts Fitzgerald ( played by Gregory Peck ) during his final years as a Hollywood scenarist and his relationship with Ms. Graham ( played by Deborah Kerr ) , with whom he had a years - long affair , while his wife , Zelda , was institutionalized . Another film , Last Call ( 2002 ) ( Jeremy Irons plays Fitzgerald ) describes the relationship of Fitzgerald and Frances Kroll Ring ( Neve Campbell ) during his last two years of life . The film was based on the memoir of Frances Kroll Ring , titled Against the Current : As I Remember F. Scott Fitzgerald ( 1985 ) , that records her experience as secretary to Fitzgerald for the last 20 months of his life . Actors portraying Fitzgerald , Pablo Picasso and Ernest Hemingway appear in the play Villa America by British playwright Crispin Whittell , which premiered at Williamstown Theatre Festival ( 2007 ) . Tom Hiddleston and Alison Pill appear briefly as Fitzgerald and Zelda in Woody Allen 's 2011 feature film Midnight in Paris . Guy Pearce and Vanessa Kirby portray the couple in 2016 's Genius . Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald appear alongside Ernest Hemingway , Hadley Hemingway , Gertrude Stein and Ezra Pound in the novel The Paris Wife by Paula McLain . The novel was adapted by Sheila Yeger for a 2011 BBC Radio 4 Woman 's Hour Drama . Stewart O'Nan 's 2015 novel West of Sunset presents a detailed fictional account of Fitzgerald 's final years as a Hollywood scriptwriter and his relationship with gossip columnist Sheilah Graham . Amazon Prime 's 2015 television series Z : The Beginning of Everything recounts Fitzgerald 's relationship with Zelda , as well as his writing career . It stars David Hoflin as Fitzgerald and Christina Ricci as Zelda . See also ( edit ) Biography portal 1920s portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Matthew Joseph Bruccoli and Scottie Fitzgerald Smith , Some Sort of Epic Grandeur : The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald , ( Columbia , SC : University of South Carolina Press , 2002 ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Schiff , `` Ashes to Ashes : Mourning and Social Difference in F. Scott Fitzgerald 's Fiction '' , ( Selingsgrove , PA : Susquehanna University Press , 2001 ) , p. 21 Jump up ^ F. Scott Fitzgerald , `` Afternoon of an Author : A Selection of Uncollected Stories and Essays '' , ( New York : Scribner , 1957 ) , p. 184 . ^ Jump up to : Mizner ( 1972 ) , p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` F. Scott Fitzgerald in the Marketplace '' . google.ca . Jump up ^ `` The Life and Times of F. Scott Fitzgerald '' . google.ca . Jump up ^ `` Creative Writing Tips From Masters : Francis Scott Fitzgerald -- Writers House '' . Writers House . 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Noted in many Fitzgerald biographies . Archived January 29 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Who was Mary Surratt ? '' . History.Com . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cline , Sally ( 2013 ) . Zelda Fitzgerald : The Tragic , Meticulously Researched Biography of the Jazz Age 's High Priestess . Skyhorse Publishing . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Liukkonen , Petri . `` F. Scott Fitzgerald '' . Books and Writers ( kirjasto.sci.fi ) . Finland : Kuusankoski Public Library . Archived from the original on 26 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' F. Scott Fitzgerald in Buffalo , NY : 1898 -- 1908 '' -- Buffalo as an Architectural Museum `` . Buffaloah.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Biography.com '' . ^ Jump up to : `` F. Scott Fitzgerald Centenary '' . library.sc.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Matthew Joseph Bruccoli and Scottie Fitzgerald Smith , Some Sort of Epic Grandeur : The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald , ( Columbia , SC : University of South Carolina Press , 2002 ) , p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` F. Scott Fitzgerald : Childhood '' . www.shmoop.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , F. Scott ( 1960 ) . Ellery Queen 's 15th Mystery Annual , The Mystery of the Raymond Mortgage ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Random House . Jump up ^ Idema , Henry ( 1990 ) . Freud , Religion , and the Roaring Twenties : A Psychoanalytic Theory of Secularization in Three Novelists : Anderson , Hemingway , and Fitzgerald , page 202 ^ Jump up to : Kevin Helliker ( 24 October 2014 ) . `` The Football Genius of F. Scott Fitzgerald '' . WSJ . ^ Jump up to : Mizner ( 1972 ) , p. 29 . Jump up ^ `` Whig , Clio Were Once Rivals '' . The Daily Princetonian Special Class of 1971 Issue. 91 ( 72 ) . June 15 , 1967 . p. 44 . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Over Three Hundred Freshmen Join Halls '' . The Daily Princetonian. 37 ( 93 ) . October 15 , 1913 . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Korda , Michael ( 2007 ) . IKE an American Hero . New York , NY 10022 : HarperCollins Publishers . p. 134 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 075665 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` F. Scott Fitzgerald Biography -- Facts , Birthday , Life Story '' . Biography.com. 1940 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Noden , Merrell . `` Fitzgerald 's first love '' . Princeton Alumni Weekly . November 5 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Bruccoli , Matthew Joseph ( 2002 ) , Some Sort of Epic Grandeur : The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald ( 2nd rev . ed . ) , Columbia , SC : University of South Carolina Press , pp. 123 -- 124 , ISBN 1 - 57003 - 455 - 9 Jump up ^ Stepanov , Renata . `` Family of Fitzgerald 's lover donates correspondence '' . The Daily Princetonian . September 15 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz , Will . `` This Side of Paradise '' ( PDF ) . History Theatre . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Link to Zelda & F. Scott Fitzgerald Chronology Web Page '' . Archived from the original on 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 3 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Bruccoli , ed. by Matthew J. ( 1999 ) . New essays on `` The great Gatsby '' ( Repr . ed . ) . Cambridge ( u.a. ) : Cambridge Univ . Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 31963 - 3 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Hemingway , Ernest -- A Moveable Feast , Charles Scribner 's Sons , New York , 1964 . ^ Jump up to : Canterbury , E. Ray ; Birch , Thomas . F. Scott Fitzgerald : Under the Influence. ( St. Paul : Paragon House , 2006 ) , p. 189 ^ Jump up to : Rudacille , Deborah ( December 2009 ) . `` F. Scott Fitzgerald in Baltimore '' . Baltimore Style . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Donaldson , Scott , ed . Critical Essays on F. Scott Fitzgerald 's The Great Gatsby . Boston , MA : G.K. Hall , 1984 Jump up ^ Reader 's companion to F. Scott Fitzgerald 's Tender is the Night . MJ Bruccoli , J Baughman -- 1996 -- Univ of South Carolina Jump up ^ Daniel , Anne Margaret . `` The Fitzgeralds in Hollywood '' . The Times Literary Supplement . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Chronology of the Life of Zelda Fitzgerald '' . Zeldafitzgerald.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Milford 1970 , p. 308 Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , F. Scott ( 2012 ) . The Great Gatsby . Great Britain : Alma Classics . p. 196 . ^ Jump up to : Graham , Sheilah . Beloved Infidel : The Education of a Woman , 1958 ( with Gerold Frank ) . Jump up ^ Robert Westbrook . Intimate Lies. Harper Collins 1995 pp 311 -- 312 . Jump up ^ `` PAW October 20 , 2004 : Features '' . princeton.edu . Jump up ^ Matthew J. Bruccoli , Scottie Fitzgerald Smith . Some Sort of Epic Grandeur : The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald . University of South Carolina Press ; Revised edition ( August 1 , 2002 ) p 489 Jump up ^ Mizener , Arthur . `` The Big Binge '' , Excerpt : `` The Far Side of Paradise : A Biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald '' . Boston : Houghton Mifflin. 1951 . ( pp. 362 ; c / o Time ) , Monday , January 29 , 1951 , Jump up ^ `` Biography in Sound '' . Time , Monday , July 11 , 1955 . Jump up ^ In a strange coincidence , the author Nathanael West , a friend and admirer of Fitzgerald , was killed along with his wife Eileen McKenney in El Centro , California , while driving back to Los Angeles to attend Fitzgerald 's funeral service . Jump up ^ `` History -- Saint Mary 's Catholic Church Rockville '' . google.com . Jump up ^ McDonough , Megan ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Revisit Jazz Age history in Rockville at F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald 's grave '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Cornell University New Student Reading Project '' . The Reading Project , Cornell University . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` F Scott Fitzgerald '' . The Reading Project , Cornell University . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Last Tycoon. 1941 . Ed . Matthew J. Bruccoli , FS Fitzgerald -- 1994 -- Cambridge : Cambridge University ^ Jump up to : The Strand Magazine , `` Unpublished Story by F. Scott Fitzgerald '' -- `` Temperature '' , New York , July -- Sept 2015 Quarterly Issue ( copyright -- Eleanor Lanahan & Christopher T. Byrne , Trustees under agreement dated Jan. 25 , 1975 , created by Frances Scott Fitzgerald Smith -- `` Temperature '' , F. Scott Fitzgerald Papers , Manuscripts Division , Dept. of Rare Books & Special Collections , Princeton Univ . Library ). ( 1 ) Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 03 ^ Jump up to : Hillel Italie - `` Long - lost Fitzgerald Story Finally Published '' , The Associated Press , Aug. 2 , 2015. ( 2 ) Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 03 Jump up ^ The Golden Moment : The Novels of F. Scott Fitzgerald . MR Stern . 1970 . University of Illinois Press . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , F. Scott . `` The Crack - Up '' . A New Directions Book , edited by Edmund Wilson . New York , 1993 , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Charles . The Lost Weekend . London : Black Spring Press . 1994 . p. 136 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Ian ( 1988 ) , In Search of J.D. Salinger , New York : Random House , ISBN 0 - 394 - 53468 - 9 p. 53 , 64 . Jump up ^ Yates , Richard . The New York Times Book Review . April 19 , 1981 . Jump up ^ `` Gatsby , 35 Years Later . The New York Times . April 24 , 1960 '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ New Jersey to Bon Jovi : You Give Us a Good Name Yahoo News , February 2 , 2009 Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 7 September 2016 ) . `` F Scott Fitzgerald 's last unpublished stories to be released in 2017 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I 'd Die For You And Other Lost Stories '' . Simon & Schuster . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Cambridge Edition of the Works of F. Scott Fitzgerald -- Series -- Academic and Professional Books -- Cambridge University Press '' . Cambridge.org . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Zelda flatrockplayhouse.org Jump up ^ Marymount Manhattan College , Department of Theatre Arts , `` Current Season '' -- JANUARY / SPRING 2016 , CELEBRATING FRANK WILDHORN : A Festival of Musicals . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 01 Jump up ^ Internet Movie Database entry for Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle Jump up ^ The Paris Wife by Paula McLain Jump up ^ This radio adaptation of The Paris Wife featured the actor Gerard Cooke as F. Scott Fitzgerald . References ( edit ) Bruccoli , Matthew Joseph ( ed . ) ( 2000 ) , F. Scott Fitzgerald 's The Great Gatsby : A Literary Reference , New York : Carroll & Graf Publishers , ISBN 0 - 7867 - 0996 - 0 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Bruccoli , Matthew Joseph ( 2002 ) , Some Sort of Epic Grandeur : The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald ( 2nd rev . ed . ) , Columbia , SC : University of South Carolina Press , ISBN 1 - 57003 - 455 - 9 . Bryer , Jackson R. ; Barks , Cathy W. ( eds . ) ( 2002 ) , Dear Scott , Dearest Zelda : The Love Letters of F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald , New York : St. Martin 's Press , ISBN 0 - 312 - 26875 - 0 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) . Cline , Sally ( 2003 ) , Zelda Fitzgerald : Her Voice in Paradise , New York : Arcade Publishing , ISBN 1 - 55970 - 688 - 0 . Curnutt , Kirk ( ed . ) ( 2004 ) , A Historical Guide to F. Scott Fitzgerald , Oxford : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 515302 - 2 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Donaldson , Scott ( 1983 ) , Fool for Love : F. Scott Fitzgerald , New York : Congdon and Weed , ISBN 0 - 312 - 92209 - 4 Michaux , Agnes ( 2006 ) , Zelda , Paris , France : Flammarion , ISBN 978 - 2 - 08 - 068777 - 7 Milford , Nancy ( 1970 ) , Zelda : A Biography , New York : Harper & Row . Mizener , Arthur ( 1951 ) , The Far Side of Paradise : A Biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald , Boston : Houghton Mifflin . Mizener , Arthur ( 1972 ) , Scott Fitzgerald and His World , New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons ( with 135 illustrations ) . Prigozy , Ruth ( ed . ) ( 2002 ) , The Cambridge Companion to F. Scott Fitzgerald , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 62447 - 9 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Schiff , Jonathan ( 2001 ) , Ashes to Ashes : Mourning and Social Difference in F. Scott Fitzgerald 's Fiction , Selingsgrove , PA : Susquehanna University Press , ISBN 1 - 57591 - 046 - 2 Turnbull , Andrew ( 1962 ) , Scott Fitzgerald , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons Turnbull , Andrew ( ed . ) ( 1963 ) , The Letters of F. Scott Fitzgerald , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Further reading ( edit ) Glenday , Michael K. ( 2012 ) , F. Scott Fitzgerald , London and New York : Palgrave Macmillan , ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 66900 - 6 External links ( edit ) Find more aboutF . Scott Fitzgeraldat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Bibliowiki has original media or text related to this article : F. Scott Fitzgerald ( in the public domain in Canada ) F. Scott Fitzgerald Papers at Princeton University F. Scott Fitzgerald Centenary pages -- at the University of South Carolina Annotated Bibliography -- at Scott-Fitzgerald.com Works by F. Scott Fitzgerald at Project Gutenberg Works by F. Scott Fitzgerald at Faded Page ( Canada ) Works by or about F. Scott Fitzgerald at Internet Archive Works by F. Scott Fitzgerald at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Online catalog of F. Scott Fitzgerald 's personal library , online at LibraryThing `` Writings of F. Scott Fitzgerald '' from C - SPAN 's American Writers : A Journey Through History F. Scott Fitzgerald discussed in Conversations from Penn State interview F. Scott Fitzgerald in MNopedia , the Minnesota Encyclopedia <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Works by F. Scott Fitzgerald Novels This Side of Paradise ( 1920 ) The Beautiful and Damned ( 1922 ) The Great Gatsby ( 1925 ) Tender Is the Night ( 1934 ) The Last Tycoon ( unfinished ) ( 1941 ) Short story collections Flappers and Philosophers ( 1920 ) `` The Offshore Pirate '' `` The Ice Palace '' `` Head and Shoulders '' `` The Cut - Glass Bowl '' `` Bernice Bobs Her Hair '' `` Benediction '' Tales of the Jazz Age ( 1922 ) `` May Day '' The Diamond as Big as the Ritz `` The Curious Case of Benjamin Button '' All the Sad Young Men ( 1926 ) `` The Rich Boy '' `` Winter Dreams '' `` The Baby Party '' `` Absolution '' `` The Adjuster '' Taps at Reveille ( 1935 ) `` The Freshest Boy '' `` First Blood '' `` Crazy Sunday '' `` Babylon Revisited '' Posthumous works Babylon Revisited and Other Stories ( 1960 ) The Basil and Josephine Stories ( 1962 ) The Pat Hobby Stories ( 1973 ) The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald ( 1989 ) Plays The Vegetable , or From President to Postman ( 1923 ) Essay collections The Crack - Up ( 1945 ) <Td_colspan="3"> Bibliography of F. Scott Fitzgerald <Th_colspan="2"> The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald Characters Jay Gatsby Nick Carraway Daisy Buchanan Films The Great Gatsby ( 1926 ) The Great Gatsby ( 1949 ) The Great Gatsby ( 1974 ) The Great Gatsby ( 2000 ) The Great Gatsby ( 2013 ) Other The Great Gatsby : Music from Baz Luhrmann 's Film The Great Gatsby ( opera ) Francis Cugat VIAF : 100254195 LCCN : n79006871 ISNI : 0000 0001 2103 3942 GND : 118533592 SELIBR : 186970 SUDOC : 02686598X BNF : cb11902848j ( data ) BIBSYS : 90054298 MusicBrainz : b84a8ed3 - a662 - 438a - 9da2 - dc5b08c4be22 NLA : 35087371 NDL : 00439644 NKC : jn19981001164 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ CFIV \ 007695 BNE : XX868653 SNAC : w6wq0417 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F._Scott_Fitzgerald&oldid=834500171 '' Categories : F. Scott Fitzgerald 1896 births 1940 deaths 20th - century American novelists Alcohol - related deaths in California American male novelists American people of Irish descent American people of English descent American psychological fiction writers 20th - century American short story writers Burials in Maryland Irish - American history American male short story writers American short story writers Modernist writers Writers from Saint Paul , Minnesota People with bipolar disorder Princeton University alumni 20th - century American writers American military personnel of World War I Novelists from Minnesota Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2013 Wikipedia pending changes protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with trivia sections from January 2017 Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles with Bibliowiki links Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links AC with 15 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 64 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 01 : 41 . 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1. F. Scott Fitzgerald 2. American writer 3. The Jazz Age 4. The Great Gatsby 5. Zelda Fitzgerald

who sings the song i'll do anything for you

I 'd Do Anything ( Oliver ! Song ) - Wikipedia I 'd Do Anything ( Oliver ! Song ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` I 'd Do Anything '' <Th_colspan="2"> Song Published 1960 Songwriter ( s ) Lionel Bart `` I 'd Do Anything '' is a song performed by various characters in the 1960 British musical Oliver ! and the 1968 film of the same name . Contents 1 Song 2 BBC TV series 3 Uses in popular culture 4 See also 5 References Song ( edit ) The song is part of Act One of Oliver ! , and is sung in Fagin 's lair . It begins with spoken dialogue between Nancy and the Artful Dodger , soon leading into the song . Other characters who have lines in the song are Oliver , Fagin and Bette ( Nancy 's younger sister in the musical ; her best friend in the 1968 film and in the original novel ) , with Fagin 's Boys as chorus . BBC TV series ( edit ) The song is featured on the children 's television show Skinnamarink TV that aired on The Learning Channel featuring children 's entertainers Sharon , Lois & Bram . It is also available on their 1998 record Friends Forever featuring songs from the television series . In 2007 , the BBC announced a new reality television series I 'd Do Anything , named after the song , would begin in 2008 to search for a new , unknown lead to play Nancy and three young performers to play Oliver in a West End revival of Oliver ! . Uses in popular culture ( edit ) In the 1980s , British actor Robert Morley performed this version of the song in television commercials for British Airways serving flights to and from the United Kingdom and other destinations worldwide . In 1999 , American rap artist Jay - Z sampled the chorus of this song in his song `` Anything '' , much like his use of the chorus from Annie 's `` It 's the Hard Knock Life '' in his song `` Hard Knock Life ( Ghetto Anthem ) '' . This song originally appears as a bonus track on Jay - Z 's Vol. 3 ... Life and Times of S. Carter . In 2008 -- 2009 , the instrumental of I 'd Do Anything was used in a HSBC commercial . Latterly , the song was used in a series of anti-smoking public information films , with various groups of children singing the song ( different lines for different groups of children ) . The campaign 's message was : `` Your kids would do anything for you . Why do n't you stop smoking for them ? '' See also ( edit ) `` As Long as He Needs Me '' `` Consider Yourself '' `` Food , Glorious Food '' `` Oliver ! '' ( song ) `` Where Is Love ? '' `` You 've Got to Pick a Pocket or Two '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BBC One announces its search for stars of Oliver ! '' ( Press release ) . BBC Entertainment . 2007 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 22 . <Th_colspan="2"> Charles Dickens ' Oliver Twist Characters Oliver Twist Bill Sikes Fagin Mr. Brownlow Nancy Rose Maylie Monks The Artful Dodger Charley Bates Mr. Sowerberry Film adaptations Oliver Twist ( 1909 ) Oliver Twist ( 1912 ) Oliver Twist ( 1912 ) Oliver Twist ( 1916 ) Oliver Twist ( 1919 ) Oliver Twist ( 1922 ) Oliver Twist ( 1933 ) Oliver Twist ( 1948 ) Chitti Tammudu ( 1962 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Oliver Twist ( 1982 ) Las Aventuras de Oliver Twist ( 1987 ) Oliver Twist ( 1997 ) Oliver Twist ( 2005 ) Film retellings Manik ( 1961 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) Twisted ( 1997 ) Twist ( 2003 ) Boy Called Twist ( 2004 ) TV adaptations Oliver Twist ( 1982 TV film ) Oliver Twist ( 1985 TV miniseries ) Saban 's Adventures of Oliver Twist ( 1996 TV series ) Oliver Twist ( 1999 miniseries ) Oliver Twist ( 2007 miniseries ) Play Oliver ! ( 1960 ) Songs `` As Long as He Needs Me '' `` Consider Yourself '' D'banj's 2012 song `` Food , Glorious Food '' `` I 'd Do Anything '' `` Oliver ! '' `` Oom - Pah - Pah '' Vaughn De Leath 's 1921 song `` Where Is Love ? '' `` You 've Got to Pick a Pocket or Two '' Related Oliver ! ( soundtrack to the 1968 film ) Escape of the Artful Dodger ( 2001 TV series retelling ) Fagin the Jew ( 2003 graphic novel ) Oliver and the Artful Dodger ( 1972 TV film ) I 'd Do Anything ( 2008 TV series ) This 1960s song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This show tune - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This musical theatre related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27d_Do_Anything_(Oliver!_song)&oldid=769939468 '' Categories : Songs written by Lionel Bart Songs from Oliver ! 1960 songs 1960s song stubs Show tune stubs Musical theatre stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 March 2017 , at 14 : 14 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. "I'd Do Anything" - Oliver! song 2. British musical Oliver! 3. Uses of the song in popular culture 4. BBC TV series "I'd Do Anything" 5. Oliver Twist adaptations and related works

who plays mrs thatcher in when calls the heart

When Calls the Heart - wikipedia When Calls the Heart Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with When the Heart Calls . <Th_colspan="2"> When Calls the Heart <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Family Drama Western Based on When Calls the Heart by Janette Oke Developed by Michael Landon Jr . Starring Erin Krakow Daniel Lissing Lori Loughlin Martin Cummins Jack Wagner Pascale Hutton Kavan Smith Country of origin Canada United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 39 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Landon Jr . Jimmy Townsend Roman Viaris Francisco Gonzalez Brian Bird Brad Krevoy Producer ( s ) Vicki Sotheran Greg Malcolm Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Running time 42 -- 84 minutes Production company ( s ) Believe Pictures Brad Krevoy Television Jordan Films <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Hallmark Channel ( U.S. ) Super Channel ( Canada ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release January 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) -- present ( present ) <Th_colspan="2"> External links Website www.hallmarkchannel.com/whencallstheheart When Calls the Heart is a Canadian - American television drama series , inspired by Janette Oke 's book of the same name from her Canadian West Series , and developed by Michael Landon Jr . The series began airing on the Hallmark Channel in the United States on January 11 , 2014 , and on April 16 , 2014 on Super Channel in Canada . The series originally debuted as a two - hour television movie pilot in October 2013 , starring Maggie Grace as young teacher Elizabeth Thatcher and Stephen Amell as North West Mounted Police officer Wynn Delaney . In the television series Erin Krakow is cast as her niece , whose name is also Elizabeth Thatcher ( played by Poppy Drayton in the movie ) , and Daniel Lissing plays a Mountie named Jack Thornton , with Lori Loughlin reprising her role as coal mine widow Abigail Stanton . On April 24 , 2017 , Krakow announced via the Hallmark Channel website that the show would return for a fifth season in February 2018 . The season will premiere with a 2 - hour Christmas special , to be broadcast as part of Hallmark 's Countdown to Christmas season , and continue for a 10 - episode season , beginning in February 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Production 4 Cast 4.1 Main cast 4.2 Recurring cast 5 Characters 6 Broadcast 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) When Calls the Heart tells the story of Elizabeth Thatcher ( Erin Krakow ) , a young teacher accustomed to her high - society life . She receives her first classroom assignment in Coal Valley , a small coal - mining town in Western Canada which is located just south of Robb , Alberta . There , life is simple -- but often fraught with challenges . Elizabeth charms most everyone in Coal Valley , except Royal North West Mounted Police Constable Jack Thornton ( Daniel Lissing ) . He believes Thatcher 's wealthy father has doomed the lawman 's career by insisting he be assigned in town to protect the shipping magnate 's daughter . The town of Coal Valley was renamed Hope Valley in Episode 2 , Season 2 after the coal mine was closed . Living in this 1910 coal town , Elizabeth must learn the ways of the Canadian frontier movement if she wishes to thrive in the rural west on her own . Lori Loughlin portrays Abigail Stanton , whose husband , the foreman of the mine , and her only son -- along with 44 other miners -- have recently been killed in an explosion , which turns out to have been a tragic accident waiting to happen -- a result of the mining - company site manager 's irresponsible management and lack of due care in his management of the mine . The newly widowed women find their faith tested when they must go to work in the mine to keep a roof over their heads , food on the table , and compile a wage for the town 's teacher . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of When Calls the Heart episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 12 <Td_colspan="1"> January 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) March 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 29 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 7 <Td_colspan="1"> April 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 25 ) June 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 13 ) <Td_colspan="3"> Special <Td_colspan="2"> December 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 26 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 8 <Td_colspan="1"> February 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) April 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 10 ) <Td_colspan="3"> Special <Td_colspan="2"> December 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 25 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) As of April 23 , 2017 , 39 episodes of When Calls the Heart have aired , concluding the fourth season . Production ( edit ) The series , originally planned to be filmed in Colorado , is filmed south of Vancouver , British Columbia , on a farm surrounded by vineyards . The fictional frontier town of Coal Valley was erected in late 2013 . Some of the set trimmings and a stage coach came from the Hell on Wheels set . The Thatcher home is the University Women 's Club of Vancouver . The series was renewed for a second season , which aired from April 25 to June 13 , 2015 . Hallmark Channel announced in July 2015 that the series had been renewed for a third season , which aired from February 21 to April 10 , 2016 , with a sneak peek airing during the 2015 Christmas season . In mid-2016 , it was announced that Season 4 would premier on the Hallmark Channel Christmas Day with a two - hour special . On April 11 , 2016 , Lissing and Krakow announced via the series ' Facebook page that Hallmark Channel had renewed the series for a fourth season , which aired from February 19 to April 23 , 2017 . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Erin Krakow as Elizabeth Thatcher Daniel Lissing as Jack Thornton Lori Loughlin as Abigail Stanton Jack Wagner as Bill Avery Martin Cummins as Henry Gowen Pascale Hutton as Rosemary LeVeaux - Coulter Kavan Smith as Leland Coulter Recurring cast ( edit ) Gracyn Shinyei as Emily Montgomery Loretta Walsh as Florence Blakeley Erica Carroll as Dottie Ramsey Mark Humphrey as Frank Hogan Johannah Newmarch as Molly Sullivan Mitchell Kummen as Gabe Montgomery Logan Williams as Miles Montgomery Ben Rosenbaum as Hickam Carter Ryan Evancic as Cody Hastings Chelah Horsdal as Cat Montgomery Steve Bacic as Charles Spurlock Kristina Wagner as Nora Avery Aren Buchholz as Jesse Charlotte Hegele as Julie Thatcher Andrea Brooks as Faith Carter Eva Bourne as Clara Stanton Ava Grace Cooper as Opal Max Lloyd - Jones as Tom Thornton Brooke Shields as Charlotte Thornton Devon Weigel as Viola Thatcher Marcus Rosner as Charles Kensington Mamie Laverock as Rosaleen Sullivan Adrian Hough as Reverend Anderson Lynda Boyd as Grace Thatcher Will Verchere - Gopaulsingh as Caleb Dunbar Ali Skovbye as Becky Hastings Garwin Sanford as William Thatcher Laura Bertram as Mary Dunbar Derek Hamilton as Dewitt Graves Niall Matter as Shane Cantrell ( season 4 ) Spencer Drever as Cyrus Rivera ( season 4 ) Characters ( edit ) Elizabeth Thatcher is an independent , strong - minded , passionate and dedicated young teacher from the city . The middle daughter of William and Grace Thatcher , Elizabeth has two sisters , older sister Viola and younger sister Julie . Elizabeth finds herself in Coal Valley , a small community on the Canadian frontier in need of a teacher , and quickly discovers it is not an easy place to live , lacking the creature comforts and luxuries of her privileged life with her family . She soon meets the newly appointed and charismatic Mountie Jack Thornton and develops an immediate dislike for him . However , over time they become good friends , and develop an obvious attraction to one another . In the final episode of season 1 , `` Prelude to a Kiss , '' ( also titled as `` Final Adieu '' ) , after overcoming many obstacles throughout the season , Jack tells Elizabeth , `` You 're the one , you 're the only one '' and they share a kiss . Throughout season 2 , Elizabeth 's feelings for Jack are high at times as well as low . Finally , in the season 2 finale , she admits that his job as a Mountie scares her . After being comforted both admitting that they love each other , Jack and Elizabeth kiss . Jack Thornton is a laid back country boy . Jack is the son of a Mountie Thomas Thornton and his wife Charlotte Thornton . Jack has a younger brother , Tom ( named after his father ) . As a Mountie and a man of stout character and integrity , he often finds himself protecting and saving people . In season 1 's `` A Telling Silence , '' Jack finds a basset hound whom he names Rip ( after Rip Van Winkle ) and takes home with him . A source of comfort and companion in the small town , Jack often goes to Rip when times in his life are difficult . In season 2 's `` With All My Heart , '' Rip , who 's afraid of thunder , hides in the mine shafts during a storm . Jack and Elizabeth search for him ; in their search , their relationship grows stronger . Upon his first meeting of Elizabeth , he developed an instant dislike and it appeared she irritated him . However , he grew to like and then fall madly and completely in love with her over time . In `` Rules of Engagement '' ( S. 1 ) , it is revealed that Jack was briefly engaged to Rosemary LeVeaux when she comes looking for him . However , they have both changed and realize that they can not have a relationship as they once did ever again . In `` Prelude to a Kiss '' ( S. 1 ) , Jack found out that Elizabeth may be leaving Coal Valley . Taking her on a walk and giving her a framed picture of them that he had sketched , he asks her not to leave Coal Valley and tells her , `` You 're the one , you 're the only one . '' She replied that she was `` not going anywhere '' , Coal Valley was where she belonged before they share a kiss . In season 2 , Elizabeth and Jack share a hot - and - cold relationship until the finale , `` With All My Heart . '' They both admit that they love each other and share another kiss . Jack 's brother , Tom , is introduced season 2 's `` Trials of the Heart , '' and their rocky relationship continues until `` Coming Together , Coming Apart . '' Jack gently reminds his younger brother how their father was so proud of him , but he would n't be proud of the way he was currently living . Both in tears , Jack tells his younger brother that he believes in him and that he can turn his life around . More recently , Jack has become good friends with the sawmill operator , Lee Coulter . In season 3 , Jack begins the new year knowing that Elizabeth only has eyes for him and that her relationship with Charles is over for good . In `` Hearts In Question , '' Jack 's mother Charlotte shows up unexpectedly . She meets Elizabeth and is suspicious of her , but through staying her sees Elizabeth for who she really is : a trustworthy , dedicated teacher . In the season finale , `` Prayers From The Heart , '' Jack is injured in a landslide . But he miraculously recovers in time to serve as Lee 's best man at his wedding . Abigail Stanton is a Coal Valley woman who tragically lost her husband and son in the mining accident . Abigail is a very kind woman , and she stands strongly for the things she believes in . She is one of the first women to welcome Elizabeth and the two women quickly become friends . When Elizabeth accidentally burns down the little teacherage , Abigail gladly welcomes her into her home to live . After being complimented on her cooking , Abigail decides to open a cafe in Coal Valley . Together , Abigail and Elizabeth move into the rooms above the cafe . At the end of season 1 , Abigail enjoys the company of Bill Avery , a Mountie , serving as a Forensic Investigator and friend of Jack Thornton 's . In season 2 , Abigail takes in her daughter - in - law , Clara , the wife of her late son Peter whom Abigail sees as the daughter she never had . With Bill 's past being revealed , Abigail ends their friendship and spends more time with the new pastor , Frank Hogan . Also , she is a strong independent woman that is set on doing the things that are right and tries to help Elizabeth . Bill Avery is a mysterious , quiet man . He first appears in season 1 's `` Rules of Engagement , '' in order to help Jack expose Mr. Gowen 's wrongdoings . Bill is immediately attracted to widow Abigail Stanton . Things are going well until Abigail discovers a picture of Bill 's family and his wedding ring . He later tells her that his son died , as well as his wife . However , his wife , Nora , comes to confront him in season 2 's `` Heart 's Desire . '' Henry Gowen is a cold , cynical man who formerly owned the coal mine . After the mine was shut down , Henry became the mayor of Hope Valley and still creates a cold , cynical presence whenever people are around him . Henry is highly disliked and feared in the town . He frequently uses bribery to get what he wants , which is never for the good of the town . Rosemary `` Rosie '' LeVeaux is a flamboyant , enthusiastic actress from New York . She was briefly engaged to Jack Thornton , but they both realized that it would n't work out . Rosie immediately disliked Elizabeth and viewed her as `` the competition , '' but eventually came to really care about Elizabeth , even if she has a hard time showing it . At the beginning of season 2 , Rosemary began working at the cafe with Abigail and the two quickly became friends . Spending time with Abigail helped tone down some of Rosemary 's enthusiasm and made her a more likable person . Rosemary even came to like Elizabeth , even if only on an acquaintance level . Truthfully , she cares about everyone in Hope Valley , especially Lee , with whom she shares an mutual attraction . When Rosie is not spending time with Lee , talking to Abigail , or dreaming about the glamorous life of an actress , she can often be found somewhere writing her weekly advice column for Hope Valley 's newspaper ! In season 3 , Rosemary 's friendship with Elizabeth deepened . Instead of viewing her as an adversary , she finds a friend in Elizabeth . Throughout season 3 , Rosemary 's relationship with Lee becomes more romantic . In `` Heart Of A Hero , '' seeing that Lee needs to spend more time at the sawmill to help the new settlers find jobs , Rosemary tells Lee that the theatre does n't have to be built . He insists , but she says how important his job is . He smiles and tells her he will one day build her theatre , telling her that she is `` the best part of his life . '' The couple shares in their first kiss . In `` A Gentle Heart , '' Lee is injured . Thinking he is asleep , Rosemary pours out her heart to him , telling how much she loves him . In `` Heartbreak , '' Rosemary is offered a job in Hollywood filming . This has always been Rosemary 's dream , to be an actress . Lee unselfishly tells her to do whatever she feels best , but it is obvious that the thought of her leaving Hope Valley hurts him . Rosemary considers her options and realizes that her place is in Hope Valley , with Lee . Lee then tells her that he has another `` role '' that he thinks would be perfect for her and proposes marriage . She happily accepts . In `` Hearts In Question , '' Rosemary enthusiastically plans for their wedding . The couple weds in the season 3 finale `` Prayers From The Heart , '' with Elizabeth and Abigail as her maids of honor . Leland `` Lee '' Coulter is a kind , laidback , patient man who opens a sawmill in Hope Valley . When timber becomes Coal Valley 's major source of natural resources , the town is renamed Hope Valley . He shares a mutual attraction to Rosemary and proves to be one of the few people who can outwit her . When she declines his romantic intentions , Lee recruits his friend , Molly Sullivan , to make Rosemary jealous ; the ploy succeeds and Rosemary accepts his suit , appreciating Lee 's good qualities . Despite her dramatic and occasionally prickly personality , Lee 's compassion and patience never fails with her . With Rosemary 's help , Lee beat Mr. Gowen at his own game in `` Heart and Home . '' When not at work , Lee enjoys being with friends , including Jack Thornton , who shares Lee 's simple and laidback outlook , allowing the men to discuss their lives and exchange romantic advice . In season 3 , Lee 's mill is unfortunately sabotaged by a man inside . Through Bill and Jack 's investigation , they find the culprit . In season 3 's `` Heart Of A Hero , '' Rosemary unselfishly gives up the theatre that Lee promised to build her . Lee promises that one day , he will build her the theatre at a time when he is n't so involved with the sawmill and finding people jobs . In `` A Gentle Heart , '' Lee is injured . Thinking Lee is asleep , Rosemary pours out her heart to Lee , telling him how afraid she was when she heard he had been injured . He however hears each and every word . She told him how much she loves him and to never leave her . In the episode `` Heartbreak , '' Lee thinks Rosemary may leave Hope Valley when she is offered a movie job in Hollywood . When she gives up the movie , seeing her future in Hope Valley with him , he asks her to marry him . The couple weds in the season 3 finale , `` Prayers From The Heart . '' Jack serves the role of Lee 's best man . Julie Thatcher is Elizabeth 's hopeless romantic younger sister . She often gets herself into sticky situations by falling head over heels for men who are n't quite what they seem . In season 2 she gets involved with Jack 's brother Tom , which causes trouble with her family and for Jack and Elizabeth 's relationship . Cat Montgomery is a kind , encouraging woman in Coal Valley . She is a widow and mother of three : Gabe , Miles , and Emily . Cat was one of the first mothers to show kindness to Elizabeth when she first came . She desperately wants her children to remember the good memories of their father as seen by her self - sacrificing acts in `` Secrets and Lies . '' Possessing a great sense of teamwork and encouragement , Cat supports the women of Coal Valley while working in the mines in `` Cease and Desist . '' She is good friends with Elizabeth and Abigail . In `` These Games , '' she also helps Jack catch a thief . Florence Blakeley is a feisty gossip in Hope Valley . She often has a pessimistic perspective and always seems to find the negative , even in a very positive situation . In `` Heart and Home , '' Abigail told Florence what she really thought about her , which causes Florence to rein in her negativity somewhat , though she remains fairly outspoken . While not always likable , Florence adds spice to life in Hope Valley . Molly Sullivan is a friend of Lee Coulter and Elizabeth Thatcher . Molly 's husband was killed in the mine disaster . She has a daughter Rosaleen . In season 1 's `` A Telling Silence , '' Rosaleen has trouble in school because she misses her father so much . When she runs away , Elizabeth finds her in the mine , feeling guilty that she did n't bring her father his lunch the day of the disaster because she wanted to play with a friend instead . She fears her mother will blame her , but Elizabeth convinces her that Molly will `` say that she loves her more than life itself . '' Molly is reunited with her daughter , to the joy of the town 's people . In season 2 's `` With All My Heart , '' Lee feels it 's time to `` play hard to get '' with Rosemary , so he enlists help from Molly . She pretends to be interested in him romantically . This ploy works and Rosemary admits that she does in fact like him . Molly is a kind woman and was among the first to welcome Elizabeth to town . Clara Stanton is the wife of Abigail 's late son Peter , and is a sweet , quiet , and sensitive young woman . Abigail never knew she had a daughter - in - law until season 2 's `` Trials of the Heart ; '' with Peter having married Clara only three days before he was killed . In `` Heart 's Desire , '' Abigail invites Clara to come live with her in Hope Valley , an offer that Clara accepts . Charles Kensington III is an old friend of Elizabeth with whom she reconnects while in Hamilton . He is interested in her , though her feelings for Jack get in the way of their relationship . Broadcast ( edit ) The first season of the series was subsequently picked up by CBC Television for rebroadcast as a summer series in 2015 . The network has since aired the second and third seasons . The series became available internationally on Netflix in August 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Reiher , Andrea ( January 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' When Calls the Heart ' premiere : Will you return to the frontier ? '' . Zap2It . From Inside the Box ( blog ) . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' When Calls the Heart ' features Aussie Mountie '' . Canadian Press , April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel - The Movie Cast '' . Hallmarkchannel.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` '' When Calls the Heart , '' Hallmark Channel 's Newest Original Primetime Series Kicks Off with a 2 - Hour Special Extended Pilot on October 5 '' ( Press release ) . Hallmark Channel . 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 11 -- via The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Hallmark Channel 's ' When Calls The Heart ' Adds Cast ; ' Cedar Cove ' July Premiere Set '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Special Announcement - When Calls the Heart '' . April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Gets Season 5 Premiere Date On Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel - About the Series '' . Hallmarkchannel.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' TV Series Set In Fictional Town Built In B.C. '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` TV Q&A : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Younger , ' ' Bones ' and a former Pittsburgh news anchor '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` When Calls the Heart ' Renewed for Second Season by Hallmark Channel '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Renewed For Season 3 On Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` When Calls the Heart videos '' . Hallmark Channel . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` When Calls the Heart : Season Four Renewal for Hallmark Channel Series '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Renewed For Season 4 By Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CBC - TV stacks fall and winter lineups with British , Aussie fare '' . 680 News , May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CBC Television reveals its 2016 summer schedule with five new primetime series , returning hits and the Rio 2016 Olympic Games '' . CBC Television . May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBC Announces 2017 - 18 Programming Slate '' . CBC Television . May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website When Calls the Heart on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Hallmark Channel original programming Original programming Former Cedar Cove ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Signed , Sealed , Delivered ( 2014 ) Current Home and Family ( since 2012 ) When Calls the Heart ( since 2014 ) Good Witch ( since 2015 ) Chesapeake Shores ( since 2016 ) Related List of Hallmark Channel Original Movies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_Calls_the_Heart&oldid=802444797 '' Categories : English - language television programs 2010s American drama television series 2014 American television series debuts 2010s Canadian television series Canadian drama television series 2014 Canadian television series debuts Period family drama television series Western ( genre ) television series Television programs based on books Television series produced in Vancouver Super Channel shows Hallmark Channel shows CBC Television shows American romance television series Canadian romance television series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 05 : 22 . 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where was the series the west wing filmed

The West Wing - wikipedia The West Wing Jump to : navigation , search For the section of the White House for which the show is named , see West Wing . <Th_colspan="2"> The West Wing <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Political drama Created by Aaron Sorkin Starring Rob Lowe Moira Kelly Dulé Hill Allison Janney Richard Schiff John Spencer Bradley Whitford Martin Sheen Janel Moloney Stockard Channing Joshua Malina Mary McCormack Jimmy Smits Alan Alda Kristin Chenoweth Composer ( s ) W.G. Snuffy Walden Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 156 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Aaron Sorkin John Wells Thomas Schlamme Christopher Misiano Alex Graves Lawrence O'Donnell Jr . Peter Noah Cinematography Thomas Del Ruth Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) John Wells Productions Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network NBC Original release September 22 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 22 ) -- May 14 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 14 ) The West Wing is an American serial political drama television series created by Aaron Sorkin that was originally broadcast on NBC from September 22 , 1999 , to May 14 , 2006 . The series is set primarily in the West Wing of the White House , where the Oval Office and offices of presidential senior staff are located , during the fictitious Democratic administration of Josiah Bartlet ( played by Martin Sheen ) . The West Wing was produced by Warner Bros. Television . For the first four seasons , there were three executive producers : Aaron Sorkin ( lead writer of almost all of the first four seasons ) ; Thomas Schlamme ( primary director ) ; and John Wells . After Sorkin left the series , Wells assumed the role of head writer , with later executive producers being directors Alex Graves and Christopher Misiano ( seasons 6 -- 7 ) , and writers Lawrence O'Donnell Jr. and Peter Noah ( season 7 ) . The West Wing is regarded as one of the greatest television series of all - time . It has received praise from critics , political science professors , and former White House staffers and has been the subject of critical analysis . The West Wing received a multitude of awards including two Peabody Awards , three Golden Globe Awards and 26 Emmy Awards , including the award for Outstanding Drama Series , which it won four consecutive times from 2000 through 2003 . The show 's ratings waned in later years following the departure of series creator Sorkin after the fourth season ( Sorkin wrote or co-wrote 85 of the first 88 episodes ) , yet it remained popular among high - income viewers , a key demographic for the show and its advertisers , with around 16 million viewers . The Writers Guild of America also ranked it # 10 in its `` 101 Best - Written TV Series '' list . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main characters 1.2 Background 2 Crew 3 Episodes 4 Development 5 Critical reception 5.1 Realism 5.2 Social influence 5.3 `` The Left Wing '' 5.4 Filming techniques and reactions 5.5 Awards 6 Nielsen ratings 7 Exploration of real world issues 8 The West Wing universe 8.1 Domestic 8.1. 1 San Andreo 8.1. 2 Hartsfield 's Landing 8.1. 3 Kennison State University 8.2 Foreign 8.3 Fictional timeline 8.4 1998 presidential election 8.5 2002 presidential election 8.6 2006 presidential election 8.6. 1 Similarities to 2008 U.S. presidential election 8.7 Santos transition 9 Other media 9.1 Books 9.2 Twitter accounts 9.3 Podcasts 9.4 Fan conventions 9.5 Parodies 10 References 11 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main articles : List of The West Wing characters and List of The West Wing politicians The West Wing employed a broad ensemble cast to portray the many positions involved in the daily work of the federal government . The President , the First Lady , and the President 's senior staff and advisers form the core cast . Numerous secondary characters , appearing intermittently , complement storylines that generally revolve around this core group . Main characters ( edit ) Josiah `` Jed '' Bartlet ( Martin Sheen ) is the President of the United States . An economist by training , he is a former Congressman and Governor from New Hampshire who unexpectedly won the Democratic Party nomination . He suffers from multiple sclerosis , a fact he initially hides from the electorate . He is succeeded by Matt Santos ( regular : seasons 1 -- 7 ) . Leo McGarry ( John Spencer ) , Bartlet 's close personal friend and Chief of Staff . Following a heart attack , he becomes Counselor to the President , and later the Democratic Candidate for Vice President . He dies before assuming office ( regular : seasons 1 -- 7 ) . Josh Lyman ( Bradley Whitford ) , is the Deputy Chief of Staff to Leo McGarry and C.J. Cregg , who later leaves the White House to become the `` Santos for President '' campaign manager . When Santos is elected , Josh becomes White House Chief of Staff ( regular : seasons 1 -- 7 ) . Toby Ziegler ( Richard Schiff ) , the Communications Director . He is fired from the Bartlet administration during a leak investigation , though he is pardoned for his crimes at series ' end . He has twin children with his ex-wife who is a congresswoman from Maryland ( regular : seasons 1 -- 7 ) . Sam Seaborn ( Rob Lowe ) is the Deputy Communications Director . He departs the White House following the re-election of President Bartlet to run for Congress . He is recruited to become Santos ' Deputy Chief of Staff at the series end ( regular : seasons 1 -- 4 , guest star : season 7 ) . C.J. Cregg ( Allison Janney ) , the Press Secretary . She succeeds Leo McGarry as Chief of Staff and departs White House at the end of the Bartlet administration . Post-series , she marries Danny Concannon and has a child ( regular : seasons 1 -- 7 ) . Mandy Hampton ( Moira Kelly ) is Josh Lyman 's ex-girlfriend and a media consultant contracted by the Bartlet administration . She departs without explanation following the first season ( regular : season 1 ) . Charlie Young ( Dulé Hill ) is originally the Personal Aide to the President and later a Deputy Special Assistant to the Chief of Staff . He is in a relationship with Zoey Bartlet . At the series end he begins to study law at Georgetown ( regular : seasons 1 -- 7 ) . Donna Moss ( Janel Moloney ) is the Senior Assistant to Josh Lyman . She later departs to be a spokesperson for the Russell campaign and then the Santos campaign . Upon Santos ' election , she becomes Chief of Staff to the First Lady ( recurring : season 1 ; regular : seasons 2 -- 7 ) . Abbey Bartlet ( Stockard Channing ) is the First Lady , Jed 's wife , and a physician . ( regular : seasons 3 -- 7 , recurring : seasons 1 -- 2 ) . Will Bailey ( Joshua Malina ) is initially hired as a speechwriter and transitions into the role of Deputy Communications Director . He later becomes Chief of Staff to the Vice President , Russell 's Campaign Manager , and Communications Director . After the series end he becomes a congressman for Oregon ( regular : seasons 4 -- 7 ) . Kate Harper ( Mary McCormack ) is the Deputy National Security Advisor ( recurring : season 5 ; regular : seasons 6 -- 7 ) . Matt Santos ( Jimmy Smits ) is a Congressman from Texas who is convinced by Josh Lyman to run for President . He eventually wins the nomination and later the election . ( regular : seasons 6 -- 7 ) . Arnold Vinick ( Alan Alda ) is a Senator from California who becomes the Republican nominee for President . After his loss in the general election , he is appointed Secretary of State by President - elect Santos ( regular : seasons 6 -- 7 ) . Annabeth Schott ( Kristin Chenoweth ) is Deputy Press Secretary and later works on the Santos campaign . At the series end , she is appointed Press Secretary to the incoming First Lady ( recurring : season 6 ; regular : season 7 ) . Background ( edit ) Each of the principal actors made approximately $75,000 per episode , with Sheen 's confirmed salary being $300,000 . Rob Lowe left the series in the fourth season reportedly due to not getting a salary increase . Disparities in cast salaries led to very public contract disputes , particularly by Janney , Schiff , Spencer , and Whitford . During contract negotiations in 2001 , the four were threatened with breach of contract suits by Warner Bros . However , by banding together , they were able to persuade the studio to more than double their salaries . Two years later , the four again demanded a doubling of their salaries , a few months after Warner Bros had signed new licensing deals with NBC and Bravo . John Spencer died of a heart attack on December 16 , 2005 , about a year after his character experienced a nearly fatal heart attack on the show . Martin Sheen gave a brief memorial message before `` Running Mates '' , the first new episode that aired after Spencer 's death . The loss of Spencer 's character was addressed beginning with the episode `` Election Day '' , which aired on April 2 , 2006 . In an interview on the season 1 DVD , Bradley Whitford said that he was originally cast as Sam , even though Aaron Sorkin had created the Josh character specifically for him . In the same interview , Janel Moloney stated she had originally auditioned for the role of C.J. and that Donna , the role for which she was eventually cast , was not meant to be a recurring character . Other actors were seriously considered for other roles , including Alan Alda and Sidney Poitier for the President , Judd Hirsch for Leo , Eugene Levy for Toby , and CCH Pounder for C.J. Crew ( edit ) The series was created by Aaron Sorkin , who served as executive producer for the pilot episode alongside director Thomas Schlamme and John Wells . Kristin Harms and Llewellyn Wells were producers for the pilot . Michael Hissrich acted as a co-producer . The first season proper saw the return of all of the pilot production team along with the addition of Ron Osborn and Jeff Reno as consulting producers and Rick Cleveland as a second co-producer with Robert W. Glass as an associate producer . Glass left the production team after only five episodes . Julie Herlocker joined as Associate Producer beginning with episode six . Osborn and Reno departed after nine episodes . Paul Redford served as a story editor throughout the first season . Lawrence O'Donnell worked as executive story editor for the second half of the season . With the second season , Kevin Falls became a co-executive producer . Cleveland left the production team and Redford and O'Donnell were promoted to co-producer . Peter Parnell and Patrick Caddell became co-producers and Julie Herlocker and Mindy Kanaskie became associate producers . O'Donnell was promoted again to producer five episodes into the season and Hissrich joined him twelve episodes into the season . The third season saw the departure of Parnell , Caddell , and Herlocker and the temporary absence of O'Donnell . Director Christopher Misiano became a supervising producer , Patrick Ward joined the series as an associate producer , and Eli Attie joined the writing staff as a staff writer . Redford was promoted to producer . With the thirteenth episode of the third season director Alex Graves became an additional supervising producer and Attie became a story editor . The fourth season marked the temporary departure of Hissrich . Misiano and Graves became co-executive producers alongside Falls . Attie was promoted to executive story editor and Debora Cahn became a staff writer . The fourteenth episode of the season saw Redford promoted to supervising producer and Kanaskie , Ward and Attie promoted to co-producers . The fifth season saw the departure of both Sorkin and Schlamme as executive producers . Schlamme remained attached to the series as an executive consultant . John Wells remained the sole executive producer and showrunner . Co-executive producer Kevin Falls also left the show . O'Donnell rejoined the production team as a consulting producer . Wells also added Carol Flint , Alexa Junge , Peter Noah , and John Sacret Young as consulting producers . Andrew Stearn came aboard as a producer and Attie was promoted to producer . Cahn became story editor and Josh Singer replaced her as staff writer . With the tenth episode Flint , Junge , Noah and Sacret Young became supervising producers . With the sixth season Misiano and Graves were promoted to executive producers . Redford and Junge left the production team and Dylan K. Massin became a co-producer . Cahn was promoted to executive story editor and Singer replaced her as story editor . Lauren Schmidt filled the staff writer role . The fourth episode saw the departure of original crew member Llewellyn Wells . Debora Cahn was promoted to co-producer with the fourteenth episode . The seventh season saw Noah and O'Donnell promoted again , this time becoming additional executive producers . Attie became a supervising producer . Hissrich returned to his role as producer for the final season . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The West Wing episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired <Th_colspan="2"> Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> September 22 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 22 ) May 17 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 17 ) 24 9.1 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> October 4 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 04 ) May 16 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 16 ) 11 11.6 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 21 + 2 specials <Td_colspan="1"> October 3 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 03 ) May 22 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 22 ) 8 11.4 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 23 <Td_colspan="1"> September 25 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 25 ) May 14 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 14 ) 21 9.0 <Td_colspan="1"> 5 <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> September 24 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 24 ) May 19 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 19 ) 23 7.8 <Td_colspan="1"> 6 <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> October 20 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 20 ) April 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 06 ) 29 7.4 <Td_colspan="1"> 7 <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> September 25 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 25 ) May 14 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 14 ) N / A N / A The West Wing , like many serial dramas , stretches storylines over several episodes or entire seasons . In addition to these larger storylines , each episode also contains smaller arcs that usually begin and end within an episode . Most episodes follow President Bartlet and his staff through particular legislative or political issues . Plots can range from behind - closed - doors negotiating with Congress to personal problems like post-traumatic stress disorder , from which Josh suffers during the second season . The typical episode loosely follows the President and his staff through their day , generally following several plots connected by some idea or theme . A large , fully connected set of the White House allowed the producers to create shots with very few cuts and long , continuous master shots of staff members conversing as they walk through the hallways . These `` walk and talks '' became a trademark of the show . The final two seasons presented a narrative change , with the focus of the show divided between plots in the West Wing with President Bartlet and his remaining senior staffers and plots revolving around the rest of the main cast on the campaign trail for the 2006 election . In the first season , the Bartlet administration is in the middle of its second year and is still having trouble settling in and making progress on legislative issues . The second season covers the aftermath of a shooting at Rosslyn , the 2000 midterm elections and dealings with a new Congress , and sees scandal when the White House is rocked by allegations of criminal conduct and the President must decide whether he will run for a second term . The third and fourth seasons take an in - depth look at the campaign trail and the specter of both foreign and domestic terrorism . In the fifth season , the President begins to encounter more issues on the foreign front , while at home he faces off with the newly elected Speaker of the House , battles controversy over Supreme Court appointments and oversees a daring plan to save Social Security . The sixth season chronicles the quest to replace President Bartlet in the next election , following the primary campaigns of several candidates from both parties , while the President himself attempts to build his legacy , but finds his ability to govern compromised by his illness . In the seventh season , the President must face a leak of confidential information about a secret Department of Defense program from inside the White House , while the Democratic and Republican candidates battle to succeed him in the general election . Development ( edit ) The series developed following the success of 1995 theatrical film The American President , for which Aaron Sorkin wrote the screenplay , and in which Martin Sheen played the White House Chief of Staff . Unused plot elements from the film and a suggestion from Akiva Goldsman inspired Sorkin to create The West Wing . According to the DVD commentary , Sorkin intended to center the show on Sam Seaborn and the other senior staff with the President in an unseen or a secondary role . However , Bartlet 's screen time gradually increased , and his role expanded as the series progressed . Positive critical and public reaction to Sheen 's performance raised his character 's profile , decreasing Lowe 's perceived significance . In addition , according to Sorkin , the storylines began to focus less on Sam and more on Josh Lyman , the Deputy Chief of Staff . This shift was one of the reasons for Lowe 's eventual departure from the show in the fourth season . For the first four seasons , drawing on research materials , scene drafts , and occasionally entire draft scripts from his writing staff , Sorkin wrote almost every episode of the series , occasionally reusing plot elements , episode titles , character names , and actors from his previous work , Sports Night , a sitcom in which he began to develop his signature dialogue style of rhythmic , snappy , and intellectual banter . Fellow executive producer and director Thomas Schlamme championed the walk and talk , a continuous shot tracking in front of the characters as they walk from one place to another that became part of The West Wing 's signature visual style . Sorkin 's hectic writing schedule often led to cost overruns and schedule slips , and he opted to leave the show after the fourth season , following increasing personal problems , including an arrest for possession of hallucinogenic mushrooms . Thomas Schlamme also left the show after the fourth season . John Wells , the remaining executive producer , took the helm after their departure . The West Wing aired on Wednesdays at 9 : 00 pm ET from its debut until the end of its sixth season . NBC elected to move the series to Sundays at 8 : 00 pm for its seventh season , a move universally regarded as the beginning of the series ' end ( since NBC and the NFL had reached a deal for Sunday Night Football to return to the network in fall 2006 ) , and the series finale aired on May 14 , 2006 . The West Wing took a large ratings hit with the move , which put it up against ABC 's Top 20 hit Extreme Makeover : Home Edition , and CBS ' Top 30 hit Cold Case in its timeslot . Critical reception ( edit ) The West Wing offers a glimpse into the inner workings of the fictional Bartlet White House . The show 's legitimacy , political slant , and idealist representations of Washington , as well as its notable writing and film merits , have generated considerable discussion . Realism ( edit ) While The West Wing is not completely accurate in its portrayal of the actual West Wing , former White House staffers described the show as capturing the feel of the real West Wing . However , President Gerald Ford 's daughter Susan made the comment `` I ca n't watch ( the show ) . They turn left and right where you are not supposed to . '' Former Senate aide Lawrence O'Donnell and former White House aide and presidential campaign speechwriter Eli Attie were both longtime writers on the show ( O'Donnell for seasons 1 -- 2 and 5 -- 7 , Attie for seasons 3 -- 7 ) . Former White House Press Secretaries Dee Dee Myers and Marlin Fitzwater and pollsters Patrick Caddell and Frank Luntz also served as consultants , advising the writing staff for part of the show 's run . Other former White House staffers , such as Peggy Noonan and Gene Sperling , served as consultants for brief periods . A documentary special in the third season compared the show 's depiction of the West Wing to the real thing . Many former West Wing denizens applauded the show 's depiction of the West Wing , including advisor David Gergen , Secretary of State Henry Kissinger , Chief of Staff Leon Panetta , Deputy Chief of Staff Karl Rove , and former Presidents Gerald Ford , Jimmy Carter , and Bill Clinton . While critics often praised The West Wing for its writing , others faulted the show as unrealistically optimistic and sentimental . A large part of this criticism came from the perceived naiveté of the characters . Television critic Heather Havrilesky asked , `` What rock did these morally pure creatures crawl out from under and , more important , how do you go from innocent millipede to White House staffer without becoming soiled or disillusioned by the dirty realities of politics along the way ? '' Social influence ( edit ) Despite acclaim for the veracity of the series , Sorkin believed , `` our responsibility is to captivate you for however long we 've asked for your attention . '' Former White House aide Matthew Miller noted that Sorkin `` captivates viewers by making the human side of politics more real than life -- or at least more real than the picture we get from the news . '' Miller also noted that by portraying politicians with empathy , the show created a `` subversive competitor '' to the cynical views of politics in media . In the essay `` The West Wing and the West Wing '' , author Myron Levine agreed , stating that the series `` presents an essentially positive view of public service and a healthy corrective to anti-Washington stereotypes and public cynicism . '' Dr. Staci L. Beavers , associate professor of political science at California State University , San Marcos , wrote a short essay , `` The West Wing as a Pedagogical Tool '' . She concluded , `` While the series ' purpose is for - profit entertainment , The West Wing presents great pedagogical potential . '' The West Wing , in her opinion , gave greater depth to the political process usually espoused only in stilted talking points on shows like Face the Nation and Meet the Press . However , the merits of a particular argument may be obscured by the viewer 's opinion of the character . Beavers also noted that characters with opposing viewpoints were often set up to be `` bad people '' in the viewer 's eyes . These characters were assigned undesirable characteristics having nothing to do with their political opinions , such as being romantically involved with a main character 's love interest . In Beavers ' opinion , a critical analysis of the show 's political views can present a worthwhile learning experience to the viewer . One of the stranger effects of the show occurred on January 31 , 2006 , when The West Wing was said to have played a hand in defeating a proposal backed by Tony Blair 's government in the British House of Commons , during the so - called `` West Wing Plot '' . The plan was allegedly hatched after a Conservative Member of Parliament watched the episode `` A Good Day '' , in which Democrats block a bill aimed at limiting stem cell research , by appearing to have left Washington D.C. but actually hiding in a congressional office until the Republican Speaker calls the vote . Play media A promotional video for the White House 's 2015 Virtual `` Big Block of Cheese Day '' , featuring cast of The West Wing A number of episodes referred to a practice of the administration having one day each year on which they accepted meetings with people or groups who would not normally receive an audience with high - level White House staffers , referring to the event as `` Big Block of Cheese Day '' . The name came from the fact that President Andrew Jackson had a large wheel of cheese placed in the White House from which the public were invited to eat during a reception , while discussing issues of the day with politicians . In 2014 , the White House announced that it was to host an online Q&A with Obama administration officials and staff , called a Virtual `` Big Block of Cheese day '' , on January 29 , 2014 . The event was promoted with a video featuring stars from The West Wing . The event was repeated on January 21 , 2015 , again promoted by stars from the show . On April 29 , 2016 , Allison Janney appeared in character as C.J. Cregg during a White House press briefing . `` The left Wing '' ( edit ) Jewish Journal columnist Naomi Pfefferman once referred to The West Wing as `` The Left Wing ... '' because of its portrayal of an ideal liberal administration , and the moniker has also been used by Republican critics of the show . Chris Lehmann , former deputy editor and regular reviewer for The Washington Post 's Book World section , characterized the show as a revisionist look at the Clinton presidency . On the other hand , some Republicans have admired the show since its inception , even before the departure of Sorkin and the show 's resulting shift toward the center . In his 2001 article `` Real Liberals versus The West Wing , '' Mackubin Thomas Owens wrote , '' Although his administration is reliably liberal , President Bartlet possesses virtues even a conservative could admire . He obeys the Constitution and the law . He is devoted to his wife and daughters . Being unfaithful to his wife would never cross his mind . He is no wimp when it comes to foreign policy -- no quid pro quo for him . '' Journalist Matthew Miller wrote , `` although the show indeed has a liberal bias on issues , it presents a truer , more human picture of the people behind the headlines than most of today 's Washington journalists . '' Filming techniques and reactions ( edit ) Sam Seaborn and Josh Lyman converse in the hallway in one of The West Wing 's noted tracking shots . In its first season , The West Wing attracted critical attention in the television community with a record nine Emmy wins . The show has been praised for its high production values and repeatedly recognized for its cinematic achievements . The series had a budget of $2.7 million per episode . The series has also been praised for Sorkin 's rapid - fire and witty scripts . The West Wing is noted for developing the `` walk - and - talk '' -- long Steadicam tracking shots showing characters walking down hallways while involved in long conversations . In a typical `` walk - and - talk '' shot , the camera leads two characters down a hallway as they speak to each other . One of these characters generally breaks off and the remaining character is then joined by another character , who initiates another conversation as they continue walking . These `` walk - and - talks '' create a dynamic feel for what would otherwise be long expository dialogue , and have become a staple for dialogue - intensive television show scenes . Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by The West Wing In its first season , The West Wing garnered nine Emmys , a record for most won by a series in its first season . In addition , the series received the Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series in 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , and 2003 , tying Hill Street Blues , L.A. Law and Mad Men for most won in this category . Each of its seven seasons earned a nomination for the award . With its 26 total awards , The West Wing tied with Hill Street Blues as the drama with the most Emmy wins until Game of Thrones broke the record for most wins in 2016 , with 35 total awards . The series shares the Emmy Award record for most acting nominations by regular cast members ( excluding the guest performer category ) for a single series in one year . ( Both Hill Street Blues and L.A. Law also hold that record ) . For the 2001 -- 2002 season , nine cast members were nominated for Emmys . Allison Janney , John Spencer and Stockard Channing each won an Emmy ( for Lead Actress , Supporting Actor and Supporting Actress respectively ) . The others nominated were Martin Sheen ( for Lead Actor ) , Richard Schiff , Dule Hill and Bradley Whitford ( for Supporting Actor ) , and Janel Moloney and Mary - Louise Parker ( for Supporting Actress ) . In addition , that same year Mark Harmon , Tim Matheson and Ron Silver were each nominated in the Guest Actor category ( although none won the award ) . This gave the series an Emmy Award record for most acting nominations overall ( including guest performer category ) in a single year , with 12 acting nominations . Twenty individual Emmys were awarded to writers , actors , and crew members . Allison Janney is the record holder for most wins by a cast member , with a total of four Emmys . The West Wing won at least one Emmy in each of its seasons except the sixth . In addition to its Emmys , the show won two Screen Actors Guild ( SAG ) Awards , in 2000 and 2001 , Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series . Martin Sheen was the only cast member to win a Golden Globe Award , and he and Allison Janney were the only cast members to win SAG Awards . In both 1999 and 2000 , The West Wing was awarded the Peabody Award for excellence in broadcasting . The following table summarizes award wins by cast members : Actor Awards won Alan Alda Emmy Award , Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( 2006 ) Stockard Channing Emmy Award , Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series ( 2002 ) Allison Janney Emmy Award , Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series ( 2000 , 2001 ) Emmy Award , Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series ( 2002 , 2004 ) Screen Actors Guild Award , Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series ( 2000 , 2001 ) Richard Schiff Emmy Award , Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( 2000 ) Martin Sheen Golden Globe Award , Best Actor in a TV - Series -- Drama ( 2001 ) Screen Actors Guild Award , Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series ( 2000 , 2001 ) John Spencer Emmy Award , Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( 2002 ) Bradley Whitford Emmy Award , Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( 2001 ) Many cast members were Emmy - nominated for their work on The West Wing but did not win , including Martin Sheen -- who was nominated for six of the seven seasons of the series without receiving the award -- as well as Janel Moloney , who was nominated twice , and Dulé Hill , Rob Lowe , and Mary - Louise Parker , who were all nominated once . Matthew Perry , Oliver Platt , Ron Silver , Tim Matheson , and Mark Harmon also received Emmy nominations for guest starring on the show . Tommy Schlamme won two Emmys for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series ( in 2000 and 2001 ) , and Christopher Misiano won an Emmy for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series in 2003 . The West Wing 's only Emmy for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series was in its first season , when Rick Cleveland and Aaron Sorkin shared the award for `` In Excelsis Deo '' . W.G. Snuffy Walden received an Emmy Award for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music in 2000 for `` The West Wing Opening Theme '' . `` The West Wing Documentary Special '' won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Program in 2002 , with the award shared by Aaron Sorkin , Tommy Schlamme , documentarian Bill Couturie , show writers Eli Attie and Felicia Willson , and others . Readers of TV Guide voted the cast of The West Wing their Best Drama cast of all time , receiving 37 % of the votes , beating Lost , which received 23 % . A Wall Street Journal poll in 2016 named Martin Sheen 's Josiah Bartlet as the second greatest fictional president , behind Harrison Ford 's President James Marshall in Air Force One . Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot Season premiere Season finale TV season Ranking Viewers ( in millions ) Wednesday 9 : 00 pm September 22 , 1999 May 17 , 2000 1999 -- 2000 # 27 9.1 October 4 , 2000 May 16 , 2001 2000 -- 01 # 13 17.0 October 3 , 2001 May 22 , 2002 2001 -- 02 # 10 17.2 September 25 , 2002 May 14 , 2003 2002 -- 03 # 22 13.5 5 September 24 , 2003 May 19 , 2004 2003 -- 04 # 29 11.8 6 October 20 , 2004 April 6 , 2005 2004 -- 05 # 35 11.1 7 Sunday 8 : 00 pm September 25 , 2005 May 14 , 2006 2005 -- 06 # 65 8.1 Exploration of real world issues ( edit ) The West Wing often featured extensive discussion of current or recent political issues . After the real - world election of Republican President George W. Bush in 2000 , many wondered whether the liberal show could retain its relevance and topicality . However , by exploring many of the same issues facing the Bush administration from a Democratic point of view , the show continued to appeal to a broad audience of both Democrats and Republicans . In the second - season episode `` The Midterms '' , President Bartlet admonishes fictional radio host Dr. Jenna Jacobs for her views regarding homosexuality at a private gathering at the White House . Dr. Jacobs is a caricature of radio personality Dr. Laura Schlessinger , who strongly disapproves of homosexuality . Many of the President 's biblical references in his comments to Dr. Jacobs appear to have come from an open letter to Dr. Schlessinger , circulated online in early May 2000 . The Bartlet administration experiences a scandal during the second and third seasons that has been compared to the Monica Lewinsky affair . President Bartlet has known that he has relapsing - remitting multiple sclerosis ( MS ) since 1992 . The scandal centers around President Bartlet 's nondisclosure of his illness to the electorate during the election . He is investigated by an opposition Congress for defrauding the public and eventually accepts Congressional censure . Multiple sclerosis advocacy groups praised the show for its accurate portrayal of the symptoms of MS and stressing that it is not fatal . The National MS Society commented : For the first time on national television or even in film , the public encountered a lead character with both an MS diagnosis and the hope for a continued productive life . Because ( The ) West Wing is a fictional drama and not a medical documentary , writers could have greatly distorted MS facts to further their story line ( but did not ) . -- Gail Kerr , National MS Society Following the September 11 , 2001 attacks , the start of the third season was postponed for a week , as were most American television premieres that year . A script for a special episode was quickly written and began filming on September 21 . The episode `` Isaac and Ishmael '' aired on October 3 and addresses the sobering reality of terrorism in America and the wider world , albeit with no specific reference to September 11 . While `` Isaac and Ishmael '' received mixed critical reviews , it illustrated the show 's flexibility in addressing current events . The cast of the show state during the opening of the episode that it is not part of The West Wing continuity . A 2003 plot twist has House Speaker Glen Allen Walken ( John Goodman ) become Acting President when Zoey Bartlet is kidnapped . While the September 11 attacks are not referenced in The West Wing continuity , the country enters into a variation of the War on Terrorism . Al Qaeda , mentioned briefly by Nancy McNally in the beginning of Season 2 , plays no role in the longer terrorism story arcs of Seasons 3 , 4 and 5 . It is only mentioned again in Seasons 6 and 7 . The stand - in used instead is the fictional Bahji terror group who first plots to blow up the Golden Gate Bridge . In response , the President orders the assassination of foreign leader Abdul ibn Shareef , one of Bahji 's primary backers . This storyline has similarities to the real - world U.S. invasion of Afghanistan as well as U.S. relations with Saudi Arabia , as it brings the Middle East to the forefront of U.S. foreign relations and elevates terrorism as a serious threat . In the middle of the fourth season , Bartlet 's White House is confronted with genocide in the fictional African country of Equatorial Kundu , which was compared to the Rwandan Genocide of 1994 . The result is new foreign policy doctrine for the Bartlet Administration and military intervention to stop the violence , which come after much hesitation and reluctance to call the conflict a genocide . In reality , the Clinton Administration did not intervene in Rwanda . In the sixth and seventh seasons , The West Wing explores a leak of top - secret information by a senior staffer at the White House . This leak has been compared to events surrounding the Valerie Plame affair . In the storyline , the International Space Station is damaged and can no longer produce oxygen for the astronauts to breathe . With no other methods of rescue available , the President is reminded of the existence of a top - secret military space shuttle . Following the President 's inaction , the shuttle story is leaked to a White House reporter , Greg Brock ( analogous to Judith Miller ) , who prints the story in The New York Times . Brock will not reveal his source and goes to jail for failing to do so , as did Miller . In order to stop the investigation , in which authorities suspect Chief of Staff C.J. Cregg , Toby Ziegler admits to leaking the information , and the President is forced to dismiss him . In comparison , the Plame affair resulted in the arrest and conviction of `` Scooter '' Libby , the Vice President 's chief of staff . However , Libby was convicted of perjury in testimony to a grand jury . No one was convicted for `` blowing the cover '' of Plame . ( Richard Armitage , an official in the Bush State Department , acknowledged leaking information about Plame to reporters but was never charged with a crime . ) Libby 's two and a half - year prison sentence was later commuted by President Bush , though the other facet of his sentence ( $250,000 fine ) stood and was duly paid . In the series finale , President Bartlet , as his last official act , pardons Ziegler . Other issues explored in The West Wing include : North Korean and Iranian nuclear ambitions Strained relations and a state of brinkmanship between India and Pakistan Legislation of the Central American Free Trade Agreement The formation of the Minuteman Project Peacemaking and terrorism in Palestine and Israel The genocide in Darfur , Sudan AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa The Northern Ireland peace process The War on Drugs and conflict in Colombia Controversy over Intelligent design in schools Brinkmanship and potential conflict between the People 's Republic of China and Republic of China over Taiwan 's political status A federal government shutdown The 1996 Defense of Marriage Act Anthrax attacks against the Bush Administration Federal funding for the arts Peak oil and the consequences of a decline in global oil production Federal subsidies for ethanol fuel given to corn growers Student loan forgiveness for teachers Invoking the 25th Amendment for an Acting President while the President is preoccupied with personal problems The West Wing universe ( edit ) See also : List of The West Wing politicians Domestic ( edit ) All contemporary domestic government officials in The West Wing universe are fictional . President Bartlet has made three appointments to the fictional Supreme Court and maintains a full cabinet , although not all names and terms of the members are revealed . Some cabinet members , such as the Secretary of Defense , appear more often than others . Many other government officials , such as mayors , governors , judges , representatives , and senators , are mentioned and seen as well . Fictional locations inside the United States are created to loosely represent certain places : San Andreo ( edit ) San Andreo is a fictional California city . It is located near San Diego , has a population of 42,000 and is the location of the San Andreo Nuclear Generating Station . The fictional station was based on the real life San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station in San Diego County . A near meltdown at the nuclear plant becomes the focus of an October surprise for Republican nominee Senator Arnold Vinick during the 2006 presidential election , due to Vinick 's strong pro-nuclear stance and revelations of his active lobbying for the construction of the plant . This is seen to be a key factor in Vinick 's narrow defeat in the election by Democratic nominee Congressman Matt Santos . Hartsfield 's Landing ( edit ) Hartsfield 's Landing is a fictional town in New Hampshire . It is stated to be a very small community of only 63 people , of whom 42 are registered voters , that votes at one minute past midnight on the day of the New Hampshire primary , hours before the rest of the state , and has accurately predicted the winner of every presidential election since William Howard Taft in 1908 . It is based on the true New Hampshire communities of Hart 's Location and Dixville Notch , which indeed vote before the rest of the state during the primaries , and also loosely upon the concept of `` bellwether states '' in US presidential elections . Kennison state University ( edit ) Kennison State is a fictional university in Cedar Rapids , Iowa , used as the setting of a bombing in the beginning of the fourth season . Foreign ( edit ) While several real - world leaders exist in the show 's universe , most foreign countries depicted or referred to on the show have fictional rulers . Real people mentioned in The West Wing include Muammar Gaddafi , Yasser Arafat , Fidel Castro , Queen Elizabeth II , King Bhumibol Adulyadej , King Carl XVI Gustaf , Thabo Mbeki and Osama bin Laden . However , when a peace accord is worked out between Israel and the Palestinian Authority at the start of the show 's sixth season , the Chairman of the Palestinian Authority is the fictional Nizar Farad , not Yasser Arafat . ( By that time in the real world , Arafat was dead and a successor , Rawhi Fattuh , had been elected . ) Entire countries are invented as composite pictures that epitomize many of the problems that plague real nations in certain areas of the world : Qumar is a fictional , oil - rich , powerful , Middle Eastern state . A former British protectorate now ruled by a sultan and his family , it hosts a major US airbase and is frequently a source of trouble for the Bartlet administration . The nation is first introduced in the third season as a close ally of the United States but is criticized for its harsh treatment of women . After the September 11 attacks , it became a major venue for the show 's terrorism subplots , including one where convincing evidence is discovered that Qumari Defense Minister Shareef is planning terrorist acts against U.S. infrastructure , including a failed conspiracy to destroy the Golden Gate Bridge , and President Bartlet authorizes his assassination by a covert operations team . Geographically , as it is depicted on maps , it roughly corresponds to the Hormozgan Province of Iran . Equatorial Kundu is a fictional African nation blighted by AIDS and a civil war , resembling the 1994 Rwandan genocide . Its location , when depicted on maps , is roughly that of Equatorial Guinea . Equatorial Kundu is also used during the third season of Sorkin 's later television series The Newsroom . Fictional timeline ( edit ) The West Wing universe diverges from history after Richard Nixon 's presidency , although there is occasional overlap ; for instance , in the second episode of the series ' second season In the Shadow of Two Gunmen Toby Ziegler speaks to a Secret Service agent outside a building named for Ronald Reagan , although this may have just been a production oversight . Fictional Presidents who are shown to have served between Nixon and Bartlet include one - term Democrat D. Wire Newman ( James Cromwell ) and two - term Republican Owen Lassiter . Leo McGarry is mentioned as being Labor Secretary in the administration that was in office in 1993 and 1995 . In the first season , an outgoing Supreme Court Justice tells Jed Bartlet that he had been wanting to retire for five years , but waited `` for a Democrat '' because he did not want a Republican President to replace him with a conservative justice ( the Justice then tells President Bartlet , snidely , `` Instead , I got you . '' ) . The season four episode Debate Camp features a flashback to the days just before Bartlet 's inauguration , as Donna Moss meets with her Republican predecessor , Jeff Johnson . In season six Leo says that the Republicans have been `` out of power for eight years '' , and Republicans at their convention say `` eight ( years ) is enough '' . The passage of time on the show relative to that of the real world is somewhat ambiguous when marked by events of shorter duration ( e.g. , votes , campaigns ) . Sorkin noted in a DVD commentary track for the second - season episode `` 18th and Potomac '' that he tried to avoid tying The West Wing to a specific period of time . Despite this , real years are occasionally mentioned , usually in the context of elections and President Bartlet 's two - term administration . The show 's presidential elections are held in 2002 and 2006 , which are the years of the midterm elections in reality ( these dates come from the fact that in the season 2 episode `` 17 People '' , Toby specifically mentions 2002 as the year of the President 's reelection campaign ) . The election timeline in The West Wing matches up with that of the real world until early in the sixth season , when it appears that a year is lost . For example , the filing deadline for the New Hampshire primary , which would normally fall in January 2006 , appears in an episode airing in January 2005 . In an interview , John Wells stated that the series began one and a half years into Bartlet 's first term and that the election to replace Bartlet was being held at the correct time . However , the season 1 episode `` He Shall from Time to Time '' shows the preparations for Bartlet 's first regular State of the Union address , which would occur one year into his presidency . In the Season 1 episode `` Let Bartlet Be Bartlet '' , Josh Lyman asks Toby Ziegler , `` Our second year is n't going much better than our first year , is it ? '' In the season 5 episode `` Access '' , it is mentioned that the Casey Creek crisis occurred during Bartlet 's first term and got his presidency off to a calamitous start , and network footage of the crisis carries the date of November 2001 . 1998 presidential election ( edit ) Bartlet 's first campaign for President is never significantly explored in the series . Bartlet is stated to have won the election with 48 % of the popular vote , 48 million votes , and a 303 -- 235 margin in the Electoral College . Of three debates between Bartlet and his Republican opponent , it is mentioned that Bartlet won the third and final debate , held eight days before election day in St. Louis , Missouri . Josh Lyman says that in the days prior to the election `` Bartlet punched through a few walls '' as the result seemed too close to call , before the result broke his way . Leo McGarry says the same thing in `` Bartlet for America '' when he says , `` It was eight days to go , and we were too close to call '' . The campaign for the Democratic nomination is extensively addressed . In the episodes `` In the Shadow of Two Gunmen , Part I '' , `` In the Shadow of Two Gunmen , Part II '' and `` Bartlet for America '' , flashbacks are used to show Bartlet defeating Texas Senator John Hoynes ( Tim Matheson ) and Washington Senator William Wiley for the Democratic nomination and later choosing Hoynes as his running mate . The flashbacks also show Leo McGarry persuading Bartlet , then Governor of New Hampshire , to run for President . 2002 presidential election ( edit ) The West Wing 's 2002 presidential election puts Bartlet and Vice President John Hoynes against Florida Governor Robert Ritchie ( James Brolin ) and his running mate , Jeff Heston . Bartlet faces no known opposition for renomination , though Democratic Senator Stackhouse launches a brief independent campaign for the presidency . Ritchie , not originally expected to contend for the nomination , emerges from a field of seven other Republican candidates by appealing to the party 's conservative base with simple , `` homey '' sound bites . Bartlet 's staff contemplates replacing Vice President John Hoynes on the ticket with Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Percy Fitzwallace ( John Amos ) , among others . After it is clear that Ritchie will be the Republican nominee , Bartlet dismisses the idea , declaring that he wants Hoynes in the number two spot because of `` four words , '' which he writes down and hands to Hoynes and McGarry to read : `` Because I could die . '' Throughout the season it is anticipated that the race will be close , but a stellar performance by Bartlet in the sole debate between the candidates helps give Bartlet a landslide victory in both the popular and electoral vote . 2006 presidential election ( edit ) A speed - up in The West Wing 's timeline , in part due to the expiration of many cast members ' contracts and a desire to continue the program with lower production costs , resulted in the omission of the 2004 midterm elections and an election during the seventh season . The sixth season extensively details the Democratic and Republican primaries . The seventh season covers the lead - up to the general election , the election , and the transition to a new administration . The timeline slows down to concentrate on the general election race . The election , normally held in November , takes place across two episodes originally broadcast on April 2 and 9 , 2006 . Congressman Matt Santos ( D - TX ) ( Jimmy Smits ) is nominated on the fourth ballot at the Democratic National Convention , during the sixth - season finale . Santos , having planned to leave Congress before being recruited to run for the presidency by Josh Lyman , polls in the low single digits in the Iowa caucus . He is virtually out of the running in the New Hampshire primary before a last - ditch live television commercial vaults him to a third - place finish with 19 % of the vote . Josh Lyman , Santos 's campaign manager , convinces Leo McGarry to become Santos ' running mate . Senator Arnold Vinick ( R - CA ) ( Alan Alda ) secures the Republican nomination , defeating Glen Allen Walken ( John Goodman ) and the Reverend Don Butler ( Don S. Davis ) , among others . Initially , Vinick wants Butler to become his running mate . However , Butler does not want to be considered because of Vinick 's stance on abortion . Instead , West Virginia Governor Ray Sullivan ( Brett Cullen ) is chosen as Vinick 's running mate . Vinick is portrayed throughout the sixth season as virtually unbeatable because of his popularity in California , a typically Democratic state , his moderate views , and his wide crossover appeal . Vinick , however , faces difficulty with the pro-life members of his party as a pro-choice candidate , and criticism for his support of nuclear power following a serious accident at a Californian nuclear power station . On the evening of the election , Leo McGarry suffers a massive heart attack and is pronounced dead at the hospital , with the polls still open on the West Coast . The Santos campaign releases the information immediately , while Arnold Vinick refuses to use Leo 's death as a `` stepstool '' to the presidency . Santos emerges as the winner in his home state of Texas , while Vinick wins his home state of California . The election comes down to Nevada , where both candidates need a victory to secure the presidency . Vinick tells his staff repeatedly that he will not allow his campaign to demand a recount of the votes if Santos is declared the winner . Josh Lyman gives Santos the same advice , although the Santos campaign sends a team of lawyers down to Nevada . Santos is pronounced the winner of the election , having won Nevada by 30,000 votes , with an electoral margin of 272 -- 266 . According to executive producer Lawrence O'Donnell , Jr. , the writers originally intended for Vinick to win the election . However , the death of Spencer forced him and his colleagues to consider the emotional strain that would result from having Santos lose both his running mate and the election . It was eventually decided by John Wells that the last episodes would be rescripted . Other statements from John Wells , however , have contradicted O'Donnell's claims about a previously planned Vinick victory . The script showing Santos winning was written long before the death of John Spencer . In 2008 O'Donnell stated to camera `` We actually planned at the outset for Jimmy Smits to win , that was our ... just ... plan of how this was all going to work , but the Vinick character came on so strong in the show , and was so effective , it became a real contest ... and it became a real contest in the West Wing writer 's room . '' Similarities to 2008 U.S. presidential election ( edit ) Similarities between the fictional 2006 election and the real - life 2008 U.S. presidential election have been noted in the media : young ethnic minority Democratic candidate ( Matthew Santos on the show , Barack Obama in real life ) has a gruelling but successful primary campaign against a more experienced candidate ( Bob Russell on the show , Hillary Clinton in real life ) and a third candidate who has been damaged by claims of infidelity ( John Hoynes on the show , John Edwards in real life ) and chooses an experienced Washington insider as his running mate ( Leo McGarry on the show , Joe Biden in real life ) ; whereas the Republican contest is determined early in the primary season with an aging `` maverick '' senator of a western state being the nominee ( Arnold Vinick of California on the show , John McCain of Arizona in real life ) after defeating a staunchly pro-life opponent with pastoral experience , among others ( Reverend Don Butler on the show , Mike Huckabee in real life ) , and then choosing a younger , socially conservative running mate in the midst of his or her first term as governor of a sparsely populated , resource - rich state ( Ray Sullivan of West Virginia on the show , Sarah Palin of Alaska in real life ) . According to David Remnick 's biography of Obama , The Bridge , when writer and former White House aide Eli Attie was tasked with fleshing out the first major Santos storylines , he looked to then - U.S. Senator Obama as a model . Attie called David Axelrod , with whom he had worked in politics , `` and grilled him about Obama . '' While Attie says that he `` drew inspiration from ( Obama ) in drawing ( the Santos ) character , '' actor Jimmy Smits also says that Obama `` was one of the people that I looked to draw upon '' for his portrayal of the character . Writer and producer Lawrence O'Donnell says that he partly modeled Vinick after McCain . Obama 's former Chief of Staff , Rahm Emanuel , is said to be the basis of the Josh Lyman character , who becomes Santos ' Chief of Staff . However , O'Donnell denied this claim . Santos transition ( edit ) As the series sunsets with Bartlet 's final year in office , little is revealed about Matt Santos ' presidency , with the last few episodes mainly focusing on the Santos team 's transition into the White House . Santos chooses Josh Lyman as Chief of Staff , who in turn calls on former colleague Sam Seaborn to be Deputy Chief of Staff . In need of experienced cabinet members , Santos taps Arnold Vinick as Secretary of State , believing the senior statesman to be one of the best strategists available and respected by foreign leaders . Santos eventually decides on Eric Baker , the Democratic Governor of Pennsylvania and at one point the frontrunner for the Democratic nomination , as his choice for Vice President , and submits his name to Congress under the terms of the 25th Amendment . While the show ends before he can be confirmed , it is implied he may face little opposition from Republicans due to the backing of Secretary of State Vinick . President Bartlet 's final act as President of the United States is pardoning Toby Ziegler , who had violated federal law by leaking classified information about a military space shuttle . The series ends with Bartlet returning to New Hampshire . Having said his goodbyes to his closest staff , former President Bartlet tells President Santos , `` Make me proud , Mr. President , '' to which Santos responds , `` I 'll do my best , Mr. President . '' Other media ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Several books have been published about The West Wing . One of the first , in 2001 , was Paul C. Challe 's Inside the West Wing : An Unauthorized Look at Television 's Smartest Show . In 2002 , Newmarket Press published The West Wing Script Book , which included episode scripts from Aaron Sorkin . Also in 2002 , Ian Jackman wrote The West Wing ( The Official Companion ) . Analytical books about the series include Peter Rollins ' The West Wing : The American Presidency as Television Drama ( 2003 ) , The Prime - Time Presidency : The West Wing and U.S. Nationalism by Trevor Parry - Giles and Shawn J. Parry - Giles ( 2006 ) , The West Wing ( TV Milestones Series ) by Janet McCabe ( 2012 ) , and Claire Handscombe 's Walk with Us : How the West Wing Changed Our Lives ( 2016 ) . Twitter accounts ( edit ) In 2010 , Twitter accounts for many of the primary characters on The West Wing began to appear , including accounts for President Bartlet , Josh Lyman , Leo McGarry , Matt Santos and Mrs. Landingham . While Twitter accounts for fictional characters are not uncommon , The West Wing accounts are notable for mixing a fictional timeline and commentary on real world events . Tweets from the fictional characters have been featured on The Rachel Maddow Show , CNN and questions from the fictional accounts have been answered by Press Secretary Robert Gibbs during a White House Press Conference and from Vice President Joe Biden during a Twitter Town Hall . The success of The West Wing accounts has resulted in several copycats , including accounts from several minor or obscure West Wing characters , including Gail , the fish in C.J. 's office . Podcasts ( edit ) In March 2016 , The West Wing Weekly podcast hosted by Hrishikesh Hirway and Joshua Malina began . Each episode of the podcast discusses an episode of The West Wing and has featured various cast and crew members from the series . Fan conventions ( edit ) A major fan convention , `` West Wing Weekend '' is planned to take place September 28 - 30 , 2018 , at the Marriott Hotel in Bethesda , Maryland . The convention will feature guest appearances from some members of the series ' cast , as well as a number of panels , fan - based programming , and special events . A Kickstarter campaign for the convention was started on January 4 , 2018 , to raise $10,000 , and it was fully funded within two days . Parodies ( edit ) Many venues , including Funny or Die , Mad TV , and the Late Night with Seth Meyers have parodied the walk - and - talk cliche of the show , including the `` ping - pong '' dialogue , in which one character would speak barely a word before the other said another , and then repeated back and forth . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ This includes the special episodes `` Documentary Special '' and `` Isaac and Ishmael '' . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( January 22 , 2006 ) . `` ' West Wing ' to end with new president '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( February 25 , 2013 ) . `` Showstoppers : The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time '' . TV Guide : 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ; Roush , Matt ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` TV Guide Magazine 's 60 Best Series of All Time '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sheffield , Rob ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` 100 Greatest TV Shows of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` From ' Mad Men ' to ' Breaking Bad , ' the Top 10 dramas of all time '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spitzer , Gabriel ( May 14 , 2001 ) . `` Rich are different . They watch ' West Wing . ' '' . Media Life . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Best Written TV Series of All Time '' . Writers Guild of America , West . June 2 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Errico , Marcus ( July 21 , 2001 ) . `` Détente on West Wing Set '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved December 12 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Mark ( July 24 , 2002 ) . `` '' West Wing `` : Low Pay Sparks Lowe Exit '' . E ! Online . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Haberman , Lia ( July 28 , 2003 ) . `` West Wing Salarygate '' . E ! Online . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( December 16 , 2005 ) . `` ' West Wing ' actor John Spencer dies '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sassone , Bob ( May 7 , 2006 ) . `` A look back at The West Wing : Entertainment Weekly in 60 seconds '' . Aol TV . Retrieved May 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The West Wing '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . p. 1695 - 1697 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ Sorkin , Aaron . The West Wing -- Pilot Script . Warner Bros . Jump up ^ `` Lowe confirms West Wing exit '' . BBC News . July 25 , 2002 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( September 23 , 2003 ) . `` The West Wing Comes to Terms With the G.O.P. '' The New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Rutenberg , Jim ( April 18 , 2001 ) . `` Sorkin Arrested '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( May 1 , 2003 ) . `` Sorkin sulking away from ' Wing ' : Regime change for NBC White House series '' . Variety . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Political drama West Wing is axed '' . BBC News . January 23 , 2006 . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Scott D. ( October 8 , 2005 ) . `` ' West ' is at its very best ( subscription required ) '' . Deseret News . Retrieved September 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Levine , Myron A . `` The West Wing and the West Wing . '' Reprinted in The West Wing : The American Presidency as Television Drama . Edited by Peter C. Rollins and John E. Connor. 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Matthew ( March 1 , 2000 ) . `` The Real White House '' . Brill 's Content . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Nevius , C.W. ( January 22 , 2004 ) . `` Just ask Chelsea , Jenna and Barbara : Escaping the glare of the spotlight is n't easy for kids whose dads work in the Oval Office '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cox News Service ( April 22 , 2002 ) . `` ' West Wing ' Episode Acts As Documentary With Real - life Politicos In The Mix '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Millman , Joyce ( September 11 , 2000 ) . `` Do n't blame me , I voted for Martin Sheen ! '' . Salon.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` The Thick of It : cynical , cruel and lacking in heart '' . The Guardian . October 23 , 2009 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Havrilesky , Heather ( May 14 , 2003 ) . `` Will The West Wing go south ? '' . Retrieved December 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Extended Interview : Aaron Sorkin '' . PBS.org . September 27 , 2000 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beavers , Staci L. `` The West Wing as a Pedagogical Tool . '' PS : Political Science & Politics . December 24 , 2001 . Reprinted in The West Wing : The American Presidency as Television Drama . Edited by Peter C. Rollins and John E. Connor. 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Blair 's whips fooled by West Wing plot '' . The Daily Telegraph . February 2 , 2006 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trex , Ethan ( January 26 , 2014 ) . `` Andrew Jackson 's Big Block of Cheese '' . mental_floss . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Begley , Sarah ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` The White House ' Big Block of Cheese Day ' Is Back '' . Time . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Erin ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` The First - Ever Virtual `` Big Block of Cheese Day '' -- The White House is Open for Questions `` . whitehouse.gov . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Ellie ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` The `` West Wing '' Cast Reunited For A Video About The White House 's `` Big Block Of Cheese Day . '' `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wall , Alex ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Big Block of Cheese Day Is Back , and It 's Feta Than Ever '' . whitehouse.gov . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Manchester , Julia ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` C.J. Cregg makes a return to the White House '' . CNN . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pfefferman , Naomi ( October 11 , 2001 ) . `` The Left ' Wing ' '' . Jewish Journal . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ de Vise , Daniel ( May 15 , 2006 ) . `` City Says Goodbye to ' West Wing , ' Its Chattier Self '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The war on culture '' . New Statesman . May 21 , 2007 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lehmann , Chris . `` The Feel - Good Presidency : The Pseudo-Politics of The West Wing . '' Reprinted in The West Wing : The American Presidency as Television Drama . Edited by Peter C. Rollins and John E. Connor. 2003 . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 3031 - X . Jump up ^ `` ' West Wing ' goes more bipartisan '' . MSNBC News . September 18 , 2003 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2005 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Owens , Mackubin T ( February 2001 ) . `` Real Liberals versus the West Wing '' . John M. Ashbrook Center for Public Affairs at Ashland University . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fonseca , Nicholas ( August 9 , 2002 ) . `` The Lowe Down '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Burkeman , Oliver ( May 6 , 2003 ) . `` Next week on The West Wing ... erm '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Smith , Greg M. `` The Left Takes Back the Flag '' . Retrieved December 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` West Wing ' sets Emmy record '' . CNN.com . September 11 , 2000 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Best of the Decade : Emmy Winners '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Elderkin , Beth ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Becomes the Most - Awarded Drama in Emmy History '' . io9 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The West Wing '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The West Wing ( NBC ) '' . The Peabody Awards . 1999 . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The West Wing ( NBC ) '' . The Peabody Awards . 2000 . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Your Favorite TV Casts '' . TV Guide : 11 . January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 44 Fake Presidents From Worst to Best '' . The Wall Street Journal . July 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings For 1999 -- 2000 '' . SFGate . May 26 , 2000 . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Mark ( May 25 , 2001 ) . `` Outback in Front : CBS Wins Season '' . E ! Online . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How did your favorite show rate ? '' . USA Today . May 28 , 2002 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rank And File '' . Entertainment Weekly . June 6 , 2003 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` I.T.R.S. RANKING REPORT. 01 THRU 210 ( OUT OF 210 PROGRAMS ) . DAYPART : PRIMETIME MON - SUN '' . ABC Medianet . June 2 , 2004 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2007 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` I.T.R.S. RANKING REPORT. 01 THRU 202 ( OUT OF 202 PROGRAMS ) . DAYPART : PRIMETIME MON - SUN '' . ABC Medianet . June 1 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2007 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2010 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( October 3 , 2014 ) . `` The West Wing at 15 : Walking , Talking -- And Preaching '' . Time . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mikkelson , Barbara . `` Letter to Dr. Laura '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( November 6 , 2002 ) . `` Exit poll : West Wing is sinking . Why ? '' . NJ.com . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kerr , Gail ( December 24 , 2001 ) . `` West Wing aids MS awareness '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ; Rutenberg , Jim ( September 15 , 2001 ) . `` AFTER THE ATTACKS : TELEVISION ; Viewers Again Return To Traditional Networks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( October 4 , 2001 ) . `` ' West Wing ' : Terrorism 101 '' . Time . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wild , Diane ( June 1 , 2005 ) . `` The West Wing : The Complete Fourth Season '' . DVD Verdict . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved April 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Clabby , Consuela ( October 31 , 2005 ) . `` Leaky Politics : The West Wing versus The Bush Administration '' . SMRT - TV . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sims , David ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` A Definitive Ranking of Every Character on The West Wing '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( November 9 , 2014 ) . `` Newsroom Premiere Recap : Boston , Bridesmaids and ACN 's Brutal Future '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' West Wing ' eyes successor for Bartlet '' . USA Today . October 13 , 2004 . Retrieved November 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Jacques ( April 10 , 2006 ) . `` ' West Wing ' Writers ' Novel Way of Picking the President '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Freedland ( September 2008 ) . President Hollywood . BBC Four . Jump up ^ Bayley , Matthew ( February 14 , 2008 ) . `` Barack Obama stars in the West Wing ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Jamal ( February 20 , 2008 ) . `` In Presidential Campaign , Life Imitates TV '' . Politico . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ben ( April 5 , 2010 ) . `` Imagining Obama on ' The West Wing ' '' . Politico . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Freedland , Jonathan ( February 21 , 2008 ) . `` From West Wing to the real thing '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ballard , Janette ( September 15 , 2008 ) . `` Have n't we seen this election before ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( October 30 , 2008 ) . `` Following the Script : Obama , McCain and ' The West Wing ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Tom ( November 7 , 2008 ) . `` Rahm Emanuel 's commitment to family and country is weighed up after White House offer '' . The Times . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rachel ( November 7 , 2008 ) . `` Rahm Emanuel Tackles the White House '' . ABC News . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ David Bender , Host . Lawrence O'Donnell , Guest . ( November 9 , 2008 ) . `` Politically Direct '' . Politically Direct with David Bender. 14 : 17 minutes in . Air America Radio . Jump up ^ Challen , Paul C. ( October 1 , 2001 ) . Inside the West Wing : An Unauthorized Look at Television 's Smartest Show . ECW Press . p. 200 . ISBN 978 - 1550224689 . Jump up ^ Sorkin , Aaron ( June 3 , 2002 ) . The West Wing Script Book . Newmarket Press . p. 406 . ISBN 978 - 1557044990 . Jump up ^ Jackman , Ian ; Ruditis , Paul ( January 8 , 2002 ) . The West Wing ( The Official Companion ) . Pocket . p. 342 . ISBN 978 - 0743437400 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Peter ( April 1 , 2003 ) . The West Wing : The American Presidency as Television Drama . Syracuse University Press . p. 272 . ISBN 978 - 0815630319 . Jump up ^ Parry - Giles , Trevor ; Parry - Giles , Shawn J. ( March 13 , 2006 ) . The Prime - Time Presidency : The West Wing and U.S. Nationalism . University of Illinois Press . p. 248 . ISBN 978 - 0252073120 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Janet ( December 3 , 2012 ) . The West Wing ( TV Milestones Series ) . Wayne State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0814334362 . Jump up ^ Handscombe , Claire ( May 14 , 2016 ) . Walk with Us : How the West Wing Changed Our Lives . CH Books . ISBN 978 - 0997552317 . Jump up ^ Pappas , Alex ( November 29 , 2010 ) . `` Die - hard ' West Wing ' fans keep show going by assuming characters identities on Twitter '' . The Daily Caller . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Rachel Maddow Show ' for Wednesday , December 8th , 2010 '' . NBC News . December 9 , 2010 . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CNN 's Gut Check for April 10 , 2012 '' . CNN.com. April 10 , 2012 . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Viebeck , Elise ( December 7 , 2010 ) . `` White House takes Twitter question from ghost of fictional character '' . TheHill . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Alicia M. ( January 26 , 2012 ) . `` Biden answers question from fictional ' West Wing ' character '' . TheHill . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grabenstetter , Jenn ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` 11 Outrageously Obscure ' West Wing ' Characters Who Resurfaced on Twitter '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' The West Wing Weekly ' Podcast Promises To Break Down Every Episode '' . NPR . March 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' West Wing ' fans really miss their fictional White House '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Silman , Anna ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` The art of the Aaron Sorkin parody : A brief history of our obsession with spoofing Hollywood 's most spoof - able writer '' . Salon . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilmore , Alison ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Watch : ' West Wing ' Cast Reunites to Spoof the Walk and Talk on Funny or Die '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lutes , Alicia ( November 15 , 2014 ) . `` Seth Meyers ' Aaron Sorkin Parody Sketch Out - Sorkins All the Other Sorkin Sketches '' . Nerdist . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The West Wing Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` The West Wing '' dated 2008 - 12 - 23 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles The West Wing at AllMovie The West Wing on IMDb The West Wing at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> Works by Aaron Sorkin Television series Sports Night ( 1998 -- 2000 ) The West Wing ( 1999 -- 2006 ) Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip ( 2006 -- 2007 ) The Newsroom ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Feature films Written and directed Molly 's Game ( 2017 ) Written only A Few Good Men ( 1992 ) Malice ( 1993 ) The American President ( 1995 ) Charlie Wilson 's War ( 2007 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) Moneyball ( 2011 ) Steve Jobs ( 2015 ) Stage plays Hidden in This Picture ( 1988 ) A Few Good Men ( 1989 ) The Farnsworth Invention ( 2007 ) <Th_colspan="2"> The West Wing <Td_colspan="2"> List of characters List of politicians Main characters Josiah Bartlet Leo McGarry Josh Lyman Toby Ziegler Sam Seaborn C.J. Cregg Charlie Young Donna Moss Abbey Bartlet Will Bailey Matt Santos Arnold Vinick Mandy Hampton Annabeth Schott Recurring characters Ellie Bartlet Zoey Bartlet Debbie Fiderer Amy Gardner John Hoynes Dolores Landingham Joey Lucas Robert Ritchie Bob Russell Andrea Wyatt Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Five Votes Down '' `` The Crackpots and These Women '' `` In Excelsis Deo '' `` He Shall , from Time to Time ... '' `` Let Bartlet Be Bartlet '' `` What Kind of Day Has It Been '' Season 2 `` The Lame Duck Congress '' `` Noël '' `` Two Cathedrals '' Season 3 `` Manchester , Part I '' `` Manchester , Part II '' `` Ways and Means '' `` On the Day Before '' Season 4 `` 20 Hours in America '' `` Twenty Five '' Season 5 `` The Warfare of Genghis Khan '' `` An Khe '' `` Full Disclosure '' `` Eppur Si Muove '' Season 6 Season 7 <Th_colspan="2"> Awards for The West Wing <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series <Td_colspan="2"> Pulitzer Prize Playhouse ( 1951 ) Studio One ( 1952 ) Robert Montgomery Presents ( 1953 ) The United States Steel Hour ( 1954 ) The United States Steel Hour ( 1955 ) Producers ' Showcase ( 1956 ) Gunsmoke ( 1958 ) Alcoa - Goodyear Theatre ( 1959 ) Playhouse 90 ( 1960 ) Hallmark Hall of Fame ( 1961 ) The Defenders ( 1962 ) The Defenders ( 1963 ) The Defenders ( 1964 ) The Fugitive ( 1966 ) Mission : Impossible ( 1967 ) Mission : Impossible ( 1968 ) NET Playhouse ( 1969 ) Marcus Welby , M.D. ( 1970 ) The Bold Ones : The Senator ( 1971 ) Elizabeth R ( 1972 ) The Waltons ( 1973 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1974 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1975 ) Police Story ( 1976 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1977 ) The Rockford Files ( 1978 ) Lou Grant ( 1979 ) Lou Grant ( 1980 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1982 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1983 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1984 ) Cagney & Lacey ( 1985 ) Cagney & Lacey ( 1986 ) L.A. Law ( 1987 ) thirtysomething ( 1988 ) L.A. Law ( 1989 ) L.A. Law ( 1990 ) L.A. Law ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure ( 1992 ) Picket Fences ( 1993 ) Picket Fences ( 1994 ) NYPD Blue ( 1995 ) ER ( 1996 ) Law & Order ( 1997 ) The Practice ( 1998 ) The Practice ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) The West Wing ( 2001 ) The West Wing ( 2002 ) The West Wing ( 2003 ) The Sopranos ( 2004 ) Lost ( 2005 ) 24 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos ( 2007 ) Mad Men ( 2008 ) Mad Men ( 2009 ) Mad Men ( 2010 ) Mad Men ( 2011 ) Homeland ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama <Td_colspan="2"> Marcus Welby , M.D. , season 1 ( 1969 ) Medical Center , season 1 / season 2 ( 1970 ) Mannix , season 4 / season 5 ( 1971 ) Columbo , season 1 / season 2 ( 1972 ) The Waltons , season 1 / season 2 ( 1973 ) Upstairs , Downstairs , season 3 / season 4 ( 1974 ) Kojak , season 2 / season 3 ( 1975 ) Rich Man , Poor Man ( 1976 ) Roots ( 1977 ) 60 Minutes ( 1978 ) Lou Grant , season 2 / season 3 ( 1979 ) Shōgun ( 1980 ) Hill Street Blues , season 1 / season 2 ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues , season 2 / season 3 ( 1982 ) Dynasty , season 3 / season 4 ( 1983 ) Murder , She Wrote , season 1 ( 1984 ) Murder , She Wrote , season 1 / season 2 ( 1985 ) L.A. Law , season 1 ( 1986 ) L.A. Law , season 1 / season 2 ( 1987 ) thirtysomething , season 1 / season 2 ( 1988 ) China Beach , season 2 / season 3 ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks , season 1 / season 2 ( 1990 ) Northern Exposure , season 2 / season 3 ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure , season 3 / season 4 ( 1992 ) NYPD Blue , season 1 ( 1993 ) The X-Files , season 1 / season 2 ( 1994 ) Party of Five , season 1 / season 2 ( 1995 ) The X-Files , season 3 / season 4 ( 1996 ) The X-Files , season 4 / season 5 ( 1997 ) The Practice , season 2 / season 3 ( 1998 ) The Sopranos , season 1 ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 / season 2 ( 2000 ) Six Feet Under , season 1 ( 2001 ) The Shield , season 1 ( 2002 ) 24 , season 2 / season 3 ( 2003 ) Nip / Tuck , season 2 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 / season 3 ( 2006 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 3 ( 2009 ) Boardwalk Empire , season 1 ( 2010 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 2 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2013 ) The Affair , season 1 ( 2014 ) Mr. Robot , season 1 ( 2015 ) The Crown , season 1 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Producers Guild of America Award for Best Episodic Drama <Td_colspan="2"> Northern Exposure , season 1 ( 1991 ) I 'll Fly Away , season 1 ( 1992 ) NYPD Blue , season 1 ( 1993 ) ER , season 1 ( 1994 ) Frasier , season 2 ( 1995 ) Law & Order , season 6 ( 1996 ) The Practice , season 2 ( 1998 ) The Sopranos , season 1 ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 ( 2000 ) The West Wing , season 2 ( 2001 ) 24 , season 1 ( 2002 ) Six Feet Under , season 2 ( 2003 ) The Sopranos , season 5 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos , season 6 , part II ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2009 ) Mad Men , season 3 ( 2010 ) Boardwalk Empire , season 1 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part I ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Stranger Things , season 1 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Television Series 2000 The West Wing Alan Alda Stockard Channing Kristin Chenoweth Dulé Hill Allison Janney Moira Kelly Rob Lowe Joshua Malina Mary McCormack Janel Moloney Richard Schiff Martin Sheen Jimmy Smits John Spencer Bradley Whitford 2001 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Amber Benson Marc Blucas David Boreanaz Nicholas Brendon Charisma Carpenter Emma Caulfield Sarah Michelle Gellar Seth Green Alyson Hannigan Anthony Stewart Head James Marsters Michelle Trachtenberg 2005 Rescue Me Denis Leary John Scurti Daniel Sunjata Mike Lombardi Steven Pasquale Andrea Roth Callie Thorne Adam Ferrara Larenz Tate James McCaffrey Dean Winters 2006 Grey 's Anatomy Justin Chambers Eric Dane Patrick Dempsey Katherine Heigl T.R. Knight Sandra Oh James Pickens Jr . Ellen Pompeo Sara Ramirez Kate Walsh Isaiah Washington Chandra Wilson 2007 Mad Men Bryan Batt Anne Dudek Michael Gladis Jon Hamm Christina Hendricks January Jones Vincent Kartheiser Robert Morse Elisabeth Moss Kiernan Shipka Maggie Siff John Slattery Rich Sommer Aaron Staton 2009 True Blood Chris Bauer Mehcad Brooks Anna Camp Nelsan Ellis Michelle Forbes Mariana Klaveno Ryan Kwanten Todd Lowe Michael McMillian Stephen Moyer Anna Paquin Jim Parrack Carrie Preston William Sanderson Alexander Skarsgård Sam Trammell Rutina Wesley Deborah Ann Woll 2012 The Walking Dead Andrew Lincoln Sarah Wayne Callies Laurie Holden Norman Reedus Steven Yeun Lauren Cohan Chandler Riggs Melissa McBride Scott Wilson Danai Gurira Michael Rooker David Morrissey 2013 Orange Is the New Black Taylor Schilling Laura Prepon Michael J. Harney Michelle Hurst Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs 2014 The Knick Clive Owen André Holland Jeremy Bobb Juliet Rylance Eve Hewson Michael Angarano Chris Sullivan Cara Seymour Eric Johnson David Fierro Maya Kazan Leon Addison Brown Grainger Hines Matt Frewer 2015 American Crime Felicity Huffman Timothy Hutton W. Earl Brown Richard Cabral Regina King Caitlin Gerard Benito Martinez Penelope Ann Miller Elvis Nolasco Johnny Ortiz 2016 Outlander Caitriona Balfe Sam Heughan Tobias Menzies Lotte Verbeek Laura Donnelly Steven Cree Duncan Lacroix Grant O'Rourke Gary Lewis Graham McTavish Stephen Walters Simon Callow Nell Hudson Dominique Pinon Stanley Weber Richard Rankin Sophie Skelton Andrew Gower Rosie Day Clive Russell Frances de la Tour 2017 Poldark Ruby Bentall Caroline Blakiston Christian Brassington Ellise Chappell Beatie Edney Jack Farthing Sean Gilder John Nettles Luke Norris Heida Reed Harry Richardson Eleanor Tomlinson Aidan Turner Josh Whitehouse Gabriella Wilde Tom York <Th_colspan="2"> Satellite Award for Best Television Series -- Drama <Td_colspan="2"> The X-Files ( 1996 ) NYPD Blue ( 1997 ) Oz ( 1998 ) The West Wing ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) 24 ( 2001 ) CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( 2002 ) The Shield ( 2003 ) Nip / Tuck ( 2004 ) House ( 2005 ) House ( 2006 ) Dexter ( 2007 ) Dexter ( 2008 ) Breaking Bad ( 2009 ) Breaking Bad ( 2010 ) Justified ( 2011 ) Homeland ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad ( 2013 ) The Knick ( 2014 ) Better Call Saul ( 2015 ) The Crown ( 2016 ) Vikings ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( 2000 -- 2009 ) 2000 : The West Wing , season 1 / season 2 Hill Janney Kelly Lowe Moloney Schiff Sheen Spencer Whitford 2001 : The West Wing , season 2 / season 3 Hill Janney Lowe Moloney Schiff Sheen Spencer Whitford 2002 : Six Feet Under , season 2 Ambrose Conroy Griffiths Hall Krause Rodríguez St. Patrick 2003 : Six Feet Under , season 3 Ambrose Conroy Foster Griffiths Hall Krause Macdissi Machado Rodríguez St. Patrick Taylor Wilson 2004 : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , season 4 / season 5 Dourdan Eads Fox Guilfoyle Hall Helgenberger Petersen Szmanda 2005 : Lost , season 1 / season 2 Akinnuoye - Agbaje Andrews de Ravin Fox Garcia Grace Holloway Kelley D.D. Kim Y. Kim Lilly Monaghan O'Quinn Perrineau Rodriguez Somerhalder Watros 2006 : Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 / season 3 Chambers Dane Dempsey Heigl Knight Oh Pickens Pompeo Ramirez Walsh Washington Wilson 2007 : The Sopranos , season 6 , part II Antonacci Bracco Falco Gandolfini Grimaldi Iler Imperioli Nascarella Schirripa Servitto Sigler Sirico Turturro Van Zandt Vincent 2008 : Mad Men , season 2 Batt Brie Gladis Hamm Hart Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Moses Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Staton 2009 : Mad Men , season 3 Alemanni Batt Gilmore Gladis Hamm Harris Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Morse Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Stanley Staton <Td_colspan="2"> Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) <Th_colspan="2"> TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Drama <Td_colspan="2"> The Jewel in the Crown ( 1985 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1986 ) L.A. Law , season 1 ( 1987 ) St. Elsewhere , season 6 ( 1988 ) Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks , season 1 ( 1990 ) thirtysomething , season 4 ( 1991 ) I 'll Fly Away , season 1 ( 1992 ) I 'll Fly Away , season 2 ( 1993 ) NYPD Blue , season 1 ( 1994 ) My So - Called Life , season 1 ( 1995 ) Homicide : Life on the Street , season 4 ( 1996 ) Homicide : Life on the Street , season 5 ( 1997 ) Homicide : Life on the Street , season 6 ( 1998 ) The Sopranos , season 1 ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 ( 2000 ) The Sopranos , season 3 / The West Wing , season 2 ( 2001 ) Six Feet Under , season 1 / season 2 ( 2002 ) Boomtown , season 1 ( 2003 ) The Sopranos , season 5 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 ( 2005 ) Lost , season 2 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos , season 6 , part II ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2009 ) Breaking Bad , season 3 / Lost , season 6 ( 2010 ) Mad Men , season 4 ( 2011 ) Breaking Bad , season 4 ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) The Good Wife , season 5 ( 2014 ) The Americans , season 3 ( 2015 ) The Americans , season 4 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> TCA Award for Outstanding New Program <Td_colspan="2"> Ally McBeal ( 1998 ) The Sopranos ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) Gilmore Girls ( 2001 ) 24 ( 2002 ) Boomtown ( 2003 ) Arrested Development ( 2004 ) Lost ( 2005 ) My Name is Earl ( 2006 ) Friday Night Lights ( 2007 ) Mad Men ( 2008 ) True Blood ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) Game of Thrones ( 2011 ) Homeland ( 2012 ) The Americans ( 2013 ) Orange Is the New Black ( 2014 ) Better Call Saul ( 2015 ) Mr. Robot ( 2016 ) This Is Us ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> TCA Award for Program of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> The Jewel in the Crown ( 1985 ) Death of a Salesman / The Vanishing Family : Crisis in Black America ( 1986 ) Eyes on the Prize ( 1987 ) Dear America : Letters Home from Vietnam ( 1988 ) Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks ( 1990 ) The Civil War ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure ( 1992 ) Barbarians at the Gate ( 1993 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 1994 ) ER ( 1995 ) Homicide : Life on the Street ( 1996 ) EZ Streets ( 1997 ) From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 ) The Sopranos ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) The Sopranos ( 2001 ) 24 ( 2002 ) American Idol ( 2003 ) Angels in America ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Mad Men ( 2008 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) Friday Night Lights ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad ( 2014 ) Empire ( 2015 ) The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> TCA Heritage Award <Td_colspan="2"> The Simpsons ( 2002 ) Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 2003 ) 60 Minutes ( 2004 ) Nightline ( 2005 ) The West Wing ( 2006 ) The Sopranos ( 2007 ) The Wire ( 2008 ) ER ( 2009 ) M * A * S * H ( 2010 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 2011 ) Cheers ( 2012 ) All in the Family ( 2013 ) Saturday Night Live ( 2014 ) Late Show / Late Night with David Letterman ( 2015 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 2016 ) Seinfeld ( 2017 ) BNF : cb16015683k ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_West_Wing&oldid=843440422 '' Categories : 1990s American drama television series 1999 American television series debuts 2000s American drama television series 2006 American television series endings American drama television series American political television series Best Drama Series Golden Globe winners English - language television programs NBC network shows Peabody Award - winning television programs Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series winners Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners Serial drama television series Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television shows set in Washington , D.C. White House in fiction The West Wing ( TV series ) Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Workplace drama television series Alternate history television series American legal television series Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 05 : 10 . 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1. The West Wing TV series 2. Political drama 3. Aaron Sorkin 4. White House 5. Cast and characters

which call of duty game has co op campaign

List of cooperative video games - wikipedia List of cooperative video games The following is a list of computer and video games that feature cooperative gameplay . This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . Note 1 . To sort by multiple columns , start from the least - significant column first . E.g. , to easily find specific genre results on a specific platform , first sort by genre , then sort by platform . Note 2 . Simplified for efficient sorting . Follow or hover over the links to see more specific genre descriptions . Note 3 . Available co-op content is limited in scope and does n't simulate the entire single player campaign . Title Platform Genre see note 2 Year Players Co-op Type Screen View Limited see note 3 Additional Notes 0 Day Attack on Earth XB360 * Shoot ' em up 2009 Xbox Live * * Shared No * XBLA A Valley Without Wind PC RPG 2012 LAN , Online Full A Valley Without Wind 2 PC RPG 2013 2 - 8 LAN , Online Full 1942 : Joint Strike PS3 / XB360 * Scroller 2008 Local , Online Shared No * PSN / XBLA 50 Cent : Blood on the Sand PS3 / XB360 TPS 2009 Online Full No 8 Eyes NES Action - Adv . 1988 Local Shared No * * P2 controls the falcon . Ace Combat 6 : Fires of Liberation XB360 Flight Sim 2007 Xbox Live Full Yes * * 2 co-op missions ; 2 more are purchasable through Xbox Live Aces of the Galaxy XB360 * Scroller 2008 Local , Xbox Live Shared No * XBLA Advance Guardian Heroes GBA Beat ' em up Local Shared No ( ? ) Adventures of Cookie & Cream , The PS2 Puzzle 2001 Local Shared No Aegis Wing XB360 * Scroller 2007 Local , Xbox Live Shared No ( ? ) XBLA Aero Fighters Arcade / SNES Scroller 1993 Local Shared No Aero Fighters 2 Arcade Scroller 1994 Local Shared No Aero Fighters 3 Arcade Scroller 1995 Local Shared No Age of Empires ( series ) PC RTS 1997 + 8 LAN , Online Full Yes * * SP Campaign is not available ; AI skirmishes and custom scenarios only The Lord of the Rings : War in the North ( series ) PC RPG 2011 LAN , Online Full No Ai War PC RTS 2009 10 LAN , Online Full No Alien Breed PC / Amiga Shoot ' em up 1991 Local Shared No Alien Breed : Tower Assault PC / Amiga Shoot ' em up 1994 Local Shared No Alien Hominid GC / PS2 / Xbox / XB360 * Shoot ' em up 2005 Local Shared No * XBLA Alien Syndrome NES / SMS / Other / PS2 * Shoot ' em up Local Shared No * Part of Sega Ages 2500 , vol. 13 and Sega Classics Collection Alien Syndrome Wii Action RPG 2007 Local Shared No Alien Swarm PC Shoot - em - up LAN , Online Full No * * This game was designed specifically for co-op play . Alien 3 : The Gun Arcade Shoot ' em up 1993 Local Shared No Alien vs. Predator Arcade Beat ' em up 1994 2 * Local Shared No * Certain cabinets support 3 players . Aliens : Colonial Marines PC / PS3 / XB360 FPS 2013 Online , Local * , LAN * Full ? * Splitscreen 2 Player Co-op Only for Console versions Aliens vs. Predator * PC FPS 1999 8 LAN , Online Full Yes * * * Also applies to Gold Ed. and Millennium Pack . * * SP Campaign is not available ; limited bot matches only . Aliens vs. Predator 2 PC FPS 2002 ? LAN , Online Full No * SP campaign coop available via community mod . ( X-Coop Beta 2.5 ) Aliens vs. Predator : Requiem PSP TPS 2007 Ad Hoc Full Yes * SP Campaign is not available ; limited bot matches only Aliens Arcade Shoot ' em up 1990 Local Shared No Alpha Mission II Arcade Scroller 1991 Local Shared No Altered Beast Arcade / GEN / Other Beat ' em up 1988 Local Shared No America 's Army PC Tactical FPS 2006 9 -- 18 LAN , Online Full No Interdiction and Snake Plain maps from v2. 7 have 18 player Coop vs. AI play Amok Saturn TPS Local Shared ( ? ) No ( ? ) An Elder Scrolls Legend : Battlespire PC Action RPG 1997 ? LAN Full No Andro Dunos Arcade Scroller 1992 Local Shared No Arcus Odyssey SNES / GEN Action RPG 1991 Local Shared No Arkadian Warriors XB360 * Action RPG 2007 Local , Xbox Live Shared No * XBLA Arkanoid Live ! XB360 * Action 2009 Local , Xbox Live Shared No * XBLA ArmA : Armed Assault PC Tactical FPS 2006 32 LAN , Online Full Yes * * Bot matches . Downloadable missions . ARMA 2 PC Tactical FPS 2009 4 * , < 255 * * LAN , Online Full No * Main campaign . * * 2 to 255 in downloadable missions + Join in Progress . ARMA 3 PC Tactical FPS 2013 4 * , < 255 * * LAN , Online Full No * Main campaign . * * 2 to 255 in downloadable missions + Join in Progress . Armored Core : For Answer PS3 / XB360 Mecha Sim 2008 Online Full No * * Several missions are SP only Armored Warriors Arcade Beat ' em up 1994 Local Shared No Armorines : Project S.W.A.R.M. N64 FPS 1999 Local Split No Army of Two PS3 / XB360 TPS 2008 Local , Online Split , Full No Army of Two : The 40th Day PS3 / XB360 TPS 2009 Local , Online Split , Full No Army of Two : The Devil 's Cartel PS3 / XB360 TPS 2013 Local , Online Split , Full No Artemis : Spaceship Bridge Simulator PC / Android / iOS Space Sim 2 - 11 LAN Full No Assault Heroes PC Shoot ' em up 2006 Online Shared No Connection to game server required Assault Heroes XB360 * Shoot ' em up 2006 Local , Xbox Live Shared No * XBLA Assault Heroes 2 XB360 * Shoot ' em up 2008 Local , Xbox Live Shared No * XBLA Bad Dudes Arcade / NES / Other Beat ' em up 1988 Local Shared No Baldur 's Gate PC RPG 1998 6 LAN , Online Full No Baldur 's Gate II : Shadows of Amn PC RPG 2000 6 LAN , Online Full No Baldur 's Gate : Dark Alliance GC / PS2 / Xbox Action RPG 2001 Local Shared No Baldur 's Gate : Dark Alliance II PS2 / Xbox Action RPG Local Shared No Batman Forever SNES / GEN / PC / SMS Beat ' em up 1995 Local Shared No Batman Forever : The Arcade Game PC / PS1 / Saturn Beat ' em up Local Shared No Batman : Rise of Sin Tzu GC / PS2 / Xbox Beat ' em up 2003 Local Shared No Battle Engine Aquila PC / PS2 / Xbox FPS 2003 Local Split Yes * * 3 separate co-op missions Battle Circuit Arcade Beat ' em up 1997 Local Shared No Battle City NES Shoot ' em up 1985 Local Full No Battlefield ( series ) PC FPS 2002 + 16 * LAN , Online Full Yes * * 2 teams of up to 16 -- 32 players , depending on game . * * No SP campaigns : bot matches only . BattleForge PC RTS 2009 12 Online Full No Finally , this game will be closed on 31 October at midnight ( UTC ) BattleTanx : Global Assault N64 Car Combat 1999 Local Split No Battletoads Arcade / NES / GEN Beat ' em up 1991 Local Shared No Battletoads & Double Dragon NES / SNES / GEN Beat ' em up 1993 Local Shared No Battletoads in Battlemaniacs SNES / SMS Beat ' em up 1993 Local Shared No Bionic Commando Rearmed PC / PS3 / XB360 * Platformer 2008 Local Shared No * PSN / XBLA Blacklight : Retribution PC FPS 2012 Online Full Blades of Vengeance GEN Beat ' em up 1993 Local Shared No Blast Factor PS3 Puzzle 2006 Local ( ? ) Shared ( ? ) No * * Blast Factor Multiplayer Pack is required for the US version Blast Works : Build , Trade , Destroy Wii Scroller 2008 Local Shared No Bloodwych Amiga / Atari ST / PC Role - Playing Game 1989 Split Shared No Bloody Trapland PC Platformer 2011 LAN , Online Full No Bonanza Bros . Arcade / GEN / Other Platformer 1990 Local Split No Boogie Bunnies XB360 * Puzzle 2008 Local Shared No * XBLA Boom Blox Wii Puzzle 2008 Local Shared Yes * * No SP campaign . Turn - based gameplay . Co-op content needs to be unlocked through SP . Borderlands PC / PS3 / XB360 FPS 2009 Local , LAN , Online Split , Full No * * This game was designed for co-op play . Borderlands 2 PC / MAC / PS3 / XB360 FPS / Action RPG 2012 Online Full No * * This game was designed for co-op play . Borderlands : The Pre-Sequel PC / MAC / PS3 / XB360 FPS / Action RPG 2014 Online Full No * * This game was designed for co-op play . Brawl Brothers * SNES Beat ' em up 1993 Local Shared No * Also known as `` Rushing Beat Ran Fukusei Toshi '' ; 2nd game in the Rushing Beat series Brute Force Xbox Tactical TPS 2003 Local Split No Bubble Bobble Arcade / NES / SMS / C64 / ZXS / Other Platformer 1986 Local Shared No Bubble Memories Arcade Platformer 1995 Local Shared No Bubble Symphony * Arcade / Saturn Platformer 1994 Local Shared No * Also known as `` Bubble Bobble 2 '' Bugs Bunny & Taz : Time Busters PC / PS1 Platformer 2000 Local Shared No Burning Fight Arcade Beat ' em up 1991 Local Shared No Burnout Paradise PC / PS3 / XB360 Racing 2008 8 Online Full Yes * * * * Completely different objectives C - Dogs PC / DS Shoot ' em up 1997 2 - 4 * Local Split , Shared No Low - budget freeware * Up to 4 players supported in the open source port C - Dogs SDL Cadillacs and Dinosaurs Arcade Beat ' em up 1993 Local Shared No ( ? ) Cadillacs and Dinosaurs : The Second Cataclysm Sega CD Car Combat 1994 Local Shared No * * P1 drives , P2 shoots Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 PC / PS3 / XB360 FPS 2009 * LAN , Full Yes * * SP Campaign is not available ; separate Special Ops co-op mode . Call of Duty : World at War PC FPS 2008 LAN , Online Full No * * 2 levels , `` Black Cats '' and `` Vendetta '' are SP only . Downloadable Zombie Nazi maps . Call of Duty : World at War PS3 / XB360 FPS 2008 2 * Local , Online Split , Full No * * * Up to 4 online . * * 2 levels are SP only . Call of Duty : World at War Wii FPS 2008 Local Full Yes * * P2 controls are limited to an additional reticle . Captain America and the Avengers Arcade / NES / SNES / DC / GEN Beat ' em up 1991 2 * Local Shared No * Up to 4 , depending on platform Captain Commando Arcade / SNES / PS1 / PS2 * / Xbox * Beat ' em up 1991 2 * * Local Shared No * Part of Capcom Classics Collection Vol. 2 * * Up to 4 in arcade version Carrier Air Wing Arcade Scroller 1990 Local Shared No Castle Crashers XB360 * Beat ' em up 2008 Local , Xbox Live Shared No * XBLA Champions of Norrath PS2 Action RPG Local , Online Shared No Champions : Return to Arms PS2 Action RPG 2005 Local , Online Shared No Chaos Engine , The * Amiga / PC / SNES / GEN / Other Shoot ' em up 1993 Local Shared No * Also known as `` Soldiers of Fortune '' . Children of Mana DS Action RPG 2006 Local Full No * * Minor save issues Chip ' n Dale Rescue Rangers NES Platformer 1990 Local Full No Chip ' n Dale Rescue Rangers 2 NES Platformer 1994 Local Full No Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian , The PC / PS2 / PS3 / XB360 / DS / PSP / Wii Action - Adv . 2008 Local * Shared No * Platform differences may apply Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , The PC / PS2 / Xbox / DS / GBA / GC Action - Adv . 2005 Local * Shared No * Platform differences may apply Civilization IV ( Addon 1 ) ( Addon 2 ) PC TBS 2005 8 LAN , Online , Local Full No Custom games ; turn based / simultaneous modes . Civilization IV : Colonization PC TBS 2008 8 LAN , Online , Local Full No Custom games ; turn based / simultaneous modes . Cliffhanger : Edward Randy , The Arcade Action - Adv . 1990 Local Shared No Cloning Clyde XB360 * Platformer 2006 Local , Xbox Live Split , Full No * XBLA . Simultaneous split - screen and online play possible . Close Combat : First to Fight PC FPS 2005 LAN , Online Full No Close Combat : First to Fight Xbox FPS 2005 Local , System Link , Xbox Live Split , Full ( ? ) ? Codename : Outbreak PC FPS 2001 Combatribes , The Arcade / SNES Beat ' em up 1992 Local Shared No Command & Conquer ( series ) PC RTS 1996 + 8 LAN , Online Full Yes * * SP Campaign is not available ; AI skirmishes only Command & Conquer : Red Alert 3 PC RTS 2008 Online Full No * * Main campaign was designed specifically for 2 - player cooperative play , singleplayer is essentially `` co-op with a bot '' . Command & Conquer 4 : Tiberian Twilight PC RTS Online * Full No Command & Conquer : Renegade PC FPS 2001 128 * Online , LAN Full No * This is the maximum the game can support , true limits vary by server Conflict : Denied Ops PC FPS 2008 LAN , Online Full No Conflict : Denied Ops PS3 / XB360 FPS 2008 Local , System Link , Online Split , Full No Conflict : Desert Storm GC / PS2 / Xbox TPS 2002 2 * Local Split No * Up to 4 in GC and Xbox versions Conflict : Desert Storm II GC / PS2 / Xbox TPS 2003 2 * Local Split No * Up to 4 in GC and Xbox versions Conflict : Global Terror * PC TPS 2005 LAN , Online Full No * Also known as `` Conflict : Global Storm '' . Conflict : Global Terror * PS2 / Xbox TPS 2005 Local Split No * Also known as `` Conflict : Global Storm '' . Contra Arcade / C64 / NES / PC / ZXS / Other / DS * / XB360 * * Shoot ' em up Local Shared No * Part of Konami Classics Series : Arcade Hits * * XBLA Contra 4 * DS Shoot ' em up 2007 Ad hoc * * Shared No * Also known as `` Contra : Dual Spirits '' * * Multicard Contra Advance : The Alien Wars EX * GBA Shoot ' em up 2002 Link cable Shared No * Also known as `` Contra : Hard Spirits '' Contra Force NES Shoot ' em up 1992 Local Shared No Contra III : The Alien Wars * SNES Shoot ' em up 1992 Local Split , Shared No * Also known as `` Contra Spirits '' Contra : Hard Corps * GEN Shoot ' em up 1994 Local Shared No * Also known as `` Probotector '' Contra : Legacy of War PS1 / Saturn Shoot ' em up Local Shared No Contra : Shattered Soldier PS2 Shoot ' em up 2002 Local Shared No Cortex Command PC Shoot ' em up 2008 Local Shared ? Crack Down GEN Shoot ' em up 1990 Local Shared ? Crackdown XB360 TPS 2008 System Link , Xbox Live Shared Yes Crash Bash PS1 Mini games 2000 Local Shared no Crash : Mind over Mutant PS2 / XB360 / DS / Wii / PSP Action 2008 Local Shared Yes * * P2 involvement is limited Crash of the Titans PS2 / XB360 / DS / Wii / PSP Action 2007 Local Shared No * * Portable console limitations may apply Crime Fighters Arcade Beat ' em up 1989 4 ( ? ) Local Shared No ( ? ) Crimson Sea 2 PS2 Beat ' em up Local Split Yes * * Have to complete mission in SP to get it co-op unlocked Crossed Swords Arcade Beat ' em up 1991 Local Shared No Cyborg Justice GEN Beat ' em up 1993 Local Shared No Cuphead PC / Xbox One Run and gun 2017 Local Daikatana PC FPS 2000 LAN , Online Full Yes * * No storyline cutscenes and team NPCs Damnation PC / PS3 / XB360 TPS 2009 Local , LAN , Online Split , Full No * * Campaign is designed around 2 - player coop . Singleplayer is essentially co-op with a bot . Dangerous Waters PC Sim 2005 32 LAN , Online Full Yes Darius Gaiden Arcade / PC / PS1 / Saturn / PS2 / Xbox * Scroller 1994 Local Shared No * Also known as `` Darius III '' . * * As part of Taito Legends 2 . Darius II Arcade / PS2 / GEN / Saturn / SMS Scroller 1989 Local Shared No Darius Twin SNES Scroller 1991 Local Shared No Dark Chambers Atari 2600 Action - Adv . Local Full No Darkspore PC Action RPG 2011 Online Full No Dark Souls PS3 / XB360 Action RPG 2011 Online Full No * Requires some effort to connect with friends Darkwatch PS2 / Xbox FPS 2005 Local Split No Dead Island PC / PS3 / XB360 Action RPG 2011 LAN , Online Full No * Full campaign , but the game has some noticeable bugs that cause level / xp imbalance , and co-op partners often do not get mission rewards . Dead Pixels XB360 * Action game 2011 Local Shared No * Xbox Live Indie Games Dead Rising 2 PC / PS3 / XB360 Action RPG Online Full No Dead Rising 2 : Off the Record PC / PS3 / XB360 Action RPG 2011 Online Full No Dead Space 3 PC / PS3 / XB360 TPS 2013 Online Full No Death Jr. : Root of Evil Wii Action - Adv . 2008 Local Split No Deathsmiles Arcade / XB360 * Scroller 2007 Local Shared No * XBLA Delta Force PC FPS 1998 ? LAN , Online Full No Requires IPX for LAN Play Delta Force 2 PC FPS 1999 ? LAN , Online Full No Requires IPX for LAN Play Delta Force : Black Hawk Down PS2 / Xbox FPS 2003 Local Split ? Delta Force : Land Warrior PC FPS 2000 LAN , Online Full No Delta Force : Task Force Dagger PC FPS 2002 8 LAN , Online Full No * * Cooperative multiplayer patch required Demon 's Souls PS3 Action RPG 2009 Online Full No Descent PC FPS 1995 LAN , Online Descent II PC FPS LAN , Online Descent Maximum PS1 FPS 1997 Link Cable Full ( ? ) Descent : FreeSpace -- The Great War PC Space Sim 1998 LAN , Online Descent 3 PC FPS 2000 LAN , Online Diablo ( expansion 1 ) PC Action RPG 4 ( ? ) IPX , Online Full No Diablo PS1 Action RPG 1998 Local Shared No Diablo II ( expansion 1 ) PC Action RPG 2000 8 LAN , Online Full No Diablo III PC Action RPG 2012 Online Full * Die Hard Arcade * Arcade / Saturn / PS2 * * Beat ' em up Local Shared No * also known as `` Dynamite Deka '' * * Part of Sega Ages 2500 , vol. 26 Diddy Kong Racing N64 Racing 1997 Local Split Yes * * The cheat code `` Jointventure '' is required to use in order to gain access to Co-op Adventure mode . 2P is active during races but can not move in the overworld area . Digimon World 4 GC Action RPG 2005 Local Shared Yes * * Players can only move within the screen area and screen does not split . Din 's Curse PC Action RPG / Action 2 + * LAN , Online Full No * An upper limit for the `` maximum players '' setting is not enforced The Dishwasher : Dead Samurai XB360 * Platformer 2009 Local Shared No * * * XBLA * * Find 2 amulets on the 2nd level of SP to unlock co-op . Donkey Kong Country SNES / GBA Platformer 1994 Local Shared Yes * * Not simultaneous play . One player controls until damaged / life lost , then other player takes control . Donkey Kong Country 2 : Diddy 's Kong Quest SNES / GBA Platformer 1995 Local Shared Yes * * Not simultaneous play . One player controls until damaged / life lost , then other player takes control . Donkey Kong Country 3 : Dixie Kong 's Double Trouble ! SNES / GBA Platformer Local Shared Yes * * Not simultaneous play . One player controls until damaged / life lost , then other player takes control . Doom PC FPS 1993 LAN , Online ( ? ) Full No Doom II : Hell on Earth PC FPS 1994 LAN , Online Full No Doom II : Hell on Earth GBA FPS 2002 Link Cable Full No Doom 3 PC FPS ? LAN , Online Full No Doom 3 Xbox FPS 2005 System Link , Xbox Live Full No Doom 3 : Resurrection of Evil PC FPS 2005 ? LAN , Online Full No * * SP campaign coop available via community mod . ( d3opencoop ) Doom 3 : Resurrection of Evil Xbox FPS 2005 System Link , Xbox Live Split , Full Yes * * Only bonus content Ultimate Doom , Doom II and Master Levels for Doom II are co-op playable . Dota 2 PC MOBA 2013 LAN , online Shared No Double Dragon Arcade / NES / GEN / Other / XB360 * Beat ' em up Local , Xbox Live * * Shared No * XBLA * * Xbox 360 only Double Dragon 3 : The Rosetta Stone Arcade / NES / GEN Beat ' em up 1990 Local Shared No Double Dragon II : The Revenge Arcade / NES / GEN Beat ' em up 1989 Local Shared No Draglade DS Fighting 2007 Local Full No Dr Mario Rx Wii Puzzle 2008 Local Full Yes Can play virus blaster cooperatively with up to 4 players , with jumping in and out of play . Drox Operative PC Action RPG 2 + * LAN , Online Full No * An upper limit for the `` maximum players '' setting is not enforced Duke Nukem 3D PC / XB360 FPS 2 - 8 LAN , Online Full No Dungeon PDP - 10 Early RPG ? ? ? ? Dungeon Lords PC Action RPG 2005 Dungeon Siege PC Action RPG 2002 8 LAN , Online Full No SP - Campaign + Additional Koop - Content Dungeon Siege II ( expansion 1 ) PC Action RPG 2005 LAN , Online Full No Dungeon Siege : Throne of Agony PSP Action RPG 2006 Dungeons & Dragons : Shadow over Mystara Arcade / Saturn * Beat ' em up / RPG 2 * * Local Shared No * Part of Dungeons & Dragons Collection . * * 4 in arcade version Dungeons & Dragons : Tower of Doom Arcade / Saturn * Beat ' em up / RPG 2 * * Local Shared No * Part of Dungeons & Dragons Collection . * * 4 in arcade version Dynamite Cop * Arcade / DC Beat ' em up 1998 Local Shared No * also known as `` Dynamite Deka 2 '' Dynasty Warriors 3 PS2 / Xbox Beat ' em up 2001 Local Split No see Xtreme Legends ( PS2 ) Dynasty Warriors 4 PS2 / Xbox / PC * Beat ' em up 2005 Local Split No * see DW4 versions and expansions Dynasty Warriors 5 PS2 / Xbox / XB360 * Beat ' em up 2005 Local Split No * see DW5 expansions Dynasty Warriors 6 PS3 / XB360 Beat ' em up 2007 Local Split No Dynasty Warriors : Gundam PS3 / XB360 Beat ' em up 2007 Local Split No Dynasty Warriors : Gundam 2 PS3 / XB360 Beat ' em up 2009 Local Split No Dynasty Warriors : Gundam 3 PS3 / XB360 Beat ' em up 2 / 4 * Local , Online Split No * 2 players offline and 4 players online . Dynasty Wars Arcade Beat ' em up 1989 Local Shared No E.X. Troopers 3DS / PS3 Action 2012 2 - 3 Local * , Online * * Full Yes * 3DS only * * PS3 only Earth 2150 PC RTS 2000 8 Local , Online Full No Earth 2160 PC RTS 2005 8 Local , Online Full No Earth Defense Force 2017 XB360 TPS 2006 Local , Online Full No Earth Defense Force : Insect Armageddon XB360 TPS 2011 Local Split No Endless Ocean Wii Adventure 2008 WFC Full Yes * * Joint divings Eragon PC / PS2 / Xbox / XB360 / DS / GBA / PSP Action - Adv . 2006 Local Shared No Eternal Sonata PS3 / XB360 jRPG 2007 Local Shared Yes * * * Co-op is extremely limited : turn - based battles only Evil Islands : Curse of the Lost Soul PC RPG / Stealth / RTS 2000 6 Local , Online Full Yes * * * Network co-op quests Everything or Nothing GC / PS2 / Xbox TPS Local , Online * Split , Full * Yes * * * PS2 version only * * No SP campaign ; separate co-op missions Exed Exes * Arcade / NES / PS1 / Saturn / Xbox / PS2 * * Scroller 1985 Local Shared No * US title : `` Savage Bees '' * * Part of Capcom 's Classics Collection and Generations F.E.A.R. 3 PS3 / XB360 PC FPS 2011 2 / 4 * Online Full No * Full SP Campaign , 4 Player Horde Mode F - 22 Lightning 3 PC Flight Sim 1999 8 LAN , Online Full Yes * * No SP campaign ; separate co-op missions Fable II XB360 Action RPG 2008 Local , Xbox Live Shared Yes * * Numerous P2 limitations Fable III XB360 , PC Action RPG 2010 ( XB360 ) , 2011 ( PC ) Local , Xbox Live Faces of War PC RTS 2006 LAN , Online Full No Fairytale Fights PC / PS3 / XB360 Beat ' em up 2009 Local , Online ? No Fantastic 4 PC / GC / PS2 / Xbox Beat ' em up 2005 Local Shared No Fantastic Four PS1 Beat ' em up 1997 Local Shared No Fallout : Brotherhood of Steel PS2 / Xbox Action RPG Local Shared No Far Cry PC FPS LAN , Online Full No Far Cry 3 PC / PS3 / XB360 FPS 2012 Online Full No * Co-op story is a prequel to the single - player story FIFA ( series ) * Sports * * * Shared , Full No * Numerous versions , see the main page Fighting Force PC / N64 / PS1 Beat ' em up 1997 Local Shared No Final Doom * PC FPS LAN , Online Full No Final Fantasy VI SNES / PS1 RPG 1994 Local Full Yes * * Battles only Final Fantasy IX PS1 RPG 2000 Local Shared Yes * Battles only Final Fantasy : Crystal Chronicles GC RPG 2003 2 - 4 Local Full No Final Fantasy Tactics : The War of the Lions PSP TBS 2007 Ad Hoc Full No ( ? ) Final Fight Arcade / SNES / C64 / ZXS / GBA / PS2 / Xbox * Beat ' em up 1989 Local Shared No * Part of Capcom Classics Collection Vol. 1 Final Fight 2 SNES Beat ' em up 1993 Local Shared No Final Fight 3 * SNES Beat ' em up 1995 Local Shared No * Also known as `` Final Fight Tough '' . Final Fight : Streetwise PS2 / Xbox Beat ' em up 2006 Local Shared No ( ? ) * * Co-op Arcade mode . FreeSpace 2 PC Space Sim 1999 LAN , Online Full Freeciv PC TBS 1996 * ? LAN , Online Full No * * * Ongoing development * * Custom matches only . Freelancer PC Space Sim 2003 128 LAN , Online Full No Frozen Synapse PC Turn - based tactics 2011 LAN , Online Full No * * Campaign coop requires the `` Frozen Synapse Red '' expansion pack . Full Spectrum Warrior PC / Xbox / PS2 Tactical FPS LAN , Online Full ? Full Spectrum Warrior : Ten Hammers PC / Xbox / PS2 Tactical FPS 2006 LAN , Online Full No * * Levels have to be completed in SP first . Hint : use the fullspectrumpwnage code ( `` Bonus '' - > `` Cheats '' ) to unlock all co-op levels . Future Cop : LAPD PC / PS1 TPS 1998 Local , LAN * Split , Full * No G - Darius Arcade / PC / PS1 / PS2 * Scroller 1997 Local Shared No * As part of Taito Legends 2 . G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra PS2 / PS3 / XB360 / Wii PSP / DS Shoot ' em up 2009 Local Shared No Gain Ground Arcade / GEN / SMS / PC Engine / PS2 / Other Action / Strategy 1988 2 * Local Shared No * Up to 3 in arcade version Gatling Gears PS3 / PC / XB360 Twin - Stick Shooter 2011 Local , Online Shared No Gauntlet Arcade / XB360 * Beat ' em up 1985 Local Shared No * XBLA Gauntlet NES / GEN Beat ' em up Local Shared No Gauntlet DS Beat ' em up TBA * Online Full No * Currently in development Gauntlet Dark Legacy Arcade / GC / PS2 / Xbox Beat ' em up 1999 Local Shared No Gauntlet II Arcade / C64 / ZXS / PS3 / Other Beat ' em up 1986 Local , Online * Shared No * PS3 version only Gauntlet Legends DC / N64 / PS1 Beat ' em up 1998 Local Shared No Gauntlet : Seven Sorrows PS2 / Xbox Beat ' em up 2005 Local , Online Shared No Gears of War PC TPS 2007 LAN , Online Full No Gears of War XB360 TPS 2006 Local , System Link , Xbox Live Split , Full No Gears of War 2 XB360 TPS 2008 Local , System Link , Xbox Live Split , Full No * Additional 5 - player Horde Mode . Gears of War 3 XB360 TPS 2011 Local , System Link , Xbox Live Split , Full No * Additional 5 - player Horde Mode and Beast Mode . Gears of War : Judgement XB360 TPS 2013 Local , System Link , Xbox Live Split , Full No * Additional 5 - player Horde Mode , Beast Mode , OverRun and Free - for - all . Gekido PS1 Beat ' em up 2000 Local Shared No General Chaos GEN RTS 1994 Local Shared No Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved 2 XB360 * Shoot ' em up 2008 Local Shared No * XBLA Ghost Pilots Arcade Scroller 1991 Local Shared No Ghost Squad Wii Shooter 2007 Local Shared No Ghostbusters : The Video Game PS3 / XB360 Action 2009 Online Full Yes * * No SP campaign ; limited co-op minigames Ghostbusters : The Video Game Wii Action 2009 Local Split No Gladius PS2 / Xbox / GC Tactical RPG 2003 2 * * Local Shared Yes * * Restrictive 2nd player gameplay : battles only , * * up to 4 players on Xbox and the Nintendo Gamecube versions . Goemon 's Great Adventure * N64 Platformer 1998 2 * * Local Shared No * Also known as `` Mystical Ninja 2 Starring Goemon '' . * * Unlockable 4 - player co-op . Gokujyou Parodius * Arcade / Saturn / PS1 * * Scroller 1994 Local Shared No * Also known as `` Fantastic Journey '' . * * As part of Gokujo Parodius Da ! Deluxe Pack Golden Axe Arcade / GEN / SMS / C64 / Other / PS2 * / XB360 * * Beat ' em up 1989 Local Shared No * Part of Sega Ages 2500 , vol. 5 * * XBLA Golden Axe II Arcade / GEN Beat ' em up 1991 Local Shared No Golden Axe III GEN Beat ' em up 1993 Local Shared No Goof Troop SNES Action - Adv . 1993 Local Shared No Golden Axe : The Revenge of Death Adder Arcade Beat ' em up 1992 Local Shared No Gradius Gaiden PS1 / PSP Scroller 1997 Local Shared No ( ? ) Gradius V PS2 Scroller 2005 Local Shared No Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas PC / PS2 / Xbox Action - Adv . 500 * , 2 Online * , Local Full * , Shared Yes * On PC playable online with San Andreas Multiplayer ( SA - MP ) and Multi Theft Auto : San Andreas mods , which bring various custom gamemodes including cooperative / teamplay Grand Theft Auto IV PC / PS3 / XB360 Action - Adv . 2008 Online , LAN * Full Yes * * * PC version only * * No SP campaign . 3 scenarios and a highly limited free roaming mode ( up to 32 players ) . Ground Control II PC RTS LAN , Online Full No * * Default difficulty setting only Guardian Heroes Saturn / XB360 Beat ' em up 6 / 12 * Local , Online * Shared No * On Xbox Live Arcade Guerrilla War Arcade / C64 / NES / ZXS Shoot ' em up Local Shared No Guild Wars ( series ) PC Action RPG 2005 + 4 * Online Full No * up to 8 , depending on an area . Cities act as player hubs , allowing larger player population . Guitar Hero : Aerosmith PC / PS2 / PS3 / Wii / XB360 Music 2008 Local Shared No * * No earnings , cutscenes , boss battle . Guitar Hero II PS2 / XB360 Music 2006 Local Shared No * * Co-op tiers need to be unlocked through SP . Guitar Hero III PC / PS2 / PS3 / Wii / XB360 Music 2007 Local Shared No Guitar Hero World Tour PS2 / PS3 / Wii / XB360 Music 2008 4 * Local Shared No * Must own two guitar controllers , one drum controller and a microphone . Guitar Hero 5 PS2 / PS3 / Wii / XB360 Music 2009 4 * * Local Shared No * * Must own specialized controllers . Gunstar Heroes GEN / PS2 * Shoot ' em up 1993 Local Shared No * Part of Sega Ages 2500 , vol. 25 Gitaroo Man Lives ! PSP Music 2006 Local Full ? Gyruss XB360 * Shoot ' em up 2007 Xbox Live Split Yes * * * XBLA * * Limited `` co-op '' : completely separate side - by - side play with scores combined . Half - Life PC FPS 1998 32 LAN , Online Full Yes SP campaign is co-op playable through third - party mod svencoop Half - Life : Decay PS2 FPS 2001 Local Split Yes * * Separate storyline campaign for co-op Half - Life 2 PC FPS ? LAN , Online Full No * * SP campaign is co-op playable through third - party mods Halo 2 Xbox FPS Local Split No Halo 3 XB360 FPS 2007 2 * Local , System link , Xbox Live Split , Full No * * * Up to 4 via Xbox Live or System Link , * * Local cooperative presented in 4 : 3 with an 854x640 resolution instead of 16 : 9 with 1152x640 Halo 3 : ODST XB360 FPS 2009 2 * Local , System link , Xbox Live Split , Full No * * * Up to 4 via Xbox Live or System Link , * * Local cooperative presented in 4 : 3 with an 854x640 resolution instead of 16 : 9 with 1152x640 Halo : Combat Evolved Xbox FPS 2001 Local Split No Halo : Reach XB360 FPS 2 * Local , System link , Xbox Live Split , Full No * * * Up to 4 via Xbox Live or System Link , * * Local cooperative presented in 4 : 3 with an 854x720 resolution instead of 16 : 9 with 1152x720 Halo Wars XB360 RTS 2009 Online Full No Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire PC / GC / PS2 / Xbox / PSP / DS / GBA Action - Adv . 2005 Local Shared No * ( Handheld ) Platform differences may apply Haze PS3 FPS 2008 Local , Online Split , Full No Heavenly Guardian PS2 / Wii Shoot ' em up 2007 Local Shared No * * 2nd player replaces Toto Heavy Barrel Arcade / NES / PC Shoot ' em up Local Shared No Heavy Weapon : Atomic Tank PC / XB360 * Scroller 2007 Local , Xbox Live * * Shared No * * * XBLA * * Xbox Live : Survivor Mode , no campaign Hellboy : The Science of Evil PS3 / XB360 / PSP Beat ' em up 2008 Local , Online Split , Full No Herc 's Adventures PS1 / Saturn Action - Adv . 1997 Local Shared No Heretic PC FPS 1994 LAN , Online ( ? ) Full No Heretic II PC TPS 1998 LAN , Online Full No Hexen PC FPS 1995 LAN , Online Full No Hexen N64 FPS 1997 Local Split No Hexen II PC FPS 1997 LAN , Online Full No Hexplore PC RPG 1998 LAN ( ? ) ? No Hidden & Dangerous PC Tactical TPS 1999 LAN , Online Full No Hidden & Dangerous 2 : Sabre Squadron PC Tactical TPS 6 LAN , Online Full No Co-op mode is available in expansion only - All single player missions HD2 + HD2 : SS in co-op mode with mods CMP ( Coop Map Package ) Hired Guns Amiga FPS 1993 Local Shared No The House of the Dead 2 Arcade / PC / DC Shooter 1998 Local Shared No House of the Dead III , The PC Shooter 2002 Local Shared No House of the Dead 4 , The Arcade Shooter 2005 Local Shared No House of the Dead , The PC Shooter Local Shared House of the Dead 2 & 3 Return , The Wii Shooter 2008 Local Shared No Hunter : The Reckoning GC / Xbox Action 2002 Local Shared No Hunted : The Demon 's Forge PC / Xbox 360 / PS3 Action 2011 Local , Xbox Live , System Link Shared No Hunter : The Reckoning Redeemer XB360 Beat ' em up 2003 Local Shared No Hunter : The Reckoning Wayward PS2 Beat ' em up 2003 Local Shared No Ibara PS2 / Arcade Scroller 2005 Local Shared No Ice Climber Arcade / NES / Others Platformer 1984 * Local Shared Yes * Numerous versions , see the main page Icewind Dale PC RPG 2000 6 LAN , Online Full No Icewind Dale II PC RPG 2002 6 LAN , Online Full No Ikari Warriors NES / Other Shoot ' em up 1986 Local Shared No Ikaruga DC / GC / XB360 * Scroller 2003 Local , System Link * * , Xbox Live * * Shared No * XBLA * * XB360 version only IL - 2 Sturmovik : 1946 PC Combat flight simulator 2007 80 LAN , Online Full No * * All campaigns / careers support cooperative multiplayer . The Incredibles : Rise of the Underminer PC / PS2 / Xbox / GC / DS / GBA Action 2005 Local * Shared * No * * Platform differences may apply Iron Brigade XB360 TPS 2011 Online Full No J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings , Vol . I SNES , Other Action RPG 1994 5 Local Shared No SNES version only ; multitap required for 3 + players Jackal NES / Other Shoot ' em up 1986 Local Shared No James Bond 007 : Everything or Nothing GC / PS2 / Xbox TPS Local , Online * Split , Full * Yes * * * Online play : PS2 version only . * * No SP campaign : separate co-op missions . Jamestown PC Shoot ' em up 2011 Local Shared No Accepts multiple keyboards / mice as individual player inputs Jazz Jackrabbit 2 PC Shoot ' em up 1998 Local Split No Jet Force Gemini N64 TPS 1999 Local Jikkyō Oshaberi Parodius PS1 / Saturn Scroller 1995 Local Shared No Other platforms : no co-op or turn - based Joint Operations : Typhoon Rising PC FPS LAN , Online Full No Joint Task Force PC RTS 2006 LAN , Online Full Joust Arcade / PC / GC / PlayStation 2 / Xbox / PS3 / PS1 * / XB360 * * Platformer 1982 Local , Online * * * Shared No * Part of Midway Arcade Treasures . * * PSN / XBLA * * * PS3 and Xbox 360 versions only Judge Dredd : Dredd Vs. Death PS2 / PC / Xbox FPS / Sci - Fi 2003 LAN , Online Shared No Justice League Heroes PS2 / Xbox Action RPG 2006 Local Shared No Kameo : Elements of Power XB360 Action - Adv . 2005 Local Split Yes * * Have to complete SP to unlock co-op ; some levels are SP only . Kane & Lynch : Dead Men PC / PS3 / XB360 TPS 2007 Local Split No * * Requires a 360 controller for PC co-op Kane & Lynch : Dog Days PC / PS3 / XB360 TPS Local Split No * Killing Floor PC FPS 2009 6 * LAN , Online Full No * Can be modified to include up to and more than 100 players . Killzone : Liberation PSP FPS 2006 Local Shared No * * Have to complete mission in SP to get it co-op unlocked Kingdom Under Fire : Circle of Doom XB360 Action RPG 2007 Xbox Live Full No Kirby Super Star SNES Platformer Local Shared Knights of the Round Arcade / SNES / PS2 * Beat ' em up 1991 2 * * Local Shared No * Part of Capcom Classics Collection Vol. 2 . * * Up to 3 in arcade version Kung Fu Panda PC / PS2 / PS3 / XB360 / Wii Action 2008 ? ? Yes * * No SP campaign . Limited co-op mode unlockable through SP Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light PC / PS3 / XB360 Action Local Shared No Last Resort Arcade / PS2 / PSP / Wii * Scroller 1992 Local Shared No * As part of SNK Arcade Classics Vol. 1 Left 4 Dead PC FPS 2008 LAN , Online Full No Downloadable maps , campaigns . Left 4 Dead XB360 FPS 2008 2 * Local , System Link , Xbox Live Split , Full No * Up to 4 online Left 4 Dead 2 PC FPS 2009 LAN , Online Full No Downloadable maps , campaigns . Left 4 Dead 2 XB360 FPS 2009 2 * Local , System Link , Xbox Live Split , Full No * Up to 4 online Legend of Spyro : Dawn of the Dragon , The PS2 / PS3 / XB360 / DS / Wii Action 2008 Local Shared No Legend of the Mystical Ninja , The SNES / GBA Platformer 1991 Local Shared No Legend of Zelda : Four Swords Adventures , The GC Action - Adv . Local * Full No * requires each player to have a GBA Legendary Wings Arcade / NES Scroller 1986 Local Shared No Lego Batman PC / PS2 / PS3 / XB360 / Wii / PSP / DS Action - Adv . 2008 Local , Online Shared No ( Handheld ) Platform differences may apply . Lego Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures PC / PS2 / PS3 / XB360 / Wii / PSP / DS Action - Adv . 2008 Local * Shared No * ( Handheld ) Platform differences may apply Lego Star Wars III : The Clone Wars PS3 / XB360 / DS / Wii / PC / 3DS / PSP Action - Adv . 2011 Local Shared No * ( Handheld ) Platform differences may apply Lego Indiana Jones 2 : The Adventure Continues PS3 / XB360 / DS / Wii / PC / 3DS / PSP Action - Adv . 2011 Local Shared No * ( Handheld ) Platform Differences Apply Lego Star Wars : The Complete Saga PS3 / XB360 / DS / Wii Action - Adv . 2007 Local * , XboxLive Shared , Split , Full No * Platform differences apply Lego Star Wars II : The Original Trilogy PC / PS2 / Xbox / XB360 / PSP / DS / GBA / GC Action - Adv . 2006 Local Shared No * * ( Handheld ) Platform differences may apply Lego Star Wars : The Video Game PC / PS2 / Xbox / GC / GBA Action - Adv . 2006 Local Shared No * ( Handheld ) Platform differences may apply Life Force Arcade / NES / Other / PS1 / Saturn * Scroller 1986 Local Shared No * Part of Salamander Deluxe Pack Plus LittleBigPlanet PS3 Platformer 2008 Local , Online Shared No LittleBigPlanet 2 PS3 Platformer 2011 Local , Online Shared No Lode Runner XB360 * Platformer 2009 Local , Xbox Live Shared No * * * XBLA * * Separate , comparable Co-op Journey and Co-op Puzzle campaigns . Lode Runner 2 PC Platformer 1998 Yes * * Separate co-op levels Loki : Heroes of Mythology PC Action RPG 2007 6 LAN , Online Full No Looney Tunes : Acme Arsenal PS2 / XB360 / Wii Beat ' em up 2007 Local , Xbox Live * Split , Full * No * Online co-op : Xbox 360 only Looney Tunes B - Ball SNES Sports 1995 Local Shared , Full No The Lord of the Rings : Conquest PC / PS3 / XB360 Action - Adv . 2009 Local , Online Shared , Full No Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King , The PC / PS2 / Xbox / GC Beat ' em up 2003 Local , Online * Shared No * PS2 version only . Lost Planet 2 PC / PS3 / XB360 TPS Local , Online Split , Full No Lost Vikings , The Amiga / Amiga CD32 / Game Boy Advance / MS - DOS / Sega Mega Drive / SNES / PlayStation Platformer 1992 Lovers in a Dangerous Spacetime PC / MAC / Linux / PS3 / Xbox One Arcade 2015 Local Split No Madden NFL ( series ) * Sports * * * Shared , Full No * Numerous versions , see the main page Magic Ball PS3 Puzzle 2009 Local , Online Shared No Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers 2012 PC Collectible card game 2011 4 * Online Full No * 2v2xAI or 3v1xAI in coop mode Magicka PC Action - Adv . 2011 Local , LAN , Online Full No Marathon 2 : Durandal PC FPS 1995 8 ( ? ) LAN Full Yes ( ? ) Marathon 2 : Durandal XB360 * FPS 2008 4 * * Local , Xbox Live Split , Full ? * XBLA * * Up to 8 through Xbox Live Marathon Infinity PC FPS 8 ( ? ) LAN , Online Full No ( ? ) Mario Bros . Arcade / NES / Others Platformer 1983 * Local Shared No * Numerous versions , see the main page . Mario Kart : Double Dash !! GC Racing 2003 2 * Local Split , Full * No * * * Two control a single kart ( P1 drives , P2 uses items , players can swap ) ; up to 2 karts . * * No Time Trial . Mario Kart Wii Wii Racing 2008 Local , Online Split Yes * Can play on same team in red vs. blue races or battles . Grand Prix and Time Trials not available . New Vehicles / Characters can only be unlocked in single player . Mario Kart 8 Wii U Racing 2014 Local , Online Split Yes * Can play on same team in red vs. blue races or battles . Grand Prix and Time Trials not available . New Vehicles / Characters can be unlocked . Marvel : Ultimate Alliance PS2 / PS3 / Wii / XB360 / PSP Action RPG 2006 Local , LAN , Online * Shared No * Wii version : local co-op only . Marvel : Ultimate Alliance 2 PS2 / PS3 / Wii / XB360 / PSP / DS Action RPG 2009 4 * * Local , LAN , Online * * Shared No * * Platform differences may apply MechWarrior 4 ( expansion 1 ) ( expansion 2 ) PC Mecha Sim 2000 5 LAN , Online Full No * * SP campaign is co-op playable through third - party mods Medal of Honor : Rising Sun GC / PS2 / Xbox FPS 2003 Local Split No MegaGlest PC RTS 2 - 8 LAN , Online Full No Mega SWIV GEN Shoot ' em up 1992 Local Shared No Men of War PC RTS 2009 ? LAN , Online Full No ( ? ) Mendel Palace NES Action 1989 Local Shared No Mercenaries 2 : World in Flames PC / PS2 / PS3 / XB360 Action - Adv . 2008 Online Full No Metal Gear Solid : Peace Walker PSP / PS3 / XB360 Stealth 2 - 4 , depending on mission Ad - hoc , online * Full No * * * Ad - hoc is only on PSP , PSP version requires Adhoc Party or XLink Kai to play online . * * A small amount of missions are not playable in co-op . Metal Slug ( series ) * Shoot ' em up * Local Shared No * Numerous versions , see the main page Michael Jackson 's Moonwalker Arcade Beat ' em up 1990 Local Full No Mighty Morphin Power Rangers SNES / GEN Beat ' em up 1995 Local Shared No Millennium Soldier : Expendable PC / DC / PS1 Shoot ' em up 1998 Local Shared No Minecraft PC Sandbox 2011 2 - 255 * Online , LAN Full No * The maximum number of players depends on the server Minecraft : Xbox 360 Edition XB360 Sandbox 2012 2 - 8 * Online , Local Full , Split No * Local max is 4 and online is 8 Mission Against Terror PC FPS 2011 2 - 16 Online Full No Monster Hunter PS2 Action RPG Online Full No Monster Hunter Tri Wii Action RPG 4 -- 5 WFC , Local Split , Full No Monster Hunter Freedom PSP Action RPG 2005 Ad - hoc , online * Full No * * * Ad - hoc is only on PSP , online is required Adhoc Party or XLink Kai . * * Most of SP , additional co-op specific content Monster Madness : Battle for Suburbia PC / XB360 Shoot ' em up 2007 Local Shared No Monster Madness : Grave Danger PS3 Shoot ' em up 2008 Local , Online Shared No Monsters vs. Aliens PS3 / XB360 / DS / Wii Action 2009 Local Shared No * * Limited co-op : P2 assists P1 with a reticle . Moria PLATO Early RPG 10 Mortal Kombat : Shaolin Monks PS2 / Xbox Beat ' em up 2005 Local Shared No Mortimer Beckett and the Secrets of Spooky Manor Wii * Puzzle 2008 Local Shared No Mutant Storm Empire XB360 * Scroller 2007 Local , Xbox Live Split , Shared No * XBLA Myth II PC RTS 1998 ? LAN , Online Full No * * SP units are shared between players. ( ? ) Downloadable co-op maps Myth III : The Wolf Age PC RTS 2001 ? LAN , Online Full No ( ? ) Naruto : Uzumaki Chronicles 2 PS2 Beat ' em up 2006 Local Shared No * * Restricting camera issues ; several ( not many ) missions are SP only . Nation Red PC Action 2009 Local , Online Full NBA Live ( series ) * Sports * * * Shared , Full No * Numerous versions , see the main page Neo Contra PS2 Shoot ' em up Local Shared No Nerf N - Strike Wii Shooter 2008 Local Shared Yes * * No SP Campaign ; separate co-op modes . Neverwinter Nights PC RPG 2002 LAN , Online Full No Neverwinter Nights 2 ( expansions 1 , 2 , 3 ) PC RPG 2006 LAN , Internet Full No New Super Luigi U Wii U Platformer 2013 5 Local Shared No Available as a retail copy or as a DLC for New Super Mario Bros. U New Super Mario Bros. 2 N3DS Platformer 2012 Local Shared No New Super Mario Bros. U Wii U Platformer 2012 5 Local Shared No New Super Mario Bros. Wii Wii Platformer 2009 Local Shared No NHL ( series ) * Sports * * * Shared , Full No * Numerous versions , see the main page Nicktoons Unite ! GC / PS2 / DS / GBA Adventure 2005 Local Shared Platform differences apply A Nightmare on Elm Street NES Platformer 1989 Local Shared No multitap required for 3 + players Ninja Baseball Bat Man Arcade Beat ' em up 1993 Local Shared No Ninja Crusaders NES Beat ' em up 1990 Local Shared No Ninja Gaiden Arcade Beat ' em up 1988 Local Shared No Ninja Gaiden Sigma 2 PS3 Beat ' em up 2009 Online Full Yes * * * * 30 challenge missions ; No SP campaign . No One Lives Forever 2 : A Spy in H.A.R.M. 's Way PC FPS 2002 LAN , Online Full Yes * * Derivative co-op missions . Full Single player Co-op support through community Mods via Unity HQ website . Nox PC Action RPG 2000 6 LAN , Online Full Yes * * No SP campaign : separate , comparable co-op content available through free Nox Quest Add - on Pack . Onechanbara : Bikini Samurai Squad XB360 Beat ' em up 2009 Local Split No * * 5 of the 20 missions are SP only in Story Mode ; 4 of them can later be played cooperatively in Freeplay . OneChanbara : Bikini Zombie Slayers Wii Beat ' em up 2009 Local Split No ObsCure PC / PS2 / Xbox Action - Adv . Local Shared No * * Certain 2nd player limitations Obscure : The Aftermath PC / PS2 / Wii Action - Adv . 2008 Local Shared No Omega Five XB360 * Scroller 2008 Local Shared No * XBLA Onslaught Wii FPS 2009 Online Full No ( ? ) OpenTTD PC / Other Sim 2007 8 * LAN , Online Full No Max 8 companies , run singlehandedly or cooperatively . Operation : Blockade PC / Arcade FPS 2002 LAN , Online Full Yes Requires IPX Operation Flashpoint : Cold War Crisis PC Tactical FPS 2001 ? LAN , Online Full Yes Operation Flashpoint : Dragon Rising PC / PS3 / XB360 Tactical FPS 2009 4 * LAN , Online Full Yes * Main campaign and some other missions playable with 4 players on PC . Operation Flashpoint : Red River PC / PS3 / XB360 Tactical FPS 2011 4 * LAN , Online Full Yes * Main campaign and some other missions playable with 4 players on PC . Operation Darkness XB360 Tactical RPG 2008 Xbox Live Full No Outfit , The XB360 TPS 2006 Local , System Link , Xbox Live Split , Full ( ? ) No Orcs Must Die ! PC Tower defense / Action 2011 Orcs Must Die ! 2 PC Tower defense / Action 2012 Overcooked PC , PS4 , Xbox One , Switch Arcade 2016 Local Full No Path of Exile PC Action RPG 2013 6 Payday 2 PC FPS 2013 Online Full No Peace Keepers , The * SNES Beat ' em up 1993 Local Shared No * Also known as `` Rushing Beat Syura '' ; 3rd game in the Rushing Beat series Perfect Dark N64 FPS 2000 Local Split No Perfect Dark Zero XB360 FPS 2005 Local , System Link , Xbox Live Split , Full No Phantasy Star Online Episode I & II GC / Xbox Action RPG 2002 Local / Xbox Live Split , Full ( ? ) ? Xbox Live GamerTag required for Xbox offline play Pikmin 2 GC RTS Local Split Yes * Campaign not available , only Challenge Mode . Pirates of the Caribbean : The Legend of Jack Sparrow PC / PS2 Beat ' em up 2006 Local Shared No PixelJunk Eden PS3 RTS 2008 Local Shared No PixelJunk Monsters PS3 RTS 2008 Local Shared No PixelJunk Shooter PS3 Puzzle 2009 * Local Shared ? * Currently in development Pocky & Rocky SNES Scrolling shooter 1993 Local Shared No Pocky & Rocky 2 SNES Scrolling shooter 1994 Local Shared No Portal 2 PC / PS3 / XB360 Puzzle / Action 2011 Local , Steam Split , Full Yes * * The Co-op campaign is not the single - player one but the length is similar and it continues the storyline . Power Stone 2 DC / PSP Fighter 2000 Local Full Yes * * No Adventure mode Progear Arcade Shoot ' em up 2001 Local Shared No Project Eden PC Action 2001 LAN , Online Full No Project Eden PS2 Action 2001 Local Split No Psi - Ops : The Mindgate Conspiracy PS2 TPS Local Shared Yes * Co-op unlockable : 1st player controls movement , 2nd - weapons . Punisher , The Arcade / GEN Beat ' em up 1993 Local Shared No Quake ( expansions 1 , 2 ) PC FPS 4 ( ? ) LAN , Online Full No Quake II PC FPS 1997 4 ( ? ) LAN , Online Full No * * Cooperative multiplayer patch required Raiden Fighters Aces XB360 Arcade 2008 Local Shared No Rampage Arcade / NES / SMS / Other / PC / GC / PS2 / Xbox * Action 1986 2 * * Local Full No * As part of Midway Arcade Treasures * * Up to 3 in Arcade version Rampage World Tour Arcade / N64 / PS1 / Saturn / GC / PS2 / Xbox * Action 1997 2 * * Local Full No * As part of Midway Arcade Treasures 2 * * Up to 3 in Arcade and some other versions Rampage : Total Destruction GC / PS2 / Wii Action 2006 Local Full No Ratchet : Deadlocked PS2 Action 2005 Local Split No ( ? ) Rec Room PC / PS4 FPS / Action RPG 2016 2 - 4 * Online Full * No more than 4 players can cooperate in each team . RecWar PC TPS 2002 2 / 4 * Local , LAN * * Split , Full * * No * 4 players on LAN only * * Simultaneous split - screen and LAN play possible . Red Star , The PS2 Shoot ' em up 2007 Local Shared No Red Dead Redemption PS3 / XB360 Action - Adv . Online Full Yes Originally the game comes without coop missions , which must be downloaded them on PSN or Xbox live . Resident Evil 5 PS3 / XB360 Action - Adv . 2009 Local , Online Split No Player 2 must press play during player 1 campaign to join in split - screen ( offline ) Resident Evil 5 PC Action - Adv . 2009 Online Full No Resident Evil Outbreak PS2 Action - Adv . 2003 Online Full No Alternate Online play possible via Japanese edition titled `` Biohazard Outbreak '' for proxy IP connect see fansite `` obsrv.org '' for details . Resident Evil Outbreak File # 2 PS2 Action - Adv . 2006 Online Full No Alternate Online play possible via Japanese edition titled `` Biohazard Outbreak File 2 '' for proxy IP connect see fansite `` obsrv.org '' for details . Resident Evil : The Umbrella Chronicles Wii Shooter 2007 Local Shared No * * Sub-chapter co-op is unlocked through SP ; several levels are SP only . Resistance : Fall of Man PS3 FPS 2006 Local Split No Resistance 2 PS3 FPS 2008 8 Local , Online Split , Full * Yes * * * Simultaneous split - screen and LAN play possible . * * No SP campaign ; separate co-op mode . Restricted Area PC Action RPG 2005 LAN , Online Full Yes * * Generic side missions only Return to Castle Wolfenstein : Tides of War Xbox FPS 2003 Local Split Yes * * Levels have to be unlocked in SP first ; no saves Rival Turf ! * SNES Beat ' em up 1993 Local Shared No * Also known as `` Rushing Beat '' ; 1st game in the Rushing Beat series River City Ransom * NES / GBA Beat ' em up 1989 Local Shared No * Also known as `` Downtown Nekketsu Monogatari '' or `` Street Gangs '' . Road Rash : Jailbreak PS1 / GBA Car Combat 1999 * Local Shared No * * * Released for PlayStation only in US ( 1999 ) and EU ( 2000 ) . Released for GBA in 2003 , only in EU and US . * * Player 2 controls the sidecar and weapon while Player 1 drives the motorcycle . This mode is available in the GBA as well using two GBA consoles . RoboCop 2 Arcade Shoot ' em up 1991 Local Shared No Rock Band PS2 / PS3 / XB360 Music 2007 4 * Local Shared No * * * Must own two guitars , drums , microphone . * * PS2 co-op is limited : no Band World Tour mode Rock Band 2 PS3 / XB360 / Wii Music 2008 4 * Local , Online Shared No * Must own two guitar controllers , one drum controller and a microphone . Rocketmen : Axis of Evil PS3 / XB360 * Beat ' em up 2008 Local , Online Shared No * PSN / XBLA Rogue Trooper ( video game ) PC TPS 2006 LAN , Online Full Yes * * SP campaign not available ; 5 separate co-op levels . Rogue Trooper ( video game ) PS2 / Xbox / Wii TPS 2006 2 - 4 * Local , LAN , Online Split , Full Yes * * * Up to 4 players online PS2 & Xbox . Xbox System link 2 + 2 . Wii 4P splitscreen . * * No SP campaign : 5 separate co-op levels . Rohga : Armor Force Arcade / Saturn Platformer 1994 Local ? No Rumble Racing PS2 Racing Local Shared No ( ? ) Rune PC Action - Adv . 2000 Online Full Yes * * Requires 1.07 patch and third - party Rune Co-Op mod R - Type Dimensions XB360 * Scroller 2009 Local , Xbox Live Shared No * XBLA R - Type Leo Arcade Scroller 1997 Local Shared No Sacred PC Action RPG LAN , Online Full No Sacred 2 : Fallen Angel PC Action RPG 2008 16 LAN , Online Full No Sacred 2 : Fallen Angel PS3 / XB360 Action RPG 2009 2 * Local , Online Shared , Full No * Up to 4 online . Simultaneous split - screen and LAN play possible . Saints Row 2 PC / PS3 / XB360 Action - Adv . 2008 LAN , Online Full No Saints Row The Third PC / PS3 / XB360 Action - Adv . 2011 LAN , Online Full No Saints Row IV PC / PS3 / XB360 / PS4 / XBO Action - Adv . 2013 LAN , Online Full No Salamander Arcade / NES / Other / PS1 / Saturn * Scroller 1986 Local Shared No * Part of Salamander Deluxe Pack Plus Salamander 2 Arcade / PS1 / Saturn * Scroller Local Shared No * Part of Salamander Deluxe Pack Plus Samurai Warriors ( expansion 1 ) PS2 / Xbox Beat ' em up Local Split No ( ? ) Samurai Warriors 2 ( expansions ) PS2 / XB360 Beat ' em up 2006 Local Split No ( ? ) Samurai Warriors 2 PC Beat ' em up 2008 Local Split No Saturn Bomberman Sega Saturn Action 1997 Local Full Schizoid XB360 * Action 2008 Local , Xbox Live Shared No * XBLA The Scourge Project : Episode 1 and 2 PC / XB360 / PS3 Tactical TPS LAN , Online Full No Scud : The Disposable Assassin Saturn Shoot ' em up 1997 Local Shared ? Secret of Mana SNES Action RPG 1993 Local Shared No Seiken Densetsu 3 SNES jRPG 1995 2 * Local Shared No * Up to 3 with a ROM patch Sengoku I , II , III Arcade Beat ' em up 1991 * Local Shared No * II -- 1995 , III -- 2001 Serious Sam PC FPS 2001 16 Local , LAN , Online * Split , Full * No * Simultaneous split - screen and LAN play possible . Serious Sam II PC / Xbox FPS 2005 16 * LAN , Online , Xbox Live Full No * 4 on Xbox Sexy Parodius Arcade / Saturn / PS1 Scroller Local Shared No Shadow Warrior PC FPS 1997 ? LAN , Online ( ? ) Full ? Shadow the Hedgehog PS2 / Xbox / GC Action 2005 Local Shared Yes * * Severe 2nd player limitations Shadowgrounds PC Shoot ' em up 2006 Local Shared No Shadowgrounds Survivor PC Shoot ' em up 2007 Local Shared No Shank PC / PS3 / XB360 Beat ' em up Local Shared Yes Shining Soul II GBA Action RPG Local Full No * * Bonus co-op content Shining Tears PS2 jRPG 2005 Local Shared Yes * * 2nd Player : battle control only Shock Troopers Arcade Shoot ' em up 1997 Local Shared No Shock Troopers : 2nd Squad Arcade Shoot ' em up 1999 Local Shared No Shrek 2 GC / Xbox Action Local Silent Scope 2 : Dark Silhouette Arcade / PS2 Shooter 2000 Local Shared No Silkworm Amiga / NES Scroller 1988 Local Shared No Silverfall PC Action RPG 2007 8 LAN , Online Full No * * No introduction Simpsons , The Arcade Beat ' em up 1991 Local Shared No ( ? ) Simpsons Game , The PS2 / PS3 / XB360 / Wii Platformer 2007 Local Split No Sims , The PS2 / Xbox / GC God 2003 Local Split ? The story mode is not available for coop . Sims 2 , The PS2 / Xbox / GC God 2003 Local Split ? Shoot Many Robots PC Shooter / RPG 2012 Online Full Skull Fang Arcade / Saturn Scroller Local Shared No Sky Kid Arcade / NES Scroller 1985 Local Shared No Smash TV * Arcade / NES / GEN / SNES / Other / XB360 * * Shoot ' em up 1990 Local , Xbox Live Shared No * `` Super Smash TV '' on GEN and SNES . * * XBLA Snake Rattle ' n ' Roll NES Local Shared Sniper Elite PS2 / Xbox / PC Tactical TPS 2005 LAN , Local Split - Full * No * Depending on Platform SOCOM : U.S. Navy SEALs Combined Assault PS2 Tactical TPS 2006 Online Full No ( ? ) Soccer Brawl Arcade Sports 1992 Local Shared , Full No up to 2 players , head to head Soldiers : Heroes of World War II PC RTS LAN , Online Full No Sonic Adventure DC / GC Platformer 1998 Local Shared Yes * * P2 controls Tails during Sonic 's story only . Sonic The Hedgehog 2 GEN / PS2 / Xbox / GC * / XB360 * * Platformer 1992 Local Shared No * Part of Sonic Mega Collection . * * XBLA Sonic the Hedgehog 3 GEN PS2 / Xbox / GC * Platformer 1994 Local Shared No * Part of Sonic Mega Collection . Soulcalibur Legends Wii Action - Adv . 2007 Local Split Yes * * No Quest Mode ( Party Mode only ) Söldner - X : Himmelsstürmer PC / PS3 Scroller 2007 Local Shared No Space Invaders Extreme XB360 * Shoot ' em up 2009 Local , Xbox Live Shared No * XBLA Space Lords Arcade Space Sim 1992 Local Shared No Space Siege PC Action RPG 2008 LAN , Online Full Yes * * Separate co-op missions Spaceteam Android / IOS Real time space ship repair 2012 4 ( 8 ) Local Full No * Requires each player to have a phone connected to the same wifi network . Spider - Man : Friend or Foe PC / PS2 / XB360 / Wii / DS Beat ' em up 2007 Local Shared No Spider - Man : The Video Game Arcade Beat ' em up 1991 Local Shared No Spikeout : Battle Street Xbox Beat ' em up 2005 Local , Xbox Live Shared , Full No Spyborgs Wii Action - Adv . 2009 Local ? ? Star Trek : Away Team PC RTS 2001 LAN , Online Full No * * SP units are shared between players . Star Trek : Elite Force II PC / MAC FPS 2003 8 LAN , Online Full No All Single - Player Missions available up to 4 or 8 players using the `` HaZardModding Co-op Mod '' found on ModDB.com Star Wars Episode I : Jedi Power Battles PS1 / DC Beat ' em up 2000 Local Shared Yes * * Handful of separate co-op missions Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith PS2 / XB / GBA / DS / Mobile Phone Beat ' em up 2005 Local Shared Yes * * 4 separate co-op missions Star Wars : Jedi Starfighter PS2 / Xbox Space Sim 2002 Local Split No * * Player 2 either controls a ship or a turret depending on the mission . Star Wars Rogue Squadron III : Rebel Strike GC Space Sim 2003 Local Split Yes * * Co-op is a 2 - player - only version ( includes all but 2 missions ) of Rogue Squadron II Star Wars : X-Wing vs. TIE Fighter ( expansion 1 ) PC Space Sim 1997 LAN Full No StarCraft ( expansion 1 ) PC RTS 1998 LAN , Online Full Yes * * No SP Campaign ; Allied skirmishes vs AI StarCraft II : Wings of Liberty PC RTS LAN , Online Full StarCraft II : Heart of the Swarm PC RTS 2013 LAN , Online Full Starlancer PC Space Sim 2000 LAN , Online Full No Steel Beasts PC Sim 2000 LAN , Online Full Yes Street Fighter Alpha 3 PS1 / Saturn / DC Fighter 1999 Local Full Yes * * Beat the game on the maximum difficulty with any character in single player mode to activate Dramatic Mode . Street Fighter IV PC Fighter 2009 Local , Online Full Yes * Street Smart Arcade / GEN Beat ' em up 1989 Local Shared No Streets of Rage GEN / GG / Wii Beat ' em up 1991 Local Shared No Streets of Rage 2 GEN / GG / Wii Beat ' em up 1992 Local Shared No Streets of Rage 3 GEN / Wii Beat ' em up 1994 Local Shared No Strike Gunner S.T.G. SNES Shoot ' em up 1991 Local Shared No Stronghold Legends PC RTS 2006 LAN , Online Full No Stubbs the Zombie in Rebel Without a Pulse Xbox TPS 2005 Local Split No Supreme Commander PC / XB360 RTS 2007 8 LAN , Online Full Yes * * No campaign , skirmish vs. AI only . Supreme Commander 2 PC / XB360 RTS 8 LAN , Online Full Yes * * No campaign , skirmish vs. AI only . Sum of All Fears , The PC Tactical FPS 2002 LAN , Online Full No ( ? ) Sunset Riders Arcade / GEN / SNES Shoot ' em up 1991 2 * Local Shared No * 4 in arcade version Super Contra * Arcade / C64 / NES / PC / Other / XB360 * * Shoot ' em up 1988 Local , Xbox Live * * * Shared No * Also known as `` Contra C '' . * * XBLA * * * XB360 only Super Double Dragon SNES Beat ' em up 1992 Local Shared No Super Mario Galaxy Wii Platformer 2007 Local Shared No * * Limited co-op : P2 assists P1 with a reticle . Super Mario Galaxy 2 Wii Platformer Local Shared No * * Limited co-op : P2 assists P1 with a reticle . Super Smash Bros . N64 Fighting 1999 Local Shared Yes * * No campaign ; co-op only possible with team battles . Super Smash Bros. Brawl Wii Fighting 2008 Local , WFC Shared No * * Not available in Training or Classic modes . When playing story mode the game screen follows P1 . Super Smash Bros. Melee GC Fighting 2001 Local Shared Yes * * No campaign ; co-op only possible with team battles . Super Mario Kart SNES Racing 1992 2 * Local split No * Players are not considered to be teammates , but rather competitors . Super Stardust HD PS3 * Action 2007 Local Shared No * PSN Survivor FPS PC Survival horror FPS 2013 64 LAN , Online No * Multiplayer simulates singleplayer experience SWAT 3 : Close Quarters Battle PC Tactical FPS 1999 SWAT 4 ( expansion 1 ) PC Tactical FPS 2005 5 LAN , Online Full No * * All campaign missions can ( and should ) be played cooperatively . Switchball PC / XB360 Puzzle 2007 Online Split , Shared Yes * * 4 separate co-op levels System Shock 2 PC Action - Adv . 1999 LAN Full No Co-op implemented with patch v2. 3 Tales of Destiny PS1 jRPG 1997 Local Shared Yes * * Restrictive co-op : battles only Tales of Destiny 2 PS2 jRPG 2001 Local Shared Yes * * Restrictive co-op : battles only Tales of Eternia PSP jRPG 2005 Yes * * Restrictive co-op : battles only Tales of Symphonia GC jRPG Local Shared Yes * * Restrictive co-op : battles only Tales of Symphonia : Dawn of the New World Wii jRPG 2008 Local Shared Yes * * Restrictive co-op : battles only Tales of the Abyss PS2 jRPG 2006 Local Shared Yes * * Restrictive co-op : battles only Tales of Vesperia XB360 jRPG 2008 Local Shared Yes * * Restrictive additional player gameplay : battles only Target : Renegade NES / ZXS Beat ' em up 1988 Local Shared No Tasty Planet : Back for Seconds PC Puzzle Local Shared No Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles PS2 / Xbox / GC / DS Beat ' em up 2003 Local Shared No Team Fortress 2 PC / PS3 / XB360 FPS 2007 30 ( PC ) 16 ( PS3 / XB360 ) Online Full Yes Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles * Arcade / NES / C64 / ZXS / XB360 / Other Beat ' em up 1989 Local , Xbox Live Shared No * All ports except that of XB360 ( XBLA ) are titled `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II : The Arcade Game '' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 3 : Mutant Nightmare PS2 / Xbox / GC / DS Beat ' em up 2005 Local * Shared No * DS : local Wi - Fi Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III : The Manhattan Project NES Beat ' em up 1991 Local Shared No Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Turtles in Time * Arcade / GEN / SNES Beat ' em up 1991 2 * Local Shared No * GEN remake is titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : The Hyperstone Heist * * Up to 4 in Arcade version Tenchu Z XB360 Action - Adv . 2007 System Link , Xbox Live Full No ( ? ) Tenchu : Wrath of Heaven PS2 Action - Adv . 2003 Local Split Yes * * Handful of co-op missions Terraria PC Sandbox 2011 2 - 8 / 255 * Online , LAN Full No * 8 unless running dedicated server software , in which case 255 players can be supported . Terminator Salvation PC / PS3 / XB360 TPS 2009 Local Split No * * Requires a 360 controller for PC co-op This is Football 2003 * PS2 Sports 2002 8 Local Shared No * Also known as `` This Is Soccer 2003 '' in Australia and `` World Tour Soccer 2003 '' in North America . The Legend of Aylesbury XB360 Platformer 2012 Local Shared No Available through XBLIG The Legend of Aylesbury XB360 Platformer 2012 Local Shared No Available through XBLIG The Lord of the Rings : Aragorn 's Quest Wii , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 2 , PlayStation Portable , Nintendo DS Action - adventure Local Shared No Co-op only available on Wii / PS3 , P2 controls Gandalf The Red Solstice PC Real - time strategy 2014 8 Local , Online Full Time Crisis II Arcade / PS2 Shooter 1999 Local Split , Shared * No * * Must own a GunCon 2 Time Crisis 3 PS2 Shooter 2003 Local Split No Time Crisis 4 PS3 Shooter 2007 Local Split No TimeSplitters 2 PS2 / Xbox / GC FPS 2002 Local Split No TimeSplitters : Future Perfect PS2 / Xbox / GC FPS 2005 Local Split Titan Quest PC Action RPG 2006 8 LAN , Online Full No Titan Quest : Immortal Throne PC Action RPG 2007 8 LAN , Online Full No ToeJam & Earl GEN Platformer 1992 Local Split , Shared No ToeJam & Earl in Panic on Funkotron GEN Platformer 1993 Local Shared No Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon ( expansion 1 ) ( expansion 2 ) PC Tactical FPS 2001 4 ( ? ) LAN , Online Full No Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon ( PS2 expansion ) GC / PS2 Tactical FPS 2002 Local Split Yes * * Levels have to be completed in SP first Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon ( expansion 1 ) Xbox Tactical FPS 2002 2 * Local , Link cable , Xbox live Split , Full No ( ? ) * Link cable and online modes : up to 6 players Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon 2 Xbox Tactical FPS 2002 Local , System Link , Xbox Live Split , Full Yes * * 3 of 15 SP missions are not playable Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter PC Tactical FPS 2006 LAN , Online Full No OGR Co-op ( up to 24 players ) and downloadable maps . SP campaign playable on LAN . Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter XB360 Tactical FPS 2006 4 * Local , System Link , Xbox Live Split , Full Yes * * * 16 through Xbox Live * * Handful of co-op maps Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter Xbox Tactical FPS 2006 Local , System Link Split , Full Yes Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter 2 PC Tactical FPS 2007 LAN , Online Full No OGR Co-op ( up to 24 players ) and downloadable maps . SP campaign playable on LAN . Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter 2 PS3 / XB360 Tactical FPS 2007 4 * Local , Online Split , Full Yes * * * Up to 16 players online * * Separate 6 - mission Co-op Campaign Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter 2 PSP TPS 2007 Ad Hoc Full No Tom Clancy 's H.A.W.X PC / PS3 / XB360 Flight Sim 2009 LAN , Online Full No * * Default difficulty setting only . Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six PC Tactical FPS 1998 8 ( ? ) LAN , Online Full No Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six N64 Tactical FPS 1998 Local Split No ( ? ) Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six 3 : Raven Shield PC Tactical FPS 2003 8 ( ? ) LAN , Online Full No Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six 3 : Raven Shield GC / PS2 / Xbox Tactical FPS 2003 Local Split Yes Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Critical Hour Xbox Tactical FPS 2006 Local Split No ( ? ) Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Lockdown PC FPS 2005 LAN , Online Full No Additional co-op Terrorist Hunt mode . Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Lockdown GC / PS2 / Xbox FPS 2005 2 * Local , Online * Split , Full * No * Xbox only : online co-op , up to 4 players . Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Rogue Spear ( expansions 1 -- 4 ) PC Tactical FPS 1999 8 ( ? ) LAN , Online Full No Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Rogue Spear PS1 / GBA Tactical FPS 2001 Local Full No Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas PC Tactical FPS 2006 LAN , Online Full No * * No SP cutscenes . Additional Co-op Terrorist Hunt mode ( up to 4 players ) . Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas PS3 / XB360 Tactical FPS 2006 2 * Local , System Link , Xbox Live , PSN Split , Full No * * * Via split - screen ; up to 4 players online . * * No SP cutscenes . Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas 2 PC Tactical FPS 2008 LAN , Online Full No Additional Co-op Terrorist Hunt mode ( up to 4 players ) Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas 2 PS3 / XB360 Tactical FPS 2008 Local , System Link , Xbox Live , PSN Split , Full No Additional Co-op Terrorist Hunt mode ( up to 4 players ) Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Chaos Theory PC / PS2 / Xbox Action - Adv . 2005 Lan Split , Full Yes * * 7 derivative story - driven missions Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Conviction PC / XB360 Action - Adv . Online , Lan Full Yes * * Separate co-op campaign . Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Double Agent PC / PS3 / XB360 Action - Adv . 2006 Online Full Yes * * No SP campaign or co-op missions . 6 - player bot matches only . Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Double Agent PS2 / GC / Xbox / Wii Action - Adv . 2006 Local , Xbox Live * * Split , Full * * Yes * * No SP campaign ; separate co-op missions * * Online play : Xbox version only Too Human XB360 Action - Adv . 2008 Xbox Live Full No Torchlight II PC Action RPG 2012 6 LAN , Online Full Trauma Center : New Blood Wii Action 2007 Local Full No Trauma Team Wii Action 2009 Local Full * Some modes are pass - and - play only Trine PC / PS3 Platformer / Puzzle 2009 Local Full No Tunnels of Doom TI - 99 / 4A Early RPG 1982 ? Shared No Turok PC / PS3 / XB360 FPS 2008 LAN , Online Full Yes * * 3 separate co-op levels ; SP campaign not available . TwinBee ( series ) * Arcade / DS / GBA / NES / GEN / PS1 / Saturn / SNES * Scroller 1985 + 2 * Local Shared No * * Numerous titles , see the main page Twisted Metal 2 PS1 Car Combat Local Split Twisted Metal 3 PS1 Car Combat 1998 Local ( ? ) Split Twisted Metal 4 PS1 Car Combat 1999 Local ( ? ) Split Twisted Metal : Black PS2 Car Combat 2001 Local Split No Twisted Metal : Head - On PS2 / PSP Car Combat 2005 Local Split No Two Crude Dudes GEN Beat ' em up 1992 Local Shared No U.N. Squadron Arcade Scroller 1991 Local Shared No UFO : Alien Invasion PC TBS 2008 8 LAN , Online Full Yes * Only battle mode , no geoscape mode The Uncanny X-Men NES Action - Adv . 1989 Local Shared No Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves PS3 Action - Adv . 2009 * Online Full Yes No SP campaign available . A 3 - person online mode with certain missions using altered SP campaign maps . Unreal PC FPS 1998 ? LAN , Online Full No * ( ? ) * Requires patch 224v or later Untold Legends : Brotherhood of the Blade PSP Beat ' em up 2005 Local Full No Untold Legends : Dark Kingdom PS3 Action RPG 2006 2 * Local , Online Shared ( ? ) No * up to 4 online Untold Legends : The Warrior 's Code PSP Beat ' em up 2006 Local Full No Up PC / PS2 / PS3 / XB360 / Wii / PSP / DS Action - Adv . 2009 Local Shared No ( Handheld ) Platform differences may apply . Urban Reign PS2 Beat ' em up 2005 Local Shared Yes * Only available on missions w / partner after entering the co-op cheat . Vampire Night Arcade / PS2 Shooter 2000 Local Shared No Vendetta Arcade Beat ' em up 1991 2 * Local Shared No * Up to 4 , depending on version Vietcong PC FPS 2003 32 * LAN , Online Full Yes * * No SP Campaign ; bot matches only . Player made maps and custom campaigns . Vietcong : Fist Alpha PC FPS 32 * LAN , Online Full Yes * * No SP Campaign ; bot matches only . Player made maps and custom campaigns . Violent Storm Arcade Beat ' em up 1993 Local Shared No Virtua Cop Arcade / PC / Saturn Shooter 1994 Local Shared No Virtua Cop 2 Arcade / PC / DC / Saturn Shooter 1995 Local Shared No Virtua Cop 3 Arcade Shooter 2003 Local Shared No Virtua Cop : Elite Edition * PS2 Shooter 1994 Local Shared No * aka Virtua Cop : Rebirth . Compilation of VC1 and VC2 Viva Piñata : Trouble in Paradise XB360 Sim 2008 2 * Local , Online Shared , Full Yes * * * Up to 4 online * * Certain P2 limitations Wakeboarding Unleashed PC / PS2 / Xbox Sports 2003 Local ( ? ) Shared No ( ? ) P1 drives the boat , P2 controls the wakeboarder Warcraft : Orcs & Humans PC RTS 1994 LAN , Online ( ? ) Full Yes * Warcraft II : Beyond the Dark Portal PC RTS LAN , Online ( ? ) Full Yes * Warcraft II : Tides of Darkness PC RTS 1995 4 ( ? ) LAN , Online ( ? ) Full Yes * * SP Campaign is not available ; AI skirmishes only Warcraft III : Reign of Chaos PC RTS 2002 LAN , Online ( ? ) Full Yes * Campaign Coop ( 2 - 3 players ) available through community forum downloads , Google `` warcraft 3 campaign coop '' for more details . Warcraft III : The Frozen Throne PC RTS 2003 LAN , Online ( ? ) Full Yes * Campaign Coop ( 2 - 3 players ) available through community forum downloads , Google `` warcraft 3 campaign coop '' for more details . Warhammer 40,000 : Dawn of War II PC RTS 2009 Online Full No * * Full campaign , though only the hosting player gets to keep achievements and progress . Also has a skirmish mode . Warriors of Fate Arcade / PS1 / Saturn Beat ' em up 1994 2 * Local Shared No * 3 in Arcade version Warriors Orochi PC / PS2 / XB360 / PSP Beat ' em up 2007 Local * Split No * PSP : Ad hoc Warriors Orochi 2 PS2 / XB360 Beat ' em up 2008 Local Split No Warriors , The PS2 / Xbox / PSP Beat ' em up 2005 Local Split No Watchmen : The End Is Nigh PC / PS3 / XB360 Beat ' em up 2009 Local Split No We Love Katamari PS2 Puzzle 2005 Local Shared No ( ? ) White Knight Chronicles PS3 jRPG PSN Full Yes * * No SP campaign : separate co-op content . Will Rock PC FPS 2003 LAN , Online Full No Wizard of Wor Arcade / Atari 8 - bit / Atari 2600 / Atari 5200 / Commodore 64 / Bally Astrocade Action - adventure 1981 Local Full Wolf of the Battlefield : Commando 3 PS3 / XB360 * Shoot ' em up 2008 Local , Online Shared No * PSN / XBLA Wolfenstein : Youngblood PS4 / Xbox One / Nintendo Switch / Microsoft Windows First - person shooter / Action - adventure 2019 Local , Online Shared No * Steam / PlayStation Network / Xbox Live Wonder Boy III : Monster Lair Gen Platformer 1988 Local Shared No Woody Woodpecker Racing GBC / PSX / PC Racing 2000 Local Splitscreen No versus mode only World Combat Arcade Shooter 2003 2 * Local ? No * 2 -- 4 , depending on version World in Conflict PC RTS 2007 16 ( ? ) LAN , Online Full Yes * * SP Campaign is not available ; AI skirmishes only World in Conflict XB360 RTS 2008 ? Xbox Live Full Yes ( ? ) * * SP Campaign is not available ; AI skirmishes only ( ? ) World of Goo Wii / Linux Puzzle 2008 1 - 4 Local Shared No * Linux need modify config to use more mouse World of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck GEN Platformer 1992 Local Shared No WorldShift PC RTS 2008 LAN , Online Full Yes * * Separate co-op content needs to be unlocked through SP . X-Men GEN Platformer 1993 Local Shared ( ? ) No X-Men Arcade Action 1992 2 * * Up to 6 , depending on a version X-Men 2 : Clone Wars GEN Action 1995 Local Shared ( ? ) No X-Men Legends PS2 / Xbox / GC / PSP Action RPG Local , Online * Shared * No * Platform differences apply X-Men Legends II : Rise of Apocalypse PC / PS2 / Xbox / GC / PSP Action RPG 2005 Local , Online * Shared * No * Platform differences apply X-Men : Reign of Apocalypse GBA Beat ' em up 2001 Link Cable Full No ( ? ) - Xenophobe Arcade / NES / Other Platformer 2 * Local Shared No * 3 in Arcade version Zombie Wranglers XB360 * Shoot ' em up 2009 Local , Xbox Live Shared No * XBLA Zombie Apocalypse PS3 / XB360 Shoot ' em up 2009 Local Shared Yes Zombies Ate My Neighbors GEN / SNES Shoot ' em up 1993 Local Shared No See also ( edit ) List of cooperative PlayStation 3 games List of cooperative Xbox 360 games References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.gamerbytes.com/2009/04/ms_spring_09_preview_square_re.php Jump up ^ `` Indie - Ana Co-Op and The Dev Stories - You 're All In This Together '' . Co-Optimus . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Road Rash : Jailbreak '' . GameFAQs : PlayStation . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Road Rash : Jailbreak '' . GameFAQs : Game Boy Advance . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Road Rash : Jailbreak '' . Mooch . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Jedi Starfighter ( PS2 ) '' . Co-Optimu . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Jedi Starfighter ( Xbox ) '' . Co-Optimus . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Players Guide to Fantasy Games '' . Electronic Games . June 1983 . p. 47 . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_cooperative_video_games&oldid=852125593 '' Categories : Cooperative video games Video game gameplay Video game lists by technology or feature Hidden categories : Dynamic lists All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2018 , at 20 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Cooperative gameplay in video games 2. List of cooperative video games 3. Multiplayer gaming 4. Online co-op gaming 5. Local co-op gaming

who is the father of revolution in india

List of Father or mother of various fields in India - wikipedia List of Father or mother of various fields in India hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article is an orphan , as no other articles link to it . Please introduce links to this page from related articles ; try the Find link tool for suggestions . ( June 2017 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following is a list of significant men and women known for being the father , mother , or considered the founders . This list is related to India at nation level . In most non-science fields , the title of being the `` father '' is debatable . All ( edit ) Field Person Title ( in India only ) Reason and Other Notes Politics Mahatma Gandhi Father of the Nation Reason : For his role in Indian Independence movement against British rule through Ahimsa or Non-violence . Inspired movements for civil rights and freedom from colonial rule across the world . Known as Bapu or Father . Politics Raja Ram Mohan Roy Raja Ram Mohan Roy Father of Modern India Reason : Renaissance in Bengal Presidency . His efforts to protect Hinduism and Indian Rights . Founder of Brahmo Samaj Other Titles : Father of Renaissance . Maker of Modern India . Father of Modern Indian political thought . Politics Potti Sreeramulu Father of Linguistic Democracy Reason : Died fasting for the creation of independent Andhra State which in turn paved the way for creation of other linguistic states throughout India . Ardent proponent of linguistic statehoods as the progress of linguistic groups of diverse Indian population . Freedom fighter in Indian Independence movement against British rule through Ahimsa or Non-violence . Other Titles : Father of All - India Movement for Linguistic States Politics B.R. Ambedkar ( Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar ) Father of Constitution Reason : Principal architect of Constitution of India . Known as Baba Saheb . Notes : Awards : Bharat Ratna Economics M.G. Ranade ( Mahadev Govind Ranade ) Father of Modern Economics Reason : Notes : Economics Manmohan Singh Father of Modern Economic Reforms Reason : As the Finance Minister , for his economic reforms during 90s . Notes : Title is later attributed ( in 2000s ) to P.V. Narasimha Rao who was the Prime Minister at the time . Science Homi J. Bhabha Father of Nuclear / Atomic Program Reason : Notes : Awards : Science Vikram Sarabhai Father of Space Program Reason : Notes : Awards : Science A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam ) Father of Missile Program Reason : Notes : Awards : Bharat Ratna Comics Anant Pai Father of Comic Books Reason : Notes : Awards : Geography James Rennell Father of Geography Reason : Produced the famous Bengal Atlas . Notes : Awards : Cinema Dadasaheb Phalke ( Dhundiraj Govind Phalke ) Father of Cinema Reason : Notes : Awards : Agriculture N.G. Ranga ( Gogineni Ranga Nayukulu ) Father of Peasant Movement Reason : Notes : Awards : Padma Vibhushan Biology Birbal Sahni Father of Paleobotany Reason : Notes : Awards : Biology Hiralal Chaudhari Father of Blue Revolution Reason : Notes : Awards : Biology M.S. Swaminathan ( Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan ) Father of Green Revolution Reason : Notes : Awards : Biology Verghese Kurien Father of White Revolution Reason : Notes : Awards : Biology Shalihotra Father of Veterinary Science Reason : Notes : Awards : Entrepreneur J.R.D. Tata ( Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata ) Father of Civil Aviation Reason : Notes : Awards : Bharat Ratna Military Subroto Mukerjee Father of Air Force Reason : Notes : Awards : Engineering Sir Mokshagundam Vishweshvaraiah Father of Civil Engineering Reason : Notes : His birthday is celebrated as the Engineer 's Day . Authored : `` Planned Economy for India '' ( 1932 ) Posts : Dewan of Mysore Kingdom Awards : Bharat Ratna Other Titles : Engineer Statesman , Father of Planning , Chief Architect of Modern Karnataka Medicine Sushruta Father of Surgery Reason : Notes : Philosophy Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Reason : For his role in reinterpreting Advaita Vedanta tradition for a contemporary understanding . He defended Hinduism against `` uninformed Western criticism '' , contributing to the formation of contemporary Hindu identity . He has been influential in shaping the understanding of Hinduism , in both India and the west , and earned a reputation as a bridge - builder between India and the West . Notes : His birthday is celebrated as the Teacher 's Day . Posts : First Vice President of India , Second President of India Awards : Bharat Ratna Politica Vallabhbhai Patel Iron Man of India Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael Hawley , Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan ( 1888 -- 1975 ) , Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bombay , Macmillan , firm publishers ( 1953 ) . The Father of the Nation . Jump up ^ Parekh , Manilal Chhotalal ( 1927 ) . Rajarshi Ram Mohan Roy . Oriental Christ House . Jump up ^ `` The Hindu : Linguistic States wo n't lead to chauvinism : Rangarajan '' . www.thehindu.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Gupta , C. Dwarakanath ( 1999 ) . Socio - cultural History of an Indian Caste . Mittal Publications . ISBN 9788170997269 . Jump up ^ Andhra Pradesh . Director of Information and Public Relations , Andhra Pradesh. 1969 . Jump up ^ Grover , Verinder ( 1992 ) . Political Thinkers of Modern India : B.R. Ambedkar . Deep & Deep Publications . ISBN 9788171004270 . Jump up ^ Russell , Malcolm ( 2014 - 08 - 21 ) . The Middle East and South Asia 2014 . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 9781475812367 . Jump up ^ Bhushan , K. ; Katyal , G. ( 2004 ) . Manmohan Singh : Visionary to Certainty . APH Publishing . ISBN 9788176486941 . Jump up ^ SANGHVI , VIR ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) . MANDATE : WILL OF THE PEOPLE . Westland . ISBN 9789384030391 . Jump up ^ Richelson , Jeffrey Richelson . `` U.S. Intelligence and the Indian Bomb '' . The National Security Archive , The George Washington University . Published through National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 187 . Retrieved 24 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lal , S. ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ) . 50 Magnificent Indians Of The 20Th Century . Jaico Publishing House . ISBN 9788179926987 . Jump up ^ Hawley , Radhakrishnan , IEP bio Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_father_or_mother_of_various_fields_in_India&oldid=854133064 '' Categories : India - related lists Founders by field Hidden categories : Orphaned articles from June 2017 All orphaned articles Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 05 : 24 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. Father of the Nation - Mahatma Gandhi 2. Father of Modern India - Raja Ram Mohan Roy 3. Father of Linguistic Democracy - Potti Sreeramulu 4. Father of the Constitution - B.R. Ambedkar 5. Father of Modern Economic Reforms - Manmohan Singh

what is the difference between research and experiment

Experiment - wikipedia Experiment Jump to : navigation , search `` Experimental '' redirects here . For the musical classification , see Experimental music . For other uses , see Experiment ( disambiguation ) . Even very young children perform rudimentary experiments to learn about the world and how things work . An experiment is a procedure carried out to support , refute , or validate a hypothesis . Experiments provide insight into cause - and - effect by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated . Experiments vary greatly in goal and scale , but always rely on repeatable procedure and logical analysis of the results . There also exists natural experimental studies . A child may carry out basic experiments to understand gravity , while teams of scientists may take years of systematic investigation to advance their understanding of a phenomenon . Experiments and other types of hands - on activities are very important to student learning in the science classroom . Experiments can raise test scores and help a student become more engaged and interested in the material they are learning , especially when used over time . Experiments can vary from personal and informal natural comparisons ( e.g. tasting a range of chocolates to find a favorite ) , to highly controlled ( e.g. tests requiring complex apparatus overseen by many scientists that hope to discover information about subatomic particles ) . Uses of experiments vary considerably between the natural and human sciences . Experiments typically include controls , which are designed to minimize the effects of variables other than the single independent variable . This increases the reliability of the results , often through a comparison between control measurements and the other measurements . Scientific controls are a part of the scientific method . Ideally , all variables in an experiment are controlled ( accounted for by the control measurements ) and none are uncontrolled . In such an experiment , if all controls work as expected , it is possible to conclude that the experiment works as intended , and that results are due to the effect of the tested variable . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 History 3 Types of experiment 3.1 Controlled experiments 3.2 Natural experiments 3.3 Field experiments 4 Contrast with observational study 5 Ethics 6 Experimental method in law 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Further reading 10 External links Overview ( edit ) In the scientific method , an experiment is an empirical procedure that arbitrates competing models or hypotheses . Researchers also use experimentation to test existing theories or new hypotheses to support or disprove them . An experiment usually tests a hypothesis , which is an expectation about how a particular process or phenomenon works . However , an experiment may also aim to answer a `` what - if '' question , without a specific expectation about what the experiment reveals , or to confirm prior results . If an experiment is carefully conducted , the results usually either support or disprove the hypothesis . According to some philosophies of science , an experiment can never `` prove '' a hypothesis , it can only add support . On the other hand , an experiment that provides a counterexample can disprove a theory or hypothesis , but a theory can always be salvaged by appropriate ad hoc modifications at the expense of simplicity . An experiment must also control the possible confounding factors -- any factors that would mar the accuracy or repeatability of the experiment or the ability to interpret the results . Confounding is commonly eliminated through scientific controls and / or , in randomized experiments , through random assignment . In engineering and the physical sciences , experiments are a primary component of the scientific method . They are used to test theories and hypotheses about how physical processes work under particular conditions ( e.g. , whether a particular engineering process can produce a desired chemical compound ) . Typically , experiments in these fields focus on replication of identical procedures in hopes of producing identical results in each replication . Random assignment is uncommon . In medicine and the social sciences , the prevalence of experimental research varies widely across disciplines . When used , however , experiments typically follow the form of the clinical trial , where experimental units ( usually individual human beings ) are randomly assigned to a treatment or control condition where one or more outcomes are assessed . In contrast to norms in the physical sciences , the focus is typically on the average treatment effect ( the difference in outcomes between the treatment and control groups ) or another test statistic produced by the experiment . A single study typically does not involve replications of the experiment , but separate studies may be aggregated through systematic review and meta - analysis . There are various differences in experimental practice in each of the branches of science . For example , agricultural research frequently uses randomized experiments ( e.g. , to test the comparative effectiveness of different fertilizers ) , while experimental economics often involves experimental tests of theorized human behaviors without relying on random assignment of individuals to treatment and control conditions . History ( edit ) Main article : History of experiments One of the first methodical approaches to experiments in the modern sense is visible in the works of the arab mathematician and scholar Ibn al - Hatham . He conducted his experiments in the field of optics - going back to optical and mathematical problems in the works of Ptolemy - by controlling his experiments due to factors such as self - criticality , reliance on visible results of the experiments as well as a criticality in terms of earlier results . He counts as one of the first scientists / philosophers using an inductive - experimental method for achieving results . In his book `` Optics '' he describes the fundamentally new approach to knowledge and research in an experimental sense : `` We should , that is , recommence the inquiry into its principles and premisses , beginning our investigation with an inspection of the things that exist and a survey of the conditions of visible objects . We should distinguish the properties of particulars , and gather by induction what pertains to the eye when vision takes place and what is found in the manner of sensation to be uniform , unchanging , manifest and not subject to doubt . After which we should ascend in our inquiry and reasonings , gradually and orderly , criticizing premisses and exercising caution in regard to conclusions -- our aim in all that we make subject to inspection and review being to employ justice , not to follow prejudice , and to take care in all that we judge and criticize that we seek the truth and not to be swayed by opinion . We may in this way eventually come to the truth that gratifies the heart and gradually and carefully reach the end at which certainty appears ; while through criticism and caution we may seize the truth that dispels disagreement and resolves doubtful matters . For all that , we are not free from that human turbidity which is in the nature of man ; but we must do our best with what we possess of human power . From God we derive support in all things. `` According to his explanation , a strictly controlled test execution with a sensibility for the subjectivity and susceptibility of outcomes due to the nature of man is necessary . Furthermore , a critical view on the results and outcomes of earlier scholars is necessary : `` It is thus the duty of the man who studies the writings of scientists , if learning the truth is his goal , to make himself an enemy of all that he reads , and , applying his mind to the core and margins of its content , attack it from every side . He should also suspect himself as he performs his critical examination of it , so that he may avoid falling into either prejudice or leniency . '' Thus , a comparison of earlier results with the experimental results is necessary for an objective experiment - the visible results being more important . In the end , this may mean that an experimental researcher must find enough courage to discard traditional opinions or results , especially if these results are not experimental but results from a logical / mental derivation . In this process of critical consideration , the man himself should not forget that he tends to subjective opinions - through `` prejudices '' and `` leniency '' - and thus has to be critical about his own way of building hypotheses . Francis Bacon ( 1561 -- 1626 ) , an English philosopher and scientist active in the 17th century , became an influential supporter of experimental science in the english renaissance . He disagreed with the method of answering scientific questions by deduction - similar to Ibn al - Haytham - and described it as follows : `` Having first determined the question according to his will , man then resorts to experience , and bending her to conformity with his placets , leads her about like a captive in a procession . '' Bacon wanted a method that relied on repeatable observations , or experiments . Notably , he first ordered the scientific method as we understand it today . There remains simple experience ; which , if taken as it comes , is called accident , if sought for , experiment . The true method of experience first lights the candle ( hypothesis ) , and then by means of the candle shows the way ( arranges and delimits the experiment ) ; commencing as it does with experience duly ordered and digested , not bungling or erratic , and from it deducing axioms ( theories ) , and from established axioms again new experiments . In the centuries that followed , people who applied the scientific method in different areas made important advances and discoveries . For example , Galileo Galilei ( 1564 - 1642 ) accurately measured time and experimented to make accurate measurements and conclusions about the speed of a falling body . Antoine Lavoisier ( 1743 - 1794 ) , a French chemist , used experiment to describe new areas , such as combustion and biochemistry and to develop the theory of conservation of mass ( matter ) . Louis Pasteur ( 1822 - 1895 ) used the scientific method to disprove the prevailing theory of spontaneous generation and to develop the germ theory of disease . Because of the importance of controlling potentially confounding variables , the use of well - designed laboratory experiments is preferred when possible . A considerable amount of progress on the design and analysis of experiments occurred in the early 20th century , with contributions from statisticians such as Ronald Fisher ( 1890 - 1962 ) , Jerzy Neyman ( 1894 - 1981 ) , Oscar Kempthorne ( 1919 - 2000 ) , Gertrude Mary Cox ( 1900 - 1978 ) , and William Gemmell Cochran ( 1909 - 1980 ) , among others . Types of experiment ( edit ) Experiments might be categorized according to a number of dimensions , depending upon professional norms and standards in different fields of study . In some disciplines ( e.g. , psychology or political science ) , a ' true experiment ' is a method of social research in which there are two kinds of variables . The independent variable is manipulated by the experimenter , and the dependent variable is measured . The signifying characteristic of a true experiment is that it randomly allocates the subjects to neutralize experimenter bias , and ensures , over a large number of iterations of the experiment , that it controls for all confounding factors . Controlled experiments ( edit ) Main articles : Scientific control and Design of experiments A controlled experiment often compares the results obtained from experimental samples against control samples , which are practically identical to the experimental sample except for the one aspect whose effect is being tested ( the independent variable ) . A good example would be a drug trial . The sample or group receiving the drug would be the experimental group ( treatment group ) ; and the one receiving the placebo or regular treatment would be the control one . In many laboratory experiments it is good practice to have several replicate samples for the test being performed and have both a positive control and a negative control . The results from replicate samples can often be averaged , or if one of the replicates is obviously inconsistent with the results from the other samples , it can be discarded as being the result of an experimental error ( some step of the test procedure may have been mistakenly omitted for that sample ) . Most often , tests are done in duplicate or triplicate . A positive control is a procedure similar to the actual experimental test but is known from previous experience to give a positive result . A negative control is known to give a negative result . The positive control confirms that the basic conditions of the experiment were able to produce a positive result , even if none of the actual experimental samples produce a positive result . The negative control demonstrates the base - line result obtained when a test does not produce a measurable positive result . Most often the value of the negative control is treated as a `` background '' value to subtract from the test sample results . Sometimes the positive control takes the quadrant of a standard curve . An example that is often used in teaching laboratories is a controlled protein assay . Students might be given a fluid sample containing an unknown ( to the student ) amount of protein . It is their job to correctly perform a controlled experiment in which they determine the concentration of protein in the fluid sample ( usually called the `` unknown sample '' ) . The teaching lab would be equipped with a protein standard solution with a known protein concentration . Students could make several positive control samples containing various dilutions of the protein standard . Negative control samples would contain all of the reagents for the protein assay but no protein . In this example , all samples are performed in duplicate . The assay is a colorimetric assay in which a spectrophotometer can measure the amount of protein in samples by detecting a colored complex formed by the interaction of protein molecules and molecules of an added dye . In the illustration , the results for the diluted test samples can be compared to the results of the standard curve ( the blue line in the illustration ) to estimate the amount of protein in the unknown sample . Controlled experiments can be performed when it is difficult to exactly control all the conditions in an experiment . In this case , the experiment begins by creating two or more sample groups that are probabilistically equivalent , which means that measurements of traits should be similar among the groups and that the groups should respond in the same manner if given the same treatment . This equivalency is determined by statistical methods that take into account the amount of variation between individuals and the number of individuals in each group . In fields such as microbiology and chemistry , where there is very little variation between individuals and the group size is easily in the millions , these statistical methods are often bypassed and simply splitting a solution into equal parts is assumed to produce identical sample groups . Once equivalent groups have been formed , the experimenter tries to treat them identically except for the one variable that he or she wishes to isolate . Human experimentation requires special safeguards against outside variables such as the placebo effect . Such experiments are generally double blind , meaning that neither the volunteer nor the researcher knows which individuals are in the control group or the experimental group until after all of the data have been collected . This ensures that any effects on the volunteer are due to the treatment itself and are not a response to the knowledge that he is being treated . In human experiments , researchers may give a subject ( person ) a stimulus that the subject responds to . The goal of the experiment is to measure the response to the stimulus by a test method . Original map by John Snow showing the clusters of cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854 In the design of experiments , two or more `` treatments '' are applied to estimate the difference between the mean responses for the treatments . For example , an experiment on baking bread could estimate the difference in the responses associated with quantitative variables , such as the ratio of water to flour , and with qualitative variables , such as strains of yeast . Experimentation is the step in the scientific method that helps people decide between two or more competing explanations -- or hypotheses . These hypotheses suggest reasons to explain a phenomenon , or predict the results of an action . An example might be the hypothesis that `` if I release this ball , it will fall to the floor '' : this suggestion can then be tested by carrying out the experiment of letting go of the ball , and observing the results . Formally , a hypothesis is compared against its opposite or null hypothesis ( `` if I release this ball , it will not fall to the floor '' ) . The null hypothesis is that there is no explanation or predictive power of the phenomenon through the reasoning that is being investigated . Once hypotheses are defined , an experiment can be carried out and the results analysed to confirm , refute , or define the accuracy of the hypotheses . Natural experiments ( edit ) Main article : Natural experiment The term `` experiment '' usually implies a controlled experiment , but sometimes controlled experiments are prohibitively difficult or impossible . In this case researchers resort to natural experiments or quasi-experiments . Natural experiments rely solely on observations of the variables of the system under study , rather than manipulation of just one or a few variables as occurs in controlled experiments . To the degree possible , they attempt to collect data for the system in such a way that contribution from all variables can be determined , and where the effects of variation in certain variables remain approximately constant so that the effects of other variables can be discerned . The degree to which this is possible depends on the observed correlation between explanatory variables in the observed data . When these variables are not well correlated , natural experiments can approach the power of controlled experiments . Usually , however , there is some correlation between these variables , which reduces the reliability of natural experiments relative to what could be concluded if a controlled experiment were performed . Also , because natural experiments usually take place in uncontrolled environments , variables from undetected sources are neither measured nor held constant , and these may produce illusory correlations in variables under study . Much research in several science disciplines , including economics , political science , geology , paleontology , ecology , meteorology , and astronomy , relies on quasi-experiments . For example , in astronomy it is clearly impossible , when testing the hypothesis `` Stars are collapsed clouds of hydrogen '' , to start out with a giant cloud of hydrogen , and then perform the experiment of waiting a few billion years for it to form a star . However , by observing various clouds of hydrogen in various states of collapse , and other implications of the hypothesis ( for example , the presence of various spectral emissions from the light of stars ) , we can collect data we require to support the hypothesis . An early example of this type of experiment was the first verification in the 17th century that light does not travel from place to place instantaneously , but instead has a measurable speed . Observation of the appearance of the moons of Jupiter were slightly delayed when Jupiter was farther from Earth , as opposed to when Jupiter was closer to Earth ; and this phenomenon was used to demonstrate that the difference in the time of appearance of the moons was consistent with a measurable speed . Field experiments ( edit ) Main article : Field experiment Field experiments are so named to distinguish them from laboratory experiments , which enforce scientific control by testing a hypothesis in the artificial and highly controlled setting of a laboratory . Often used in the social sciences , and especially in economic analyses of education and health interventions , field experiments have the advantage that outcomes are observed in a natural setting rather than in a contrived laboratory environment . For this reason , field experiments are sometimes seen as having higher external validity than laboratory experiments . However , like natural experiments , field experiments suffer from the possibility of contamination : experimental conditions can be controlled with more precision and certainty in the lab . Yet some phenomena ( e.g. , voter turnout in an election ) can not be easily studied in a laboratory . Contrast with observational study ( edit ) The black box model for observation ( input and output are observables ) . When there are a feedback with some observer 's control , as illustrated , the observation is also an experiment . An observational study is used when it is impractical , unethical , cost - prohibitive ( or otherwise inefficient ) to fit a physical or social system into a laboratory setting , to completely control confounding factors , or to apply random assignment . It can also be used when confounding factors are either limited or known well enough to analyze the data in light of them ( though this may be rare when social phenomena are under examination ) . For an observational science to be valid , the experimenter must know and account for confounding factors . In these situations , observational studies have value because they often suggest hypotheses that can be tested with randomized experiments or by collecting fresh data . Fundamentally , however , observational studies are not experiments . By definition , observational studies lack the manipulation required for Baconian experiments . In addition , observational studies ( e.g. , in biological or social systems ) often involve variables that are difficult to quantify or control . Observational studies are limited because they lack the statistical properties of randomized experiments . In a randomized experiment , the method of randomization specified in the experimental protocol guides the statistical analysis , which is usually specified also by the experimental protocol . Without a statistical model that reflects an objective randomization , the statistical analysis relies on a subjective model . Inferences from subjective models are unreliable in theory and practice . In fact , there are several cases where carefully conducted observational studies consistently give wrong results , that is , where the results of the observational studies are inconsistent and also differ from the results of experiments . For example , epidemiological studies of colon cancer consistently show beneficial correlations with broccoli consumption , while experiments find no benefit . A particular problem with observational studies involving human subjects is the great difficulty attaining fair comparisons between treatments ( or exposures ) , because such studies are prone to selection bias , and groups receiving different treatments ( exposures ) may differ greatly according to their covariates ( age , height , weight , medications , exercise , nutritional status , ethnicity , family medical history , etc . ) . In contrast , randomization implies that for each covariate , the mean for each group is expected to be the same . For any randomized trial , some variation from the mean is expected , of course , but the randomization ensures that the experimental groups have mean values that are close , due to the central limit theorem and Markov 's inequality . With inadequate randomization or low sample size , the systematic variation in covariates between the treatment groups ( or exposure groups ) makes it difficult to separate the effect of the treatment ( exposure ) from the effects of the other covariates , most of which have not been measured . The mathematical models used to analyze such data must consider each differing covariate ( if measured ) , and results are not meaningful if a covariate is neither randomized nor included in the model . To avoid conditions that render an experiment far less useful , physicians conducting medical trials -- say for U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval -- quantify and randomize the covariates that can be identified . Researchers attempt to reduce the biases of observational studies with complicated statistical methods such as propensity score matching methods , which require large populations of subjects and extensive information on covariates . Outcomes are also quantified when possible ( bone density , the amount of some cell or substance in the blood , physical strength or endurance , etc . ) and not based on a subject 's or a professional observer 's opinion . In this way , the design of an observational study can render the results more objective and therefore , more convincing . Ethics ( edit ) Main article : Research ethics By placing the distribution of the independent variable ( s ) under the control of the researcher , an experiment -- particularly when it involves human subjects -- introduces potential ethical considerations , such as balancing benefit and harm , fairly distributing interventions ( e.g. , treatments for a disease ) , and informed consent . For example , in psychology or health care , it is unethical to provide a substandard treatment to patients . Therefore , ethical review boards are supposed to stop clinical trials and other experiments unless a new treatment is believed to offer benefits as good as current best practice . It is also generally unethical ( and often illegal ) to conduct randomized experiments on the effects of substandard or harmful treatments , such as the effects of ingesting arsenic on human health . To understand the effects of such exposures , scientists sometimes use observational studies to understand the effects of those factors . Even when experimental research does not directly involve human subjects , it may still present ethical concerns . For example , the nuclear bomb experiments conducted by the Manhattan Project implied the use of nuclear reactions to harm human beings even though the experiments did not directly involve any human subjects . Experimental method in law ( edit ) The experimental method can be useful in solving juridical problems . See also ( edit ) Black box experimentation Design of experiments Experimental physics List of experiments Long - term experiment Concept development and experimentation Allegiance bias Experimentum crucis Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stohr - Hunt , Patricia ( 1996 ) . `` An Analysis of Frequency of Hands - on Experience and Science Achievement '' . Journal of Research in Science Teaching. 33 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1098 - 2736 ( 199601 ) 33 : 1 < 101 : : AID - TEA6 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - Z . Jump up ^ Cooperstock , Fred I. ( 2009 ) . General relativistic dynamics : extending Einstein 's legacy throughout the universe ( Online - Ausg . ed . ) . Singapore : World Scientific . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 4271 - 16 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Griffith , W. Thomas ( 2001 ) . The physics of everyday phenomena : a conceptual introduction to physics ( 3rd ed . ) . Boston : McGraw - Hill . pp. 3 -- 4 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 232837 - 1 . Jump up ^ Wilczek , Frank ; Devine , Betsy ( 2006 ) . Fantastic realities : 49 mind journeys and a trip to Stockholm . New Jersey : World Scientific . pp. 61 -- 62 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 256 - 649 - 2 . Jump up ^ Holland , Paul W. ( December 1986 ) . `` Statistics and Causal Inference '' . Journal of the American Statistical Association . 81 ( 396 ) : 945 . doi : 10.2307 / 2289064 . JSTOR 2289064 . Jump up ^ Druckman , James N. ; Greene , Donald P. ; Kuklinski , James H. ; Lupia , Arthur , eds. ( 2011 ) . Cambridge handbook of experimental political science . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521174558 . Jump up ^ `` History of scientific method '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ El - Bizri , Nader ( 2005 ) . `` A Philosophical Perspective on Alhazen 's Optics '' . Arabic Sciences and Philosophy ( Cambridge University Press ) . Vol. 15 , Issue 2 : pp. 189 -- 218 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Ibn al - Haytham , Abu Ali Al - Hasan . Optics . pp. page 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Ibn al - Haytham , Abi Ali Al - Hasan . Dubitationes in Ptolemaeum . pp. page 3 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Having first determined the question according to his will , man then resorts to experience , and bending her to conformity with his placets , leads her about like a captive in a procession . '' Bacon , Francis . Novum Organum , i , 63 . Quoted in Durant 2012 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Durant , Will ( 2012 ) . The story of philosophy : the lives and opinions of the great philosophers of the western world ( 2d ed . ) . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 69500 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bell , Madison Smartt ( 2005 ) . Lavoisier in the Year One : The Birth of a New Science in an Age of Revolution . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 9780393051551 . Jump up ^ Brock , Thomas D , ed. ( 1988 ) . Pasteur and Modern Science ( New illustrated ed . ) . Springer . ISBN 9783540501015 . Jump up ^ `` Types of experiments '' . Department of Psychology , University of California Davis . Archived from the original on 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Dunning 2012 ^ Jump up to : Hinkelmann , Klaus and Kempthorne , Oscar ( 2008 ) . Design and Analysis of Experiments , Volume I : Introduction to Experimental Design ( Second ed . ) . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 72756 - 9 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Freedman , David ; Pisani , Robert ; Purves , Roger ( 2007 ) . Statistics ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 92972 - 0 . Jump up ^ Freedman , David A. ( 2009 ) . Statistical models : theory and practice ( Revised ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 74385 - 3 . Jump up ^ Bailey , R.A. ( 2008 ) . Design of comparative experiments . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521683579 . Jump up ^ Zippelius , von Reinhold ( 1991 ) . Die experimentierende Methode im Recht . Stuttgart : Steiner . ISBN 978 - 3515059015 . Further reading ( edit ) Dunning , Thad ( 2012 ) . Natural experiments in the social sciences : a design - based approach . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1107698000 . Shadish , William R. ; Cook , Thomas D. ; Campbell , Donald T. ( 2002 ) . Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference ( Nachdr . ed . ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 395 - 61556 - 9 . ( Excerpts ) Jeremy , Teigen ( 2014 ) . `` Experimental Methods in Military and Veteran Studies '' . In Soeters , Joseph ; Shields , Patricia ; Rietjens , Sebastiaan . Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in Military Studies . New York : Routledge . pp. 228 -- 238 . 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1. Experiment procedure 2. Cause and effect 3. Controlled experiments 4. Natural experiments 5. Field experiments

countries that came out of the soviet union

Post-Soviet states - wikipedia Post-Soviet states Jump to : navigation , search Post-Soviet states in English alphabetical order : Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan The post-Soviet states , also collectively known as the former Soviet Union ( FSU ) or former Soviet Republics , are the states that emerged and re-emerged from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in its breakup in 1991 , with Russia internationally recognised as the successor state to the Soviet Union after the Cold War . The three Baltic states were the first to declare their independence , between March and May 1990 , claiming continuity from the original states that existed prior to their annexation by the Soviet Union in 1940 . The remaining 12 republics all subsequently seceded. 12 of the 15 states , excluding the Baltic states , initially formed the CIS and most joined CSTO , while the Baltic states focused on European Union and NATO membership . Several disputed states with varying degrees of recognition exist within the territory of the former Soviet Union : Transnistria in eastern Moldova , Abkhazia and South Ossetia in northern Georgia , Republic of Artsakh in southwestern Azerbaijan . Since 2014 the Donetsk People 's Republic and Luhansk People 's Republic in southeast Ukraine have claimed independence . All these polities ( except Artsakh ) relied on Russian military and financial aid , Artsakh is very integrated with Armenia , who also maintain close military cooperation with Russia . Prior to the Annexation of Crimea by Russia from Ukraine in March 2014 , which is not recognized by most countries , it briefly declared its independence . Contents ( hide ) 1 Country comparison 1.1 States and geographical groupings 1.2 General statistics 1.3 Current leaders 1.3. 1 Heads of state 1.3. 2 Heads of government 2 Economy 3 Developmental progress 4 Regional organizations 4.1 Commonwealth of Independent States 4.2 Eurasian Economic Community 4.3 Customs Union of Belarus , Kazakhstan and Russia 4.4 Eurasian Economic Union 4.5 Collective Security Treaty Organization 4.6 North Atlantic Treaty Organization 4.7 GUAM 4.8 Union of Russia and Belarus 5 Other regional organizations 5.1 Economic Cooperation Organization 5.2 Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations 5.3 Community of Democratic Choice 5.4 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 5.5 Economic cooperation organizations 5.6 Political integration and security alliances 5.6. 1 Organizations in other domains 5.7 Other organizations 6 Politics 6.1 Separatist conflicts 6.1. 1 Current declared states 6.1. 2 Former declared states 6.2 Civil wars 6.3 Colour revolutions 6.4 Russian population in post-Soviet states 6.5 Religion 6.6 LGBT rights 7 Post-Soviet nostalgia 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Country comparison ( edit ) States and geographical groupings ( edit ) Common groupings of the post-Soviet states : Baltic states Central Asia Eastern Europe Russia Transcaucasia The 15 post-Soviet states are typically divided into the following five groupings . Each of these regions has its own common set of traits , owing not only to geographic and cultural factors but also to that region 's history in relation to Russia . In addition , there are a number of de facto independent , but internationally unrecognized states ( see the section Separatist conflicts below ) . Baltic states Estonia Latvia Lithuania Central Asia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Eastern Europe Belarus Moldova Ukraine Eurasia Russia Transcaucasia Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia General statistics ( edit ) Country Coat of arms Flag Capital Independence Area ( km2 ) Area ( mi2 ) Population Density ( pop. / km2 ) Density ( pop. / mi2 ) Date Population source Russia ( Russian Federation ) Moscow 1991 - 12 - 12 17,098,242 6,601,668 143,975,923 8.42 21.8 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate Ukraine Kiev 1991 - 08 - 24 603,628 233,062 45,377,581 75 194 April 1 , 2014 Monthly official estimate Belarus ( Republic of Belarus ) Minsk 1991 - 08 - 25 207,600 80,155 9,765,469 46 119 July 1 , 2014 Quarterly official estimate Uzbekistan ( Republic of Uzbekistan ) Tashkent 1991 - 08 - 31 444,103 171,469 30,492,800 69 179 January 1 , 2014 Official estimate Kazakhstan ( Republic of Kazakhstan ) Astana 1991 - 12 - 16 2,724,900 1,052,090 17,186,000 6.31 16 February 1 , 2014 Monthly official estimate Georgia Tbilisi ( executive ) Kutaisi ( legislative ) 1991 - 04 - 09 69,700 26,911 4,490,500 64 166 January 1 , 2014 Official estimate Azerbaijan ( Republic of Azerbaijan ) Baku 1991 - 08 - 30 86,600 33,436 9,477,100 109 282 December 31 , 2013 Official estimate Lithuania ( Republic of Lithuania ) Vilnius 1918 - 02 - 16 ( current ) 1990 - 03 - 11 ( restored ) 65,300 25,212 2,944,459 45 117 January 1 , 2014 Monthly official estimate Moldova ( Republic of Moldova ) Chișinău 1991 - 08 - 27 33,843 13,067 3,550,900 105 272 January 1 , 2017 Official estimate Latvia ( Republic of Latvia ) Riga 1918 - 11 - 18 ( current ) 1991 - 08 - 21 ( restored ) 64,562 24,928 2,005,200 31 80 January 1 , 2014 Monthly official estimate Kyrgyzstan ( Kyrgyz Republic ) Bishkek 1991 - 08 - 31 199,945 77,199 5,895,100 29.5 76 2015 Official estimate Tajikistan ( Republic of Tajikistan ) Dushanbe 1991 - 09 - 09 143,100 55,251 8,160,000 57 148 January 1 , 2014 Official estimate Armenia ( Republic of Armenia ) Yerevan 1991 - 09 - 21 29,743 11,484 3,024,100 102 264 2012 Official estimate Turkmenistan Ashgabat 1991 - 10 - 27 491,210 189,657 5,240,000 10.7 27.7 July 1 , 2013 UN estimate Estonia ( Republic of Estonia ) Tallinn 1918 - 02 - 24 ( current ) 1991 - 08 - 20 ( restored ) 45,339 17,505 1,313,271 29 75 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate Total overall of the former USSR Moscow 1991 - 12 - 26 22,307,815 8,613,096 292,610,734 13.1 34 Various Dates Various Sources Area includes land and water . Current leaders ( edit ) Heads of state ( edit ) Russia Vladimir Putin President of Russia Ukraine Petro Poroshenko President of Ukraine Belarus Alexander Lukashenko President of Belarus Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev President of Uzbekistan Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev President of Kazakhstan Georgia Giorgi Margvelashvili President of Georgia Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev President of Azerbaijan Lithuania Dalia Grybauskaitė President of Lithuania Moldova Igor Dodon President of Moldova Latvia Raimonds Vējonis President of Latvia Kyrgyzstan Sooronbay Jeenbekov President of Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon President of Tajikistan Armenia Armen Sarkissian President of Armenia Turkmenistan Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow President of Turkmenistan Estonia Kersti Kaljulaid President of Estonia Heads of government ( edit ) Russia Dmitry Medvedev Prime Minister of Russia Ukraine Volodymyr Groysman Prime Minister of Ukraine Belarus Andrei Kobyakov Prime Minister of Belarus Uzbekistan Abdulla Aripov Prime Minister of Uzbekistan Kazakhstan Bakhytzhan Sagintayev Prime Minister of Kazakhstan Georgia Giorgi Kvirikashvili Prime Minister of Georgia Azerbaijan Novruz Mammadov Prime Minister of Azerbaijan Lithuania Saulius Skvernelis Prime Minister of Lithuania Moldova Pavel Filip Prime Minister of Moldova Latvia Māris Kučinskis Prime Minister of Latvia Kyrgyzstan Muhammetkaliy Abulgaziyev Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Kokhir Rasulzoda Prime Minister of Tajikistan Armenia Nikol Pashinyan Prime Minister of Armenia Turkmenistan Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow President of Turkmenistan Estonia Jüri Ratas Prime Minister of Estonia Economy ( edit ) The dissolution of the Soviet Union took place as a result and against the backdrop of general economic stagnation , even regression . As the Gosplan , which had set up production chains to cross SSR lines , broke down , the inter-republic economic connections were also disrupted , leading to even more serious breakdown of the post-Soviet economies . Most of the formerly Soviet states began the transition to a market economy from a command economy in 1990 - 1991 and made efforts to rebuild and restructure their economic systems , with varying results . In all , the process triggered severe economic declines , with Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) dropping by more than 40 % overall between 1990 and 1995 . This decline in GDP was much more intense than the 27 % decline that the United States suffered in the wake of the Great Depression between 1930 and 1934 . The reconfiguration of public finance in compliance with capitalist principles resulted in dramatically reduced spending on health , education and other social programs , leading to a sharp increase in poverty and economic inequality . The economic shocks associated with wholesale privatization resulted in the excess deaths of roughly 1 million working age individuals throughout the former Soviet bloc in the 1990s . The initial transition decline was eventually arrested by the cumulative effect of market reforms , and after 1995 the economy in the post-Soviet states began to recover , with GDP switching from negative to positive growth rates . By 2007 , 10 of the 15 post-Soviet states had recovered and reached GDP greater than what they had in 1991 . Only Moldova , Ukraine , Georgia , Kyrgyzstan , and Tajikistan had GDP significantly below the 1991 level . The recovery in Russia was marginal , with GDP in 2006 - 2007 just nudging above the 1991 level . Combined with the aftershocks of the 1998 economic crisis it led to a return of more interventionist economic policies by Vladimir Putin 's administration . Change in Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) in constant prices , 1991 - 2015 Country 1991 * 2006 2011 2015 Turnaround year * * Eastern European states Russia 100 63.1 74.5 103.3 118.3 119.8 1997 Ukraine 100 47.2 51.8 73.7 75.9 63.4 2000 Belarus 100 67.9 94.0 141.5 192.5 193.9 Moldova 100 45.2 45.0 62.5 74.5 83.2 1997 Baltic states Estonia 100 ? ? ? ? ? ? Latvia 100 67.8 92.9 143.1 130.1 145.8 Lithuania 100 64.6 81.5 119.8 123.9 139.6 1995 Central Asia Kazakhstan 100 69.3 88.5 141.4 185.7 219.0 Kyrgyzstan 100 58.9 76.1 89.6 114.4 133.9 Tajikistan 100 34.1 45.2 56.0 98.1 124.5 1997 Turkmenistan 100 68.4 107.7 215.5 351.8 515.5 1998 Uzbekistan 100 82.9 102.6 137.5 208.4 281.2 Transcaucasus Armenia 100 63.3 84.2 154.7 172.5 202.6 Azerbaijan 100 42.7 65.2 150.2 241.1 276.5 Georgia 100 39.8 49.8 74.1 93.2 109.3 1995 * Economy of most Soviet republics started to decline in 1989 - 1990 , thus indices for 1991 do n't match pre-reform maximums . * * The year when GDP decline switched to GDP growth . List of the present Gross domestic product ( GDP ) ( figures are given in 2013 United States dollars for the year 2013 according to The World Factbook ) : No . Country nominal millions nominal per capita PPP millions PPP per capita Russian Federation 2,113,000 14,600 2,553,000 18,100 Ukraine 175,500 3,800 337,400 7,400 Belarus 69,240 7,500 150,400 16,100 Uzbekistan 55,180 1,900 112,600 3,800 5 Kazakhstan 224,900 12,700 243,600 14,100 6 Georgia 15,950 3,200 27,300 6,100 7 Azerbaijan 76,010 7,900 100,400 10,800 8 Lithuania 46,710 15,300 67,430 22,600 9 Moldova 7,880 2,200 12,680 3,600 10 Latvia 30,380 15,400 38,870 19,100 11 Kyrgyzstan 7,234 1,300 14,300 2,500 12 Tajikistan 8,537 1,000 19,000 2,300 13 Armenia 10,440 3,400 20,610 6,300 14 Turkmenistan 40,560 7,900 55,160 9,700 15 Estonia 24,280 18,300 29,940 22,400 Developmental progress ( edit ) The post-Soviet states listed according to their Human Development Index scores in 2016 ( the report was launched on 21 March 2017 ) . Very High Human Development : Estonia : 0.865 Lithuania : 0.848 Latvia : 0.830 Russia : 0.804 High Human Development : Belarus : 0.796 Kazakhstan : 0.794 Georgia : 0.769 Azerbaijan : 0.759 Armenia : 0.743 Ukraine : 0.743 Uzbekistan : 0.701 Medium Human Development : Moldova : 0.699 Turkmenistan : 0.691 Kyrgyzstan : 0.664 Tajikistan : 0.627 Regional organizations ( edit ) Euler diagram showing the relationships among various supranational organisations in the territory of the former Soviet Union v d e CIS members States that joined EU and NATO Other EU or NATO members A number of regional organizations and cooperating blocs have sprung up since the dissolution of the Soviet Union . Only organizations that are mainly ( or completely ) composed of post-Soviet states are listed in this section ; organizations with wider memberships are not discussed . The 15 post-Soviet states are divided in their participation to the regional blocs : Belarus , Russia , and Ukraine founded the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) in December 1991 . It was conceived as a successor organization to the USSR , and in December 1993 it included 12 of the 15 former Soviet republics ( except the three Baltic states ) . It currently consists of nine of the 15 former Soviet republics , with one participating state ( Ukraine ) and one associate state ( Turkmenistan ) . Georgia withdrew from the CIS in August 2008 . The three Baltic states have not sought membership in any of these post-Soviet organizations , seeking and achieving membership in the European Union and NATO instead , although their electricity and rail systems remain closely connected with former Soviet organizations . The sole exception to the above has been their recent membership in the Community of Democratic Choice . The Central Asian states of Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , and Uzbekistan ( as well as Belarus ) are members of the CIS and participate in several regional organizations that have Russia as a primary mover . Such organizations are the Eurasian Economic Community ( later merged with Eurasian Economic Union , which Tajikistan and Uzbekistan are not members of ) , Collective Security Treaty Organization , and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization . The last two groups only became distinct once Uzbekistan withdrew from GUAM and sought membership in EurAsEc and CSTO ( which it subsequently withdrew from in 2008 and 2012 , respectively ) . Armenia , besides its membership in CIS participates in Collective Security Treaty Organization and the Eurasian Economic Union . Ukraine , Moldova , and Azerbaijan participate in the CIS but other than that they mostly cooperate within regional organizations that are not dominated by Russia . Such organizations are GUAM and the Community of Democratic Choice . Although Ukraine is one of the three founding countries of the CIS , it is legally not a member because it has never ratified the 1993 CIS Charter . Turkmenistan is an associate member of CIS ( having withdrawn from full membership in August 2005 ) and a member in the Economic Cooperation Organization ; it has not sought closer integration in any of the other Western or post-Soviet organizations . In 2008 , Georgia notified the CIS executive bodies of its decision to leave the regional organization , and according to the CIS Charter ( sec. 1 , art . 9 ) this decision went into force 12 months after the notification date . Commonwealth of independent states ( edit ) Main article : Commonwealth of Independent States The Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) consists of 10 former Soviet Republics that differ in their membership status . As of December 2010 , 9 countries have ratified the CIS charter and are full CIS members ( Armenia , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Moldova , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Russia , Tajikistan , Uzbekistan ) , one country ( Turkmenistan ) is an associate member and two countries ( Georgia , Ukraine ) left the organization in 2009 and in 2018 . In 2014 , Ukraine declined its CIS chairmanship and considered withdrawal from the organization . In 1994 , the CIS countries agreed to create a free trade area , but the agreements were never signed . On October 19 , 2011 Armenia , Belarus , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Moldova , Russia , Tajikistan , and Ukraine signed a free trade agreement . Uzbekistan joined the free trade area in 2013 . Eurasian Economic Community ( edit ) EAEC members GUAM members Other CIS members Main article : Eurasian Economic Community The Eurasian Economic Community ( EURASEC ) , formerly the CIS Customs Union , was established by Russia , Belarus , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan . Ukraine and Moldova have observer status in the community ; however , Ukraine has declared its desire not to become a full member state . Because having common borders with the rest of the community is a prerequisite for full membership , Moldova is barred from seeking it . Uzbekistan applied for membership in October 2005 , when the process of merging Central Asian Cooperation Organization and the Eurasian Economic Community began ; it joined on 25 January 2006 . Uzbekistan subsequently suspended its membership in 2008 . On 10 October 2014 an agreement on the termination of the Eurasian Economic Community was signed in Minsk after a session of the Interstate Council of the EAEC . The Eurasian Economic Community was terminated from 1 January 2015 in connection with the launch of the Eurasian Economic Union . Customs Union of Belarus , Kazakhstan and Russia ( edit ) Economical integration blocs in European / Post-Soviet area : EU , EFTA , CEFTA and Customs Union of Belarus , Kazakhstan and Russia Main article : Customs Union of Belarus , Kazakhstan and Russia Russia , Belarus , Kazakhstan created a customs union that entered into force in July 2010 . Ukraine , Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan indicated interest in joining at the time . Russia has been eager for Armenia , Moldova and Ukraine to join the custom union instead of the European Union , and the Moldovan break - away state of Transnistria has supported this . In 2013 , Kyrgyzstan and Armenia announced plans to seek membership , but division over the issue in Ukraine led to the 2014 Ukrainian revolution after the Ukrainian government backed out of an EU Eastern Partnership in favor of the union . In 2014 , voters in the Moldovan autonomous region of Gagauzia rejected closer ties to the EU in favor of the union . On 1 January 2012 , Russia , Kazakhstan and Belarus established the Single Economic Space which ensures the effective functioning of a single market for goods , services , capital and labour , and to establish coherent industrial , transport , energy and agricultural policies . The agreement included a roadmap for future integration and established the Eurasian Economic Commission ( modelled on the European Commission ) . The Eurasian Economic Commission serves as the regulatory agency for the Eurasian Customs Union , the Single Economic Space and the Eurasian Economic Union . Eurasian Economic Union ( edit ) EAEU members Acceding EAEU Members Other CIS Members Main articles : Eurasian Union and Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union The Eurasian Economic Union is an economic union of post-Soviet states . The treaty aiming for the establishment of the EAEU was signed on 29 May 2014 by the leaders of Belarus , Kazakhstan and Russia , and came into force on 1 January 2015 . Treaties aiming for Armenia 's and Kyrgyzstan 's accession to the Eurasian Economic Union were signed on 9 October 2014 and 23 December respectively . Armenia 's accession treaty came into force on 2 January 2015 . Although Kyrgyzstan 's accession treaty will not come into force until May 2015 , provided it has been ratified , it will participate in the EAEU from the day of its establishment as an acceding state . Moldova and Tajikistan are prospective members . Collective security Treaty organization ( edit ) CSTO members GUAM members Other CIS members Main article : Collective Security Treaty Organization Seven CIS member states , namely Russia , Belarus , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Uzbekistan and Armenia , have enhanced their military cooperation , establishing the Collective Security Treaty Organization ( CSTO ) , this being an expansion of the previous Collective Security Treaty ( CST ) . Uzbekistan which ( alongside Georgia and Azerbaijan ) withdrew from the CST in 1999 , joined GUAM . Then in 2005 it withdrew from GUAM and joined the CSTO in 2006 . On 28 June 2012 , Uzbekistan suspended its membership in the CSTO . North Atlantic Treaty organization ( edit ) Main article : North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO / CSTO Three former Soviet states are members of NATO : Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania . Georgia , where both public opinion and the ruling government favor NATO membership , is in the Intensified Dialogue program with NATO . Ukraine also declared joining NATO as its geopolitical goal once again in 2017 ( first time being right after the Orange revolution and in the beginning of presidency of Viktor Yushchenko ) , after the presidency of Viktor Yanukovych , during which the government officially declared neutrality and ceased to seek NATO membership . Other states in the Partnership for Peace and Individual Partnership Action Plan program include Armenia , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Moldova , Russia , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan . GUAM ( edit ) Main article : GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development Four member states , namely Georgia , Ukraine , Azerbaijan and Moldova established the GUAM group that was largely seen as intending to counter Russian dominance in the region . Notably , these four nations do not participate in any of the other regional organizations that sprang up in the region since the dissolution of the Soviet Union ( other than the CIS ) . Union of Russia and Belarus ( edit ) Members of the Union CIS members who have shown interest in becoming members of the Union Other CIS members Main article : Union of Russia and Belarus The Union of Russia and Belarus was originally formed on 2 April 1996 under the name Commonwealth of Russia and Belarus , before being tightened further on 8 December 1999 . It was initiated by the president of Belarus , Alexander Lukashenko . On paper , the Union of Russia and Belarus intends further integration , beyond the scope of mere cooperation , including the introduction of the ruble as a common currency . Other regional organizations ( edit ) Economic cooperation organization ( edit ) Main article : Economic Cooperation Organization Community of Democratic Choice Economic Cooperation Organization The Economic Cooperation Organization was originally formed in 1985 by Turkey , Iran and Pakistan but in 1992 the organization was expanded to include Afghanistan and the six primarily Muslim former Soviet republics : Azerbaijan , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan . Community for democracy and Rights of Nations ( edit ) Main article : Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations The post-Soviet disputed states of Abkhazia , Artsakh , South Ossetia , and Transnistria are all members of the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations which aims to forge closer integration . Community of Democratic Choice ( edit ) Main article : Community of Democratic Choice The Community of Democratic Choice ( CDC ) was formed in December 2005 at the primary instigation of Ukraine and Georgia , and composed of six post-Soviet states ( Ukraine , Georgia , Moldova , and the three Baltic states of Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania ) and three other countries of Eastern and Central Europe ( Slovenia , Romania and the Republic of Macedonia ) . The Black Sea Forum ( BSF ) is a closely related organization . Observer countries include Armenia , Bulgaria , and Poland . Just like GUAM before it , this forum is largely seen as intending to counteract Russian influence in the area . This is the only international forum centered in the post-Soviet space in which the Baltic states also participate . In addition , the other three post-Soviet states in it are all members of GUAM . Shanghai cooperation organisation ( edit ) Main article : Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Shanghai Cooperation Organisation : Member state Observer state Dialogue partner Applicants for observer status The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation ( SCO ) , is composed of China and five post-Soviet states , namely Russia , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan and Uzbekistan . The organization was founded in 2001 , though its predecessor , the Shanghai Five grouping , has existed since 1996 . Its aims revolve around security - related issues such as border demarcation , terrorism and energy . Economic cooperation organizations ( edit ) Central European Free Trade Agreement ( CEFTA ) with Moldova ( it includes also non post-Soviet countries of the former Yugoslavia ; previously , also included other Central European countries that left CEFTA when joining the European Union ; CEFTA plays a role in Central Europe similar to what European Free Trade Association ( EFTA ) provides in Western Europe for non EU - members ; this alliance an economical organization with strong cooperation with the European Union , for countries that do not want to participate in EurAsEC centered on Russia but that are seeking alliances to the West ) ; even if Moldova is the only CEFTA country that is still within a weakening CIS , it no longer participates to the CSTO for most of the common security policy ( but can not join the EU because of incompatibility with WEU stability rules and the unsolved problem of Transnistria ) but can still benefit from the Free Trade Area notably with Romania and Bulgaria ( in the EU ) . Black Sea Economic Cooperation ( BSEC ) with Russia , Georgia , Ukraine , Azerbaijan , Moldova , Turkey , Albania , Greece , Romania , Bulgaria , Serbia and Armenia ( an economic organisation closely related to the SCO but more focused regionally to include also Armenia ; it also aims for the harmonious development of democracy for increasing the commerce in South - East Europe and includes some EU members , so it can not be a regional free - trade union ) . The European Union ( EU ) with the three Baltic countries that were the first ones to declare independence from the former USSR and have never joined CIS after the collapse of USSR ( it includes also now some post-communist countries in Central Europe , that have left CEFTA when entering the EU : Poland , Czech Republic , Slovakia , Hungary , Romania , Bulgaria and Slovenia ) . Political integration and security alliances ( edit ) Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe ( SPforSEE ) with Moldova ( similar in structure to CEFTA , but does not focus on economy but security , for those countries that are not NATO members ) ; this organization largely cooperates with NATO , and is related to the group of observers at Western European Union ( WEU ) . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , for Baltic countries , Poland , and Central European countries that have also joined the EU ( the EU membership includes also WEU membership because they follow the Common Foreign and Security Policy and European Security and Defence Policy policies shared now by the EU , the WEU and all European NATO members ) . The other remaining countries are those part of the former Yugoslavia , but their recent conflict and political tensions still does not allow them to cooperate efficiently for their political integration and for their mutual security ; in addition , they still do not have full sovereignty in this domain ( some of them are still under surveillance by EU or NATO , as mandated by UNO ) . They still need to find an internal stability and they can collaborate economically with the help of other organizations focusing on economy or political cooperation and development . However a more limited cooperation for security is possible through their membership to the larger Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) . The only exception is Belarus ( whose post-soviet democratic transition did not occur ) that still rejects political integration , and all security alliances with NATO , OSCE , WEU or other countries in Europe other than Russia ( which the process of reintegration of Belarus has been tightened in almost all domains ) . Organizations in other domains ( edit ) Southeast European Cooperation Process ( SEECP ) with Moldova ( similar to SPforSEE , but focuses on political integration than cooperation for security , and to CEFTA but does not focus on trade ) . Southeast European Cooperative Initiative ( SECI ) with Moldova ( closely related to SEECP ) . Central European Initiative ( CEI ) with Moldova , Ukraine and Belarus ( and also Central and South - Western European countries in the European Union ; it aims at helping Eastern European countries to reach the EU standards and cooperate politically and find a better economic development and a strong , working but more democratic legal system ) ; it is the only regional organization where Belarus is still a member ( but the political cooperation with Belarus is almost stalled , as it is the only country of the former Communist block country that balances in favor of stronger cooperation with Russia and against integration with EU and NATO ; however Belarus remains isolated and still does not cooperate too in the SCO group led by Russia and China ) . Black Sea Forum for Partnership and Dialogue ( BSF ) with Georgia , Ukraine , Azerbaijan , Moldova and Armenia ( also non post-soviet countries that are NATO members , interested in their maintaining political stability and avoiding conflicts in the region : Romania , Bulgaria and Turkey , whose first two are also now EU and CEI members , using EU rules for their political development ) ; however this organization does not focus on helping countries to join the EU , but reaching common standards and good governance and internal stability and democracy like in the CEI . None of these organizations are incompatible with the policy required for accessing EU membership in the domain of political cooperation and development . Merging the CEI and BSF is desired by Central European countries , that are members of both ( often in addition to EU with stronger objectives ) that would like to simplify the development process , and also members of the Council of Europe that federates ( but at very slow pace ) all European efforts of political cooperation and development through the various regional organizations . Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations Other organizations ( edit ) Apart from above , the former Soviet republics also hold membership in a number of multinational organizations such as : Baltic Basketball League FIBA FIFA International Ice Hockey Federation International Olympic Committee International Paralympic Committee Kontinental Hockey League ( Belarus , Kazakhstan , Latvia , Russia ) Miss Universe UNESCO World Health Organization World Trade Organization Politics ( edit ) Regarding political freedom in the former Soviet republics , Freedom House 's 2015 report listed the following : Estonia , Latvia , and Lithuania as `` free '' countries . Armenia , Georgia , Kyrgyzstan , Moldova , and Ukraine were listed as `` partly free . '' Azerbaijan , Belarus , Kazakhstan , Russia , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan were listed as `` not free '' , with Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan being noted as among the `` worst of the worst '' . Similarly , the Worldwide Press Freedom Index published by Reporters Without Borders in 2015 , recorded the following as regards press freedom : A good situation in Estonia A satisfactory situation in Latvia and Lithuania Noticeable problems in Armenia , Georgia , Kyrgyzstan , and Moldova A difficult situation in Belarus , Kazakhstan , Russia , Tajikistan , and Ukraine A very serious situation in Azerbaijan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan It has been remarked that several post-Soviet states have not changed leadership since their independence , such as Nursultan Nazarbayev in Kazakhstan and Islam Karimov in Uzbekistan , until his death in September 2016 . All of these had originally more limited terms but through decrees or referendums prolonged their stay in office ( a practice also followed by Presidents Alexander Lukashenko of Belarus and Emomalii Rahmon of Tajikistan ) Askar Akayev of Kyrgyzstan had likewise served as President since its independence until he was forced to resign as a result of the Kyrgyz revolution of 2005 . Saparmurat Niyazov in Turkmenistan ruled from independence until his death in 2006 , creating a personality cult around himself . The issue of dynastical succession has been another element affecting the politics of some post-Soviet States . Heydar Aliyev , after constructing an extensive and ongoing cult of personality , handed the Presidency of Azerbaijan to his son , Ilham Aliyev . Theories about the children of other leaders in Central Asia being groomed for succession abound . The participation of Akayev 's son and daughter in the 2005 Kyrgyz parliamentary elections boosted fears of dynastic succession being used in Kyrgyzstan as well , and may have contributed to the anti-Akayev climate that led to his overthrow . Separatist conflicts ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Post-Soviet conflicts <Td_colspan="2"> 1990s Nagorno - Karabakh War War in South Ossetia Georgian Civil War War in Abkhazia ( 1992 -- 93 ) Transnistria War Tajikistani Civil War North Ossetia ethnic clashes Russian constitutional crisis First Chechen War War in Abkhazia ( 1998 ) War in Dagestan Second Chechen War 2000s North Caucasus insurgency Kodori crisis War in Ingushetia Russo - Georgian War 2010s Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes Tajikistan insurgency Russian military intervention in Ukraine Crimean crisis War in Donbas Nagorno - Karabakh clashes See also : Post-Soviet conflicts Economic , political , national , military , and social problems have all been factors in separatism in the Post-Soviet space . In many cases , problems due to factors such as ethnic divisions existed before the fall of the Soviet Union , and upon the fall of the union were brought into the open . Such territories and resulting military conflicts have so far been : Current declared states ( edit ) Abkhazia , which is de facto independent from Georgia . Tensions in the area broke out when Georgia sent in troops in 1992 to control groups who wanted separation . The troops and most of the Georgian and Mingrelian speaking population were forced out in 1993 , and the region declared independence in 1999 . The 2008 war between Georgian forces and the separatist and Russian forces led to Russia 's recognition of Abkhazia 's independence . Republic of Artsakh , which is de facto independent from Azerbaijan . Ethnic conflict between Armenians and Azerbaijanis began in 1988 , and expanded into war which lasted till a ceasefire in 1994 . Sporadic attempts at negotiating a final peace and sporadic bursts of violence have continued since then . Donetsk People 's Republic and Lugansk People 's Republic , unrecognized states which declared independence from Ukraine in 2014 . South Ossetia , which is de facto independent from Georgia . The region declared its intent to seek independence in 1990 , leading to a conflict which led to a ceasefire in 1992 . Separatism became powerful after the election of Georgian President Mikhail Saakashvili in 2004 , and a referendum in 2006 was in favour of declaring independence . The 2008 war between Georgian forces and the separatist and Russian forces led to Russia 's recognition of South Ossetia 's independence . Transnistria , which is de facto independent from Moldova . It declared independence in 1990 , due to its majority Russian - speaking population fearing union with Romania . A ceasefire between Transnistrian forces and Moldovan forces has been in place since 1992 , enforced by the presence of Russian forces in Transnistria . Former declared states ( edit ) Chechen Republic of Ichkeria , where Dzhokhar Dudayev declared independence from Russia in 1991 , leading to a violent war between local separatist forces and the Russian army . Russia first invaded in 1994 , withdrawing after a deal for increased autonomy was granted in 1996 . Tensions have continued in the years since then , and the conflict has spilled over into neighbouring regions such as Dagestan , Ingushetia and North Ossetia -- Alania . Russia claims that the situation in Chechnya has normalised . Gagauzia , declared itself the `` Gagauz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic '' within Moldova on 12 November 1989 , and the `` Gagauz Soviet Socialist Republic '' , independent of Moldova but still within the Soviet Union , on 19 August 1990 , but was reintegrated into Moldova as an autonomous region on 23 December 1994 . Republic of Crimea . The entire Crimean Peninsula has been outside the control of Ukrainian authorities since late February 2014 , when Russian special forces and pro-Russian militias occupied the region . In March 2014 , a popular referendum in favor of accession to Russia was held in Crimea and Sevastopol , although Ukraine and most of the international community refused to recognize the vote . The next day , the Republic of Crimea declared independence , and within days Russia absorbed the peninsula . Ukraine continues to claim Crimea as an integral part of its territory . Civil wars ( edit ) See also : Post-Soviet conflicts Civil wars unrelated to separatist movements have occurred twice in the region : The Georgian Civil War between the forces of Zviad Gamsakhurdia and Eduard Shevardnadze . The war ended after Russian forces intervened in support of Shevardnadze 's government , which in turn agreed to join the Commonwealth of Independent States . The Tajikistani Civil War that lasted between 1992 and 1997 . Colour revolutions ( edit ) Since 2003 , a number of ( largely ) peaceful `` colour revolutions '' have happened in some post-Soviet states after disputed elections , with popular protests bringing into power the former opposition . The Rose Revolution in Georgia , leading to the fall from office of Eduard Shevardnadze . The Orange Revolution in Ukraine , bringing into power Viktor Yushchenko . The Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan , leading to the resignation of Askar Akayev . Russian population in post-Soviet states ( edit ) Main articles : Russians in Ukraine , Russians in Kazakhstan , Russians in Latvia , Russians in Estonia , Russians in Lithuania , and Russians in Georgia There is a significant Russophone population in most of the post-Soviet states , whose political position as an ethnic minority varies from country to country . While Belarus , Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan , in addition to Russia , have kept Russian as an official language , the language lost its status in other post-Soviet states after the end of the Soviet Union . It maintains semi-official status in all CIS member states , because it is the organisation 's official working language , but in the three Baltic States , the Russian language is not recognized in any official capacity . Georgia , since its departure from the CIS in 2009 , has begun operating its government almost exclusively in the Georgian language . Religion ( edit ) While the Soviet system placed severe restrictions on religious intellectual life , traditions continued to survive . After the dissolution of the Soviet Union , Islamic movements have emerged alongside ethnic and secular ones . Vitaly Naumkin gives the following assessment : `` Throughout the time of change , Islam has served as a symbol of identity , a force for mobilization , and a pressure for democracy . This is one of the few social disasters that the church has survived , in which it was not the cause . But if successful politically , it faces economic challenges beyond its grasp . '' The Central Asian states ( Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan ) plus Azerbaijan from Southern caucasus are Muslim , except for their dwindling Russian and other European minorities . The Baltic States are historically Western Christian ( Protestant and Roman Catholic ) , which adds another layer of pro-Western orientation to those countries , although the vast majority of what was the Protestant population ( Estonia and northern Latvia ) there is now irreligious . The dominant religion in the remaining former Soviet countries ( Armenia , Belarus , Georgia , Moldova , Russia , and Ukraine ) is Orthodox Christianity . In most countries , religiosity has increased since the Soviet collapse . LGBT rights ( edit ) Main article : LGBT rights in the Post-Soviet states Post-Soviet nostalgia ( edit ) See also : Nostalgia for the Soviet Union and Ostalgie Victory Day in Donetsk , Ukraine , 9 May 2010 Ever since the dissolution of the Soviet Union a certain number of people have expressed a longing for the Soviet period and its values . The level of post-Soviet nostalgia varies across the former republics . For example , certain groups of people may blend the Soviet and post-Soviet experience in their daily lives. . According to July 2012 polling in Ukraine by RATING , 42 % of respondents supported the formation of a unified state of Ukraine , Russia and Belarus ; earlier in 2012 this support had been 48 % . A 2016 poll of Russian citizens conducted by Levada Center showed that the majority viewed the collapse of the USSR negatively and felt that it could have been avoided , and an even greater number would openly welcome a revival of the Soviet system . See also ( edit ) Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations Eastern Bloc Eurasian Economic Union Near abroad Operation Provide Hope Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe statistics Republics of the Soviet Union Russification Russophobia Russophone Second World Geography portal Europe portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union : Russian and American Perspectives '' . harvard.edu. 30 October 1997 . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Van Elsuwege , Peter ( 2008 ) . From Soviet Republics to Eu Member States : A Legal and Political Assessment of the Baltic States ' Accession to the EU . Studies in EU External Relations . 1 . BRILL . p. xxii . ISBN 9789004169456 . Jump up ^ Smith , David James ( 2001 ) . Estonia . Routledge . p. 20 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 26728 - 5 . 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Kyrgyzstan will participate in the governing bodies of the EAEC since the start of the Union - from 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EAEC : stillborn union ? '' ( in Russian ) . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Eurasian Economic Union added December 23 Armenia and Kyrgyzstan . Jump up ^ Farchy , Jack ( 23 December 2014 ) . `` Eurasian unity under strain even as bloc expands '' . The Financial Times . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Kyrgyzstan on Tuesday a signed a treaty to join the Eurasian Economic Union , expanding the membership of Moscow - led project to five even as its unity is strained by the market turmoil gripping Russia . Jump up ^ `` Eurasian Economic Union to Launch on January 1 '' . The Trumpet. 24 December 2014 . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Russia , Belarus , Kazakhstan , Armenia and Kyrgyzstan agreed to a January 1 inauguration . Jump up ^ `` Uzbekistan Suspends Its Membership in CSTO '' . The Gazette of Central Asia . 29 June 2012 . Retrieved 29 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Kizilov , Yevhen ( 8 June 2017 ) . `` Рада зробила пріоритетом для України вступ до НАТО '' ( Verkhovna Rada made joining NATO a priority for Ukraine ) ( in Ukrainian ) . Ukrayinska Pravda . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Poroshenko : EU , NATO membership remains Ukraine 's strategic goal , not prospect of 2018 '' . UNIAN. 6 January 2018 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2015/545718/EPRS_ATA(2015)545718_REV1_EN.pdf Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2005 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://www.colorado.edu/ibs/pec/johno/pub/PsgeTMR.pdf Jump up ^ `` Regions and territories : Abkhazia '' . BBC News . 12 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Regions and territories : Nagorno - Karabakh '' . BBC News . 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Regions and territories : South Ossetia '' . BBC News . 25 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Trans - Dniester profile '' . BBC News . 26 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Regions and territories : Chechnya '' . BBC News . 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Chinn , Jeff ; Roper , Steven ( 1998 ) . `` Territorial autonomy in Gagauzia '' . Nationalities Papers. 26 ( 1 ) : 87 -- 101 . doi : 10.1080 / 00905999808408552 . But on 19 August 1990 , the Gagauz elite , led by President Stepan Topal and Supreme Soviet Chairperson Mihail Kendighelean , quickly took the next step , declaring Gagauzia to be independent of Moldova and subject only to central Soviet authority Jump up ^ Neukirch , Claus . `` Autonomy And Conflict Transformation : The Case Of The Gagauz Territorial Autonomy In The Republic Of Moldova '' ( PDF ) . European Centre for Minority Issues . On 12 November 1989 , a `` Gagauz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic '' was proclaimed by an assembly in Comrat ... In reaction to the Moldovan declaration of sovereignty , on 19 August 1990 the Gagauz leadership proclaimed a `` Gagauz Soviet Socialist Republic '' , which would be independent from Moldova , but part of the Soviet Union ... on 23 December 1994 the Moldovan Parliament passed the `` Law on the Special Juridical Status of Gagauzia ( Gagauz - Yeri ) '' Jump up ^ Zabarah , Dareg ( 2012 ) . `` Opportunity structures and group building processes : An institutional analysis of the secession processes in Pridnestrovie and Gagauzia between 1989 and 1991 '' . Soviet and Communist studies . 45 ( 1 - 2 ) . According to the first point of its declaration , the Gagauz Republic `` is a sovereign , socialist , soviet and multinational state Jump up ^ Herszenhorn , David ; Kramer , Andrew ( 19 March 2014 ) . `` Ukraine Plans to Withdraw Troops From Russia - Occupied Crimea '' . New York Times . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Putin acknowledges Russian military serviceman were in Crimea '' . RT . 17 April 2014 . Retrieved 13 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vladimir Putin in TV denial that Russian special forces are in eastern Ukraine '' . The Daily Telegraph . 17 April 2014 . Retrieved 13 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Russian Special Forces Storm Crimea Base '' . Sky News . 23 March 2014 . Retrieved 13 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ukraine PM rejects Crimea referendum , vows to defend country '' . CBC News . 6 March 2014 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Robert Greenall , Russians left behind in Central Asia , BBC News , 23 November 2005 . Jump up ^ Naumkin , Vitaly ( November 1992 ) . `` Islam in the States of the Former USSR '' . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . 524 : 131 -- 142 . doi : 10.1177 / 0002716292524001011 . Jump up ^ See : Kaprans , M. ( 2009 ) Then and now : Comparing the Soviet and Post-Soviet experience in Latvian autobiographies Keywords 2 . 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who wore number 10 for the red sox

Carl Yastrzemski - wikipedia Carl Yastrzemski Jump to : navigation , search `` Yastrzemski '' redirects here . For other people with this surname , see Yastrzemski ( surname ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Carl Yastrzemski <Td_colspan="2"> Yastrzemski in the dugout at Fenway Park <Td_colspan="2"> Left fielder / First baseman <Td_colspan="2"> Born : ( 1939 - 08 - 22 ) August 22 , 1939 ( age 78 ) Southampton , New York <Td_colspan="2"> Batted : Left Threw : Right <Th_colspan="2"> MLB debut <Td_colspan="2"> April 11 , 1961 , for the Boston Red Sox <Th_colspan="2"> Last MLB appearance <Td_colspan="2"> October 2 , 1983 , for the Boston Red Sox <Th_colspan="2"> MLB statistics Batting average . 285 Hits 3,419 Home runs 452 Runs batted in 1,844 <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Teams <Td_colspan="2"> Boston Red Sox ( 1961 -- 1983 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Career highlights and awards <Td_colspan="2"> 18 × All - Star ( 1963 , 1965 -- 1979 , 1982 , 1983 ) AL MVP ( 1967 ) Triple Crown ( 1967 ) 7 × Gold Glove Award ( 1963 , 1965 , 1967 -- 1969 , 1971 , 1977 ) 3 × AL batting champion ( 1963 , 1967 , 1968 ) AL home run leader ( 1967 ) AL RBI leader ( 1967 ) Boston Red Sox # 8 retired Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame <Th_colspan="2"> Member of the National <Th_colspan="2"> Baseball Hall of Fame Induction 1989 Vote 94.63 % ( first ballot ) <Th_colspan="2"> Carl Michael Yastrzemski ( / jəˈstrɛmski / ; nicknamed `` Yaz '' ; born August 22 , 1939 ) is an American former Major League Baseball player . He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1989 . Yastrzemski played his entire 23 - year baseball career with the Boston Red Sox ( 1961 -- 1983 ) . He was primarily a left fielder , but also played 33 games as a third baseman and mostly was a first baseman and designated hitter later in his career . Yastrzemski is an 18 - time All - Star , the possessor of seven Gold Gloves , a member of the 3,000 hit club , and the first American League player in that club to also accumulate over 400 home runs . He is second on the all - time list for games played , and third for total at - bats . He is the Red Sox ' all - time leader in career RBIs , runs , hits , singles , doubles , total bases , and games played , and is third on the team 's list for home runs behind Ted Williams and David Ortiz . In 1967 Yastrzemski achieved a peak in his career , leading the Red Sox to the American League pennant for the first time in over two decades and being voted the 1967 American League MVP . Yastrzemski also won the Triple Crown that year , a milestone which was not accomplished again in the Major Leagues until Miguel Cabrera achieved the feat 45 years later in 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Major League career 2.1 Early career 2.2 1967 2.3 Later career 2.4 Retirement 3 Family 4 Career regular season statistics 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Further reading 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Yastrzemski was born in Bridgehampton , New York to Carl Yastrzemski , Sr. and Hattie Skonieczny . Both his parents were of a Polish background , and young Carl was bilingual from an early age . Raised on his father 's potato farm , Carl played on sandlot baseball teams with his father , who , he maintains , was a better athlete than he was . Carl also played Little League Baseball . `` Yaz '' attended Notre Dame on a basketball scholarship ( his career Long Island high school scoring mark at Bridgehampton broke one previously held by Jim Brown ) briefly before embarking on his baseball career . Yastrzemski signed with the Red Sox organization , which sent him to the minor - league Raleigh Capitals in 1959 , where he led the league with a . 377 batting average , They then moved him to the Minneapolis Millers for the post-season and the 1960 season . Yastrzemski , who had studied business at Notre Dame , fulfilled a promise to his parents by finishing his degree at Merrimack College in North Andover , Massachusetts , in 1966 . Major League career ( edit ) Early career ( edit ) Yastrzemski began his major - league career in 1961 and hit his first home off of former Red Sox pitcher Jerry Casale . From the beginning , there was tremendous pressure on him to perform , as he succeeded to the position of the great Red Sox legend Ted Williams . He would prove to be a worthy successor at the plate , and a far superior defensive player with a strong arm , expert in playing off the Green Monster , Fenway Park 's left - field wall . In 12 years as a left fielder , Yastrzemski won seven Gold Gloves and led in assists seven times . While his first two years were viewed as solid but unspectacular , he emerged as a rising star in 1963 , winning the American League batting championship with a batting average of . 321 , and also leading the league in doubles and walks , finishing sixth in the Most Valuable Player voting . 1967 ( edit ) Yastrzemski enjoyed his best season in 1967 , when he won the American League Triple Crown with a . 326 batting average , 44 home runs ( tied with Harmon Killebrew ) and 121 RBIs . Yastrzemski 's Triple Crown win in 1967 was the last time a major league hitter won the Batting Triple Crown until Miguel Cabrera in the 2012 season -- conversely six different pitchers have since won the pitchers ' version . He was voted Most Valuable Player almost unanimously ( one voter chose César Tovar of the Twins ) . His 12.4 WAR was the highest since Babe Ruth 's 1927 season . 1967 was the season of the `` Impossible Dream '' for the Red Sox ( referring to the hit song from the musical play Man of La Mancha ) , who rebounded from a ninth - place finish a year before to win the American League pennant ( their first since 1946 ) on the last day of the season . With the Red Sox battling as part of a four - team pennant race , Yastrzemski hit . 513 ( 23 hits in 44 at - bats ) with five home runs and 16 runs batted in over the last two weeks of the season , and finished a mere one game ahead of the Detroit Tigers and Minnesota Twins . The Red Sox went into the final two games of the season trailing the Twins by 1 game and leading the Tigers by 1 / 2 game . The Red Sox final two games were against Minnesota with the pennant and home run title ( and hence , the triple crown ) on the line . In the Saturday game , Yaz went 3 for 4 with a home run and 4 RBI . Klllebrew also homered , but the Red Sox won , 6 -- 4 . Thus , the teams went into the final game tied for 1st place , and Yaz and Killebrew were tied with 44 home runs apiece . In the final game , neither player homered , but Yaz went 4 for 4 with 2 RBI in the Red Sox 5 -- 3 win . So in the two games with the pennant on the line , Yastrzemski was 7 for 8 with 6 RBI The Red Sox lost the World Series four games to three to the St. Louis Cardinals , losing three times to Bob Gibson . However , Yaz batted . 400 with 3 home runs and 5 RBI in the series . In that season , Yastrzemski also won the Hickok Belt as top professional athlete of the year and Sports Illustrated magazine 's `` Sportsman of the Year '' Award . In an article he co-wrote for the November 1967 issue of SPORT Magazine , Yastrzemski credited Boston 's remarkable season to manager Dick Williams and an infusion of youth , including Rico Petrocelli and Tony Conigliaro . Referring to Williams , Yastrzemski wrote : `` He got rid of all the individuality , made us into a team , gave us an incentive , and made us want to win . '' Later career ( edit ) Yastrzemski bats at Fenway Park . In 1968 Yastrzemski again won the batting championship . Because of the competitive advantages pitchers enjoyed between 1963 and 1968 ( prior to the lowering of the pitcher 's mound ) , Yastrzemski 's . 301 mark in `` The Year of the Pitcher '' is the lowest average of any batting champion in major league history ; however , he was the only hitter in the American League to hit . 300 for that season against such formidable pitching , as well as leading the league in on - base percentage and walks . He had many more strong seasons , consistently finishing in the top ten in the league in many statistical categories . In 1969 , Yastrzemski enjoyed the first of two consecutive 40 - home run seasons as he led the Red Sox to third - place finishes that year and the next . He got four hits , tying the record , and won the All - Star Game MVP in 1970 , although the American League lost . He is one of two players to win the All - Star Game MVP Award despite playing for the losing team , Brooks Robinson having done so in 1966 . Yastrzemski 's . 329 batting average that season was his career high , but he finished second behind the California Angels ' Alex Johnson for the batting title by less than . 001 . In 1970 Yaz led the league in slugging and on - base percentage , finishing third in home runs . Although he hit but 61 home runs over the next four years ( 1971 through 1974 ) as the Red Sox finished second twice and third twice , he finished in the top 10 in batting , and top three in on - base percentage and walks in 1973 and 1974 , and led the league in runs scored in 1974 . Yastrzemski bats at Tiger Stadium In the 1975 All - Star Game , Yastrzemski was called to pinch - hit in the sixth inning , with two men on base and the American League down 3 - 0 . Without wearing a batting helmet , he hit Tom Seaver 's first pitch for a home run to tie the score . The three - run homer was the only scoring the American League did that night as they lost 6 - 3 . Yastrzemski and the Red Sox would suffer another World Series loss in 1975 , losing four games to three to the Cincinnati Reds . Yastrzemski made the final out in Game 7 on a fly out to center , trailing by one run . Coincidentally , he also made the final out of the 1978 American League East tie - breaker game with a foul pop to third base . This game featured Bucky Dent 's famous homer ( although Reggie Jackson 's home run was the eventual winning run ) . Earlier in the game , however , Yastrzemski began the scoring with a home run off left - handed pitcher Ron Guidry , who was having a career year ( 25 wins , 3 losses and a 1.74 ERA ) . It was the only homer the Cy Young Award winner allowed to a left - hander all season . On May 19 , 1976 , Yastrzemski hit three home runs against the Detroit Tigers at Tiger Stadium . He then went to Yankee Stadium and hit two more , tying the major league record of five home runs in two consecutive games . In 1978 Yastrzemski , then 39 , was one of the five oldest players in the league . On September 12 , 1979 Carl Yastrzemski achieved another milestone becoming the first American League player with 3000 career hits and 400 home runs . In 1982 , playing primarily as a designated hitter , an early season hitting streak placed him among the league 's leading hitters and saw him featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated and played in that year 's All - Star game . Retirement ( edit ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Carl Yastrzemski 's number 8 was retired by the Boston Red Sox in 1989 . Yastrzemski retired in 1983 at the age of 44 , although he stated in his autobiography Yaz that he was initially planning on playing the 1984 season , until he tired from a long midseason slump . He also stated that had he known how good Roger Clemens would have been as a pitcher , he would have played in 1984 to have had a chance to play with him . No player has had a longer career with only one team , 23 seasons , a record which he shares with Brooks Robinson of the Baltimore Orioles . His final career statistics include 3,308 games played ( second all - time and the most with a single team ) , 646 doubles , 452 home runs , 1,844 RBIs , and a batting average of . 285 . He had 1,845 walks in his career , and 1,157 extra base hits . Yastrzemski was the first player to ever collect over 3,000 hits and 400 home runs solely in the American League ( the feat has since been accomplished by Cal Ripken Jr . ) . He was named to the All - Star Game 18 times . Yastrzemski won three American League batting championships in his career . In addition , Yastrzemski only trails Ty Cobb and Derek Jeter in hits collected with a single team , and trails only Cobb , Jeter and Tris Speaker in hits collected playing in the American League . Yastrzemski is also Fenway Park 's all - time leader in hits , doubles , and RBI 's . By the time of his retirement , he was the all - time leader in plate appearances , since surpassed by Pete Rose . Yastrzemski signing an autograph at Fenway Park in 2008 . As one of the top players of his era , he was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1989 , his first year of eligibility , with the support of 94 % of voters . Notably , this makes him one of the few Hall of Famers to directly succeed another Hall of Famer at the same position . For his entire career with the Red Sox , he wore uniform number 8 . The Red Sox retired this number on August 6 , 1989 , after Yastrzemski was elected to the Hall of Fame . In 1999 , Yastrzemski ranked number 72 on The Sporting News ' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players . That same season , he was named a finalist to the Major League Baseball All - Century Team . Prior to his induction in the Baseball Hall of Fame , in 1986 , Carl Yastrzemski was inducted into the National Polish - American Sports Hall of Fame . Yastrzemski was well known for his batting stance , holding his bat exceptionally high , giving his swing a large , dramatic arc , and more power at the plate . However , in his later years , he adjusted his stance and held the bat lower . He was also known for modifying his batting helmets by enlarging the right ear hole ( for comfort ) and removing part of the right ear flap ( for better vision of the ball as it was being pitched ) . A record album of the Red Sox 's 1967 season , aptly titled `` The Impossible Dream '' , featured a song by DJ Jess Cain of praise for `` The man they call Yaz '' , which included the line `` Although ' Yastrzemski ' is a lengthy name / It fits quite nicely in our Hall of Fame . '' ( A link to the song appears below . ) The song can be heard , and the album cover can be seen , in the apartment of Ben Wrightman ( played by Jimmy Fallon ) in the 2005 film Fever Pitch . Earlier in the film , Ben 's girlfriend , Lindsay Meeks ( Drew Barrymore ) , not yet familiar with the triumphs and tribulations of the Red Sox , is unable to properly pronounce Yastrzemski 's name , and has to be corrected by the surrounding fans : `` Ya - STREM - ski ! '' The final scene of the movie indicates that if the couple 's unborn child is a girl she will be named `` Carla Yastrzemski Wrightman . '' Along with Johnny Pesky , Yastrzemski raised the 2004 World Series championship banner over Fenway Park . He is currently a roving instructor with the Red Sox , and was honored by throwing out the first pitch in Game 1 of the 2004 , 2007 and 2013 World Series . In August 2008 , Yastrzemski underwent successful triple bypass heart surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital . The Red Sox honored Yastrzemski with a statue of him outside Fenway Park on September 23 , 2013 . Family ( edit ) Yastrzemski 's son Mike Yastrzemski was drafted by the Atlanta Braves in the third round in 1984 . He started his career with the Durham Bulls and then eventually played for two AAA - affiliate Chicago White Sox teams in the Pacific Coast League , first with the Hawaii Islanders and then the Vancouver Canadians . He died of a heart attack in 2004 at age 43 . In June 2009 , Boston drafted Carl 's grandson Michael , an outfielder out of St. John 's Prep , in the 36th round ; Michael did not sign with the team and went to Vanderbilt . In 2012 , Michael was drafted by the Seattle Mariners in the 30th round , with the 911th overall pick . He signed with the Baltimore Orioles as their 14th round pick in 2013 . While with the Aberdeen IronBirds , he started in the 2013 New York -- Penn League All - Star Game . Michael started the 2015 season with the Double - A affiliate Bowie Baysox . In May 2016 , Michael was moved up to the Triple - A affiliate Norfolk Tides . He split time during the 2017 season with the Tides ( 81 games ) and Baysox ( 20 games ) . Career regular season statistics ( edit ) Through the end of the 2017 season , on the all - time lists for Major League Baseball , Yastrzemski ranks first for games played for one team , second for games played , third for at - bats , sixth for bases on balls , eighth for doubles , ninth for hits , ninth for total bases , thirteenth for extra-base hits , and fourteenth for RBIs . See also ( edit ) Biography portal Baseball portal Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame Boston Red Sox all - time roster List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders 3,000 hit club List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle List of Major League Baseball doubles records List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders List of Major League Baseball batting champions List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders List of Major League Baseball players who spent their entire career with one franchise Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Official Yastrzemski Web Bio '' . yaz8.com . Archived from the original on 2000 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carl Yastrzemski '' . Jump up ^ https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/y/yastrca01.shtmla ^ Jump up to : `` Carl Yastrzemski Stats - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . ^ Jump up to : Rawlings Presents Big Stix : The Greatest Hitters in the History of the Major Leagues , Rob Rains , Sports Publishing LLC , 2004 ISBN 1 - 58261 - 757 - 0 ISBN 978 - 1 - 58261 - 757 - 2 ^ Jump up to : `` 1967 American League Batting Leaders - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . ^ Jump up to : `` 1967 Awards Voting - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ http://www.littleleague.org/worldseries/pdf/From_LL_to_Majors.pdf Jump up ^ `` 2017 Register Batting Leaders - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Minneapolis Millers history '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Yaz won Triple Crown '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Buckley , Steve . Boston Red Sox : Where Have You Gone ? 2005 , page 139 Jump up ^ `` The Ballplayers -- Carl Yastrzemski '' . BaseballLibrary.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` MLB American League Gold Glove Award Winners - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` 1963 American League Batting Leaders - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` 1963 Awards Voting - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` baseball - reference '' . baseballreference.com . ^ Jump up to : `` 1967 American League Season Summary -- Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Dan Shaughnessy ( August 1992 ) . `` Triple Crown Season in ' 67 Marked High Point for Yaz '' . Baseball Digest . Vol. 51 no . 8 . ISSN 0005 - 609X . Jump up ^ `` 1967 World Series -- St. Louis Cardinals over Boston Red Sox ( 4 - 3 ) -- Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Carl Yastrzemski -- Behind the Red Sox Turnaround -- SPORT magazine '' . thesportgallery.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1968 American League Batting Leaders - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` 1970 All - Star Game Box Score , July 14 - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . ^ Jump up to : `` 1970 American League Batting Leaders - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` 1973 American League Batting Leaders - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` 1974 American League Batting Leaders - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` 1975 All - Star Game Box Score , July 15 - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` 1975 World Series - Cincinnati Reds over Boston Red Sox ( 4 - 3 ) - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` 1975 World Series Game 7 , Cincinnati Reds at Boston Red Sox , October 22 , 1975 - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Yankees at Boston Red Sox Box Score , October 2 , 1978 - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox at Detroit Tigers Box Score , May 19 , 1976 - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Yastrzemski Recalls His Most Memorable Games , by Peter Gammons , Baseball Digest , September 1981 , Vol. 40 , No. 9 , ISSN 0005 - 609X '' . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox at New York Yankees Box Score , May 20 , 1976 - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` 1978 American League Awards , All - Stars , & More Leaders - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Pepe , Phil ( 2005 ) . Catfish , Yaz , and Hammerin ' Hank : The Unforgettable Era that Transformed Baseball . Chicago , Illinois : Triumph Books . p. 313 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57243 - 839 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` History : Retired Numbers '' . Boston Red Sox . Jump up ^ Carl Yastrzemski at The Sporting News 100 Greatest Baseball Players Archived February 27 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The All - Century Team '' . Major League Baseball . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( April 12 , 2005 ) . `` With Rings and Then a Rout , It 's a Great Day for the Red Sox '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Amore , Dom ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Mike Yastrzemski Carrying Family Name to New York - Penn All - Star Game '' . The Hartford Courant . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Yastrzemski Minor & Fall League Statistics & History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Crehan , Herb ; Nowlin , Bill . `` Carl Yastrzemski '' . SABR . Gammons , Peter ( September 1981 ) . `` Yastrzemski Recalls His Most Memorable Games '' . Baseball Digest . Vol. 40 no . 9 . ISSN 0005 - 609X . Petrocelli , Rico ; Scoggins , Chaz ( 2017 ) . Tales from the 1967 Red Sox : A Collection of the Greatest Stories Ever Told . Sports Publishing . ISBN 1683580508 . Yastrzemski , Carl ; Hirshberg , Al ( November 1967 ) . `` Behind the Red Sox Turnaround '' . SPORT . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2008 -- via Wayback Machine . Yastrzemski , Carl ; Hirshberg , Al ( 1968 ) . Yaz . Viking Press . ISBN 0670793019 . Yastrzemski , Carl ( 1990 ) . Yaz : Baseball , the Wall , and Me . Doubleday . ISBN 038526769X . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carl Yastrzemski . Carl Yastrzemski Official Site Carl Yastrzemski at the Baseball Hall of Fame Career statistics and player information from MLB , or Baseball - Reference , or Fangraphs , or The Baseball Cube , or Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) , or Baseball Almanac , or Retrosheet Preceded by Jim Fregosi Hitting for the cycle May 14 , 1965 Succeeded by Billy Williams <Th_colspan="2"> American League MVP Award <Td_colspan="2"> 1931 : Grove 1932 : Foxx 1933 : Foxx 1934 : Cochrane 1935 : Greenberg 1936 : Gehrig 1937 : Gehringer 1938 : Foxx 1939 : DiMaggio 1940 : Greenberg 1941 : DiMaggio 1942 : Gordon 1943 : Chandler 1944 : Newhouser 1945 : Newhouser 1946 : Williams 1947 : DiMaggio 1948 : Boudreau 1949 : Williams 1950 : Rizzuto 1951 : Berra 1952 : Shantz 1953 : Rosen 1954 : Berra 1955 : Berra 1956 : Mantle 1957 : Mantle 1958 : Jensen 1959 : Fox 1960 : Maris 1961 : Maris 1962 : Mantle 1963 : Howard 1964 : B. Robinson 1965 : Versalles 1966 : F. Robinson 1967 : Yastrzemski 1968 : McLain 1969 : Killebrew 1970 : Powell 1971 : Blue 1972 : Allen 1973 : Jackson 1974 : Burroughs 1975 : Lynn 1976 : Munson 1977 : Carew 1978 : Rice 1979 : Baylor 1980 : Brett 1981 : Fingers 1982 : Yount 1983 : Ripken Jr . 1984 : Hernández 1985 : Mattingly 1986 : Clemens 1987 : Bell 1988 : Canseco 1989 : Yount 1990 : Henderson 1991 : Ripken Jr . 1992 : Eckersley 1993 : Thomas 1994 : Thomas 1995 : Vaughn 1996 : González 1997 : Griffey Jr . 1998 : González 1999 : I. Rodríguez 2000 : Giambi 2001 : Suzuki 2002 : Tejada 2003 : A. Rodriguez 2004 : Guerrero 2005 : A. Rodriguez 2006 : Morneau 2007 : A. Rodriguez 2008 : Pedroia 2009 : Mauer 2010 : Hamilton 2011 : Verlander 2012 : Cabrera 2013 : Cabrera 2014 : Trout 2015 : Donaldson 2016 : Trout 2017 : Altuve <Th_colspan="2"> American League batting champions <Td_colspan="2"> 1901 : Lajoie 1902 : Disputed 1903 : Lajoie 1904 : Lajoie 1905 : Flick 1906 : Stone 1907 : Cobb 1908 : Cobb 1909 : Cobb 1910 : Disputed 1911 : Cobb 1912 : Cobb 1913 : Cobb 1914 : Cobb 1915 : Cobb 1916 : Speaker 1917 : Cobb 1918 : Cobb 1919 : Cobb 1920 : Sisler 1921 : Heilmann 1922 : Sisler 1923 : Heilmann 1924 : Ruth 1925 : Heilmann 1926 : Manush 1927 : Heilmann 1928 : Goslin 1929 : Fonseca 1930 : Simmons 1931 : Simmons 1932 : Alexander 1933 : Foxx 1934 : Gehrig 1935 : Myer 1936 : Appling 1937 : Gehringer 1938 : Foxx 1939 : DiMaggio 1940 : DiMaggio 1941 : T. Williams 1942 : T. Williams 1943 : Appling 1944 : Boudreau 1945 : Stirnweiss 1946 : Vernon 1947 : T. Williams 1948 : T. Williams 1949 : Kell 1950 : Goodman 1951 : Fain 1952 : Fain 1953 : Vernon 1954 : Ávila 1955 : Kaline 1956 : Mantle 1957 : T. Williams 1958 : T. Williams 1959 : Kuenn 1960 : Runnels 1961 : Cash 1962 : Runnels 1963 : Yastrzemski 1964 : Oliva 1965 : Oliva 1966 : Robinson 1967 : Yastrzemski 1968 : Yastrzemski 1969 : Carew 1970 : Johnson 1971 : Oliva 1972 : Carew 1973 : Carew 1974 : Carew 1975 : Carew 1976 : Brett 1977 : Carew 1978 : Carew 1979 : Lynn 1980 : Brett 1981 : Lansford 1982 : Wilson 1983 : Boggs 1984 : Mattingly 1985 : Boggs 1986 : Boggs 1987 : Boggs 1988 : Boggs 1989 : Puckett 1990 : Brett 1991 : Franco 1992 : Martínez 1993 : Olerud 1994 : O'Neill 1995 : Martínez 1996 : Rodriguez 1997 : Thomas 1998 : B. Williams 1999 : Garciaparra 2000 : Garciaparra 2001 : Suzuki 2002 : Ramirez 2003 : Mueller 2004 : Suzuki 2005 : Young 2006 : Mauer 2007 : Ordóñez 2008 : Mauer 2009 : Mauer 2010 : Hamilton 2011 : Cabrera 2012 : Cabrera 2013 : Cabrera 2014 : Altuve 2015 : Cabrera 2016 : Altuve 2017 : Altuve <Th_colspan="2"> American League season home run leaders <Td_colspan="2"> 1901 : Lajoie 1902 : Seybold 1903 : Freeman 1904 : H. Davis 1905 : H. Davis 1906 : H. Davis 1907 : H. Davis 1908 : Crawford 1909 : Cobb 1910 : Stahl 1911 : Baker 1912 : Baker & Speaker 1913 : Baker 1914 : Baker 1915 : Roth 1916 : Pipp 1917 : Pipp 1918 : Ruth & Walker 1919 : Ruth 1920 : Ruth 1921 : Ruth 1922 : K. Williams 1923 : Ruth 1924 : Ruth 1925 : Meusel 1926 : Ruth 1927 : Ruth 1928 : Ruth 1929 : Ruth 1930 : Ruth 1931 : Ruth & Gehrig 1932 : Foxx 1933 : Foxx 1934 : Gehrig 1935 : Greenberg & Foxx 1936 : Gehrig 1937 : DiMaggio 1938 : Greenberg 1939 : Foxx 1940 : Greenberg 1941 : T. Williams 1942 : T. Williams 1943 : York 1944 : Etten 1945 : Stephens 1946 : Greenberg 1947 : T. Williams 1948 : DiMaggio 1949 : T. Williams 1950 : Rosen 1951 : Zernial 1952 : Doby 1953 : Rosen 1954 : Doby 1955 : Mantle 1956 : Mantle 1957 : Sievers 1958 : Mantle 1959 : Killebrew & Colavito 1960 : Mantle 1961 : Maris 1962 : Killebrew 1963 : Killebrew 1964 : Killebrew 1965 : Conigliaro 1966 : Robinson 1967 : Yastrzemski & Killebrew 1968 : Howard 1969 : Killebrew 1970 : Howard 1971 : Melton 1972 : Allen 1973 : Jackson 1974 : Allen 1975 : Jackson & Scott 1976 : Nettles 1977 : Rice 1978 : Rice 1979 : Thomas 1980 : Jackson & Oglivie 1981 : Grich , Murray , Evans & Armas 1982 : Jackson & Thomas 1983 : Rice 1984 : Armas 1985 : Evans 1986 : Barfield 1987 : McGwire 1988 : Canseco 1989 : McGriff 1990 : Fielder 1991 : Canseco & Fielder 1992 : González 1993 : González 1994 : Griffey Jr . 1995 : Belle 1996 : McGwire 1997 : Griffey Jr . 1998 : Griffey Jr . 1999 : Griffey Jr . 2000 : Glaus 2001 : Rodriguez 2002 : Rodriguez 2003 : Rodriguez 2004 : Ramirez 2005 : Rodriguez 2006 : Ortiz 2007 : Rodriguez 2008 : Cabrera 2009 : Peña & Teixiera 2010 : Bautista 2011 : Bautista 2012 : Cabrera 2013 : C. Davis 2014 : Cruz 2015 : C. Davis 2016 : Trumbo 2017 : Judge <Th_colspan="2"> American League season runs batted in leaders <Td_colspan="2"> 1901 : Lajoie 1902 : Freeman 1903 : Freeman 1904 : Lajoie 1905 : H. Davis 1906 : H. Davis 1907 : Cobb 1908 : Cobb 1909 : Cobb 1910 : Crawford 1911 : Cobb 1912 : Baker 1913 : Baker 1914 : Crawford 1915 : Veach & Crawford 1916 : Pratt 1917 : Veach 1918 : Veach 1919 : Ruth 1920 : Ruth 1921 : Ruth 1922 : K. Williams 1923 : Ruth 1924 : Goslin 1925 : Meusel 1926 : Ruth 1927 : Gehrig 1928 : Ruth & Gehrig 1929 : Simmons 1930 : Gehrig 1931 : Gehrig 1932 : Foxx 1933 : Foxx 1934 : Gehrig 1935 : Greenberg 1936 : Trosky 1937 : Greenberg 1938 : Foxx 1939 : T. Williams 1940 : Greenberg 1941 : DiMaggio 1942 : T. Williams 1943 : York 1944 : Stephens 1945 : Etten 1946 : Greenberg 1947 : T. Williams 1948 : DiMaggio 1949 : T. Williams & Stephens 1950 : Dropo & Stephens 1951 : Zernial 1952 : Rosen 1953 : Rosen 1954 : Doby 1955 : R. Boone & Jensen 1956 : Mantle 1957 : Sievers 1958 : Jensen 1959 : Jensen 1960 : Maris 1961 : Gentile & Maris 1962 : Killebrew 1963 : Stuart 1964 : B. Robinson 1965 : Colavito 1966 : F. Robinson 1967 : Yastrzemski 1968 : Harrelson 1969 : Killebrew 1970 : Howard 1971 : Killebrew 1972 : Allen 1973 : Jackson 1974 : Burroughs 1975 : Scott 1976 : May 1977 : Hisle 1978 : Rice 1979 : Baylor 1980 : Cooper 1981 : Murray 1982 : McRae 1983 : Rice & Cooper 1984 : Armas 1985 : Mattingly 1986 : Carter 1987 : Bell 1988 : Canseco 1989 : Sierra 1990 : Fielder 1991 : Fielder 1992 : Fielder 1993 : Belle 1994 : Puckett 1995 : Belle & Vaughn 1996 : Belle 1997 : Griffey Jr . 1998 : González 1999 : Ramirez 2000 : Martínez 2001 : B. Boone 2002 : Rodriguez 2003 : Delgado 2004 : Tejada 2005 : Ortiz 2006 : Ortiz 2007 : Rodriguez 2008 : Hamilton 2009 : Teixeira 2010 : Cabrera 2011 : Granderson 2012 : Cabrera 2013 : C. Davis 2014 : Trout 2015 : Donaldson 2016 : Encarnación & Ortiz 2017 : Cruz <Th_colspan="2"> Major League Baseball All - Star Game MVP Award <Td_colspan="2"> 1962 : Wills 1962 : Wagner 1963 : Mays 1964 : Callison 1965 : Marichal 1966 : B. Robinson 1967 : Pérez 1968 : Mays 1969 : McCovey 1970 : Yastrzemski 1971 : F. Robinson 1972 : Morgan 1973 : Bonds 1974 : Garvey 1975 : Madlock & Matlack 1976 : Foster 1977 : Sutton 1978 : Garvey 1979 : Parker 1980 : Griffey Sr . 1981 : Carter 1982 : Concepción 1983 : Lynn 1984 : Carter 1985 : Hoyt 1986 : Clemens 1987 : Raines 1988 : Steinbach 1989 : Jackson 1990 : Franco 1991 : Ripken Jr . 1992 : Griffey Jr . 1993 : Puckett 1994 : McGriff 1995 : Conine 1996 : Piazza 1997 : Alomar Jr . 1998 : Alomar 1999 : Martínez 2000 : Jeter 2001 : Ripken Jr . 2003 : Anderson 2004 : Soriano 2005 : Tejada 2006 : Young 2007 : Suzuki 2008 : Drew 2009 : Crawford 2010 : McCann 2011 : Fielder 2012 : Cabrera 2013 : Rivera 2014 : Trout 2015 : Trout 2016 : Hosmer 2017 : Canó <Th_colspan="2"> Hutch Award <Td_colspan="2"> 1965 : Mantle 1966 : Koufax 1967 : Yastrzemski 1968 : Rose 1969 : Kaline 1970 : Conigliaro 1971 : Torre 1972 : Tolan 1973 : Hiller 1974 : Thompson 1975 : Nolan 1976 : John 1977 : McCovey 1978 : Stargell 1979 : Brock 1980 : Brett 1981 : Bench 1982 : Thornton 1983 : Knight 1984 : Robinson 1985 : Reuschel 1986 : Leonard 1987 : Molitor 1988 : Oester 1989 : Dravecky 1990 : Bream 1991 : Wegman 1992 : Lansford 1993 : Olerud 1994 : Dawson 1995 : Abbott 1996 : Vizquel 1997 : Davis 1998 : Cone 1999 : Casey 2000 : Giambi 2001 : Schilling 2002 : Salmon 2003 : Moyer 2004 : Hoffman 2005 : Biggio 2006 : Loretta 2007 : Sweeney 2008 : Lester 2009 : Teahen 2010 : Hudson 2011 : Butler 2012 : Zito 2013 : Ibañez 2014 : Gordon 2015 : Wainwright 2016 : McGowan 2017 : Diekman <Th_colspan="2"> American League Outfielder Gold Glove Award <Td_colspan="2"> 1957 : Kaline , Mays , Miñoso 1958 : Kaline , Piersall , Siebern 1959 : Jensen , Kaline , Miñoso 1960 : Landis , Maris , Miñoso 1961 : Kaline , Landis , Piersall 1962 : Kaline , Landis , Mantle 1963 : Kaline , Landis , Yastrzemski 1964 : Davalillo , Kaline , Landis 1965 : Kaline , Tresh , Yastrzemski 1966 : Agee , Kaline , Oliva 1967 : Blair , Kaline , Yastrzemski 1968 : Smith , Stanley , Yastrzemski 1969 : Blair , Stanley , Yastrzemski 1970 : Berry , Blair , Stanley 1971 : Blair , Otis , Yastrzemski 1972 : Berry , Blair , Murcer 1973 : Blair , Otis , Stanley 1974 : Blair , Otis , Rudi 1975 : Blair , Lynn , Rudi 1976 : Evans , Manning , Rudi 1977 : Beníquez , Cowens , Yastrzemski 1978 : Evans , Lynn , Miller 1979 : Evans , Lezcano , Lynn 1980 : Lynn , Murphy , Wilson 1981 : Evans , Henderson , Murphy 1982 : Evans , Murphy , Winfield 1983 : Evans , Murphy , Winfield 1984 : Evans , Murphy , Winfield 1985 : Evans , Murphy , Pettis , Winfield 1986 : Barfield , Pettis , Puckett 1987 : Barfield , Puckett , Winfield 1988 : Pettis , Puckett , White 1989 : Pettis , Puckett , White 1990 : Burks , Griffey Jr. , Pettis 1991 : Griffey Jr. , Puckett , White 1992 : Griffey Jr. , Puckett , White 1993 : Griffey Jr. , Lofton , White 1994 : Griffey Jr. , Lofton , White 1995 : Griffey Jr. , Lofton , White 1996 : Buhner , Griffey Jr. , Lofton 1997 : Edmonds , Griffey Jr. , Williams 1998 : Edmonds , Griffey Jr. , Williams 1999 : Green , Griffey Jr. , Williams 2000 : Dye , Erstad , Williams 2001 : Cameron , Hunter , Suzuki 2002 : Erstad , Hunter , Suzuki 2003 : Cameron , Hunter , Suzuki 2004 : Hunter , Suzuki , Wells 2005 : Hunter , Suzuki , Wells 2006 : Hunter , Suzuki , Wells 2007 : Hunter , Suzuki , Sizemore 2008 : Hunter , Suzuki , Sizemore 2009 : Hunter , Suzuki , Jones 2010 : Crawford , Gutiérrez , Suzuki 2011 : Ellsbury , Gordon , Markakis 2012 : Gordon , Jones , Reddick 2013 : Gordon , Jones , Victorino 2014 : Gordon , Jones , Markakis 2015 : Calhoun , Céspedes , Kiermaier 2016 : Betts , Gardner , Kiermaier 2017 : Betts , Buxton , Gordon <Th_colspan="2"> Major League Baseball batters who have won the Triple Crown <Td_colspan="2"> Miguel Cabrera Ty Cobb Hugh Duffy Jimmie Foxx Lou Gehrig Paul Hines Rogers Hornsby Chuck Klein Nap Lajoie Mickey Mantle Joe Medwick Tip O'Neill Frank Robinson Ted Williams Carl Yastrzemski <Th_colspan="2"> 3,000 hit club <Td_colspan="2"> Pete Rose Ty Cobb Hank Aaron Stan Musial Tris Speaker Derek Jeter Honus Wagner Carl Yastrzemski Paul Molitor Eddie Collins Willie Mays Eddie Murray Nap Lajoie Cal Ripken Jr . George Brett Paul Waner Robin Yount Tony Gwynn Alex Rodriguez Dave Winfield Ichiro Suzuki Cap Anson Adrián Beltré Craig Biggio Rickey Henderson Rod Carew Lou Brock Rafael Palmeiro Wade Boggs Al Kaline Roberto Clemente Italics denotes active player <Td_colspan="2"> Book : 3,000 hit club <Th_colspan="2"> Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> 1954 : Roger Bannister 1955 : Johnny Podres 1956 : Bobby Morrow 1957 : Stan Musial 1958 : Rafer Johnson 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Jerry Lucas 1962 : Terry Baker 1963 : Pete Rozelle 1964 : Ken Venturi 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Jim Ryun 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Bill Russell 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Bobby Orr 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Billie Jean King & John Wooden 1973 : Jackie Stewart 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Chris Evert 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Jack Nicklaus 1979 : Terry Bradshaw & Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : Sugar Ray Leonard 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Mary Decker 1984 : Edwin Moses & Mary Lou Retton 1985 : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Joe Paterno 1987 : Bob Bourne , Judi Brown King , Kipchoge Keino , Dale Murphy , Chip Rives , Patty Sheehan , Rory Sparrow , & Reggie Williams 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Greg LeMond 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Arthur Ashe 1993 : Don Shula 1994 : Bonnie Blair & Johann Olav Koss 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Tiger Woods 1997 : Dean Smith 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : U.S. Women 's Soccer Team 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Curt Schilling & Randy Johnson 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : David Robinson & Tim Duncan 2004 : Boston Red Sox 2005 : Tom Brady 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Brett Favre 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Derek Jeter 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Mike Krzyzewski & Pat Summitt 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : Peyton Manning 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Serena Williams 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve & J.J. Watt <Th_colspan="2"> Sporting News MLB Player of the Year Award <Td_colspan="2"> 1936 : Hubbell 1937 : Allen 1938 : Vander Meer 1939 : DiMaggio 1940 : Feller 1941 : T. Williams 1942 : T. Williams 1943 : Chandler 1944 : Marion 1945 : Newhouser 1946 : Musial 1947 : T. Williams 1948 : Boudreau 1949 : T. Williams 1950 : Rizzuto 1951 : Musial 1952 : Roberts 1953 : Rosen 1954 : Mays 1955 : Snider 1956 : Mantle 1957 : T. Williams 1958 : Turley 1959 : Wynn 1960 : Mazeroski 1961 : Maris 1962 : Wills & Drysdale 1963 : Koufax 1964 : Boyer 1965 : Koufax 1966 : Robinson 1967 : Yastrzemski 1968 : McLain 1969 : McCovey 1970 : Bench 1971 : Torre 1972 : B. Williams 1973 : Jackson 1974 : Brock 1975 : Morgan 1976 : Morgan 1977 : Carew 1978 : Guidry 1979 : Stargell 1980 : Brett 1981 : Valenzuela 1982 : Yount 1983 : Ripken Jr . 1984 : Sandberg 1985 : Mattingly 1986 : Clemens 1987 : Bell 1988 : Hershiser 1989 : Mitchell 1990 : Bonds 1991 : Ripken Jr . 1992 : Sheffield 1993 : Thomas 1994 : Bagwell 1995 : Belle 1996 : Rodriguez 1997 : Griffey Jr . 1998 : Sosa 1999 : Palmeiro 2000 : Delgado 2001 : Bonds 2002 : Rodriguez 2003 : Pujols 2004 : Bonds 2005 : Jones 2006 : Howard 2007 : Rodriguez 2008 : Pujols 2009 : Pujols 2010 : Hamilton 2011 : Verlander 2012 : Cabrera 2013 : Cabrera 2014 : Kershaw 2015 : Donaldson 2016 : Altuve 2017 : Altuve <Th_colspan="2"> Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> 1931 : Pepper Martin 1932 : Gene Sarazen 1933 : Carl Hubbell 1934 : Dizzy Dean 1935 : Joe Louis 1936 : Jesse Owens 1937 : Don Budge 1938 : Don Budge 1939 : Nile Kinnick 1940 : Tom Harmon 1941 : Joe DiMaggio 1942 : Frank Sinkwich 1943 : Gunder Hägg 1944 : Byron Nelson 1945 : Byron Nelson 1946 : Glenn Davis 1947 : Johnny Lujack 1948 : Lou Boudreau 1949 : Leon Hart 1950 : Jim Konstanty 1951 : Dick Kazmaier 1952 : Bob Mathias 1953 : Ben Hogan 1954 : Willie Mays 1955 : Howard Cassady 1956 : Mickey Mantle 1957 : Ted Williams 1958 : Herb Elliott 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Rafer Johnson 1961 : Roger Maris 1962 : Maury Wills 1963 : Sandy Koufax 1964 : Don Schollander 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Frank Robinson 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : George Blanda 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Mark Spitz 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Fred Lynn 1976 : Bruce Jenner 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : John McEnroe 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Carl Lewis 1984 : Carl Lewis 1985 : Dwight Gooden 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : Ben Johnson 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Michael Jordan 1993 : Michael Jordan 1994 : George Foreman 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Michael Johnson 1997 : Tiger Woods 1998 : Mark McGwire 1999 : Tiger Woods 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Barry Bonds 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : Lance Armstrong 2004 : Lance Armstrong 2005 : Lance Armstrong 2006 : Tiger Woods 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Jimmie Johnson 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : Michael Phelps 2013 : LeBron James 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Stephen Curry 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve <Th_colspan="2"> Boston Red Sox retired numbers <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Bobby Doerr 4 Joe Cronin 6 Johnny Pesky 8 Carl Yastrzemski 9 Ted Williams 14 Jim Rice 26 Wade Boggs 27 Carlton Fisk 34 David Ortiz 45 Pedro Martínez <Th_colspan="2"> Boston Red Sox captains <Td_colspan="2"> Deacon McGuire Doc Gessler Harry Lord Heinie Wagner Jake Stahl Jack Barry Dick Hoblitzell Harry Hooper Everett Scott Del Pratt George Burns Mike Menosky Jimmie Foxx Carl Yastrzemski Jim Rice Jason Varitek <Th_colspan="2"> Baseball Hall of Fame Class of 1989 BBWAA Vote Johnny Bench ( 96.4 % ) Carl Yastrzemski ( 94.6 % ) Veterans Committee Al Barlick Red Schoendienst J.G. Taylor Spink Award Bob Hunter Ray Kelly Ford C. Frick Award Harry Caray <Th_colspan="2"> Members of the National Baseball Hall of Fame Pitchers Alexander Bender Blyleven M. Brown R. Brown Bunning Carlton Chesbro Clarkson Cooper Coveleski Cummings Day Dean Dihigo Drysdale Eckersley Faber Feller Fingers Ford B. Foster Galvin B. Gibson Glavine Gomez Gossage Grimes Grove Haines Hoffman Hoyt Hubbell Hunter Jenkins R. Johnson W. Johnson Joss Keefe Koufax Lemon Lyons Maddux Marichal Marquard Martínez Mathewson McGinnity Méndez Morris Newhouser Nichols Niekro Paige Palmer Pennock Perry Plank Radbourn Rixey Roberts Rogan Ruffing Rusie Ryan Seaver H. Smith Smoltz Spahn Sutter Sutton Vance Waddell Walsh Welch Wilhelm J. Williams Willis Wynn Young Catchers Bench Berra Bresnahan Campanella Carter Cochrane Dickey Ewing Ferrell Fisk J. Gibson Hartnett Lombardi Mackey Piazza Rodríguez Santop Schalk First basemen Anson Bagwell Beckley Bottomley Brouthers Cepeda Chance Connor Foxx Gehrig Greenberg G. Kelly Killebrew Leonard McCovey Mize Murray Pérez Sisler Suttles Taylor Terry Thomas Thome Second basemen Alomar Biggio Carew E. Collins Doerr Evers Fox Frisch Gehringer Gordon Grant Herman Hornsby Lajoie Lazzeri Mazeroski McPhee Morgan J. Robinson Sandberg Schoendienst Third basemen Baker Boggs Brett J. Collins Dandridge J. Johnson Jones Kell Lindstrom Mathews Molitor B. Robinson Santo Schmidt Traynor J. Wilson D. White Shortstops Aparicio Appling Bancroft Banks Boudreau Cronin Davis T. Jackson Jennings Larkin Lloyd Maranville Reese Ripken Jr . Rizzuto Sewell O. Smith Tinker Trammell Vaughan Wagner Wallace Ward Wells Yount Outfielders Aaron Ashburn Averill Bell Brock W. Brown Burkett Carey Charleston Clarke Clemente Cobb Combs Crawford Cuyler Dawson Delahanty DiMaggio Doby Duffy Flick Goslin Griffey Jr . Guerrero Gwynn Hafey Hamilton Heilmann Henderson Hill Hooper Irvin R. Jackson Kaline Keeler Kelley K. Kelly Kiner Klein Mantle Manush Mays T. McCarthy Medwick Musial O'Rourke Ott Puckett Raines J. Rice S. Rice F. Robinson Roush Ruth Simmons Slaughter Snider Speaker Stargell Stearnes Thompson Torriente L. Waner P. Waner Wheat B. Williams T. Williams H. Wilson Winfield Yastrzemski Youngs Managers Alston Anderson Cox Durocher Hanlon Harris Herzog Huggins La Russa Lasorda López Mack J. McCarthy McGraw McKechnie W. Robinson Selee Southworth Stengel Torre Weaver D. Williams Executives / pioneers Barrow Bulkeley Cartwright Chadwick Chandler Comiskey Dreyfuss R. Foster Frick Giles Gillick Griffith Harridge Hulbert B. Johnson Kuhn Landis La . MacPhail Le . MacPhail Manley O'Malley Pompez Posey Rickey Ruppert Schuerholz Selig Spalding Veeck Weiss S. White Wilkinson G. Wright H. Wright Yawkey Umpires Barlick Chylak Conlan Connolly Evans Harvey Hubbard Klem McGowan O'Day VIAF : 13743007 LCCN : n85120381 SNAC : w6jm5hfx Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Yastrzemski&oldid=836779797 '' Categories : 1939 births Living people People from Southampton ( town ) , New York American people of Polish descent American League All - Stars American League batting champions American League home run champions American League Most Valuable Player Award winners American League RBI champions American League Triple Crown winners Baseball players from New York ( state ) Boston Red Sox players Gold Glove Award winners Major League Baseball All - Star Game MVPs Major League Baseball designated hitters Major League Baseball left fielders Major League Baseball players with retired numbers Merrimack College alumni Minneapolis Millers ( baseball ) players National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Notre Dame Fighting Irish baseball players Raleigh Capitals players People from Bridgehampton , New York Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Malagasy 日本 語 Polski Português Suomi Winaray 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 20 : 07 . 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1. Carl Yastrzemski's baseball career 2. Achievements and awards of Carl Yastrzemski 3. Carl Yastrzemski's records and statistics 4. Carl Yastrzemski's retirement and legacy 5. Yastrzemski family and their involvement in baseball

who does the voices for barbie life in the dreamhouse

Barbie : Life in the Dreamhouse - wikipedia Barbie : Life in the Dreamhouse Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Barbie : Life in the Dreamhouse <Td_colspan="2"> Also known as Life in the Dreamhouse Genre Comedy Created by Rob Hudnut Based on Barbie by Ruth Handler Barbie 's friends and family by Mattel Written by Barbara Haynes ( 8 episodes ) Rachel Powell ( 2 episodes ) Robin J. Stein ( 25 episodes ) David Wiebe ( 8 episodes ) Directed by Andrew Tan ( 43 episodes ) Patrice Bérubé ( 7 episodes ) Todd Resnick ( 43 episodes ) Kyran Kelly ( 12 episodes ) Voices of Kate Higgins Sean Hankinson Paula Bodin Charlie Bowden Katie Crown Nakia Burrise Laura Gerow Lillian Sofia Ashlyn Selich Tara Sands Todd Resnick Grant George David Wiebe Theme music composer Rebecca Kneubuhl Opening theme Life in the Dreamhouse Ending theme Life in the Dreamhouse ( only shown in specials ) Country of origin United States Canada Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 75 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) David Voss Rob Hudnut Kallan Kagan Stephen Gallop Dan Mokriy Producer ( s ) Margaret M. Dean Editor ( s ) Jeremy Montgomery ( 29 episodes ) Matt Ahrens ( 8 episodes ) Gavin Ebedes ( 3 episodes ) Brianne Wells ( 1 episode ) Marie - Hélène Boulianne ( 1 episode ) Running time 3 - 7 minutes ( 11 - 25 minutes for specials ) Production company ( s ) Arc Productions Mattel Resnick Interactive Group <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network YouTube Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Stereo Original release January 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 10 ) -- November 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 27 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Followed by Barbie : Dreamhouse Adventures <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Production website Barbie : Life in the Dreamhouse is an online web series of computer - animated shorts produced by Arc Productions , Mattel and Resnick Interactive Group . The series debuted in May 11 , 2012 and is available on Barbie.com , Netflix and YouTube . Two TV specials aired on Nickelodeon on September 1 , 2013 . A reboot series titled Barbie : Dreamhouse Adventures is set to be released on March 30 , 2018 . The series ended on November 27 , 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Setting 2 Characters 3 Video game 4 Episodes 5 References 6 External links Setting ( edit ) The series is set in a fictional version of Malibu , California , United States where all of its inhabitants are dolls . The dolls behave like people , though a number of the show 's gags rely on their doll - like nature . The series centers on the life of Barbie , her friends , siblings , her boyfriend , Ken and a number of pets . The series is stylized as a mock reality show featuring confessionals of the characters in between scenes . The show heavily relies on slapstick humor , and makes a lot of satirical and self - parody references to the Barbie doll line . Characters ( edit ) Barbara Millicent `` Barbie '' Roberts : Barbie is the lead character of the show . She lives in a large pink mansion called the `` Dreamhouse '' along with her sisters Skipper , Stacie , Chelsea and their pets . Barbie is a fashion icon and has had over 135 careers , and counting . Despite being a celebrity in Malibu , she is friendly , humble and good - natured . Barbie is voiced by Kate Higgins . Kenneth `` Ken '' Carson : Ken is Barbie 's long - time boyfriend . Ken strives to be the perfect boyfriend for Barbie and is always there when Barbie needs him . He is an inventor who makes high - end machines and gadgets for Barbie to use , though they usually end up malfunctioning . Ken is voiced by Sean Hankinson . Skipper Roberts : The oldest of Barbie 's little sisters ; she is sixteen years old . Skipper enjoys technology and DJing . Skipper is voiced by Paula Bodin . Stacie Roberts is eleven years old and the middle of Barbie 's little sisters . Stacie is a tomboy who loves sports and organization . Stacie is voiced by Paula Bodin . Chelsea `` Kelly '' Roberts is the 6 - year - old youngest of Barbie 's sisters . She is mostly interested in collecting and playing with stuffed animals ( including her eye - catching favorite Unicorn Flashie of the Month or simply Flashie ) . Chelsea is voiced by Laura Gerow . Teresa : Teresa is one of Barbie 's best friends who lives near the Dreamhouse . She is very chatty but is also very ditzy and often makes silly , half - witted remarks . Teresa is voiced by Katie Crown . Nikki : Nikki is one of Barbie 's best friends . She is also close friends with Teresa . She manages a fashion blog and loves taking pictures as a hobby . She is creative , outspoken , and very protective of her friends . Nikki is voiced by Nakia Burrise . Raquelle : Raquelle is Barbie 's frenemy and rival for Ken 's affections . She lives a very posh lifestyle in an attempt to outshine Barbie . She is portrayed as vain and arrogant and is not above deceit to attain what she wants . She is also clumsy , and her plans to sabotage Barbie often backfire . Raquelle is voiced by Haviland Stillwell . Ryan : Ryan is Raquelle 's twin brother and struggling musician . He is in love with Barbie and often writes songs about her to impress her . He is a frenemy of Ken and will often brawl with him to win Barbie 's affections . Like his sister , Ryan is also very vain and is often seen carrying around large cardboard standups of himself . Ryan is voiced by Charlie Bodin . Midge Hadley : Midge is Barbie 's childhood best friend from Barbie 's hometown , Willows , Wisconsin . She and Barbie lost touch when Barbie 's family moved to Malibu . Prior to her makeover , she appears in black - and - white , dressed in vintage fashion , and speaks in 1960s slang . She is also quirky , smart , and is fond of arts and crafts ( particularly macramé ) . She moves to Malibu and develops a crush on Ryan . Midge is voiced by Ashlyn Selich . Summer : Summer is another one of Barbie 's best friends . She is a fun , energetic girl who loves sports and games . She is competitive , and her hyperactive nature is sometimes too much to handle . Summer is voiced by Tara Sands . Grace : Grace is Barbie 's new best friend and a new resident in Malibu . She is very smart and interested in science . Grace is voied by Lillian Sofia . The Mall Cop : A strict and sometimes angry police officer who goes by the Malibu Mall codes of conduct . Closet : A robot who lives in and manages Barbie 's closet . The robot speaks in monotone and has an evil side . Closet is voiced by Todd Resnick . Video game ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Barbie : Dreamhouse Party Developer ( s ) Torus Games Publisher ( s ) Little Orbit Series Barbie Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows , Nintendo 3DS , PlayStation 3 , Wii U , Xbox 360 Release November 1 , 2013 Genre ( s ) Party Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Barbie : Dreamhouse Party is a party video game published by Little Orbit and developed by Torus Games based on the show . Episodes ( edit ) Episode Number Title Original Air Date Short Summary Closet Princess January 20 , 2012 Barbie goes through her endless closet for a specific accessory to wear on her 43rd anniversary with Ken . Happy Birthday Chelsea January 27 , 2012 The group celebrates Chelsea 's 6th birthday . Pet Peeve February 3 , 2012 Ken and Ryan pet - sit Barbie 's animals while Barbie is out . Rhapsody in Buttercream February 10 , 2012 Teresa thinks Barbie ca n't cook , and Barbie wants to prove her wrong . 5 Ken - tastic , Hair - tastic February 17 , 2012 After Ken uses a voluminous hair product , Barbie , Raquelle , and Chelsea attempt to give him a new look . 6 Party Foul February 24 , 2012 Raquelle invites Barbie and Nikki over for a party and gives them a hard time with the dress code . 7 Day at the Beach March 3 , 2012 The group heads out to the beach for some fun in the sun . 8 Sticker It Up March 10 , 2012 The girls decide to redecorate their Dreamhouse . 9 Oh How Campy March 17 , 2012 Barbie takes Ken , Ryan , and Raquelle camping . 10 Bad Hair Day March 24 , 2012 Barbie wakes up with disheveled hair , and the girls think she 's a trend setter . 11 Licensed to Drive March 31 , 2012 Ken attempts to teach Barbie how to drive . 12 I Want My BTV April 14 , 2012 Ryan directs a music video and makes it big in Hollywood . 13 Gifts , Goofs , Galore April 21 , 2012 It 's Barbie 's birthday and her friends go looking for the perfect birthday present . 14 The Barbie Boutique April 28 , 2012 Barbie opens a boutique . 15 The Reunion Show November 3 , 2012 The group gets back together to review highlights from season one . 16 Closet Princess 2.0 November 10 , 2012 After Ken upgrades the Dreamhouse closet , the new robotic valet wo n't let Barbie and her friends leave unless she chooses a different outfit . 17 Sisters Ahoy November 17 , 2012 The girls go on a scavenger hunt at the beach . 18 The Shrinkerator November 24 , 2012 Ken invents a shrinking ray and accidentally shrinks Barbie and Raquelle . 19 Plethora of Puppies December 1 , 2012 Barbie 's dog , Taffy , has puppies and they become too much to handle . 20 Closet Clothes Out December 8 , 2012 The Dreamhouse closet is full , so Barbie auctions off her unwanted clothing . 21 Accidentally on Porpoise December 15 , 2012 Chelsea gets a dolphin tank installed in the middle of the Dreamhouse , but the dolphins escape and the group has to get them back . 22 Gone Glitter Gone -- Part 1 December 22 , 2012 There is a glitter shortage in Malibu . 23 Gone Glitter Gone -- Part 2 December 29 , 2012 The girls scheme for whatever glitter they can find in the midst of the glitter shortage . 24 Playing Heart to Get February 2 , 2013 Ken gets Barbie Valentine 's Day gifts from the heart , while Ryan tries to compete for her with extravagant gifts that he thinks every girl wants . 25 Catty on the Catwalk February 9 , 2013 Raquelle asks Barbie for modeling advice with a hidden agenda . 26 Help Wanted February 16 , 2013 Barbie gives Skipper a job at her boutique but Raquelle tries to ruin her first day on the job . 27 Spooky Sleepover February 23 , 2013 Barbie throws a sleepover and Ryan tries to scare the girls . 28 A Smidge of Midge March 9 , 2013 Barbie 's first best friend , Midge , comes to town and Barbie gives her a well overdue makeover . 29 Occupational Hazards March 16 , 2013 Ken looks for a job , but is constantly disrupted by Barbie 's calls for assistance . 30 Ooh How Campy , Too March 23 , 2013 The girls head back out to the woods as Stacie is looking to earn her wilderness badge . 31 Let 's Make a Doll March 30 , 2013 Skipper hosts a trivia competition in which Teresa , Nikki , Raquelle , and Midge compete to see who is Barbie 's true best friend . 32 Endless Summer September 20 , 2013 The sisters struggle to keep up with Barbie 's overly energetic best friend , Summer , who just moved into town . 33 Sour Loser September 27 , 2013 Chelsea opens up a lemonade stand and Raquelle tries to bring her down . 34 Another Day at the Beach October 4 , 2013 Barbie brings Midge and Summer to the beach and tries to make them get along , though their polar opposite personalities might make that difficult . 35 Happy Bathday to You October 11 , 2013 It 's bath day at the Dreamhouse , though the pets are n't so stoked about the idea . 36 Cringing in the Rain November 1 , 2013 It 's raining in Malibu and the group 's beach outing is cancelled . However Barbie still manages to give the group a fun time despite the rainy weather . 37 The Ken Den November 8 , 2013 Ken puts up a guy - friendly hangout inside Barbie 's boutique , but things get out of hand when too many guys crowd up the store . 38 Primp My Ride November 15 , 2013 Barbie decides to surprise Ken by upgrading his car as a gift for their anniversary . 39 Mall Mayhem November 22 , 2013 Summer and Raquelle run from security while they wait for Barbie . 40 The Upgradening November 29 , 2013 Ken upgrades Barbie 's closet . 41 Doctor Barbie October 2 , 2013 When Chelsea get sick , Barbie assumes the position of a doctor , while Skipper and Stacey fight over nurse duties . 42 Stuck with You October 9 , 2013 Problems arise during game night when Barbie and Ryan end up getting stuck in an elevator together . 43 The Only Way to Fly Oct 16 , 2013 Barbie gets banned at the Malibu airport , so she and her sisters decide to build their own jet . 44 Perf Pool Party Oct 23 , 2013 Barbie decides to invite everyone over for a pool party and Ken builds a giant slide . 45 Trapped in the Dreamhouse Oct 30 , 2013 Barbie and her friends find themselves getting trapped in the Dreamhouse , thanks to Raquelle . 46 Style Super Squad -- Part 1 February 5 , 2014 Barbie and her friends come up with a system to deal with fashion emergencies all over the world . 47 Style Super Squad -- Part 2 February 19 , 2014 Raquelle tries to become a star but fails . Meanwhile , Barbie gets back to her normal jobs due to disasters . 48 Little Bad Dress March 19 , 2014 Teresa borrows Raquelle 's dress and starts acting like Raquelle . 49 Going to the Dogs April 2 , 2014 Barbie and her friends go head to head at the Malibu Surf and Sport Dog show . 50 Dream a Little Dreamhouse Apr 16 , 2014 Chelsea builds a little Dream house for their playhouse with her friends . 51 Mayor of Malibu Apr 30 , 2014 Chelsea and Raquelle are fighting to be the mayor of Malibu . 52 Bizzaro Barbie May 28 , 2014 After Barbie and her friends do n't want to jump on board with Raquelle 's new saying , Raquelle wanders into an alternate dimension where she 's the star . 53 Doll vs. Dessert June 11 , 2014 Raquelle and Barbie enter a television baking competition to see who can make the best cupcakes . 54 Going Viral July 9 , 2014 With Skipper 's help , Raquelle tries to create a viral video to rival cat meme videos in popularity . 55 Girls Day Out July 23 , 2014 When Barbie decides to spend time with Tawny , a jealous Blissa tries to sabotage their night out . 56 Business is Barking September 4 , 2014 When Chelsea sets up her own pet salon , Raquelle offers her services . 57 When the Cat 's Away September 17 , 2014 With Barbie away , Chelsea chases Blissa into the endless closet . 58 Ice Ice , Barbie -- Part 1 October 15 , 2014 When Midge starts to miss the snow in Wisconsin , Ken brings the snow to her . 59 Ice Ice , Barbie -- Part 2 October 29 , 2014 There is an extreme weather phenomena in Malibu . 60 The Amaze Chase Nov 12 , 2014 The friends compete in the extreme challenges of the Amaze Chase . This is a 30 - minute special . 61 New Girl In Town Dec 10 , 2014 Barbie meets a fab new girl at the Malibu Mall . 62 Malibu 's Empirical Emporium April 17 , 2015 Grace decides to start her own business a store solely dedicated to science . 63 Red Carpet Caper April 24 , 2015 Barbie asks Raquelle to help her plan a fabulous red carpet event . 64 Mission Impawsible May 1 , 2015 The pets go on an adventure but try not to be caught by Barbie . 65 The Telethon May 8 , 2015 Barbie hosts a star - studded telethon for Chelsea 's favorite cause -- pet illiteracy . 66 Do n't Bet on It May 20 , 2015 Barbie and her sisters challenge each other to give up their favorite thing for an entire day . 67 Dissin Cousins June 20 , 2015 Ken 's cousin named Ben comes to visit . 68 Alone in the Dreamhouse May 29 , 2015 Barbie and her sisters go to the beach and leave Chelsea behind . 69 Mooning Over You June 26 , 2015 Barbie and Ken head to outer space but Ken messes things up . 70 Sidewalk Showdown July 30 , 2015 Barbie , Stacie and Chelsea camp out to buy tickets to a concert , much to the embarrassment of Skipper . 71 Sister 's Fun Day August 1 , 2015 Barbie hangs out with Skipper , Stacie , and Chelsea but has to leave them to help Fifth Harmony make a music video . 72 Send in the Clones -- Part 1 August 27 , 2015 Ken makes a Barbie clone to help with her jobs so he can spend more time , but the robot turns evil and Ken 's tennis playing robot cause a lot of clones to appear and cause disasters . 73 Send in the Clones -- Part 2 September 11 , 2015 Ken decides to tell the truth to Barbie , and Barbie and her sisters gets all the clones back to stop them . Meanwhile , the evil Barbie is saying she is the real Barbie and would receive the key to Malibu . 74 Send in the Clones -- Part 3 September 18 , 2015 Barbie competes with the clone to prove the clone is fake but the clone beats her . However , Barbie tricks the clone into removing its comb that contains A.I. in it . 75 The Fantasticest Journey September 25 , 2015 Taffy swallows a gift by Ken and he and Barbie must retrieve it . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Barbie Life in the Dreamhouse -- Episodes , Cast & Character Profiles , Map & Locations , B Friends . Dreamhouse.barbie.com ( 2013 - 02 - 18 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Official Barbie YouTube Page . YouTube . Retrieved on 2013 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Barbie -- and her Dreamhouse -- are coming to Nickelodeon . EW.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Mattel Creations greenlights two new Barbie series , more kids content '' . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Credits ended at the end of the webisode video `` The Fantasticest Journey '' under web link 74th webisode episode The Fantasticest Journey , which used to be on YouTube . Jump up ^ Meet Nikki -- Nikki Character Profile Barbie Life in the Dreamhouse . Dreamhouse.barbie.com ( 2013 - 02 - 18 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Meet Ryan -- Ryan Character Profile Barbie Life in the Dreamhouse . Dreamhouse.barbie.com ( 2013 - 02 - 18 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ A Smidge of Midge -- Watch Episodes , Clips & Videos Barbie Life in the Dreamhouse . Dreamhouse.barbie.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Meet Midge -- Midge Character Profile Barbie Life in the Dreamhouse . Dreamhouse.barbie.com ( 2013 - 02 - 18 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Endless Summer -- Watch Episodes , Clips & Videos Barbie Life in the Dreamhouse . Dreamhouse.barbie.com ( 2013 - 02 - 18 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Marketing agency ( 2013 - 05 - 28 ) . `` Barbie Dreamhouse Party -- Little Orbit '' . Little Orbit . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Official Barbie : Life in the Dreamhouse website -- owned by Mattel Official Barbie YouTube page -- managed by Mattel IMDB page <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Barbie Dolls Basics Blaine Burqa Computer Engineer Earring Magic Ken Fashion Model Collection Francie Ken List of friends and family Midge Nikki The Rockers Skipper Teen Talk Tefillin Teresa Totally Hair Films 2000s The Nutcracker ( 2001 ) Rapunzel ( 2002 ) Swan Lake ( 2003 ) The Princess and the Pauper ( 2004 ) Fairytopia ( 2005 ) The Magic of Pegasus ( 2005 ) Mermaidia ( 2006 ) The Barbie Diaries ( 2006 ) The 12 Dancing Princesses ( 2006 ) The Island Princess ( 2007 ) Mariposa ( 2008 ) The Diamond Castle ( 2008 ) Thumbelina ( 2009 ) The Three Musketeers ( 2009 ) 2010s A Mermaid Tale ( 2010 ) A Fashion Fairytale ( 2010 ) A Fairy Secret ( 2011 ) Princess Charm School ( 2011 ) A Mermaid Tale 2 ( 2012 ) The Princess & the Popstar ( 2012 ) The Secret Door ( 2014 ) Star Light Adventure ( 2016 ) Dolphin Magic ( 2017 ) Shorts and specials The Rockers : Out of This World ( 1987 ) The Sensations : Rockin ' Back to Earth ( 1987 ) Other animation Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Jammin ' in Jamaica ( 2004 ) My Scene Goes Hollywood ( 2005 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Hawaiian Vacation ( 2011 ) Life in the Dreamhouse ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Dreamtopia ( 2016 -- present ) Video games 1980s Barbie ( 1984 ) 1990s Barbie ( 1991 ) Game Girl Super Model Vacation Adventure Race & Ride Super Sports 2000s Magic Genie Adventure Explorer Horse Adventures Blue Ribbon Race Mystery Ride Wild Horse Rescue Riding Camp The Island Princess Fashion Show : An Eye for Style Series Detective Barbie Related `` Barbie Girl '' Barbie Liberation Organization Barbie Shanghai Barbie 's careers Elliot Handler Ruth Handler `` Lisa vs. Malibu Stacy '' Mattel Inc v 3894207 Canada Inc Mattel , Inc. v. MCA Records , Inc . Museum of Lifestyle & Fashion History Kitty Black Perkins LaVonne Salleé Superstar : The Karen Carpenter Story The Tribe Willows , Wisconsin <Td_colspan="2"> Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbie:_Life_in_the_Dreamhouse&oldid=827109069 '' Categories : 2012 web series debuts American web series Barbie films Computer - animated television series Sentient toys in fiction Works based on Mattel toys Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español Italiano Magyar Português Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 20 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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1. Barbie: Life in the Dreamhouse 2. Computer-animated web series 3. Barbie and her friends and family 4. Mock reality show 5. Barbie's fashion and career choices

the smallest composite number that has the five smallest prime numbers as factors

Table of prime factors - wikipedia Table of prime factors Jump to : navigation , search The tables contain the prime factorization of the natural numbers from 1 to 1000 . When n is a prime number , the prime factorization is just n itself , written in bold below . The number 1 is called a unit . It has no prime factors and is neither prime nor composite . See also : Table of divisors ( prime and non-prime divisors for 1 to 1000 ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Properties 2 1 to 100 3 101 to 200 4 201 to 300 5 301 to 400 6 401 to 500 7 501 to 600 8 601 to 700 9 701 to 800 10 801 to 900 11 901 to 1000 12 See also Properties ( edit ) Many properties of a natural number n can be seen or directly computed from the prime factorization of n . The multiplicity of a prime factor p of n is the largest exponent m for which p divides n . The tables show the multiplicity for each prime factor . If no exponent is written then the multiplicity is 1 ( since p = p ) . The multiplicity of a prime which does not divide n may be called 0 or may be considered undefined . Ω ( n ) , the big Omega function , is the number of prime factors of n counted with multiplicity ( so it is the sum of all prime factor multiplicities ) . A prime number has Ω ( n ) = 1 . The first : 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 13 , 17 , 19 , 23 , 29 , 31 , 37 ( sequence A000040 in the OEIS ) . There are many special types of prime numbers . A composite number has Ω ( n ) > 1 . The first : 4 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 18 , 20 , 21 ( sequence A002808 in the OEIS ) . All numbers above 1 are either prime or composite . 1 is neither . A semiprime has Ω ( n ) = 2 ( so it is composite ) . The first : 4 , 6 , 9 , 10 , 14 , 15 , 21 , 22 , 25 , 26 , 33 , 34 ( sequence A001358 in the OEIS ) . A k - almost prime ( for a natural number k ) has Ω ( n ) = k ( so it is composite if k > 1 ) . An even number has the prime factor 2 . The first : 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 12 , 14 , 16 , 18 , 20 , 22 , 24 ( sequence A005843 in the OEIS ) . An odd number does not have the prime factor 2 . The first : 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 11 , 13 , 15 , 17 , 19 , 21 , 23 ( sequence A005408 in the OEIS ) . All integers are either even or odd . A square has even multiplicity for all prime factors ( it is of the form a for some a ) . The first : 1 , 4 , 9 , 16 , 25 , 36 , 49 , 64 , 81 , 100 , 121 , 144 ( sequence A000290 in the OEIS ) . A cube has all multiplicities divisible by 3 ( it is of the form a for some a ) . The first : 1 , 8 , 27 , 64 , 125 , 216 , 343 , 512 , 729 , 1000 , 1331 , 1728 ( sequence A000578 in the OEIS ) . A perfect power has a common divisor m > 1 for all multiplicities ( it is of the form a for some a > 1 and m > 1 ) . The first : 4 , 8 , 9 , 16 , 25 , 27 , 32 , 36 , 49 , 64 , 81 , 100 ( sequence A001597 in the OEIS ) . 1 is sometimes included . A powerful number ( also called squareful ) has multiplicity above 1 for all prime factors . The first : 1 , 4 , 8 , 9 , 16 , 25 , 27 , 32 , 36 , 49 , 64 , 72 ( sequence A001694 in the OEIS ) . A prime power has only one prime factor . The first : 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 11 , 13 , 16 , 17 , 19 ( sequence A000961 in the OEIS ) . 1 is sometimes included . An Achilles number is powerful but not a perfect power . The first : 72 , 108 , 200 , 288 , 392 , 432 , 500 , 648 , 675 , 800 , 864 , 968 ( sequence A052486 in the OEIS ) . A square - free integer has no prime factor with multiplicity above 1 . The first : 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 10 , 11 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 17 ( sequence A005117 in the OEIS ) ) . A number where some but not all prime factors have multiplicity above 1 is neither square - free nor squareful . The Liouville function λ ( n ) is 1 if Ω ( n ) is even , and is - 1 if Ω ( n ) is odd . The Möbius function μ ( n ) is 0 if n is not square - free . Otherwise μ ( n ) is 1 if Ω ( n ) is even , and is − 1 if Ω ( n ) is odd . A sphenic number has Ω ( n ) = 3 and is square - free ( so it is the product of 3 distinct primes ) . The first : 30 , 42 , 66 , 70 , 78 , 102 , 105 , 110 , 114 , 130 , 138 , 154 ( sequence A007304 in the OEIS ) . a ( n ) is the sum of primes dividing n , counted with multiplicity . It is an additive function . A Ruth - Aaron pair is two consecutive numbers ( x , x + 1 ) with a ( x ) = a ( x + 1 ) . The first ( by x value ) : 5 , 8 , 15 , 77 , 125 , 714 , 948 , 1330 , 1520 , 1862 , 2491 , 3248 ( sequence A039752 in the OEIS ) , another definition is the same prime only count once , if so , the first ( by x value ) : 5 , 24 , 49 , 77 , 104 , 153 , 369 , 492 , 714 , 1682 , 2107 , 2299 ( sequence A006145 in the OEIS ) A primorial x# is the product of all primes from 2 to x . The first : 2 , 6 , 30 , 210 , 2310 , 30030 , 510510 , 9699690 , 223092870 , 6469693230 , 200560490130 , 7420738134810 ( sequence A002110 in the OEIS ) . 1 # = 1 is sometimes included . A factorial x ! is the product of all numbers from 1 to x . The first : 1 , 2 , 6 , 24 , 120 , 720 , 5040 , 40320 , 362880 , 3628800 , 39916800 , 479001600 ( sequence A000142 in the OEIS ) . 0 ! = 1 is sometimes included . A k - smooth number ( for a natural number k ) has largest prime factor ≤ k ( so it is also j - smooth for any j > k ) . m is smoother than n if the largest prime factor of m is below the largest of n . A regular number has no prime factor above 5 ( so it is 5 - smooth ) . The first : 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 15 , 16 ( sequence A051037 in the OEIS ) . A k - powersmooth number has all p ≤ k where p is a prime factor with multiplicity m . A frugal number has more digits than the number of digits in its prime factorization ( when written like below tables with multiplicities above 1 as exponents ) . The first in decimal : 125 , 128 , 243 , 256 , 343 , 512 , 625 , 729 , 1024 , 1029 , 1215 , 1250 ( sequence A046759 in the OEIS ) . An equidigital number has the same number of digits as its prime factorization . The first in decimal : 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 10 , 11 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ( sequence A046758 in the OEIS ) . An extravagant number has fewer digits than its prime factorization . The first in decimal : 4 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 12 , 18 , 20 , 22 , 24 , 26 , 28 , 30 ( sequence A046760 in the OEIS ) . An economical number has been defined as a frugal number , but also as a number that is either frugal or equidigital . gcd ( m , n ) ( greatest common divisor of m and n ) is the product of all prime factors which are both in m and n ( with the smallest multiplicity for m and n ) . m and n are coprime ( also called relatively prime ) if gcd ( m , n ) = 1 ( meaning they have no common prime factor ) . lcm ( m , n ) ( least common multiple of m and n ) is the product of all prime factors of m or n ( with the largest multiplicity for m or n ) . gcd ( m , n ) × lcm ( m , n ) = m × n . Finding the prime factors is often harder than to compute gcd and lcm with other algorithms which do not require known prime factorization . m is a divisor of n ( also called m divides n , or n is divisible by m ) if all prime factors of m have at least the same multiplicity in n . The divisors of n are all products of some or all prime factors of n ( including the empty product 1 of no prime factors ) . The number of divisors can be computed by increasing all multiplicities by 1 and then multiplying them . Divisors and properties related to divisors are shown in table of divisors . 1 to 100 ( edit ) 1 − 20 5 5 6 2 3 7 7 8 9 10 2 5 11 11 12 2 3 13 13 14 2 7 15 3 5 16 17 17 18 2 3 19 19 20 2 5 21 − 40 21 3 7 22 2 11 23 23 24 2 3 25 5 26 2 13 27 28 2 7 29 29 30 2 3 5 31 31 32 33 3 11 34 2 17 35 5 7 36 2 3 37 37 38 2 19 39 3 13 40 2 5 41 − 60 41 41 42 2 3 7 43 43 44 2 11 45 3 5 46 2 23 47 47 48 2 3 49 7 50 2 5 51 3 17 52 2 13 53 53 54 2 3 55 5 11 56 2 7 57 3 19 58 2 29 59 59 60 2 3 5 61 − 80 61 61 62 2 31 63 3 7 64 65 5 13 66 2 3 11 67 67 68 2 17 69 3 23 70 2 5 7 71 71 72 2 3 73 73 74 2 37 75 3 5 76 2 19 77 7 11 78 2 3 13 79 79 80 2 5 81 − 100 81 82 2 41 83 83 84 2 3 7 85 5 17 86 2 43 87 3 29 88 2 11 89 89 90 2 3 5 91 7 13 92 2 23 93 3 31 94 2 47 95 5 19 96 2 3 97 97 98 2 7 99 3 11 100 2 5 101 to 200 ( edit ) 101 − 120 101 101 102 2 3 17 103 103 104 2 13 105 3 5 7 106 2 53 107 107 108 2 3 109 109 110 2 5 11 111 3 37 112 2 7 113 113 114 2 3 19 115 5 23 116 2 29 117 3 13 118 2 59 119 7 17 120 2 3 5 121 − 140 121 11 122 2 61 123 3 41 124 2 31 125 5 126 2 3 7 127 127 128 129 3 43 130 2 5 13 131 131 132 2 3 11 133 7 19 134 2 67 135 3 5 136 2 17 137 137 138 2 3 23 139 139 140 2 5 7 141 − 160 141 3 47 142 2 71 143 11 13 144 2 3 145 5 29 146 2 73 147 3 7 148 2 37 149 149 150 2 3 5 151 151 152 2 19 153 3 17 154 2 7 11 155 5 31 156 2 3 13 157 157 158 2 79 159 3 53 160 2 5 161 − 180 161 7 23 162 2 3 163 163 164 2 41 165 3 5 11 166 2 83 167 167 168 2 3 7 169 13 170 2 5 17 171 3 19 172 2 43 173 173 174 2 3 29 175 5 7 176 2 11 177 3 59 178 2 89 179 179 180 2 3 5 181 − 200 181 181 182 2 7 13 183 3 61 184 2 23 185 5 37 186 2 3 31 187 11 17 188 2 47 189 3 7 190 2 5 19 191 191 192 2 3 193 193 194 2 97 195 3 5 13 196 2 7 197 197 198 2 3 11 199 199 200 2 5 201 to 300 ( edit ) 201 − 220 201 3 67 202 2 101 203 7 29 204 2 3 17 205 5 41 206 2 103 207 3 23 208 2 13 209 11 19 210 2 3 5 7 211 211 212 2 53 213 3 71 214 2 107 215 5 43 216 2 3 217 7 31 218 2 109 219 3 73 220 2 5 11 221 − 240 221 13 17 222 2 3 37 223 223 224 2 7 225 3 5 226 2 113 227 227 228 2 3 19 229 229 230 2 5 23 231 3 7 11 232 2 29 233 233 234 2 3 13 235 5 47 236 2 59 237 3 79 238 2 7 17 239 239 240 2 3 5 241 − 260 241 241 242 2 11 243 244 2 61 245 5 7 246 2 3 41 247 13 19 248 2 31 249 3 83 250 2 5 251 251 252 2 3 7 253 11 23 254 2 127 255 3 5 17 256 257 257 258 2 3 43 259 7 37 260 2 5 13 261 − 280 261 3 29 262 2 131 263 263 264 2 3 11 265 5 53 266 2 7 19 267 3 89 268 2 67 269 269 270 2 3 5 271 271 272 2 17 273 3 7 13 274 2 137 275 5 11 276 2 3 23 277 277 278 2 139 279 3 31 280 2 5 7 281 − 300 281 281 282 2 3 47 283 283 284 2 71 285 3 5 19 286 2 11 13 287 7 41 288 2 3 289 17 290 2 5 29 291 3 97 292 2 73 293 293 294 2 3 7 295 5 59 296 2 37 297 3 11 298 2 149 299 13 23 300 2 3 5 301 to 400 ( edit ) 301 − 320 301 7 43 302 2 151 303 3 101 304 2 19 305 5 61 306 2 3 17 307 307 308 2 7 11 309 3 103 310 2 5 31 311 311 312 2 3 13 313 313 314 2 157 315 3 5 7 316 2 79 317 317 318 2 3 53 319 11 29 320 2 5 321 − 340 321 3 107 322 2 7 23 323 17 19 324 2 3 325 5 13 326 2 163 327 3 109 328 2 41 329 7 47 330 2 3 5 11 331 331 332 2 83 333 3 37 334 2 167 335 5 67 336 2 3 7 337 337 338 2 13 339 3 113 340 2 5 17 341 − 360 341 11 31 342 2 3 19 343 7 344 2 43 345 3 5 23 346 2 173 347 347 348 2 3 29 349 349 350 2 5 7 351 3 13 352 2 11 353 353 354 2 3 59 355 5 71 356 2 89 357 3 7 17 358 2 179 359 359 360 2 3 5 361 − 380 361 19 362 2 181 363 3 11 364 2 7 13 365 5 73 366 2 3 61 367 367 368 2 23 369 3 41 370 2 5 37 371 7 53 372 2 3 31 373 373 374 2 11 17 375 3 5 376 2 47 377 13 29 378 2 3 7 379 379 380 2 5 19 381 − 400 381 3 127 382 2 191 383 383 384 2 3 385 5 7 11 386 2 193 387 3 43 388 2 97 389 389 390 2 3 5 13 391 17 23 392 2 7 393 3 131 394 2 197 395 5 79 396 2 3 11 397 397 398 2 199 399 3 7 19 400 2 5 401 to 500 ( edit ) 401 − 420 401 401 402 2 3 67 403 13 31 404 2 101 405 3 5 406 2 7 29 407 11 37 408 2 3 17 409 409 410 2 5 41 411 3 137 412 2 103 413 7 59 414 2 3 23 415 5 83 416 2 13 417 3 139 418 2 11 19 419 419 420 2 3 5 7 421 − 440 421 421 422 2 211 423 3 47 424 2 53 425 5 17 426 2 3 71 427 7 61 428 2 107 429 3 11 13 430 2 5 43 431 431 432 2 3 433 433 434 2 7 31 435 3 5 29 436 2 109 437 19 23 438 2 3 73 439 439 440 2 5 11 441 − 460 441 3 7 442 2 13 17 443 443 444 2 3 37 445 5 89 446 2 223 447 3 149 448 2 7 449 449 450 2 3 5 451 11 41 452 2 113 453 3 151 454 2 227 455 5 7 13 456 2 3 19 457 457 458 2 229 459 3 17 460 2 5 23 461 − 480 461 461 462 2 3 7 11 463 463 464 2 29 465 3 5 31 466 2 233 467 467 468 2 3 13 469 7 67 470 2 5 47 471 3 157 472 2 59 473 11 43 474 2 3 79 475 5 19 476 2 7 17 477 3 53 478 2 239 479 479 480 2 3 5 481 − 500 481 13 37 482 2 241 483 3 7 23 484 2 11 485 5 97 486 2 3 487 487 488 2 61 489 3 163 490 2 5 7 491 491 492 2 3 41 493 17 29 494 2 13 19 495 3 5 11 496 2 31 497 7 71 498 2 3 83 499 499 500 2 5 501 to 600 ( edit ) 501 − 520 501 3 167 502 2 251 503 503 504 2 3 7 505 5 101 506 2 11 23 507 3 13 508 2 127 509 509 510 2 3 5 17 511 7 73 512 513 3 19 514 2 257 515 5 103 516 2 3 43 517 11 47 518 2 7 37 519 3 173 520 2 5 13 521 − 540 521 521 522 2 3 29 523 523 524 2 131 525 3 5 7 526 2 263 527 17 31 528 2 3 11 529 23 530 2 5 53 531 3 59 532 2 7 19 533 13 41 534 2 3 89 535 5 107 536 2 67 537 3 179 538 2 269 539 7 11 540 2 3 5 541 − 560 541 541 542 2 271 543 3 181 544 2 17 545 5 109 546 2 3 7 13 547 547 548 2 137 549 3 61 550 2 5 11 551 19 29 552 2 3 23 553 7 79 554 2 277 555 3 5 37 556 2 139 557 557 558 2 3 31 559 13 43 560 2 5 7 561 − 580 561 3 11 17 562 2 281 563 563 564 2 3 47 565 5 113 566 2 283 567 3 7 568 2 71 569 569 570 2 3 5 19 571 571 572 2 11 13 573 3 191 574 2 7 41 575 5 23 576 2 3 577 577 578 2 17 579 3 193 580 2 5 29 581 − 600 581 7 83 582 2 3 97 583 11 53 584 2 73 585 3 5 13 586 2 293 587 587 588 2 3 7 589 19 31 590 2 5 59 591 3 197 592 2 37 593 593 594 2 3 11 595 5 7 17 596 2 149 597 3 199 598 2 13 23 599 599 600 2 3 5 601 to 700 ( edit ) 601 − 620 601 601 602 2 7 43 603 3 67 604 2 151 605 5 11 606 2 3 101 607 607 608 2 19 609 3 7 29 610 2 5 61 611 13 47 612 2 3 17 613 613 614 2 307 615 3 5 41 616 2 7 11 617 617 618 2 3 103 619 619 620 2 5 31 621 − 640 621 3 23 622 2 311 623 7 89 624 2 3 13 625 5 626 2 313 627 3 11 19 628 2 157 629 17 37 630 2 3 5 7 631 631 632 2 79 633 3 211 634 2 317 635 5 127 636 2 3 53 637 7 13 638 2 11 29 639 3 71 640 2 5 641 − 660 641 641 642 2 3 107 643 643 644 2 7 23 645 3 5 43 646 2 17 19 647 647 648 2 3 649 11 59 650 2 5 13 651 3 7 31 652 2 163 653 653 654 2 3 109 655 5 131 656 2 41 657 3 73 658 2 7 47 659 659 660 2 3 5 11 661 − 680 661 661 662 2 331 663 3 13 17 664 2 83 665 5 7 19 666 2 3 37 667 23 29 668 2 167 669 3 223 670 2 5 67 671 11 61 672 2 3 7 673 673 674 2 337 675 3 5 676 2 13 677 677 678 2 3 113 679 7 97 680 2 5 17 681 − 700 681 3 227 682 2 11 31 683 683 684 2 3 19 685 5 137 686 2 7 687 3 229 688 2 43 689 13 53 690 2 3 5 23 691 691 692 2 173 693 3 7 11 694 2 347 695 5 139 696 2 3 29 697 17 41 698 2 349 699 3 233 700 2 5 7 701 to 800 ( edit ) 701 − 720 701 701 702 2 3 13 703 19 37 704 2 11 705 3 5 47 706 2 353 707 7 101 708 2 3 59 709 709 710 2 5 71 711 3 79 712 2 89 713 23 31 714 2 3 7 17 715 5 11 13 716 2 179 717 3 239 718 2 359 719 719 720 2 3 5 721 − 740 721 7 103 722 2 19 723 3 241 724 2 181 725 5 29 726 2 3 11 727 727 728 2 7 13 729 730 2 5 73 731 17 43 732 2 3 61 733 733 734 2 367 735 3 5 7 736 2 23 737 11 67 738 2 3 41 739 739 740 2 5 37 741 − 760 741 3 13 19 742 2 7 53 743 743 744 2 3 31 745 5 149 746 2 373 747 3 83 748 2 11 17 749 7 107 750 2 3 5 751 751 752 2 47 753 3 251 754 2 13 29 755 5 151 756 2 3 7 757 757 758 2 379 759 3 11 23 760 2 5 19 761 − 780 761 761 762 2 3 127 763 7 109 764 2 191 765 3 5 17 766 2 383 767 13 59 768 2 3 769 769 770 2 5 7 11 771 3 257 772 2 193 773 773 774 2 3 43 775 5 31 776 2 97 777 3 7 37 778 2 389 779 19 41 780 2 3 5 13 781 − 800 781 11 71 782 2 17 23 783 3 29 784 2 7 785 5 157 786 2 3 131 787 787 788 2 197 789 3 263 790 2 5 79 791 7 113 792 2 3 11 793 13 61 794 2 397 795 3 5 53 796 2 199 797 797 798 2 3 7 19 799 17 47 800 2 5 801 to 900 ( edit ) 801 - 820 801 3 89 802 2 401 803 11 73 804 2 3 67 805 5 7 23 806 2 13 31 807 3 269 808 2 101 809 809 810 2 3 5 811 811 812 2 7 29 813 3 271 814 2 11 37 815 5 163 816 2 3 17 817 19 43 818 2 409 819 3 7 13 820 2 5 41 821 - 840 821 821 822 2 3 137 823 823 824 2 103 825 3 5 11 826 2 7 59 827 827 828 2 3 23 829 829 830 2 5 83 831 3 277 832 2 13 833 7 17 834 2 3 139 835 5 167 836 2 11 19 837 3 31 838 2 419 839 839 840 2 3 5 7 841 - 860 841 29 842 2 421 843 3 281 844 2 211 845 5 13 846 2 3 47 847 7 11 848 2 53 849 3 283 850 2 5 17 851 23 37 852 2 3 71 853 853 854 2 7 61 855 3 5 19 856 2 107 857 857 858 2 3 11 13 859 859 860 2 5 43 861 - 880 861 3 7 41 862 2 431 863 863 864 2 3 865 5 173 866 2 433 867 3 17 868 2 7 31 869 11 79 870 2 3 5 29 871 13 67 872 2 109 873 3 97 874 2 19 23 875 5 7 876 2 3 73 877 877 878 2 439 879 3 293 880 2 5 11 881 - 900 881 881 882 2 3 7 883 883 884 2 13 17 885 3 5 59 886 2 443 887 887 888 2 3 37 889 7 127 890 2 5 89 891 3 11 892 2 223 893 19 47 894 2 3 149 895 5 179 896 2 7 897 3 13 23 898 2 449 899 29 31 900 2 3 5 901 to 1000 ( edit ) 901 - 920 901 17 53 902 2 11 41 903 3 7 43 904 2 113 905 5 181 906 2 3 151 907 907 908 2 227 909 3 101 910 2 5 7 13 911 911 912 2 3 19 913 11 83 914 2 457 915 3 5 61 916 2 229 917 7 131 918 2 3 17 919 919 920 2 5 23 921 - 940 921 3 307 922 2 461 923 13 71 924 2 3 7 11 925 5 37 926 2 463 927 3 103 928 2 29 929 929 930 2 3 5 31 931 7 19 932 2 233 933 3 311 934 2 467 935 5 11 17 936 2 3 13 937 937 938 2 7 67 939 3 313 940 2 5 47 941 - 960 941 941 942 2 3 157 943 23 41 944 2 59 945 3 5 7 946 2 11 43 947 947 948 2 3 79 949 13 73 950 2 5 19 951 3 317 952 2 7 17 953 953 954 2 3 53 955 5 191 956 2 239 957 3 11 29 958 2 479 959 7 137 960 2 3 5 961 - 980 961 31 962 2 13 37 963 3 107 964 2 241 965 5 193 966 2 3 7 23 967 967 968 2 11 969 3 17 19 970 2 5 97 971 971 972 2 3 973 7 139 974 2 487 975 3 5 13 976 2 61 977 977 978 2 3 163 979 11 89 980 2 5 7 981 - 1000 981 3 109 982 2 491 983 983 984 2 3 41 985 5 197 986 2 17 29 987 3 7 47 988 2 13 19 989 23 43 990 2 3 5 11 991 991 992 2 31 993 3 331 994 2 7 71 995 5 199 996 2 3 83 997 997 998 2 499 999 3 37 1000 2 5 See also ( edit ) Table of divisors Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Table_of_prime_factors&oldid=811544947 '' Categories : Prime numbers Elementary number theory Mathematics - related lists Mathematical tables Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Français Italiano Nederlands Русский Slovenščina ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 November 2017 , at 09 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Prime factorization 2. Natural numbers 3. Multiplicity of prime factors 4. Properties of prime factors 5. Divisors of natural numbers

who is the hacker in person of interest

List of person of interest characters - Wikipedia List of person of interest characters Jump to : navigation , search Parts of this article ( those related to article ) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2014 ) This is a list of characters in the American science fiction crime drama television series Person of Interest . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 John Reese 1.2 Harold Finch 1.3 Joss Carter 1.4 Lionel Fusco 1.5 Sameen Shaw 1.6 Root 2 Recurring characters 2.1 Friends & Family of Team Machine 2.1. 1 Jessica Arndt 2.1. 2 Grace Hendricks 2.1. 3 Nathan Ingram 2.1. 4 Will Ingram 2.1. 5 Taylor Carter 2.1. 6 Lee Fusco 2.2 Persons of Interest 2.2. 1 Zoe Morgan 2.2. 2 Leon Tao 2.2. 3 Harper Rose 2.2. 4 Caleb Phipps 2.2. 5 Logan Pierce 2.3 Organised Crime figures 2.3. 1 Carl Elias 2.3. 2 Anthony Marconi 2.3. 3 Bruce Moran 2.3. 4 Gianni Moretti 2.3. 5 Peter Yogorov 2.4 The Brotherhood 2.4. 1 Dominic Besson 2.4. 2 Link Cordell 2.4. 3 Floyd 2.5 New York City Police Department 2.5. 1 Cal Beecher 2.5. 2 Bill Szymanski 2.5. 3 Kane 2.5. 4 Dani Silva 2.6 HR 2.6. 1 Alonzo Quinn 2.6. 2 Patrick Simmons 2.6. 3 Artie Lynch 2.6. 4 Womack 2.6. 5 Raymond Terney 2.6. 6 Mike Laskey 2.7 Federal Bureau of Investigation 2.7. 1 Nicholas Donnelly 2.7. 2 Brian Moss 2.8 The Government 2.8. 1 Alicia Corwin 2.8. 2 Denton Weeks 2.8. 3 Special Counsel 2.8. 4 Hersh 2.8. 5 Control 2.8. 6 Devon Grice 2.8. 7 Brooks 2.9 The CIA 2.9. 1 Mark Snow 2.9. 2 Tyrell Evans 2.9. 3 Kara Stanton 2.10 Decima Technologies 2.10. 1 John Greer 2.10. 2 Jeremy Lambert 2.10. 3 Martine Rousseau 2.10. 4 Gabriel Hayward 2.10. 5 Claire Mahoney 2.10. 6 Zachary 2.10. 7 Jeff Blackwell 2.11 Vigilance 2.11. 1 Peter Collier 3 References 4 Sources Main characters ( edit ) Actor Character <Th_colspan="5"> Seasons Jim Caviezel John Reese <Td_colspan="5"> Main Michael Emerson Harold Finch <Td_colspan="5"> Main Taraji P. Henson Jocelyn `` Joss '' Carter <Td_colspan="3"> Main <Td_colspan="1"> Guest <Td_colspan="1"> N / A Kevin Chapman Lionel Fusco <Td_colspan="5"> Main Sarah Shahi Sameen Shaw <Td_colspan="1"> N / A <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="3"> Main Amy Acker `` Root '' / Samantha `` Sam '' Groves <Td_colspan="1"> Guest <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="3"> Main John Reese ( edit ) Main article : John Reese ( Person of Interest ) John Reese ( played by Jim Caviezel ) is the name adopted by the former United States Special Forces operator and Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) officer who serves as Finch 's armed enforcer used to stop future crimes . Presumed dead following a failed CIA operation in China , Reese 's real name is unknown . He was nicknamed `` The Man in the Suit '' by law enforcement , who know him only in terms of the description given by witnesses . Harold Finch ( edit ) Main article : Harold Finch ( Person of Interest ) Harold Finch ( played by Michael Emerson ) is a reclusive billionaire software engineer who built a machine that predicts future crimes and outputs either the victim 's or perpetrator 's Social Security number . He is known by a series of bird - themed aliases such as Harold Wren , Harold Crow , and Harold Swift . Finch is very secretive and highly conscious of digital security , and has successfully erased his own digital footprint . A frequent companion of Finch is a dog named Bear ( played by Graubaer 's Boker ) . Bear is a Belgian Malinois with military training who Reese rescues from Aryan Nationalists , who were using him as an attack dog . Joss Carter ( edit ) Jocelyn `` Joss '' Carter ( played by Taraji P. Henson ) is a detective in the New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) 8th Precinct Homicide Task Force . She is a single mother of one son , Taylor , whom she is close to . Formerly a United States Army interrogator , she passed the bar examination in 2004 , but gave up practicing law to return to police work . Carter crossed paths with homeless John Reese ( `` Pilot '' ) following his encounter with a group of young men on a New York City subway , but she later reconnects with him as the mysterious man in a suit . Carter is initially determined to apprehend Reese as a person of interest ( a person not formally accused of a crime ) even after Reese saves her and her son on separate occasions . However , when the CIA tries to assassinate Reese without due process , she gradually revises her views and starts helping Reese and Finch instead . For nine episodes in season 3 , Carter is demoted to a beat officer after the crime organization HR frames her for shooting an unarmed suspect at the end of season 2 . This incident , and the death of two her fellow detectives -- Bill Szymanski and Carl Beecher -- motivate her to go against HR and arrest its mastermind , Alonzo Quinn , without resorting to the vigilante justice of Reese and Finch . By doing so , she restores her status as a detective . Tragically , soon afterwards , she is killed by Patrick Simmons , the last surviving member of HR , who was trying to ambush Reese . Her death sends Reese and Shaw on a bloody vengeance spree . During most of her screen time , she is unaware of the Machine 's existence and does not know where the tips come from . Only after Carter 's status as a detective is restored does she conclude that Finch must be receiving his info from a computer . Lionel Fusco ( edit ) Lionel P. Fusco ( played by Kevin Chapman ) is a police detective who was previously working in the NYPD 51st Precinct Vice Squad . He has an ex-wife and a young son , Lee Fusco . Fusco was a member of the criminal organization HR , although he did it for personal loyalty rather than greed . John Reese gave him a chance for redemption . At first , John had to blackmail him with the death of a murdered fellow officer , but later he arranged for him to be transferred to the 8th Precinct Homicide Task Force where he worked with Carter . Gradually during the first season , Fusco became a loyal friend . Until the finale of the first season , he and Carter are unaware that they have both been helping Finch and Reese . Fusco remained unaware of the Machine 's existence until `` Sotto Voce '' . He calls everyone by nickname : `` Wonder Boy '' , `` Glasses '' and `` Cocoa Puffs '' are nicknames he uses for Reese , Finch and Root , respectively . Sameen Shaw ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2016 ) Sameen Shaw ( played by Sarah Shahi ) is a former U.S. Marine and an ISA operative , first seen as an assassin working for `` The Program '' , the section of the Government dealing with the `` relevant '' numbers found by The Machine ( S2 Ep16 , `` Relevance '' ) . She begins to have doubts after one of her targets proves to be an engineer working for the government ; the assassination is part of the cover - up that conceals the existence of The Machine . As a result , her partner is killed and she becomes a number . Reese and Finch save her life and she subsequently works for them on a regular basis . She likes dogs and buys Bear an expensive collar and other presents . Shaw witnessed her father 's death in an automobile accident at a young age but did not exhibit typical emotional reactions to it . In her first appearance , she claims that she has alexithymia , making her unable to feel and / or express common human emotions like fear or sadness . Shaw once trained as a surgeon ; although very technically capable , she was criticized by her superiors for her indifference and lack of sensitivity to her patients and it is implied that she was removed from the program before she could complete her surgical training because of these emotional characteristics . She is capable of deducing emotionally correct actions , such as rescuing Fusco 's son rather than Fusco ( S3 Ep9 , `` The Crossing '' ) and taking on Genrika as her unofficial ward ( S3 Ep5 , `` Razgovor '' ) . She unexpectedly reveals human emotion by passionately kissing Root before sacrificing herself to save the team ( S4 Ep11 , `` If - Then - Else '' ) . She is later revealed to be alive and is used by Samaritan to bait a trap for the team . ( `` Asylum '' ) Greer then has Shaw subjected to over 7,000 simulations in an attempt to turn her on the team , but Shaw is able to escape , killing Jeremy Lambert in the process . ( `` Reassortment '' ) Shaw returns to New York a week later , but because of the amount of simulations she went through , has a hard time distinguishing reality from simulation . Root is able to get her to rejoin the team , however , which now includes a fully knowledgeable Fusco . ( `` Sotto Voce '' ) Following Finch 's cover being blown , Shaw works with Root to protect him but is separated by a gunfight . She is later devastated to learn of Root 's death . ( `` The Day the World Went Away '' ) Following Root 's death , the Machine reassigns Root 's rotating identities to Shaw and she works with Reese and Fusco to stop a Presidential assassination by domestic terrorists . ( `` Synecdoche '' ) She then infiltrates Fort Meade with Reese to back up Finch in deploying the ICE - 9 virus into Samaritan . ( ``. exe '' ) As the world falls apart from the ICE - 9 virus , Shaw visits Root 's grave in an attempt to say goodbye , but is unable to . She is then contacted by the Machine directly with Root 's voice and it aids her in escaping a Samaritan ambush . During the final battle with Samaritan , Shaw works with Fusco to defend the Machine , capturing Samaritan agent Jeffrey Blackwell in the process . Shaw realizes Blackwell is Root 's killer , but he escapes after seriously wounding Fusco . Before Shaw and Fusco abandon the Machine , the Machine passes on a final message from Root to Shaw who is able to finally say goodbye to Root . A week later , Shaw hunts down and kills Blackwell in revenge for Root . She then meets a recovering Fusco in a café , neither of them knowing if Reese or Finch survived . Shaw then takes Bear and walks down the street before being contacted by the Machine 's copy with a new mission . ( `` return 0 '' ) Root ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2016 ) Root ( played by Amy Acker ) , born Samantha `` Sam '' Groves , is a highly intelligent computer hacker and contract killer , obsessed with Finch and the Machine . Aside from her extraordinary intelligence , she has also displayed an uncanny ability in the use of firearms , a very high threshold for pain ( S2 Ep2 , `` Bad Code '' , where she gets physically assaulted by Denton Weeks ; S3 Ep12 , `` Aletheia '' , where she is severely tortured but not broken by Control ) and a proficiency for social engineering ( she has successfully posed as a high - end psychiatrist ( S1 Ep23 , `` Firewall '' ) , an assistant to the United States Special Counsel ( S2 Ep15 , `` Booked Solid '' ) and as a legitimate FBI agent ( showing up in Lionel Fusco 's New York City Police Department 8th Precinct with a legitimate warrant and an FBI badge , S3 Ep17 , `` Root Path '' ) . She was raised in Bishop , Texas , where she lived until her mother 's death . According to Sam , in discussions with Finch , her mother told her to `` follow her talents '' -- and she was good at inflicting harm on others without guilt or remorse . Also , as a child , computers made more sense to Sam than people , who she sees as `` bad code '' ; admitting she has been waiting for someone who shared her understanding of technology her whole life . In 1991 , Sam and her friend , Hanna Frey , were playing computer games in the local library until it closed for the day . After her friend left , Sam stayed a little longer successfully finishing The Oregon Trail . When she was ready to leave the library , she saw Hanna getting into a car that belonged to Trent Russell , a local man who was a member of the book club . She recognized his car and told the librarian , Barbara , ( played by Margo Martindale ) , who later married Trent Russell , what she had seen . However , as Barbara was in love with Trent , she kept the information to herself to protect him . Two years after Hanna disappeared , Sam hacked into the bank account of a drug lord , and stole $100,000 , using the money to frame Trent for the robbery , setting him up to be killed , as revenge for killing Hanna . Sam later moved to New York and became a professional assassin and ruthless hacker - for - hire under the alias `` Root '' . She has no qualms about killing , murdering or torturing people to get whatever she wants . She was hired by Pete Matheson to assassinate Congressman Michael Delancey . Through the use of a patsy , Scott Powell , Root was successful . However , her plan to kill Powell afterwards was foiled by John Reese . Ultimately , the operation fell apart as Reese took out one of her men and stole his phone while Finch provided a phone recording to the FBI proving Matheson 's involvement . Realizing this , Root killed her client and staged it as a suicide out of guilt for his actions , exonerating Powell . Root cleared out of her location , the dorm room of an uninvolved college student away on winter break , before the FBI , acting on an `` anonymous '' tip ( from Finch ) could apprehend her . She had a brief instant message conversation with Finch , acknowledging him as a worthy opponent and said she was looking forward to the next time . She ended the conversation with `` Harold '' , letting him know that she knew who he was . As part of Root 's plan to come face to face with Finch , Root anonymously contacted HR and put a hit on herself , using the pseudonym `` Dr. Caroline Turing '' . Turing 's Social Security number appeared through the Machine , making her a person of interest . Reese , discovering Turing was a psychologist , became one of her patients . Later that night , Turing was attacked by four assassins hired by Simmons . Reese managed to get her to safety in a hotel for the night , and the two were unknowingly caught on the FBI 's radar . Under Donnelley 's supervision , the FBI staged a full - scale assault on the hotel , while HR was trying to get to Turing . With the help of Joss Carter and Finch , Turing was led to an underground tunnel system under the hotel . Reese instructed her to find Finch at the end of the tunnel , while he was holding off the HR hit men . As Finch was confronted by Alicia Corwin regarding his involvement with the Machine , Root shot Corwin dead . Introducing herself as Root , she tells Harold they have a lot to talk about . Finch drove away at gunpoint , with Corwin 's body left behind . Planning to escape with Finch to Texas , Root stopped in Maryland where she gained access to Denton Weeks ' house . She lured him there to overpower and question him about the whereabouts of the Machine . When he did not tell her what she wanted to hear , she shot him dead . She did not know that Reese had already tracked her down through her friend Hanna 's case . At the train station , Reese managed to save Finch and Root escaped . She called him on his mobile phone later that day to thank him for solving Hanna 's case and told him that she would be in touch . While holding him captive , Root explained to Finch that she does not want to control the Machine but to `` set it free '' to usher in a posthuman future . Several months later , Root , to gain information , began working , as `` Miss May '' , an assistant to the Special Counsel at the Office of Special Counsel . Recurring characters ( edit ) Friends & family of team Machine ( edit ) The following is a list of friends and relatives of team machine . Jessica Arndt ( edit ) Jessica Arndt ( played by Susan Misner ) was John Reese 's ex-girlfriend and Peter Arndt 's wife . Jessica dated John Reese for approximately six months prior to September 2001 ( `` Pilot '' ) . At this time , she was living in Tacoma , Washington ( `` Many Happy Returns '' ) . While on a vacation in Mexico on September 11 , 2001 , Jessica received a call from her mother . She claimed she was on vacation with a friend , keeping Reese a secret . In bed , Jessica jokingly asked Reese to quit the United States Army , unaware that he already had . Moments later , she witnessed the news coverage about the attacks on the World Trade Center ( `` Pilot '' ) . Years later , Jessica ran into Reese at an airport , and he told her that he had found a new job . She told him that she was engaged to a man named Peter and was moving back East , though she would wait for him if he told her to . Without a response , Reese turned and left . Moments later , he whispered the words to himself ( `` Mission Creep '' ) . At some point after their interaction at the airport , on Reese 's first day as a CIA agent , his handler , Kara Stanton , showed him a surveillance picture of the two of them . Stanton instructed him to forget about Jessica ( `` Foe '' ) . Jessica 's number came up in the Machine during the meeting where Finch and Ingram debated the morality of overlooking the numbers coming up on the irrelevant list ( `` Ghosts '' ) . While operating illegally in New York , Reese met with Peter , who was now married to Jessica , at a bar . As Jessica arrived , Kara convinced Reese to leave just before Peter could `` introduce '' her to him ( `` Blue Code '' ) . Reese and Stanton are in Morocco interrogating a suspect . While Stanton is busy with the suspect , Reese receives a voicemail from Jessica , who sounds distraught . Reese calls Jessica back . She is sitting inside a car at night . Reese can tell something is wrong , something she is not telling him . He informs her that he will be in New York to see her the next day . He tells her to wait for him , and she promises that she will . However , Reese is denied leave , as he and Stanton are commissioned on a special assignment to China by Agent Snow . Jessica called and left a voicemail for Reese . She was in the kitchen in her and Peter 's house . Peter enters the kitchen just as she hangs up the phone and asks her who she was talking to . Peter is angry , enters the kitchen and begins to drink a beer . Jessica is visibly frightened to be near him . Later that month , Peter assaulted and accidentally killed Jessica by bashing her head against their kitchen counter . He originally intended to call an ambulance , but later decided to cover up the murder by staging a car accident . Reese later attempted to contact Jessica after escaping from a trap set by his CIA handlers in China . He went to the hospital she had worked at in New Rochelle to inquire about her , but discovered she had died two months prior . Without knowing it , he encountered a wheelchair - bound Finch in the hospital after learning the news . The Machine had been giving Finch Jessica 's number over the years , but he had originally been unable to ascertain why it kept appearing . He eventually discovered that it was because she was living with someone who was an imminent threat to her . However , the discovery came too late , and Finch was unable to help her before she died . Her death had a significant impact on Reese , leading him to alcoholism and contemplating suicide before his meeting with Finch ( `` Pilot '' ) . Carter began investigating Jessica 's death after the FBI invited her to help investigate Jessica 's husband , who they believed was murdered by Reese for owing money to a loan shark . Although the official autopsy report dated 12 / 07 / 10 suggested Jessica 's death was caused by a car accident , Carter 's investigation leads her to discover Jessica was abused by her husband and was killed prior to the `` accident '' . The cause of death was blunt force trauma to the head and a broken neck . She also discover 's Jessica 's past relationship with Reese and destroys the evidence to keep the FBI from finding out . Grace Hendricks ( edit ) Grace R. Hendricks ( played by Carrie Preston ) was Finch 's former fiancée who believes him to be dead . Grace was born on April 12 , 1969 , in Columbia , South Carolina . In 1987 , she enrolled in Rhode Island School of Design and graduated four years later with a Bachelor of Fine Arts , followed by a Master of Fine Arts from Yale University in 1994 ( `` The High Road '' ) . She spent her college junior year in Venice , Italy ( `` Til Death '' ) . While demonstrating the progress of the Machine to Nathan Ingram , Harold Finch was directed by the computer to Grace , who was painting in a park . Finch assumed the Machine 's direction of him to her was a glitch ( `` The High Road '' ) . After seemingly correcting the glitch , and returning to the park on another day while she was painting , the Machine directed Finch to Grace again . Harold discovered that , because he had asked the Machine to direct him to people who had characteristics one would not expect , it had directed him to Grace because she was the only person in the park who had no `` dark secrets '' , plus with her interest for Charles Dickens ( `` The High Road '' ) . In January , Grace was painting in the park again when Harold approached her eating an ice cream cone . He asked her if she wanted one , too ( `` The High Road '' ) . They started dating soon after . On her birthday in April , Finch sent her on a scavenger hunt taking her to the Guggenheim Museum where he surprised her with her favorite painting ( `` Til Death '' ) . Grace and Finch are in a relationship , and later become engaged . They were living together in Grace 's house near Washington Square Park . In 2010 , she supposedly lost Harold in an accident . He survived , and pretended to be dead to keep Grace safe ( `` No Good Deed '' ) . Grace is working as a cover illustrator for The Boroughs magazine . She keeps a photograph of herself and Harold in her living room unaware that he is watching her from afar in order to protect her from the people protecting the machine . It is implied that , even though her work as a non-digital illustrator is falling out of practice in modern culture , Harold has been assuring her that she will always have work through his many business connections ( `` No Good Deed '' ) . In 2010 , Finch proposed to Grace . He later tells Ingram about it , as well ( `` Zero Day '' ) . After the bombing that killed Ingram and injured Finch , Grace comes to the hospital looking for him . Finch realizes that if the government finds out that Finch is alive , they will kill him and Grace , as well . Concerned for Grace 's safety , Finch hides and leaves the hospital , while Grace finds a book that Finch gave her during his proposal , and cries ( `` God Mode '' ) . In 2013 , Grace is chased by Decima Technologies in order to get at Finch . She is eventually captured and traded for Finch . During the trade , Grace stumbles and is caught by Finch , but because she 's blindfolded , remains unaware of just who helped her . She later leaves for a new life in Italy arranged by Finch . ( `` Beta '' ) In 2016 , the Machine simulated that in a world where it never existed , Finch would 've never met Grace . ( ``. exe '' ) In 2016 , after Samaritan is destroyed , Finch tracks Grace down in Italy where she is painting in a public location . Grace is shocked to see Finch but visibly pleased . ( `` return 0 '' ) Nathan Ingram ( edit ) Nathan C. Ingram ( played by Brett Cullen ) is Harold Finch 's deceased collaborator and business partner who co-created the Machine , and died under circumstances not known until `` God Mode '' . Ingram is the founder of IFT and acted as the interface between the government and their company while the Machine was under development . Ingram was born on June 16 , 1962 , in Freeport , Texas . He enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) in 1980 and left with an incomplete Bachelor of Science degree in computer science in 1983 ( `` The High Road '' ) . He founded his company in 1983 ( `` The High Road '' ) along with his best friend and MIT classmate Harold Finch ( known to him as Harold Wren ) , who disguised himself as an ordinary employee ( `` Ghosts '' ) . At some point , Ingram gave Finch a photo of their younger selves , and wrote `` In the beginning ... -- N.I. '' on its back . Finch kept the photo in a copy of Arthur Koestler 's The Ghost in the Machine ( `` Number Crunch '' ) . On September 11 , Ingram visits Finch while he is working on a new program , in order to break the tragic news of the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center earlier that day . As they both watch the news in shock , Ingram tells Finch that while they have changed as they aged , the world has not until this moment . Ingram proposes that they try to change the world for the better ( `` One Percent '' ) . Ingram at some point made contact with the U.S. Government to build the Machine . Ingram acted as the public face of IFT and was the man with whom the government dealt , keeping up the facade that he alone was building the Machine , while in fact , Finch covertly began building it . While the government suspected someone other than Ingram was working on it , Finch was able to keep in hiding and they did not find proof ( `` Ghosts '' ) . On June 10 , 2002 , following another ceremony , and after dismissing half of his company 's staff , Ingram arrived at an abandoned office floor in the building , and discovered Finch 's progress with the Machine . Supplied with the feeds from the NSA , the Machine could track and listen to all the citizens of New York . Finch told Ingram the next step would be teaching the Machine to pick out the terrorists from the general population ( `` Ghosts '' ) . Ingram and his wife Olivia were in the process of getting separated and Nathan was upset about his wife extending the trial separation . He kept on working as that was the only thing that took his mind off of his marital situation . When Finch demonstrates the latest progress with the Machine , Nathan remains a skeptic , until he learns that the Machine had been well aware of his romantic encounter with a student named Molly Cole on May 7 , 2004 ( `` The High Road '' ) . Ingram met with Alicia Corwin , a government worker who supplied the Machine 's various feeds . Corwin requested information regarding the progress of the Machine , and Ingram handed her the Social Security number of a DIA agent . The agent was later found to have been in collusion with the Iranian government to sell weapons - grade uranium . After meeting with Denton Weeks to discuss the fact that the Machine could not track specific people , Weeks threatened to reduce the payment for the Machine . He was dismayed to find that Ingram was providing it for a minuscule one US dollar . Ingram later celebrated with Finch about the Machine 's success in discovering a traitor and got a closer look at how the Machine operated . It was at this time that the Machine considered Ingram as the subject of a potential threat ( `` Super '' ) . Ingram and Olivia separated after she could not take his lies anymore . He admitted to Finch while meeting in a restaurant that he does not even remember all of the lies he has told her . He warns Finch that the truth always catches up to people ( `` Til Death '' ) . Ingram learns of the Machine 's programming to ignore any `` irrelevant '' crimes ; any attacks of a smaller scale than those that present a threat to the nation . Every night at midnight , the Machine would erase the list of potential crimes . Clearly disturbed by this piece of information , Ingram stood by as Finch stated that the Machine was not built to save `` someone '' , but rather `` everyone '' ( `` Ghosts '' ) . Ingram came to realize that the people who were to receive the Machine were not entirely trustworthy . During a meeting with Alicia Corwin , he accidentally let slip that eight people knew about the Machine rather than seven . Later , he tried to convince Finch to make a back door into the machine , only for Finch to refuse . Just prior to shipping the Machine , Ingram used his administrative access to install a new function named `` contingency '' . After creating the back door , the Machine was relocated to its new home ( `` No Good Deed '' ) . After the Machine is shipped out on a freight train , Ingram meets with Finch in their now empty laboratory . Finch tells him that he has been thinking about Ingram 's desire to help people , and proposes they use their wealth to invest in new projects , such as clean water initiatives and sustainable farming . Ingram retorts that they built the `` single most powerful technology known to man , a machine that knows when someone needs help , and you just gave it away . '' He tells him that they had their chance to help people and they missed it . Finch replies that `` we built it , and it saves lives '' . Ingram argues that it does not save enough lives , and Finch responds that the machine is gone . Ingram implies he built a back door into it , which angers Finch as they had agreed not to . He tells Ingram that they agreed not to play God , but Ingram reveals that he is not proud of that agreement . Finch argues that they did what they set out to do , and that `` either we move onto the next thing together , or we do n't '' ( `` One Percent '' ) . Ingram leaves the meeting and the Machine sends him the number of a woman named Anna Sanders . Ingram researches and follows her , discovering that she has a restraining order out against her ex-boyfriend because of domestic violence . While watching her from his car one night , he sees a suspicious looking man with a hood and hat concealing his face . Ingram pulls out a pistol and gets ready to follow them ( `` One Percent '' ) . In 2010 , Finch confronts Ingram about the Contingency , and once again tells him that they can not be playing God . He shuts down the back door and lets the irrelevant list be deleted . Later , they agree to meet up on a ferry . Unknown to them , government assassin Hersh has brought in a terrorist named Asif , who is a suicide bomber . He has explosives in his van , and as Ingram greets Finch , the bombs detonate , killing Ingram and severely injuring Finch , which is the reason behind his present - day injuries that force him to limp and make him unable to turn his head . Finch goes to access the irrelevant list and is horrified to find that Nathan was part of it . He begins to consider that his friend 's idea was not so crazy after all , and reopens the back door that allows him access to the irrelevant list ( `` God Mode '' ) . Will Ingram ( edit ) William `` Will '' Ingram ( played by Michael Stahl - David ) is Nathan Ingram 's son . After his father 's death , Will began to delve into what kind of work his father was working on . In 2012 , Will was bailed out of jail by Finch due to Will 's underground gambling activities . He returned to the loft that he shared with his father and prepared to send some of his father 's things to storage . During this time , Reese began to take an interest in him and assigned Detective Fusco to gather information on both Finch and Will . Later , Will began to go through some documents , including some involving an audit his lawyers had done after he inherited his share of IFT . He discovered that there was an account for services that amounted to only one U.S. dollar , as well as the fact that the employees were given severance . Finch lied and claimed to have no knowledge of the situation ( `` Legacy '' ) . Will began to investigate further , and managed to unearth the name of Alicia Corwin , an employee of the White House who dealt with his father . He also found a note attached to a champagne bottle mentioning the Machine . When he told this to Finch , Finch continued to feign ignorance and secretly cloned his phone . Will met with Corwin outdoors and asked her about the Machine as well as the one dollar transaction . She claimed that IFT was on the verge of bankruptcy and that Corwin struck a deal for Ingram 's patents . Upon her telling him to let it go , he claimed she sounded just like his `` Uncle Harold '' . Spooked , she ended the meeting and fled . Unsatisfied with what he found , Will got an offer to work in Sudan to continue his health services . Accepting , he bade farewell to Finch and left ( `` Wolf and Cub '' ) . Taylor Carter ( edit ) Taylor Carter ( played by Kwoade Cross ) is Detective Joss Carter 's teenaged son , he was kidnapped by Carl Elias after his mom started an investigation into him but was later freed by John Reese . He was sent away to live with his father when his mom decided to go after the HR organization . Lee Fusco ( edit ) Lee Fusco ( played by Sean McCarthy ) is Detective Lionel Fusco 's son , he was held hostage by HR when Fusco refused to say where Carter and Reese ( who had kidnapped the head of HR ) were . Sameen Shaw managed to save him in time but had to sacrifice saving Fusco , but he had luckily managed to get free by himself . Persons of interest ( edit ) The following list of people who were in danger and helped out by team machine . Zoe Morgan ( edit ) Zoe Morgan ( played by Paige Turco ) is a fixer who specializes in crisis management and a possible love interest of John Reese , whom Reese and Finch helped save as The Machine gave them her number . She returns the favor by helping them out with persons of interest that require her skills . Morgan grew up in a nice house in Yonkers , New York . Her father was a city official who got ensnared in a corruption case . The press camped out on her lawn for weeks , only dispersing when a man the party had sent to `` fix '' things showed up . This was what prompted her to become a fixer . She spent the rest of her childhood in a small apartment in Queens with her mother . When Zoe 's number came up , Reese took a job as her driver to investigate . Zoe was hired by Mark Lawson , the CFO of Virtanen Pharmaceuticals , to retrieve an incriminating recording , purportedly revealing an affair . When she returned it to his men , they attempted to kill her , but she was saved by Reese 's intervention . Using her own sources , independent of Reese and Finch , Zoe figured out that the woman in the recording was Dana Miller , a former employee of Virtanen , who was going to blow the whistle about one of their drugs and was killed for her trouble . She chose to take down Virtanen with her information because she knew a girl once whose situation `` kind of reminds ( her ) of Dana '' ( and only partially because they tried to kill her ) . When she and Reese were captured , Zoe appeared to betray him with a kiss , but used the opportunity to slip him a paper clip so that he could escape his handcuffs . She led Mark Lawson to a navy yard , but he figured out that she had never really sent the recording to anyone else . Before he could do anything with this information , Reese showed up to rescue Zoe . She gave Virtanen 's competitor Beecher Pharmaceuticals a tip about the drug , then donated a large sum of the money she earned to Dana Miller 's family for their lawsuit against Virtanen . Zoe helps Reese and Finch again when Finch calls upon her to help him solve a case . She helps Finch and Reese clear the name of a man framed for murder . At the end of the episode , she sees Mr. Reese briefly and flirtatiously suggests he might consider buying her a drink as payment for her services . She later comes to the rescue again while investigating a hit on a professional therapist through HR , but too late . She is the one who discovers that the therapist , Caroline Turing , is really `` Root , '' and therefore the perpetrator , framing herself as the victim . She tells Finch to be careful because she would hate if anything happened to their `` mutual friend '' , Mr. Reese . After Finch is rescued from Root , Zoe once again assists Reese with his latest person of interest , Maxine Angelis , by posing to be one of John 's ex-girlfriends . Maxine recognizes her and commented that every reporter in town would love to interview her . Maxine later had John call her in regards to finding out who the head of HR is and gave them information on two former Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) agents who are working for him . Zoe is called upon again , but this time to pose as John 's wife while living in the suburbs . While `` married '' to John they played poker and kept an eye on Graham Wyler . After Zoe helps John and Harold spot an assassin targeting a maid in a hotel and the danger has ended , John invites Zoe to stay with him in the penthouse suite as Harold has bought the hotel and they can spend some time together . Leon Tao ( edit ) Leon Tao ( Ken Leung ) is a former forensic accountant and financial criminal , as well as a two - time person of interest , who has assisted Reese and Finch in some cases . Leon was targeted to die by the Aryan Brotherhood and the Russian Mafia and is saved both times by the timely intervention of Reese and Finch . Tao returns the favor by helping them out with persons of interest that require his skills . After receiving a Master of Business Administration from New York University , Tao began working as an accountant at the firm of Bear Stearns , until he was downsized when the firm was sold to JPMorgan Chase when the recession hit . He then took a job at what he believed was a small start - up business , which was in fact the corporate arm of the Aryan Brotherhood , and he was laundering money from their methamphetamine sales . The Machine produced his number after he stole eight million dollars from his employers and lost a large portion of it in the stock market . It is hard to say how much he actually lost , as he repeatedly lied about the actual amount . Tao took one million in bearer bonds and attempted to run away . He was captured by operatives of the Aryan Brotherhood , but Reese helped him escape ( `` The Contingency '' ) . Tao 's number came up again after he got involved in gold farming and subsequently found himself in trouble with the Russian Mafia . Reese took care of the assailants after they threw Tao through a window . Tao was then blindfolded and brought to the Library , because Reese did not know how else to protect him while he and Finch were out saving another number . Tao eventually made himself useful by helping Finch track down the people threatening Madeleine . He also made friends with Bear by sharing a bowl of instant noodles with him . After he successfully assisted Finch and Reese , he told them that he was not the kind of guy to let them down ( `` Critical '' ) . Tao posed as an emergency medical technician to help Finch and Reese `` abduct '' Sameen Shaw after she was supposedly murdered by Hersh ( `` Relevance '' ) . Harper Rose ( edit ) Harper Rose ( played by Annie Ilonzeh ) a drifter and opportunistic con artist who first appears as a person of interest when she tries to independently double - cross both a drug cartel and The Brotherhood . At the end of the episode `` Skip '' , it is revealed that The Machine is starting to anonymously use her as an asset . In `` Synecdoche '' , it 's revealed that Harper has become part of a second team working for the Machine in Washington , D.C. with former persons of interest Joey Durban and Logan Pierce . Caleb Phipps ( edit ) Caleb Phipps ( played by Luke Kleintank ) is a computer genius , and an irrelevant number in Season 2 , who helps team machine in Season 4 . Logan Pierce ( edit ) Logan Pierce ( played by Jimmi Simpson ) is an irrelevant number , who goes on to work for The Machine in season 5 . Organised crime figures ( edit ) Carl Elias ( edit ) Carl G. Elias ( played by Enrico Colantoni ) , also known as Charlie Burton , is a nascent crime boss and the illegitimate son of Mafia don Gianni Moretti . Elias is determined to revive the crime families of New York City and to eliminate the Russian mob , with the assistance of HR . In 1981 , a young Carl Elias was implied to have been living with a foster family . He was being treated for wounds sustained during a fight which broke out after he was called a bastard due to his lack of a father . He asked his foster mother if she was willing to help him research his father , but she asked him to let it go ( `` Flesh and Blood '' ) . In 1991 , Elias formally met his father , Don Gianni Moretti , at a restaurant . Moretti recognized his son and promised Elias a place in his organization as long as he remained loyal , tenacious , and capable . Later , Elias found out that Moretti double - crossed him and had ordered his execution . Before he could be executed , Elias fought back . He managed to kill his executioners and escape , though he sustained a wound which later scarred his hands after grabbing razor wire meant for his throat . Elias first showed up on Reese and Finch 's radar when he had Sam Latimer have his men , including an undercover John Reese , retrieve a file titled `` Elias , M . '' Latimer delivered the file to him , but to cover his trail , Elias had him killed and fled . After Elias acquired the file , he found the name of the man who killed his mother and sought revenge on Vincent DeLuca . Elias went to Vincent 's house and stabbed him to death with the same knife he used to kill Elias ' mother , Marlene Elias . Later when Elias realized that the detective investigating the case was on his trail , he went to retired detective Bernie Sullivan 's house and killed him . Unfortunately for Elias , Detective Carter was on her way , and a shootout occurred where Elias ' blood was left at the scene . Reese came into direct contact with Elias for the first time while Elias was pretending to be Charlie Burton , a school teacher trying to avoid getting killed by a rival Russian crime family . Although Elias was to be murdered , Reese was unaware that Elias was a murderer himself . He and Reese became friends while trying to escape from the men that were after Elias . When Reese and Elias succeeded , Elias turned on Reese . Elias captured one of the sons of the rival family that was after him and shot him in the leg . He then forced Reese to tie himself up and left the scene . He was later seen escaping with his men as he expressed his goal to reunite the five crime families of New York City. ( ) Elias was a main suspect when Detective Carter 's number came in from the Machine . It was revealed he was indirectly involved by hiring her confidential informant to complete the hit . Elias left a vase of flowers on Carter 's desk with a message mourning her loss and stole a file marked Elias from her desk . Carl Elias resurfaced after Reese called him using a phone left in a trash can by Anthony `` Scarface '' Marconi who was impersonating a police officer . Upon his father 's release from prison , Elias ordered some of his men to kidnap his father . His plan failed when Carter and Reese intervened and took Moretti into protective custody . Reese later called Elias , requesting his help to find a child kidnapped by an Eastern European gang . Elias agreed to help but threatened the child himself once Reese had found her . Reese was forced to give up Moretti 's location in exchange for the child 's life , and Elias let them both go . Although Reese tried to save Moretti , Elias succeeded in capturing his father . Elias 's plan to unite the five families required him to kill the five Dons . He recruited HR , a cabal of corrupt cops , and used them to help him take down the Dons . After killing one Don with a car bomb planted by Scarface and gunning one Don down in front of Carter , Detectives Carter and Fusco took the remaining three into protective custody , barely escaping Elias 's men . Elias then personally went to where they were hiding out with some HR cops and ordered the kidnapping of Taylor Carter . He was unaware however , that Harold Finch had shown Officer Simmons , an HR cop , photos of Elias 's men watching the families of HR cops . The HR cops severed their ties with Elias and several clean police officers came to the hideout . Carl Elias was forced to surrender . After being processed and put in jail , Elias made one final phone call to Gianni Moretti , telling his father he wished he could be there to see . Moretti 's car was then blown up by Scarface , killing Moretti and his legitimate son Gianni Moretti , Jr . Elias hung up the phone with a slight grin . Several weeks later , Elias received a visit from Finch who asked for his help in one of their cases involving several mafia groups and hit men . Being thankful that Finch and Reese had saved his life , Elias took advantage of his power even from behind bars and helped them . In return , he asked Finch to play chess with him . After several more weeks of living at Rikers Island , Elias noticed that Reese had been arrested on suspicion of being `` The Man in the Suit '' . He told Reese that he knew all about FBI 's investigation and that he would help Reese in any way that he could . When Reese is dumped into the general population in an attempt to get him to reveal his true identity , he is attacked by an inmate and because Reese could not fight back , Elias broke up the fight . When HR attempts to have the Russians kill Elias , Carter rescues him from the trap and helps him to a secure location . She keeps his presence quiet as she goes to him for information . Elias helps Carter take down HR by setting the Russians against the dirty cops , but she rejects his offer to just kill everyone for her . After Carter is murdered by Simmons , Elias pays the debt by having Simmons executed in his hospital bed as he watches . Throughout season 4 , Elias is at war with Dominic Cordell and the Brotherhood . Due to their own war with Samaritan , the Team is unable to help him much and his best friend Anthony dies . Elias is later captured by the Brotherhood along with Reese , Fusco and Harper Rose . Fusco is able to escape , but Dominic prepares to execute Elias and Harper . Elias is saved when the Machine puts Reese into God Mode , enabling him to escape and take down the Brotherhood . The Brotherhood and Elias are arrested by officers led by Fusco , but one of Elias ' men intercepts his transport van and attempts to help him escape . A standoff ensues with Dominic that ends with him surrendering to Fusco moments before both Dominic and Elias are shot by a Samaritan sniper as part of the Correction , killing Dominic and leaving Elias ' fate unknown . In `` B.S.O.D. '' its stated that Elias is dead . In `` ShotSeeker '' , Elias ' old friend Bruce Moran attempts to avenge him only to learn that Elias is still alive . Elias is revealed to be recovering at Finch 's safe house where Fusco took him after saving his life . The bedridden Elias , now aware of at least Samaritan , attempts to convince Moran to go back into hiding but Moran refuses . Over the following episodes , Elias continues to recover from his wounds , appearing to all the world like he is dead . In `` Reassortment '' , after learning of Bruce Moran 's death , Elias supplies Fusco with a lead on a case he is working . He is later confronted by Finch for his actions and tells Finch he needs to let Fusco in on the truth . In `` Sotto Voce '' , Finch enlists Elias ' help to track down the elusive criminal mastermind known as `` the Voice . '' Elias agrees to help in exchange for going along as protection as the Team are the only friends he has left . With Elias ' help , Finch tracks down `` the Voice 's '' hideout only to learn that he 's their person of interest , Terry Easton . As Easton holds a gun on Finch , Elias intervenes and threatens Easton into backing down . The two men allow Easton to drive away before Elias detonates a bomb on Easton 's getaway car , killing him . Elias then implies that Finch brought him along to kill Easton as he had to know what Elias would do . In `` The Day the World Went Away '' , Finch 's cover is blown and Elias offers to protect him while the Team goes on the offensive against Samaritan . Elias takes Finch to the apartment buildings Reese protected him in when they first met and the two reminisce . However , Samaritan figures out where they are and sends agents . With the help of Elias ' men stationed through the building , the two escape outside where they find Elias ' driver has been murdered . Moments later , Elias is shot in the head and killed by a Samaritan agent as he attempts to protect Finch . After being called to the scene of Elias ' death , Reese removes Elias ' glasses and closes his eyes as a sign of respect towards Elias . He is then approached by a gang member with information on the car that took Finch as the gang member respected Elias and Elias respected Finch . The information Reese is given enables Root and Shaw to rescue Finch . Anthony Marconi ( edit ) Anthony S. `` Scarface '' Marconi ( played by David Valcin ) is a member of Elias 's mob group , and is his second - in - command and principal enforcer . He is also informally known as Scarface due to an easily identifiable scar on his right cheek coupled with the fact that his name is never mentioned by any of the characters in any episode he appears in . Marconi is mistaken by many to be a HR officer . He actually only works for Elias , and his police jacket is a disguise . When his boss , Carl Elias , was on the run from a rival mob ( the Yogorovs led by Ivan Yogorov ) Marconi disguised himself as a police officer . While he gathered information on his boss ' whereabouts , Harold Finch became suspicious of him and started following him , thinking that he might actually be Elias . When Elias had finally escaped the Russian mob with the help of John Reese , Marconi rendezvoused with his boss by knocking out Fusco who was waiting to intercept Reese and Elias . Later , Marconi killed Ivan Yogorov and was with Elias as he expressed his desire to reunite the five families . Marconi resurfaced by again impersonating a police officer and dropping a burner phone in a trash can for Reese and Carter to find . Marconi also killed a corrupt Security and Exchange Commission investigator who he 'd taken into `` custody '' . Marconi was present when Reese met with Elias in order to get information on a kidnapper who had taken a baby . Elias agreed to help and had Marconi escort Reese to the location where the baby would be offloaded to be shipped to Eastern Europe . After Reese rescued the child , Marconi ambushed him and brought him back to Elias . Marconi personally took the child to Elias for use as leverage to get the location of Gianni Moretti from Reese . Marconi then severely injured Moretti 's police guard Bill Szymanski and took Moretti captive . Marconi was responsible for a car bomb that killed one of the five dons of the New York crime families in plain view of Reese . He later informed Elias that the remaining Dons had been taken into protective custody by Detectives Carter and Fusco . Marconi then kidnapped Carter 's son Taylor from school on Elias 's orders ; shooting it out with Reese before escaping with Taylor captive . Marconi again fought with Reese during Reese 's rescue attempt of Taylor and successfully escaped once more , though both Taylor and Moretti were rescued . Despite his employer now being imprisoned , Marconi continued his duties and planted a bomb in a car that killed both Gianni Moretti and his legitimate son Gianni Moretti , Jr . Simmons and Fusco later met with Marconi to have him get Elias to bring back HR ; however , Marconi told them in order for that to happen they had to bring Elias the last of the original dons . Despite attempts to capture the last don , the remaining members of HR failed to do this since the don was now working with Elias . Later in the series , he is captured , along with Elias , by Dominic ( `` Mini '' ) Besson , the leader of a rival gang trying to gain control , who has killed or turned several of Elias 's men and now demands the combination for a vault in Bruce Moran 's office . After cautioning Dominic 's second - in - command about the ability to remain in stable power and trust Dominic , he watches on as Dominic relays the numbers ( which were told to him by Elias ) and as Link 's man opens the vault , which then triggers an explosion that blows up the entire floor they are on , killing Marconi in the process . Dominic and his second - in - command escape , but lose some of their men in the process . Later , when Elias is again captured by Dominic , to avenge Scarface 's death , he plays a mind - game with Dominic to get him to believe his # 2 , Link , has betrayed him . Dominic kills Link before he realizes it was a trick . Bruce Moran ( edit ) Bruce Moran ( played by James LeGros ) Elias ' accountant and close friend of both him and Anthony Marconi from boyhood . He is eventually killed by Samaritan agents and discovered by Fusco in a dumping ground for Samaritan victims . Gianni Moretti ( edit ) Don Gianni F. Moretti , Sr. ( played by Mark Margolis ) was a mob boss who was a father to both Gianni Moretti Jr. and Carl Elias . As Elias was born out of wedlock and during an affair Moretti Sr. denied he existed and even tried to have him killed when he was sought out by his illegitimate son . He was killed along with Moretti Jr. in a car bomb set of by Elias 's main enforcer Anthony Marconi ( a.k.a. Scarface ) . Peter Yogorov ( edit ) Peter I. Yogorov ( Played by Morgan Spector ) is the leader of Russian Mafia , who in the first 3 seasons was Elias 's main enemy . The Russian Mafia was originally run by Ivan Yogorov , Peter 's father , until he was killed by , Elias 's enforcer , Anthony Marconi so that Elias could take over Brighton Beach . Peter was freed from Prison by HR but also has a brother , Laszlo Yogorov , who is currently still incarcerated at Rikers Island . The Brotherhood ( edit ) The following characters are involved in the Brotherhood drug gang storyline : Dominic Besson ( edit ) Dominic Besson ( played by Winston Duke ) also known as `` Mini '' ( as he is quite big ) is leader of the Brotherhood . When he was first introduced he was hiding as his own lackey to prove that people underestimate him . He soon becomes Carl Elias 's main enemy . After Reese defeats the Brotherhood using God Mode , Dominic is arrested by Fusco and the NYPD . He is later killed by a Samaritan sniper as part of the Correction . Link Cordell ( edit ) Lincoln `` Link '' Cordell ( played by Jamie Hector ) a violent gang member who acts as Dominic 's right - hand - man . He was at one point arrested by Detective John Riley ( Reese 's new cover identity ) but Dominic paid for someone to take the fall for Link and he is released Floyd ( edit ) Floyd ( played by Jessica Pimentel ) , another of Dominic 's higher - ups , often appearing in place of Link . It is assumed that she is arrested with the remaining Brotherhood members by Detective Lionel Fusco and the rest of NYPD . New York City police Department ( edit ) Cal Beecher ( edit ) New York City Police Department Narcotics Detective Calvin T. Beecher ( played by Sterling K. Brown ) is a cop who works at Carter 's precinct , whom Carter has begun a relationship with . He helps Carter with the Drakes case ( `` Til Death '' ) . He later asks Carter out on a date when she says that she owes him a favor for helping her with the case . She agrees to go out with him . Beecher is Alonzo Quinn 's godson and gives his godfather information ( `` Shadow Box '' ) . It is unknown if Beecher is aware of Quinn 's activities . Later , when Carter receives a job offer with the FBI pending a polygraph , she is turned down because of her relationship with Beecher . The FBI tells her that Beecher is currently under investigation ( `` Booked Solid '' ) . In `` Trojan Horse '' , it is revealed that Beecher is the godson of HR leader Alonzo Quinn . Realizing Beecher knows too much about his involvement in HR , Quinn orders his godson killed . He chases after some drug dealers , only to be led into a trap , and then a shootout involving him and some HR men . The Machine produces Beecher 's number too late , and he is killed within the shooting . Carter arrives at the scene and is severely devastated to find her friend dead , especially as Fusco cleared him of any involvement in Bill Szymanski 's death . Following Beecher 's murder , part of Carter 's motivation for taking down HR is revenge . In `` Endgame '' , with the help of Finch , Carter is able to record Alonzo Quinn confessing to ordering Beecher 's murder and he is arrested for it along with all of his other crimes . Bill Szymanski ( edit ) New York City Police Department Detective Bill Szymanski ( played by Michael McGlone ) is a police detective in the organized crime division at NYPD 8th Precinct who assisted Carter with a mob murder committed by Carl Elias ( `` Witness '' , `` Baby Blue '' ) . He is an honest cop , that Carter entrusted with the job of guarding Gianni Moretti , Elias ' father . Ultimately , Reese had to reveal Moretti 's location to Elias in order to save a person of interest , and Szymanski was severely injured in the line of duty and taken to the hospital . Fortunately , he survived ( `` Baby Blue '' , `` Identity Crisis '' ) . Szymanski fully recovered and went back to active duty where he worked on the investigation of the murder of George Massey 's son , who was killed by Riley Cavanaugh ( `` Triggerman '' ) . Later , Szymanski and the assistant district attorney are meeting with Alonzo Quinn about testifying against the Yogorov mob family . Since HR is in ties with the Yogorovs , Quinn kills Szymanski and the ADA in order to avoid them from testifying ( `` All In '' ) . In a simulated world where the Machine never existed , Szymanski is still alive and a part of the NYPD 's Homicide Task Force . Kane ( edit ) New York City Police Department Homicide Detective Kane ( played by Anthony Mangano ) is a police detective who sometimes shares his cases with Carter . Dani Silva ( edit ) New York City Police Department Detective Dani Silva was an Internal Affairs Division detective who was undercover trying to find a mole in the NYPD Cadet program when her number as a Person of Interest came up , she found the mole but was framed for her handlers murder at the hands of criminal gang called The brotherhood . After clearing her name with the help of Reese . She later transferred into the Gang Division not long after being exonerated , where she crossed paths with Detective Fusco who was monitoring a Person of Interest . HR ( edit ) The following characters are involved in the HR storyline , in which a group of corrupt police officers work in collaboration with an up - and - coming mob boss to control organized crime in New York . Alonzo Quinn ( edit ) Alonzo D. Quinn ( played by Clarke Peters ) is a political adviser for New York City councilman and mayoral candidate Ed Griffin ( Richard V. Licata ) and the leader of HR . Quinn 's leadership is subtle enough that even Harold Finch only suspects that HR still has someone in charge . With many of his subordinates arrested by the FBI , Quinn tricks a local reporter , Maxine Angelis , into thinking that Christopher Zambrano is the head of HR . This results in Zambrano 's death and Angelis ' career destroyed . Quinn however leads his candidate Ed Griffin to an even greater victory by framing Landon Walker as the leader of HR and restoring Angelis ' career in the process ( `` Bury the Lede '' ) . After the political victory , Quinn becomes Ed Griffin 's chief of staff in the Mayor 's Office . Quinn later asks his number two man , Patrick Simmons , to try and reforge HR 's alliance with Elias by giving them mafia don Luciano Grifoni . This , however does not go as planned when it turns out Grifoni is working with Elias now and has one of his new subordinates killed declaring that Elias is done with HR ( `` C.O.D. '' ) . Quinn starts talking to his godson Detective Cal Beecher for some information with Patrick Simmons guarding him . Quinn meets with Simmons to inform him of his plans to make an alliance with Russian mobster Peter Yogorov . Since Elias refuses to work with them , Quinn decides to strike a deal with the Russian Mafia in order to secure funds for the rebuilding of HR ( `` Shadow Box '' ) . Patrick Simmons ( edit ) New York City Police Department Officer Patrick M. Simmons ( Robert John Burke ) is a uniformed officer who is the right - hand man to Quinn ; he handles HR activities on the street level ( `` C.O.D. '' ) . Simmons was an old friend of Detective Fusco , and in collusion with Elias until learning from Finch that HR families were under Elias ' surveillance . He also periodically meets with Fusco ( `` Flesh and Blood '' ) and blackmails Fusco into working with HR ( `` Firewall '' ) . Simmons has also given an anonymous tip to Detective Carter that another cop murdered Internal Affairs officer Ian Davidson , also an HR cop , as to increase the pressure on Fusco . He is later strangled to death by Scarface , as Elias watches on . ( `` The Devil 's Share '' ) Artie Lynch ( edit ) New York City Police Department Captain Arthur ' Artie ' Lynch ( played by Michael Mulheren ) was a major figure in HR with whom Fusco must appear to be working . Reese forced Lynch to deliver a message to Elias to `` back away from Carter or else Reese would kill him '' ( `` Get Carter '' ) . A man named Andre Wilcox who was receiving protection for HR , not Elias , met with Lynch to arrange for the release of one of his men named Brick from jail . Despite being reluctant , Lynch agreed to do what Andre wanted . Lynch met with Captain Womack , the head of the precinct where Brick was being held , and told him to release Brick , which the captain did because he was a co-conspirator of Lynch ( `` Wolf and Cub '' ) . Lynch is killed by Fusco when Lynch is about to kill Reese ( `` Matsya Nyaya '' ) . Womack ( edit ) New York City Police Department Captain P. Womack ( played by John Fiore ) is the captain in charge of Homicide and Carter and Fusco 's supervisor . Womack protects members of HR when Carter gets too close . Reese blackmails him into transferring Fusco to Carter 's precinct . Despite first appearing in the background ( `` Cura Te Ipsum '' ) , he did something of a more credited role in which he invited CIA agent Mark Snow , Tyrell Evans and Carter into his office to talk about Reese ( `` Number Crunch '' ) . He appears to be a friend and known contact of Artie Lynch , when Lynch went to talk to him about doing something for him , meaning the captain is most likely corrupt . This is later confirmed when Womack is revealed to currently be incarcerated with other HR cops ( `` C.O.D. '' ) . Raymond Terney ( edit ) New York City Police Department Detective Raymond Terney ( played by Al Sapienza ) is a NYPD police detective who has been shown to work with Detective Carter on more than one occasion . He was investigating the murder of Vincent DeLuca , a former henchman of Don Gianni Moretti , Carl Elias ' father ( `` The Fix '' ) . Later , HR boss Alonzo Quinn is meeting with Detective Bill Szymanski . When he hears Szymanski say they 're testifying against the Russian Yogorov mob family , Quinn kills him and the assistant district attorney to avoid it . Terney , now revealed to be part of HR , comes in , and Quinn tells him to shoot him in the right shoulder so he can survive , and make it look like someone shot all of them ( `` All In '' ) . Later , Carter and Terney are investigating a place supposedly told to have been an HR hideout . Carter shoots an armed suspect , but someone takes the gun away in order to frame Carter . In the police station , Terney reveals his true colors and threatens to kill Carter if she meddles in their business ( `` Zero Day '' ) . Terney and Peter Yogorov are preparing to kill Carl Elias in a dark forest . A masked Carter comes out and wounds Yogorov . Terney begs profusely for his life , and Carter knocks him out and rescues Elias ( `` God Mode '' ) . Terney eventually finds out that Carter wants to take down HR when he discovers she turned Laskey . A shooutout occurs , with Laskey dying instantly , and a dying Terney revealing to Carter that Alonzo Quinn is the head of HR ( `` The Perfect Mark '' ) . Mike Laskey ( edit ) Michael `` Mike '' Laskey , born Mikhail S. Lesnichy ( played by Brian Wiles ) is a rookie cop affiliated with HR who is installed as Carter 's new partner after she is demoted to officer for getting too close to HR . She turns him by threatening to frame him for the death of another dirty cop . While initially only helping because he 's forced to , Laskey comes to see the truth about HR and aids Carter and the Team in stopping a money laundering scheme . In `` The Perfect Mark '' , Laskey follows Simmons around to try to identify the head of HR . He is killed in a shootout with Raymond Terney , but his pictures are used by Terney to identify the head of HR to Carter . Federal Bureau of investigation ( edit ) The following characters are involved in the pursuit for `` The man in the suit '' story - line . Nicholas Donnelly ( edit ) Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) Special Agent Nicholas Donnelly ( played by Brennan Brown ) was a federal agent who becomes interested in Reese when one of his cases crosses one of Reese 's . Donnelly 's intent was to expose the CIA for their illegal actions and crimes and track down `` The Man in the Suit '' . He periodically offers Carter the opportunity to work with him as he pursues Reese . A native of Roanoke , Virginia , Donnelly studied Law at Northwestern University . In August 1998 , he joined the FBI after graduating from the FBI Academy with honors . He began with the Miami , Florida field office in counter-terrorism until he distinguished himself as an investigator and became a highly sought - after agent . In subsequent years , he moved from Miami to Portland , Oregon in 2000 , then to San Diego in 2003 . He was promoted to supervisory special agent for the Boston Field Office in 2007 and worked there until 2011 . He was then transferred to New York City ( `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' ) . He first appears investigating Scott Powell for the murder of Congressman Michael Delancey . He first encounters The Man in the Suit when he breaks out Scott Powell from the FBI 's custody . Although Powell was later proven innocent , Donnelly started suspecting Reese of being a mercenary ( `` Root Cause '' ) . Donnelly believed that Reese was selling his services to the highest bidder and working for Elias ( `` Identity Crisis '' ) . Donnelly informs Carter that the FBI has information about DNA that ties Reese to a case involving smugglers ( Blue Code ) and a cold case from 2011 in New Rochelle , New York . Donnelly invites Carter to assist on the investigation , and she accepts . In New Rochelle , he discovers the fact that the victim , Peter Arndt , was in debt to loan sharks , and he hypothesizes that the loan sharks had hired Reese to kill him ( `` Many Happy Returns '' ) . Donnelly offers Carter a temporary role with the FBI when he finally manages to track Reese 's phone to a bank . He tells her about his new theory that Reese is working for CIA Agent Snow and is receiving aid of some sort from China to help him further . He then makes his way to the bank with several armed FBI officers and Carter , and arrests four men wearing suits , one of them being Reese . When he asks Carter if she recognizes any of them as `` the man in the suit '' , she tells him that she does not ( `` Shadow Box '' ) . After getting Carter to interrogate the suspects , Donnelly finds out Carter was conspiring against him . He arrests Reese and Carter , planning on taking them to a safe house and incarcerating them shortly after . The Machine , however , identified him as a Person of Interest and informed Finch . Finch tried to warn Donnelly but was too late . Kara Stanton intercepted them , killing Donnelly and kidnapping Reese ( `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' ) . After the events of `` Dead Reckoning '' , Donnelly 's former partner reveals to Carter that they have identified the `` Man in the Suit '' as Mark Snow , following his death at the hands of Kara Stanton ( `` Dead Reckoning '' ) . Brian Moss ( edit ) Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) Special Agent Brian Moss ( platyed by Brian Hutchison ) is an FBI Special Agent in charge ( SAIC ) of investigating the death of Nicholas Donnelly . He incorrectly came to the conclusion that Mark Snow was `` the man in the suit '' . He then tried to recruit Carter to the FBI but had to reject her due to her relationship to Calvin Beecher , who was under investigation at the time for his involvement with HR . He later appears in `` Proteus '' to bring Carter a series of missing persons files she requested which , unknown to him , were the victims of an identity - stealing serial killer . The government ( edit ) The following characters are tied to a government conspiracy related to the development and use of the Machine . Alicia Corwin ( edit ) Alicia M. Corwin ( played by Elizabeth Marvel ) is a liaison between Ingram and the government while the Machine was being developed . She was the deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs ( APNSA ) and as a former member , she is one of the few to know of the Machine 's existence . Corwin met with Nathan Ingram to determine the progress of the Machine . Ingram gave her a social security number associated with a DIA agent . Later , she introduced Ingram to Denton Weeks who told Ingram that the DIA agent was found to be a traitor . Weeks was curious as to how the Machine actually worked , and was unhappy when he was told that the Machine could not be used to track specific people . He threatened to reduce the payment for the Machine , but Corwin explained to him that Ingram was building it merely for one US dollar ( `` Super '' ) . Alicia met with Nathan in a bar to discuss the transfer of the Machine to its new location . They discussed dissemination and she assured him that nobody would be able to track the data back to the Machine or to Ingram . Yet she was visibly shaken and told Nathan that she was happy to return to her day job once everything related to the Machine was settled ( `` No Good Deed '' ) . Corwin was in Morocco , where she met with CIA agents Mark Snow , John Reese and Kara Stanton . She gave Reese and Stanton orders to retrieve a stolen laptop with secret software from Ordos , China . In reality , whether she knew it or not , the whole operation was nothing more than a ruse to check and make sure that an advance team had eliminated all the software engineers related to The Machine as well as successfully moving the Machine to another location ( `` Matsya Nyaya '' ) . After Ingram died , Corwin quit her job at the government and moved to Green Bank , a small town in West Virginia that does not have cell phones or wireless internet ( `` Wolf and Cub '' ) . Will Ingram , eager to know what his father was working on before he died , tracked Alicia down and questioned her . During their conversation , Will referred to his `` uncle Harold '' . Alicia seemed unnerved at the mention of his name and abruptly ended the conversation . She told Will nothing about her knowledge of the Machine ( `` Wolf and Cub '' ) . Sometime after meeting with Will , Alicia was being contacted by a member of National Security Agency ( NSA ) , Henry Peck who was being attacked by government assassins trying to silence him about The Machine . Peck called Alicia numerous times trying to get information about `` the machine '' . Though they never met in person , Alicia spoke to Peck over the phone . Not answering any of his questions she only mentioned `` Sibilance '' and told him to `` run '' . Apparently through following Peck , Alicia managed to listen in a conversation between Peck and Finch . She was visibly surprised when Finch told Peck that the machine existed and that he had built it ( `` No Good Deed '' ) . Alicia succeeded in tracking down Harold and observed him leaving the Library . She broke into the building and discovered Finch 's headquarters . Not realizing what exactly she was looking at , she seemed overwhelmed seeing the Irrelevant List ( `` Firewall '' ) . Alicia finally found Finch in his car waiting to pick up John Reese and Caroline Turing . Climbing into his car and confronting him at gun point , she stated that Nathan was afraid and stressed about what they had built , and that he was killed by the machine . As guilt was starting to weigh down on her , she claimed she could feel it watching and listening to them at that moment . Alicia told Finch that she was tired of running . Finch told her that she was not running from the machine , but she was running from people they had both trusted . Alicia said he was right , but that it was a good thing she found Finch first . Moments later , she was killed with a gunshot to the head by Root . She was later found dead at the meeting point by Reese ( `` Firewall '' ) . Corwin 's murder attracted much attention from different angles . Reese asked Carter and Fusco to look into the case and find out why Corwin was in New York ( `` The Contingency '' ) . Mark Snow also began an independent investigation under the coercion of Kara Stanton . They all hit a dead end because at the same time Special Counsel and Denton Weeks conspired to corrupt the investigation when they feared that the investigation into Corwin 's death might uncover their secret activities ( `` Bad Code '' ) . Their fixer , Hersh , managed to clean up the majority of the evidence , except for a few objects Fusco removed from her apartment prior to his arrival . Hersh also removed a radio - frequency identification ( RFID ) chip from the right shoulder of Corwin 's body that had been planted in her and could be the reason why she had been running and hiding ( `` Masquerade '' ) . Special Counsel later receives a report stating that the chip was linked to Decima Technologies , the group that was trying to take control of the Machine . ( `` God Mode '' ) Denton Weeks ( edit ) Denton L. Weeks ( played by Cotter Smith ) was the official who commissioned the development of the machine . He worked for the President for National Security Affairs ( APNSA ) and is Alicia Corwin 's supervisor . He was one of the few people to know of the Machine 's existence . He is in league with the Special Counsel . At an unspecified point in time , Weeks was appointed head of a task force on Privacy and Information , reporting directly to the Chief of Staff . Prior to that promotion , he had already been working in corporate law for a decade as a member of the White House legal team and a specialist in security policy ( `` Bad Code '' ) . Weeks and Corwin arrived unannounced at Nathan Ingram 's office to question him about the Social Security number Ingram gave to Corwin in a previous meeting . Demanding an explanation how a computer program could spot a traitor when federal agents could not Weeks tried to gain more knowledge about how the machine worked . He appeared slightly agitated when Ingram did not answer his questions but had to put up with it when he was informed about the price negotiated for the project . He did not know that the Machine had already evaluated him as a possible threat . Finch later revealed to Ingram that Weeks had been unsuccessfully trying to hack into the Machine via NSA feeds for the past six months ( `` Super '' ) . Following the murder of Alicia Corwin by Root , Weeks met with Special Counsel to discuss further steps . They just started to remove all evidence when Weeks received a message from his mistress about an emergency . Not knowing that Root had set it up to lure him to his getaway lodge , he drove there and got knocked out by Root with a sedative ( `` The Contingency '' ) . Root then tortured him using Palestinian hanging , an enhanced interrogation technique that was once authorized in a top - secret Department of Defense memo by Weeks , trying to get him talking about the whereabouts of the Machine . In a suitable moment when Root was away to gas up the car , Weeks recognized Finch and convinced him to help him escape . Weeks managed to free himself and attacked Root when she returned . He beat her up and then turned her gun on Finch threatening to shoot him unless he told him what he knew about how to access the Machine . Just as planned by Root , however , the gun did not fire and Root first tased Weeks and eventually killed him by shooting him in the chest ( `` Bad Code '' ) . Special Counsel ( edit ) Special Counsel ( played by Jay O. Sanders ) is a shadowy figure from the United States Office of Special Counsel and one of the original eight people who know about the Machine . He is in a position which is filled by Presidential appointment , followed by Congressional confirmation . He appears to be the one engineering the activity regarding the Machine , and sees Reese as a threat . He sent out a team of hit men to assassinate Henry Peck after he came too close to finding out about the Machine ( `` No Good Deed '' ) . After Alicia Corwin was murdered , he conspired with Denton Weeks and Hersh to cover - up the case and to make sure that there are no connections to them ( `` The Contingency '' ) . When Weeks went missing , he sent Hersh to look for him , but Hersh only found him dead ( `` Bad Code '' ) . He later sent Hersh to kill the `` Man in the Suit '' but redirected him to the FBI when it appears the FBI captured him . When asked about all four suspects , he tells Hersh to kill them all ( `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' ) . After Hersh 's failed attempt to kill The Man in the Suit at Rikers Penitentiary , he once again instructs Hersh to find Reese and kill him . This time , Hersh loses in a fist fight with Reese and after recovering in the hospital , Special Counsel calls him in for more important matters . He then begins drafting a letter with his new secretary , who is revealed to be Root ( `` Booked Solid '' ) . In `` God Mode '' , he arrives with Hersh and two other men to confront Finch about the Machine . Reese , Finch , Root , and Shaw leave , and someone calls Counsel . It comes from an unnamed woman who is at a higher rank than Special Counsel . Hersh takes the phone , and the woman orders him to seal the room . Hersh kills Special Counsel and leaves . Hersh ( edit ) Hersh ( played by Boris McGiver ) was Special Counsel 's enforcer and fixer in the clean - up of Alicia Corwin 's murder . After Alicia Corwin was found dead and the investigation was handed over to the NYPD 8th Precinct , Hersh was sent there to make sure that `` the investigation is a dead end '' . He stole Corwin 's case file and corrupted digital records as well as the ballistics report ( `` The Contingency '' ) . To clean up loose ends , he went to her hotel room and collected personal effects and later gained access to the cold storage room at the morgue where Corwin 's body had been examined to remove an RFID chip from under her skin ( `` Masquerade '' ) . Parallel to corrupting the Corwin investigation , Special Counsel also sent Hersh to track down Denton Weeks , who had disappeared on private business and was later found dead after Root shot him ( `` Bad Code '' ) . When Special Counsel learned of Reese 's recent arrest , Special Counsel instructed him to kill him and the other three people arrested . Following the instruction , he pulled out a gun in front of a group of policemen and shot into the air several times . He was arrested and taken to Rikers Penitentiary where he managed to kill Brian Kelly , one of the four men who were arrested on suspicion of being `` The Man in the Suit '' . He attempted to kill Reese too , but Elias stopped him before he had a chance to do so ( `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' ) . Hersh is freed from Rikers and tracks Reese to a hotel when he saves the latest person of interest . Hersh and Reese engage in a brief fight with Reese defeating Hersh . Hersh is then seen receiving a call from the Special Counsel telling him there is a situation in Washington , D.C. The Special Counsel then calls in his newly hired assistant Ms. May , who unknown to Special Counsel , is the hacker Root ( `` Booked Solid '' ) . His next appearance is in New York , poisoning Sameen Shaw . However , with the help of Leon Tao , the team is able to fake her death ( `` Relevance '' ) . Hersh leads the effort to prevent Decima Technologies from taking control of the Machine . He later confronts Finch , Reese , Shaw and Root at gunpoint in the Hanford Nuclear Reservation where the Machine had once been stored . After they leave , Hersh is ordered by Control to kill everyone in the room , including Special Counsel . He is also revealed to have orchestrated the ferry bombing that killed Nathan Ingram and left Finch with his permanent injuries . ( `` God Mode '' ) Hersh is later sent by Control to kill Root is a psychiatric hospital . With the help of the Machine , Root escapes and wounds Hersh but spares his life on orders from the Machine . ( `` Lady Killer '' ) After being exposed , Control calls in Hersh in her attempts to get either the Machine or Arthur Claypool 's machine Samaritan . With the help of Root , the team escapes , but Hersh captures Root who is taken for torture by Control . Hersh then leads a SWAT team to the bank where Vigilance is trying to retrieve the Samaritan drives . When Peter Collier refuses to cooperate , Hersh and his team storm the bank , killing several Vigilance members before one blows himself up with a grenade , leaving Hersh 's fate unknown . ( `` Alethia '' ) Hersh survives and is later tracked down by Shaw hunting another relevant number . Shaw drugs Hersh for information about why the government is after Owen Matthews and leaves him alive . Before she departs , Hersh asks if Shaw 's new employers are treating her well , showing concern for Shaw who simply tells him that they have n't tried to kill her and leaves . ( `` 4C '' ) After Vigilance abducts Control and several other important people , Hersh arrives at the hotel where he enters a standoff with Reese and Shaw . After Root tells them Hersh knows where to find Finch , Reese and Shaw convince him to work with them to save their respective bosses . Hersh then leads them to Decima 's hideout only to find it empty and that Peter Collier is running a kangaroo court where everyone is on trial for their connection to the Machine . ( `` A House Divided '' ) After a brief gunfight with Decima operatives , Hersh , Reese and Shaw set out together to find the courthouse . When Shaw needs to get to Root fast , Hersh helps her steal a bike and continues on to a destination specified by Root . There , they meet up with Detective Fusco who brings them Bear and news of a Vigilance operative looting nearby stores . Hersh and Reese are able to trick the operative into giving them the courthouse location before turning him over to Fusco . Near the courthouse , they find a Vigilance guard post slaughtered and Finch testifying on TV about the history of the Machine . Finally reaching the courthouse , Hersh and Reese separate , acknowledging they will likely be enemies the next time they meet . In the basement , Hersh finds a bomb set to go off when the power is restored and sets to work disarming it , refusing help from Reese and telling him to focus on rescuing Finch . Hersh is severely wounded in a gunfight with Decima operatives , but continues his efforts to disarm the bomb . Before he can cut a last wire , the power comes back on and the bomb detonates , killing Hersh , the people kidnapped for the trial and the emergency responders . The next day , Control receives Hersh 's final autopsy report . During her voiceover , Root states that a lot of people who could 've helped them against Samaritan will die as the report is shown , indicating Hersh to be one of those people . ( `` Deux Ex Machina '' ) Control ( edit ) Control ( played by Camryn Manheim ) is the head of the ISA 's operation ( code - named Northern Lights ) regarding the Machine . She is a forty - year - old single mother with a ten - year - old daughter , Julia . Control is shrewd but ruthless and combat - minded . According to herself , until episode 12 of the fourth season , she has executed 854 individuals whom she suspected of being criminal threatening the national security . In case of the 854th individual , there was no evidence to prove free of reasonable doubt that he was engaged in bomb - making . She killed him anyway , simply because she had never absolved anyone before . Control personally tortured Root and rendered her deaf in one ear . Devon Grice ( edit ) Devon Grice ( played by Nick Tarabay ) is a Crimson 6 agent who was trained by Sameen Shaw herself when she was still working as an ISA operative . When they meet in New York whilst both on different ends of the same mission , Grice lets her live . But Samaritan has him killed for his betrayal . Brooks ( edit ) Brooks is another Crimson 6 agent and Grice 's partner . The CIA ( edit ) The following characters are part of Reese 's back story relating to his time with the CIA . Mark Snow ( edit ) Mark Snow ( played by Michael Kelly ) is the alias of a CIA operative , partnered with Tyrell Evans and once worked with John Reese , and is now trying to find and kill him . He once claimed to be Reese 's best friend ( `` Number Crunch '' ) . In 2008 , Snow was with CIA agents John Reese and Kara Stanton , operating in New York City . They had a government employee in their custody who had committed treason by attempting to sell some software to the Chinese . Positive they were not going to get a call regarding their prisoner , he allowed Reese to head out to the city for some rest ( `` Blue Code '' ) . In 2010 , Snow was in Morocco while Reese and Stanton were interrogating a suspect . Alongside Alicia Corwin , they gave orders to Reese and Stanton to go to Ordos to retrieve a laptop containing information pertaining to a computer virus that could disable nuclear programs . Snow had been ordered to tell both agents secretly that the other was compromised and retire each other . The plan , however , failed when Reese realized they 'd been set up after Stanton shoots him , and tells him it was because he was compromised . Reese then tells her that he was ordered to do the same thing to her . They realize they were set up and escape just minutes before a gunship shelled their supposed extraction point ( `` Matsya Nyaya '' ) . When Reese 's fingerprints were run through the system after he is arrested , the CIA was alerted to the fact that Reese had survived the shelling in Ordos. Snow visited the precinct where Detective Carter worked and asked her a few questions about Reese . Both Snow and his partner began to follow her , but she eventually caught them . Snow had a talk with Carter at a diner afterwards in which he showed Carter that Reese was a cold blooded killer . He convinced her to set a trap to capture Reese , though his true intention was , in fact , to have him killed . However , the trap failed as his partner Evans went for non-lethal shots , allowing Reese to escape with the help of Carter to Finch 's car ( `` Number Crunch '' ) . In 2012 , Snow , along with his CIA partner , initiated surveillance on Carter , believing she helped Reese escape . He constantly had operatives tailing her , though they were unable to track her effectively , and she managed to lose them . Later , he received information that Reese had escaped to northern Connecticut where his fingerprints were found on a prescription bottle at a veterinary clinic ( planted by Lionel Fusco at Finch 's request ) , and immediately left New York ( `` Super '' ) . Snow eventually returned to New York and confronted Carter , who he was still suspicious of after realizing Reese was never in Connecticut . Later , Snow had to bail out a CIA operative known as L.O.S. who was selling drugs for the CIA in a scheme to fund the War on Terror . Bluntly telling L.O.S. that he warned him about getting caught `` behind enemy lines '' , he had his head bagged and presumably killed in the back seat of an SUV ( `` Blue Code '' ) . When the FBI established a task force to catch Reese , Special Agent Donnelly informed Carter that he did not just want to apprehend Reese , but also expose Snow and the CIA 's illegal operations . He claimed that Snow was the man who swept the CIA 's domestic operations under the rug ( `` Identity Crisis '' ) . Unhappy with the FBI 's investigation into Reese , Snow paid another visit to Carter with Evans and warned her not to cooperate with Agent Donnelly . The next day , he received some information supposedly regarding Reese from a North Korean contact who had aided a CIA agent who escaped from China . Both he and Evans entered a hotel room , but were ambushed by Stanton , who had also survived the Ordos shelling . Evans was killed , while Snow was wounded as Stanton approached him , wanting to `` catch - up '' ( `` Matsya Nyaya '' ) . Following the ambush , Snow has been held captive by Stanton , who locked him up in a storage room and forced him to wear a bomb vest to prevent him from escaping . From time to time , he would be released to `` run errands '' for Stanton , presumably to help her find out who had set her up in the Ordos mission . While at the morgue looking into the Alicia Corwin case , Snow accidentally ran into Carter . He told her that he had been reassigned and was no longer trying to catch Reese . When Carter tried to call Snow 's CIA phone , she was redirected to another man who appeared to be looking for Snow , too ( `` Masquerade '' ) . Snow killed a janitor named Dusan Babic on Stanton 's orders , so that he could use his ID to get into Fujima Techtronics . As he had no other way of communicating with her , Snow left Carter 's card in the dead man 's pocket with Fujima Techtronics address on it . Carter followed Snow 's clues to Fujima Techtronics and saw him leaving the building . Carter followed and confronted him . Snow revealed that he is rigged with an explosive vest and tells Carter to tell John that , `` she is planning something big '' ( `` Critical '' ) . Snow is present when Reese wakes up in the back of a moving bus after being kidnapped and drugged at the end of `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' by Stanton . He informs Reese that they are wearing similar bomb vests and that Stanton holds the trigger to both . Kara then sends them to perform a few tasks for her . After retrieving the drive that Mark earlier stole from Fujima Techtronics Stanton sends them to steal the car of two Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) agents . Snow nearly kills one of the agents but is stopped by Reese . Snow and Reese then take the place of the two agents and enter an office building housing a secret DOD facility on the 21st floor . While going up the elevator Stanton informs them that they would be facing two Delta Force operatives with M4s . The doors open and Reese and Snow take out the two men and tie them up . One of them hits Snow and he prepares to kill the man , but Reese stops him again . Kara warns that there may be signal interference so she arms the bombs on a 15 - minute timer . Reese and Snow then enter an electronics lab and with the help of Kevin , a technician , prepare to download a computer virus . Reese tells Snow that Stanton can not hear them in the lab and suggests that they do something . However Snow says that they do not have enough time . Reese upon Kevin 's advice starts removing the drives to trigger a security breach , Snow discovers what Reese is doing and attacks him . The two engage in a vicious fist fight but Reese holds Snow off . Just then Stanton arrives and tells them that she only needed them to clear the way and uploads a malware on the DOD servers . She then triggers a five - minute timer on the bomb vests , locks them in the lab and leaves . With the help of Kevin , Reese and Snow manage to open the lab door and escape . Reese says that they have to get up to the roof so no one else is killed but Snow clubs him down . He says that the CIA has a safe house two blocks away . Reese warns him that the CIA will consider him compromised and all that is waiting for him is a black hood . Reese tries to get through to him but Snow simply wishes him luck and leaves . As Finch arrives and disarms Reese 's bomb vest just in the nick of time , Kara returns to her car ; however , to her surprise , she finds Snow in the back seat . Snow tells Stanton that she was right about him that he would be very good at dying . Kara lunges at him in desperation but the car explodes killing them both . Up on the roof Reese realizes what Snow has done . After Snow 's death , the FBI informs Carter that they believe Snow to be `` The Man in the Suit '' that Donnelly was chasing and consider the case now closed ( `` Dead Reckoning '' ) . The Machine puts a white square on Snow indicating that he does not know about its existence ( `` Super '' ) . Snow does not know about the Machine . Strangely , Snow is not listed by the machine as a threat to an asset ( Reese ) , even though he tries many times to kill him . Tyrell Evans ( edit ) Tyrell Evans ( played by Darien Sills - Evans ) is the alias of a CIA Operative , partnered with Mark Snow and assisted him in trying to retire Reese along with other assignments . He was shown to be an expert sniper and good with computers . He appeared many times with his partner , Snow ( `` Number Crunch '' ) . He shoots Reese in the torso while his partner Mark Snow distracts Reese , almost killing him , but fails to find him afterwards as the lights are shot out by John right after ( `` Super '' ) . When he and Snow receive a tip about a possible location on Reese at a hotel in the city . The two enter the room guns drawn . However , they are for some reason unable to correctly cover the room , and are shot by an assailant standing behind the door before they can return fire . The assailant turns out not to be Reese but Stanton ( `` Matsya Nyaya '' ) . Kara Stanton ( edit ) Kara Stanton ( played by Annie Parisse ) is the alias of a former CIA operative and John Reese 's former handler and partner . In 2006 , Stanton met with Reese for the first time in Hungary to interrogate two men about the whereabouts of Alim Nazir . Prior to this meeting , Stanton was apparently informed by a reliable , anonymous source that the men were involved in getting Nazir out of the country . On this information , Stanton executed them in front of a shocked Reese , who expected them to be questioned before any action was taken . She also had a photo of Jessica Arndt talking to Reese at the airport . Upon showing this to Reese , she told him that he could not go back to her , and that he no longer had any old friends . Telling him to dispose of the body and gun , Stanton assigned him the cover name `` Reese '' ( `` Foe '' ) . In 2007 , in Prague , Reese and Stanton posed as a couple and shot three men down ( one man selling plans on a drone to two Chinese nationals ) . Reese wanted to finish the mission as fast as possible but Stanton told him that he should learn to love his work as a killer ( `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' ) . In 2008 , Stanton , Reese , and Mark Snow were operating illegally in New York City , holding a government employee captive after he tried to sell some software to the Chinese . When Reese was given permission for time off , Stanton followed him to a bar and found him meeting with Jessica 's husband Peter . She gave him a lecture , telling him that they 're no longer like other people , and Reese reluctantly left with her before Jessica spotted them ( `` Blue Code '' ) . In 2009 , Stanton and Reese were assigned to kill a couple in Paris . They followed the couple to a bar . Stanton did not care why they have been ordered to kill them and advises Reese to act more credible since they were posing as a married couple . When the bar 's other patron left , Stanton shot out the camera while Reese approached the couple . Back in their apartment , after having killed the couple , they tried to remove all the traces that would ever prove they have been there . Stanton told him that they could take a break , but Reese said that he was fine . So Stanton drew out a gun on him and wanted him to choose between being a boy scout or a killer because she was tired of working with both . She also reminded him that he chose this life . Reese slammed her into the wall and told her that he loved his work and they kissed ( `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' ) . In 2010 , Reese and Stanton were in Morocco interrogating a suspect . A few hours later Mark Snow and Alicia Corwin arrived and informed them that they were being sent to China to retrieve a high - profile Stuxnet - like computer program from the Chinese . As Stanton left the room , Snow secretly ordered Reese to retire her , claiming she had been in contact with a terrorist . The pair arrived in Ordos and discovered the site where the program was found . On arrival , they discovered the corpses of many software engineers , and much of the building 's servers had been emptied . Reese found a survivor whom Stanton conversed with in Chinese . He said that men had turned up and took away the Machine . Upon hearing that , she promptly executed him and withheld what he had said from Reese . With much of what they came for already taken , Reese and Stanton had no choice but to wait for their extraction at nightfall . When nightfall came , Stanton marked the landing zone with infrared glow sticks . Reese had readied his gun to shoot her in the back , but lowered it at the last moment , only for Stanton to turn and shoot him . She apologized , saying she had orders from Snow , and was told Reese had ties to terrorists . Reese laughed , telling her he had the same orders and that they were being set up , with the beacon actually signaling for a shelling , not extraction . Reese then made his escape , leaving Stanton standing in shock . Overhead , a drone observed as an incoming cruise missile targeted the beacons . The wounded Reese managed to escape the blast radius , and turned back to see the explosion apparently killing his partner . Stanton however , had managed to clear the explosion and escape China with the help of a dissident group ( `` Matsya Nyaya '' ) . While recuperating , she was turned by a mysterious intelligence operator who was tracking her CIA activities ( `` Dead Reckoning '' ) . Snow revealed to Detective Carter that over the course of their partnership , Reese and Stanton worked on numerous missions and often saved each other 's lives . However , he lies and tells Carter Stanton was killed by Reese before he went off the grid ( `` Number Crunch '' ) . Snow and his partner Evans were led to a hotel room after receiving some intelligence from one of their North Korean contacts . Upon their entry and subsequent search of the room , Stanton emerged from the shadows and ambushed them both , killing Evans and injuring Snow ( `` Matsya Nyaya '' ) . Meaning to `` catch up '' with Snow , she kept him locked in a storage room with a bomb vest strapped onto him so that he would not escape . After he presented her proof that Alicia Corwin , the person who set her up in the mission to Ordos , was dead , she told him that she needed him to run a few more errands for her ( `` Masquerade '' ) . Snow was seen by Carter , leaving Fujima Techtronics . Carter followed and confronted him . Snow revealed that he is rigged with an explosive vest and tells Carter to tell John that , `` she is planning something big '' . Snow flees when a shooter fires upon them ( presumably Stanton ) interrupting their meeting ( `` Critical '' ) . Nicholas Donnelly 's number came up and Finch called him to warn him . At this point Stanton rams the vehicle that Donnelly is using to transport Reese and Carter to a safe - house . As the trio are recovering from the collision 's impact , Stanton shoots Donnelly twice , before approaching Reese and asking if he missed her . She then plunges a syringe into his neck , presumably laden with some form of sedative as Reese goes limp after being injected ( `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' ) . After rigging him with an explosive vest as well , she sends Reese and Snow out to run more errands for her . While fetching a hard drive , Stanton remotely instructs them to kill the sellers when they demand a higher price , but Reese refuses . Before the seller can press the matter further , Stanton who had been observing them , shoots the sellers with a sniper rifle from a rooftop . She then orders Reese and Snow to steal the gear of two ATF agents who were about to be called in a bomb threat Stanton orchestrated in a nearby office building . The building houses a computer security installation and cyberwarfare development lab and by activating a fifteen - minute detonation timer , Stanton drives the team to clear the entry for her to access a Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility containing the weapons cache where she uploads the contents of the drive Reese and Snow retrieved earlier . Before she leaves , she triggers the bomb vests and locks the team in the room . On the way back to her car , she calls Greer to inform him that the mission has been completed . He tells her the name of the man who sold the laptop ( alleged to be Harold Finch ) , which was the cause for what happened in Ordos . Before she can act on the information , she is cornered by Snow , who escaped the building and hides in the backseat of her car , and then gets his revenge by killing her in his bomb 's explosion ( `` Dead Reckoning '' ) . Decima Technologies ( edit ) The following characters are involved in the Decima Technologies storyline , a shadowy organization that is in possession of the Samaritan AI : John Greer ( edit ) John Greer ( played by John Nolan ) . In 2010 , he sent one of three interested parties to Ordos , China to retrieve a laptop with stolen `` Machine '' code . The other teams were `` The CIA '' ( John Reese and Kara Stanton ) and the Chinese ( `` Ram '' ( 2014 ) , `` Aletheia '' ( 2014 ) , `` Zero Day '' ( 2013 ) , `` Trojan Horse '' ( 2013 ) , and `` Dead Reckoning '' ( 2013 ) ) . He is very much present from second half of season 3 to the end of season 5 as the main villain , getting Samaritan , a totalitarian artificial intelligence , online , to track down and kill any opponent , especially Finch , Reese , their friends , and the Machine . In the penultimate episode ``. exe '' , Greer confronts Finch as he tries to destroy Samaritan with the Ice 9 computer virus . Greer sacrifices himself in an attempt to kill Finch by locking them in a sealed room and having Samaritan remove the oxygen . Greer dies from lack of oxygen , but Finch is rescued by the Machine with the help of Reese and Shaw who had been given Greer 's number by the Machine . Jeremy Lambert ( edit ) Jeremy Lambert ( played by Julian Ovenden ) is an operative for Decima Technologies , and Greer 's right - hand man . He is shot dead by Shaw in `` Reassortment . '' Martine Rousseau ( edit ) Martine Rousseau ( played by Cara Buono ) a very sadistic woman and former investigator for the United Nations who is a Samaritan operative for Decima Technologies . She is killed by Root at the end of season 4 . Gabriel Hayward ( edit ) Gabriel Hayward ( played by Oakes Fegley ) a young boy who acts as Samaritan 's `` analog interface '' . Claire Mahoney ( edit ) Claire Mahoney ( played by Quinn Shephard ) is a former college student and Samaritan asset after completing a complex puzzle it designed . In the episode `` Nautilus '' the team attempt to stop her when it is revealed that the puzzle is a recruiting device for Samaritan . She returns later in the series to attempt to convince Finch that Samaritan is trying to help people . Zachary ( edit ) Zachary ( played by Robert Manning , Jr ) an operative for Decima Technologies who later becomes a Samaritan agent . He is killed by John Reese in ``. exe '' . Jeff Blackwell ( edit ) Jeff Blackwell ( played by Joshua Close ) an ex-con who is recruited by Samaritan . He is killed by Shaw in `` return 0 '' in revenge for murdering Root . Vigilance ( edit ) The following character is involved in the Vigilance storyline , in which a violent organization professes to protect people 's privacy . Peter Collier ( edit ) Peter Collier ( played by Leslie Odom , Jr . ) is a field agent whose job is to protect the organization . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Graubaer 's Boker Home page '' . Graubaers-boker.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walker , Jodi ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) . `` ' Person of Interest ' shocker : Taraji P. Henson on Carter 's ( SPOILER ) Inside TV EW.com '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` Person of Interest : `` Разговор '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Code '' , Season 2 , Episode 2 Jump up ^ `` The Contingency '' , Season 2 , Episode 2 Jump up ^ `` Root Cause '' , Season 1 , Episode 13 Jump up ^ `` Firewall '' , Season 1 , Episode 23 Jump up ^ `` Bad Code '' , Season 2 , Episode 2 Jump up ^ `` The Contingency '' , Season 2 , Episode 1 Jump up ^ `` Booked Solid '' Season 2 , Episode 15 Jump up ^ `` The Fix '' , Season 1 , Episode 6 Jump up ^ `` Root Cause '' , Season 1 , Episode 13 Jump up ^ `` Firewall '' Season 1 , Episode 23 Jump up ^ `` Bury the Lede '' , Season 2 , Episode 5 Jump up ^ `` The High Road '' , Season 2 , Episode 6 Jump up ^ `` Booked Solid '' , Season 2 , Episode 15 Jump up ^ `` The Fix '' , Season 1 , Episode 6 Jump up ^ `` Root Cause '' , Season 1 , Episode 13 Jump up ^ `` Firewall '' , Season 1 , Episode 23 Jump up ^ `` The High Road '' Season 1 , Episode 6 Jump up ^ `` Booked Solid '' , Season 2 , Episode 15 Jump up ^ `` Flesh and Blood '' , Season 1 , Episode 19 Jump up ^ `` Mission Creep '' , Season 1 , Episode 3 Jump up ^ `` The Fix '' , Season 1 , Episode 6 Jump up ^ `` Witness '' , Season 1 , Episode 7 Jump up ^ `` Get Carter '' , Season 1 , Episode 9 Jump up ^ `` Risk '' , Season 1 , Episode 16 Jump up ^ `` Baby Blue '' , Season 1 , Episode 17 Jump up ^ `` Flesh and Blood '' , Season 1 , Episode 19 Jump up ^ `` Triggerman '' , Season 2 , Episode 4 Jump up ^ `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' , Season 2 , Episode 12 Jump up ^ `` Witness '' , Season 1 , Episode 7 Jump up ^ `` Risk '' , Season 1 , Episode 16 Jump up ^ `` Baby Blue '' , Season 1 , Episode 17 Jump up ^ `` Flesh and Blood '' , Season 1 , Episode 19 Jump up ^ `` C.O.D. '' , Season 2 , Episode 9 Sources ( edit ) As of this edit , this article uses content from `` Pedia of Interest ( Wikia ) '' , which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License , but not under the GFDL . All relevant terms must be followed . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Person of Interest Characters John Reese Harold Finch Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' `` Relevance '' `` God Mode '' `` The Devil 's Share '' `` If - Then - Else '' Soundtrack Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 & 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Person_of_Interest_characters&oldid=801226534 '' Categories : Lists of drama television characters Lists of American television series characters Person of Interest ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2014 Articles with imported Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike 3.0 text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 13 : 12 . About Wikipedia

1. Person of Interest characters 2. Main characters 3. John Reese 4. Harold Finch 5. Joss Carter

who are you i am no one game of thrones

No One ( Game of Thrones ) - wikipedia No One ( Game of Thrones ) Jump to : navigation , search This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` No One '' <Td_colspan="2"> Game of Thrones episode Episode no . Season 6 Episode 8 Directed by Mark Mylod Written by David Benioff D.B. Weiss Featured music Ramin Djawadi Cinematography by P.J. Dillon Editing by Katie Weiland Original air date June 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) Running time 59 minutes <Th_colspan="2"> Recurring / Guest appearances <Td_colspan="2"> Richard E. Grant as Izembaro Essie Davis as Lady Crane Julian Glover as Grand Maester Pycelle Anton Lesser as Qyburn Ian Gelder as Kevan Lannister Faye Marsay as the Waif Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm Richard Dormer as Beric Dondarrion Paul Kaye as Thoros of Myr Clive Russell as Brynden Tully Tobias Menzies as Edmure Tully Tim Plester as Walder Rivers Daniel Tuite as Lothar Frey Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Eugene Simon as Lancel Lannister Roger Ashton - Griffiths as Mace Tyrell Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson as Lem Melanie Liburd as a Red Priestess Leigh Gill as Bobono Rob Callender as Clarenzo Sam Redford as a Tully bannerman Ricky Champ as Gatins Ian Davies as Morgan Ross McKinney as Riddell Steve Love as Steve Brahm Gallagher as Lannister soldier Adam Turns as the Waif 's disguise Nanna Bryndís Hilmarsdóttir as a musician Ragnar Þórhallsson as a musician Arnar Rósenkranz Hilmarsson as a musician Brynjar Leifsson as a musician Kristján Páll Kristjánsson as a musician <Th_colspan="2"> Episode chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous `` The Broken Man '' Next → `` Battle of the Bastards '' <Td_colspan="2"> Game of Thrones ( season 6 ) List of Game of Thrones episodes `` No One '' is the eighth episode of the sixth season of HBO 's fantasy television series Game of Thrones , and the 58th overall . It was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , and directed by Mark Mylod . In Braavos , Arya Stark ( Maisie Williams ) kills The Waif ( Faye Marsay ) and adds her face to the hall , stating to Jaqen H'ghar ( Tom Wlaschiha ) that she is returning to Westeros , no longer intending to be a Faceless Man . At Riverrun , Brienne of Tarth ( Gwendoline Christie ) unsuccessfully negotiates Sansa 's request for help from the Blackfish ( Clive Russell ) , and Jaime Lannister ( Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ) returns Edmure Tully ( Tobias Menzies ) to the castle , with Edmure commanding they throw down their arms and surrender to the Lannisters . In King 's Landing , Cersei Lannister ( Lena Headey ) learns of her impending trial , and that she will not be able to demand a trial by combat by royal decree of King Tommen Baratheon ( Dean - Charles Chapman ) . In Meereen , Daenerys Targaryen ( Emilia Clarke ) arrives , in the midst of an attack on the city by the wise masters of Yunkai , Astapor and Volantis . In the Riverlands , Sandor Clegane ( Rory McCann ) tracks down the Brotherhood Without Banners , who attempt to convince Clegane to join them . `` No One '' received mostly positive reviews from critics , who listed the conclusion of Arya 's story with the Faceless Men , the reintroduction of the Brotherhood Without Banners , and Jaime 's scheme to retake Riverrun as high points of the episode , but also received some criticism as being anticlimactic . Filming of the episode 's foot chase scene between Arya and the Waif required a month of practice in Belfast to get the choreography right . In the United States , the episode achieved a viewership of 7.60 million in its initial broadcast . The episode was Maisie Williams ' and Peter Dinklage 's selection for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards to support their nominations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 In the Riverlands 1.2 In Meereen 1.3 In King 's Landing 1.4 In Braavos 2 Production 2.1 Writing 2.2 Casting 2.3 Filming 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Critical reception 3.3 Accolades 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) In the Riverlands ( edit ) Sandor Clegane tracks down some of the Brotherhood Without Banners men and brutally kills them , searching for their leader . He then comes across Beric Dondarrion and Thoros of Myr , who are preparing to hang the men responsible for the attack on the village . Sandor bargains with Beric , who allows him to personally hang two of the men . Beric and Thoros try to recruit Sandor into the Brotherhood , explaining that they intend to head north to fight the White Walkers and need his strength . Brienne of Tarth and Podrick Payne arrive at Riverrun , where they reunite with Jaime Lannister and Bronn . Brienne explains that she has come to recruit the Blackfish and the Tully army for Sansa , but Jaime points out that he is currently besieged in Riverrun and refuses to surrender the castle . Brienne proposes that if she can convince the Blackfish to surrender the castle , then Jaime will allow him and the Tully army safe passage to the North . Jaime agrees to the plan , but gives Brienne until nightfall . She then returns Oathkeeper to Jaime , stating that she has completed her mission . Jaime , however , tells her that she can keep it , as Oathkeeper is hers and hers alone . Brienne then attempts to negotiate with the Blackfish , but he refuses to abandon Riverrun , despite being sympathetic to Sansa 's plight . Meanwhile , Jaime talks with Edmure Tully , trying to win his cooperation by tempting him with seeing his newborn son , whom he has never seen , and offering to send him and his family to Casterly Rock , away from the Freys . Edmure ridicules Jaime and all of his past misdeeds , and asks him how he can live with himself . Jaime responds how he wants to take Riverrun to be back with Cersei , and he is willing to do anything to achieve it , even if it means killing every Tully he finds , including Edmure and his son . Jaime then sends Edmure to parley with the Blackfish . Despite the Blackfish 's protests , the Tully soldiers allow Edmure entry into the castle . Edmure then orders his men to surrender Riverrun , and also orders the Blackfish 's capture . The Blackfish helps Brienne and Podrick escape , but stays behind to fight to the end . Jaime is informed about the death of the Blackfish , and sees Brienne and Pod escaping on the river . Both Jaime and Brienne mournfully wave each other farewell . In Meereen ( edit ) With the Red Priests on their side and spreading pro-Daenerys propaganda , Tyrion Lannister and Varys see Meereen returning to life . After warning Tyrion not to trust the Red Priests , Varys leaves for Westeros on a secret mission to find more allies and ships . Tyrion then has a drink with Grey Worm and Missandei . He then tries to introduce them to humor by trading jokes . As they start having a good time , they are interrupted when a fleet which was sent by the masters arrives to attack the city , with Missandei explaining that they have come to recover their `` property '' . As the masters ' fleet bombards Meereen into the night , Tyrion and Grey Worm discuss their strategy when Daenerys Targaryen returns to the city , arriving at the top of the Great Pyramid with Drogon . In King 's Landing ( edit ) The Faith Militant , led by Lancel Lannister with King Tommen Baratheon 's blessing , arrive to take Cersei Lannister to see the High Sparrow ( whom they now refer to as the High Septon ) . Cersei refuses to go with them and when one of the Faith Militant attacks , he is brutally killed by Gregor Clegane . Seeing the rest of the Faith Militant soldiers intimidated , Cersei remarks that the High Sparrow is free to come to the Red Keep to see her . She then attends a royal announcement by Tommen in the throne room , but is denied standing by his side by Kevan Lannister , her uncle and Hand of the King . Tommen then announces the date that Cersei and Loras ' trials will be held , and that , in consultation with the High Sparrow , he has decided to end the practice of trial by combat as a means of resolving conflicts . The prospect of a trial by seven septons clearly worries Cersei . Qyburn then reports to Cersei about the `` rumor '' that she ordered him to investigate , and he remarks that it is `` more , much more '' . In Braavos ( edit ) Lady Crane returns to her chambers to find a wounded Arya Stark hiding inside , and helps stitch her wounds . She tells Arya that thanks to her warning , she mutilated her would - be killer Bianca 's face before kicking her out of the acting company . She then offers to have Arya join them , but she refuses , saying that she intends to travel west of Westeros to see the edge of the world . As Arya recovers , The Waif arrives and kills Lady Crane , intending to kill Arya as well . Arya flees through the streets of Braavos , but during the chase , Arya 's wounds reopen and she limps back to her hideout with the Waif in close pursuit . As the Waif closes in , Arya uses Needle to cut a candle , plunging the room into total darkness , where , having been trained while blinded for several weeks , Arya gains the upper hand . At the House of Black and White , Jaqen H'ghar finds a bloodtrail and follows it to the Hall of Faces , and finds the Waif 's face . Arya then holds Jaqen at sword point . Jaqen congratulates Arya by telling her that she is finally No One . However , she rejects the title , asserting her identity as Arya Stark before turning and leaving , announcing that she is `` going home . '' Jaqen proudly watches on as she leaves . Production ( edit ) Writing ( edit ) The episode was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . `` No One '' was written by the series ' creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . It adapts the chapter `` Jaime VII '' from A Feast for Crows depicting the Siege of Riverrun . In the `` Inside the Episode '' featurette published by HBO following the airing of the episode , David Benioff spoke about the revelation in King 's Landing , and Tommen 's decision to abolish `` trial by combat , '' stating `` This moment is a grievous blow for Cersei because she 's been counting on trial by combat really since the end of season five . This was always her ace in the hole , the Mountain was never going to lose a trial by combat there 's no one out there who could beat him . And then Tommen takes it away from her and knowing really what he 's doing . He might be a weak King , but he 's not an idiot , he understands that this move is going to mean that she 's probably not going to fare that well in this trial . So it 's a pretty devastating moment for Cersei , and you see that in her reaction , and partly because it just bodes so ill for this coming trial , and partly because it 's her own son who 's really betrayed her . '' Speaking about the siege of Riverrun , Weiss noted about Brienne and Jaime 's reunion that `` Jaime did n't expect to see Brienne necessarily ever again , he certainly did n't expect to see her marching into his military camp . And his relationship is obviously very complicated , and fraught , and has undercurrents that he 's uncomfortable with feeling . '' Benioff continued about Brienne 's escape , `` It 's these two who are not quite sure how they feel about the other , and he lets her go . He 'd be well within his rights to send his men after her , to capture her , and it would n't be that hard to capture her since she 's being slowly rowed away by Podrick , but he does n't . She might technically be an enemy now that she 's serving Sansa Stark , who is still obviously a suspect in Joffrey 's murder , but she 's not Jaime 's enemy . '' Clive Russell , who portrayed Brynden `` Blackfish '' Tully in the series , spoke about his character 's encounter with Brienne of Tarth , in an interview with IGN , noting `` Brienne represented for him his young self , a person of integrity , a soldier of integrity , trying to do the right thing . That added to the conflict he felt of what was the right thing to do : whether to send men to Sansa or not . '' He continued by saying about their relationship to each other , `` She spoke very clearly to power . She was talking to an older man who 's , initially , very irritated by her being there , but eventually takes her very , very seriously . There 's a touching moment where he acknowledges that to her face . It 's very touching and sad , and I think that 's what it 's about . He 's really recognizing the next generation of what I once was . '' In the conclusion of the `` Inside the Episode '' segment Weiss spoke about Arya 's story , saying `` Arya is in danger , she 's got an open wound in her stomach , and the one person who has protected her to this point unfortunately gets murdered . The fact that the Many - Faced God gets the people who have been promised to him really makes you think that there 's almost an inevitability about what happens to people who run afoul of the Faceless Men , as Arya has done . '' Weiss continued about the final part of the sequence , `` Arya 's telling Jaqen by putting the face on the wall that ' this account is settled , and we 're good here , and now I 'm going to walk away , ' and I think she knows what the answer 's going to be . The implication , obviously , is that Jaqen was , on some level , rooting for the outcome that he got . He may be `` no one , '' but there 's still enough of a person left in him to respect , and admire who this girl is and what she 's become . Arya finally tells us something that we 've kind of known all along , that she 's not no one , she 's Arya Stark of Winterfell . '' Casting ( edit ) Richard Dormer ( pictured ) and Paul Kaye returned to the series as Beric Dondarrion and Thoros of Myr , respectively . `` No One '' saw the reintroduction of Richard Dormer and Paul Kaye , who portrayed Beric Dondarrion and Thoros of Myr , respectively , in the third season , last appearing in the episode `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' , before returning for the sixth season . Dormer was previously asked about returning to Game of Thrones in an interview in February 2015 , saying at the time that he was doubtful about coming back to the series , stating `` they have n't told me about it , so I do n't think so . '' He also noted about his portrayal of the character , `` Beric was a noble character , a leader of men . Kind of like Robin Hood . So I thought , that 's how I 'll play the guy . '' Paul Kaye 's participation in the series was confirmed in mid-April 2016 , with his agency posting about the casting shortly before the premiere of the sixth season . The episode also featured the deaths of several recurring characters in the series . Faye Marsay , who portrayed the Waif , spoke about her participation in the episode , and leaving Game of Thrones after several seasons , saying `` As much as I 'm sad that I 'm now off of the show , I think that storyline needed to be concluded that way . I 'm rooting for Arya and Maisie as well . Even though I wo n't be able to hang out with everyone again , I think it was done right and done properly . I think Arya deserved to rip off her face and stick it on a wall . '' Recurring guest actors Clive Russell as Blackfish , and Essie Davis as Lady Crane portrayed their characters for the last time in the series , as they were killed off on screen . In the first scene featuring Sandor `` the Hound '' Clegane , comedian Steve Love was cast as one of the Brotherhood members killed by the Hound . Love previously had become known for his impressions of various Game of Thrones characters , uploading the video to YouTube , which ultimately resulted in his appearing on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! . Following the appearance , Love stated that he had received an email from Benioff offering him a part in the show , saying `` I broached the subject by sending them an email back saying ' Listen I do n't know what your plans are for me but it would really mean a lot to me if I could have one of those trademark Game of Thrones gruesome death scenes , and they wrote back saying ' Actually Steve , that was exactly what we had in mind for you . ' '' Filming ( edit ) Filming of the exterior chase scenes throughout Braavos took place in Girona , Spain . `` No One '' was directed by Mark Mylod . Mylod previously directed the fifth season episodes `` High Sparrow '' and `` Sons of the Harpy '' . Mylod also directed the previous episode , `` The Broken Man '' , for the sixth season . Mylod stated in an interview that the most physically challenging scene to direct was the chase scene , while the scene he was most scared to shoot was the conversation between Jaime and Edmure , stating that he felt the writing was `` so freaking good that I was scared about fucking it up . '' Mylod additionally spoke about filming the final scenes of the episode , the foot chase between Arya and the Waif , in the behind the scenes featurette published by HBO after the airing of the episode . Mylod stated that he did extensive research in order to create the foot chase , saying `` I devoured every foot chase in the history of cinema , but trying to take from that something that would fit into the blueprint of the Game of Thrones visual style , which is not necessarily the same kind of kinetic , handheld feel that you find in many contemporary thrillers . It 's a much more classic frame . '' He continued , `` Everything hinged from finding this very lovely , steep stairwell and thinking ' Would n't it be great if she leapt off that , and then tumbled down the stairs ? ' I had this image in my head that I wanted lots of oranges rolling down , not quite sure where that comes from , but it looked pretty . '' Mylod also stated in a separate interview that it was a conscious decision not to show the final fight between Arya and the Waif , given that it took place in the dark , noting `` when the character dies in the dark , unless we switch on night - vision goggles , we 're not going to be able to see that , and we 're not going to stick around to hear a scream in the dark anyway . It was actually a conscious choice in the writing and I think , for me , a very elegant storytelling beat as to get that reveal a few seconds later . '' In an interview , Maisie Williams described the thought process behind Arya 's scenes , as well as the process of filming saying `` We wanted people to think this could be the end , or the start of the end . Like maybe her wound is going to fester -- like The Hound . '' She continued , `` There was this constant spectrum of conversation with Mark Mylod during the chase of about how petrified she needs to look , but also how safe she is . Arya 's been very lucky with the people she 's encountered so far . The whole time she was with The Hound she took a back seat because he was really good . So I wanted her to look like she was struggling . '' Williams also stated that she gave input on how the scene should take place , stating `` I did n't want the chase stunt to be unnecessary or superhuman . I got on set and they were going to have Arya rolling around , and diving , and I was like , `` That looks amazing , but no . '' I 'd be like , `` Why would she run over there ? She 'd just duck under here and just get out . '' It does n't look quite as cinematic , maybe , but they 'll have to find something else if they want cinematic . And I felt awful because the job of the stunt guys is to make everything look as crazy and cool as possible . But I know Arya now . In the beginning it was a lot of guesswork and now I 've figured her out . '' Faye Marsay , who portrayed the Waif , spoke about her scenes and filming with Williams , saying , `` I think we did a month in Belfast before we started shooting . We went into the stunt tent and lived there . It was choreographed like a dance . Maisie is so well coordinated and good at what she does . I 'm a little bit less coordinated and easily pissed off . I would drop the stick down and go , `` I ca n't do it ! '' And she would encourage me . She 's so supportive . We did a month , and then the day before the cameras turned on , we would go through the moves a couple of times so we would n't hurt each other . There were a few times we clipped each other . I remember getting her in the stomach really bad one time , and she nearly cut my ear off at one point . It was fun . It was a lot of fun , but we were exhausted as well . '' The castle face , and drawbridge were physically built , with the rest added in post-production with special effects . Filming of the Riverrun sequence began in October 2015 , and led to some complaints by locals living in the area following the construction of a portion of the Tully castle . The shooting of the scenes took place in Corbet , County Down , Northern Ireland . Due to some concerns over the size of the structure , filming was unable to take place until local inspectors were able to determine if the production unit followed what had been agreed upon in the `` planning application . '' Construction of a portion of the castle began in September , with tents and wooden additions being added shortly after . In addition , the production unit also created an actual working drawbridge for the scenes , rather than relying on CGI to create the set piece . Visual effects were added to create the rest of the castle . Clive Russell , who portrayed Blackfish , spoke about working with Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth , noting `` There 's something very curious , by the way , I 'm probably about 6'6 '' tall . I think she 's about 6'3 `` , but all the time I worked with her , I felt like she was taller than me . Now I do n't really know what that has to do with it . It might be something to do with being confronted by a physically charismatic very tall woman , or maybe it 's that she 's caught the impressiveness of the character of that woman , that soldier . She 's also an extraordinarily hilarious woman . We had great fun together . It was great fun to play . '' Gwendoline Christie also spoke about filming with Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , who portrays Jaime Lannister , again , saying `` I was excited , It was really fun to be with Nikolaj again , and I thought the way of which their reunion happens is not really expected . I just loved that it was so formal , because within the confines of such formality , and having to negotiate with each other , there are so many other stories begging to be told in those moments . There 's a slow process of creeping familiarity among two people who have n't been together for a long time ; it was allowed to build . '' Coster - Waldau also spoke about their first reunion scene , stating `` It 's a great scene . These characters are so much about holding their cards so close to their chest and they do n't want to reveal how they 're feeling . But we know there 's history between them , that this is more than two knights meeting . But they would never acknowledge that . '' Mylod , spoke about the decision to show Blackfish 's death off screen , saying `` there was a lot of tonal discussion about this , and I think I can safely speak for the writers that the choice was a conscious one in the writing not to see his actual death , because the emotional focus was really about the final moments between him and Brienne -- two warriors , two samurais , facing each other -- and Brienne 's acknowledgment that this fellow samurai has chosen his moment , and this is his moment of dignity and choice of his death . So it was really about that moment of choice and the dignity and acceptance between these two great warriors , rather than the actual detail of his actual death . That was actually a tonal choice as to how we saw that character . '' Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) `` No One '' was viewed by 7.60 million American households on its initial viewing on HBO , which was slightly less than the previous week 's rating of 7.80 million viewers for the episode `` The Broken Man '' . The episode also acquired a 3.9 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic , making it the highest rated show on cable television of the night . In the United Kingdom , the episode was viewed by 2.436 million viewers on Sky Atlantic , making it the highest - rated broadcast that week on its channel . It also received 0.113 million timeshift viewers . Critical reception ( edit ) `` No One '' was received mostly positively by critics , who listed the conclusion of Arya 's story with the Faceless Men , the reintroduction of the Brotherhood Without Banners , and Jaime 's scheme to retake Riverrun as high points of the episode , but some critics described sequences in the episode as being anticlimactic . It has received an 87 % rating on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes from 47 reviews with an average score of 7.2 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads `` '' No One '' sees some fan favorites back in action and moves the final few pieces into place for a momentous -- and long - awaited -- battle . '' Matt Fowler of IGN wrote in his review for the episode , `` '' No One '' may have given us a bloodless siege , but there were plenty of bloody moments , namely from the brothers Clegane , who were both awesomely brutal this week . Though not against one another , as it looks like , for now , the Cleganebowl 's been canceled . I loved the end of Arya 's arc along with Jaime 's scheme to take Riverrun - though I 'm curious to see what comes of the Tully angle . Brienne failed to get an army for Sansa and Jaime 's just going to head back home now ? It seems like there should be more to this that him just winning one for the Lannister name . Though regardless of what the payoff might be , it was still good to see how so much of this story tied back to the first three seasons and Jaime 's time as Catelyn 's prisoner . '' He gave the episode an 8.2 out of 10 . Myles McNutt of The A.V. Club criticized the episode 's momentum within the season , writing `` The lack of momentum driving these stories is surprising to me given that the season has largely been doing a fine job with internal momentum . '' McNutt continued , `` The show may have run into an unfortunate convergence of so many anti-climactic storylines in a single episode , but their very existence is a necessary byproduct of a narrative that is preparing to shed its skin and move forward with a new lease on life . '' Despite this , he gave the episode a grade of B - . Erik Kain of Forbes wrote about the episode , `` Not the greatest episode of the season , but I still did n't want it to end . Sometimes I realize that even an episode I have lots of complaints about manages to be some of the best television out there . Game of Thrones is n't always on the money , but even an off night can be surprisingly good . '' James Hibberd of Entertainment Weekly summarized the episode in his review by saying `` Cheers , chills , and the sound of online fan theories imploding . `` No One '' delivered Jaime Lannister 's finest scene in years , a thrilling chase , and set one Stark on an exciting new path . '' Jeremy Egner of The New York Times criticized the episode in his review , writing , `` It 's just not all that satisfying . After endless weeks of stick - beating and the events of last week , it all seemed a little too tidy , '' and additionally called Arya 's story `` anticlimactic . '' However , Egner also praised the episode 's continuation with the King 's Landing story , as well as the follow up with Sandor Clegane and the Brotherhood Without Banners . TV Guide 's Damian Holbrook criticized as implausible the fact that Arya , after being stabbed multiple times in the previous episode by the Waif , was able to outrun and kill her faster , stronger nemesis in this episode . Hanh Nguyen of Indiewire also felt the Riverrun sequence ended in an anticlimactic fashion as well . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nominated Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Production Design for a Fantasy Program Deborah Riley , Paul Ghirardani , Rob Cameron Won 2017 Art Directors Guild Awards 2016 One - Hour Single Camera Period Or Fantasy Television Series Deborah Riley Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones releases cryptic episode 8 description '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Inside Sn 6 / Ep 8 '' . HBO . June 12 , 2016 . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Clive Russell on Brienne and the Blackfish 's Connection '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 Kills Several Someones in ' No One ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stolworthy , Jacob ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Character last seen in season 3 to make return '' . The Independent . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Jeff ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Richard Dormer on Fortitude , Skidoos , and Whether He 'll Ever Return to Game of Thrones '' . Esquire . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Faye Marsay Faces the Waif 's Fate '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 Kills Several Someones in `` No One '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jay , Paul Cote ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones impressions land Steve Love a cameo on show '' . CBC . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones directors revealed for mysterious season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Director Mark Mylod Talks Deaths , Mistakes and Stoneheart '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season 6 Game Revealed : Episodes 57 & 58 '' . HBO . June 12 , 2016 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Maisie Williams on her fateful Waif showdown '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Marifosque , Rachael ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' season 6 spoilers : complaints from residents about Tully castle stalls production '' . Ecumenical News . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones filming is causing a stir at Corbet '' . Banbridge Leader . October 21 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones stars on Jaime and Brienne 's touching reunion '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Silicon Valley ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' back to usual numbers , ' Preacher ' holds up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Ratings ( 6 - 12 June 2016 ) '' . BARB . Archived from the original on 18 July 2014 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , Matt ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : `` No One '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' No One '' Game of Thrones : Season 6 , Episode 8 `` . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNutt , Myles ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` Game Of Thrones explores the paradox of `` No One '' ( experts ) `` . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 6 , Episode 8 Review : No One '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones recap : ' No One ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Egner , Jeremy ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 , Episode 8 : I 'm Still Me '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holbrook , Damian ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Cheers & Jeers '' , TV Guide , p 84 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Hanh ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' Game of Thrones ' Keeps The Violence Off - Screen As Battles Build '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Rules 2016 Emmy Race With 23 Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Creative Arts Emmy Awards Winners : ' Game Of Thrones ' Leads Way On Night 1 '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Art Directors Guild Awards Nominations : ' Rogue One ' , ' Game Of Thrones ' & More '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : No One `` No One '' at HBO.com `` No One '' on IMDb `` No One '' at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Game of Thrones episodes <Td_colspan="2"> Seasons : 1 5 6 7 Season 6 `` The Red Woman '' `` Home '' `` Oathbreaker '' `` Book of the Stranger '' `` The Door '' `` Blood of My Blood '' `` The Broken Man '' `` No One '' `` Battle of the Bastards '' `` The Winds of Winter '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No_One_(Game_of_Thrones)&oldid=802392078 '' Categories : 2016 American television episodes Game of Thrones episodes Hidden categories : Good articles Articles lacking reliable references from August 2017 All articles lacking reliable references All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 21 : 52 . 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1. Game of Thrones episode "No One" 2. Arya Stark's storyline 3. Siege of Riverrun 4. Cersei's trial and Tommen's decision 5. The Hound's encounter with the Brotherhood Without Banners

udvar-hazy center smithsonian institution's national air and space museum chantilly virginia

Steven F. Udvar - Hazy Center - wikipedia Steven F. Udvar - Hazy Center Aviation museum in Virginia , United States Steven F. Udvar - Hazy Center <Td_colspan="2"> Aerial view of the Steven F. Udvar - Hazy Center in 2004 <Td_colspan="2"> Location of the Udvar - Hazy Center Steven F. Udvar - Hazy Center ( Virginia ) Steven F. Udvar - Hazy Center ( the US ) Show map of Northern Virginia Show map of Virginia Show map of the US Show all Established December 15 , 2003 ; 14 years ago ( 2003 - 12 - 15 ) Location Chantilly , Virginia , United States Coordinates 38 ° 54 ′ 41 '' N 77 ° 26 ′ 39 '' W  /  38.911444 ° N 77.444111 ° W  / 38.911444 ; - 77.444111 Type Aviation museum Visitors 1.6 million ( 2017 ) Public transit access Fairfax Connector No. 983 from Wiehle - Reston East Metro Station via Dulles International Airport Website airandspace.si.edu/visit/udvar-hazy-center/ The Steven F. Udvar - Hazy Center , also called the Udvar - Hazy Center , is the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum ( NASM ) 's annex at Washington Dulles International Airport in the Chantilly area of Fairfax County , Virginia , United States . It holds numerous exhibits , including the Space Shuttle Discovery and the Enola Gay . The 760,000 - square - foot ( 71,000 m ) facility was made possible by a $65 million gift in October 1999 to the Smithsonian Institution by Steven F. Udvar - Házy , an immigrant from Hungary and co-founder of the International Lease Finance Corporation , an aircraft leasing corporation . The main NASM building , located on the National Mall in Washington , D.C , had always contained more artifacts than could be displayed , and most of the collection had been stored , unavailable to visitors , at the Paul E. Garber Preservation , Restoration , and Storage Facility in Silver Hill , Maryland . A substantial addition to the center encompassing restoration , conservation and collection - storage facilities was completed in 2010 . Restoration facilities and museum archives were moved from the museum 's Garber facility to the new sections of the Udvar - Hazy Center . Contents 1 Architecture and facilities 2 Collection 3 Events 4 Media appearances 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Architecture and facilities ( edit ) Panorama of the interior of the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum . Entrance view with observation tower The Mary Baker Engen Restoration Hangar in January 2013 . The Space Shuttle Discovery is in the background . Designed by Hellmuth , Obata and Kassabaum , who also designed the National Air and Space Museum building , the Center required 15 years of preparation and was built by Hensel Phelps Construction Co . The exhibition areas comprise two large hangars , the 293,707 - square - foot ( 27,286.3 m ) Boeing Aviation Hangar and the 53,067 - square - foot ( 4,930.1 m ) James S. McDonnell Space Hangar . The Donald D. Engen Observation Tower provides a view of landing operations at adjacent Washington Dulles International Airport . The museum also contains an IMAX theater . A taxiway connects the museum to the airport . Phase Two of the Udvar - Hazy Center will be dedicated to the behind - the - scenes care of the Smithsonian 's collection of aircraft , spacecraft , related artifacts and archival materials . On December 2 , 2008 , the Steven F. Udvar - Hazy Center received a gift of $6 million for phase two from Airbus Americas Inc. -- the largest corporate gift to the Smithsonian Institution in 2008 . The wing includes : The Mary Baker Engen Restoration Hangar -- spacious enough to accommodate several aircraft at one time with a second - floor viewing area designed to give visitors a behind - the - scenes look . Archives -- the foremost collection of documentary records of the history , science and technology of aeronautics and space flight will be housed in a single location for the first time , providing researchers with ample space and equipment . The Emil Buehler Conservation Laboratory -- will provide conservators much - needed space to develop and execute specialized preservation strategies for artifacts . Collections processing unit -- a dedicated loading dock and specially designed secure area for initial inspection and analysis of artifacts . Air and Space Museum , South Hall The Boeing 367 ( Dash - 80 ) is also stored here Collection ( edit ) Main article : List of aircraft in the Smithsonian Institution Enola Gay The Space Shuttle Discovery in the space wing of Udvar - Hazy Air France Concorde F - BVFA Lockheed SR - 71 Blackbird Dassault Falcon 20 Gossamer Albatross Curtiss P - 40E Kittyhawk The center finished construction and opened on December 15 , 2003 . The Udvar - Hazy Center displays historic aviation and space artifacts , especially items too large for the National Air and Space Museum 's building on the National Mall , including : The Enola Gay , the Boeing B - 29 Superfortress which dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima , Japan The orbital spacecraft Space Shuttle Discovery was put on public display in the James S. McDonnell Space Hangar on April 19 , 2012 , replacing the atmospheric test vehicle , Enterprise . During the night of April 19 , Enterprise was loaded onto a Shuttle Carrier Aircraft in preparation for its trip to John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City on April 27 , 2012 , for final destination at the Intrepid Sea , Air & Space Museum . Enterprise had been on display in the Space Hangar since the museum opened in 2003 . A first - generation tracking and data relay satellite ( TDRS ) that hangs directly above Discovery The Gemini VII space capsule A Lockheed SR - 71 Blackbird reconnaissance aircraft An Air France Concorde supersonic airliner A United States Air Force Lockheed L049 , the military version of the Lockheed Constellation ( `` Connie '' ) airliner The Boeing 367 - 80 ( `` Dash - 80 '' ) jet transport , which was the prototype for the Boeing 707 The only surviving Bell XV - 15 experimental tiltrotor craft A Redstone rocket The only surviving Verville - Sperry M - 1 Messenger , the USAAS 's first messenger aircraft The Langley Aerodrome A , an early attempt at powered flight by Smithsonian Secretary Samuel Pierpont Langley The Northrop N - 1 experimental aircraft The only surviving Dornier Do 335 Pfeil fighter The only surviving Boeing 307 Stratoliner , the ex-Pan Am Clipper Flying Cloud One of two surviving German Heinkel He 219 Uhu night fighters The only surviving German Arado Ar 234 Blitz jet bomber One of three surviving German Bachem Ba 349 Natter rocket - powered interceptors The only surviving Japanese Nakajima J1N 1 Gekko The only surviving Japanese Aichi M6A1 Seiran One of four surviving Northrop P - 61 Black Widow night fighters One of two surviving Boeing P - 26 Peashooter fighters A Bede BD - 5 , single - seat , home - built aircraft that was somewhat popular in the 1970s ( 5J version is the smallest manned jet aircraft ) The Beck - Mahoney Sorceress , known as the `` winningest '' racing biplane in aviation history A British Hawker Hurricane fighter A Japanese balloon bomb like the one that killed six U.S. civilians in Oregon during World War II Lockheed Martin X-35 Joint Strike Fighter , prototype of the Lockheed Martin F - 35 Lightning II Grumman F - 14 Tomcat fighter involved in the Gulf of Sidra incident ( 1989 ) . The Gossamer Albatross , which was the first man - powered aircraft to fly across the English Channel The primary special - effects miniature of the `` Mothership '' used in the filming of Close Encounters of the Third Kind The Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer piloted by Steve Fossett for the first solo nonstop and nonrefueled circumnavigation of Earth The Winnie Mae , a Lockheed Vega piloted by Wiley Post The first aircraft operated by FedEx , a Dassault Falcon 20 A piece of fabric from the LZ 129 Hindenburg that survived the Hindenburg disaster . Mercury - Atlas 10 unused Project Mercury spacecraft U.S. Coast Guard Sikorsky HH - 52 Seaguard helicopter A Launch Entry Suit A Vought RF - 8 Crusader reconnaissance aircraft A McDonnell Douglas F - 4S Phantom II fighter A Soviet Mikoyan - Gurevich MiG - 15 fighter A NASA Pathfinder , an early solar powered aircraft A Piasecki PV - 2 helicopter A French Caudron G. 4 bomber A German Focke - Wulf Fw 190 F fighter / bomber A British Westland Lysander Army cooperation aircraft A CASA 352L transport A Republic F - 105D Thunderchief fighter - bomber A Lockheed P - 38 Lightning fighter Darryl Greenamyer 's Grumman F8F Bearcat `` Conquest I '' racing aircraft The North American P - 51C Mustang `` Excalibur III '' fighter A North American F - 86 Sabre fighter A Republic P - 47 Thunderbolt fighter A Grumman F6F - 3 Hellcat fighter A Soviet Mikoyan - Gurevich MiG - 21 `` Fishbed '' fighter A Beechcraft Bonanza A Beechcraft Model 18 A Bell 47 helicopter A Bell H - 13 Sioux helicopter A Bell UH - 1 Iroquois helicopter A Boeing - Stearman Model 75 biplane trainer aircraft A Grumman A-6E Intruder ground - attack aircraft A Curtiss P - 40E Kittyhawk fighter A Vought F4U - 1D Corsair fighter A Piper J - 3 Cub A Grumman G - 22 Gulfhawk An Aeronca C - 2 ultralight aircraft The Stanley Nomad glider An Arrow Sport A2 A Space Systems / Loral FS - 1300 communications satellite , previously a ground spare for Sirius Satellite Radio The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission payload that flew on STS - 99 . Bob Hoover 's Shrike Commander The museum is still in the process of installing exhibits , but 169 aircraft and 152 large space artifacts are already on display as of May 2012 , and plans call for the eventual installation of over 200 aircraft . The current list is maintained at the Objects On Display page of the Smithsonian Institution NASM Collections site . Events ( edit ) A number of events are held at the museum throughout the year . These include lectures , book signings , sleepovers , and events for children . Some of the museum 's larger events include Air & Scare for Halloween , an open house , and Innovations in Flight : Family Day and Outdoor Aviation Display . Media appearances ( edit ) The center made its first media appearance in the 2009 film Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen . The center remained open while filming took place , although certain areas were closed . The SR - 71 that is on display in the museum was used as Jetfire , a Decepticon who switches sides to become an Autobot , in the film . In the film , it is referred to simply as the National Air and Space Museum . See also ( edit ) List of aerospace museums References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Visitor Statistics '' . Smithsonian Newsdesk . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Small , L.M. `` A century 's roar and buzz : Thanks to an immigrant 's generosity , the Steven F. Udvar - Hazy Center opens to the public '' . In `` From the Secretary '' . Smithsonian . Vol. 34 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Steven F. Udvar Hazy Center History Jump up ^ Triplett , W. `` Hold everything ! '' Smithsonian . Vol. 34 , December 2003 , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Air and Space Museum Press Kit : Steven F. Udvar - Hazy Center Fact Sheet '' . Smithsonian Institution . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2009 . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ National Air and Space Museum Receives Gift from Airbus for Phase Two of the Steven F. Udvar - Hazy Center Archived January 11 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Space Shuttle Discovery Flies to the Smithsonian '' . Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum . April 17 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dornier Do - 335 Archived May 17 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Steven F. Udvar - Hazy Center : Looking Ahead '' Accessed September 30 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Events National Air and Space Museum '' . airandspace.si.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Air & Scare National Air and Space Museum '' . airandspace.si.edu . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Steven F. Udvar - Hazy Center Open House National Air and Space Museum '' . airandspace.si.edu . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Family Day and Outdoor Aviation Display - Innovations in Flight Aircraft Display '' . Innovations in Flight Aircraft Display . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Keith Knight ( June 7 , 2008 ) . `` More High - Fliers at Air & Space '' . The Washington Post . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Steven F. Udvar - Hazy Center ( category ) Official website Coordinates : 38 ° 54 ′ 41.2 '' N 77 ° 26 ′ 38.8 '' W  /  38.911444 ° N 77.444111 ° W  / 38.911444 ; - 77.444111 <Th_colspan="2"> Smithsonian Institution Museums African American History and Culture African Art Air and Space Udvar -- Hazy American Art American History Numismatic Collection American Indian Heye Center Anacostia Arts and Industries Castle Cooper -- Hewitt Design Freer Gallery of Art Hirshhorn Natural History Barcode of Life Global Volcanism Portrait Gallery Postal Renwick Gallery Arthur M. 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Udvar - Hazy Center Washington and Old Dominion Railway Fort Belvoir Transportation Air Manassas Regional Airport Washington Dulles International Airport Roads Fairfax County Parkway Springfield Interchange Virginia State Route 123 Dulles Toll Road ( VA 267 ) Transit Fairfax Connector Silver Line Virginia Railway Express Manassas Line Fredericksburg Line Culture Battles Battle of Chantilly First Battle of Bull Run Second Battle of Bull Run Events Celebrate Fairfax ! Education George Mason University University of Fairfax Northern Virginia Community College Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center&oldid=854476633 '' Categories : 2003 establishments in Virginia Aerospace museums in Virginia American national museums in Virginia Museums established in 2003 Museums in Fairfax County , Virginia Smithsonian Institution museums Space Shuttle tourist attractions Washington Dulles International Airport Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from April 2014 Articles with short description Pages using div col with small parameter Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Español Français 한국어 Português Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 17 : 06 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center 2. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum 3. Aviation museum in Virginia 4. Space Shuttle Discovery 5. Enola Gay

how tall was the grand staircase on the titanic

Grand staircase of the RMS Titanic - wikipedia Grand staircase of the RMS Titanic Jump to : navigation , search Contemporary drawing of the Titanic 's Grand Staircase . The Grand Staircase is the name sometimes given to the large ornate staircases in the first - class section of the White Star Line liner RMS Titanic , which sank following a collision with an iceberg in 1912 . The staircase has been prominently featured in Titanic media and often recreated in film , making it one of the most recognizable features of the lost liner . Contents ( hide ) 1 Location 1.1 Boat Deck 1.2 A-Deck 1.3 B - Deck 1.4 C - Deck 1.5 D - Deck 1.6 E-Deck 2 Style and decor 3 Aft Grand Staircase 4 Condition in the wreck 5 Artifacts from the Titanic and Olympic 's staircases 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography Location ( edit ) Sited in the forward part of the ship , the Grand Staircase was the main communication between decks for First - Class passengers and the point of entry to numerous public rooms . It descended in seven levels between the Boat Deck and E-Deck . Just forward of the staircase a passenger could turn the corner and find the three First - Class elevators that communicated alongside the staircase between A and E-Decks . Boat Deck ( edit ) The Boat Deck level of the stairwell functioned as an interior balcony overlooking the staircase and A-Deck below . This level was 56 ft. wide by 33 ft. long . There were two entry vestibules , 5 ft. x 6 ft. , on either side of the Boat Deck that communicated with the outside . The Gymnasium entrance was right next to the Starboard Grand Staircase entrance . The Officer 's Quarters and Marconi Room were also accessible via two corridors that branched forward from either side of the staircase . This level was lined with arched windows that provided ample natural light to the stairwell during the day . A-Deck ( edit ) Off of the A-Deck level a long aft companionway ran along the Starboard side , connecting passengers to the Reading and Writing Room and the Lounge at the far end , which was entered via revolving doors . Two entry vestibules , 5 ft. x 6 ft. , connected passengers to the Promenade Deck and two corridors forward of the stairwell accessed the A-Deck First - Class staterooms . A framed map of the North Atlantic route where Titanic 's progress was updated everyday at noon which was most likely located on the port or starboard side of the room . B - Deck ( edit ) Just off the B - Deck level staircase were the two `` Millionaire 's Suites '' , as well as two enclosed First - Class entry foyers along each side . The bulk of B - Deck was occupied by First - Class cabins , the finest and largest offered . C - Deck ( edit ) On C - Deck were the Purser 's and Enquiry Offices , just off the Staircase on the Starboard side . Passengers could store their valuables with the Purser and submit Marconi messages sent via pneumatic tube to the Marconi Room . They could also purchase small items like postcards , pay for tickets to the Turkish Baths and Squash Court , reserve deck chairs , check out board games , and request their seating in the dining saloon , among other services . Long companionways branched off of the Staircase forward and aft containing First - Class staterooms , much like B - Deck above . D - Deck ( edit ) The D - Deck staircase opened directly onto the Reception Room and adjoining Dining Saloon . Behind the staircase were two arched entry vestibules and the companionways which communicated with First - Class staterooms in the forward part of the ship . E-Deck ( edit ) On E-Deck the staircase narrowed and lost its grand sweeping curve , though it was designed in the same oak and wrought iron style . There were no public rooms on this deck , only First - Class cabins . A modest single flight terminated on F - Deck , where the Turkish Baths and Swimming Pool could be reached . Style and decor ( edit ) Photograph of Olympic 's Grand Staircase taken from the Boat Deck level The forward Grand Staircase was the pièce de resistance of the Titanic 's First - Class public rooms . The two - storey high A-Deck level featured a large wrought iron and glass dome overhead that allowed natural light to enter the stairwell during the day . The dome was fringed with a delicately molded plaster entablature and rested on the deck housing surrounding the stairwell . It was covered by a protective box to protect the dome from the elements and which also contained the lighting to illuminate the dome from behind in the evening . In the center of the dome hung a large crystal and gilt chandelier . The small beaded crystal chandelier fixtures identified on the wreck only hung in the forward parts of the A and Boat Deck levels , the rest contained cut - glass shades . Each staircase was built in solid English oak , with each banister containing elaborate wrought iron grilles with ormolu swags in the Louis XIV style . The staircases were 20 ft. wide and projected 17 ft. from the bulkhead . The surrounding entrance halls were appointed in the same polished oak paneling carved in the Neoclassical William & Mary style . The panels of the newel posts were carved with high relief garlands , each one of unique design , and topped by pineapple finials . The floors were laid with white linoleum tiles interspersed with black medallions . Armchairs and sofas upholstered in blue were provided just off the staircases and potted palms in raised holders dotted each level . On the Boat Deck level was an upright piano allowing the ship 's orchestra to hold impromptu concerts in the stairwell . On the central landing of the A-Deck staircase was a clock flanked by two carved allegorical figures symbolizing `` Honour and Glory crowning Time '' . A bronze cherub sculpture , holding an illuminated torch , graced the central newel post at the base of this staircase . There were likely smaller replica cherubs which graced either end of the B and C - Deck levels . On the D - Deck level , as the staircase opened onto the Reception Room , the central post held a huge gilt candelabra with electric lighting . The B , C , D and E-Deck central landings all contained landscape and still - life oil paintings instead of the Honour and Glory crowning Time clock . These were probably painted by a Belfast artist on commission to Harland and Wolff . Aft Grand staircase ( edit ) RMS Olympic aft grand staircase , notice the simple clock on the above landing Restaurant Reception Area in the Aft Grand Staircase , Titanic There was a second Grand Staircase located further aft in the ship , between the third and fourth funnels . Although it was in the same style with a dome at the center , it was of much smaller proportions and only installed between A , B , and C Decks . A simple clock graced the main landing in contrast to the ornate Honour and Glory Crowning Time clock in the forward Staircase . One could access the Smoking Room and Lounge from the A-Deck landing , as well as the Lounge forward of the landing via a companionway . A reception area for patrons of the À La Carte Restaurant and Café Parisien decorated in white - painted Georgian paneling occupied the whole of the B - Deck foyer off the aft staircase . There were comfortable carpeted seating areas with rattan - woven chairs , sofas , and tables . This was also an innovation compared to the Olympic , whose B - Deck aft foyer was much smaller because of additional cabins and storage rooms . There was no reception area on the Olympic until the 1913 refit , which expanded the restaurant and added a reception area in emulation of Titanic . On Titanic two additional en - suite staterooms were installed off of the A-Deck aft staircase , decreasing the size of the surrounding foyer in comparison to Olympic . Condition in the wreck ( edit ) When Robert Ballard discovered the wreck of the Titanic in 1985 , he found only a gaping well in the place that the Staircase had once occupied . The deck house that once formed the Boat Deck level of the stairway is collapsed and the huge void left by where the dome had once been sited offers a convenient entry for Remotely operated underwater vehicles ( ROVs ) . A pile of wreckage and twisted metal framework lies at the bottom of D - Deck , obscuring access to the lower decks . Because each staircase was constructed individually and entirely from wood , it is assumed that the staircase either broke apart and floated out of the stairwell during the sinking or disintegrated in the 73 years before the Titanic 's rediscovery . Another option is that whatever remained of the staircase was destroyed by the force of the bow hitting the sea floor and the huge hydraulic blast which resulted . Survivors described a large wave that swept the Boat Deck as the Titanic took her final plunge - this , or the wave produced by the collapse of the forward funnel , is often blamed for smashing through the dome and destroying the Grand Staircase . The surrounding foyers , with their oak pillars , plaster ceilings with oak beams , and chandelier ceiling fixtures all survive in recognizable condition . During filming of sinking scenes for the 1997 film Titanic , the staircase set was wrenched from its steel - reinforced foundation by the force of the flooding . Director James Cameron commented , `` Our staircase broke free and floated to the surface . It 's likely that this is exactly what happened during the actual sinking , which would explain why there is n't much of the staircase left in the wreck ... The matching physiques serve as a form of ' proof of concept ' in terms of our accuracy ... '' The aft grand staircase was torn apart as the Titanic broke up , being at or just aft of the point of rupture . Much of the wood and other debris found floating after the sinking is thought to have come from the aft staircase . Artifacts from the Titanic and Olympic 's staircases ( edit ) There are no known photographs of the Titanic 's staircase , but many survive of the Olympic 's , which is presumed to have been similar . In 1990 a huge trove of woodwork from the Olympic was found in a barn in the North of England , much of it belonging to the Grand Staircase . These pieces retained the Avocado green color they had been painted in the 1932 refit , and included large amounts of wall paneling , carved newel posts , window frames , cornice - work , and doors . Portions of the oak banisters from the Aft Grand Staircase grace the staircase of the White Swan Hotel in Alnwick , England . The chandeliers which once hung from the ceilings of the Staircase occasionally come up for auction - 16 were auctioned from the Haltwhistle Paint Factory in 2004 . This auction also included the Olympic 's four landscape oil paintings from the B , C , D and E-Deck landings , along with the communicating doors from the two Boat - Deck entry vestibules . The carved clock of the Olympic , believed to be identical to the one on Titanic , is displayed at the SeaCity Museum in Southampton . This clock was used as the model for the one in Cameron 's film . Wreckage from the Titanic 's aft and forward Grand Staircases , recovered in the weeks after the sinking , can be seen at the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic in Halifax . This includes an elaborately carved section of newel post from the aft staircase and pieces of oak handrail . There are also re-purposed items made from woodwork recovered from the Titanic , including a rolling pin and cribbage board , which very likely came from the Grand Staircase . Two bronze cherubs and the base of the forward A-Deck cherub have been recovered from the debris floor over the years . Fragments of the wrought - iron dome from the Aft Grand Staircase have also been identified in the debris field . Ken Marschall attested to spotting at least 9 pieces of the wrought iron and gilt balustrades from the staircases in the debris field from the 1986 Woods Hole expedition , though no photographs have ever been taken . In popular culture ( edit ) Of the many films which have been made about the sinking of Titanic , almost all have depicted the Grand Staircase in one form or another . The staircase has come to symbolize the overall opulence and grandeur of the Titanic . In the 1943 film , the Grand Staircase landing is shown as a metaphor for the avarice of the British and American upper classes . Jean Negulesco 's 1953 film has a number of scenes set on the Grand Staircase , though it bears only a superficial resemblance to the real one . Roy Ward Baker 's 1958 film also features scenes on the Grand Staircase , with recreations of the A and D Deck levels . The sets were based on archival photographs of the Olympic , lending them a general appearance of authenticity . In the 1979 docudrama S.O.S. Titanic actress Renee Harris , wife of producer Henry B. Harris , is shown stumbling on the steps and breaking her arm . This event took place in real life on the Titanic . However the staircase used was one from a mansion in London 's Belgrave Square ; it bore no relation to the appearance of the one on Titanic . Raise the Titanic ( 1980 ) features a version of the A-Deck Grand Staircase after the wreck is raised by the salvagers . Because it was filmed before the discovery of the actual wreck , it wrongly depicts the Grand Staircase as fully intact , to the point that the glass dome and bronze cherub are still in place . It also wrongly places the staircase at the end of a grand pillared gallery ( there was no such feature on Titanic ) . The 1996 CBS miniseries Titanic features a recreation of the Grand Staircase , though it wrongly locates the A-Deck level , with its distinctive clock and cherub light fixture , opening directly onto the D - Deck dining saloon . It also eliminates the glass dome and the entire Reception Room . The staircase was a major focal point in James Cameron 's 1997 film as well . The forward Grand Staircase , decks A through D , were accurately built to the correct proportions , although the model that was used was 30 % larger than the actual staircase . It was reinforced with a steel frame , as opposed to Titanic 's made entirely in oak . The main body of the original grand staircase possessed twelve steps including the step landing below the clock . The film 's replica had thirteen steps . Artisans from Mexico and Britain were hired to produce the opulent oak carvings and plaster - work , although some of the newel panels were plaster casts painted to look like wood , to save money and work . The ' Honour and Glory ' clock was a major focal - point in the film - it was carved by master - sculptor Dave Coldham after the actual one from Olympic . The staircases are also depicted in the video game Titanic : Adventure Out of Time . The fore grand staircase is depicted correctly for the most part , aside from some inaccuracies in the D and E deck landings , but in the aft grand staircase there is no clock present on the A-Deck landing . There are also several Titanic museums that have detailed replicas of the grand staircase . The ones featured at the Titanic museums in Branson , Missouri and Pigeon Forge , Tennessee were built using the ship 's original deck plans but each differs from the original by featuring brass hand rails below the original handrails ( for guest safety ) . The one at Titanic Belfast was again forced to make some rather big changes to accommodate current regulations . The stationary full - scale Titanic replica that is currently ( 2017 ) under construction in Sichuan , China is expected to include a recreation of the Grand Staircase . See also ( edit ) Further information : First class facilities of the RMS Titanic and Second and Third - Class Facilities on the RMS Titanic References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( Bruce Beveridge 2009 , p. 202 ) Jump up ^ ( Bruce Beveridge 2009 , p. 236 ) Jump up ^ Titanic deckplans from the Encyclopedia Titanica . Accessed 22 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Don & Marschall , Ken , Ghosts of the Abyss. 2001 ; 66 - 9 . Jump up ^ ( Ed Marsh & James Cameron 1997 , p. 141 ) Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uf05uykvH5k Jump up ^ Olympic 's Fittings at White Swan Hotel , Alnwick , England Accessed 15 February 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.northatlanticrun.com/400auction2004gallery.html Jump up ^ http://www.rmsolympic.org/grand.html Jump up ^ http://whitestarmoments.weebly.com/olympic.html Jump up ^ https://novascotia.ca/titanic/artifacts-results.asp?Search=Maritime+Museum&Lang= Jump up ^ http://www.titanic-titanic.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=867 Jump up ^ ( Ken Marschall 2001 , p. 3 ) Jump up ^ `` S.O.S. Titanic Filming Locations '' . imdb.com . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Ed W. Marsh ( 1997 ) . James Cameron 's Titanic . p. 34 . Jump up ^ http://www.bmc-gates.co.uk/d-titanic-building-belfast.htm Bibliography ( edit ) Cameron , James ; Marsh , Ed ( 1997 ) . James Cameron 's Titanic. Harper Collins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 649060 - 3 . Lynch , Don ; Marschall , Ken ( 2003 ) . Ghosts of the Abyss . Madison Press Books . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81223 - 1 . Marschall , Ken ( 2001 ) . James Cameron 's Titanic Expedition : What We Saw on and Inside the Wreck . marconigraph.com . <Th_colspan="2"> RMS Titanic <Td_colspan="2"> First class facilities Second and Third class facilities Grand Staircase Musicians Sinking Alternative theories Changes in safety practices Legends and myths Lifeboats Lifeboat No. 1 British inquiry US inquiry Wreck of Titanic Maritime Memorial Act Deck officers Edward J. Smith ( Captain ) Henry Tingle Wilde ( Chief Officer ) William McMaster Murdoch ( First Officer ) Charles H. Lightoller ( Second Officer ) Herbert Pitman ( Third Officer ) Joseph G. Boxhall ( Fourth Officer ) Harold G. Lowe ( Fifth Officer ) James Paul Moody ( Sixth Officer ) Joseph Bell ( Machine Room Manager ) Crew members Frederick Barrett Harold Bride William Denton Cox Sid Daniels Alfred Frank Evans Frederick Fleet Luigi Gatti Robert Hichens Violet Jessop Charles Joughin Reginald Lee Evelyn Marsden William Mintram Jack Phillips George Symons Passengers Fatalities Allison family Thomas Andrews John Jacob Astor IV David John Bowen Archibald Butt Thomas Byles Walter Donald Douglas Edith Corse Evans Annie Funk Jacques Futrelle Sidney Leslie Goodwin Benjamin Guggenheim John Harper Wallace Hartley Charles Melville Hays Edward Austin Kent Joseph Philippe Lemercier Laroche Francis Davis Millet Harry Markland Molson Michel Navratil Eino Viljami Panula W.T. Stead Ida Straus Isidor Straus John Borland Thayer Jr . Frank M. Warren , Sr . George Dennick Wick George Dunton Widener Harry Elkins Widener Duane Williams George Henry Wright Roderick Chisholm Survivors ( last living ) Rhoda Abbott Trevor Allison Lillian Asplund Madeleine Astor Ruth Becker Lawrence Beesley Karl Behr Dickinson Bishop Mauritz Håkan Björnström - Steffansson Elsie Bowerman Francis Browne Margaret `` Molly '' Brown Daniel Buckley Alden Caldwell Helen Churchill Candee Charlotte Drake Cardeza Lucile Carter Gladys Cherry Millvina Dean Margaret Devaney Sir Cosmo Duff - Gordon Lucy , Lady Duff - Gordon Ethel Flora Fortune Dorothy Gibson Archibald Gracie IV Frank John William Goldsmith Edith Haisman Henry S. Harper Eva Hart Margaret Bechstein Hays Masabumi Hosono J. Bruce Ismay Eleanor Ileen Johnson Louise Laroche Louise Kink Margaret Mannion Michel Marcel Navratil Alfred Nourney Arthur Godfrey Peuchen Winnifred Quick Marjorie Newell Robb Edith Rosenbaum Noël Leslie , Countess of Rothes Emily Ryerson Beatrice Sandström Frederic Kimber Seward Eloise Hughes Smith Jack Thayer Marian Thayer Barbara West Ella Holmes White R. Norris Williams Marie Grice Young Monuments and memorials General Memorials and monuments to the RMS Titanic Australia Bandstand ( Ballarat ) United Kingdom Engine Room Heroes ( Liverpool ) Engineers ( Southampton ) Musicians ( Southampton ) Titanic ( Belfast ) Orchestra ( Liverpool ) United States Straus Park ( New York City ) Titanic ( New York City ) Titanic ( Washington , D.C. ) Butt - Millet Memorial Fountain ( Washington , D.C. ) Popular culture Books The Wreck of the Titan : Or , Futility ( 1898 ) A Night to Remember ( book ) Polar the Titanic Bear Films Saved from the Titanic ( 1912 ) In Nacht und Eis ( 1912 ) Atlantic ( 1929 ) Titanic ( 1943 ) Titanic ( 1953 ) A Night to Remember ( 1958 ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( 1964 ) Raise the Titanic ( 1980 ) Secrets of the Titanic ( 1986 ) Titanica ( 1992 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Legend of the Titanic ( 1999 ) Titanic : The Legend Goes On ( 2000 ) Ghosts of the Abyss ( 2003 ) Tentacolino ( 2004 ) Titanic II ( 2010 ) Television S.O.S. Titanic ( 1979 ) Titanic : The Complete Story ( 1994 ) Titanic ( 1996 ) No Greater Love ( 1996 ) `` A Flight to Remember '' ( Futurama ) ( 1999 ) Titanic ( 2012 ) Titanic : Blood and Steel ( 2012 ) Saving the Titanic ( 2012 ) Music `` The Titanic ( It Was Sad When That Great Ship Went Down ) '' ( folk song ) The Sinking of the Titanic ( music composition ) Titanic ( musical ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( musical ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Celine Dion song ) `` Nearer , My God , to Thee '' ( song ) Video games Titanic : Adventure Out of Time ( 1996 ) Titanic : Honor and Glory ( TBA ) Museums and exhibitions SeaCity Museum ( Southampton ) Titanic Museum ( Branson , Missouri ) Titanic Museum ( Pigeon Forge , Tennessee ) Maritime Museum of the Atlantic ( Halifax ) Titanic Belfast Places Titanic ( Canada ) Titanic Canyon Titanic Quarter , Belfast Cape Race , Newfoundland Fairview Cemetery , Halifax , Nova Scotia Mount Olivet Cemetery ( Halifax ) Related Ships RMS Olympic RMS Carpathia HMHS Britannic CS Mackay - Bennett SS Californian Replica Titanic Titanic II Others White Star Line David Blair Arthur Rostron Stanley Lord Titanic Historical Society Encyclopedia Titanica Halomonas titanicae Women and children first SOS CQD Robert Ballard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Staircase_of_the_RMS_Titanic&oldid=821855620 '' Categories : RMS Titanic Stairways Wooden buildings and structures Hidden categories : Use British English from April 2012 Use dmy dates from April 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 01 : 00 . 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1. Grand Staircase of the RMS Titanic 2. First-class section of the Titanic 3. Location and layout of the staircase 4. Style and decor of the staircase 5. Fate of the staircase in the wreck

when does it get hot in new zealand

Climate of New Zealand - wikipedia Climate of New Zealand This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Köppen climate types of New Zealand The climate of New Zealand is varied due to the country 's diverse landscape . Most regions of New Zealand belong to the temperate zone with a maritime climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfb ) characterised by four distinct seasons . The main factors are similar to those found in the British Isles owing to the Pacific Ocean and latitude , although the mountain ranges can cause significant climate variations in locations barely tens of kilometres from each other . Conditions vary from extremely wet on the West Coast of the South Island to almost semi-arid in Central Otago and subtropical in Northland . Contents 1 Weather 1.1 Rainfall 1.2 Snowfall 1.3 Temperature 1.3. 1 Annual mean temperature 1.3. 2 Summer 1.3. 3 Winter 1.4 Severe weather events 2 Statistics 2.1 By area 2.2 Records 3 Historical climate 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Weather ( edit ) The Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited ( MetService ) , established as a State - Owned Enterprise in 1992 , issues weather forecasts and official weather warnings . Rainfall ( edit ) Rainfall is generally plentiful in New Zealand , with most cities receiving between 620 mm or 24 in ( as in Christchurch ) and 1,317 mm or 51.9 in ( Whangarei ) of precipitation annually . Rainfall is normally distributed evenly throughout the year in most parts of the country , especially in the South Island . Northern and eastern parts of the country , including Auckland , Christchurch and Wellington see a slight winter maximum consistent with a Mediterranean climate , although the difference between the wettest and driest months is too small to justify the designation . Summer and autumn maxima can be found in places closer to the southwest , such as Invercargill and Milford Sound . How much rain a place receives is highly dependent on topography . The Southern Alps , the North Island Volcanic Plateau and surrounding ranges can produce large variation in rainfalls in places barely tens of kilometres apart . Milford Sound receives over 6,700 mm of the rainfall a year on average while barely 100 km away Alexandra in Central Otago receives only slightly greater than 300 mm annually , giving it a borderline oceanic / semi-arid climate . August 2011 winter 's snowfall in Dunedin , Otago Snowfall ( edit ) Snow falls in New Zealand 's South Island and at higher altitudes in the North Island . It is extremely rare at sea level in the North Island . It is also extremely rare in Auckland and Wellington with one snowfall each in 2011 after nearly 40 years where none occurred . Snow is more common inland in both main islands , though snow to sea level does occur on average once or twice per year in the central and southern South Island . Midland Line blanketed in heavy snow Temperature ( edit ) As with many islands in the world , the influence of the ocean curtails any extremes in coastal temperature . The greater temperature ranges are found in the interior of the Canterbury and Southland regions , and especially Central Otago . Central Otago and inland Canterbury 's Mackenzie Basin have the closest New Zealand has to continental climates , being generally drier ( due in part to föhn winds ) and less directly modified by the ocean . These areas can experience summer temperatures in the low 30s ° C ( high 80s / low 90s ° F ) and snow and severe frosts in winter , the latter exacerbated by hoar frosts in the river valleys and basins . Many parts of the country , especially in the upper North Island , have high humidity all year round , which can have the effect of it feeling warmer in summer and cooler in winter than the thermometer indicates . Annual mean temperature ( edit ) Mean annual temperatures range from 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) in the south to 16 ° C ( 61 ° F ) in the north . The coldest month is usually July and the warmest month is usually January or February . Generally there are relatively small variations between summer and winter temperatures . An example of this is Auckland which has a variation of just 9 ° C or 16 ° F between the average mid-winter high temperature ( 14.7 ° C or 58.5 ° F ) and average mid-summer high temperature ( 23.7 ° C or 74.7 ° F ) . Temperature variation throughout the day is also relatively small . The exception to this is inland areas and to the east of the ranges with daily variations that can be over 25 ° C and differences of up to 14 ° C between the average summer and winter high temperatures . Temperatures also drop about 0.7 ° C or 1.3 ° F for every 100 m of altitude . Northern cities such as Auckland , Whangarei , and Tauranga experience mean yearly maxima of between 19 -- 20 ° C ( 66 -- 68 ° F ) and mean yearly minima of around 11 -- 12 ° C ( 52 -- 54 ° F ) . Eastern cities on the North Island such as Gisborne , Napier , and Hastings also have mean yearly maxima of between 19 -- 20 ° C ( 66 -- 68 ° F ) but have slightly lower yearly mean minima of around 9 -- 10 ° C ( 48 -- 50 ° F ) . The two largest cities on the South Island , Christchurch and Dunedin , have mean yearly maxima of 17.3 ° C ( 63.1 ° F ) and 14.6 ° C ( 58.3 ° F ) and yearly mean minima of 7.3 ° C ( 45.1 ° F ) and 7.6 ° C ( 45.7 ° F ) respectively . Summer ( edit ) Daily maximum temperatures are normally in the mid to low 20s ( ° C ) over most of the country . They are higher in northern , eastern and interior part of the country ; Hastings is the warmest city on average with 25.5 ° C followed by Gisborne with 24.9 ° C and Napier with 24.5 ° C. Eastern parts of the South Island are highly susceptible to the norwester , a Fohn wind which can result in temperatures going into the high 30s and even the low 40s . Rangiora in Canterbury holds the record maximum of 42.4 ° C recorded in 1973 , with Christchurch recording 41.6 ° C in that same year . More recently , Timaru reached 41.3 ° C on Waitangi Day in 2011 . Due to these winds , the cooler southern cities of Dunedin and Invercargill have higher all - time record temperatures than places further north such as Wellington , Auckland and Whangarei . Winter ( edit ) Winter temperatures are much milder in New Zealand compared to other areas of similar latitude , with the exception of the Central Otago and Mackenzie Basin regions mentioned above . Maxima are generally 10 -- 15 ° C ( 50 -- 59 ° F ) in the North Island , decreasing as one goes further south or inland . The South Island is a bit cooler , with maximum temperatures around 7 -- 12 ° C ( 45 -- 54 ° F ) , though sometimes lower . The lowest temperature ever recorded was − 25.6 ° C ( − 14.1 ° F ) at Ranfurly in Otago in 1903 , with a more recent temperature of − 21.6 ° C ( − 6.9 ° F ) recorded in 1995 in nearby Ophir . Track map of Cyclone Giselle Severe weather events ( edit ) July 1863 The blizzard and flood of 1863 was a series of consecutive natural disasters in Central Otago in New Zealand 's South Island . From July to August 1863 the Otago gold fields suffered from a combination of floods , snowstorms , and blizzards that caused heavy loss of life among the gold miners . At least 40 died during the July rains and more than 11 in the August snows . Sources using the earliest reports of loss of life tend to greatly overstate the numbers who died . 1 -- 6 February 1868 : The Great storm of 1868 was a violent storm that swept across much of New Zealand wrecking 12 ships and causing extensive flooding . About 40 lives were known lost and at the time an estimated £ 500,000 to £ 1 million worth of damage was caused . The storm is currently thought to have been an extratropical cyclone . 16 April 1897 : The storm of 1897 was a severe storm that struck the lower to central North Island of New Zealand on 16 April 1897 . It caused the ship Zuleika to run aground near Cape Palliser , with the loss of 12 lives , and severe flooding . At Clive the flooding caused the loss of a further 12 lives and one person was drowned near Kapiti . There were 6 further unconfirmed reports of drowning , bringing the total loss of life directly related to the storm event to between 25 and 31 . Based on descriptions of the storm , particularly that of Captain Marten of the Waiapu , it may have been an extratropical cyclone . 2 February 1936 : The Cyclone of 1936 was the worst storm of the 20th century in New Zealand . 10 April 1968 : Cyclone Giselle caused peak gusts of 145 knots ( 270 km / h ) near Wellington , after colliding with an Antarctic storm moving north . Giselle led to the sinking of the interisland ferry TEV Wahine , and the loss of 53 lives . Total damage caused by the storm was estimated at $14 million . 20 December 1976 : Heavy rain caused widespread flooding and landslides in Wellington City and Hutt Valley . Hutt River burst its stopbanks and workers in Petone took refuge on factory roofs while rail links between Wellington city and the Hutt were suspended stranding thousands of commuters . Landslides destroyed houses and a boy was killed by a collapsing wall when a slip struck a hall in Crofton Downs . More than 350 mm of rain fell in 24 hours . 6 -- 10 March 1988 : New Zealand is hit by a tropical cyclone once every eight to nine years . Cyclone Bola was one of the costliest cyclones in the history of New Zealand , causing severe damage as an extratropical cyclone when it passed near the country . 4 October 1997 : More than 60 homes were flooded and residents in Lower Hutt riverside areas were evacuated during downpours . Two people died , and isolated landslips closed some Wellington roads and parts of State Highway 1 . 26 June 1998 : A severe thunderstorm affected Karori and Kelburn , with rain breaking all previous records and falling at a rate with a return period of well over 200 years . Rainfall at Kelburn totalled 69.5 mm between 7.35 pm and 9.10 pm . 13 -- 27 October 1998 : Gale force northwesterlies blew throughout the lower North Island . On 18 October , gusts of 183 km / h were recorded at Castlepoint . Winds were most severe on the following two days , when a gust of 215 km / h was recorded on a Wairarapa farm . A truck was overturned , ships ripped from their moorings in Wellington , and some houses lost their roofs . 10 January 2002 : Thunderstorms over Wellington resulted in torrential rainfall , about 40 mm in 30 minutes , and flash floods in the city centre . Similar storms , some with hail and surface flooding also happened in Whanganui , Manawatu , the central and eastern North Island , Buller and Nelson . The average recurrence interval of this rainfall event was estimated at more than 100 years . 14 -- 16 February 2004 : The Valentine 's Day storms left hundreds of people homeless , and silt and floodwaters inundated considerable areas of farmland . Many rivers breached their banks , bridges were damaged and stock was swept away by floodwaters . A civil state of emergency was declared in Whanganui , Manawatu and Rangitikei . About 500 Lower Hutt residents were evacuated because of floodwaters , and many commuters were unable to enter Wellington . The event produced galeforce southerlies , with gusts of 230 km / h in the Tararua Range , and swells of 11m in Cook Strait . 25 July and 14 August 2011 New Zealand snowstorms : The first severe winter storm brought the coldest winter snap in fifteen years . During August snow fell consistently down to sea level in Wellington for the first time since 1976 , and snowflakes even fell for a brief time in Auckland for the first time in 80 years . 20 -- 21 June 2013 New Zealand storm : This extra-tropical system was first felt in the South Island by heavy snowfall on 18 and 19 June . Late on 20 June , the storm pushed northeast to the North Island , bringing very strong winds until early 23 June . Schools were cancelled during the shortest day ( 21 June ) , due to massive damage . Statistics ( edit ) By area ( edit ) Auckland Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 75 23 15 65 24 16 94 22 15 105 20 12 103 17 10 139 15 8 146 15 7 121 15 8 116 16 9 91 18 11 93 20 12 91 22 14 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in mm <Th_colspan="12"> show Imperial conversion J J J O 74 60 2.6 75 60 3.7 72 58 4.1 68 54 4.1 63 50 5.5 59 46 5.7 58 45 4.8 59 46 4.6 61 48 3.6 64 51 3.7 67 54 3.6 71 57 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in inches Hamilton Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 85 24 13 71 24 13 87 23 12 95 20 9 102 17 7 119 14 5 126 14 117 15 5 102 16 7 96 18 8 93 20 10 95 22 12 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in mm <Th_colspan="12"> show Imperial conversion J J J O 3.3 75 55 2.8 75 55 3.4 73 54 3.7 68 48 63 45 4.7 57 41 5 57 39 4.6 59 41 61 45 3.8 64 46 3.7 68 50 3.7 72 54 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in inches Taupo Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 85 23 12 77 23 12 83 21 10 74 18 7 87 14 5 99 12 105 11 109 12 90 14 5 102 17 7 85 19 8 108 21 10 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in mm <Th_colspan="12"> show Imperial conversion J J J O 3.3 74 53 74 53 3.3 70 50 2.9 64 45 3.4 57 41 3.9 53 38 4.1 52 36 4.3 54 37 3.5 57 40 62 44 3.3 66 47 4.3 70 50 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in inches Napier Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 48 24 15 62 24 15 85 23 13 75 20 10 62 17 7 81 15 5 92 14 5 67 15 5 65 17 7 55 19 9 57 21 11 56 23 13 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in mm <Th_colspan="12"> show Imperial conversion J J J O 1.9 76 58 2.4 75 58 3.3 73 55 68 50 2.4 63 45 3.2 58 41 3.6 57 40 2.6 59 41 2.6 62 45 2.2 67 49 2.2 70 52 2.2 73 56 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in inches Wellington Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 72 20 13 62 21 14 92 19 13 100 17 11 117 14 9 147 12 7 136 11 6 123 12 7 100 14 8 115 15 9 99 17 10 86 19 12 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in mm <Th_colspan="12"> show Imperial conversion J J J O 2.8 69 56 2.4 69 56 3.6 66 55 3.9 62 52 4.6 58 48 5.8 54 44 5.4 53 43 4.8 54 44 3.9 56 46 4.5 59 48 3.9 62 51 3.4 65 54 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in inches Nelson Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 72 22 13 57 22 13 78 21 11 86 18 8 77 15 5 85 13 86 12 90 13 73 15 5 92 17 8 82 19 10 75 21 12 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in mm <Th_colspan="12"> show Imperial conversion J J J O 2.8 72 55 2.2 72 55 3.1 69 53 3.4 65 47 59 41 3.3 55 36 3.4 54 35 3.5 56 38 2.9 59 42 3.6 62 46 3.2 66 50 69 53 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in inches Hokitika Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 250 19 12 172 20 12 217 19 11 249 17 8 245 14 6 233 12 232 12 224 13 250 14 6 286 15 7 240 17 9 278 18 11 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in mm <Th_colspan="12"> show Imperial conversion J J J O 9.8 67 53 6.8 68 54 8.5 66 51 9.8 62 47 9.6 58 43 9.2 54 39 9.1 54 37 8.8 55 39 9.8 57 42 11 59 45 9.4 62 48 11 65 51 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in inches Christchurch Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 42 23 12 39 22 12 54 20 11 54 18 8 56 15 5 66 12 79 11 69 12 47 15 5 53 17 7 44 19 9 49 21 11 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in mm <Th_colspan="12"> show Imperial conversion J J J O 1.7 73 54 1.5 72 54 2.1 69 51 2.1 64 46 2.2 58 40 2.6 53 36 3.1 52 35 2.7 54 37 1.9 59 41 2.1 63 45 1.7 67 48 1.9 70 52 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in inches Alexandra Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 29 24 11 22 24 11 40 22 9 34 18 5 35 12 26 8 − 2 23 8 − 2 24 11 0 27 15 41 18 6 26 20 8 43 22 10 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in mm <Th_colspan="12"> show Imperial conversion J J J O 1.1 74 51 0.9 75 51 1.6 71 48 1.3 64 41 1.4 54 35 46 29 0.9 46 29 0.9 53 31 1.1 59 37 1.6 64 42 68 46 1.7 72 50 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in inches Dunedin Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 73 19 11 59 19 11 70 18 10 62 15 8 67 13 6 68 10 61 10 55 11 48 13 6 64 15 7 67 16 9 76 18 10 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in mm <Th_colspan="12"> show Imperial conversion J J J O 2.9 66 52 2.3 66 52 2.8 64 50 2.4 60 46 2.6 55 42 2.7 51 38 2.4 50 37 2.2 52 39 1.9 56 42 2.5 59 45 2.6 61 47 64 51 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in inches Location January mean ( ° C ) July mean ( ° C ) Annual rainfall ( mm ) Kaitaia 19.5 12.1 1351 Whangarei 19.9 11.6 1304 Auckland 19.1 10.9 1212 Tauranga 19.4 10.2 1181 Hamilton 18.4 8.9 1108 Rotorua 17.7 7.8 1342 Gisborne 19.2 9.7 996 Taupo 17.0 6.5 960 New Plymouth 17.8 9.5 1386 Napier 19.5 9.4 785 Wanganui 18.3 9.5 918 Palmerston North 17.8 8.6 917 Masterton 18.1 7.6 928 Wellington 16.9 8.9 1207 Nelson 17.8 7.2 960 Blenheim 18.0 7.0 711 Westport 16.3 8.7 2121 Kaikoura 16.4 8.1 710 Hokitika 15.6 7.4 2901 Christchurch 17.5 6.6 618 Mount Cook 14.7 2.2 4485 Lake Tekapo 15.2 1.4 592 Timaru 15.9 5.0 548 Milford Sound 14.7 5.3 6715 Queenstown 15.8 3.0 749 Alexandra 18.0 2.9 359 Manapouri 14.7 3.8 1129 Dunedin 15.3 6.6 738 Invercargill 14.2 5.3 1149 Chatham Islands 14.9 8.2 911 Records ( edit ) Record Measurement Location Date Highest temperature 42.4 ° C ( 108.3 ° F ) Rangiora , Canterbury 7 February 1973 Lowest temperature − 25.6 ° C ( − 14.1 ° F ) Ranfurly , Otago 17 July 1903 Highest rainfall in an hour 134 mm ( 5.3 in ) Cropp River , West Coast 8 January 2004 Highest rainfall in 24 hours 758 mm ( 29.8 in ) Cropp River , West Coast 27 -- 28 December 1989 Highest rainfall in a calendar year 16,617 mm ( 654.2 in ) Cropp River , West Coast 1998 Lowest rainfall in a calendar year 212 mm ( 8.3 in ) Alexandra , Otago 1964 Highest wind gust 250 km / h ( 160 mph ) Mount John , Canterbury 18 April 1970 Highest sunshine in a month 356 hours New Plymouth , Taranaki January 2015 Highest sunshine in a calendar year 2840 Richmond , Tasman 2016 Lowest sunshine in a month 27 hours Taumarunui June 2002 Lowest sunshine in a calendar year 1333 hours Invercargill Historical climate ( edit ) Data collection for determining the New Zealand climate began in the late 19th century , although European explorers made valid observations of climate indicators such as glaciers and moraines early in that century . Scientific study of early New Zealand climate is quite recent and ongoing . It has settled some of the debate regarding links between the Little Ice Age ( LIA ) in the Northern Hemisphere and the climate in New Zealand at the same time . The key facts to emerge are that New Zealand did experience a noticeable cooler climate , but at a slightly later date than in the Northern Hemisphere . The onset of cooler climate was about 1450 and lasted until 1850 . Indications are that temperatures were in the range of 1.5 - 2.0 degree Celsius lower than present during the New Zealand LIA . Since 2000 various scientific investigations looked at the behaviour of glaciers in relation to climate and found they were excellent indicators of temperatures , especially in summer . Glacial evidence of climate is matched by evidence of variations in tree ring growth and studies of ice core and ocean sediment samples indicating the types of microorganisms ( some flourish in warm temperatures , other in cooler temperatures ) and historical carbon dioxide ratios . Evidence found that the climate was more strongly influenced by the impact of tropical air masses in warm periods and polar air masses in cool periods . Recent ( 2010 ) studies by Victoria University have shown that the regional climates most affected were in coastal Otago and Southland . The dominant temperature influence here was the relative warmth of the sea to the south of New Zealand during the Medieval Warm Period ( MWP ) . From about 1350 this region was notably warmer but then cooled relatively quickly from 1450 . This cooling may have had a substantial impact on population in those areas . The limited historical record suggests that from 1450 the population of New Zealand underwent significant cultural change which may have links to climate cooling and dramatic changes in food supplies . See also ( edit ) Nor'west arch Weather Channel ( New Zealand ) Climate change in New Zealand References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Walrond , Carl ( March 2009 ) . `` Natural environment -- Climate '' . Te Ara -- the Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Mean monthly rainfall , NIWA . Jump up ^ `` NIWA Climate Data '' . NIWA . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Paul ( 15 August 2011 ) . `` ' Once in a lifetime ' snow storm hits New Zealand '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Wellington . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Mullan , Brett ; Tait , Andrew ; Thompson , Craig ( March 2009 ) . `` Climate -- New Zealand 's climate '' . Te Ara -- the Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NZ 's temperature record hits new low - minus 25.6 degC '' . The New Zealand Herald . 12 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 July 2011 . Jump up ^ McLintock , A.H. , ed. ( 22 April 2009 ) ( originally published 1966 ) . `` Blizzard and flood of 1863 '' . An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand -- via Te Ara : the Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Jump up ^ `` Winds and storms : Looking back at the Wahine Storm '' . NIWA . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chug , Kiran ( 15 February 2011 ) . `` Seven biggest storms to hit Wellington '' . The Dominion Post . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Felim McMahon ( 15 August 2011 ) . `` Kiwis marvel at Auckland and Wellington snow '' . Storyful . Retrieved 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Data '' . NIWA . Retrieved 5 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mean monthly temperatures ( ° C ) - NIWA '' . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mean monthly rainfall ( mm ) - NIWA '' . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : David Wratt ; Jim Salinger ; Rob Bell ; Drew Lorrey & Brett Mullan . `` Past climate variations over New Zealand '' . NIWA . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) State of the Climate 2010 : A snapshot of recent climate in New Zealand ( PDF ) , NIWA Science & Technology Series No. 56 , NIWA , 2010 , ISSN 1173 - 0382 Insurance Council of New Zealand : Cost of Disaster Events in New Zealand External links ( edit ) MetService ( Meteorological Service of New Zealand ) , a government agency that is the major provider of weather data MetVUW - a weather and climate service operated by Victoria University MetVUW - forecasting NIWA - National Climate Centre NZ Weather - A New Zealand - based weather forum New Zealand Weather Network ( NZWN ) - a live weather map of weather stations around New Zealand List of private weather stations Weather and Seasons in New Zealand <Th_colspan="2"> Climate of Oceania Sovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_New_Zealand&oldid=852140872 '' Categories : Climate of New Zealand Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2013 Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Magyar Македонски Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2018 , at 22 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Climate zones in New Zealand 2. Weather patterns in New Zealand 3. Rainfall and snowfall in New Zealand 4. Temperature variations in New Zealand 5. Severe weather events in New Zealand

when was daylight savings time started in the united states

History of time in the United States - wikipedia History of time in the United States 1913 Map of U.S. time zones between April 2 , 2006 and March 11 , 2007 . The current situation is different only in that six Indiana counties have since been moved from the Central time zone to the Eastern time zone . The history of standard time in the United States began November 18 , 1883 , when United States and Canadian railroads instituted standard time in time zones . Before then , time of day was a local matter , and most cities and towns used some form of local solar time , maintained by some well - known clock ( for example , on a church steeple or in a jeweler 's window ) . The new standard time system was not immediately embraced by all . Use of standard time gradually increased because of its obvious practical advantages for communication and travel . Standard time in time zones was not established in U.S. law until the Standard Time Act of 1918 of March 19 , 1918 , also known as the Calder Act ( 15 USC 260 ) . The act also established daylight saving time , itself a contentious idea . Daylight saving time was repealed in 1919 , but standard time in time zones remained in law , with the Interstate Commerce Commission ( ICC ) having the authority over time zone boundaries . Daylight time became a local matter . It was re-established nationally early in World War II , and was continuously observed until the end of the war . After the war its use varied among states and localities . The Uniform Time Act of 1966 provided standardization in the dates of beginning and end of daylight time in the U.S. but allowed for local exemptions from its observance . The act also continued the authority of the ICC over time zone boundaries . In subsequent years , the United States Congress transferred the authority over time zones to the U.S. Department of Transportation ( DOT ) , modified ( several times ) the beginning date of daylight time , and renamed the three westernmost time zones . Time zone boundaries have changed greatly since their original introduction and changes still occasionally occur . DOT issues press releases when these changes are made . Generally , time zone boundaries have tended to shift westward . Places on the eastern edge of a time zone can effectively move sunset an hour later ( by the clock ) by shifting to the time zone immediately to their east . If they do so , the boundary of that zone is locally shifted to the west ; the accumulation of such changes results in the long - term westward trend . The process is not inexorable , however , since the late sunrises experienced by such places during the winter may be regarded as too undesirable . Furthermore , under the law , the principal standard for deciding on a time zone change is the `` convenience of commerce '' . Proposed time zone changes have been both approved and rejected based on this criterion , although most such proposals have been accepted . Contents 1 War Time 1918 and 1942 2 Daylight Saving Time 1945 to 1966 3 DST 1966 4 DST 2007 5 Start and end dates of United States Daylight Saving Time 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links War time 1918 and 1942 ( edit ) `` War Time '' redirects here . This usage refers to the changes of the US War Time Act , not a general period of war . Daylight saving time was established by the Standard Time Act of 1918 . The Act was intended to save electricity for seven months of the year , during World War I. DST was repealed in 1919 over a Presidential veto , but standard time in time zones remained in law , with the Interstate Commerce Commission ( ICC ) having the authority over time zone boundaries . Daylight time became a local matter . During World War II , Congress enacted the War Time Act ( 56 Stat. 9 ) on January 20 , 1942 . Year - round DST was reinstated in the United States on February 9 , 1942 , again as a wartime measure to conserve energy resources . This remained in effect until after the end of the war . The Amendment to the War Time Act ( 59 Stat. 537 ) , enacted September 25 , 1945 , ended DST as of September 30 , 1945 . During this period , the official designation War Time was used for year - round DST . For example , Eastern War Time ( EWT ) would be the equivalent of Eastern Daylight Time during this period . Daylight saving time 1945 to 1966 ( edit ) From 1945 to 1966 U.S. federal law did not address DST . States and cities were free to observe DST or not , and most places that did observe DST did so from the last Sunday in April to the last Sunday in September . In the mid-1950s many areas in the northeastern United States began extending DST to the last Sunday in October . The lack of standardization led to a patchwork where some areas observed DST while adjacent areas did not , and it was not unheard of to have to reset a clock several times during a short trip ( e.g. , bus drivers operating on West Virginia Route 2 between Moundsville , West Virginia , and Steubenville , Ohio had to reset their watches seven times over 35 miles ) . In summer 1960 April -- October Daylight Time was nearly universal in Pennsylvania , Maryland , Delaware and states east and north of there . In Minnesota , Iowa , Missouri , Kentucky and Virginia and states north and east of there , some areas had it and some did not . Except for California and Nevada , which had April - Sept Daylight Time , 99 % of the rest of the country used Standard Time year - round . ( The Official Guide says `` State law prohibits the observance of `` Daylight Saving '' time in Kentucky but Anchorage , Louisville and Shelbyville will advance their clocks one hour from Central Standard time for the period April 24 to October 29 , inclusive. `` ) In the middle 1960s the airline and other transportation industries lobbied for uniformity of Daylight dates in the United States . DST 1966 ( edit ) The U.S. federal Uniform Time Act became law on April 13 , 1966 and it mandated that DST begin nationwide on the last Sunday in April and end on the last Sunday in October , effective in 1967 . The act explicitly preempted all previously enacted state laws related to the beginning and ending of DST effective in 1966 . Any state that wanted to be exempt from DST could do so by passing a state law , provided that it exempted the entire state , and Alaska , Arizona , Hawaii , Indiana , and Michigan chose to do so . However , Alaska , Indiana , and Michigan subsequently chose to observe DST . The law was amended in 1972 to permit states that straddle a time zone boundary to exempt the entire area of the state lying in one time zone . Indiana chose to exempt the portion of the state lying in the Eastern Time Zone ; however , that exemption was eliminated in 2006 and the entire state of Indiana now observes DST , leaving Arizona ( with the exception of the Navajo Nation ) and Hawaii as the only two states not to observe DST . On July 8 , 1986 , President Ronald Reagan signed the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1986 into law that contained a daylight saving rider authored by Senator Slade Gorton ( R - WA ) . The starting date of DST was amended to the first Sunday in April effective in 1987 . DST continued to end on the last Sunday in October . While the states retain the capability to exempt themselves from DST , they are forbidden by the 1966 federal law ( 15 USC 260a ( b ) ) from increasing a state 's time spent on DST , unless the United States Congress does this for the entire nation . In response to the 1973 energy crisis , DST in the United States began earlier in both 1974 and 1975 , commencing on the first Sunday in January ( January 6 ) in the former year and the last Sunday in February ( February 23 ) in the latter . The extension of daylight saving time was not continued due to public opposition to late sunrise times during the winter months . In 1976 , the United States reverted to the schedule set in the Uniform Time Act . DST 2007 ( edit ) Starting March 11 , 2007 , DST was extended another four to five weeks , from the second Sunday of March to the first Sunday of November . The change was introduced by Representatives Fred Upton ( R - MI ) and Edward Markey ( D - MA ) and added to the Energy Policy Act of 2005 ; the House had originally approved a motion that would have extended DST even farther from the first Sunday in March to the last Sunday in November , but Senators Jeff Bingaman ( D - NM ) and Pete Domenici ( R - NM ) agreed to scale back the proposal in conference committee due to complaints from farmers and the airline industry . Proponents claimed that the extension would save `` the equivalent of '' 10,000 barrels ( 1,600 m ) of oil per day , but this figure was based on U.S. Department of Energy information from the 1970s , the accuracy and relevance of which the DoE no longer stands by . Later studies by the U.S. Department of Energy and the California Energy Commission have predicted much smaller energy benefits . There is very little recent research on what the actual positive effects , if any , might be . Since DST moves sunrise one hour later by the clock , late sunrise times become a problem when DST is observed either too far before the vernal equinox or too far after the autumnal equinox . Because of this , the extension was greeted with criticism by those concerned for the safety of children who would have been forced to travel to school before sunrise , especially in the month of March . In addition , the airline industry was especially concerned if DST were to be extended through to the last Sunday in November , as this is very often ( 6 out of every 7 years ) the Sunday after Thanksgiving . This is one of the busiest travel days at American airports , and could have resulted in much havoc among travelers who forgot that the clocks were changing that day . If the original proposal to extend DST through the last Sunday in November had been adopted , the entire United States , with the exception of the states that exempted themselves , would have experienced the latest sunrises of the year during the month of November , which would have approached the extremely late sunrise times when DST went into effect on January 6 , 1974 due to the 1973 energy crisis creeping after 9 am in places like New Salem , North Dakota at the northwestern edges of time zones . Start and end dates of United States Daylight Saving Time ( edit ) Key to colors future date 2nd Sunday March , 1st Sunday November 1st Sunday April , last Sunday October last Sunday April , last Sunday October Year Begins ( local ) Ends ( local ) Notes 2020 Sun March 8 02 : 00 Sun November 1 02 : 00 2019 Sun March 10 02 : 00 Sun November 3 02 : 00 2018 Sun March 11 02 : 00 Sun November 4 02 : 00 2017 Sun March 12 02 : 00 Sun November 5 02 : 00 2016 Sun March 13 02 : 00 Sun November 6 02 : 00 2015 Sun March 8 02 : 00 Sun November 1 02 : 00 2014 Sun March 9 02 : 00 Sun November 2 02 : 00 2013 Sun March 10 02 : 00 Sun November 3 02 : 00 2012 Sun March 11 02 : 00 Sun November 4 02 : 00 2011 Sun March 13 02 : 00 Sun November 6 02 : 00 Sun March 14 02 : 00 Sun November 7 02 : 00 2009 Sun March 8 02 : 00 Sun November 1 02 : 00 2008 Sun March 9 02 : 00 Sun November 2 02 : 00 2007 Sun March 11 02 : 00 Sun November 4 02 : 00 Energy Policy Act of 2005 2006 Sun April 2 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 All of Indiana now on DST 2005 Sun April 3 02 : 00 Sun October 30 02 : 00 Sun April 4 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 2003 Sun April 6 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 2002 Sun April 7 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 Sun April 1 02 : 00 Sun October 28 02 : 00 2000 Sun April 2 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 1999 Sun April 4 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 1998 Sun April 5 02 : 00 Sun October 25 02 : 00 Sun April 6 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 Sun April 7 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 1995 Sun April 2 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 Sun April 3 02 : 00 Sun October 30 02 : 00 Sun April 4 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 Sun April 5 02 : 00 Sun October 25 02 : 00 1991 Sun April 7 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 Sun April 1 02 : 00 Sun October 28 02 : 00 Sun April 2 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 Sun April 3 02 : 00 Sun October 30 02 : 00 Sun April 5 02 : 00 Sun October 25 02 : 00 Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1986 1986 Sun April 27 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 1985 Sun April 28 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 1984 Sun April 29 02 : 00 Sun October 28 02 : 00 Sun April 24 02 : 00 Sun October 30 02 : 00 Alaska time zones changed Sun October 30 02 : 00 1982 Sun April 25 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 1981 Sun April 26 02 : 00 Sun October 25 02 : 00 1980 Sun April 27 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 1979 Sun April 29 02 : 00 Sun October 28 02 : 00 1978 Sun April 30 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 1977 Sun April 24 02 : 00 Sun October 30 02 : 00 1976 Sun April 25 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 Sun February 23 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 Emergency Daylight Time Act Michigan exempted , began DST Sun April 27 02 : 00 Sun January 6 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 Emergency Daylight Time Act Southern Idaho and eastern Oregon ( Mountain time zone ) began DST Sun February 3 02 : 00 1973 Sun April 29 02 : 00 Sun October 28 02 : 00 All of Michigan now on DST 1972 Sun April 30 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 1971 Sun April 25 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 Indiana ( Eastern time zone ) opts out 1970 Sun April 26 02 : 00 Sun October 25 02 : 00 1969 Sun April 27 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 All of Alaska and Indiana now on DST 1968 Sun April 28 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 Arizona and Michigan opt out 1967 Sun April 30 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 Uniform Time Act of 1966 Alaska , Hawaii , Indiana and territories opt out 1966 Sun April 24 02 : 00 Sun October 30 02 : 00 Uniform Time Act of 1966 required states that used DST in 1966 to conform to last Sunday in April to last Sunday in October 1946 -- 65 Local decision , various dates 1945 Sun September 30 02 : 00 War Time ends 1944 War Time all year Arizona War Time not observed Sat January 1 02 : 00 -- Sat April 1 02 : 00 Arizona War Time ends Sat September 30 02 : 00 1943 War Time all year 1942 Mon February 9 02 : 00 War Time begins year round 1920 -- 41 Local decision , various dates 1919 Sun March 30 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 War Time ends 1918 Sun March 31 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 War Time begins summer only See also ( edit ) Time in the United States Time in Indiana Daylight saving time in the United States - gives a list of future daylight saving dates Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ United States statutes at large : containing the laws and concurrent resolutions enacted during the second session of the one hundred fifth congress of the United States of America 1998 and proclamations . Government Printing Office . 1999 . p. 599 . Jump up ^ History of Daylight Time in the U.S. , United States Naval Observatory ^ Jump up to : A Time - Change Timeline , National Public Radio , March 8 , 2007 Jump up ^ An Act For the repeal of the daylight - saving law , Pub. L. 66 -- 40 , 41 Stat. 280 , enacted August 20 , 1919 Jump up ^ 24 / 7 : A Resource Guide to the Law of Time Standards '' Archived 2006 - 06 - 18 at the Wayback Machine. , June 3 , 2002 Jump up ^ Daylight Saving Time : Early adoption in law Jump up ^ 15 USC 260a Jump up ^ Energy Concerns Push Clocks Forward this Weekend by Nell Boyce . Morning Edition , National Public Radio , 9 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Daylight Saving Time in Arizona References ( edit ) Prerau , David . Seize the Daylight : The Curious and Contentious Story of Daylight Saving Time ( Thunder 's Mouth Press ; ISBN 1 - 56025 - 655 - 9 ) Discusses the establishment of standard time and daylight saving time . External links ( edit ) U.S. Navy time zone page Standard Time Zone Boundaries 49CFR71 U.S. Law 15USC260 - 267 History of Daylight Saving Time at WebExhibits Congressional Research on Daylight Saving Time History of DST in Arizona A Resource Guide to the Law of Time Standards 1918 and 1942 Acts Indiana Time Zone Article Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_time_in_the_United_States&oldid=855070625 '' Categories : Economic history of the United States History of science and technology in the United States Time in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2018 , at 18 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Standard time in the United States 2. Daylight Saving Time 3. History of time zones in the United States 4. Uniform Time Act of 1966 5. Extension of Daylight Saving Time in 2007

the abbey of saint mary and saint louis

Saint Louis Abbey - wikipedia Saint Louis Abbey Jump to : navigation , search Saint Louis Abbey <Td_colspan="2"> Abbey Church <Th_colspan="2"> Monastery information Full name The Abbey of St. Mary and St. Louis Order Benedictine Established 1955 Mother house Ampleforth Abbey Dedicated to Virgin Mary St. Louis , King of France Diocese St. Louis Controlled churches St. Anselm 's Oratory of Ss . Gregory and Augustine <Th_colspan="2"> People Founder ( s ) Rt. Rev. Columba Cary - Elwes Rt. Rev. Luke Rigby Rev. Timothy Horner Abbot Rt. Rev. Thomas Frerking Prior Rev. Gerard Garrigan <Th_colspan="2"> Site Location Creve Coeur , Missouri Coordinates 38 ° 38 ′ 39 '' N 90 ° 28 ′ 44 '' W  /  38.6442 ° N 90.4789 ° W  / 38.6442 ; - 90.4789 Coordinates : 38 ° 38 ′ 39 '' N 90 ° 28 ′ 44 '' W  /  38.6442 ° N 90.4789 ° W  / 38.6442 ; - 90.4789 The coat of arms of the abbey The Abbey of Saint Mary and Saint Louis is an abbey of the Roman Catholic English Benedictine Congregation ( EBC ) located in St. Louis County , Missouri United States . The Abbey is an important presence in the spiritual life of the Archdiocese of St. Louis . The monks of the Abbey live their faith according to the Benedictine discipline of ' prayer and work ' , praying the Divine Office five times daily , celebrating daily Masses in English and Latin , and working in the two parishes under their pastoral care and in the Saint Louis Priory School , which the Abbey runs as an apostolate . The Abbey and its school sit on a 150 - acre ( 0.61 km ) campus in west St. Louis County , in the city of Creve Coeur . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Notable Brethren 3 Present day 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Saint Louis Abbey was founded in 1955 as a priory of the Benedictine Ampleforth Abbey in North Yorkshire , England , which dispatched three monks to plant a new foundation in St. Louis . They came at the invitation of Cardinal Joseph E. Ritter and a group of prominent St. Louis lay Catholics , who desired a boys ' school in their community run according to the English Benedictine educational tradition . Those original three monks , Father Columba Cary - Elwes , Fr . ( later Abbot ) Luke Rigby , and Fr . Timothy Horner , arrived in St. Louis in the summer of 1955 and set about the formation of a new monastic community , with Fr . Columba serving as the community 's founding prior and Fr . Timothy serving as the Priory School 's founding headmaster . Fr . Columba served as prior until 1967 , when he departed for missionary work in Africa , and was succeeded in his post by Fr . Luke . The St. Louis Priory , as it then was , became independent of Ampleforth in 1973 , and was elevated to an abbey in 1989 . At this time , Fr . Luke Rigby was elected as the first Abbot of Saint Louis Abbey . He was in turn succeeded by Fr . Thomas Frerking , OSB , a Rhodes Scholar , former Headmaster of the Priory School and Thomist scholar , who was elected to serve as Abbot on July 12 , 1995 . Construction of the distinctive Abbey Church was completed in 1962 , and the original 1950s monastery was rebuilt and expanded in 2000 -- 2001 . The various buildings of the Priory School also sit on the Abbey grounds ; the current Lower House was constructed in the 1960s , and served as the Upper House at the time of its completion . The current Upper House was completed in several stages built from the 1970s through the 1990s . Notable brethren ( edit ) The Rt. Rev. Columba Cary - Elwes , OSB , an author , monastic leader and former titular Abbot of Westminster , was the founding prior ( 1955 -- 1967 ) of the Abbey . Fr . Timothy Horner , OSB , served as an editor for the widely used 1980 edition of the Rule of Saint Benedict , and has published an account of the founding of the Abbey and its school , In Good Soil . Fr . Ralph Wright , OSB , the Abbey 's vocational director , is an accomplished poet , author and translator whose works include a reflection on the Eucharist in poems and prose entitled Our Daily Bread , and whose translation efforts include the English edition of The Joy of Believing , a collection of the writings of the French mystic Madeleine Delbrêl . Present day ( edit ) As of March 2010 , St. Louis Abbey is home to a community of 23 solemnly professed brothers and 4 brothers in simple vows , as well as a claustral oblate and several novices . It is the largest American house of the EBC . In addition to their other duties and ministries , many of the brothers are directly involved in the Abbey 's school , teaching classes in most areas of instruction including Theology , Latin , Fine Arts , English , Mathematics , and Science , and coaching sporting teams including Tennis and Rugby . In line with the Benedictine tradition of offering hospitality and respite to travelers , the Abbey maintains a guest wing on the south side of the monastery with five rooms and two gardens . The brethren make themselves available to guests to hear confessions or provide counsel . The Abbey Church , also known as the Church of St. Mary and St. Louis and the Priory Chapel , was designed by Gyo Obata of Hellmuth , Obata and Kassabaum ( HOK ) , with the Italian architect and engineer Pier Luigi Nervi serving as consultant . The Abbey Church was an important landmark and name - making project for HOK , now the world 's largest architectural practice ( according to the 2006 edition of the BD World Architecture 200 ) . The church 's circular facade consists of three tiers of whitewashed , thin - poured concrete parabolic arches , the top one forming a bell - tower ; the arches appear to float upwards from their grassy base . They are faced with dark insulated - fiberglass polyester window walls which create a meditative translucency when viewed from within . The church also contains a 14th - century sculpture of the Madonna and Christ child , a 17th - century holy font in the Della Robbia style , and more modern sacred art by artists from the United States , Great Britain , Spain , and France . On the grounds outside the church sit life - size sculptures of Saint Benedict , by Lithuanian - born artist Wiktor Szostalo , and of the Virgin Mary , the `` Holy Blessed Virgin Mother Mary , Our Lady of Grace '' by American sculptor Philip Howie . The Abbey Church serves as the home of the Archdiocesan parish of Saint Anselm . Monks of the abbey serve as pastor and associate pastor in the parish . Additionally , the Abbey is responsible for the pastoral care of the Oratory of Saints Gregory and Augustine , the rector of which is Fr . Bede Price , OSB . The Oratory is one of two non-territorial parishes of the Archdiocese of St. Louis that offer daily celebrations of the Tridentine Latin Mass according to the 1962 Missale Romanum . Services are currently held on the Abbey grounds , in the chapel of St. Anselm 's parish center . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : T. Fry ; et al. ( 1981 ) . RB 1980 : The Rule of St. Benedict in Latin and English with Notes . The Liturgical Press . ISBN 0 - 8146 - 1220 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Work '' . Saint Louis Abbey . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Worship & Prayer : The Divine Office '' . Saint Louis Abbey . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Louis Priory School '' . Independent Schools of St. Louis . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Horner , Timothy ( 2001 ) . In good soil : the founding of Saint Louis Priory and School , 1954 -- 1973 . Saint Louis Abbey Press . ISBN 0 - 9662104 - 1 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monasteries of the English Benedictine Congregation '' . English Benedictine Congregation . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` A Priory Legacy : Abbot Luke Rigby '' ( PDF ) . Saint Louis Abbey . January 10 , 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` In Brief '' . St. Louis Review . Archdiocese of Saint Louis , Missouri . July 24 , 2003 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Faherty , William Barnaby ; Abeln , Mark Scott ( 2009 ) . Catholic St. Louis : A Pictorial History . St. Louis , Mo : Reedy Press . p. 176 . ISBN 1 - 933370 - 83 - 1 . Jump up ^ Wotawa , Elizabeth ( August 2 , 2001 ) . `` New St. Louis Abbey : Linking prayer , beauty '' . St. Louis Review . Archdiocese of Saint Louis , Missouri . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Wright , Ralph ( 2008 ) . Our Daily Bread : Glimpsing the Eucharist Through the Centuries . Paulist Press . ISBN 0 - 8091 - 4525 - 1 . Jump up ^ Delbrel , Madelaine ( 1993 ) . The Joy of Believing . Éditions Paulines . ISBN 2 - 89039 - 536 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Monks '' . Saint Louis Abbey . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Louis Priory School Faculty List '' . Saint Louis Priory School . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Guests '' . Saint Louis Abbey . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` An Interview with Gyo Obata '' . FX Magazine . October 2006 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Pier Luigi Nervi '' . Structurae . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Anselm Parish '' . St. Anselm Parish . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` About the Oratory '' . Oratory of Ss . Gregory and Augustine . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Schildz , Jean ( November 29 , 2007 ) . `` Archbishop Burke approves new oratory for Latin Mass '' . St. Louis Review . Archdiocese of Saint Louis , Missouri . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Brinker , Jennifer ( September 21 , 2007 ) . `` Archdiocesan priests attend meeting on Latin Mass rules '' . St. Louis Review . Archdiocese of Saint Louis , Missouri . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Saint Louis Abbey website St. Anselm 's parish website The Oratory of Ss . Gregory and Augustine <Th_colspan="2"> English Benedictine Congregation Independent houses Ampleforth Abbey Belmont Abbey Buckfast Abbey Colwich Abbey Curzon Park Abbey Douai Abbey Downside Abbey Ealing Abbey Portsmouth Abbey St. Anselm 's Abbey St. Louis Abbey Stanbrook Abbey Worth Abbey Dependent houses Priory of the Incarnation Monastery of Christ the Word Schools Ampleforth College Douai School Downside School Portsmouth Abbey School St. Anselm 's Abbey School St. Benedict 's School St. Louis Priory School Worth School Former houses Fort Augustus Abbey Lamspringe Abbey Sherborne Abbey Westminster Abbey <Td_colspan="2"> Catholicism portal <Th_colspan="2"> Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. Louis <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> Ordinaries of the Archdiocese of St. Louis Bishop Joseph Rosati Archbishops Peter Richard Kenrick John Kain John J. Glennon Joseph Ritter John Carberry John L. May Justin Francis Rigali Raymond Leo Burke Robert James Carlson Coadjutor Archbishop Patrick John Ryan <Td_colspan="3"> Catholicism portal <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> Churches in the Archdiocese of St. Louis Cathedral Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis Basilica Basilica of St. Louis , King of France Parishes St. Joseph Church , Apple Creek St. Maurus Church , Biehle St. James Church , Crosstown Ste . Genevieve Church , Ste . Genevieve Sacred Heart Church , Ozora St. Mary 's of the Barrens Church , Perryville St. Vincent de Paul Church , Perryville St. Alphonsus Liguori `` Rock '' Church , St. Louis St. Francis Xavier College Church , St. Louis St. Mary of Victories Church , St. Louis St. Rose of Lima Church , Silver Lake Former parishes Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary Church , Belgique St. Mary 's Church , Bridgeton St. John the Evangelist Church , Lithium St. Boniface Church , Perryville Immaculate Conception Church , St. Louis St. John Nepomuk Church , St. Louis St. Liborius Church , St. Louis St. Stanislaus Kostka Church , St. Louis Abbey Abbey of Saint Mary and Saint Louis Oratory St. Francis de Sales Oratory , St. Louis Shrines St. Ferdinand 's Shrine , Florissant Shrine of St. Joseph , St. Louis <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> Education in the Archdiocese of St. Louis Higher education Fontbonne University Maryville University Saint Louis University Seminaries Aquinas Institute of Theology Kenrick -- Glennon Seminary High schools Barat Academy , O'Fallon Bishop DuBourg High School , St. Louis Cardinal Ritter College Prep High School , St. Louis Chaminade College Preparatory School , Creve Coeur Christian Brothers College High School , St. Louis Cor Jesu Academy , St. Louis De Smet Jesuit High School , Creve Coeur Duchesne High School , St. Charles Incarnate Word Academy , Bel - Nor John F. Kennedy Catholic High School , Manchester Nerinx Hall High School , Webster Groves Notre Dame High School , St. Louis Rosati - Kain High School , St. Louis St. Dominic High School , O'Fallon St. Francis Borgia Regional High School , Washington St. John Vianney High School , Kirkwood St. Joseph 's Academy , Frontenac Saint Louis Priory School , St. Louis St. Louis University High School , St. Louis St. Mary 's High School , St. Louis St. Pius X High School , Festus St. Vincent High School , Perryville Trinity Catholic High School , North County Ursuline Academy , Oakland Valle Catholic High School , Sainte Genevieve Villa Duchesne and Oak Hill School , St. Louis Visitation Academy of St. Louis , Town and Country Former Higher education Marillac College High school St. Elizabeth Academy , St. Louis <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> Clergy of the Archdiocese of St. Louis Auxiliary bishops Christian Herman Winkelmann George Joseph Donnelly John Cody Charles Herman Helmsing Leo Christopher Byrne Glennon Patrick Flavin George Joseph Gottwald Joseph Alphonse McNicholas Charles Roman Koester Edward Thomas O'Meara John Nicholas Wurm Edward Joseph O'Donnell J. Terry Steib Paul Albert Zipfel Edward Braxton Michael John Sheridan Joseph Fred Naumann Timothy M. Dolan Robert Joseph Hermann Edward M. Rice Priests Christopher Edward Byrne Mark Kenny Carroll Luis Morgan Casey Patrick Feehan Robert Finn Marion Francis Forst John R. Gaydos John Hennessy John Joseph Hogan John Joseph Leibrecht George Joseph Lucas Antoni Klawiter Joseph Melcher Michael Portier Andrea Bernardo Schierhoff Leo John Steck Richard Stika John Henry Tihen <Td_colspan="2"> Catholicism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Louis_Abbey&oldid=733788361 '' Categories : Benedictine monasteries in the United States Churches in Missouri Monasteries of the English Benedictine Congregation Religious organizations established in 1955 Churches in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. Louis 1955 establishments in Missouri 20th - century Christian monasteries Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 August 2016 , at 03 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Saint Louis Abbey: A Benedictine monastery in St. Louis County, Missouri. 2. Benedictine Order: The religious order to which Saint Louis Abbey belongs. 3. History of Saint Louis Abbey: The founding and development of the abbey since 1955. 4. Abbey Church: The church located on the abbey grounds, designed by Gyo Obata. 5. Present day: Information about the current community and activities of Saint Louis Abbey.

visa requirements for south africa for canadian citizens

Visa requirements for Canadian citizens - wikipedia Visa requirements for Canadian citizens Jump to : navigation , search A Canadian passport Visa requirements for Canadian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Canada . As of May 2018 , Canadian citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 185 countries and territories , ranking the Canadian passport 5th in terms of travel freedom ( tied with Belgian , Danish , Irish and Swiss passports ) according to the Henley Passport Index . Contents 1 Visa requirements map 2 Changes 3 Visa requirements 4 Dependent , Disputed , or Restricted territories 5 Non-visa restrictions 5.1 Passport validity length 5.2 Blank passport pages 5.3 Vaccination 5.4 Israeli stamps 5.5 Armenian ethnicity 5.6 Persona non grata 5.7 Fingerprinting 5.8 Criminal record 6 Fingerprinting 7 Consular protection of Canadian citizens abroad 8 Foreign travel statistics 9 See also 10 References and Notes 11 External links Visa requirements map ( edit ) Visa requirements for Canadian citizens Canada Visa not required Visa on arrival Electronic authorization or online payment required / eVisa Both visa on arrival and eVisa available Visa required prior to arrival Changes ( edit ) Visa requirements for Canadian citizens were lifted by Austria ( 1956 ) , Finland ( 1958 ) , Japan ( 20 September 1964 ) , Micronesia ( 18 December 1980 ) , Taiwan ( 1 January 1994 ) , Ukraine ( 1 August 2005 ) , Kyrgyzstan ( 27 July 2012 ) , Mongolia ( 1 January 2014 ) , Kazakhstan ( 1 January 2017 ) and Argentina ( 1 January 2018 ) . Canadian citizens were made eligible for eVisas by India ( 1 May 2015 ) , Brazil ( 25 January 2018 ) and Angola ( 30 March 2018 ) . Visa requirements ( edit ) Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Afghanistan Visa required Albania Visa not required 90 days Algeria Visa required Andorra Visa not required Angola eVisa 30 days Visitors who were granted online pre-visa are then issued with visa on arrival at Luanda International Airport . For a maximum total stay of 90 days within year period . Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required 6 months Argentina Visa not required 90 days Armenia eVisa / Visa on arrival 120 days Available at Zvartnots International Airport in Yerevan , Gyumri Airport , Ayrum railway station , Bagratashen , Bavra , Gogavan and Megri land borders . Australia and external territories Electronic Travel Authority 90 days 90 days on each visit in 12 - month period Can use the Smartgate system . Austria Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Azerbaijan eVisa 30 days Bahamas Visa not required 8 months Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival 14 days Bangladesh Visa on arrival 30 days Barbados Visa not required 6 months Belarus Visa not required 5 days 5 day visa free access available to travellers that arrive and depart via Minsk International Airport and are not arriving from or planning to depart to a Russian Federation airport . Otherwise a visa is required . Visas on arrival are available at the Minsk International Airport if the support documents are submitted at least 3 business days before arrival . Belgium Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Belize Visa not required Benin eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days / 8 days Must have an international vaccination certificate . Bhutan Visa required Bolivia Visa not required 90 days Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 6 - month period Botswana Visa not required 90 days Brazil eVisa 90 days 90 days per year Brunei Visa not required 14 days Bulgaria Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period Burkina Faso Visa on arrival 1 month Burundi Visa required Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Visa is also obtainable online . Cameroon Visa required Cape Verde Visa on arrival Central African Republic Visa required Chad Visa required Chile Visa not required 90 days China Visa required 72 - hours visa free visit when in transit at , Changsha , Chengdu , Chongqing , Guangzhou , Guilin , Harbin , Kunming , Qingdao , Wuhan , Xi'an and Xiamen . 144 - hours visa free visit when in transit at Beijing ( Beijing Capital International Airport ) , Dalian , Hangzhou , Hebei ( Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport ) , Nanjing , Shanghai ( Hongqiao and Pudong international airports , Railway Station and port ) , Shenyang and Tianjin ( Tianjin Binhai International Airport ) Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan do count as third countries under the 72 and 144 - hours transit policy . Colombia Visa not required 90 days Extendable up to 180 - days stay within a one - year period Visa free for up to 90 days but a reciprocity fee of COP 190,000 must be paid on arrival ; tourists whose final destination is San Andrés , Providencia and Santa Catalina are excluded from the fee . Comoros Visa on arrival Republic of the Congo Visa required Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required Costa Rica Visa not required 90 days Côte d'Ivoire eVisa 3 months Electronic visa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport . Croatia Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period Cuba Visa required ! Tourist Card required 30 days Tourist Card can be purchased from the airline transporting the passenger into Cuba and must be obtained before taking a flight that will land in Cuba . Cyprus Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period Czech Republic Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Denmark and territories Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries ( except the other Nordic countries ) Djibouti eVisa 31 days Dominica Visa not required 6 months Dominican Republic Visa not required 90 days Ecuador Visa not required 90 days Egypt eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days El Salvador Visa not required 3 months Equatorial Guinea Visa required Eritrea Visa required Estonia Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Ethiopia eVisa / Visa on arrival Fiji Visa not required 4 months Finland Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area France and territories Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area ( in Regions of France ) A Canadian passport is not required for visa - free travel to the French overseas territory of Saint Pierre et Miquelon ; instead , an identification document ( e.g. driver 's licence or Secure Certificate of Indian Status ) can be used Gabon eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport . Gambia Visa not required 90 days Georgia Visa not required 360 days Germany Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Ghana Visa required Greece Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Grenada Visa not required 3 months May enter on an ID card if not departing from the United States . Guatemala Visa not required 90 days Guinea Visa required Guinea - Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Guyana Visa not required 3 months Haiti Visa not required 3 months Honduras Visa not required 3 months Hungary Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Iceland Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area India e-Visa 60 days e-Visa holders must arrive via 25 designated airports or 3 designated seaports . e-Tourist Visa can be obtained twice in a calendar year . Indonesia Visa not required 30 days Iran Visa required Canadian citizens are required to be escorted by a government guide at all times . Iraq Visa required 15 days Visa on arrival for 15 days at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports . Ireland Visa not required 90 days Israel Visa not required 3 months Italy Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Jamaica Visa not required 90 days 90 days ( business ) , 6 months ( tourist ) Japan Visa not required 90 days Jordan Visa on arrival Conditions apply Kazakhstan Visa not required 30 days Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Kiribati Visa not required 30 days North Korea Visa required South Korea Visa not required 6 months Kuwait eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Kyrgyzstan Visa not required 60 days Laos Visa on arrival 30 days Conditions apply Latvia Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Lebanon Visa on arrival 1 month Extendable for 2 additional months ; granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal , holding a telephone number , an address in Lebanon , and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket . Lesotho Visa not required 14 days Liberia Visa required Libya Visa required Liechtenstein Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Lithuania Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Luxembourg Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Macedonia Visa not required 90 days Madagascar Visa on arrival Malawi Visa on arrival Malaysia Visa not required 3 months Maldives Visa on arrival 30 days Mali Visa required Malta Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Marshall Islands Visa on arrival 90 days Mauritania Visa on arrival Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport . Mauritius Visa not required 90 days Mexico Visa not required 180 days Micronesia Visa not required 30 days Moldova Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period Monaco Visa not required 90 days Mongolia Visa not required 30 days Montenegro Visa not required 90 days Morocco Visa not required 3 months Mozambique Visa on arrival 30 days Conditions apply Myanmar eVisa 28 days Electronic visa holders must arrive via Yangon , Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports or selected land border crossings . Namibia Visa not required 3 months Nauru Visa required Criminal record and medical fitness certificates are not required for Canadian citizens . Nepal Visa on arrival 90 days Netherlands and territories Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area New Zealand Visa not required 90 days Nicaragua Visa not required 90 days Niger Visa required Nigeria Visa required Norway Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Oman eVisa 30 days Pakistan Visa required 30 days Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days . Conditions apply . Visa on arrival when travelling as part of a group through a designated tour operator . Palau Visa on arrival 30 days Panama Visa not required 180 days Papua New Guinea Visa on arrival 60 days Paraguay Visa on arrival 90 days Visa on arrival issued only at Silvio Pettirossi International Airport in Asunción for incoming travelers . Reciprocity fee of $150 USD must be paid upon arrival . Travelers arriving otherwise ( e.g. at a land border ) must have obtained their visa prior to arrival . Peru Visa not required 183 days Philippines Visa not required 30 days Poland Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Portugal Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Qatar eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Romania Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period Russia Visa required Cruise ship passengers cruising in and out of a Russian port within 72 hours , who spend each night on board , and who only leave the ship on tours organized by the cruise company , do not require a tourist visa . Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required 6 months Saint Lucia Visa not required 6 weeks Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required 1 month Samoa Visa on arrival ! Entry Permit on arrival 60 days San Marino Visa not required São Tomé and Príncipe Visa not required 15 days Saudi Arabia Visa required Senegal Visa not required 90 days Serbia Visa not required 90 days Seychelles Visa on arrival ! Visitor 's Permit on arrival 3 months Sierra Leone Visa required Singapore Visa not required 30 days Slovakia Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Slovenia Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Solomon Islands Visa on arrival ! Visitor 's permit on arrival 3 months Somalia Visa on arrival Available at Berbera , Borama , Burao , Erigavo and Hargeisa airports . 30 days , available at Bosaso , Galcaio and Mogadishu airports . South Africa Visa not required 90 days South Sudan Visa required Spain Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Sudan Visa required Suriname Visa on arrival ! Tourist Card on arrival 90 days Swaziland Visa not required 30 days Sweden Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Switzerland Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Syria Visa required Tajikistan eVisa 45 days E-visa holders can enter through all border points . Tanzania Visa on arrival Thailand Visa not required 30 days Maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air . Timor - Leste Visa on arrival 30 days Togo Visa on arrival 7 days Tonga Visa on arrival 31 days Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required 90 days Tunisia Visa not required 4 months Turkey eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Cruise ship passengers cruising in and out of a Turkish port within a single day do not require a tourist visa . Turkmenistan Visa required Tuvalu Visa on arrival 1 month Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival May apply online . Ukraine Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period United Arab Emirates Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 30 days ( multiple ) Visa on arrival is obtained free of charge . United Kingdom excluding some Overseas territories Visa not required 6 months United States Visa not required 6 months Canadian Passport required and must be valid for the period of intended stay . Canadian Passport exemptions only for nationals of Canada with a NEXUS card embarking in Canada or USA . For frequent travelers there is NEXUS card program designed to let pre-approved , low - risk travelers cross the Canada -- United States border quickly . Uruguay Visa not required 3 months Uzbekistan Visa required Simplified procedure for Canadian citizens - no requirement for tourist voucher or invitation letter from Uzbekistan . Vanuatu Visa not required 30 days Vatican City Visa not required Venezuela Visa not required 90 days Vietnam eVisa 30 days Yemen Visa required Zambia eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zimbabwe . Zimbabwe eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zambia . Dependent , disputed , or restricted territories ( edit ) Visa requirements for Canadian citizens for visits to various territories , disputed areas , partially recognized countries , and restricted zones : Africa British Indian Ocean Territory -- special permit required . Eritrea ( outside Asmara ) -- visa covers Asmara only ; to travel in the rest of the country , a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required ( 20 Eritrean nakfa ) . Mayotte -- Visa not required for 90 days with a 180 day period . Reunion -- Visa not required for 90 days within a 180 day period . Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Ascension Island -- Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance ( 3 months for 20 / 30 pounds sterling , single / double entry ) . Saint Helena -- Visitor 's Pass granted on arrival valid for 4 / 10 / 21 / 60 / 90 days for 12 / 14 / 16 / 20 / 25 pound sterling . Tristan da Cunha -- Permission to land required for 15 / 30 pounds sterling ( yacht / ship passenger ) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island , Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands . Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ( Western Sahara controlled territory ) -- undefined visa regime . Somaliland -- visa required ( 30 days for 30 US dollars , payable on arrival ) . Asia Hainan -- Visa on arrival for 15 days . Available at Haikou Meilan International Airport and Sanya Phoenix International Airport . Visa not required for 15 days for traveling as part of a tourist group ( 5 or more people ) Hong Kong -- Visa not required for 3 months . India -- Protected Area Permit ( PAP ) required for all of Arunachal Pradesh , Manipur , Mizoram and parts of Himachal Pradesh , Jammu and Kashmir and Uttarakhand . Restricted Area Permit ( RAP ) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep and parts of Sikkim . Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year . Macao -- Visa not required for 30 days . North Korea outside Pyongyang -- People are not allowed to leave the capital city , tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide ( no independent moving ) Taiwan -- Visa not required for 90 days . Gorno - Badakhshan Autonomous Province -- OIVR permit required ( 15 + 5 Tajikistani Somoni ) and another special permit ( free of charge ) is required for Lake Sarez . Tibet Autonomous Region -- Tibet Travel Permit required . Korean Demilitarized Zone -- restricted zone . UNDOF Zone and Ghajar -- restricted zones . Arab League -- Certain countries will deny access to holders of Israeli visas or passport stamps of Israel because of the Arab League boycott of Israel . Saudi Arabia - Non-Muslims are not allowed in Mecca or Medina . Caribbean and North Atlantic Anguilla -- Visa not required for 3 months . Aruba -- Visa not required for 30 days . Bermuda -- Visa not required . Bonaire , St. Eustatius and Saba -- Visa not required for 3 months . British Virgin Islands -- Visa not required . Cayman Islands -- Visa not required for 6 months . Curacao -- Visa not required for 3 months . Montserrat -- Visa not required for 6 months . Puerto Rico -- Visa not required for 180 days , same as the United States mainland . Sint Maarten -- Visa not required for 3 months . Turks and Caicos Islands -- Visa not required for 90 days . U.S. Virgin Islands -- Visa not required for 6 months , same as the United States mainland . Europe Abkhazia -- Visa required . Visa on arrival available if arriving from Russian border only by train or car and must process a multi entry Russian visa to be eligible and must exit via Russian border only . Mount Athos -- Special permit required ( 4 days : 25 euro for Orthodox visitors , 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors , 18 euro for students ) . There is a visitors ' quota : maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed . Brest and Grodno -- Visa not required for 10 days . Crimea -- Visa issued by Russia is required . Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus -- Visa free access for 3 months . Passport required . UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus -- Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone , except Civil Use Areas . Gibraltar -- Visa not required . Jan Mayen -- permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours . Svalbard of Norway - Unlimited Stay ( Indefinite Stay ) . Kosovo -- visa free for 90 days . Artsakh -- Visa required ( issued for single entry for 21 days / 1 / 2 / 3 months or multiple entry visa for 1 / 2 / 3 months ) . Travellers with a visa ( expired or valid ) or evidence of travel to Republic of Artsakh ( also known as Nagorno - Karabakh ) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan . South Ossetia -- Visa free . Multiple entry visa to Russia and three - day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia . Transnistria -- Visa free . Registration required after 24h . Oceania American Samoa -- 30 day entry permit issued on arrival . Ashmore and Cartier Islands -- special authorisation required . Clipperton Island -- special permit required . Cook Islands -- Visa free access for 31 days . Guam -- Visa not required . Niue -- Visa on arrival valid for 30 days is issued free of charge . Northern Mariana Islands -- Visa not required . Pitcairn Islands -- 14 days visa free and landing fee 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore . United States Minor Outlying Islands -- special permits required for Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island . South America Galápagos -- Online pre-registration is required . Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure . South Atlantic and Antarctica Falkland Islands -- Visitor Permit valid for 4 weeks is issued on arrival . South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands -- Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required ( 72 hours / 1 month for 110 / 160 pounds sterling ) . Antarctica and adjacent islands -- special permits required for Bouvet Island , British Antarctic Territory , French Southern and Antarctic Lands , Argentine Antarctica , Australian Antarctic Territory , Chilean Antarctic Territory , Heard Island and McDonald Islands , Peter I Island , Queen Maud Land , Ross Dependency . Non-visa restrictions ( edit ) This section is transcluded from Non-visa travel restrictions . ( edit history ) Passport validity length ( edit ) Many countries require passports to be valid for at least 6 months upon arrival . Note that some nations have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the passport validity cut - off period for each other 's citizens . Countries requiring passports to be valid at least 6 months on arrival include Afghanistan , Algeria , Anguilla , Bahrain , Bhutan , Botswana , British Virgin Islands , Brunei , Cambodia , Cameroon , Cayman Islands , Central African Republic , Chad , Comoros , Côte d'Ivoire , Curaçao , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Equatorial Guinea , Fiji , Gabon , Guinea Bissau , Guyana , Indonesia , Iran , Iraq ( except when arriving at Basra and Erbil or Sulaimaniyah ) , Israel , Jordan , Kenya , Kiribati , Laos , Madagascar , Malaysia , Marshall Islands , Micronesia , Myanmar , Namibia , Nicaragua , Nigeria , Oman , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Philippines , Qatar , Rwanda , Saint Lucia , Samoa , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , Solomon Islands , Somalia , Somaliland , Sri Lanka , Sudan , Suriname , Taiwan , Tanzania , Thailand , Timor - Leste , Tokelau , Tonga , Tuvalu , Uganda , United Arab Emirates , Vanuatu , Venezuela , Vietnam , Yemen and Zimbabwe . Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia . Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include European Union countries ( except Denmark , Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom , and always excepting EU / EEA / Swiss nationals ) , Albania , Belarus , Georgia , Honduras , Iceland , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Liechtenstein , Moldova , Monaco , Nauru , Panama , Saint Barthélemy , San Marino , Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates . Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry . Countries that require a passport validity of at least 1 month on arrival include Eritrea , Hong Kong , Macao , New Zealand and South Africa . Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay . Blank passport pages ( edit ) Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages in the passport being presented , generally one or two pages . Endorsement pages which oftentimes appear after the visa pages are not counted . Vaccination ( edit ) Many African countries , including Angola , Benin , Burkina Faso , Cameroon , Central African Republic , Chad , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Republic of the Congo , Côte d'Ivoire , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Ghana , Guinea , Liberia , Mali , Mauritania , Niger , Rwanda , São Tomé and Príncipe , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Uganda , and Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination . Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area . Israeli stamps ( edit ) Kuwait , Lebanon , Libya , Saudi Arabia , Sudan , Syria and Yemen do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa , or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt . To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel , the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals ' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel . Since 15 January 2013 , Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport , giving passengers a card instead : `` Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival . You should keep this card with your passport until you leave . This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required , particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories . '' Passports are still ( as of 22 June 2017 ) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza . Also , passports are still stamped ( as of 22 June 2017 ) at the Jordan Valley / Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin / Arava land borders with Jordan . Iran : Admission is refused for holders of passports containing an Israeli visa / stamp in the last 12 months Armenian ethnicity ( edit ) Due to a state of war existing between Armenia and Azerbaijan , the government of Azerbaijan not only bans entry of citizens from Armenia , but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent , to the Republic of Azerbaijan ( although there have been exceptions , notably for Armenia 's participation at the 2015 European Games held in Azerbaijan ) . Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno - Karabakh ( the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh ) , its surrounding territories and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki , Yuxarı Əskipara , Barxudarlı and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under control of Armenia , without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan . Foreign citizens who enter these occupied territories will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan and will be included in their `` list of personae non gratae '' . As of late 2017 the list contains 699 persons . Upon request , the Republic of Artsakh authorities may attach their visa and / or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their country . Persona non grata ( edit ) The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata , banning their entry into that country . In non-diplomatic use , the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily , usually because of unlawful activity . Attempts to enter the Gaza strip by sea may attract a 10 - year ban on entering Israel . Fingerprinting ( edit ) Several countries including Argentina , Brunei , Cambodia , Japan , Malaysia , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , South Korea and the United States demand all travellers , or all foreign travellers , to be fingerprinted on arrival . Criminal record ( edit ) Some countries ( for example , Canada and the United States ) routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record . Fingerprinting ( edit ) Several countries including Argentina , Cambodia , Japan , Malaysia , Saudi Arabia , South Korea demand that all passengers be fingerprinted on arrival . Consular protection of Canadian citizens abroad ( edit ) See also : List of diplomatic missions of Canada Countries that have a Canadian Embassy or High Commission are shown in blue . Canada is shown in green . Canada has diplomatic and consular offices ( including honorary consuls ) in over 270 locations in approximately 180 foreign countries . Foreign travel Statistics ( edit ) This section is transcluded from Canadian passport . ( edit history ) According to the statistics these are the numbers of Canadian visitors to various countries per annum in 2015 ( unless otherwise noted ) : Destination Number of visitors American Samoa 115 Angola 1,788 Anguilla 10,498 Antarctica 1,950 Antigua and Barbuda 22,932 Aruba 43,767 Australia 167,300 Austria 103,600 Azerbaijan 2,320 Bahamas 151,739 Barbados 78,903 Bermuda 47,852 Belgium 50,521 Belize 21,867 Bhutan 1,110 Bolivia 11,567 Bosnia and Herzegovina 6,345 Botswana 8,504 Brazil 70,103 British Virgin Islands 35,505 Brunei 2,411 Bulgaria 19,113 Burkina Faso 4,612 Cambodia 60,715 Cameroon 7,229 Cayman Islands 24,757 Chile 39,639 China 679,800 Congo 1,367 Cook Islands 2,212 Costa Rica 201,921 Croatia 136,519 Cyprus 6,088 Cuba 1,300,092 Curacao 17,950 Dominica 2,998 Dominican Republic 827,721 Dutch Caribbean : Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius 1400 300 1000 100 Ecuador 33,230 El Salvador 24,796 Estonia 5,518 Fiji 12,421 Finland 15,410 France 1,013,489 French Polynesia 4,386 Georgia 5,584 Germany 276,933 Greece 182,299 Greenland 716 Grenada 14,580 Guam 859 Guatemala 52,531 Guyana 25,381 Haiti 30,046 Hong Kong 370,335 Hungary 41,579 Iceland 103,026 India 317,239 Indonesia 86,804 Ireland 183,000 Israel 69,900 Italy 923,000 Jamaica 405,174 Japan 305,600 Jordan 32,106 Kazakhstan 4,258 Laos 19,315 Latvia 25,125 Lebanon 100,076 Lesotho 626 Lithuania 3,800 Luxembourg 5,166 Macau 74,287 Macedonia 2,158 Madagascar 1,209 Mauritius 6,908 Malaysia 67,056 Malawi 7,380 Maldives 8,994 Mali 1,866 Martinique 9,535 Mexico 1,985,084 Micronesia 220 Moldova 4,673 Mongolia 3,052 Montenegro 6,254 Montserrat 404 Myanmar 15,024 Namibia 8,551 Nepal 8,398 Netherlands 180,000 New Zealand 67,280 Niue 32 Nicaragua 40,764 Pakistan 43,000 Panama 47,762 Papua New Guinea 2,170 Paraguay 2,430 Peru 70,560 Philippines 200,640 Romania 56,537 Russia 53,890 Saint Lucia 38,677 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7,594 Samoa 474 Serbia 9,357 Seychelles 1,095 Singapore 105,177 Sint Maarten 33,498 Slovakia 8,901 Slovenia 19,859 Solomon Islands 153 South Africa 56,224 South Korea 176,256 Spain 489,307 Sri Lanka 46,896 Suriname 2,613 Swaziland 4,137 Taiwan 155,661 Tanzania 18,489 Thailand 258,392 Tonga 229 Trinidad and Tobago 54,877 Turkey 81,196 Turks and Caicos 36,512 Tuvalu 9 Uganda 9,729 Ukraine 30,775 United Arab Emirates 173,000 United Kingdom 723,000 United States 13,006,072 Venezuela 11,778 Vietnam 138,242 Zambia 6,310 Zimbabwe 5,133 ^ Data for 2016 ^ Data for 2017 ^ Data for 2014 ^ Counting only guests in tourist accommodation establishments . ^ Data for 2013 ^ Data for 2011 ^ Data for arrivals by air only . ^ Data for 2012 ^ Excluding an one - day visits ^ Data for 2010 ^ Data for 2007 ^ Data for 2009 ^ Total number includes tourists , business travelers , students , exchange visitors , temporary workers and families , diplomats and other representatives and all other classes of nonimmigrant admissions ( I - 94 ) . See also ( edit ) Canada portal Visa policy of Canada Canadian passport References and notes ( edit ) References ^ Using dense ranking . ^ `` Global Ranking - Passport Index 2018 '' ( PDF ) . Henley & Partners . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . ^ ( 1 ) ^ `` 一般 旅券 査証 及び 査証 料 の 相互 免除 に関する 日本 国 政府 と カナダ 政府 と の 間 の 交換 公文 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan . 5 September 1964 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . ^ `` Immigration Act of Federated States of Micronesia '' ( PDF ) . The Congress of the Federated States of Micronesia. 1980 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . ^ `` Foreign Relations Yearbook 1997 '' ( in Chinese ) . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . ^ `` Указ Президента No 1134 / 2005 от 26.07. 2005 , Про встановлення безвізового режиму для громадян Канади '' . search.ligazakon.ua . ^ Resolution of the Government of Kyrgyzstanc Republic on 21 July 2012 No. 121 ( in Russian ) ^ `` Argentina to waive visa reciprocity fee for Canadians - BAL - Berry Appleman & Leiden LLP '' . www.balglobal.com . ^ Extension of e-Tourist Visa scheme to 31 more countries , Press Information Bureau , Government of India , 29 April 2015 . ^ `` Brazil offers e-visa to Americans in bid to increase tourism '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . ^ `` Migration service to speed up visa exemption procedure '' . ANGOP . ^ Visa information , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan . ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Global Affairs . `` Travel Advice and Advisories for Afghanistan '' . Travel.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Visa regime for foreign citizens , Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of Albania . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Global Affairs . `` Travel Advice and Advisories for Algeria '' . Travel.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Travel to Andorra , Ministry of External Affairs of Andorra . ^ SME E-VISA ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ SME E-VISA ^ Angola : Migration Service to Speed Up Visa Exemption Procedure ^ SME cria condições para isenção e simplificação de vistos ^ Countries exempt from visa , Department of Immigration of Antigua and Barbuda . ^ Visa regime , National Directorate of Migrations of Argentina ( in Spanish ) . ^ Visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia . ^ Visitor visa options , Department of Home Affairs of Australia . ^ Schengen visa , Federal Ministry for Europe , Integration and Foreign Affairs of Austria . ^ Countries with visa - free travel regime , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan ( in Azerbaijani ) . ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Global Affairs . `` Travel Advice and Advisories for Azerbaijan '' . Travel.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ `` Home Page - The Electronic Visa System of Azerbaijan Republic '' . evisa.gov.az . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Visa requirements for foreigners travelling to the Bahamas , Government of the Bahamas , 18 February 2014 . ^ https://www.evisa.gov.bh/image/114.pdf ^ `` Bahrain launches two new visas for 114 countries '' . english.alarabiya.net . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa requirements for foreign nationals entering Barbados , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of Barbados , 3 June 2009 . ^ Visa - free travel , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Belarus . ^ http://canada.mfa.gov.by/en/consular_issues/visas/ac39703729cf7873.html ^ `` Particulars of issuance of entry visas at the `` National Airport Minsk '' - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus `` . www.mfa.gov.by . ^ Visa for Belgium , Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs of Belgium . ^ Countries not requiring an entry visa , Department of Immigration and Nationality Services of Belize , September 2016 . ^ Visa , Emigration and Immigration Directorate of Benin . ^ eVisa Benin ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Global Affairs . `` Travel Advice and Advisories for Benin '' . 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Consulat général de France à Toronto . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ `` Arrêté du 26 juillet 2011 relatif aux documents et visas exigés pour l'entrée des étrangers sur le territoire de la Guadeloupe , la Guyane , la Martinique , La Réunion et de la collectivité de Saint - Pierre - et - Miquelon ( Annexe II ) '' . legifrance.gouv.fr . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Gabon e-Visa '' . evisa.dgdi.ga . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Georgia , Civil . `` Civil.Ge - Georgia Restores One - Year Visa - Free Rules '' . www.civil.ge . 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January 25 , 2018 . ^ `` Visitor Arrival Statistics - Research - Research and Reports '' . www.guamvisitorsbureau.com . ^ ( 21 ) ^ `` Tourist arrivals by country of origin '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` Tourist arrivals by country of residence '' ( PDF ) . ^ ( 22 ) ^ TOURISM IN HUNGARY 2016 ^ PX - Web - Select variable and values ^ http://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/Other/Country%20Wise%20Figure%20.xlsx ^ ( 23 ) ^ `` Overseas Visitors to Ireland January - December 2013 - 2016 '' ( PDF ) . ^ VISITOR ARRIVALS ( 1 ) , BY COUNTRY OF CITIZENSHIP , Central Bureau of Statistics ^ IAGGIATORI STRANIERI NUMERO DI VIAGGIATORI ^ Monthly Statistical Report December 2017 Vol xxvii No 12 ^ `` 2017 Foreign Visitors & Japanese Departures '' ( PDF ) . Japan National Tourism Organization . ^ `` Tourist Overnight and Same Day Visitors By Nationality during '' . ^ `` Статистические сборники '' . stat.gov.kz . ^ ( 24 ) ^ `` TUG02 . 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Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . ^ Statistică , Biroul Naţional de ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` / / Comunicate de presă '' . www.statistica.md . ^ ( 28 ) ^ ( 29 ) ^ `` Tourist arrivals by country of residence '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` Myanmar Tourism Statistics - Ministry of Hotels and Tourism , Myanmar '' . ^ ( 30 ) ^ `` Tourism Statistics 2015 p. 30 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 31 , 2017 . ^ Toerisme in perspectief 2018 ^ `` International travel and migration : December 2017 '' . Statistics New Zealand . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . ^ `` Visitors arrival by country of residence and year '' . ^ Estadísticas de Turismo ^ Pakistan Statistical Year Book 2012 20.31 ^ ( 31 ) ^ ( 32 ) ^ `` Ranking de turistas a Paraguay , por año , según nacionalidad . Período : 2010 - 2015 '' ( PDF ) . ^ The data obtained on request . Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo Archived December 2 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ ( 33 ) ^ ( 34 ) ^ `` Въезд иностранных граждан в РФ '' . Fedstat.ru. 2017 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . ^ ( 35 ) ^ http://www.sbs.gov.ws/index.php/new-document-library?view=download&fileId=1815 ^ `` Tourist turnover - December 2017 '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . ^ `` Visitor Arrivals '' . www.stb.gov.sg . ^ `` Tourist arrivals by country of nationality '' ( PDF ) . ^ https://slovak.statistics.sk/PortalTraffic/fileServlet?Dokument=37cad1a8-79c2-400e-983a-ee0a39bf4bbb ^ `` Table : Tourist arrivals and overnight stays by countries , municipalities , Slovenia , monthly '' . pxweb.stat.si . ^ `` statistics / visitor - arrivals '' . ^ ( 36 ) ^ `` Korea , Monthly Statistics of Tourism - key facts on toursim - Tourism Statistics '' . kto.visitkorea.or.kr . ^ `` Tabla23984 '' . www.ine.es . ^ `` TOURIST ARRIVALS BY COUNTRY OF RESIDENCE 2017 '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` Suriname Tourism Foundation '' ( PDF ) . www.surinametourism.sr . ^ `` Swaziland Tourism - Swaziland Safari - Swaziland Attractions - Useful Links - Research '' . www.thekingdomofswaziland.com . ^ `` Visitor Arrivals by Nationality '' . ^ `` The 2016 International Visitors ' Exit Survey Report . International Tourist Arrivals . p. 73 - 77 '' ( PDF ) . nbs.go.tz/ . NBS Tanzania . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . ^ `` สถิติ ด้าน การ ท่องเที่ยว ปี 2560 ( Tourism Statistics 2017 ) '' . Ministry of Tourism & Sports . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Stats , Tonga . `` Migration Statistics - Tonga Stats '' . tonga.prism.spc.int . ^ `` T&T -- Stopover Arrivals By Main Markets 1995 - YTD '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 14 , 2016 . ^ `` NUMBER OF ARRIVING - DEPARTING VISITORS , FOREIGNERS AND CITIZENS December 2017 '' . ^ ( 37 ) ^ Dev1 . `` Migration - Visitors by nationalities '' . tuvalu.prism.spc.int . ^ `` MINISTRY OF TOURISM , WILDLIFE AND ANTIQUITIES SECTOR STATISTICAL ABSTRACT , 2014 '' . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . ^ `` Foreign citizens who visited Ukraine in 2017 year , by countries '' . www.ukrstat.gov.ua . ^ Statistics for the Emirate of Dubai Dubai Statistics , Visitor by Nationality ^ `` Overseas Residents Visits to the UK 2016 '' . ^ `` Table 28 - Homeland Security '' . www.dhs.gov . ^ ( 38 ) ^ International visitors to Viet Nam in December and 12 months of 2017 ^ Tourism Statistical Digests ^ `` Tourism Trends and Statistics 2015 Annual Report -- Zimbabwe A World Of Wonders '' . www.zimbabwetourism.net . Notes Ahmedabad Amritsar Bagdogra Bengaluru Chandigarh Chennai Coimbatore Delhi Gaya Goa Guwahati Hyderabad Jaipur Kochi Kolkata Kozhikode Lucknow Mangaluru Mumbai Nagpur Pune Thiruvananthapuram Tiruchirappalli Varanasi Visakhapatnam Cochin Goa Mangalore External links ( edit ) Travel Reports & Warnings - Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada Directory of Canadian Government Offices Abroad - Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada <Th_colspan="2"> Visa policy by country <Td_colspan="2"> Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia ( Somaliland ) South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Africa Swaziland Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama North Bermuda Canada Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands Guyana Paraguay Peru South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan ( Republic of China ) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast ( ASEAN ) Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Western Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe European Union / EFTA Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Faroe Islands Estonia Finland France Overseas Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Overseas Norway Svalbard Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas Other Europe Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu <Td_colspan="2"> British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has part of its territories located west of the Ural River in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . 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what effect does the moon have on the human body

Lunar effect - wikipedia Lunar effect Biologists as well as artists and poets have long thought about the Moon 's influence on living creatures . Despite all of the beliefs , no valid scientific study has ever found a significant extraordinary effect of the full Moon on life on Earth . The term lunar effect refers to real or imaginary correlations between specific stages of the roughly 29.5 - day lunar cycle and behavior and physiological changes in living beings on Earth , including humans . In some cases the purported effect may depend on external cues , such as the amount of moonlight . In other cases , such as the approximately - monthly cycle of menstruation in humans ( but not other mammals ) , the coincidence in timing reflects no known lunar influence . A considerable number of studies have examined the effect on humans . By the late 1980s , there were at least 40 published studies on the purported lunar - lunacy connection , and at least 20 published studies on the purported lunar - birthrate connection . This has allowed several extensive literature reviews and meta - analyses to be produced , which have found no correlation between the lunar cycle and human biology or behavior . Contents 1 Origins of the belief 2 Contexts 2.1 Fertility 2.2 Birth rate 2.3 Blood loss 2.4 Human behavior 2.4. 1 Mental Illness 2.4. 2 Epilepsy 2.4. 3 Law and order 2.4. 4 Motorcycle fatalities 2.4. 5 Politics 2.4. 6 Stock market 2.4. 7 Meta - analyses 2.5 Sleep quality 2.6 In animals 2.7 In plants 3 Proposed explanations 3.1 Tidal 3.2 Evolutionary 3.3 Positive ions 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links Origins of the belief ( edit ) Examples of the belief have been found in ancient Assyrian / Babylonian writing . Contexts ( edit ) Claims of a lunar connection have appeared in the following contexts : Fertility ( edit ) See also : Menstrual cycle § The Moon It is widely believed that the Moon has a relationship with fertility due to the corresponding human menstrual cycle , which averages 28 days . However , no connection between lunar rhythms and menstrual onset has been conclusively shown to exist , and the similarity in length between the two cycles is most likely coincidental . Birth rate ( edit ) Three studies carried out between 1959 and 1973 reported a 1 percent increase in births in New York following a full Moon . However , multiple studies have found no connection between birth rate and lunar phases . A 1957 analysis of 9,551 births in Danville , PA , found no correlation between birth rate and the phase of the Moon . Records of 11,961 live births and 8,142 natural births ( not induced by drugs or cesarean section ) over a 4 - year period ( 1974 - 1978 ) at the UCLA hospital did not correlate in any way with the cycle of lunar phases . Analysis of 3,706 spontaneous births ( excluding births resulting from induced labor ) in 1994 showed no correlation with lunar phase . The distribution of 167,956 spontaneous vaginal deliveries , at 37 to 40 weeks gestation , in Phoenix , AZ , between 1995 and 2000 , showed no relationship with lunar phase . Analysis of 564,039 births ( 1997 to 2001 ) in North Carolina showed no predictable influence of the lunar cycle on deliveries or complications . Analysis of 6,725 deliveries ( 2000 to 2006 ) in Hannover revealed no significant correlation of birth rate to lunar phases . A 2001 analysis of 70,000,000 birth records from the National Center for Health Statistics revealed no correlation between birth rate and lunar phase . An extensive review of 21 studies from 7 different countries showed that the majority of studies reported no relationship to lunar phase , and that the positive studies were inconsistent with each other . A review of 6 additional studies from 5 different countries similarly showed no evidence of relationship between birth rate and lunar phase . Blood loss ( edit ) It is sometimes claimed that surgeons used to refuse to operate during the full Moon because of the increased risk of death of the patient through blood loss . One team , in Barcelona , Spain , reported a weak correlation between lunar phase and hospital admissions due to gastrointestinal bleeding , but only when comparing full Moon days to all non-full Moon days lumped together . This methodology has been criticized , and the statistical significance of the results disappears if one compares day 29 of the lunar cycle ( full Moon ) to days 9 , 12 , 13 , or 27 of the lunar cycle , which all have an almost equal number of hospital admissions . The Spanish team acknowledged that the wide variation in the number of admissions throughout the lunar cycle limited the interpretation of the results . In October 2009 , British politician David Tredinnick asserted that during a full Moon `` ( s ) urgeons will not operate because blood clotting is not effective and the police have to put more people on the street . '' . A spokesman for the Royal College of Surgeons said they would `` laugh their heads off '' at the suggestion they could not operate on the full Moon . Human behavior ( edit ) Mental illness ( edit ) Two studies found evidence that those with mental disorders i.e. Schizophrenia generally exhibit 1.8 % of increased violent or aggressive episodes during the full Moon , but a more recent study found no such correlation to that of nonschizophrenic human beings . An analysis of mental - health data found a significant effect of Moon phases , but only on schizophrenic patients . Such effects are not necessarily related directly to the appearance of the Moon . Epilepsy ( edit ) A study into epilepsy found a significant negative correlation between the mean number of seizures per day and the fraction of the Moon that is illuminated , but this correlation disappeared when the local clarity of the night sky was controlled for , suggesting that it is the brightness of the night sky , and not the lunar phase per se , that influences the occurrence of epileptic seizures with advanced photosensitive epilepsy . Law and order ( edit ) Senior police officers in Brighton , UK announced in June 2007 that they were planning to deploy more officers over the summer to counter trouble they believe is linked to the lunar cycle . This followed research by the Sussex Police force that concluded there was a rise in violent crime when the Moon was full . A spokeswoman for the police force said `` research carried out by us has shown a correlation between violent incidents and full moons '' . A police officer responsible for the research told the BBC that `` From my experience of 19 years of being a police officer , undoubtedly on full moons we do seem to get people with sort of strange behavior - more fractious , argumentative . '' Police in Ohio and Kentucky have blamed temporary rises in crime on the full Moon . In January 2008 , New Zealand 's Justice Minister Annette King suggested that a spate of stabbings in the country could have been caused by the lunar cycle . A reported correlation between Moon phase and the number of homicides in Dade County was found , through later analysis , not to be supported by the data and to have been the result of inappropriate and misleading statistical procedures . Motorcycle fatalities ( edit ) A study of 13,029 motorcyclists killed in nighttime crashes found that there were 5.3 % more fatalities on nights with a full moon compared to other nights . The authors speculate that the increase might be due to visual distractions created by the moon , especially when it is near the horizon and appears abruptly between trees , around turns , etc . Politics ( edit ) It was suggested , by Guy Cramer , president of the aerospace science company United Dynamics Corp , that the full Moon might have influenced voter behavior in the US 2000 Presidential Election . Stock market ( edit ) Several studies have argued that the stock market 's average returns are much higher during the half of the month closest to the new moon than the half closest to the full moon . The reasons for this have not been studied , but the authors suggest this may be due to lunar influences on mood . Another study has found contradictory results and questioned these claims . Meta - analyses ( edit ) A meta - analysis of thirty - seven studies that examined relationships between the Moon 's four phases and human behavior revealed no significant correlation . The authors found that , of twenty - three studies that had claimed to show correlation , nearly half contained at least one statistical error . Similarly , in a review of twenty studies examining correlations between Moon phase and suicides , most of the twenty studies found no correlation , and the ones that did report positive results were inconsistent with each other . A 1978 review of the literature also found that lunar phases and human behavior are not related . Sleep quality ( edit ) A July 2013 study carried out at the University of Basel in Switzerland suggests a correlation between the full Moon and human sleep quality . Professor Cajochen and colleagues presented evidence that a lunar rhythm can modulate sleep structure in humans when measured under the highly controlled conditions of a circadian laboratory study protocol without time cues . Studying 33 volunteer subjects , the researchers found that subjective and objective measures of sleep varied according to lunar phase and thus may reflect human circalunar rhythmicity . Stringently controlled laboratory conditions , in a cross-sectional setting , were employed to exclude confounding effects such as increased light at night or the potential bias in perception . Measures of lunar influence on sleep structure , electroencephalographic activity during non-rapid eye movement sleep ( NREM ) , and secretion of the hormones melatonin and cortisol , were retrospectively analyzed . At no point , during and after the study , were volunteers or investigators aware of the posteriori analysis relative to lunar phase . Around full Moon it was found that electroencephalogram ( EEG ) delta activity during NREM sleep , an indicator of deep sleep , decreased by 30 % , time to fall asleep increased by five minutes , and EEG - assessed total sleep duration was reduced by 20 minutes . These changes were associated with a decrease in subjective sleep quality and diminished endogenous melatonin levels . Cajochen said : `` The lunar cycle seems to influence human sleep , even when one does not ' see ' the Moon and is not aware of the actual Moon phase . '' There are suggestions that the 2013 Cajochen study is faulty because of a relatively small ( n = 33 ) sample size and inappropriate controls for age and sex . A 2014 study with larger sample sizes ( n1 = 366 , n2 = 29 , n3 = 870 ) and better experimental controls found no effect of the lunar phase on sleep quality metrics . A 2015 study of 795 children found a 3 - minute increase in sleep duration near the full moon , but a 2016 study of 5,812 children found a 5 - minute decrease in sleep duration near the full moon . No other modification in activity behaviors were reported , and the lead scientist concluded : `` Our study provides compelling evidence that the moon does not seem to influence people 's behavior . '' In animals ( edit ) California Grunion fish have an unusual mating and spawning ritual during the spring and summer months . The egg laying takes place on four consecutive nights , beginning on the nights of the full and new Moons , when tides are highest . However , this is a well understood reproductive strategy that is more related to tides than it is to lunar phase . It happens to correlate with the lunar phase because tides are highest when the Sun , Earth , and Moon are aligned , i.e. , at new Moon or full Moon . Correlation between hormonal changes in the testis and lunar periodicity was found in streamlined spinefoot ( a type of fish ) , which spawns synchronously around the last Moon quarter . In orange - spotted spinefoot , lunar phases affect the levels of melatonin in the blood . Evidence for lunar effect in reptiles , birds and mammals is scant , but among reptiles marine iguanas ( which live in the Galápagos Islands ) time their trips to the sea in order to arrive at low tide . In insects , the lunar cycle may affect hormonal changes early in phylogenesis . The body weight of honeybees peaks during new Moon . The midge Clunio marinus has a biological clock synchronized with the moon . Spawning of coral Platygyra lamellina occurs at night during the summer on a date determined by the phase of the Moon ; in the Red Sea , this is the three - to five - day period around the new Moon in July and the similar period in August . Acropora coral time their simultaneous release of sperm and eggs to just one or two days a year , after sundown with a full moon . The Palolo worm that lives in the seas of Indonesia and Polynesia loose the terminal part of their bodies during a waning moon at a certain time of year . These parts float to the surface and release sperm and eggs . The terminal parts are gathered by people as a special food . The event would be predicted by the local priests , and the lunar calendar was set by the event . Because the Palolo adjust their spawning time between October and November , and because of inter-island differences in spawning times , there are factors other than the Moon that control the timing . Such factor may include seawater temperatures , tides , weather , or other biological signals . A relationship between the moon and the birth rate of cows was reported in a 2016 study . In 2000 , a retrospective study in the United Kingdom reported an association between the full moon and significant increases in animal bites to humans . The study reported that patients presenting to the A&E with injuries stemming from bites from an animal rose significantly at the time of a full moon in the period 1997 - 1999 . The study concluded that animals have an increased inclination to bite a human during a full moon period . In plants ( edit ) The popular belief that the moon has an effect on plants is unsubstantiated . When witnessed , the effects have been indirectly attributed to `` moon gardeners '' ' attentive care . Serious doubts have been raised about the claim that a species of Ephedra synchronizes its pollination peak to the full moon in July . Proposed explanations ( edit ) Tidal ( edit ) Believers in the lunar theory suggest several different mechanisms by which the behaviour of the Moon could influence the behaviour of human beings . A common suggestion is that , since the Moon affects large bodies of water such as the ocean ( a phenomenon known as `` tidal force '' ) , the Moon should be expected to have an analogous effect on human beings , whose bodies contain a great deal of water . However , this is a misconception that fails to take into account differences in scale . The tidal force is in fact very weak and should be expected to exercise no more gravitational pull on the human body than a mosquito . Besides this , the `` suggestion '' failed to account for the dependence of tides from both the phase of the Moon and the time of day . Believers ( David Tredinnick being a prominent example ) often support their claims by noting that many police officers , teachers , and nurses have observed a lunar effect in the course of their work . To the extent that nurses and police officers do indeed claim to observe patterns , this is most likely to be explained in terms of confirmation bias : People notice if something dramatic happens during a full Moon , but do not notice when nothing dramatic happens ; furthermore , dramatic occurrences that do not occur during full Moons are typically not counted as evidence against the belief . Believers are further bolstered in their belief through communal reinforcement : The more people talk about the effect , the more people notice spurious relationships . Evolutionary ( edit ) Nocturnal carnivores are widely believed to have played an important role in human evolution , driving the need for nighttime shelter , the control of fire and our innate fear of darkness . We performed an extensive analysis of predatory behavior across the lunar cycle on the largest dataset of lion attacks ever assembled and found that African lions are as sensitive to moonlight when hunting humans as when hunting herbivores and that lions are most dangerous to humans when the Moon is faint or below the horizon . -- C. Packer ; A. Swanson ; D. Ikanda & H. Kushnir ( 2011 ) , `` Fear of Darkness , the Full Moon and the Nocturnal Ecology of African Lions . '' , PLoS ONE , 6 ( 7 ) : e22285 , Bibcode : 2011PLoSO ... 622285P , doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0022285 , PMC 3140494 , PMID 21799812 For some 3 -- 4 million years , bipedal hominins in the East African Rift valley were evolving in potential conflict and competition with fearsome carnivores including sabre - toothed cats equipped with excellent night - vision . Using the largest data set ever recorded -- 1,000 lion attacks on humans across Tanzania between 1988 and 2009 -- Craig Packer and his colleagues showed that there is a peak of attacks by lions upon humans during the evening dark hours following full Moon . According to Packer , this may help explain why so many myths and superstitions attribute fearsome dangers and nightmarish potencies to the Moon . While not all archaeologists accept that lunar periodicity was ever relevant to human evolution , those favouring the idea include Curtis Marean , who heads excavations at the important Middle Stone Age site of Pinnacle Point , South Africa . Marean argues that anatomically modern humans around 165,000 years ago -- when inland regions of the continent were dry , arid and uninhabitable -- became restricted to small populations clustered around coastal refugia , reliant on marine resources including shellfish whose safe harvesting at spring low tides presupposed careful tracking of lunar phase . Against this background , if Marean is right , humans who ignored or misread the Moon might frequently have been drowned . With gradual offshore platforms during spring low tides , substantial areas of the intertidal zone are revealed , and these are the most productive and safest shellfish collecting times ... Foragers should schedule visits to coastal residential sites at times during the lunar month when spring tides are present and then move slightly inland during neaps to broaden the size of the exploitable terrestrial area . -- Marean , C. 2010 . Pinnacle Point Cave 13B ( Western Cape Province , South Africa ) in context : The Cape Floral kingdom , shellfish , and modern human origins . Journal of Human Evolution 59 : 425e - 443 . Positive ions ( edit ) A further suggestion is that positive ions increase in abundance during a full Moon and that this should be expected to influence human behavior . However , this is a pseudo-scientific claim . Not only is the increase in frequency extremely slight ( much smaller than that caused by air conditioning and air pollution ) , but ionic charge -- positive or negative -- has no effect on human behavior , and no physiological effect other than static electric shock . Studies have shown that with regard to certain types of depression such as seasonal affective disorder ( SAD ) , negative air ionization therapy has no statistically significant benefits beyond placebo . Moreover , such treatments require ionization many orders of magnitude greater than any differences produced by the lunar cycle , and there are superior effects found by using similar treatments with bright light instead of ion generators . See also ( edit ) List of topics characterized as pseudoscience Astrology Human menstrual cycle Menstrual synchrony Reproductive synchrony Solunar theory References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rotton , James ; Kelly , I.W. ( 1985 ) . `` Much ado about the full moon : A meta - analysis of lunar - lunacy research '' . Psychological Bulletin . 97 ( 2 ) : 286 -- 306 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.97. 2.286 . ISSN 1939 - 1455 . ^ Jump up to : Martens , R. ; Kelly , I.W. ; Saklofske , D.H. ( 1988 ) . `` Lunar Phase and Birthrate : A 50 - year Critical Review '' . Psychological Reports . 63 ( 3 ) : 923 -- 934 . doi : 10.2466 / pr0. 1988.63. 3.923 . ISSN 0033 - 2941 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Ivan ; Rotton , James ; Culver , Roger ( 1986 ) , `` The Moon Was Full and Nothing Happened : A Review of Studies on the Moon and Human Behavior '' , Skeptical Inquirer , 10 ( 2 ) : 129 -- 43 . Reprinted in The Hundredth Monkey - and other paradigms of the paranormal , edited by Kendrick Frazier , Prometheus Books . Revised and updated in The Outer Edge : Classic Investigations of the Paranormal , edited by Joe Nickell , Barry Karr , and Tom Genoni , 1996 , CSICOP . Jump up ^ Foster , Russell G. ; Roenneberg , Till ( 2008 ) . `` Human Responses to the Geophysical Daily , Annual and Lunar Cycles '' . Current Biology . 18 ( 17 ) : R784 -- R794 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2008.07. 003 . ISSN 0960 - 9822 . PMID 18786384 . ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Robert Todd ( 12 August 2011 ) . `` Full Moon and Lunar Effects '' . The Skeptic 's Dictionary . Retrieved 22 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cecil ( 24 September 1999 ) . `` What 's the link between the moon and menstruation ? '' . The Straight Dope . Retrieved 14 December 2011 . Jump up ^ William A. Gutsch ( 1997 ) . 1001 things everyone should know about the universe ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Doubleday . p. 57 . ISBN 9780385482233 . Jump up ^ Barash , David P. ; Lipton , Judith Eve ( 2009 ) . `` Synchrony and Its Discontents '' . How women got their curves and other just - so stories evolutionary enigmas ( ( Online - Ausg . ) . ed . ) . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 9780231518390 . Jump up ^ Abell , George ; Greenspan , Bennett ( 1979 ) , `` The Moon and the Maternity Ward '' , Skeptical Inquirer , 3 ( 4 ) : 17 -- 25 Reprinted in Paranormal Borderlands of Science , edited by Kendrick Frazier , Prometheus Books , ISBN 0 - 87975 - 148 - 7 . Jump up ^ Abell G.O. & Greenspan B. ( 1979 ) . `` Human Births and the Phase of the Moon '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 300 ( 2 ) : 96 -- 96 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM197901113000223 . ISSN 0028 - 4793 . PMID 758594 . Jump up ^ Joshi , Raksha ; Bharadwaj , Anoopendra ; Gallousis , Spiro ; Matthews , Ronald ( 1998 ) . `` Labor ward workload waxes and wanes with the lunar cycle , myth or reality ? '' . Primary Care Update for OB / GYNS. 5 ( 4 ) : 184 . doi : 10.1016 / S1068 - 607X ( 98 ) 00100 - 0 . ISSN 1068 - 607X . Jump up ^ Morton - Pradhan , Susan ; Bay , R. Curtis ; Coonrod , Dean V. ( 2005 ) . `` Birth rate and its correlation with the lunar cycle and specific atmospheric conditions '' . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 192 ( 6 ) : 1970 -- 1973 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ajog. 2005.02. 066 . ISSN 0002 - 9378 . Jump up ^ Arliss , Jill M. ; Kaplan , Erin N. ; Galvin , Shelley L. ( 2005 ) . `` The effect of the lunar cycle on frequency of births and birth complications '' . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 192 ( 5 ) : 1462 -- 1464 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ajog. 2004.12. 034 . ISSN 0002 - 9378 . PMID 15902138 . Jump up ^ Staboulidou , Ismini ; Soergel , Philipp ; Vaske , Bernhard ; Hillemanns , Peter ( 2008 ) . `` The influence of lunar cycle on frequency of birth , birth complications , neonatal outcome and the gender : A retrospective analysis '' . Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 87 ( 8 ) : 875 -- 879 . doi : 10.1080 / 00016340802233090 . ISSN 0001 - 6349 . Jump up ^ Caton , Dan ( 2001 ) . `` Natality and the Moon Revisited : Do Birth Rates Depend on the Phase of the Moon ? '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society . American Astronomical Society . 33 ( 4 ) : 1371 . Jump up ^ Kelly , I.W. ; Martens , R. ( 1994 ) . `` Geophysical Variables and Behavior : LXXVIII . Lunar Phase and Birthrate : An Update '' . Psychological Reports . 75 ( 1 ) : 507 -- 511 . doi : 10.2466 / pr0. 1994.75. 1.507 . ISSN 0033 - 2941 . ^ Jump up to : Roman , Eva Maria ; Soriano , German ; Fuentes , Mercedes ; Galvez , Maria Luz ; Fernandez , Clotilde ( 2004 ) . `` The influence of the full moon on the number of admissions related to gastrointestinal bleeding '' . International Journal of Nursing Practice. 10 ( 6 ) : 292 -- 296 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 172x. 2004.00492. x . ISSN 1322 - 7114 . Jump up ^ Margot , JL ( 2015 ) . `` No evidence of purported lunar effect on hospital admission rates or birth rates '' . Nursing research . 64 ( 3 ) : 168 -- 73 . doi : 10.1097 / nnr. 0000000000000086 . PMC 4418782 . PMID 25756232 . Jump up ^ Hansard , 14 Oct 2009 : Column 414 Jump up ^ Ian Douglas ( 11 October 2010 ) . `` MPs believe the funniest things '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 18 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Drum , M. ; Terry , C. ; Hammonds , C. ( 1986 ) . `` Lunar phase and acting - out behaviour '' . Psychological Reports . 59 ( 2 Pt 2 ) : 987 -- 990 . doi : 10.2466 / pr0. 1986.59. 2.987 . PMID 3809355 . Jump up ^ Lieber , A. ( 1978 ) . `` Human aggression and the lunar synodic cycle '' . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 39 ( 5 ) : 385 -- 392 . PMID 641019 . Jump up ^ Owen , C. ; Tarantello , C. ; Jones , M. ; Tennant , C. ( 1998 ) . `` Lunar cycles and violent behaviour '' . Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry . 32 ( 4 ) : 496 -- 499 . doi : 10.3109 / 00048679809068322 . PMID 9711362 . Jump up ^ Barr , W. ( 2000 ) . `` Lunacy revisited : The influence of the moon on mental health and quality of life '' . Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Service . 38 ( 5 ) : 28 -- 36 . PMID 10820695 . Jump up ^ Baxendale , Sallie ; Fisher , Jennifer ( 2008 ) . `` Moonstruck ? The effect of the lunar cycle on seizures '' . Epilepsy & Behavior . 13 ( 3 ) : 549 -- 550 . doi : 10.1016 / j. yebeh. 2008.06. 009 . ISSN 1525 - 5050 . Jump up ^ Attewill , Fred ( 5 June 2007 ) . `` Police link full moon to aggression '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 11 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Crackdown on lunar - fuelled crime '' . BBC News . 5 June 2007 . Retrieved 26 July 2013 . Jump up ^ toledoblade.com - Analysis shines light on full Moon , crime Jump up ^ Skeptic 's Dictionary and Refuge : Mass Media Bunk Jump up ^ `` Police busy for full moon '' . The Kentucky Post . E.W. Scripps Company . 29 January 2002 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Link between moon and crime supported - national '' . Stuff.co.nz. 2008 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Redelmeier , D ; Shafir , E ( 11 December 2017 ) . `` The full moon and motorcycle related mortality : population based double control study '' . BMJ. 359 . Jump up ^ # Y127 ; 24 % of the U.S. Presidential Vote swayed by the Full Moon effect Jump up ^ Yuan , Kathy Zhichao ; Zheng , Lu ; Zhu , Qiaoqiao ( 2001 ) . `` Are Investors Moonstruck ? - Lunar Phases and Stock Returns '' . SSRN Electronic Journal . doi : 10.2139 / ssrn. 283156 . ISSN 1556 - 5068 . Jump up ^ Yuan , Kathy ; Zheng , Lu ; Zhu , Qiaoqiao ( 2006 ) . `` Are investors moonstruck ? Lunar phases and stock returns '' . Journal of Empirical Finance . 13 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 23 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jempfin. 2005.06. 001 . ISSN 0927 - 5398 . Jump up ^ Dichev , Ilia D. ; Janes , Troy D. ( 2001 ) . `` Lunar Cycle Effects in Stock Returns '' . SSRN Electronic Journal . doi : 10.2139 / ssrn. 281665 . ISSN 1556 - 5068 . Jump up ^ Herbst , Anthony F. ( 2007 ) . `` Lunacy in the Stock Market -- What is the Evidence ? '' . Journal of Bioeconomics. 9 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 18 . doi : 10.1007 / s10818 - 007 - 9016 - 3 . ISSN 1387 - 6996 . Jump up ^ Campbell , D.E. ; Beets , J.L. ( 1978 ) . `` Lunacy and the Moon '' . Psychological Bulletin . 85 ( 5 ) : 1123 -- 1129 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.85. 5.1123 . PMID 704720 . ^ Jump up to : Cajochen , Christian ; Altanay - Ekici , Songül ; Münch , Mirjam ; Frey , Sylvia ; Knoblauch , Vera ; Wirz - Justice , Anna ( 2013 ) . `` Evidence that the Lunar Cycle Influences Human Sleep '' . Current Biology . 23 ( 15 ) : 1485 -- 1488 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2013.06. 029 . ISSN 0960 - 9822 . PMID 23891110 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Michelle . `` BBC News - Full Moon ' disturbs a good night 's sleep ' '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Cordi , Maren ; Ackermann , Sandra ; Bes , Frederik W. ; Hartmann , Francina ; Konrad , Boris N. ; Genzel , Lisa ; Pawlowski , Marcel ; Steiger , Axel ; Schulz , Hartmut ; Rasch , Björn ; Dresler , Martin ( 2014 ) . `` Lunar cycle effects on sleep and the file drawer problem '' . Current Biology . 24 ( 12 ) : R549 -- R550 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2014.05. 017 . ISSN 0960 - 9822 . PMID 24937275 . Jump up ^ Sjödin , A. ; Hjorth , M.F. ; Damsgaard , C.T. ; Ritz , C. ; Astrup , A. ; Michaelsen , K.F. ( April 2015 ) . `` Physical activity , sleep duration and metabolic health in children fluctuate with the lunar cycle : science behind the myth '' . Clinical Obesity. 5 ( 2 ) : 60 -- 66 . doi : 10.1111 / cob. 12092 . ^ Jump up to : Chaput , Jean - Philippe ; Weippert , Madyson ; LeBlanc , Allana G. ; Hjorth , Mads F. ; Michaelsen , Kim F. ; Katzmarzyk , Peter T. ; Tremblay , Mark S. ; Barreira , Tiago V. ; Broyles , Stephanie T. ; Fogelholm , Mikael ; Hu , Gang ; Kuriyan , Rebecca ; Kurpad , Anura ; Lambert , Estelle V. ; Maher , Carol ; Maia , Jose ; Matsudo , Victor ; Olds , Timothy ; Onywera , Vincent ; Sarmiento , Olga L. ; Standage , Martyn ; Tudor - Locke , Catrine ; Zhao , Pei ; Sjödin , Anders M. ( 24 March 2016 ) . `` Are Children Like Werewolves ? Full Moon and Its Association with Sleep and Activity Behaviors in an International Sample of Children '' . Frontiers in Pediatrics. 4 . doi : 10.3389 / fped. 2016.00024 . Jump up ^ `` Does the moon affect our mood or actions ? '' . www.sciencedaily.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` What is a grunion ? '' . Pepperdine University . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Zimecki , M ( 2006 ) . `` The lunar cycle : effects on human and animal behavior and physiology '' . Postepy Hig Med Dosw. 60 : 1 -- 7 . PMID 16407788 . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin Wikelski ; Michaela Hau ( Dec 1995 ) . `` Is There an Endogenous Tidal Foraging Rhythm in Marine Iguanas ? '' . Journal of Biological Rhythms. 10 : 335 -- 350 . doi : 10.1177 / 074873049501000407 . Jump up ^ Tobias Kaiser ; Dietrich Neumann ; David Heckel ( May 2011 ) . `` Timing the tides : genetic control of diurnal and lunar emergence times is correlated in the marine midge Clunio marinus '' . BMC Genetics . 12 : 49 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2156 - 12 - 49 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Y. ; Loya , Y. ( 1991 ) . `` Larval development and survivorship in the corals Favia favus and Platygyra lamellina '' . Developments in Hydrobiology. 66 : 101 -- 108 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 011 - 3240 - 4_14 . Jump up ^ Alex Riley ( Feb 20 , 2016 ) . `` Playing Cupid to get reluctant corals in the mood for love '' . New Scientist . Jump up ^ Stephen Oppenheimer ( 1998 ) . Eden in the East . pp. 345 , 346 . ISBN 0753806797 . Jump up ^ Craig , P. `` Natural History Guide to American Samoa '' ( PDF ) . National Park of American Samoa , Department Marine and Wildlife Resources , American Samoa Community College . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Yonezawa , Tomohiro ; Uchida , Mona ; Tomioka , Michiko ; Matsuki , Naoaki ( 2016 - 08 - 31 ) . `` Lunar Cycle Influences Spontaneous Delivery in Cows '' . PLOS ONE . 11 ( 8 ) : e0161735 . Bibcode : 2016PLoSO ... 1161735Y . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0161735 . ISSN 1932 - 6203 . Jump up ^ Yonezawa , Bhattacharjee ; Bradle , Mona ; Smith , Scally ; Wilson ( 2000 - 12 - 23 ) . `` Do animals bite more during a full moon ? Retrospective observational analysis '' . BMJ. 321 : 1559 -- 1561 . Jump up ^ Roach , John . `` Age - Old Moon Gardening Growing in Popularity '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Margot , JL ( October 2015 ) . `` Insufficient Evidence of Purported Lunar Effect on Pollination in Ephedra '' . Journal of biological rhythms. 30 ( 5 ) : 454 -- 6 . doi : 10.1177 / 0748730415591662 . PMID 26316347 . Jump up ^ Rydin , C ; Bolinder , K ( April 2015 ) . `` Moonlight pollination in the gymnosperm Ephedra ( Gnetales ) '' . Biology Letters. 11 ( 4 ) : 20140993 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2014.0993 . PMC 4424609 . PMID 25832814 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Cecil ( 13 March 1987 ) . `` Do things get crazy when the moon is full ? '' . The Straight Dope . Retrieved 14 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Gilovich , Thomas ( 1993 ) . How we know what is n't so : the fallibility of human reason in everyday life . New York : Free Press . ISBN 9780029117064 . Jump up ^ C. Packer , A. Swanson , D. Ikanda , and H. Kushnir ( 2011 ) . Fear of Darkness , the Full Moon and the Nocturnal Ecology of African Lions . PLoS ONE 6 ( 7 ) : e22285 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0022285 Jump up ^ Curtis Marean ( 2010 ) . Pinnacle Point Cave 13B ( Western Cape Province , South Africa ) in context : The Cape Floral kingdom , shellfish , and modern human origins . Journal of Human Evolution 59 : 425e443 Jump up ^ Novella , Steven . `` Pseudoscience Sells '' . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Flory R , Ametepe J , Bowers B ( May 2010 ) . `` A randomized , placebo - controlled trial of bright light and high - density negative air ions for treatment of Seasonal Affective Disorder '' . Psychiatry Res. 177 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 101 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. psychres. 2008.08. 011 . PMID 20381162 . 61 . Yonezawa T , Uchida M , Tomioka M , Matsuki N ( 2016 ) Lunar Cycle Influences Spontaneous Delivery in Cows . PLoS ONE 11 ( 8 ) : e0161735 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0161735 Bibliography ( edit ) Abell , George ( 1979 ) . Review of the book The Alleged Lunar Effect by Arnold Lieber , Skeptical Inquirer , Spring 1979 , 68 - 73 . Reprinted in Science Confronts the Paranormal , edited by Kendrick Frazier , Prometheus Books , ISBN 0 - 87975 - 314 - 5 . Abell , George and Barry Singer ( 1981 ) . Science and the Paranormal - probing the existence of the supernatural , Charles Scribner 's Sons , chapter 5 , ISBN 0 - 684 - 17820 - 6 . Berman , Bob ( 2003 ) . Fooled by the Full Moon - Scientists search for the sober truth behind some loony ideas , Discover , September 2003 , page 30 . Caton , Dan ( 2001 ) . Natality and the Moon Revisited : Do Birth Rates Depend on the Phase of the Moon ? , Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society , Vol 33 , No. 4 , 2001 , p. 1371 . A summary of the results of the paper . Diefendorf , David ( 2007 ) , Amazing ... But false ! Hundreds of `` facts '' you thought were true , but are n't , Sterling Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 3791 - 6 Foster , Russell G. ; Roenneberg , Till ( 2008 ) . `` Human Responses to the Geophysical Daily , Annual and Lunar Cycles '' . Current Biology . 18 ( 17 ) : R784 -- R794 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2008.07. 003 . PMID 18786384 . Lunar cycles had , and continue to have , an influence upon human culture , though despite a persistent belief that our mental health and other behaviours are modulated by the phase of the moon , there is no solid evidence that human biology is in any way regulated by the lunar cycle Packer , C. ; Swanson , A. ; Ikanda , D. ; Kushnir , H. ( 2011 ) . `` Fear of Darkness , the Full Moon and the Nocturnal Ecology of African Lions '' . PLoS ONE . 6 ( 7 ) : 22285 . Bibcode : 2011PLoSO ... 622285P . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0022285 . PMC 3140494 . PMID 21799812 . Palmer , JD ; Udry , JR ; Morris , NM ( 1982 ) . `` Diurnal and weekly , but no lunar rhythms in humans copulation '' . Human biology ; an international record of research . 54 ( 1 ) : 111 -- 21 . PMID 7200945 . Sanduleak , Nicholas ( 1985 ) . The Moon is Acquitted of Murder in Cleveland , Skeptical Inquirer , Spring 1985 , 236 - 42 . Reprinted in Science Confronts the Paranormal , edited by Kendrick Frazier , Prometheus Books , ISBN 0 - 87975 - 314 - 5 . Zimecki , Michał ( 2006 ) . `` The lunar cycle : effects on human and animal behavior and physiology '' . Postepy higieny i medycyny doswiadczalnej. 60 : 1 -- 7 . PMID 16407788 . In fish the lunar clock influences reproduction and involves the hypothalamus - pituitary - gonadal axis . In birds , the daily variations in melatonin and corticosterone disappear during full - moon days . The lunar cycle also exerts effects on laboratory rats with regard to taste sensitivity and the ultrastructure of pineal gland cells . Cyclic variations related to the moon 's phases in the magnitude of the humoral immune response of mice to polivinylpyrrolidone and sheep erythrocytes were also described . It is suggested that melatonin and endogenous steroids may mediate the described cyclic alterations of physiological processes . The release of neurohormones may be triggered by the electromagnetic radiation and / or the gravitational pull of the moon External links ( edit ) The Skeptic 's Dictionary on the lunar effect Straight Dope article Dan Caton , Birth Rates and the Phase of the Moon Madness and the Moon University of Leeds study on the Transylvanian effect Belief , Perceptions , and Full Moons at a Psychiatric Hospital Lunar Rhythms in Aquatic Animals A General Review <Th_colspan="2"> Pseudoscience Terminology Cargo cult science Charlatan Crank Fringe theory Fringe science Pseudoarchaeology Pseudohistory Junk science Paranormal Pathological science Quackery Snake oil Superseded scientific theories True - believer syndrome Voodoo Science Examples 2012 phenomenon Acupuncture Alchemy Alternative medicine Ancient astronauts Anthroposophic medicine Applied kinesiology Aquatic ape hypothesis Astrology Adrenal fatigue Bates method Biodynamic agriculture Bloodletting Body memory Catastrophism Chiropractic Chromotherapy Conspiracy theory 9 / 11 conspiracy theories Chemtrail conspiracy theory Climate change denial Moon landing conspiracy theories Conversion therapy Creation science Crystal healing Cryptozoology Detoxification Colon cleansing Dianetics Doktor Koster 's Antigaspills Dowsing Ear candling Electromagnetic hypersensitivity Electronic voice phenomenon Feng shui Flat Earth theory Germ theory denialism Graphology HIV / AIDS denialism Hollow Earth theory Homeopathy Humorism Indigo children Intelligent design Japhetic theory Levitation Lunar effect Lysenkoism Magnet therapy Mediumship Naturopathy Nazi archaeology Nibiru cataclysm Numerology Perpetual motion Orgone Phrenology Polygraph Primal therapy Pseudoarchaeology Pseudohistory Genocide denial Historical negationism Holocaust denial Pseudoscientific metrology Psychohistory Quantum mysticism Recovered - memory therapy Reiki Scientific racism Aryan race Melanin theory Trepanning Ufology Vertebral subluxation Voice stress analysis Related topics Bourgeois pseudoscience Suppressed research in the Soviet Union Traditional medicine Resources Committee for Skeptical Inquiry Cults of Unreason Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science Quackwatch JREF The Psychology of the Occult The Ragged Edge of Science The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience Skeptical Inquirer The Skeptic 's Dictionary <Td_colspan="2"> List of topics characterized as pseudoscience <Th_colspan="3"> The Moon Physical properties Internal structure Topography Atmosphere Gravity field Hill sphere Magnetic field Sodium tail Moonlight Earthshine Orbit Lunar distance Orbital elements Distance Perigee and apogee Nodes Nodal period Precession Syzygy New moon Full moon Eclipses Lunar eclipse Total penumbral lunar eclipse Tetrad Solar eclipse Solar eclipses on the Moon Eclipse cycle Supermoon Tide Tidal force Tidal locking Tidal acceleration Tidal range Lunar mansion Surface and features Selenography Terminator Hemispheres Near side Far side Poles North pole South pole Face Maria List Mountains Peak of eternal light Valleys Volcanic features Domes Calderas Craters List Ray systems Crater of eternal darkness Shackleton crater South Pole -- Aitken basin Soil Swirls Rilles Wrinkle ridges Rocks Lunar basalt 70017 Water Space weathering Micrometeorite Sputtering Quakes Transient lunar phenomenon Science Observation Libration Lunar theory Origin Giant - impact hypothesis Theia Lunar magma ocean Geology Timescale Late Heavy Bombardment Lunar meteorites KREEP Experiments Lunar laser ranging ALSEP Lunar sample displays Apollo 11 Apollo 17 Exploration Missions Apollo program Probes Landing Conspiracy theories Colonization Tourism Time - telling and navigation Lunar calendar Lunisolar calendar Month Lunar month Nodal period Fortnight Sennight Lunar mansion Lunar distance Phases and names New Full Names Crescent Super and micro Blood Blue Black Dark Wet Tetrad Related topics Lunar effect Moon illusion Pareidolia Man in the Moon Moon rabbit Craters named after people Memorials on the Moon Moon in fiction Moon in mythology Hjúki and Bil `` Moon is made of green cheese '' Natural satellite Double planet Lilith ( hypothetical second moon ) <Td_colspan="3"> Moon portal Earth sciences portal Solar System portal BNF : cb13318973x ( data ) LCCN : sh85087121 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lunar_effect&oldid=851906956 '' Categories : Moon myths Pseudoscience Chronobiology Astrology Periodic phenomena Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from September 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiversity Català Español فارسی Français Nederlands Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 10 : 20 ( UTC ) . 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1. Lunar effect on living creatures 2. Correlation between lunar cycle and behavior 3. Lack of scientific evidence for lunar influence on human biology 4. Various contexts in which lunar effect has been studied 5. Proposed explanations for the lunar effect

where was the original charlie and chocolate factory filmed

Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory - wikipedia Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory For the 2005 film adaptation , see Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( film ) . For the book , see Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . <Th_colspan="2"> Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Mel Stuart Produced by Stan Margulies David L. Wolper Screenplay by Roald Dahl David Seltzer Based on Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl Starring Gene Wilder Jack Albertson Peter Ostrum Roy Kinnear Julie Dawn Cole Leonard Stone Denise Nickerson Dodo Denney Paris Themmen Music by Leslie Bricusse Anthony Newley Walter Scharf Cinematography Arthur Ibbetson Edited by David Saxon Production company Wolper Pictures The Quaker Oats Company Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date June 30 , 1971 ( 1971 - 06 - 30 ) ( United States ) Running time 99 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $3 million Box office $4 million Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is a 1971 American musical fantasy family film directed by Mel Stuart , and starring Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka . It is an adaptation of the 1964 novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl . Dahl was credited with writing the film 's screenplay ; however , David Seltzer , who went uncredited in the film , was brought in to re-work the screenplay against Dahl 's wishes , making major changes to the ending and adding musical numbers . These changes and other decisions made by the director led Dahl to disown the film . The film tells the story of Charlie Bucket ( Peter Ostrum ) as he receives a Golden Ticket and visits Willy Wonka 's chocolate factory with four other children from around the world . Filming took place in Munich in 1970 , and the film was released by Paramount Pictures on June 30 , 1971 . With a budget of just $3 million , the film received generally positive reviews and earned $4 million by the end of its original run . The film became highly popular in part through repeated television airings and home entertainment sales . In 1972 , the film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score , and Wilder was nominated for a Golden Globe as Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy , but lost both to Fiddler on the Roof . The film also introduced the song `` The Candy Man '' , which went on to become a popular hit when recorded by Sammy Davis Jr . In 2014 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Oompa Loompas 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Promotion 4 Reception 4.1 Dahl 's reaction 5 Animated adaptation 6 Home media 7 Music 8 Soundtrack 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) In a small town , Charlie Bucket , a poor paperboy , watches a group of children visit a candy shop . Walking home , he passes Willy Wonka 's chocolate factory . A mysterious tinker recites the first lines of William Allingham 's poem `` The Fairies '' , and tells Charlie , `` Nobody ever goes in , and nobody ever comes out . '' Charlie rushes home to his widowed mother and bedridden grandparents . After telling Grandpa Joe about the tinker , Joe reveals that Wonka locked the factory because other candy makers , including rival Arthur Slugworth , sent in spies to steal his recipes . Wonka disappeared , but after three years resumed selling candy ; the origin of Wonka 's labor force is unknown . The next day , Wonka announces that he hid five `` Golden Tickets '' in chocolate Wonka Bars . Finders of the tickets will receive a factory tour and a lifetime supply of chocolate . The first four tickets are found by the gluttonous Augustus Gloop , the spoiled Veruca Salt , the gum - chewing Violet Beauregarde , and the television - obsessed Mike Teevee . As each winner is announced on TV , a man whispers to them . Charlie opens two Wonka Bars but finds no Golden Ticket . The newspapers announce the fifth ticket was found by a millionaire in Paraguay causing Charlie to lose hope . The next day , Charlie finds money in a sewer and uses it to buy a Scrumdiddlyumptious bar . With the change , he buys another Wonka Bar for Joe . Walking home , as Charlie hears people reading the newspapers ; revealing that the Paraguayan millionaire 's ticket is a fake , he opens the Wonka Bar and finds the fifth golden ticket . While rushing home , he encounters the same man seen whispering to the other winners , who introduces himself as Slugworth and offers a reward for a sample of Wonka 's latest creation , the Everlasting Gobstopper . Returning home with the Golden Ticket , Charlie chooses Joe as his chaperone . The next day , Wonka greets the ticket winners and leads them inside where each signs a contract before the tour . The factory includes a river of chocolate , edible mushrooms , lickable wallpaper , and other sweets and inventions . As the visitors sample these , they see Wonka 's workers , small men known as Oompa - Loompas . Augustus falls into the chocolate river and is sucked up a pipe to the Fudge Room . In the Inventing Room , everyone receives an Everlasting Gobstopper . Violet becomes a large blueberry after chewing an experimental gum containing a three - course meal , over Wonka 's warnings . The group reaches the Fizzy Lifting Drinks Room , where Charlie and Joe ignore Wonka 's warning and sample the drinks . They float and have a near - fatal encounter with an exhaust fan before burping back to the ground . In the Chocolate Eggs Room , Veruca demands a golden goose for herself before falling into a garbage chute leading to the furnace , with her father falling in trying to rescue her . The group tests out Wonka 's Wonkavision , only for Mike to teleport himself and become a few inches tall . With Charlie and Joe remaining , Wonka says they are not getting anything because they violated the contract by stealing the Fizzy Lifting Drinks . Infuriated by this , Joe suggests to Charlie that he should give Slugworth the Gobstopper in revenge , but Charlie returns the candy back to Wonka . With this selfless act , Wonka declares Charlie as the winner . He reveals that Slugworth is actually Mr. Wilkinson , an employee of Wonka , and the offer to buy the Gobstopper was a morality test that only Charlie passed . The trio enter the `` Wonkavator '' , a multi-directional glass elevator that flies out of the factory . Soaring over the city , Wonka reveals that his actual prize is the factory ; Wonka created the contest to find an heir worthy enough , and so Charlie and his family can immediately move in . Wonka then reminds Charlie not to forget about the man who suddenly received everything he ever wanted . Charlie asks , `` What happened ? '' to which Wonka replies , `` He lived happily ever after . '' Cast ( edit ) The main cast . Back row ( left to right ) : Michael Bollner ( Augustus Gloop ) , Ursula Reit ( Mrs. Gloop ) , Gene Wilder ( Willy Wonka ) Front row ( left to right ) : Leonard Stone ( Sam Beauregard ) , Denise Nickerson ( Violet Beauregard ) , Roy Kinnear ( Henry Salt ) , Julie Dawn Cole ( Veruca Salt ) , Dodo Denny ( Mrs. Teevee ) , Paris Themmen ( Mike Teevee ) , Peter Ostrum ( Charlie Bucket ) , Jack Albertson ( Grandpa Joe ) Main article : List of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory characters Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka Jack Albertson as Grandpa Joe Peter Ostrum as Charlie Bucket Roy Kinnear as Henry Salt Julie Dawn Cole as Veruca Salt Leonard Stone as Sam Beauregarde Denise Nickerson as Violet Beauregarde Dodo Denney as Mrs. Teevee Paris Themmen as Mike Teevee Ursula Reit as Mrs. Gloop Michael Bollner as Augustus Gloop Diana Sowle as Mrs. Bucket Aubrey Woods as Bill , the Candy Shop owner David Battley as Mr. Turkentine Günter Meisner as Arthur Slugworth / Mr. Wilkinson Peter Capell as The Tinker Werner Heyking as Mr. Jopeck Peter Stuart as Winkelmann Oompa Loompas ( edit ) Rusty Goffe Rudy Borgstaller George Claydon Malcolm Dixon Ismed Hassan Norman McGlen Angelo Muscat Pepe Poupee Marcus Powell Albert Wilkinson Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The idea for adapting the book into a film came about when director Mel Stuart 's ten - year - old daughter read the book and asked her father to make a film out of it , with `` Uncle Dave '' ( producer David L. Wolper ) producing it . Stuart showed the book to Wolper , who happened to be in the midst of talks with the Quaker Oats Company regarding a vehicle to introduce a new candy bar from its Chicago - based Breaker Confections subsidiary ( since renamed the Willy Wonka Candy Company and sold to Nestlé ) . Wolper persuaded the company , which had no previous experience in the film industry , to buy the rights to the book and finance the picture for the purpose of promoting a new Quaker Oats Wonka Bar . It was agreed that the film would be a children 's musical , and that Dahl himself would write the screenplay . However , the title was changed to Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory . Screenwriter David Seltzer conceived a gimmick exclusively for the film that had Wonka quoting numerous literary sources , such as Arthur O'Shaughnessy 's Ode , Oscar Wilde 's The Importance of Being Earnest , Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and William Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice . Seltzer also worked Slugworth ( only mentioned as a rival candy maker in the book ) into the plot as an actual character ( only to be revealed to be Wilkinson , one of Wonka 's agents , at the end of the film ) . Casting ( edit ) All six members of Monty Python : Graham Chapman , John Cleese , Eric Idle , Terry Gilliam , Terry Jones and Michael Palin , expressed interest in playing Wonka , but at the time they were deemed not big enough names for an international audience . Three of the members , Cleese , Idle and Palin , were later seriously considered for the same role in Tim Burton 's version . Before Wilder was officially cast for the role , producers considered Fred Astaire , Joel Grey , Ron Moody and Jon Pertwee . Spike Milligan was Roald Dahl 's original choice to play Willy Wonka . Peter Sellers even begged Dahl for the role . When Wilder was cast for the role , he accepted it on one condition : When I make my first entrance , I 'd like to come out of the door carrying a cane and then walk toward the crowd with a limp . After the crowd sees Willy Wonka is a cripple , they all whisper to themselves and then become deathly quiet . As I walk toward them , my cane sinks into one of the cobblestones I 'm walking on and stands straight up , by itself ; but I keep on walking , until I realize that I no longer have my cane . I start to fall forward , and just before I hit the ground , I do a beautiful forward somersault and bounce back up , to great applause . -- Gene Wilder The reason why Wilder wanted this in the film was that `` from that time on , no one will know if I 'm lying or telling the truth . '' Jean Stapleton turned down the role of Mrs. Teevee . Jim Backus was considered for the role of Sam Beauregarde . Sammy Davis Jr. wanted to play Bill , the candy store owner , but Stuart did not like the idea because he felt that the presence of a big star in the candy store scene would break the reality . Nevertheless , Davis ' recording of the film 's opening musical number , `` The Candy Man , '' would top the Billboard magazine record charts in 1972 , despite the fact that Davis initially hated the song . Anthony Newley also wanted to play Bill , but Stuart also objected to this for the same reason . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography commenced on August 31 , 1970 , and ended on November 19 , 1970 . The primary shooting location was Munich , Bavaria , West Germany , because it was significantly cheaper than filming in the United States and the setting was conducive to Wonka 's factory ; Stuart also liked the ambiguity and unfamiliarity of the location . External shots of the factory were filmed at the gasworks of Stadtwerke München ( Emmy - Noether - Straße 10 ) ; the entrance and side buildings still exist . The exterior of Charlie Bucket 's house , which was only a set constructed for the film , was filmed at Quellenstraße in Munich . Charlie 's school was filmed at Katholisches Pfarramt St. Sylvester , Biedersteiner Straße 1 in Munich . Bill 's Candy Shop was filmed at Lilienstraße , Munich . The closing sequence when the Wonkavator is flying above the factory is footage of Nördlingen in Bavaria . Munich Gasworks as it appears today ( building on the left ) Munich Gasworks as it appears today Nördlingen , the town seen from above at the end of the film Production designer Harper Goff centered the factory on the massive Chocolate Room . According to Paris Themmen , who played Mike Teevee , `` The river was made of water with food coloring . At one point , they poured some cocoa powder into it to try to thicken it but it did n't really work . When asked this question , Michael Böllner , who played Augustus Gloop , answers , ' It vas dirty , stinking vater . ' '' When interviewed for the 30th anniversary special edition , Gene Wilder stated that he enjoyed working with most of the child actors , but said that he and the crew had some problems with Paris Themmen , claiming that he was `` a handful '' . Promotion ( edit ) Before its release , the film received advance publicity though TV commercials offering a `` Willy Wonka candy factory kit '' for sending $1.00 and two seals from boxes of Quaker cereals such as King Vitaman , Life and any of the Cap'n Crunch brands . Reception ( edit ) Willy Wonka was released on June 30 , 1971 . The film was not a big success , being the 53rd highest - grossing film of the year in the U.S. , earning just over $2.1 million on its opening weekend . It received positive reviews from critics such as Roger Ebert who gave the film a four out of four stars , while comparing it to The Wizard of Oz . Ebert said , `` All of this is preface to a simple statement : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory is probably the best film of its sort since The Wizard of Oz . It is everything that family movies usually claim to be , but are n't : Delightful , funny , scary , exciting , and , most of all , a genuine work of imagination . `` Willy Wonka '' is such a surely and wonderfully spun fantasy that it works on all kinds of minds , and it is fascinating because , like all classic fantasy , it is fascinated with itself . '' By the mid-1980s , Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory had experienced a spike in popularity thanks in large part to repeated television broadcasts and home video sales . Following a 25th anniversary theatrical re-release in 1996 , it was released on DVD the next year , allowing it to reach a new generation of viewers . The film was released as a remastered special edition on DVD and VHS in 2001 to commemorate the film 's 30th anniversary . In 2003 , Entertainment Weekly ranked it 25th in the `` Top 50 Cult Movies '' of all time . Willy Wonka was ranked No. 74 on Bravo 's 100 Scariest Movie Moments for the `` scary tunnel '' scene . As of 2017 , the film holds a 91 % `` Fresh '' rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 based on 44 reviews . The site 's critical consensus states : `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is strange yet comforting , full of narrative detours that do n't always work but express the film 's uniqueness '' . Dahl 's reaction ( edit ) Dahl disowned the film , the script of which was partially rewritten by David Seltzer after Dahl failed to meet deadlines . Dahl said he was `` disappointed '' because `` he thought it placed too much emphasis on Willy Wonka and not enough on Charlie '' , as well as the casting of Gene Wilder instead of Spike Milligan . Dahl was also `` infuriated '' by the deviations in the plot Seltzer devised in his draft of the screenplay , including the conversion of Slugworth , a minor character in the book , into a spy ( so that the film could have a villain ) and the `` fizzy lifting drinks '' scene along with music other than the original Oompa Loompa compositions ( including `` Pure Imagination '' and `` The Candy Man '' ) , and the ending dialogue for the movie . In 1996 , Dahl 's second wife Felicity commented on her husband 's objections towards the film saying `` they always want to change a book 's storyline . What makes Hollywood think children want the endings changed for a film , when they accept it in a book ? '' Animated adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory In 2017 , an animated adaptation of the film with Tom and Jerry was released . Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory stars JP Karliak as Willy Wonka and is dedicated to Gene Wilder , who died less than a year before the release . Home media ( edit ) The film was first released on DVD in 1997 / 1999 in a `` 25th anniversary edition '' as a double sided disc containing a widescreen and `` standard '' version . The `` standard '' version is an open matte print , where the mattes used to make the image widescreen are removed , revealing information originally intended to be hidden from viewers . VHS and Betamax copies were also available , but only containing the `` standard '' version . A special edition DVD was released , celebrating the film 's 30th anniversary , on August 28 , 2001 , but in fullscreen only . Due to the lack of a letterboxed release , fan petitioning eventually led Warner Home Video to issue a widescreen version on November 13 , 2001 . It was also released on VHS , with only one of the special features ( a making - of feature ) . Several original cast members reunited to film documentary footage for this special edition DVD release . The two editions featured restored sound , and better picture quality . In addition to the documentary , the DVD included a trailer , a gallery , and audio commentary by the cast . In 2007 , Warner Home Video released the film on HD DVD with all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD . The film was released on Blu - ray on October 20 , 2009 . It includes all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD and 2007 HD - DVD as well as a 38 - page book . In 2011 , a new deluxe - 40th - anniversary edition Blu - ray / DVD set was released on November 1 , consisting of the film on Blu - ray Disc and DVD as well as a bonus features disc . The set also included a variety of rarities such as a Wonka Bar - designed tin , four scented pencils , a scented eraser , a book detailing the making of the film , original production papers and a Golden Ticket to win a trip to Los Angeles . The set is now out of print . Music ( edit ) The Academy Award - nominated original score and songs were composed by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley , and musical direction was by Walter Scharf . The soundtrack was first released by Paramount Records in 1971 . On October 8 , 1996 , Hip - O Records ( in conjunction with MCA Records , which by then owned the Paramount catalog ) , released the soundtrack on CD as a `` 25th Anniversary Edition '' . In 2016 , UMe and Geffen Records released a 45th Anniversary Edition LP . The music and songs , in order of appearance , are as follows : `` Main Title '' -- Instrumental medley of `` ( I 've Got A ) Golden Ticket '' and `` Pure Imagination '' `` The Candy Man '' -- Aubrey Woods `` Cheer Up , Charlie '' -- Diana Lee ( dubbing over Diana Sowle ) `` ( I 've Got A ) Golden Ticket '' -- Jack Albertson and Peter Ostrum `` Pure Imagination '' -- Gene Wilder `` Oompa Loompa ( Augustus ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas `` The Wondrous Boat Ride '' / `` The Rowing Song '' -- Gene Wilder `` Oompa Loompa ( Violet ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas `` I Want it Now ! '' -- Julie Dawn Cole `` Oompa Loompa ( Veruca ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas `` Ach , so fromm '' ( alternately titled `` M'appari '' , from Martha ) -- Gene Wilder `` Oompa Loompa ( Mike ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas `` End Credits '' -- `` Pure Imagination '' Soundtrack ( edit ) The track listing for the soundtrack is as follows : `` Main Title '' ( `` Golden Ticket '' / `` Pure Imagination '' ) `` The Candy Man '' `` Charlie 's Paper Run '' `` Cheer up , Charlie '' `` Lucky Charlie '' `` ( I 've Got A ) Golden Ticket '' `` Pure Imagination '' `` Oompa Loompa '' `` The Wondrous Boat Ride '' `` Everlasting Gobstoppers / Oompa Loompa '' `` The Bubble Machine '' `` I Want it Now / Oompa Loompa '' `` Wonkamobile , Wonkavision / Oompa Loompa '' `` Wonkavator / End Title '' ( `` Pure Imagination '' ) See also ( edit ) Film portal 1970s portal List of American films of 1971 List of films featuring miniature people Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Because Paramount Pictures decided not to renew distribution rights , the film rights were transferred to Warner Bros. in 1977 , when Wolper Pictures Ltd. was bought by the company and Quaker Oats sold its share of the film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . August 20 , 1971 . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) - Financial Information '' . The-numbers.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why Roald Dahl Hated The Willy Wonka And The Chocolate Factory Film '' . yahoo . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Liz Buckingham , trustee for the Roald Dahl Museum , quoted in Tom Bishop : `` Willy Wonka 's Everlasting Film Plot '' , BBC News , July 2005 Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : J.M. Kenny ( Writer , Director , Producer ) ( 2001 ) . Pure Imagination : The Story of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( DVD ) . USA : Warner Home Video . Retrieved December 2 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Paur , Joey . `` 25 Fun Facts About Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Honeybone , Nigel ( April 25 , 2012 ) . `` Film Review : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Segal , David ( March 28 , 2005 ) . `` Gene Wilder : It Hurts to Laugh '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Evans , Bradford ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` The Lost Roles of Peter Sellers '' . Splitsider . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Perkins , Will . `` Gene Wilder 's Willy Wonka Demands Revealed '' . Yahoo.com . Yahoo . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jean Stapleton Dies : Top 10 Facts You Need to Know '' . Heavy.com . June 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chandler , Ed ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` Five Things You Should Know About Jean Stapleton '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) : Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ParisThemmenAMA comments on I am Paris Themmen . I played Mike Teevee in the original Willy Wonka . AMA ! '' . Reddit.com . September 2 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Mel ; Young , Josh ( November 1 , 2001 ) . Pure Imagination : The Making of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0312287771 . Jump up ^ robatsea2009 ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Willy Wonka Candy Factory 1971 TV commercial '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory : Box Office Data , DVD and Blu - ray Sales , Movie News , Cast and Crew Information '' . The-numbers.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 1 , 1971 ) . `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bravo 's ' The 100 Scariest Movie Moments ' '' . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at Rotten Tomatoes ^ Jump up to : Bishop , Tom ( July 11 , 2005 ) . `` Willy Wonka 's Everlasting Film Plot '' . BBC News . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . He thought it placed too much emphasis on Willy Wonka and not enough on Charlie , '' said Liz Attenborough , trustee of the Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre in Buckinghamshire . `` For him the book was about Charlie . Jump up ^ Pure Imagination : The Story of `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . Two Dog Productions Inc. 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) '' . Dvdmg.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory : 30th Anniversary Edition ( 1971 ) '' . Dvdmg.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( HD DVD ) - IGN '' . Dvd.ign.com . June 6 , 2007 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` News : Willy Wonka & The Chocolate Factory ( US - BD ) '' . DVDActive.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cook , Tommy ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory 40th Anniversary Box Set Blu - ray Review '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory Wikimedia Commons has media related to Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory on IMDb Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at the TCM Movie Database Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at Rotten Tomatoes The AFI Catalog of Feature Films ... Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory <Th_colspan="2"> Roald Dahl 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Books Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator Films Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Chocolate Factory soundtrack Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Characters Willy Wonka Theater Roald Dahl 's Willy Wonka ( 2004 musical ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 musical ) The Golden Ticket Music Charlie and the Chocolate Factory : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Pure Imagination '' `` The Candy Man '' Miscellaneous The Ride Video games Wonka Bar Everlasting Gobstopper Primus & the Chocolate Factory with the Fungi Ensemble The Willy Wonka Candy Company <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Mel Stuart <Td_colspan="2"> Four Days in November ( 1964 ) If It 's Tuesday , This Must Be Belgium ( 1969 ) I Love My Wife ( 1970 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) One Is a Lonely Number ( 1972 ) Wattstax ( 1973 ) Mean Dog Blues ( 1978 ) The Triangle Factory Fire Scandal ( 1979 ) The White Lions ( 1981 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Roald Dahl Children 's fiction The Gremlins ( 1943 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1961 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 1964 ) The Magic Finger ( 1966 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 1970 ) Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator ( 1972 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1975 ) The Enormous Crocodile ( 1978 ) The Twits ( 1980 ) George 's Marvellous Medicine ( 1981 ) The BFG ( 1982 ) The Witches ( 1983 ) The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me ( 1985 ) Matilda ( 1988 ) Esio Trot ( 1990 ) The Vicar of Nibbleswicke ( 1991 ) The Minpins ( 1991 ) Children 's poetry Revolting Rhymes ( 1982 ) Dirty Beasts ( 1983 ) Rhyme Stew ( 1989 ) Adult novels Sometime Never : A Fable for Supermen ( 1948 ) My Uncle Oswald ( 1979 ) Adult short story collections Over to You : Ten Stories of Flyers and Flying ( 1946 ) Someone Like You ( 1953 ) Kiss Kiss ( 1960 ) Lamb to the Slaughter ( 1953 ) Switch Bitch ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar and Six More ( 1977 ) The Best of Roald Dahl ( 1978 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 ) More Tales of the Unexpected ( 1980 ) The Roald Dahl Omnibus ( 1986 ) Two Fables ( 1986 ) Ah , Sweet Mystery of Life : The Country Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1989 ) The Collected Short Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1991 ) The Roald Dahl Treasury ( 1997 ) The Great Automatic Grammatizator ( 1998 ) Skin and Other Stories ( 2000 ) Roald Dahl : Collected Stories ( 2006 ) Non-fiction The Mildenhall Treasure ( 1946 ) Boy : Tales of Childhood ( 1984 ) Going Solo ( 1986 ) Memories with Food at Gipsy House ( 1991 ) Roald Dahl 's Guide to Railway Safety ( 1991 ) My Year ( 1993 ) Film adaptations 36 Hours ( 1965 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1989 ) The BFG ( 1989 ) The Witches ( 1990 ) Four Rooms ( 1995 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Matilda ( 1996 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) Fantastic Mr. Fox ( 2009 ) Roald Dahl 's Esio Trot ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) Revolting Rhymes ( 2016 ) Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 2017 ) Film scripts The Bells of Hell Go Ting - a-ling - a-ling ( 1966 , unfinished ) You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) The Night Digger ( 1971 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Television series ' Way Out ( 1961 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 -- 88 ) Musicals and plays The Honeys ( 1955 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 2010 ) Matilda ( 2010 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 2016 ) See also Quentin Blake Roald Dahl bibliography Roald Dahl short stories bibliography Roald Dahl 's Book of Ghost Stories ( 1983 ) List of Tales of the Unexpected episodes Related Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre Roald Dahl Children 's Gallery Patricia Neal ( wife ) Tessa Dahl ( daughter ) Ophelia Dahl ( daughter ) Lucy Dahl ( daughter ) Sophie Dahl ( granddaughter ) Phoebe Dahl ( granddaughter ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Wonka_%26_the_Chocolate_Factory&oldid=854637309 '' Categories : 1971 films English - language films Willy Wonka American films 1970s musical films 1970s fantasy films American children 's fantasy films American musical films Compositions by Leslie Bricusse Films about children Films about food and drink Films based on British novels Films based on children 's books Films based on fantasy novels Films based on works by Roald Dahl Films directed by Mel Stuart Films set in Europe Films shot in Bavaria Musical fantasy films Quaker Oats Company Screenplays by Roald Dahl Size change in fiction United States National Film Registry films The Wolper Organization films Paramount Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 19 : 54 ( UTC ) . 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1. Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory 2. Film adaptation 3. Roald Dahl 4. Gene Wilder 5. Golden Ticket

where did the saying sods law come from

Sod 's law - wikipedia Sod 's law Jump to : navigation , search For the album by British rock band Spear of Destiny , see Sod 's Law ( album ) . Sod 's law is a name for the axiom that `` if something can go wrong , it will '' , with the further addendum , in British culture , borrowed from Finagle 's law , that it will happen at `` the worst possible time '' . This may simply be construed , again in British culture , as `` hope for the best , expect the worst '' . The phrase is seemingly derived , at least in part , from the colloquialism an `` unlucky sod '' ; a term for someone who has had some bad unlucky experience , and is usually used as a sympathetic reference to the person . The term is still used in the United Kingdom , though in North America the eponymous `` Murphy 's law '' is more popular . Contents ( hide ) 1 Comparison with Murphy 's law 2 Examples 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Comparison with Murphy 's law ( edit ) Sod 's law is similar to , but broader than , Murphy 's law ( `` Whatever can go wrong will go wrong '' ) . For example , concepts such as `` bad fortune will be tailored to the individual '' and `` good fortune will occur in spite of the individual 's actions '' are sometimes given as examples of Sod 's law in action . This would broaden Sod 's law to a general sense of being `` mocked by fate '' . In these aspects it is similar to some definitions of irony , particularly the irony of fate . Murphy 's technological origin on John Stapp 's Project MX981 is more upbeat -- it was a reminder to the engineers and team members to be cautious and make sure everything was accounted for , to let no stone be left unturned -- not an acceptance of an uncaring uninfluenceable fate . According to David J. Hand , emeritus professor of mathematics and senior research investigator at Imperial College London , Sod 's law is a more extreme version of Murphy 's law . While Murphy 's law says that anything that can go wrong , will go wrong ( eventually ) , Sod 's law requires that it always goes wrong with the worst possible outcome . Hand suggests that belief in Sod 's law is a combination of the law of truly large numbers and the psychological effect of the law of selection . The former says we should expect things to go wrong now and then , and the latter says we remember the exceptional events where something went wrong , but the great number of mundane events where nothing exceptional happened are forgotten . Examples ( edit ) `` Perhaps this would be a better example of Sod 's law : ' When you toss a coin , the more strongly you want heads , the more likely it is to come up tails ' '' -- Richard Dawkins `` Traffic lights turn red when you 're in a hurry , or your e-mail crashes just as you are about to hit ' send ' on that critical message '' -- David Hand `` ... a composer such as Beethoven loses his hearing , or a drummer such as Rick Allen ... loses an arm in a car crash '' -- David Hand Both Dawkins and Hand offered these examples as part of a critique of the thinking that leads to belief in such laws , rather than examples supporting the existence of the law . Both went on to explain the effect in terms of selection bias and the law of truly large numbers . See also ( edit ) Finagle 's law References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Partridge , Eric ( 1992 ) . Dictionary of Catch Phrases . Scarborough House . p. 278 . ISBN 9781461660408 . Jump up ^ `` Murphy 's laws origin '' . The Desert Wings . Murphy 's laws site . March 3 , 1978 . ^ Jump up to : David J. Hand , The Improbability Principle : Why Coincidences , Miracles , and Rare Events Happen Every Day , pp. 197 - 198 , Macmillan , 2014 ISBN 0374711399 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Dawkins ( 2012 ) . The Magic of Reality : How We Know What 's Really True . Simon and Schuster . p. 222 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 9013 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Michael Scannell , The basic laws ( Murphy 's and Sod 's ) , a clear explanation of the difference . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sod%27s_law&oldid=818175073 '' Categories : Adages Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 01 : 30 . About Wikipedia

1. Sod's law 2. Murphy's law 3. British culture 4. Worst possible time 5. Belief in laws

the minimum level of student performance required by the federal legislation no child left behind is

No Child Left Behind Act - wikipedia No Child Left Behind Act No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 <Td_colspan="2"> Long title An act to close the achievement gap with accountability , flexibility , and choice , so that no child is left behind . Acronyms ( colloquial ) NCLB Enacted by the 107th United States Congress <Th_colspan="2"> Citations Public law 107 - 110 Statutes at Large 30 Stat. 750 , 42 Stat. 108 , 48 Stat. 986 , 52 Stat. 781 , 73 Stat. 4 , 88 Stat. 2213 , 102 Stat. 130 and 357 , 107 Stat. 1510 , 108 Stat. 154 and 223 , 112 Stat. 3076 , 113 Stat. 1323 , 115 Stat. 1425 to 2094 <Th_colspan="2"> Codification Acts amended Adult Education and Family Literacy Act Age Discrimination Act of 1975 Albert Einstein Distinguished Educator Fellowship Act of 1994 Augustus F. Hawkins - Robert T. Stafford Elementary and Secondary School Improvement Amendments of 1988 Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Technical Education Act of 1998 Civil Rights Act of 1964 Communications Act of 1934 Community Services Block Grant Act Department of Education Organization Act District of Columbia College Access Act of 1999 Education Amendments of 1972 Education Amendments of 1978 Education Flexibility Partnership Act of 1999 Education for Economic Security Act Educational Research , Development , Dissemination , and Improvement Act of 1994 Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 General Education Provisions Act Goals 2000 : Educate America Act Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 Higher Education Act of 1965 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act James Madison Memorial Fellowship Act Internal Revenue Code of 1986 Johnson -- O'Malley Act of 1934 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act , 1997 McKinney - Vento Homeless Assistance Act of 1987 Museum and Library Services Act National Agricultural Research , Extension , and Teaching Policy Act of 1977 National and Community Service Act of 1990 National Child Protection Act of 1993 National Education Statistics Act of 1994 National Environmental Education Act of 1990 Native American Languages Act Public Law 88 - 210 Public Law 106 - 400 Refugee Education Assistance Act of 1980 Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Safe Drinking Water Act School - to - Work Opportunities Act of 1994 State Dependent Care Development Grants Act Telecommunications Act of 1996 Tribally Controlled Schools Act of 1987 Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century Workforce Investment Act of 1998 Titles amended 15 U.S.C. : Commerce and Trade 20 U.S.C. : Education 42 U.S.C. : Public Health and Social Welfare 47 U.S.C. : Telegraphy U.S.C. sections amended 15 U.S.C. ch. 53 , subch . I § § 2601 -- 2629 20 U.S.C. ch. 28 § 1001 et seq . 20 U.S.C. ch. 70 42 U.S.C. ch. 119 § 11301 et seq . 47 U.S.C. ch. 5 , subch . VI § 609 47 U.S.C. ch. 5 , subch. II § 251 et seq . 47 U.S.C. ch. 5 , subch . I § 151 et seq . 47 U.S.C. ch. 5 , subch. II § 271 et seq . <Th_colspan="2"> Legislative history <Td_colspan="2"> Introduced in the House of Representatives as ( 4 ) by John Boehner ( R - OH ) on March 22 , 2001 Committee consideration by Education and the Workforce and Judiciary Passed the House of Representatives on May 23 , 2001 ( 384 -- 45 ) Passed the Senate on June 14 , 2001 ( 91 -- 8 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on December 13 , 2001 ; agreed to by the House on December 13 , 2001 ( 381 -- 41 ) and by the Senate on December 18 , 2001 ( 87 -- 10 ) Signed into law by President George W. Bush on January 8 , 2002 <Th_colspan="2"> Major amendments <Td_colspan="2"> Repealed on December 10 , 2015 Education in the United States By state and in insular areas By subject area History of Issues : Finance -- Law -- Literacy -- Reform Levels : Pre-kindergarten -- Primary -- Secondary -- Higher Organizations Education portal United States portal President George W. Bush signing the No Child Left Behind Act . Play media President George W. Bush signs the No Child Left Behind Act into law The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 ( NCLB ) was a U.S. Act of Congress that reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education Act ; it included Title I provisions applying to disadvantaged students . It supported standards - based education reform based on the premise that setting high standards and establishing measurable goals could improve individual outcomes in education . The Act required states to develop assessments in basic skills . To receive federal school funding , states had to give these assessments to all students at select grade levels . The act did not assert a national achievement standard -- each state developed its own standards . NCLB expanded the federal role in public education through further emphasis on annual testing , annual academic progress , report cards , and teacher qualifications , as well as significant changes in funding . The bill passed in the Congress with bipartisan support . By 2015 , criticism from right , left , and center had accumulated so much that a bipartisan Congress stripped away the national features of No Child Left Behind . Its replacement , the Every Student Succeeds Act , turned the remnants over to the states . Contents 1 Legislative history 2 Provisions of the act 3 Effects on teachers , schools , and school districts 3.1 Increased accountability 3.2 School choice 3.3 Narrow definition of research 3.4 Quality and distribution of teachers 4 Effects on student assessment 5 Improved test scores 5.1 Criticisms of standardized testing 6 Intended effects on curriculum and standards 6.1 Improvement over local standards 6.2 Quality of education 6.3 Effect on arts and electives 6.4 Limitations on local control 7 Effects on school and students 7.1 Gifted students 7.2 Unrealistic goals 7.3 Gaming the system 7.4 Variability in student potential and 100 % compliance 7.5 Children with disabilities 7.6 Aligning the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act 7.7 Positive effects for students with disabilities 7.8 Negative effects for students with disabilities 8 Effects on racial and ethnic minority students 8.1 Attention to minority populations 8.2 State refusal to produce non-English assessments 8.3 Demographic study of AYP failure rates and requirement for failing schools 9 Funding 9.1 Criticisms of funding levels 9.2 State education budgets 10 Proposals for reform 11 Waivers 12 Replacement 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Legislative history ( edit ) It was coauthored by Representatives John Boehner ( R - OH ) , George Miller ( D - CA ) , and Senators Edward Kennedy ( D - MA ) and Judd Gregg ( R - NH ) . The United States House of Representatives passed the bill on December 13 , 2001 ( voting 381 -- 41 ) , and the United States Senate passed it on December 18 , 2001 ( voting 87 -- 10 ) . President Bush signed it into law on January 8 , 2002 . Provisions of the Act ( edit ) No Child Left Behind requires all public schools receiving federal funding to administer a statewide standardized test annually to all students . Schools that receive Title I funding through the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 must make Adequate Yearly Progress ( AYP ) in test scores ( e.g. each year , fifth graders must do better on standardized tests than the previous year 's fifth graders ) . If the school 's results are repeatedly poor , then steps are taken to improve the school . Schools that miss AYP for a second consecutive year are publicly labeled as `` In Need of Improvement , '' and must develop a two - year improvement plan for the subject that the school is not teaching well . Students have the option to transfer to a better school within the school district , if any exists . Missing AYP in the third year forces the school to offer free tutoring and other supplemental education services to students who are struggling . If a school misses its AYP target for a fourth consecutive year , the school is labelled as requiring `` corrective action , '' which might involve wholesale replacement of staff , introduction of a new curriculum , or extending the amount of time students spend in class . A fifth year of failure results in planning to restructure the entire school ; the plan is implemented if the school unsuccessfully hits its AYP targets for the sixth consecutive year . Common options include closing the school , turning the school into a charter school , hiring a private company to run the school , or asking the state office of education to run the school directly . States must create AYP objectives consistent with the following requirements of the law : States must develop AYP statewide measurable objectives for improved achievement by all students and for specific groups : economically disadvantaged students , students with disabilities , and students with limited English proficiency . The objectives must be set with the goal of having all students at the proficient level or above within 12 years ( i.e. by the end of the 2013 -- 14 school year ) . AYP must be primarily based on state assessments , but must also include one additional academic indicator . The AYP objectives must be assessed at the school level . Schools that failed to meet their AYP objective for two consecutive years are identified for improvement . School AYP results must be reported separately for each group of students identified above so that it can be determined whether each student group met the AYP objective . At least 95 % of each group must participate in state assessments . States may aggregate up to three years of data in making AYP determinations . The act requires states to provide `` highly qualified '' teachers to all students . Each state sets its own standards for what counts as `` highly qualified . '' Similarly , the act requires states to set `` one high , challenging standard '' for its students . Each state decides for itself what counts as `` one high , challenging standard , '' but the curriculum standards must be applied to all students , rather than having different standards for students in different cities or other parts of the state . The act also requires schools to let military recruiters have students ' contact information and other access to the student , if the school provides that information to universities or employers , unless the students opt out of giving military recruiters access . This portion of the law has drawn lots of criticism and has even led to political resistance . For instance , in 2003 in Santa Cruz , California , student - led efforts forced school districts to create an `` opt - in '' policy that required students affirm they wanted the military to have their information . This successful student organizing effort was copied in various other cities throughout the United States . Effects on teachers , schools , and school districts ( edit ) Increased accountability ( edit ) Supporters of the NCLB claim one of the strong positive points of the bill is the increased accountability that is required of schools and teachers . According to the legislation , schools must pass yearly tests that judge student improvement over the fiscal year . These yearly standardized tests are the main means of determining whether schools live up to required standards . If required improvements are not made , the schools face decreased funding and other punishments that contribute to the increased accountability . According to supporters , these goals help teachers and schools realize the significance and importance of the educational system and how it affects the nation . Opponents of this law say that the punishments only hurt the schools and do not contribute to the improvement of student education . In addition to and in support of the above points , proponents claim that No Child Left Behind : Links state academic content standards with student outcomes Measures student performance : a student 's progress in reading and math must be measured annually in grades 3 through 8 and at least once during high school via standardized tests Provides information for parents by requiring states and school districts to give parents detailed report cards on schools and districts explaining the school 's AYP performance ; schools must inform parents when their child is taught by a teacher or para-professional who does not meet `` highly qualified '' requirements Establishes the foundation for schools and school districts to significantly enhance parental involvement and improved administration through the use of the assessment data to drive decisions on instruction , curriculum and business practices The commonwealth of Pennsylvania has proposed tying teacher 's salaries to test scores . If a district 's students do poorly , the state cuts the district 's budget the following year and the teachers get a pay cut . Critics point out that if a school does poorly , reducing its budget and cutting teacher salaries will likely hamper the school 's ability to improve . School choice ( edit ) Gives options to students enrolled in schools failing to meet AYP . If a school fails to meet AYP targets two or more years running , the school must offer eligible children the chance to transfer to higher - performing local schools , receive free tutoring , or attend after - school programs . Gives school districts the opportunity to demonstrate proficiency , even for subgroups that do not meet State Minimum Achievement standards , through a process called `` safe harbor , '' a precursor to growth - based or value - added assessments . Narrow definition of research ( edit ) The act requires schools to rely on scientifically based research for programs and teaching methods . The act defines this as `` research that involves the application of rigorous , systematic , and objective procedures to obtain reliable and valid knowledge relevant to education activities and programs . '' Scientifically based research results in `` replicable and applicable findings '' from research that used appropriate methods to generate persuasive , empirical conclusions . Quality and Distribution of teachers ( edit ) Prior to the NCLB act , new teachers were typically required to have a bachelor 's degree , be fully certified , and demonstrate subject matter knowledge -- generally through tests . It is widely accepted that teacher knowledge has two components : specific subject matter knowledge ( CK ) such as an understanding of mathematics for a mathematics teacher , and pedagogical knowledge ( PCK ) , which is knowledge of the subject of teaching / learning itself . Both types of knowledge , as well as experience in guided student teaching , help form the qualities needed by effective teachers . Under NCLB , existing teachers -- including those with tenure -- were also supposed to meet standards . They could meet the same requirements set for new teachers or could meet a state - determined `` ... high , objective , uniform state standard of evaluation , '' aka HOUSSE . Downfall of the quality requirements of the NCLB legislation have received little research attention , in part because state rules require few changes from pre-existing practice . There is also little evidence that the rules have altered trends in observable teacher traits . For years , American educators have been struggling to identify those teacher traits that are important contributors to student achievement . Unfortunately , there is no consensus on what traits are most important and most education policy experts agree that further research is required . Effects on student assessment ( edit ) Several analyses of state accountability systems that were in place before NCLB indicate that outcomes accountability led to faster growth in achievement for the states that introduced such systems . The direct analysis of state test scores before and after enactment of NCLB also supports its positive impact . A primary criticism asserts that NCLB reduces effective instruction and student learning by causing states to lower achievement goals and motivate teachers to `` teach to the test . '' A primary supportive claim asserts that systematic testing provides data that shed light on which schools do n't teach basic skills effectively , so that interventions can be made to improve outcomes for all students while reducing the achievement gap for disadvantaged and disabled students . Improved test scores ( edit ) The Department of Education points to the National Assessment of Educational Progress ( NAEP ) results , released in July 2005 , showing improved student achievement in reading and math : More progress was made by nine - year - olds in reading in the last five years than in the previous 28 years combined . America 's nine - year - olds posted the best scores in reading ( since 1971 ) and math ( since 1973 ) in the history of the report . America 's 13 - year - olds earned the highest math scores the test ever recorded . Reading and math scores for black and Hispanic nine - year - olds reached an all - time high . Achievement gaps in reading and math between white and black nine - year - olds and between white and Hispanic nine - year - olds are at an all - time low . Forty - three states and the District of Columbia either improved academically or held steady in all categories ( fourth - and eighth - grade reading and fourth - and eighth - grade math ) . These statistics compare 2005 with 2000 when No Child Left Behind did n't even take effect until 2003 . They point out that the increase in scores between 2000 and 2005 was roughly the same as the increase between 2003 and 2005 , which calls into question how any increase can be attributed to No Child Left Behind . They also argue that some of the subgroups are cherry - picked -- that in other subgroups scores remained the same or fell . Also , the makers of the standardized tests have been blamed for making the tests easier so that it is easier for schools to sufficiently improve . Education researchers Thomas Dee and Brian Jacob argue that NCLB showed statistically significant positive impact on students ' performance on 4th - grade math exams ( equal to two - thirds of a year 's worth of growth ) , smaller and statistically insignificant improvements in 8th - grade math exam performance , and no discernible improvement in reading performance . Criticisms of standardized testing ( edit ) Critics argue that the focus on standardized testing ( all students in a state take the same test under the same conditions ) encourages teachers to teach a narrow subset of skills that the school believes increases test performance , rather than achieve in - depth understanding of the overall curriculum . For example , a teacher who knows that all questions on a math test are simple addition problems ( e.g. , What is 2 + 3 ? ) might not invest any class time on the practical applications of addition , to leave more time for the material the test assesses . This is colloquially referred to as `` teaching to the test . '' `` Teaching to the test '' has been observed to raise test scores , though not as much as other teaching techniques . Many teachers who practice `` teaching to the test '' misinterpret the educational outcomes the tests are designed to measure . On two state tests , New York and Michigan , and the National Assessment of Educational Progress ( NAEP ) almost two - thirds of eighth graders missed math word problems that required an application of the Pythagorean theorem to calculate the distance between two points . The teachers correctly anticipated the content of the tests , but incorrectly assumed each test would present simplistic items rather than higher - order items . Another problem is that outside influences often affect student performance . Students who struggle to take tests may perform well using another method of learning such as project - based learning . Sometimes , factors such as home life can affect test performance . Basing everything on one test is inaccurately measuring student success overall . No Child Left behind has failed to account for all these factors . ( 5 ) Those opposed to the use of testing to determine educational achievement prefer alternatives such as subjective teacher opinions , classwork , and performance - based assessments . Under No Child Left Behind , schools were held almost exclusively accountable for absolute levels of student performance . But that meant that even schools that were making great strides with students were still labeled as `` failing '' just because the students had not yet made it all the way to a `` proficient '' level of achievement . Since 2005 , the U.S. Department of Education has approved 15 states to implement growth model pilots . Each state adopted one of four distinct growth models : Trajectory , Transition Tables , Student Growth Percentiles , and Projection . The incentives for improvement also may cause states to lower their official standards . Because each state can produce its own standardized tests , a state can make its statewide tests easier to increase scores . Missouri , for example , improved testing scores but openly admitted that they lowered the standards . A 2007 study by the U.S. Dept. of Education indicates that the observed differences in states ' reported scores is largely due to differences in the stringency of their standards . Intended effects on curriculum and standards ( edit ) Improvement over local standards ( edit ) Many argue that local government had failed students , necessitating federal intervention to remedy issues like teachers teaching outside their areas of expertise , and complacency in the face of continually failing schools . Some local governments , notably that of New York state , have supported NCLB provisions , because local standards failed to provide adequate oversight over special education , and NCLB would let them use longitudinal data more effectively to monitor Adequate Yearly Progress ( AYP ) . States all over the United States have shown improvements in their progress as an apparent result of NCLB . For example , Wisconsin ranks first of all fifty states plus the District of Columbia , with ninety - eight percent of its schools achieving No Child Left Behind standards . Quality of Education ( edit ) Increases the quality of education by requiring schools to improve their performance Improves quality of instruction by requiring schools to implement `` scientifically based research '' practices in the classroom , parent involvement programs , and professional development activities for those students that are not encouraged or expected to attend college . Supports early literacy through the Early Reading First initiative . Emphasizes reading , language arts , mathematics and science achievement as `` core academic subjects . '' Student performance in other subjects ( besides reading and math ) will be measured as a part of overall progress . Effect on arts and electives ( edit ) NCLB 's main focus is on skills in reading , writing , and mathematics , which are areas related to economic success . Combined with the budget crises in the late - 2000s recession , some schools have cut or eliminated classes and resources for many subject areas that are not part of NCLB 's accountability standards . Since 2007 , almost 71 % of schools have reduced instruction time in subjects such as history , arts , language , and music to provide more time and resources to mathematics and English . In some schools , the classes remain available , but individual students who are not proficient in basic skills are sent to remedial reading or mathematics classes rather than arts , sports , or other optional subjects . According to Paul Reville , the author of `` Stop Narrowing of the Curriculum By Right - Sizing School Time , '' teachers are learning that students need more time to excel in the `` needed '' subjects . The students need more time to achieve the basic goals that should come by somewhat relevant to a student . Physical Education , on the other hand , is one of the subjects least affected . Some might find this confusing because like many electives and non-core classes , No Child Left Behind does not address Physical Education directly . Two reasons why Physical Education is not adversely affected include the obesity crisis in the United States that the federal government is trying to reverse through programs like First Lady Michelle Obama 's Let 's Move Campaign , which among other things , looks to improve the quantity and quality of physical education . Secondly , there is research , including a 2005 study by Dr. Charles H. Hillmam of The University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign that concludes that fitness is globally related to academic achievement . The opportunities , challenges , and risks that No Child Left Behind poses for science education in elementary and middle schools -- worldwide competition insists on rapidly improving science education . Adding science assessments to the NCLB requirements may ultimately result in science being taught in more elementary schools and by more teachers than ever before . 2 / 3 of elementary school teachers indicated that they were not familiar with national science standards . Most concern circulates around the result that , consuming too much time for language arts and mathematics may limit children 's experience -- and curiosity and interest -- in sciences . Limitations on local control ( edit ) Both U.S. conservative and liberal critics have argued that NCLB 's new standards in federalizing education set a negative precedent for further erosion of state and local control . Libertarians further argue that the federal government has no constitutional authority in education , which is why participation in NCLB is technically optional . They believe that states need not comply with NCLB so long as they forgo the federal funding that comes with it . Effects on school and students ( edit ) Gifted students ( edit ) NCLB pressures schools to guarantee that nearly all students meet the minimum skill levels ( set by each state ) in reading , writing , and arithmetic -- but requires nothing beyond these minima . It provides no incentives to improve student achievement beyond the bare minimum . Programs not essential for achieving mandated minimum skills are neglected or canceled by those districts . In particular , NCLB does not require any programs for gifted , talented , and other high - performing students . Federal funding of gifted education decreased by a third over the law 's first five years . There was only one program that helped improve the gifted : they received $9.6 million . In the 2007 budget , President George W. Bush zeroed this out . While NCLB is silent on the education of academically gifted students , some states ( such as Arizona , California , Virginia , and Pennsylvania ) require schools to identify gifted students and provide them with an appropriate education , including grade advancement . Research tells us an IQ of 120 is needed . In other states , such as Michigan , state funding for gifted and talented programs was cut by up to 90 % in the year after the Act became law . Unrealistic goals ( edit ) `` There 's a fallacy in the law and everybody knows it , '' said Alabama State Superintendent Joe Morton on Wednesday , August 11 , 2010 . According to the No Child Left Behind Act , by 2014 , every child is supposed to test on grade level in reading and math . `` That ca n't happen , '' said Morton . `` You have too many variables and you have too many scenarios , and everybody knows that would never happen . '' Alabama State Board Member Mary Jane Caylor said , `` I do n't think that No Child Left Behind has benefited this state . '' She argued the goal of 100 percent proficiency is unattainable . Charles Murray wrote of the law : `` The United States Congress , acting with large bipartisan majorities , at the urging of the President , enacted as the law of the land that all children are to be above average . '' Gaming the system ( edit ) See also : Gaming the system The system of incentives and penalties sets up a strong motivation for schools , districts , and states to manipulate test results . For example , schools have been shown to employ `` creative reclassification '' of high school dropouts ( to reduce unfavorable statistics ) . For example , at Sharpstown High School in Houston , Texas , more than 1,000 students began high school as freshmen , and four years later , fewer than 300 students were enrolled in the senior class . However , none of these `` missing '' students from Sharpstown High were reported as dropouts . Variability in student potential and 100 % compliance ( edit ) The act is promoted as requiring 100 % of students ( including disadvantaged and special education students ) within a school to reach the same state standards in reading and mathematics by 2014 ; detractors charge that a 100 % goal is unattainable , and critics of the NCLB requirement for `` one high , challenging standard '' claim that some students are simply unable to perform at the given level for their age , no matter how effective the teacher is . While statewide standards reduce the educational inequality between privileged and underprivileged districts in a state , they still impose a `` one size fits all '' standard on individual students . Particularly in states with high standards , schools can be punished for not being able to dramatically raise the achievement of students that may have below - average capabilities . In fact , the `` all '' in NCLB means only 95 % of students , because states must report the assessment scores of 95 % of students when calculating Adequate Yearly Progress ( AYP ) scores . Students who have an Individual Education Plan ( IEP ) and who are assessed must receive the accommodations specified in the IEP during assessment ; if these accommodations do not change the nature of the assessment , then these students ' scores are counted the same as any other student 's score . Common acceptable changes include extended test time , testing in a quieter room , translation of math problems into the student 's native language , or allowing a student to type answers instead of writing them by hand . Simply being classified as having special education needs does not automatically exempt students from assessment . Most students with mild disabilities or physical disabilities take the same test as non-disabled students . In addition to not requiring 5 % of students to be assessed at all , regulations let schools use alternate assessments to declare up to 1 % of all students proficient for the purposes of the Act . States are given broad discretion in selecting alternate assessments . For example , a school may accept an Advanced Placement test for English in lieu of the English test written by the state , and simplified tests for students with significant cognitive disabilities . The Virginia Alternate Assessment Program ( VAAP ) and Virginia Grade Level Alternative ( VGLA ) options , for example , are portfolio assessments . Organizations that support NCLB assessment of disabled or limited English proficient ( LEP ) students say that inclusion ensures that deficiencies in the education of these disadvantaged students are identified and addressed . Opponents say that testing students with disabilities violates the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) by making students with disabilities learn the same material as non-disabled students . Children with disabilities ( edit ) NCLB includes incentives to reward schools showing progress for students with disabilities and other measures to fix or provide students with alternative options than schools not meeting the needs of the disabled population . The law is written so that the scores of students with IEPs ( Individualized Education Plans ) and 504 plans are counted just as other students ' scores are counted . Schools have argued against having disabled populations involved in their AYP measurements because they claim that there are too many variables involved . Aligning the Individuals with disabilities Education Act ( edit ) Stemming from the Education for All Handicapped Children Act ( EAHCA ) of 1975 , the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) was enacted in its first form in 1997 , and then reenacted with new education aspects in 2006 ( although still referred to as IDEA 2004 ) . It kept the EAHCA requirements of free and accessible education for all children . The 2004 IDEA authorized formula grants to states and discretionary grants for research , technology , and training . It also required schools to use research - based interventions to assist students with disabilities . The amount of funding each school would receive from its `` Local Education Agency '' for each year would be divided by the number of children with disabilities and multiplied by the number of students with disabilities participating in the schoolwide programs . Particularly since 2004 , policymakers have sought to align IDEA with NCLB . The most obvious points of alignment include the shared requirements for Highly Qualified Teachers , for establishment of goals for students with special needs , and for assessment levels for these students . In 2004 , George Bush signed provisions that would define for both of these acts what was considered a `` highly qualified teacher . '' Positive effects for students with disabilities ( edit ) The National Council on Disability ( NCD ) looks at how NCLB and IDEA are improving outcomes for students with Down syndrome . The effects they investigate include reducing the number of students who drop out , increasing graduation rates , and effective strategies to transition students to post-secondary education . Their studies have reported that NCLB and IDEA have changed the attitudes and expectations for students with disabilities . They are pleased that students are finally included in state assessment and accountability systems . NCLB made assessments be taken `` seriously , '' they found , as now assessments and accommodations are under review by administrators . Another organization that found positive correlations between NCLB and IDEA was the National Center on Educational Outcomes . It published a brochure for parents of students with disabilities about how the two ( NCLB & IDEA ) work well together because they `` provide both individualized instruction and school accountability for students and disabilities . '' They specifically highlight the new focus on `` shared responsibility of general and special education teachers , '' forcing schools to have disabled students more on their radar . '' They do acknowledge , however , that for each student to `` participate in the general curriculum ( of high standards for all students ) and make progress toward proficiency , '' additional time and effort for coordination are needed . The National Center on Educational Outcomes reported that now disabled students will receive `` ... the academic attention and resources they deserved . '' Particular research has been done on how the laws impact students who are deaf or hard of hearing . First , the legislation makes schools responsible for how students with disabilities score -- emphasizing `` ... student outcomes instead of placement . '' It also puts the public 's eye on how outside programs can be utilized to improve outcomes for this underserved population , and has thus prompted more research on the effectiveness of certain in - and out - of - school interventions . For example , NCLB requirements have made researchers begin to study the effects of read aloud or interpreters on both reading and mathematics assessments , and on having students sign responses that are then recorded by a scribe . Still , research thus far on the positive effects of NCLB / IDEA is limited . It has been aimed at young students in an attempt to find strategies to help them learn to read . Evaluations also have included a limited number of students , which make it very difficult to draw conclusions to a broader group . Evaluations also focus only on one type of disabilities . Negative effects for students with disabilities ( edit ) The National Council for Disabilities had reservations about how the regulations of NCLB fit with those of IDEA . One concern is how schools can effectively intervene and develop strategies when NCLB calls for group accountability rather than individual student attention . The Individual nature of IDEA is `` inconsistent with the group nature of NCLB . '' They worry that NCLB focuses too much on standardized testing and not enough on the work - based experience necessary for obtaining jobs in the future . Also , NCLB is measured essentially by a single test score , but IDEA calls for various measures of student success . IDEA 's focus on various measures stems from its foundation in Individualized Education Plans for students with disabilities ( IEP ) . An IEP is designed to give students with disabilities individual goals that are often not on their grade level . An IEP is intended for `` developing goals and objectives that correspond to the needs of the student , and ultimately choosing a placement in the least restrictive environment possible for the student . '' Under the IEP , students could be able to legally have lowered success criteria for academic success . A 2006 report by the Center for Evaluation and Education Policy ( CEEP ) and the Indiana Institute on Disability and Community indicated that most states were not making AYP because of special education subgroups even though progress had been made toward that end . This was in effect pushing schools to cancel the inclusion model and keep special education students separate . `` IDEA calls for individualized curriculum and assessments that determine success based on growth and improvement each year . NCLB , in contrast , measures all students by the same markers , which are based not on individual improvement but by proficiency in math and reading , '' the study states . When interviewed with the Indiana University Newsroom , author of the CEEP report Sandi Cole said , `` The system needs to make sense . Do n't we want to know how much a child is progressing towards the standards ? ... We need a system that values learning and growth over time , in addition to helping students reach high standards . '' Cole found in her survey that NCLB encourages teachers to teach to the test , limiting curriculum choices / options , and to use the special education students as a `` scapegoat '' for their school not making AYP . In addition , Indiana administrators who responded to the survey indicated that NCLB testing has led to higher numbers of students with disabilities dropping out of school . Legal journals have also commented on the incompatibility of IDEA and NCLB ; some say the acts may never be reconciled with one another . They point out that an IEP is designed specifically for individual student achievement , which gives the rights to parents to ensure that the schools are following the necessary protocols of Free Appropriate Public Education ( FAPE ) . They worry that not enough emphasis is being placed on the child 's IEP with this setup . In Board of Education for Ottawa Township High School District 140 v. Spelling , two Illinois school districts and parents of disabled students challenged the legality of NCLB 's testing requirements in light of IDEA 's mandate to provide students with individualized education . Although students there were aligned with `` proficiency '' to state standards , students did not meet requirements of their IEP . Their parents feared that students were not given right to FAPE . The case questioned which better indicated progress : standardized test measures , or IEP measures ? It concluded that since some students may never test on grade level , all students with disabilities should be given more options and accommodations with standardized testing than they currently receive . Effects on racial and ethnic minority students ( edit ) Attention to minority populations ( edit ) Seeks to narrow the class and racial achievement gap in the United States by creating common expectations for all . NCLB has shown mixed success in eliminating the racial achievement gap . Although test scores are improving , they are not improving equally for all races , which means that minority students are still behind . Requires schools and districts to focus their attention on the academic achievement of traditionally under - served groups of children , such as low - income students , students with disabilities , and students of `` major racial and ethnic subgroups '' . Each state is responsible for defining major racial and ethnic subgroups itself . Many previous state - created systems of accountability measured only average school performance -- so schools could be highly rated even if they had large achievement gaps between affluent and disadvantaged students . State refusal to produce non-English assessments ( edit ) All students who are learning English would have an automatic three - year window to take assessments in their native language , after which they must normally demonstrate proficiency on an English - language assessment . However , the local education authority may grant an exception to any individual English learner for another two years ' testing in his or her native language on a case - by - case basis . In practice , however , only 10 states choose to test any English language learners in their native language ( almost entirely Spanish speakers ) . The vast majority of English language learners are given English language assessments . Many schools test or assess students with limited English proficiency even when the students are exempt from NCLB - mandated reporting , because the tests may provide useful information to the teacher and school . In certain schools with large immigrant populations , this exemption comprises a majority of young students . NCLB testing under - reports learning at non-English - language immersion schools , particularly those that immerse students in Native American languages . NCLB requires some Native American students to take standardized tests in English . In other cases , the students could be legally tested in their native language , except that the state has not paid to have the test translated . Demographic study of AYP failure rates and requirement for failing schools ( edit ) One study found that schools in California and Illinois that have not met AYP serve 75 -- 85 % minority students while schools meeting AYP have less than 40 % minority students . Schools that do not meet AYP are required to offer their students ' parents the opportunity to transfer their students to a non-failing school within the district , but it is not required that the other school accepts the student . NCLB controls the portion of federal Title I funding based upon each school meeting annual set standards . Any participating school that does not make Adequate Yearly Progress ( AYP ) for two years must offer parents the choice to send their child to a non-failing school in the district , and after three years , must provide supplemental services , such as free tutoring or after - school assistance . After five years of not meeting AYP , the school must make dramatic changes to how the school is run , which could entail state - takeover . Funding ( edit ) As part of their support for NCLB , the administration and Congress backed massive increases in funding for elementary and secondary education . Total federal education funding increased from $42.2 billion to $55.7 billion from 2001 , the fiscal year before the law 's passage , to fiscal year 2004 . A new $1 billion Reading First program was created , distributing funds to local schools to improve the teaching of reading , and over $100 million for its companion , Early Reading First . Numerous other formula programs received large increases as well . This was consistent with the administration 's position of funding formula programs , which distribute money to local schools for their use , and grant programs , where particular schools or groups apply directly to the federal government for funding . In total , federal funding for education increased 59.8 % from 2000 to 2003 . The act created a new competitive - grant program called Reading First , funded at $1.02 billion in 2004 , to help states and districts set up `` scientific , research - based '' reading programs for children in grades K -- 3 ( with priority given to high - poverty areas ) . A smaller early - reading program sought to help states better prepare 3 - to 5 - year - olds in disadvantaged areas to read . The program 's funding was later cut drastically by Congress amid budget talks . Funding Changes : Through an alteration in the Title I funding formula , the No Child Left Behind Act was expected to better target resources to school districts with high concentrations of poor children . The law also included provisions intended to give states and districts greater flexibility in how they spent a portion of their federal allotments . Funding for school technology used in classrooms as part of NCLB is administered by the Enhancing Education Through Technology Program ( EETT ) . Funding sources are used for equipment , professional development and training for educators , and updated research . EETT allocates funds by formula to states . The states , in turn , reallocate 50 % of the funds to local districts by Title I formula and 50 % competitively . While districts must reserve a minimum of 25 % of all EETT funds for professional development , recent studies indicate that most EETT recipients use far more than 25 % of their EETT funds to train teachers to use technology and integrate it into their curricula . In fact , EETT recipients committed more than $159 million in EETT funds towards professional development during the 2004 -- 05 school year alone . Moreover , even though EETT recipients are afforded broad discretion in their use of EETT funds , surveys show that they target EETT dollars towards improving student achievement in reading and mathematics , engaging in data - driven decision making , and launching online assessment programs . In addition , the provisions of NCLB permitted increased flexibility for state and local agencies in the use of federal education money . The NCLB increases were companions to another massive increase in federal education funding at that time . The Bush administration and congress passed very large increases in funding for the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) at the same time as the NCLB increases . IDEA Part B , a state formula - funding program that distributes money to local districts for the education of students with disabilities , was increased from $6.3 billion in 2001 to $10.1 billion in 2004 . Because a district 's and state 's performance on NCLB measures depended on improved performance by students with disabilities , particularly , students with learning disabilities , this 60 percent increase in funding was also an important part of the overall approach to NCLB implementation . Criticisms of funding levels ( edit ) Some critics claim that extra expenses are not fully reimbursed by increased levels of federal NCLB funding . Others note that funding for the law increased massively following passage and that billions in funds previously allocated to particular uses could be reallocated to new uses . Even before the law 's passage , Secretary of Education Rod Paige noted ensuring that children are educated remained a state responsibility regardless of federal support : Washington is willing to help ( with the additional costs of federal requirements ) , as we 've helped before , even before we ( proposed NCLB ) . But this is a part of the teaching responsibility that each state has ... Washington has offered some assistance now . In the legislation , we have ... some support to pay for the development of tests . But even if that should be looked at as a gift , it is the state responsibility to do this . -- Various early Democratic supporters of NCLB criticize its implementation , claiming it is not adequately funded by either the federal government or the states . Ted Kennedy , the legislation 's initial sponsor , once stated : `` The tragedy is that these long overdue reforms are finally in place , but the funds are not . '' Susan B. Neuman , U.S. Department of Education 's former Assistant Secretary for Elementary and Secondary Education , commented about her worries of NCLB in a meeting of the International Reading Association : In ( the most disadvantaged schools ) in America , even the most earnest teacher has often given up because they lack every available resource that could possibly make a difference ... When we say all children can achieve and then not give them the additional resources ... we are creating a fantasy . -- Organizations have particularly criticized the unwillingness of the federal government to `` fully fund '' the act . Noting that appropriations bills always originate in the House of Representatives , it is true that during the Bush Administration , neither the Senate nor the White House has even requested federal funding up to the authorized levels for several of the act 's main provisions . For example , President Bush requested only $13.3 billion of a possible $22.75 billion in 2006 . Advocacy groups note that President Bush 's 2008 budget proposal allotted $61 billion for the Education Department , cutting funding by $1.3 billion from the year before . 44 out of 50 states would have received reductions in federal funding if the budget passed as it was . Specifically , funding for the Enhancing Education Through Technology Program ( EETT ) has continued to drop while the demand for technology in schools has increased ( Technology and Learning , 2006 ) . However , these claims focused on reallocated funds , as each of President Bush 's proposed budgets increased funding for major NCLB formula programs such as Title I , including his final 2009 budget proposal . Members of Congress have viewed these authorized levels as spending caps , not spending promises . Some opponents argue that these funding shortfalls mean that schools faced with the system of escalating penalties for failing to meet testing targets are denied the resources necessary to remedy problems detected by testing . However , federal NCLB formula funding increased by billions during this period and state and local funding increased by over $100 billion from school year 2001 -- 02 through 2006 -- 07 . In fiscal year 2007 , $75 billion in costs were shifted from NCLB , adding further stresses on state budgets . This decrease resulted in schools cutting programs that served to educate children , which subsequently impacted the ability to meet the goals of NCLB . The decrease in funding came at a time when there was an increase in expectations for school performance . To make ends meet , many schools re-allocated funds that had been intended for other purposes ( e.g. , arts , sports , etc . ) to achieve the national educational goals set by NCLB . Congress acknowledged these funding decreases and retroactively provided the funds to cover shortfalls , but without the guarantee of permanent aid . The number one area where funding was cut from the national budget was in Title I funding for disadvantaged students and schools . State Education budgets ( edit ) According to the book NCLB Meets School Realities , the act was put into action during a time of fiscal crisis for most states . While states were being forced to make budget cuts , including in the area of education , they had to incur additional expenses to comply with the requirements of the NCLB Act . The funding they received from the federal government in support of NCLB was not enough to cover the added expense necessary to adhere to the new law . Proposals for reform ( edit ) The Joint Organizational Statement on No Child Left Behind is a proposal by more than 135 national civil rights , education , disability advocacy , civic , labor , and religious groups that have signed on to a statement calling for major changes to the federal education law . The National Center for Fair & Open Testing ( FairTest ) initiated and chaired the meetings that produced the statement , originally released in October 2004 . The statement 's central message is that `` the law 's emphasis needs to shift from applying sanctions for failing to raise test scores to holding states and localities accountable for making the systemic changes that improve student achievement . '' The number of organizations signing the statement has nearly quadrupled since it was launched in late 2004 and continues to grow . The goal is to influence Congress , and the broader public , as the law 's scheduled reauthorization approaches . Education critic Alfie Kohn argues that the NCLB law is `` unredeemable '' and should be scrapped . He is quoted saying `` ( I ) ts main effect has been to sentence poor children to an endless regimen of test - preparation drills '' . In February 2007 , former Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson and Georgia Governor Roy Barnes , Co-Chairs of the Aspen Commission on No Child Left Behind , announced the release of the Commission 's final recommendations for the reauthorization of the No Child Left Behind Act . The Commission is an independent , bipartisan effort to improve NCLB and ensure it is a more useful force in closing the achievement gap that separates disadvantaged children and their peers . After a year of hearings , analysis , and research , the Commission uncovered the successes of NCLB , as well as provisions that must be significantly changed . The Commission 's goals are : Have effective teachers for all students , effective principals for all communities Accelerate progress and achievement gaps closed through improved accountability Move beyond status quo to effective school improvement and student options Have fair and accurate assessments of student progress Have high standards for every student in every state Ensure high schools prepare students for college and the workplace Drive progress through reliable , accurate data Encourage parental involvement and empowerment The Forum on Educational Accountability ( FEA ) , a working group of signers of the Joint Organizational Statement on NCLB has offered an alternative proposal . It proposes to shift NCLB from applying sanctions for failing to raise test scores to supporting state and communities and holding them accountable as they make systemic changes that improve student learning . While many critics and policymakers believe the NCLB legislation has major flaws , it appears the policy will be in effect for the long - term , though not without major modifications . President Barack Obama released a blueprint for reform of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act , the successor to No Child Left Behind , in March 2010 . Specific revisions include providing funds for states to implement a broader range of assessments to evaluate advanced academic skills , including students ' abilities to conduct research , use technology , engage in scientific investigation , solve problems , and communicate effectively . In addition , Obama proposes that the NCLB legislation lessen its stringent accountability punishments to states by focusing more on student improvement . Improvement measures would encompass assessing all children appropriately , including English language learners , minorities , and special needs students . The school system would be re-designed to consider measures beyond reading and math tests ; and would promote incentives to keep students enrolled in school through graduation , rather than encouraging student drop - out to increase AYP scores . Obama 's objectives also entail lowering the achievement gap between Black and White students and also increasing the federal budget by $3 billion to help schools meet the strict mandates of the bill . There has also been a proposal , put forward by the Obama administration , that states increase their academic standards after a dumbing down period , focus on re-classifying schools that have been labeled as failing , and develop a new evaluation process for teachers and educators . The federal government 's gradual investment in public social provisions provides the NCLB Act a forum to deliver on its promise to improve achievement for all of its students . Education critics argue that although the legislation is marked as an improvement to the ESEA in de-segregating the quality of education in schools , it is actually harmful . The legislation has become virtually the only federal social policy meant to address wide - scale social inequities , and its policy features inevitably stigmatize both schools attended by children of the poor and children in general . Moreover , critics further argue that the current political landscape of this country , which favors market - based solutions to social and economic problems , has eroded trust in public institutions and has undermined political support for an expansive concept of social responsibility , which subsequently results in a disinvestment in the education of the poor and privatization of American schools . Skeptics posit that NCLB provides distinct political advantages to Democrats , whose focus on accountability offers a way for them to speak of equal opportunity and avoid being classified as the party of big government , special interests , and minority groups -- a common accusation from Republicans who want to discredit what they see as the traditional Democratic agenda . Opponents posit that NCLB has inadvertently shifted the debate on education and racial inequality to traditional political alliances . Consequently , major political discord remains between those who oppose federal oversight of state and local practices and those who view NCLB in terms of civil rights and educational equality . In the plan , the Obama Administration responds to critiques that standardized testing fails to capture higher level thinking by outlining new systems of evaluation to capture more in depth assessments on student achievement . His plan came on the heels of the announcement of the Race to the Top initiative , a $4.35 billion reform program financed by the Department of Education through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 . Obama says that accurate assessments `` ... can be used to accurately measure student growth ; to better measure how states , districts , schools , principals , and teachers are educating students ; to help teachers adjust and focus their teaching , and to provide better information to students and their families . '' He has pledged to support state governments in their efforts to improve standardized test provisions by upgrading the standards they are set to measure . To do this , the federal government gives states grants to help develop and implement assessments based on higher standards so they can more accurately measure school progress . This mirrors provisions in the Race to the Top program that require states to measure individual achievement through sophisticated data collection from kindergarten to higher education . While Obama plans to improve the quality of standardized testing , he does not plan to eliminate the testing requirements and accountability measures produced by standardized tests . Rather , he provides additional resources and flexibility to meet new goals . Critics of Obama 's reform efforts maintain that high - stakes testing is detrimental to school success across the country , because it encourages teachers to `` teach to the test '' and places undue pressure on teachers and schools if they fail to meet benchmarks . The re-authorization process has become somewhat of a controversy , as lawmakers and politicians continually debate about the changes that must be made to the bill to make it work best for the educational system . Waivers ( edit ) In 2012 , President Obama granted waivers from NCLB requirements to several states . `` In exchange for that flexibility , those states ' have agreed to raise standards , improve accountability , and undertake essential reforms to improve teacher effectiveness , ' the White House said in a statement . '' February 9 , 2012 -- Colorado , Florida , Georgia , Indiana , Kentucky , Massachusetts , Minnesota , New Jersey , Oklahoma , and Tennessee February 15 , 2012 -- New Mexico May 29 , 2012 -- Connecticut , Delaware , Louisiana , Maryland , New York , North Carolina , Ohio , and Rhode Island June 29 , 2012 -- Arkansas , Missouri , South Dakota , Utah , and Virginia July 6 , 2012 -- Washington and Wisconsin Eight of the 32 NCLB waivers granted to states are conditional , meaning those states have not entirely satisfied the administration 's requirements and part of their plans are under review . The waivers of Arizona , Oregon , and Kansas are conditional , according to Acting Assistant Secretary for Elementary and Secondary Education Michael Yudin . Arizona has not yet received state board approval for teacher evaluations , and Kansas and Oregon are both still developing teacher and principal evaluation guidelines . In addition , five states that did not complete the waiver process -- and one whose application was rejected -- got a one - year freeze on the rising targets for standardized test scores : Alabama , Alaska , Idaho , Iowa , Maine , and West Virginia . Replacement ( edit ) On April 30 , 2015 , a bill was introduced to Congress to replace the No Child Left Behind Act , the Every Student Succeeds Act , which was passed by the House on December 2 and the Senate on December 9 , before being signed into law by President Obama on December 10 , 2015 . This bill affords states more flexibility in regards to setting their own respective standards for measuring school as well as student performance . See also ( edit ) Annenberg Foundation via Annenberg School Reform Institute Major Supporter of Program Campbell 's law Edison Schools Education policy English immersion resources for immigrant students FairTest Learning disability List of standardized tests in the United States Mental health provisions in Title V of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 Ohio Graduation Test Prairie State Achievement Examination Race to the Top School Improvement Grant Stanford Achievement Test Series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pub. L. 107 -- 110 , 115 Stat. 1425 , enacted January 8 , 2002 . Jump up ^ The Elementary and Secondary Education Act ( The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 ) ^ Jump up to : `` No Child Left Behind : An Overview '' . Education Week . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` No Child Left Behind '' . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` To close the achievement gap with accountability , flexibility , and choice , so that no child is left behind '' . Library of Congress . 2001 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Lyndsey Layton , `` Obama signs new K -- 12 education law that ends No Child Left Behind '' Washington Post Dec 11 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Hirschfeld Davis , Julie ( 10 December 2015 ) . `` President Obama Signs Into Law a Rewrite of No Child Left Behind '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Actions Overview H.R. 1 -- 107th Congress ( 2001 - 2002 ) '' . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Dillon , Erin & Rotherham , Andy . `` States ' Evidence : What It Means to Make ' Adequate Yearly Progress ' Under NCLB '' Archived 2010 - 01 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Linn , Robert L. ; Eva L. Baker ; Damian W Betebenner ( Aug -- Sep 2002 ) . `` Accountability Systems : Implications of Requirements of the No Child Left behind Act of 2001 '' . Educational Researcher. 31 ( 6 ) : 3 -- 16 . doi : 10.3102 / 0013189x031006003 . JSTOR 3594432 . Jump up ^ http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2003/04/23/32recruit.h22.html Jump up ^ Beghetto , R. ( 2003 ) Scientifically Based Research . ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Citation needed Jump up ^ Hanushek , Eric A. ; Steven G. Rivkin ( Summer 2010 ) . `` The Quality and Distribution of Teachers under the No Child Left Behind Act '' . The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 24 ( 3 ) : 133 -- 50 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 24.3. 133 . JSTOR 20799159 . Jump up ^ See the analyses of NAEP results in Martin Carnoy and Susanna Loeb , `` Does external accountability affect student outcomes ? A cross-state analysis , '' Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 24 , no . 4 ( Winter 2002 ) : 305 -- 31 , and Eric A. Hanushek and Margaret E. Raymond , `` Does school accountability lead to improved student performance ? '' Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 24 , no . 2 ( Spring 2005 ) : 297 -- 327 . Jump up ^ Center on Education Policy , Answering the Question That Matters Most : Has Student Achievement Increased Since No Child Left Behind ? Washington : Center on Education Policy , June 2007 ) . Jump up ^ List of articles regarding NCLB debate Jump up ^ ( 2006 ) No Child Left Behind Act Is Working Department of Education . Retrieved 6 / 7 / 07 . Jump up ^ Linda Perlstein , Tested Jump up ^ Dee , Thomas ; Jacob , Brian . `` Evaluating No Child Left Behind '' . Jump up ^ ( nd ) High - Stakes Assessments in Reading Archived 2006 - 08 - 27 at the Wayback Machine ... International Reading Association . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Learning about Teaching : Initial Findings from the Measuring Effective Teaching Program '' . Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation . December 2010 . Lay summary -- The Los Angeles Times ( 11 December 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Wiggins , G. & McTighe , J. ( 2005 ) . Understanding by design , 2nd Edition . ASCD . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4166 - 0035 - 0 . pp. 42 -- 43 Jump up ^ ( nd ) What 's Wrong With Standardized Testing ? FairTest.org . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Carey , Kevin ( 24 May 2011 ) . `` Growth Models and Accountability : A Recipe for Remaking ESEA '' . Education Sector . Jump up ^ ( nd ) New study confirms vast differences in state goals for academic ' proficiency ' under NCLB . South Carolina Department of Education . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 2007 ) Congress To Weigh ' No Child Left Behind ' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mapping 2005 state proficiency standards onto the NAEP scales '' . NCES 2007 - 482 . National Center for Education Statistics . June 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Mizell , H ( 2003 ) . `` NCLB : Conspiracy , Compliance , or Creativity ? '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Legislation and Education in New York State 2005 : No Child Left Behind Act '' . New York State Education Agency . 2005 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` NPR and Newshour 2008 Election Map : More about Wisconsin '' . Jump up ^ United States . Public Law 107 - 110 . 107th Congress , 2002 . Jump up ^ Beveridge , T. ( 2010 ) . No Child Left Behind and Fine Arts Classes . Arts Education Policy Review , 111 ( 1 ) , 4 -- 7 . doi : 10.1080 / 10632910903228090 . Jump up ^ Grey , A. ( 2010 ) . No Child Left Behind in Art Education Policy : A Review of Key Recommendations for Arts Language Revisions . Arts Education Policy Review , 111 ( 1 ) , 8 -- 15 . doi : 10.1080 / 10632910903228132 . Jump up ^ Pederson , P. ( 2007 ) . What Is Measured Is Treasured : The Impact of the No Child Left Behind Act on Nonassessed Subjects . Clearing House , 80 ( 6 ) , 287 -- 91 . Retrieved from Education Research Complete database Jump up ^ Reville , Paul ( October 2007 ) . `` Stop the Narrowing of the Curriculum By ' Right - Sizing ' School Time '' . Education Week 24 ( Academic Search Premier . EBSCO. Web ) . Jump up ^ Jack Jennings and Diane Stark Rentner , Ten Big Effects of the No Child Left Behind Act on Public Schools , Phi Delta Kappan , Vol. 88 , No. 02 , October 2006 , pp. 110 -- 13 Jump up ^ Kathy Speregen , `` Physical Education in America 's Public Schools '' UMich.edu Jump up ^ David R. Williams1 , Mark B. McClellan and Alice M. Rivlin , `` Beyond The Affordable Care Act : Achieving Real Improvements In Americans ' Health '' Health Affairs August 2010 29 : 81481 -- 88 Jump up ^ Hillman et al. 2005 ; CDE , 2001 Jump up ^ Marx , Ronald W. ; Christopher J. Harris ( May 2006 ) . `` No Child Left Behind and Science Education : Opportunities , Challenges , and Risks '' . The Elementary School Journal . 106 ( 5 ) : 467 -- 78 . doi : 10.1086 / 505441 . JSTOR 10.1086 / 505441 . Jump up ^ Holland , R. ( 2004 ) Critics are many , but law has solid public support . School Reform News . March 1 , 2004 . The Heartland Institute . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Cloud , John . Are We Failing Our Geniuses ? from Time , July 27 , 2007 , pp 40 -- 46 . Retrieved April 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Charles ( 2007 ) . `` Education , Intelligence , and America 's Future '' . Columbia International Affairs Online : 5 -- via CIAO . Jump up ^ Times Watchdog Report : No Child Left Behind on the way out , but not anytime soon . Retrieved August 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Articles & Commentary Jump up ^ Marler , David ( 2011 ) . `` St. Louis Public Schools '' . Jump up ^ ( 2004 ) Bush Education Ad : Going Positive , Selectively Archived 2008 - 01 - 07 at the Wayback Machine ... FactCheck.org . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Meier and Woods , D. and G. ( 2004 ) . Many Children Left Behind : How the No Child Left Behind Act Is Damaging Our Children and Our Schools . Boston : Beacon Press . p. 36 . ISBN 0 - 8070 - 0459 - 6 . Jump up ^ EdAccountability.org website . Jump up ^ `` Doing Your Homework : Answering Questions about Support for NCLB by Sue Heath -- Wrightslaw '' . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` VDOE : : No Child Left Behind -- NCLB , Understanding AYP '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Terminology '' Virginia Department of Education website Jump up ^ Harper , Liz . `` No Child Left Behind 's Impact on Specialized Education '' . Online NewsHour . August 21 , 2005 . pbs.org/newshour. 20 February 2009 . Jump up ^ No Child Left Behind Act # Provisions of the act Jump up ^ `` Building The Legacy of IDEA 2004 '' . Idea.ed.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Individuals with Disabilities Education Act # Alignment with No Child Left Behind Jump up ^ `` Reauthorized Statute Alignment With the No Child Left Behind Act '' ( PDF ) . IDEA . Jump up ^ `` Building The Legacy of IDEA 2004 '' . Idea.ed.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ American Youth Policy Forum ; Educational Policy Institute . No Child Left Behind : Improving Educational Outcomes for Students with Disabilities ( PDF ) . National Council on Disability . pp. 7 -- 8 . 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'' Cassandra Cole , http://www.ceep.indiana.edu/projects/PDF/PB_V4N11_Fall_2006_NCLB_dis.pdf Archived 2012 - 04 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Cassandro Cole , Interview w / Newsroom Indiana University , http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/4379.html Jump up ^ The Impact of No Child Left Behind on IDEA 's Guarantee of Free , Appropriate Public Education for Students with Disabilities : A Critical Review of Recent Case Law , http://www.luc.edu/law/academics/special/center/child/childed_forum/pdfs/2009_student_papers/kraus_impact_no_child.pdf Archived 2012 - 01 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ p. 5 , The Impact of No Child Left Behind on IDEA 's Guarantee of Free , Appropriate Public Education for Students with Disabilities : A Critical Review of Recent Case Law , http://www.luc.edu/law/academics/special/center/child/childed_forum/pdfs/2009_student_papers/kraus_impact_no_child.pdf Archived 2012 - 01 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Charting the Course : States Decide Major Provisions Under No Child Left Behind '' . U.S. Department of Education . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Crawford , J. ( nd ) No Child Left Behind : Misguided Approach to School Accountability for English Language Learners Archived 2013 - 04 - 08 at the Wayback Machine ... National Association for Bilingual Education . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Native American Languages Act : Twenty Years Later , Has It Made a Difference ? '' . Cultural Survival . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Owens , A. , & Sunderman , G.L. ( 2006 ) . School Accountability under NCLB : Aid or Obstacle for Measuring Racial Equity ? Cambridge , MA : Civil Rights Project at Harvard University . Jump up ^ Knaus , Christopher . ( 2007 ) . Still Segregated Still Unequal : Analyzing the Impact of No Child Left Behind on African American Students . University of California , Berkeley : National Urban League . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Education : The Condition of Education 2006 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of Education , Fiscal Year 2009 Budget Proposal ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Education , Fiscal Year 2005 Budget Proposal Jump up ^ `` Archived : Introduction : No Child Left Behind '' . US Department of Education . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` No Child Left Behind : An Overview '' . Education Week . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Support the Enhancing Education Through Technology Program Restore Funding to $496 million FY 05 Level '' ( PDF ) . Software & Information Industry Association ( SIIA ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Archived : Introduction : No Child Left Behind '' . US Department of Education . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Education , Fiscal Year 2007 Budget Proposal ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of Education , Elementary and Secondary Education Act Budget Table . 2006 . 7 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Frontline . Testing Our Schools '' . Jump up ^ ( nd ) Leaving No Child Left Behind : States charged with implementing Bush 's national education plan balk at the cost of compliance . The American Conservative . Retrieved 6 / 7 / 07 . Jump up ^ `` Bush Education Ad : Going Positive , Selectively '' . FactCheck. 2004 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ ( nd ) Funding Archived 2006 - 10 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... American Federation of Teachers . Retrieved 6 / 7 / 07 . Jump up ^ Center for American Progress The Targets of Bush 's Education Cuts . Jump up ^ National Center for Education Statistics , Digest of Education Statistics 2007 Jump up ^ Monitor Overview Jump up ^ `` Funding Stagnant for No Child Left Behind Program '' . NPR. 2007 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived November 20 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Sunderman , Gail L. ; James S. Kim ; Gary Orfield ( 2005 ) . NCLB meets school realities : lessons from the field . Corwin Press . p. 10 . ISBN 1 - 4129 - 1555 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Joint Organizational Statement on No Child Left Behind ( NCLB ) Act '' . 2004 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ NCLB : ' Too Destructive to Salvage ' , USA Today , May 31 , 2007 . Retrieved 6 / 7 / 07 . Jump up ^ Beyond NCLB : Fulfilling the Promise to Our Nation 's Children Archived 2007 - 06 - 08 at the Wayback Machine. , February , 2007 . Retrieved 6 / 8 / 07 . Jump up ^ `` Forum on Educational Accountability '' . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Weinstein , A. `` Obama on No Child Left Behind Act '' , `` Education.com , Inc . '' ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Dillon , Sam . `` No Child Left Behind Act '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Lowe , R. and Kantor , H. ( 2006 ) . From New Deal to No Deal : No Child Left Behind Act and the Devolution of Responsibility for Equal Opportunity. 76 : 4 . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard Educational Review . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of Education `` ESEA Blueprint for Reform '' , ( 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Lohman , J. `` Comparing No Child Left Behind and Race to the Top . '' , `` OLR Research Report '' ( 4 June 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Russell Chaddock , G. `` Obama 's No Child Left Behind Revise : A Little More Flexibility '' , `` The Christian Science Monitor '' . ( 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Ravitch , D. `` Dictating to the Schools : A Look at the Effects of the Bush and Obama Administrations on Schools '' Archived 2011 - 08 - 10 at the Wayback Machine. , `` Virginia Journal of Education '' . ( November 2010 ) . Jump up ^ `` NCLB 's Lost Decade Report '' . FairTest. 2011 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Obama to push ' No Child Left Behind ' overhaul '' . CNN . March 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2012 . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 07 / 19 / 2012 12 : 01 am Updated : 08 / 13 / 2012 11 : 04 am ( July 19 , 2012 ) . `` No Child Left Behind Waivers Granted To 33 U.S. States , Some With Strings Attached '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lamar , Sen Alexander ( 2015 - 04 - 30 ) . `` S. 1177 114th Congress ( 2015 -- 2016 ) : Every Student Succeeds Act '' . congress.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Libby . `` Congress is getting rid of No Child Left Behind . Here 's what will replace it '' . Vox . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 29 . Further reading ( edit ) Mcguinn , Patrick J. No Child Left Behind And the Transformation of Federal Education Policy , 1965 -- 2005 ( 2006 ) excerpt and text search Rhodes , Jesse H. An Education in Politics : The Origins and Evolution of No Child Left Behind ( Cornell University Press ; 2012 ) 264 pages ; explores role of civil - rights activists , business leaders , and education experts in passing the legislation . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 Lewis , T. ( 2010 ) . Obama Administration to Push for NCLB Reauthorization This Year . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Klein , A. ( 2015 ) . No Child Left Behind : An Overview . Education Week . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Klein , A. ( 2015 ) . ESEA 's 50 - Year Legacy a Blend of Idealism , Policy Tensions . Education Week . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Klein , A. ( 2015 ) . The Nation 's Main K -- 12 Law : A Timeline of the ESEA . Education Week . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . No Child Left Behind news . Education Week . Brenneman , R. ( 2015 ) . Rebranding No Child Left Behind a Tough Marketing Call . Education Week . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Government NCLB Desktop Reference ( online version , includes Microsoft documents and PDF links ) Remarks by President Bush at signing ceremony President Discusses No Child Left Behind and High School Initiatives , Speech text and video , January 12 , 2005 Interest groups National Education Association ' No Child Left Behind ' / ESEA ( NEA 's position ) `` No Child Left '' site and journal opposed to NCLB and highly critical of its approach to schools . AAUW 's Position Paper on No Child Left Behind NCLB and Children with Disabilities National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities NICHCY Historian Diane Ravitch : No Child Left Behind Has Left US Schools with Legacy of `` Institutionalized Fraud '' -- video by Democracy Now ! <Th_colspan="3"> George W. 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1. No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 2. Education reform 3. Standardized testing 4. Accountability in schools 5. Effects on teachers and students

who was named sexiest man alive the most times

People ( magazine ) - wikipedia People ( magazine ) Jump to : navigation , search For the Spanish - language version , see People en Español . For the Australian magazine , see People ( Australian magazine ) . People <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> The November 28 , 2016 , edition of People . Editor Jess Cagle Categories Celebrity , human interest , news Total circulation ( 2013 ) 3,527,541 First issue March 4 , 1974 ; 43 years ago ( 1974 - 03 - 04 ) Company Time Inc . Country United States Language English Website www.people.com ISSN 0093 - 7673 People is an American weekly magazine of celebrity and human - interest stories , published by Time Inc . With a readership of 46.6 million adults , People has the largest audience of any American magazine . People had $997 million in advertising revenue in 2011 , the highest advertising revenue of any American magazine . In 2006 , it had a circulation of 3.75 million and revenue expected to top $1.5 billion . It was named `` Magazine of the Year '' by Advertising Age in October 2005 , for excellence in editorial , circulation and advertising . People ranked # 6 on Advertising Age 's annual `` A-list '' and # 3 on Adweek 's `` Brand Blazers '' list in October 2006 . The magazine runs a roughly 50 / 50 mix of celebrity and human - interest articles . People 's editors claim to refrain from printing pure celebrity gossip , enough to lead celebrity publicists to propose exclusives to the magazine , and evidence of what one staffer calls a `` publicist - friendly strategy '' . People 's website , People.com , focuses on celebrity news and human interest stories . In February 2015 , the website broke a new record : 72 million unique visitors . People is perhaps best known for its yearly special issues naming the `` World 's Most Beautiful , '' `` Best & Worst Dressed '' and `` Sexiest Man Alive '' . The magazine 's headquarters are in New York and it maintains editorial bureaus in Los Angeles and in London . For economic reasons it closed bureaus in Austin , Miami , and Chicago in 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Teen People 1.2 Competition for celebrity photos 1.3 Sexiest Man Alive 1.4 Sexiest Woman Alive 1.5 Most Intriguing People of the Year 1.6 100 Most Beautiful People 1.6. 1 Number Ones of Most Beautiful People 2 Notes 3 External links History ( edit ) The concept for People has been attributed to Andrew Heiskell , Time Inc. 's chief executive officer at the time and the former publisher of the weekly Life magazine . The founding managing editor of People was Richard B. ( Dick ) Stolley , a former assistant managing editor at Life and the journalist who acquired the Zapruder tapes of the John F. Kennedy assassination for Time Inc. in 1963 . People 's first publisher was Richard J. ( Dick ) Durrell , another Time Inc. veteran . Stolley characterized the magazine as `` getting back to the people who are causing the news and who are caught up in it , or deserve to be in it . Our focus is on people , not issues . '' Stolley 's almost religious determination to keep the magazine people - focused contributed significantly to its rapid early success . It is said that although Time Inc. pumped an estimated $40 million into the venture , the magazine only broke even 18 months after its debut in March 1974 . Initially , the magazine was sold primarily on newsstands and in supermarkets . To get the magazine out each week , founding staff members regularly slept on the floor of their offices two or three nights each week and severely limited all non-essential outside engagements . The premier edition for the week ending March 4 , 1974 featured actress Mia Farrow , then starring in the film The Great Gatsby , on the cover . That issue also featured stories on Gloria Vanderbilt , Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and the wives of U.S. Vietnam veterans who were Missing In Action . The magazine was , apart from its cover , printed in black - and - white . The initial cover price was 35 cents ( equivalent to $1.70 in 2016 ) . The core of the small founding editorial team included other editors , writers , photographers and photo editors from Life magazine , which had ceased publication just 13 months earlier . This group included managing editor Stolley , senior editors Hal Wingo ( father of ESPN anchor Trey Wingo ) , Sam Angeloff ( the founding managing editor of Us magazine ) and Robert Emmett Ginna ( later a producer of films ) ; writers James Watters ( a theater reviewer ) and Ronald B. Scott ( later a biographer of Presidential candidate Mitt Romney ) ; former Time senior editor Richard Burgheim ( later the founder of Time 's ill - fated cable television magazine View ) ; Chief of Photography , a Life photographer , John Loengard , to be succeeded by John Dominus , a noteworthy Life staff photographer ; and design artist Bernard Waber , author and illustrator of the Lyle The Crocodile book series for children . Many of the noteworthy Life photographers contributed to the magazine as well , including legends Alfred Eisenstaedt and Gjon Mili and rising stars Co Rentmeester , David Burnett and Bill Eppridge . Other members of the first editorial staff included editors and writers : Ross Drake , Ralph Novak , Bina Bernard , James Jerome , Sally Moore , Mary Vespa , Lee Wohlfert , Joy Wansley , Curt Davis , Clare Crawford - Mason , and Jed Horne , later an editor of The Times - Picayune in New Orleans . In 1996 , Time Inc. launched a Spanish - language magazine entitled People en Español . The company has said that the new publication emerged after a 1995 issue of the original magazine was distributed with two distinct covers , one featuring the murdered Tejano singer Selena and the other featuring the hit television series Friends ; the Selena cover sold out while the other did not . Although the original idea was that Spanish - language translations of articles from the English magazine would comprise half the content , People en Español over time came to have entirely original content . In 2002 , People introduced People Stylewatch , a title focusing on celebrity style , fashion , and beauty -- a newsstand extension of its Stylewatch column . Due to its success , the frequency of People Stylewatch was increased to 10 times per year in 2007 . In Australia , the localized version of People is titled Who because of a pre-existing lad 's mag published under the title People . The international edition of People has been published in Greece since 2010 . On July 26 , 2013 , Outlook Group announced that it was closing down the Indian edition of People , which began publication in 2008 . In December 2016 , LaTavia Roberson engaged in a feud with People after alleging they misquoted and misrepresented her interview online . Teen People ( edit ) Teen People <Td_colspan="2"> Teen People cover , April 2006 Managing Editor Niraj Biswal Barbara O'Dair Categories Celebrity Frequency Monthly First issue February 1998 Final issue September 2006 Company Time Inc . ( Time Warner ) Country United States Language English ISSN 1096 - 2832 In 1998 , the magazine introduced a version targeted at teens , called Teen People . However , on July 27 , 2006 the company announced that it would shut down publication of Teen People immediately . The last issue to be released was scheduled for September 2006 . In exchange subscribers to this magazine received Entertainment Weekly for the rest of their subscriptions . There were numerous reasons cited for the publication shutdown , including a downfall in ad pages , competition from both other teen - oriented magazines and the internet , along with a decrease in circulation numbers . Teenpeople.com was merged into People.com in April 2007 . People.com will `` carry teen - focused stories that are branded as TeenPeople.com '' , Mark Golin , the editor of People.com explained , and on the decision to merge the brands he said , `` We 've got traffic on TeenPeople , People is a larger site , why not combine and have the teen traffic going to one place ? '' Competition for celebrity photos ( edit ) In a July 2006 Variety article , Janice Min , Us Weekly editor - in - chief , blamed People for the increase in cost to publishers of celebrity photos : They are among the largest spenders of celebrity photos in the industry ... One of the first things they ever did , that led to the jacking up of photo prices , was to pay $75,000 to buy pictures of Jennifer Lopez reading Us magazine , so Us Weekly could n't buy them . That was the watershed moment that kicked off high photo prices in my mind . I had never seen anything like it . But they saw a competitor come along , and responded . It was a business move , and probably a smart one . People reportedly paid $4.1 million for photos of newborn Shiloh Nouvel Jolie - Pitt , the child of Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt . The photos set a single - day traffic record for their website , attracting 26.5 million page views . Sexiest Man Alive ( edit ) The annual feature the `` Sexiest Man Alive '' is billed as a benchmark of male attractiveness and typically includes only famous people and celebrities . It is determined using a procedure similar to the procedure used for Time 's Person of the Year . The origin of the title was a discussion on a planned story on Mel Gibson . Someone exclaimed , `` Oh my God , he is the sexiest man alive ! '' And someone else said , `` You should use that as a cover line . '' For the first decade or so , the feature appeared at uneven intervals . Originally awarded in the wintertime , it shifted around the calendar , resulting in gaps as short as seven months and as long as a year and a half ( with no selection at all during 1994 , however 21 years later People selected Keanu Reeves to fill the 1994 gap , the runners up for that year included Hugh Grant and Jim Carrey ) . Since 1997 , the dates have settled between mid-November and early December . Dates of magazine issues , winners , ages of winners at the time of selection , and pertinent comments are listed below . As of 2016 , John F. Kennedy , Jr. and Patrick Swayze are the only winners to have died since winning . Kennedy , Adam Levine , David Beckham and Blake Shelton are the only non-actors to have won the award . Year Choice Age 000000001985 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 1985 Mel Gibson 29 000000001986 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1986 Mark Harmon 34 000000001987 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 1987 Harry Hamlin 35 000000001988 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 , 1988 John F. Kennedy , Jr . 27 000000001989 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1989 Sean Connery 59 000000001990 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 1990 Tom Cruise 28 000000001991 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22 , 1991 Patrick Swayze 38 000000001992 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 1992 Nick Nolte 51 000000001993 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 1993 Richard Gere ( 1 ) and Cindy Crawford ( Sexiest Couple Alive ) 44 ( awarded on 000000002015 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2015 ) Keanu Reeves 30 ( at the time ) 000000001995 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1995 Brad Pitt ( 1 ) 31 000000001996 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 , 1996 Denzel Washington 41 000000001997 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 1997 George Clooney ( 1 ) 36 000000001998 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 1998 Harrison Ford 56 000000001999 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1999 Richard Gere ( 2 ) 50 000000002000 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2000 Brad Pitt ( 2 ) 36 000000002001 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 2001 Pierce Brosnan 48 000000002002 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2002 Ben Affleck 30 000000002003 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2003 Johnny Depp ( 1 ) 40 000000002004 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2004 Jude Law 31 000000002005 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2005 Matthew McConaughey 36 000000002006 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27 , 2006 George Clooney ( 2 ) 45 000000002007 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 2007 Matt Damon 37 000000002008 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 2008 Hugh Jackman 40 000000002009 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2009 Johnny Depp ( 2 ) 46 000000002010 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2010 Ryan Reynolds 34 000000002011 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2011 Bradley Cooper 36 000000002012 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2012 Channing Tatum 32 000000002013 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 2013 Adam Levine 34 000000002014 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 2014 Chris Hemsworth 31 000000002015 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2015 David Beckham 40 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 Dwayne Johnson 44 000000002017 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27 , 2017 Blake Shelton 41 Sexiest Woman Alive ( edit ) See also : Sexiest Woman Alive ( Esquire magazine ) In December 2014 , People selected its first and only Sexiest Woman Alive . No later People Sexiest Woman of the Year were announced . Cindy Crawford alongside Richard Gere had been declared `` Sexiest Couple of the Year '' on October 19 , 1993 as a departure from the magazine 's annual `` Sexiest Man of the Year '' award . Year Choice Age 000000002014 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 2014 Kate Upton 25 Most Intriguing People of the Year ( edit ) At the end of each year People magazine famously selects 25 news - making individuals or couples who have received a lot of media attention over the past 12 months and showcases them in a special year - end issue , the ' 25 Most Intriguing People of the Year ' . This series of full - page features and half - page featurettes includes world leaders and political activists , famous actors and entertainers , elite athletes , prominent business people , accomplished scientists and occasionally members of the public whose stories have made an unusual impact in news or tabloid media . 100 Most Beautiful People ( edit ) People 's 100 Most Beautiful People is an annual list of 100 people judged to be the most beautiful individuals in the world . Until 2006 , it was the 50 Most Beautiful People . Julia Roberts holds the record for most times named , with five . Michelle Pfeiffer and Jennifer Aniston have appeared twice . Number Ones of Most Beautiful People ( edit ) Year Name Age 000000001990 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1990 Michelle Pfeiffer ( 1 ) 32 000000001991 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 1991 Julia Roberts ( 1 ) 23 000000001992 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 1992 Jodie Foster 29 000000001993 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 1993 Cindy Crawford 27 000000001994 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 1994 Meg Ryan 32 000000001995 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 1995 Courteney Cox 30 000000001996 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 1996 Mel Gibson 40 000000001997 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1997 Tom Cruise 34 000000001998 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1998 Leonardo DiCaprio 23 000000001999 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 1999 Michelle Pfeiffer ( 2 ) 41 000000002000 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 2000 Julia Roberts ( 2 ) 32 000000002001 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 2001 Catherine Zeta - Jones 31 000000002002 - 05 - 13 - 0000 May 13 , 2002 Nicole Kidman 34 000000002003 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 2003 Halle Berry 36 000000002004 - 05 - 30 - 0000 May 30 , 2004 Jennifer Aniston ( 1 ) 35 000000002005 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 2005 Julia Roberts ( 3 ) 37 000000002006 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2006 Angelina Jolie 30 000000002007 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2007 Drew Barrymore 32 000000002008 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2008 Kate Hudson 29 000000002009 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 2009 Christina Applegate 37 000000002010 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 2010 Julia Roberts ( 4 ) 42 000000002011 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 2011 Jennifer Lopez 41 000000002012 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2012 Beyoncé Knowles 30 000000002013 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2013 Gwyneth Paltrow 40 000000002014 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2014 Lupita Nyong'o 31 000000002015 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 2015 Sandra Bullock 50 000000002016 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2016 Jennifer Aniston ( 2 ) 47 000000002017 - 04 - 19 - 0000 April 19 , 2017 Julia Roberts ( 5 ) 49 Notes ( edit ) ^ a : The ratio , according to Variety , is 53 % to 47 % . Jump up ^ Pompeo , Joe ( January 10 , 2014 ) . `` Time Inc. shake - up '' . Capital New York . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Consumer Magazines '' . Alliance for Audited Media . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnston - Greene , Chandra ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` AARP Shows Largest Growth in Readership '' . Folio Magazine . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Flamm , Matthew ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` Magazines eke out gains in 2011 '' . Crain 's New York Business . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : People who need people , a July 2006 article from Variety magazine . ^ Jump up to : Martha Nelson Named Editor , The People Group , a January 2006 Time Warner press release . Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. ( February 19 , 2007 ) . `` Old Media Partying With Oscar Online '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Media Industry News letter , March 2006 Jump up ^ `` The Press : People 's Premiere '' . Time . March 14 , 1974 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Magazine '' . Cosmopolitan. 188 : 206 . 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Grad Named Head of People en Español '' Archived January 3 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine ... Tufts University . February 29 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Outlook to close down international titles - People , Geo and Marie Claire '' . Best Media Info . July 26 , 2013 . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nikhil Pahwa ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` On The State Of The Magazine Industry In India ; Outlook Shuts Three Magazines '' . MediaNama . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://people.com/music/latavia-roberson-miscarriage-memoir-i-am-latavia-cover/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Former Destiny 's Child Member LaTavia Roberson Has a Bone to Pick With People Magazine '' . BET.com . Jump up ^ `` Ousted Destiny 's Child Member LaTavia Roberson Is Pretty Pissed About An Interview She Gave '' . Oxygen. 29 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tweens , Teens , and Magazines '' ( PDF ) . Kaiser Family Foundation . January 2013 . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teen People magazine closes , but website will still continue '' . The New York Times . July 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Medialifemagazine.com ' ' '' . Medialifemagazine.com . July 26 , 2006 . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TeenPeople.com to Merge Into People.com '' . Mediaweek. April 11 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Argetsinger , Amy ; Roberts , Roxanne ( November 19 , 2007 ) . `` Matt Damon ? ? ! ! ! We Demand to Differ ! '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` All the Sexiest Man Alive Covers : 1986 '' . People . November 3 , 2009 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ In 1993 , People named Gere and Crawford the `` Sexiest Couple Alive '' instead of naming a sexiest man . `` Sexiest Men Alive : A Hardy Breed with Perennial Appeal , Our Anointed Hunks Look as Good Today as Yesterday '' . People . November 17 , 1997 . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` An Annotated Deep Dive into the Majesty of Matthew McConaughey 's 2005 Sexiest Man Alive Interview '' . people.com . People Magazine . 2005 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` George Clooney Named PEOPLE 's Sexiest Man Alive '' . people.com . People Magazine . 2006 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Damon : The Sexiest Man Alive '' . people.com . People Magazine . 2007 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Jackman : The Sexiest Man Alive '' . people.com . People Magazine . 2008 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 's Sexiest Man Alive : Johnny Depp '' . people.com . People Magazine . 2009 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sexiest Man Alive 2010 : Ryan Reynolds '' . people.com . People Magazine . 2010 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bradley Cooper Named Sexiest Man Alive '' . Access Hollywood . November 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jen Chaney ( November 14 , 2012 ) . `` Channing Tatum , as expected , is People 's Sexiest Man Alive 2012 '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Jordan , Julie ; Coulton , Antoinette ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` Adam Levine Is PEOPLE 's Sexiest Man Alive '' . People . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Julie ; Coulton , Antoinette ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth Is PEOPLE 's Sexiest Man Alive '' . People . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Elizabeth ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` David Beckham Is PEOPLE 's Sexiest Man Alive ! '' . People . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Julie . `` Dwayne ' The Rock ' Johnson Is This Year 's Sexiest Man Alive ! '' . PEOPLE.com . Jump up ^ `` Blake Shelton Is This Year 's Sexiest Man Alive : ' I Ca n't Wait to Shove This Up Adam 's A -- ! ' '' . PEOPLE.com. 15 November 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kate Upton wins ' Sexiest Woman ' '' . Daily News . New York . December 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ For example , for the `` Most Intriguing People of 2010 '' People named the following : Sandra Bullock President Barack Obama and Michelle Obama Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie Michael Douglas Elizabeth Smart Prince William and Catherine Middleton Elin Nordegren Natalie Portman Nicki Minaj Sarah Palin LeBron James Bret Michaels Julian Assange The Chilean Miners Ricky Martin Kim Kardashian Mark Zuckerberg Heidi Montag Jake Gyllenhaal and Taylor Swift Ryan Reynolds Will Smith 's kids ( Jaden and Willow ) Christina Aguilera Ali Fedotowsky and Roberto Martinez James Franco Conan O'Brien Jump up ^ Cable , Jess ; Kimble , Lindsay ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Julia Roberts Is PEOPLE 's 2017 World 's Most Beautiful Woman ! '' . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . The stunning star is , for a record fifth time , the Most Beautiful Woman in the World ... External links ( edit ) Official website ( Mobile ) <Th_colspan="2"> Time Inc . 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for a behavior to be considered a crime there must be a statutory provision for punishment

South African criminal law - wikipedia South African criminal law Jump to : navigation , search Criminal law Elements Actus reus Mens rea Causation Concurrence Scope of criminal liability Complicity Corporate Vicarious Severity of offense Felony Infraction ( also called Violation ) Misdemeanor Inchoate offenses Attempt Conspiracy Incitement Solicitation Offence against the person Assassination Assault Battery Bigamy Criminal negligence False imprisonment Home invasion Homicide Kidnapping Manslaughter ( corporate ) Mayhem Murder corporate Negligent homicide Public indecency Rape Robbery Sexual assault Crimes against property Arson Blackmail Bribery Burglary Embezzlement Extortion False pretenses Fraud Larceny Payola Pickpocketing Possessing stolen property Robbery Smuggling Tax evasion Theft Crimes against justice Compounding Malfeasance in office Miscarriage of justice Misprision Obstruction Perjury Perverting the course of justice Victimless crimes Adultery Apostasy Buggery Providing contraception information ( Comstock law ) Dueling Fornication Gambling Incest Lewd and lascivious behavior Exhibitionism Creation of obscenity Prostitution Recreational drug use ( including alcohol , when prohibited ) Sodomy Suicide Crimes against animals Cruelty to animals Wildlife smuggling Bestiality Defences to liability Automatism Consent Defence of property Diminished responsibility Duress Entrapment Ignorantia juris non excusat Infancy Insanity Justification Mistake ( of law ) Necessity Provocation Self - defence Other common - law areas Contracts Evidence Property Torts Wills , trusts and estates Portals Criminal justice Law South African criminal law is the body of national law relating to crime in South Africa . In the definition of Van der Walt et al , a crime is `` conduct which common or statute law prohibits and expressly or impliedly subjects to punishment remissible by the state alone and which the offender can not avoid by his own act once he has been convicted . '' Crime involves the infliction of harm against society . The function or object of criminal law is to provide a social mechanism with which to coerce members of society to abstain from conduct that is harmful to the interests of society . In South Africa , as in most adversarial legal systems , the standard of evidence required to validate a criminal conviction is proof beyond a reasonable doubt . The sources of South African criminal law are to be found in the common law , in case law and in legislation . Criminal law ( which is to be distinguished from its civil counterpart ) forms part of the public law of South Africa , as well as of the substantive law ( as opposed to the procedural ) . The study of `` criminal law '' generally focuses on the substantive law : namely , the principles of law according to which criminal liability ( guilt or innocence ) is determined , whereas the law of criminal procedure , together with the law of evidence , generally focuses on the procedures used to decide criminal liability and theories of punishment . A study of the substantive criminal law may be divided into two broad sections : an examination of the general principles of liability ( applicable to crimes generally ) ; and an examination of the definitions and particular requirements of the various individual crimes or `` specific offences . '' A distinction must be drawn also between national and international criminal law . The term `` criminal law '' usually refers to internal or domestic or national criminal law , which is governed by the legal system of the country concerned . The term `` international criminal law , '' denoting a more recent branch of the law , is viewed by some as a branch of public international law , while others contend that it is , `` at least in the material sense ( and to a growing extent also in the institutional and procedural sense ) , a discipline in its own right . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Punishment 1.1 Retributive theories 1.2 Utilitarian theories 1.2. 1 Preventive 1.2. 2 Deterrent 1.2. 3 Reformative 1.3 Combination theories 2 Principle of legality 2.1 Legality and the Constitution 3 Criminal liability 3.1 Conduct 3.1. 1 Human act 3.1. 2 Voluntariness 3.1. 2.1 Automatism 3.1. 2.1. 1 Epilepsy 3.1. 2.1. 2 Culpable prior voluntary conduct 3.1. 2.1. 3 Intoxication 3.1. 2.2 Force 3.1. 3 Commission or omission 3.1. 3.1 Commission 3.1. 3.2 Omission 3.1. 3.2. 1 General test for liability for omissions 3.1. 3.2. 2 Crystallised categories of liability for omissions 3.1. 3.2. 3 = Prior positive conduct = 3.1. 3.2. 4 = Control of a dangerous thing or animal = 3.1. 3.2. 5 = Protective relationship = 3.1. 3.2. 6 = Public or quasi-public office = 3.1. 3.2. 7 Additional requirements 3.2 Causation 3.2. 1 Factual causation 3.2. 1.1 Commission 3.2. 1.2 Omission 3.2. 2 Legal causation 3.2. 2.1 Proximate cause 3.2. 2.2 Adequate cause 3.2. 2.3 Novus actus interveniens 3.2. 2.4 Flexible criterion 3.3 Unlawfulness 3.3. 1 Private defence 3.3. 1.1 Attack 3.3. 1.2 Defence 3.3. 1.3 Test 3.3. 1.4 Putative private defence 3.3. 1.5 Private defence of property 3.3. 2 Necessity 3.3. 2.1 Requirements 3.3. 2.1. 1 Legal interest 3.3. 2.1. 2 Commenced or imminent 3.3. 2.1. 3 Not the accused 's own fault 3.3. 2.1. 4 Necessary 3.3. 2.1. 5 Reasonable 3.3. 2.2 Onus 3.3. 2.3 Killing 3.3. 3 Impossibility 3.3. 3.1 Defence 3.3. 4 Superior orders 3.3. 4.1 Requirements 3.3. 5 Public authority 3.3. 5.1 Diplomatic or consular immunity 3.3. 5.2 Court authority 3.3. 6 Consent 3.3. 6.1 Recognised by law 3.3. 6.1. 1 Death 3.3. 6.1. 2 Bodily harm 3.3. 6.2 Real , voluntarily and without coercion 3.3. 6.3 Capable of consent 3.3. 7 Disciplinary chastisement 3.3. 7.1 Requirements 3.3. 7.2 Considerations 3.4 Culpability 3.4. 1 Biological factors 3.4. 1.1 Youth 3.4. 1.1. 1 Common law 3.4. 1.1. 2 Child Justice Act 3.4. 1.2 Mental incapacity 3.4. 1.2. 1 Test of insanity 3.4. 1.2. 2 Types of mental disorders 3.4. 1.2. 3 Procedural aspects 3.4. 1.2. 4 Onus of proof 3.4. 1.2. 5 Diminished responsibility 3.4. 1.3 Non-pathological criminal incapacity 3.4. 1.3. 1 Intoxication 3.4. 1.3. 2 Provocation and emotional stress 3.5 Fault ( mens rea ) 3.5. 1 Intention 3.5. 1.1 Dolus directus 3.5. 1.2 Dolus indirectus 3.5. 1.3 Dolus eventualis 3.5. 1.3. 1 Foreseeing the possibility 3.5. 1.3. 2 = Degree of possibility = 3.5. 1.3. 3 Correlation between foreseen and actual manner of consequence occurring 3.5. 1.3. 4 Reconciling oneself to the ensuing result ( recklessness ) 3.5. 1.3. 5 Subjective test of Intention 3.5. 1.3. 6 Intention in respect of circumstances 3.5. 1.3. 7 Defences excluding intention 3.5. 1.3. 8 = Putative defences = 3.5. 2 Negligence ( culpa ) 3.5. 2.1 Test 3.5. 2.1. 1 Reasonable person 3.5. 2.1. 2 Reasonable foreseeability 4 Specific crimes 4.1 Damage of property 4.1. 1 Arson 4.1. 1.1 Elements 4.1. 1.2 Requirements 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Books 6.2 Case law 6.3 Journal articles 6.4 Legislation 7 Notes Punishment ( edit ) The Zonderwater Prison , Cullinan , Gauteng The criminal justice system in South Africa is aimed at law enforcement , the prosecution of offenders and the punishment of the convicted . It is that part or sub-system of the national legal system which determines the circumstances and the procedures according to which people and legal entities may be punished by the State for criminal conduct . Punishment is the authoritative infliction by the State of suffering for a criminal offence . The `` essential purpose of criminal law is to provide a mechanism for punishing the offender . '' There are numerous theories of punishment , whose two main purposes are to justify the punishment imposed ; and to define the type and scope of different punishments . The various theories of punishment seek to answer the question : `` Why does the criminal justice system punish individuals ? In other words , what is the purpose of punishment ? '' In criminal law , a number of theories of punishment have been identified . They are normally grouped or classified under three broad headings : retributive or absolute theories of punishment , which justify punishment on the basis that it is deserved ; utilitarian or relative theories of punishment , which justify punishment on the basis that it is socially beneficial ; and combination or unitary theories of punishment , which fuse in various measures the other two categories . Retributive theories ( edit ) Retributive or absolute theories of punishment , `` perhaps the best known with ancient roots , '' aim to restore the legal balance upset by the crime ; they are also known as `` just desert . '' Ancient notions of justice , including the idea of `` an eye for an eye '' ( the ancient lex talionis ) , `` clearly informed this theory of punishment . '' In modern criminal law , `` one should be careful not to confuse retribution with vengeance . '' The focus now is not on vengeance , private or otherwise ; it is , rather , `` a more nuanced and enlightened attempt to restore the balance that was disturbed by the criminal conduct . '' It has been argued , accordingly , that it would be more appropriate to refer to this approach as `` restorative justice . '' An important point or premise to keep in mind , when considering the retributive theory of punishment , is the fundamental notion of criminal law that individuals are personally responsible for their own wrongdoing . This is the idea of self - determinism or free will . Retributive theories generally take proportionality into account and consider the perpetrator 's record of previous wrongdoing . They do not seek to justify punishment with reference to some future benefit which it may achieve ; it is incorrect , in fact , to describe retribution as a `` purpose of punishment . '' Retribution , according to this theory , is the essential characteristic of punishment . Utilitarian theories ( edit ) There are three types of utilitarian or relative theories of punishment : prevention ; deterrence ; and reformation . The first two , deterrence and prevention , are connected , in that the goal of deterrence is to prevent recidivism or repeat offending . Preventive ( edit ) According to the preventive theory of punishment , the purpose of punishment is the prevention of crime . This theory can overlap with its deterrent and reformative counterparts , since both deterrence and reformation may be seen merely as methods of preventing crime . Among the `` less drastic examples of the preventive approach '' are `` ( preventive ) imprisonment , and the forfeiture of a driver 's license . '' On the other hand , there are other forms of punishment ( such as capital punishment and life imprisonment , and the castration of sexual offenders ) which are in line with the preventive purpose , but which do not necessarily serve also the aims of reformation and deterrence . These forms are `` the most extreme manifestation '' of the preventive theory : `` The criminal offender is permanently incapacitated and can no longer pose a risk to society . '' Capital punishment `` can also be seen as the ultimate form of retribution . '' Deterrent ( edit ) Of all the relative theories , the theory that punishment should serve as a deterrent `` is arguably the most popular . '' There is an important distinction to be made between individual deterrence , which is aimed at the deterrence of a certain individual from the commission of further crimes , by individualising the punishment ; and general deterrence , `` aimed at a wider audience , '' which seeks to deter the entire community , or at least a significant portion , from committing the type of crime in question . Individual deterrence may be said to be aimed primarily at the prevention of recidivism , although the rate of recidivism in South Africa is around ninety per cent , which would seem to suggest that it is not meeting with success . If the punishment meted out to the individual offender is `` disproportionately harsh '' in its service as a warning to the rest of society , `` the punishment can no longer be described as a ' just desert ' ( in terms of the retributive theory ) and , in the South African context , there might also be a constitutional objection . '' Accordingly , `` the general deterrent approach to punishment is ( ... ) less attractive ( at least not as attractive as the retributive theory , which holds out the possibility of better proportionality ) . '' Reformative ( edit ) The third of the utilitarian or relative theories of punishment is the reformative theory , which is encapsulated by the judgment in S v Shilubane , where the court found `` abundant empirical evidence '' -- it cited none , though -- that retributive justice had `` failed to stem the ever - increasing wave of crime '' in South Africa . The courts , it decided , must therefore `` seriously consider '' alternative sentences , like community service , as viable alternatives to direct imprisonment . A reformatory approach , the court found , would `` benefit our society immensely by excluding the possibility of warped sentences being imposed routinely on people who do not deserve them . '' `` This approach , '' write Kemp et al , `` is , on the face of it , quite attractive , since it purports to be sophisticated and aimed not at retribution , but at reform ( which connotes positive impressions of the betterment of individuals and society ) . '' There are , however , `` many practical and theoretical objections . '' They all come down , in essence , to the contention that reformation `` does not actually work in practice -- the criminal justice system is simply not good at ' reforming ' people . '' Furthermore , `` there is also a theoretical / moral objection : if the focus is only on the individual offender that needs to be reformed , then there is no justice in terms of the victims or the broader society . That leaves the very real impression or perception that ' justice was not served . ' '' Combination theories ( edit ) Because `` the various theories of punishment all contain positive and negative aspects , '' an `` obvious approach should therefore be a well - balanced combination of the elements that are best suitable in terms of the interests of society , the individual offender and the nature of the crime . '' In criminal law , this is known as `` the combination theory of punishment . '' The most - cited and - generally accepted of the combination theories is that laid out in S v Zinn , where Rumpff JA laid out a basic triad of sentencing considerations : the crime ; the offender ; and the interests of society . This judgment has been taken as `` confirming the combination theory as the best approach '' in South African law . In S v Makwanyane , which eliminated capital punishment in South Africa , Chaskalson P provided a clearer combination of the other theories of punishment , laying emphasis on deterrence , prevention and retribution . S v Rabie , Although recognised as a legitimate object of punishment , retribution should not , according to the court , be given undue weight , given South Africa 's human rights ethos and the role to be played by ubuntu in society ; the primary object of punishment should be prevention and rehabilitation , not revenge . The court held that `` punishment should fit the criminal as well as the crime , be fair to society , and be blended with a measure of mercy according to the circumstances . '' The court in S v Salzwedel held that among the aggravating factors to be considered in sentencing was racial motivation in the commission of a serious offence , because racism subverted the fundamental premises of the ethos of human rights which now , after the negotiated settlement , permeated South Africa 's processes of judicial interpretation and discretion . The court decided that a substantial term of imprisonment , for a murder committed out of racism , would give expression to the community 's legitimate feelings of outrage . It would also send out a strong message that the courts will not tolerate -- they will deal severely with -- serious crimes perpetrated in consequence of racist and intolerant values inconsistent with the ethos of the Constitution . In S v Combrink the court held that , given the public ire with sentences which appear to favour a particular group in society , the court must exercise judicial sensitivity in cases which appear to have racial or discriminatory connotations . The public interest against discrimination is not necessarily in discrimination between black and white , but rather between people in general who perceive others , with prejudice , to be different or inferior to them . In order properly to combat hate crimes , decision makers in the criminal justice system should be attuned to the fact that the effects go far beyond the victims , serving to traumatise whole communities and damaging South African society . Principle of legality ( edit ) According to the principle of legality , the State may inflict punishment only for contraventions of a designated crime created by a law that , before the contravention , was in force , valid and applicable . It is a corollary of the rule of law : an idea developed , mainly during the 17th and 18th centuries , by such political philosophers as Montesquieu and Beccaria , `` in reaction to the harshness and arbitrariness of the political systems of their day . '' The doctrine of the rule of law holds that people should be governed by and according to law ( a body of established and impartial rules ) , rather than by `` the arbitrary whims of those in power , '' and that everyone , including those in power , should be subject to the law . No - one should be `` above the law . '' The principle of legality is summed up in the dictum nullum crimen sine lege , `` no crime without a law . '' This principle , `` basic to criminal liability in our law , '' as the court put it in S v Smit , is supplemented by that of nullum crimen sine poena , `` no crime without punishment . '' In R v Zinn , although the court did not make the assumption that , if an enactment is to create a crime , it should provide either expressly or by reference for a punishment , it was thought `` improbable that if the lawgiver had intended that the Besluit should create a crime , he would not have taken the precaution of inserting a penalty -- more particularly as this is what appears generally to have been done . '' The court in R v Carto held that `` to render any act criminal in our law , there must be some punishment affixed to the commission of the act , '' and that `` where no law exists affixing such punishment there is no crime in law . '' Another important principle is nulla poena sine lege : `` no punishment without a law . '' To apply the principle of legality , it is important that the definitions both of common - law and of statutory crimes be reasonably precise and settled . Penal statutes should be strictly construed ; the law should be accessible . Finally , there is the dictum nullum crimen , nulla poena sine praevia lege poenali : `` laws and punishments do not operate retrospectively . '' Legality and the Constitution ( edit ) The South African Constitution entrenches the principle of legality . Its preamble states that South Africa is founded on the supremacy of the Constitution and the rule of law . The Bill of Rights , meanwhile , provides that `` every accused person has a right to a fair trial , which includes the right `` not to be convicted for an act or omission that was not an offence under either national or international law at the time it was committed or omitted ; ( and ) `` to the benefit of the least severe of the prescribed punishments if the prescribed punishment for the offence has been changed between the time that the offence was committed and the time of sentencing . '' In terms of the ius certum principle ( the principle of certainty ) , the crime must not , as formulated , be vague or unclear . The subject must understand exactly what is expected of him . The definition of a crime should be reasonably precise and settled , so that people need not live in fear of breaking the law inadvertently . Although the Constitution does not expressly provide that vague or unclear penal provisions may be struck down , it is `` quite possible and even probable , '' according to Snyman , that the first provision above will be interpreted in such a way that vaguely defined statutory crimes may be declared null and void . This `` void - for - vagueness '' rule may be based either on the right to a fair trial in general or on the principle that , if a criminal norm in legislation is vague and uncertain , it can not be stated that the act or omission in question actually constituted an offence prior to a court 's interpretation of the legislation . It is also possible to base the operation of the ius certum provision on section 35 ( 3 ) ( a ) of the Constitution , which provides that the right to a fair trial includes the right to be informed of the charge with sufficient detail to answer it . In S v Lavhengwa it was held that the right created in section 35 ( 3 ) ( a ) implies that the charge itself must be clear and unambiguous . This , according to the court , would only be the case if the nature of the crime were sufficiently clear and unambiguous to comply with the constitutional right to be sufficiently informed of the charge . It was held further that , to comply with the requirement of sufficient clarity , one should bear in mind that absolute clarity is not required , because reasonable clarity is sufficient ; and that a court , in deciding whether a provision is clear or vague , should approach the legislation on the basis that it is dealing with reasonable people , not foolish or capricious ones . It is not only statutory criminal provisions that may , on the ground of vagueness , be declared null and void in terms of the Constitution , but also provisions of the common law that are vague and uncertain . In S v Friedman it was argued on behalf of the accused that the rule in regard to the crime of fraud ( that the prejudice need be neither actual nor of a patrimonial nature ) was unconstitutional on the ground of vagueness . Although the court rejected the argument , it is noteworthy that nowhere in its judgment did it call into question the principle that rules of common law may be declared null and void on the ground of vagueness . Criminal liability ( edit ) Probably the most important principle of criminal liability is captured in the dictum actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea , or `` an act is not unlawful unless there is a guilty mind . '' To establish criminal liability , the State must prove , beyond a reasonable doubt , that the accused has committed voluntary conduct which is unlawful ( actus reus ) ; accompanied by criminal capacity ; and fault ( mens rea , in the form of intention or negligence ) . Conduct ( edit ) Although in theory one could begin to study the general principles of criminal liability with any one of these three elements , the usual starting point is to consider the accused 's conduct . If the State is unable to prove unlawful conduct on the part of the accused , the accused can not be criminally liable , and the enquiries into criminal capacity and fault become redundant . Criminal capacity and fault are never determined in isolation ; they must be determined in relation to the relevant accused 's particular unlawful conduct . For these reasons , a trial court will normally begin its judgment by considering whether the State has proved the actus reus , before going on to consider the other two elements of liability . Since each crime has its own definition , the actus reus varies according to the crime concerned . There are , however , certain essential requirements which must invariably be met in order to satisfy the unlawful - conduct part of the enquiry . Burchell lists the elements of unlawful conduct as conduct ; causation ; and unlawfulness . For Snyman , it is the following : conduct ; compliance with the definitional elements ; unlawfulness ; and then capacity and fault , which go together to establish culpability . The law violated by the conduct could be common law or statute . Where , however , the conduct with which the accused is charged does not fit the definition of a crime , or where that crime did not exist at the time the conduct occurred , the principle of legality has not been satisfied , and the accused can not be held liable . He is entitled to object to the charge on the basis that it does not disclose an offence . The conduct must be carried out by a human being ; be voluntary ; and take the form of a commission or omission ; of a state of affairs prohibited by law ; or of causing a consequence prohibited by law . Human act ( edit ) Criminal law is concerned with punishing the acts of human beings . The act , therefore , must be a human act ; it must be committed or carried out by a human being . This is self - explanatory . The criminal justice system is not used to punish animals for their misconduct . If , however , a human uses an animal to carry out a criminal act -- for example , if he incites a dog to bite someone -- this does not exonerate the perpetrator : It is the human act , the incitement of the dog , which is punishable . Voluntariness ( edit ) Criminal law is concerned with punishing only such conduct as the accused has the power to prevent or avoid if he wants to . In order , therefore , to attract criminal liability , the accused 's conduct must in the first instance be voluntary . The term `` voluntary , '' as it is used in this part of the enquiry , has a special and restricted meaning . It has nothing to do with what the accused intended or desired or wanted to do ; it is concerned merely with whether or not the accused 's actions were controlled by his conscious will , in the sense that the accused was physically able to direct them , prevent them or stop them , if he chose to do so . If the relevant act or omission is involuntary , the general rule is that the accused is not criminally liable . The State bears the onus of proving that the accused 's conduct was voluntary . If , however , the accused alleges that he acted involuntarily , he must lay an evidential foundation for that defence . It is not sufficient for him simply to place the issue in dispute and leave it at that . Furthermore , even if the accused 's act or omission was involuntary , he may yet be held criminally liable if the involuntary conduct was made possible by some prior voluntary conduct on his part . Involuntary actions are not regarded as conduct for the purposes of criminal liability . The same applies to involuntary omissions , which are cases in which the accused failed to act as required by law , because he lacked the physical ability to control his actions at the relevant time . The following are therefore not usually regarded as examples of voluntary conduct for the purposes of criminal law : actions that result from imposed physical force ; uncontrollable muscular movements , such as those resulting from pure muscular reflex , or from spasticity ; acts and omissions that occur during sleep or unconsciousness ; and acts and omissions that occur during a state of automatism . This last requires further discussion . Automatism ( edit ) As described in the English case of Bratty v A-G for Northern Ireland , automatism is any act which is performed by the muscles without any control of the mind . Examples include a spasm , reflex or convulsion , or an act by a person who is unconscious because he is a sleep . Bratty , in casu , had strangled a passenger in his car . His defence was that he had suffered a blackout and could not remember the critical events . Lord Denning , on appeal , dismissed this defence as `` the first refuge of a guilty mind . '' He added , `` An act is not involuntary merely because it is not remembered ; amnesia does not equal automatism . '' The word `` automatism '' is derived from `` automaton , '' which refers to a mechanical device with no thought or will of its own . A person might to perform what appears to be a conscious and goal - directed action , but he might actually not be in conscious control of that action , or even aware of what he is doing . In some cases , such a person commits acts which , if committed voluntarily , would amount to crimes . Because his conduct is involuntary , however , he can not be held criminally liable for those acts or their consequences . Cases of genuine automatism are uncommon and may be difficult to prove . Automatism is sometimes classified according to whether or not it is organic ; toxic ; or psychogenic . Formerly the courts would draw a distinction between `` sane '' and `` insane '' automatism . Where the automatism is due to a mental illness or defect ( whether psychogenic or organic ) , it is termed insane automatism . In such cases , the accused must raise the defence of mental illness or defect . This defence excludes criminal capacity rather than unlawful conduct . It has two significant consequences for the accused : He bears the burden of proving his defence on a balance of probabilities . If his defence succeeds , the court is obliged to enter a special `` verdict , '' with the result that the accused may run the risk of being detained indefinitely in a mental institution . In S v Stellmacher , a case which illustrates the difference between sane and insane automatism , Stellmacher was an epileptic who , while in a state of automatism , shot and killed someone . Before the incident , he had been on a severe diet for some weeks . On the day in question , he ate nothing and did hard physical labour . At about 18 : 00 , he went to the bar of the local hotel and drank half a bottle of brandy . He had a gun with him . There , in the bar , according to his evidence , he `` lapsed into a state of automatism , as a result of the strong reflection in his eyes of the setting sun through an empty bottle . '' He then became involved in an altercation with someone in the bar , took out his gun , let off a few shots , and then , for no apparent reason , proceeded to shoot the deceased , who had just entered the bar to ask if he could order a drink . At the trial , expert evidence was led that Stellmacher was suffering from `` amnesia and automatism '' due to hypoglycaemia and / or epilepsy , possibly triggered by his fasting and drinking . The central issue was not whether or not he should be convicted of murder -- it was accepted that he was not liable -- but rather whether or not he had suffered from a temporary mental disorder , necessitating a special verdict . The court held that Stellmacher 's automatism , in this case , was due to physical factors , not any physical abnormality , so a special verdict was not required . He was found not guilty and acquitted outright . Among the more common forms and causes of sane automatism are the following : sleepwalking ; epilepsy ; hypoglycaemia ; blackouts ; amnesia ; and intoxication . There has in recent years been a move away from the distinction between sane and insane automatism , because of the confusion it causes , given that the defence of `` insane automatism '' is actually nothing more or less than the defence of mental illness . Epilepsy ( edit ) One example of automatism may be found in cases of epilepsy , the main symptom of which is repeated seizures , usually with convulsions . The exact causes of epilepsy are not fully known or understood , but it is thought to be caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain , resulting in some of the nerve cells becoming overactive and firing off random , uncontrolled signals . This results in seizures . Movements performed during an epileptic seizure are involuntary . Generally , therefore , they can not result in criminal liability . Because , however , the cause of epilepsy is centred in the brain , there was doubt for some time as to whether or not it should perhaps be regarded as a mental illness or defect . If so , this would mean that the defence of insanity would have to be raised , relying on the Criminal Procedure Act of 1977 . It was ultimately settled , though , that epilepsy in South African law is not a mental illness or defect . A special verdict , therefore , is not required . A case in which a defence relying on epilepsy succeeded is R v Mkize . Mkize was an epileptic . One day , while cutting meat with a sharp knife , he experienced an episode that the testifying expert described at trial as an `` epileptic equivalent '' -- `` an attack where the ordinary fit is replaced by a period of confusion . '' During this episode , for no apparent reason , he suddenly stabbed and killed his sister , standing next to him . He was charged with her murder . His defence was that his conduct was involuntary . The court found , on a balance of probabilities , that he had indeed suffered an `` epileptic equivalent . '' He had been unconscious , with `` neither judgment , will , purpose nor reasoning . '' The stabbing was a result of `` blind reflex activity . '' There was no intention to kill . His actions , therefore , could not constitute unlawful conduct for the purposes of criminal liability . The verdict was `` not guilty . '' Culpable prior voluntary conduct ( edit ) Although involuntary acts and omissions can not , in themselves , give rise to criminal liability , a situation that requires special consideration is when the accused is liable not on the basis of his final involuntary act or omission , but on the basis rather of some prior voluntary conduct , coupled with the required form of fault ( usually negligence ) , where such conduct is causally connected to the later involuntary act or omission . In R v Victor , the appellant knew that he was prone to epileptic fits -- he had been since the age of fourteen or fifteen -- but nevertheless drove a motor car , against medical advice . One day , he suffered a fit while driving and collided with a pedestrian and another car . Someone was badly hurt . He was charged with and convicted of reckless or negligent driving -- not because he was epileptic , but because he had chosen to drive when a reasonable person would have foreseen the likelihood of a fit and its consequences . He should not in the circumstances have driven at all . Even though his conduct was involuntary at the time of the accident , he could not use his disability to escape liability . He was convicted on the basis of his negligent prior voluntary conduct . The driver in R v Schoonwinkel , also an epileptic , was charged with culpable homicide , having collided with and killed the driver of another car . The accused had suffered an epileptic fit at the time of the accident , rendering his mind a blank and leaving him with no time to take evasive action . Unlike Victor , Schoonwinkel had had only two previous and minor attacks , the last a long time before the accident . The court accepted that the nature of his epilepsy was such that he would not normally have realised or foreseen the dangers of driving . This evidence , distinguishing this case from Victor , exonerated him from criminal responsibility . His prior conduct had not been negligent . Intoxication ( edit ) Voluntary intoxication Another example of automatism may be found in cases of intoxication . When a person is extremely drunk , or otherwise intoxicated , this may lead to temporary loss of consciousness , and sometimes to automatic behaviour . South African law , as a general principle of criminal liability , does not distinguish between automatism as a result of intoxication and other forms of sane automatism , regardless of whether the intoxication is voluntary or involuntary . The Appellate Division reiterated in S v Johnson that only voluntary conduct is punishable . This includes voluntary drunkenness which does not result in a mental disease : It is no defence in respect of an offence committed during such drunkenness . In S v Chretien the leading authority on the defence of intoxication , the Appellate Division held that voluntary intoxication may constitute an absolute defence , leading to a total acquittal , where , inter alia , the accused drinks so much that he lacks criminal capacity . In particular , the court distinguished between three different stages of intoxication and their effect on criminal liability : If the accused was so drunk that he was performing involuntary movements with his arms and legs , he would not be criminally liable , because such movements would not be regarded as `` conduct '' for the purposes of criminal liability . If he was less drunk , but drunk enough that he had lost his powers of insight and / or self - control , he would not be liable , because he would lack criminal capacity . If he was even less drunk , but merely drunk enough that he failed to foresee the unlawful consequences of his actions , he would lack fault in the form of intention , and would therefore escape liability for a crime that required this form of fault -- although he could still be negligent and might therefore not escape liability for a crime that required this form of fault . The case of Chetrien explains why intoxication features as a defence under unlawful conduct , again under criminal capacity , and again under fault . For present purposes , however , it ought to be noted that it is only extreme intoxication that will lead to involuntary conduct . The general principles that relate to voluntary intoxication have been modified , firstly by a long - standing principle of Roman - Dutch law , known as the actio libera in causa rule , and more recently by the provisions of the Criminal Law Amendment Act . If a person deliberately gets drunk in order to commit a crime `` that he might otherwise not have had the courage to commit , '' the actio libera in causa rule provides that he will be guilty of that crime , even if his conduct was not voluntary at the time of its commission , because the original cause of that conduct ( getting drunk ) was within his conscious control at the time he did so . Chetrien led to `` a public outcry , '' which resulted , seven years later , in the legislature 's intervening to limit the destructive consequences of the decision . Parliament enacted section 1 ( 1 ) of the Criminal Law Amendment Act , in `` a vain attempt to reflect public sentiment on intoxication . '' In so doing , `` the Legislature simply compounded the problems . '' Modelled on the German penal code , this provision created the special statutory offence of committing a prohibited act while in a state of criminal incapacity induced by the voluntary consumption of alcohol . In other words , it is a criminal offence in itself to commit a criminal act while one 's criminal capacity is impaired by the voluntary use of an intoxicating substance , if one knows that the substance is one which tends to have an intoxicating effect , and if one is then found not liable for the crime in question due to one 's lack of criminal capacity . This requires the prosecution to prove , beyond a reasonable doubt , that the accused is not liable for a common - law offence ( although he may be subjected to the same punishment ) because of the lack of capacity resulting from this self - induced intoxication , `` so requiring the prosecution to engage in an unfamiliar volte face . '' As Burchell explains , If the intoxication , leading to an acquittal of the common - law offence , is only sufficient to impair intention ( as on the facts of Chretien ) , rather than sufficient to impair capacity , then no liability can result under s 1 ( 1 ) , as lack of capacity resulting from intoxication has to be proved for a conviction under s 1 ( 1 ) . The section is in dire need of reform or replacement with a more appropriately worded section . Force ( edit ) Another defence is force , which may take the form either of vis absoluta ( absolute force ) or vis compulsiva ( relative force ) . In S v Goliath , the Appellate Division found that , on a charge of murder , compulsion can constitute a complete defence . When an acquittal may occur on this basis will depend on the particular circumstances of each case . The whole factual complex must be carefully examined and adjudicated upon with the greatest of care . Commission or omission ( edit ) Unlawful conduct most often takes the form of an act , or positive conduct , but there are occasions when an omission will be regarded as unlawful , and so will give rise to criminal liability . Commission ( edit ) In many cases , the accused 's conduct will take the form of actually committing an act that has been prohibited by law . This type of unlawful conduct `` probably corresponds most closely with the popular conception of a crime . '' Most common - law crimes fall into this category . For example , Cameron punches Armand , thus assaulting him ; Mo has sexual intercourse with Georgia without her consent , thus raping her ; and Theo breaks into Steve 's house and steals his property , thus committing housebreaking and theft . This form of unlawful conduct is `` generally easy to identify and understand . '' Omission ( edit ) Unlawful conduct may also take the form of an omission , a failure to act . The position here is less straightforward . The general rule is that a person will not be criminally liable for failing to protect or rescue another person , because there is no general duty on any person to prevent harm from coming to another , even if it could be done easily , and even if it would be the morally correct thing to do . This rule is based on the recognition that the imposition of such an obligation must inevitably represent a serious invasion of personal liberty and freedom of action ; that the law does not , as a general rule , seek to penalise a person simply for doing nothing ; and that it is not the proper role of the law to enforce pure morality . There are , however , certain situations where such a duty does exist , because the legal convictions of the community demand that , in these situations , the failure to protect or rescue should be regarded as unlawful . General test for liability for omissions ( edit ) An omission is punishable only if there is a legal duty upon someone to perform a certain type of active conduct . Minister of Police v Ewels , although a delictual case , expresses the general rule , with its broad and flexible test for liability arising out of omissions : An omission is to be regarded as unlawful conduct when the circumstances of the case are of such a nature not only that the omission incites moral indignation ; but also that the legal convictions of the community demand that it be regarded as unlawful , and that the damage suffered be made good by the person who neglected to perform a positive act . To make a determination as to whether or not there is unlawfulness , the question is not whether there was the usual `` negligence '' of the bonus paterfamilias ; the question is whether , regard being had to all the facts , there was a duty in law to act reasonably . In Ewels , a citizen was assaulted in a police station by an off - duty officer in the presence of other officers . It was held by the court , on the facts of this case , that a policeman on duty , if he witnesses an assault , has a duty to come to the assistance of the person being assaulted . The failure of the police to do so made the Minister of Police liable for damages . The flexible test in Ewels was adopted into criminal law in S v Gaba . Crystallised categories of liability for omissions ( edit ) In deference to the principle of legality , authors and commentators on criminal law usually rely on those established categories of liability which have emerged from the case law over the years . These categories of liability may be regarded as the crystallised legal convictions of the community referred to in Ewels . A legal duty to act may exist where a statute or the common law places such a duty on the accused ( for example , to fill in a tax return ) ; where prior positive conduct by the accused creates a potentially dangerous situation ; where the accused has control of a potentially dangerous thing or animal ; where a special or protective relationship exists between the parties , whether through natural relationship , contract or some other conduct whereby the accused deliberately , or even tacitly , assumes such a duty ; and where a person occupies a certain public or quasi-public office which imposes on him , within the course and scope of his employment , a duty to act ( like the office of policeman ) . = Prior positive conduct = ( edit ) In S v Russell , Russell was an employee of the Department of Water Affairs . Together with his supervisor and co-workers , he was unloading pipes onto a lorry at a railway station . The workers were using an overhead crane , parked under the railway 's electric power lines . Because of the danger , the power had been switched off . While Russell 's supervisor and co-workers were away having lunch , the power was turned on again . A railway employee told Russell to warn the crane operator about this -- that is , about the danger of operating a crane under a live electric wire -- when the workers returned . Russell accepted this instruction without pointing out that he was not the supervisor , and failed to pass on the warning when loading resumed . This omission , constituting negligence , led to one death , as the crane touched the power line and the operator was electrocuted . Russell was convicted of culpable homicide and appealed to the High Court ( then the Supreme Court ) , which held that the way in which Russell had apparently accepted the warning had created a potentially dangerous situation . That being the case , he had attracted a legal duty to pass on the warning . By failing culpably in this duty , he was clearly negligent . His conviction of culpable homicide was confirmed . = Control of a dangerous thing or animal = ( edit ) In S v Fernandez , the court held that the appellant had been negligent in mending a cage from which a vicious baboon had subsequently escaped , which subsequently bit a child , who subsequently died . The appellant must have foreseen the likelihood of an attack in the event of the baboon 's escaping ; he was , the court held , rightly convicted of culpable homicide for failing take steps to prevent this : that is to say , for failing to keep the cage door in good repair . = Protective relationship = ( edit ) In Minister of Police v Skosana , there was a negligent delay in furnishing medical aid to the deceased , whose widow established , on a balance of probabilities , that he would not otherwise have died . She was granted damages . The duty to protect detainees , the court held , extends further than merely preventing them from being assaulted . There is also , for example , the duty to obtain medical treatment for them when necessary . = Public or quasi-public office = ( edit ) The police in Minister of Law & Order v Kadir failed to collect information which would have enabled the seriously injured respondent to pursue a civil claim against the driver of the other vehicle . The Minister raised an exception , contending that there was no legal duty on the police to collect such information . The court a quo dismissed this argument , finding that the community would consider otherwise . On appeal , however , the SCA held that society understood police functions to relate principally to criminal matters , maintaining law and order , and preventing and detecting and investigating crime . The police are not designed to assist civil litigants . Society would baulk at the idea of holding policemen personally liable for damages arising out of a relatively insignificant dereliction . The respondent had not proved the existence of a legal duty . As for the State 's duty to protect persons from violent crime , there are a number of suggestive delictual cases . The Constitutional Court , in Carmichele v Minister of Safety & Security , found that the State could be held delictually liable for damages arising out of the unlawful omissions of its servants . In casu , the conduct of the police and a prosecutor had resulted in the release of a person , charged with rape , on his own recognisance . This person had subsequently assaulted the complainant . Snyman , for one , has noted the court 's emphasis on section 39 ( 2 ) of the Constitution , which provides that `` every court ( ... ) must promote the spirit , purport and objects of the Bill of Rights . '' This , he argues , `` may perhaps one day open the way for holding an individual police officer liable for a crime such as culpable homicide flowing from her negligent omission to protect a person from the real possibility of harm . '' In Minister of Safety & Security v Van Duivenboden , the Supreme Court of Appeal held that , while private citizens may be entitled to remain passive when the constitutional rights of other citizens are threatened , the State has a positive constitutional duty , imposed by section 7 of the Constitution , to act in protection of the rights in the Bill of Rights . The existence of this duty necessarily implies accountability . Where the State , represented by persons who perform its functions , acts in conflict with section 7 , the norm of accountability must of necessity assume an important role in determining whether or not a legal duty ought to be recognised in any particular case . This norm need not always translate constitutional duties into private - law duties , enforceable by an action for damages ; there are other remedies available for holding the State to account . Where , however , the State 's failure to fulfil its constitutional duties occurs in circumstances that offer no effective remedy other than an action for damages , the norm of accountability will ordinarily demand the recognition of a legal duty , unless there are other considerations affecting the public interest which outweigh that norm . The police in Minister of Safety & Security v Hamilton were negligent in their consideration and approval of an application for a firearm licence , accepting the correctness of information supplied by the applicant . They had a legal duty to `` exercise reasonable care in considering , investigating , recommending and ultimately granting '' such applications . Their failure properly to exercise this duty had resulted in the issuing of a firearm licence to an unfit person , who subsequently shot the respondent . The State was held to be delictually liable for the resultant damages . In Van Eeden v Minister of Safety and Security , the appellant was assaulted , raped and robbed by a known dangerous criminal who had escaped from police custody . The court held that the State was obliged to protect individuals by taking active steps to prevent violations of the constitutional right to freedom and security of the person : inter alia , by protecting everyone from violent crime . It was also obliged under international law to protect women specifically from violent crime . In light of these imperatives , the court could no longer support the requirement of a special relationship between the plaintiff and the defendant for the imposition of a legal duty : The police have a duty to protect the public in general from known dangerous criminals in their custody . Additional requirements ( edit ) Once it has been established that the accused had a legal duty to prevent the harm , he will be liable for his failure to do so only if he had the necessary means and opportunity to prevent it from occurring , and if the harm that did occur is directly attributable to his unlawful omission . Causation ( edit ) Crimes of consequence should be distinguished from crimes of circumstance : A crime of circumstance is one in which it is the situation which is criminal ( like the mere possession of an offensive weapon ) , rather than any result ( like murder ) which flows from the situation . A crime of consequence , or a `` materially - defined crime , '' is one in which the conduct itself is not criminal , but in which the result of that conduct is . It is not unlawful merely to throw a stone ; if it is thrown at and hits a person , it is . The precise nature of the crime , furthermore , is contingent on the result : If the stone causes serious injury , the crime will be grievous bodily harm ; if it kills a person , the crime could be murder or culpable homicide . Causation is not a general element of liability . Causation describes the way in which the definitional elements of some crimes are met . In all consequence crimes , the State bears the onus of proving , beyond a reasonable doubt , that there is a sufficient link between the accused 's initial conduct and the prohibited consequence . If there is no causal link , or if the link is too tenuous , the accused will not be guilty of the crime , although he may perhaps be guilty of an attempt to commit that crime , or of some other offence . There are two forms of causation which have to be proven . They form part of a two - stage causation enquiry : The State must first establish whether or not there is a causal link or nexus between the accused 's initial conduct and the consequence in question . If there is no causal link , there can be no liability ; that is the end of the matter . If there is a causal link , the State proceeds to the next step . The next step is to consider whether the link thus established is sufficiently close and strong . The closeness and strength of the link must be such that , as a matter of law and policy , the accused ought to be held liable for his role in producing that consequence . The two - stage enquiry may be broken down into two elements : a factual element ( the first stage ) and a legal or policy element ( the second ) . Factual causation ( edit ) The first stage of the enquiry is aimed at determining whether the accused 's conduct was the actual or `` scientific '' cause of the consequence , in that the consequence would not have occurred , either at all or when it did , had not it been for the accused 's conduct . To decide this , the court will apply the condictio sine qua non test , also known as the `` but - for '' theory . A condictio sine qua non is a condition without which something -- that is to say , the prohibited situation -- would not have materialised : literally , `` the condition without which ... not . '' Commission ( edit ) In the case of a positive act , the but - for test holds that , if not for that act , the unlawful consequence would not have ensued . The question to be asked is this : Can the act be notionally or hypothetically eliminated , without the disappearance of the consequence ( at the time of the consequence ) , from the sequence of events which led to the consequence ? If not , the accused 's conduct was a factual cause of the consequence . If , however , there is a reasonable possibility that the consequence would have occurred in any event , the accused 's conduct did not factually cause the consequence , and the accused will not be liable . Omission ( edit ) In the case of an omission , the conditio sine qua non theory considers whether , but for the omission , the consequence would not have ensued . In other words , we notionally or hypothetically insert the requited positive act into the sequence of events , in place of the accused 's inaction , and then consider whether or not the consequence in question would have occurred when it did : If the consequence would not have occurred , the accused 's omission is proved to have been the factual cause of that consequence . If , however , there is a reasonable possibility that the consequence would have occurred in any event , the accused can not be held to have caused that consequence , and will not be held liable . In S v Van As , Van As was a police officer . One night , he and a number of other policemen arrested a man for drunken driving and took him into custody . While the police were locking the suspect in a patrol van , the five young children in his company disappeared . The detainee begged the police to look for them . The police made a cursory search , but failed to find them . Three of the children managed to make their way home , but the following morning two of them were found dead from exposure . The police , including Van As , were charged with and convicted of culpable homicide . On appeal , however , the Appellate Division reversed the trial court 's decision . It held that , although it would have been reasonable to continue the search and make further enquiries , it had not been proved , beyond reasonable doubt , that the children would have been found by a proper search had one been undertaken . It had also not been so proven that the failure to institute such a search was responsible for the children 's deaths . The State , then , was unable to show that the deaths had been factually caused by the omission of the police . In Minister of Police v Skosana ( noted earlier ) , there was a negligent delay in furnishing medical treatment to a prisoner who had been injured in a car accident and was then arrested for drunken driving . He ultimately died of his wounds . His widow brought a claim for damages arising out of his wrongful death , and was able to establish , on a balance of probabilities , that he would not have died `` but for '' that delay . There was adequate proof , in other words , that the deceased would probably have survived had he received medical treatment sooner . Having thus proved that the delay was a conditio sine qua non of her husband 's demise , the widow was found to be entitled to damages . Legal causation ( edit ) The steps to take or questions to ask , in seeking to establish causation , are the following : Having regard to all the facts and circumstances , was X 's conduct the factual cause of Y 's death ? If so , should the accused be held legally responsible for the consequence , either alone or in combination with other causal factors ? On the one hand , the law does not want individuals to escape liability for the natural and probable consequences of their conduct . On the other hand , the law does not seek to hold individuals liable for consequences that are too remote from their original conduct ; otherwise the net of criminal liability would be spread too wide . To determine whether or not it would be reasonable and fair to regard Andrew 's act as the cause of Susy 's death , for example , the court may invoke the aid of one or more specific theories of legal causation : the `` proximate - cause '' criterion , also known as direct - consequences or individualisation theory ; the theory of adequate causation ; and the novus actus interveniens criterion . Proximate cause ( edit ) In terms of the proximate - cause criterion , the act of the accused may be seen to be the legal cause of a particular result only if the result arose directly from the accused 's conduct . The conduct will not be regarded as such if some new act or event intervened , between the accused 's conduct and the consequence in question , to alter the natural and probable course of events in such a way that the accused 's conduct , even though it may have been the original ( and thus the factual ) cause of the consequence , can no longer be regarded as its direct or proximate -- that is , its closest -- cause . If this happens , we say that the `` chain '' of causation has been broken . The accused , accordingly , is absolved from liability . S v Daniels provides what Synman describes as `` the clearest '' rejection of the theory of proximate cause in South African law . Two judges of appeal expressly refused to accept that only an act which is a proximate cause of death may qualify as its cause . In S v Tembani , however , it seemed to the Witwatersrand Local Division to be `` of overriding importance that the original wound inflicted by the accused was an operating and substantial cause of the death of the deceased . '' The idea of a proximate cause was expressed negatively in R v Mubila , with the statement that there must be no novus actus interveniens between X 's conduct and Y 's death , as well as positively , in the contention that Y 's death must follow directly from X 's conduct . Snyman , endorsing Daniels , describes proximate cause as `` too vague and arbitrary to serve as a satisfactory criterion '' for legal causation . Adequate cause ( edit ) In terms of the theory of adequate causation , an act is the legal cause of a situation if , according to human experience , in the normal course of events , the act has the tendency to bring about that type of situation . This theory , as noted above , was invoked in Daniels . There are a number of knowledge - based considerations : All of those factual circumstances which are ascertainable by a sensible person should be taken into consideration . The thin skull of the deceased , if he had one , would be an example . The extra or particular knowledge of the accused is not omitted . If the accused has knowledge in addition to that which an ordinary sensible person would possess , that knowledge is to be taken into account as well . The totality of human knowledge , including that which only a specialist possesses , must also be considered . Knowledge may even be considered which comes to light only after the occurrence or event . In R v Loubser , Rumpff J declared that , in the eyes of the law , an act is the cause of a situation if , according to human experience , the situation will flow from the act . Novus actus interveniens ( edit ) A novus actus interveniens ( or nova causa interveniens ) is a new intervening act , or a new intervening cause : that is to say , an abnormal interposition or event which breaks the chain of causation . A number of factors are important , according to Burchell , in determining what kind of intervening act or event breaks the causal chain . It is important to bear in mind that this stage of the enquiry involves strong policy considerations . It is not an enquiry merely into whether or not there was some kind of additional or external factor that contributed towards the consequence in question ; the enquiry is into whether that factor is of such a nature and magnitude that it should exonerate the accused from liability for the actual consequences of his conduct . If an act or event is unlikely , in light of human experience , to follow the accused 's act , it is more probable that it will be found to be a novus actus interveniens . If the act of the accused is of a kind which is unlikely to cause death , the intervening act or event is considerably more likely to be regarded as a novus actus interveniens . The accused need not be the sole cause of the consequence . Voluntary conduct -- conduct which is free and informed -- is more likely to be regarded as a novus actus interveniens than involuntary conduct . An abnormal event , otherwise amounting to a novus actus interveniens , will not be so counted if it was foreseen by the accused ( or , in cases of negligence , if it ought reasonably to have been foreseen ) , or if it was planned by him . The victim 's pre-existing physical susceptibilities are , by logical definition , never an intervening cause . Where , therefore , the victim was suffering from a physical condition , such as a weak heart , haemophilia , a cerebral aneurism or an earlier injury , rendering him particularly susceptible to harm , and thereby contributing to his death , the maxim in South African law is that `` you take your victim as you find him , '' with all his weaknesses and susceptibilities . This rule , commonly known as the `` thin skull '' or `` eggshell skull '' rule , comes from a number of early English cases in which the victims were found to have had abnormally thin skulls , which rendered them especially vulnerable to harm in cases of relatively minor injury . In determining whether or not medical intervention ranks as a novus actus interveniens , it is important to determine whether or not the intervention was negligent or in some other way improper . Where the deceased died as a result of ( possibly risky ) medical treatment , necessitated by the injury inflicted by the accused , and which was administered in good faith , it is not a novus actus interveniens . The same applies if the accused died as a result of complications , such as an infection , which arose directly from such an injury . It is also clear that a doctor 's inability to save the life of a victim who is already moribund or dying is not a novus actus interveniens . Whether the withdrawal of a life - support system by a medical practitioner may be regarded as a novus actus arose in S v Williams , where it was held that such medical conduct did not break the causal sequence set in motion by Williams , who had shot the deceased , thereby inflicting those initial wounds on the deceased which had necessitated her being put on the respirator in the first place . Within 48 hours , she had been pronounced brain - dead , and the respirator duly disconnected . When Williams was tried for her murder , he claimed that he had not been the cause of her death ; it was , rather , the conduct of the doctors in disconnecting the respirator . On being convicted , he appealed to the Appellate Division , where the court distinguished between `` ending a fruitless attempt to save life '' and a positive act causing death , and held that , since the injury inflicted by Williams had been a mortal or life - threatening one , and since the deceased was being kept alive only by artificial means , the doctors did not cause her death when they disconnected the respirator . They were merely ending a fruitless attempt to save her life . Williams 's conviction was therefore upheld . In S v Counter , the appellant had shot the deceased , lodging a bullet in her buttock . Unbeknownst either to her or to her doctors , the bullet had penetrated her anal canal , causing virulent septicaemia and leading to the pneumonia from which , two weeks later , she died . It fell to the SCA to decide whether it was the shot fired or rather medical negligence which had caused her death : The sequence of events from the time of the deceased 's admission until her death was not interrupted by any causal factor which affected or changed the natural order of events , more particularly there was no intervention or omission by the persons responsible for her care ( ... ) . It is inconceivable in these circumstances that the appellant should not be held responsible for the consequences of his actions , which led directly to his wife 's death by stages entirely predictable and in accordance with human experience . Finally , it has been held in various decisions that , where X encourages Y to commit suicide -- suicide , in itself , is not punishable in South African law -- or where X provides Y with the means to commit suicide , the subsequent voluntary conduct of Y in committing suicide does not necessarily break the causal chain of events set in motion by X . Y 's conduct , in other words , does not amount to a novus actus interveniens . If Y 's suicide was foreseen , X may be guilty of murder ; if her suicide was unforeseen , but reasonably foreseeable , X will be guilty of culpable homicide . In R v Motomane ( of which Snyman disapproves ) , the accused , charged with murder , had knifed a woman , thereby injuring a vein . The bleeding stopped , but a clot formed . The woman would probably have recovered in the ordinary course of events , but this course was interrupted when a medical practitioner decided to operate : a prudent decision but not a strictly necessary one . The clot was disturbed during the operation ; the woman bled to death . The court held that the causal chain had been broken , and that the Crown had failed to prove that the accused was responsible for the death . The court in S v Tembani , endorsed the approach of English law : If , at the time of death , the original wound is still an operating and substantial cause of death , the death is a result of the wound , even if another cause was also operating . Death is not the result of the original wound if it is just the setting in which another cause operates . Only if the second cause is so overwhelming as to make the original wound merely part of the history may it be said that death does not flow from the wound . In S v Tembani , it was held that the deliberate infliction of an intrinsically dangerous wound , from which the victim was likely to die without medical intervention , must generally lead to liability for an ensuing death , whether or not the wound was readily treatable , and even if the medical treatment given later was substandard or negligent -- unless the victim had so recovered that at the time of the negligent treatment the original injury no longer posed a danger to his life . There is one situation in which an intervening act or event that would ordinarily qualify as a novus actus interveniens will not be regarded as such . This occurs when the intervening act or event was actually planned , intended or foreseen by the accused , in the sense that it was a calculated part of the causal sequence . As some authorities put it , intended consequences can never ( almost by definition ) be `` too remote '' to found liability . The relevant principle has been explained by the Appellate Division , which ruled in Ex parte die Minister van Justisie : In re S v Grotjohn that , where the act is a calculated part of the chain of causation which the perpetrator started , and is an eventuality which the perpetrator foresees as a possibility , and which he desires to employ to obtain his object , it would be contrary to accepted principles of law , and to all sense of justice , to allow him to take shelter behind the act as a novus actus interveniens . In S v Daniels , X shot Y twice in the back with a firearm , whereupon Y fell to the ground . Still alive , he would nonetheless certainly have died unless he had received medical treatment within about half an hour . This was highly unlikely , since the incident had occurred on a lonely road in the countryside . X then threw the firearm to the ground near Y. Shortly thereafter Z appeared , picked up the firearm and killed Y with a shot through the ear . Of the five judges of appeal , two held that X and Z had acted with a common purpose , and that their joint purpose was therefore the cause of death . According , however , to the interpretation of the evidence by the other three judges , X and Z had acted independently . None of the judges doubted that Z 's act was a cause of death . The question for the three judges to decide was whether , assuming independence , X 's act also amounted to a cause of death . Two of the three held that there was indeed causal link , and that policy considerations did not demand that Z 's act qualify as a novus actus interveniens , breaking the chain of causation between X 's act and Y 's death . This judgment is preferred by Snyman , since the two shots X fired into Y 's back would in any event have caused his death , even had not Z also fired a shot into Y . Human experience showed that X 's shots would have the tendency , in the ordinary course of events , to result in death . Flexible criterion ( edit ) Although most authorities agree on the need for a second stage to the enquiry into causation , there is no unanimity as to exactly what it should entail . The courts have been reluctant to reduce the enquiry to a simple , mechanistic one . The courts have never , for example , adopted the sole - cause approach ; nor have they attached much weight to such simplistic factors as proximity in terms of time and space . In S v Mokgethi , the Appellate Division ( per Van Heerden JA ) discussed the various approaches to legal causation , and held that it is wrong to identify only one of these theories as the correct one , to be applied in all cases , and in so doing to exclude from consideration the other theories of legal causation . All available theories could be used to assist in the main enquiry , which is simply whether or not there is `` a sufficiently close nexus '' between the accused 's initial conduct and the ensuing consequence , or whether the consequence is `` too remote '' for the purposes of founding criminal liability . One should apply a flexible criterion : The over-riding consideration is the demands of what is fair and just . In endeavouring to ascertain what is a fair and just conclusion , a court may take into consideration the different theories of legal causation referred to above and use them as guides in reaching a conclusion . The problem with a flexible test , however , `` is that it provides little guidance to a court , and so it does not help to create the reasonable certainty of outcome that we need in criminal law in order to satisfy the principle of legality . '' This is why , for practical reasons , and despite the dictum in Mokgethi , it will be found that the preponderance of South African case law still tends to favour the direct or proximate - cause approach . Unlawfulness ( edit ) Snyman notes that , even once conduct and compliance with the definitional aspects of the crime have been established , there are still two more very important requirements for liability : first unlawfulness and then culpability . A finding of unlawfulness is based on the standard of objective reasonableness , which is based in turn on boni mores or the legal convictions of the community . The following defences or grounds of justification , among others , will exclude unlawfulness : private defence ; impossibility ; superior orders ; disciplinary chastisement ; public authority ; and consent . Private defence ( edit ) A person acts in private defence if he uses force to repel an unlawful attack by another upon his person or his property or another recognised legal interest . In these circumstances , any harm or damage inflicted upon the aggressor is not unlawful . Attack ( edit ) The following are the requirements relating to the attack . There must be an attack , which had either commenced or was imminent ; and which was unlawful ; upon a legally protected interest . In R v K , the court held that the assault need not be committed culpably . It is also possible to act in private defence against someone who lacks criminal capacity , such as a mentally disordered person . Most often one acts in private defence in protection of life or limb , but there is no reason in principle why one can not act in private defence in protection of other interests , such as one 's property , as well . The Appellate Division in S v Jackson held that a person is justified in killing in self - defence not only when he fears that his life is in danger but also when he fears grievous bodily harm . In R v Patel , the court ruled that a person has the same right to use force in defence of another from a threatened danger as he would have to defend himself , if he were the person threatened . Defence ( edit ) The defence must be directed against the attacker ; necessary to avert the attack ; and a reasonable response to the attack . In R v Zikalala , where the accused stabbed and killed the deceased in a crowded beer hall , he claimed that the deceased had attacked him with a knife , and that he was acting in self - defence . He was convicted of murder ; he appealed . The Appellate Division held , The evidence is that the hall was packed and that movement therein was difficult . But the observation places a risk upon the appellant that he was not obliged to bear . He was not called upon to stake his life upon `` a reasonable chance to get away '' . If he had done so he may well have figured as the deceased at the trial , instead of as the accused person . Moreover , one must not impute to a person who suddenly becomes the object of a murderous attack that mental calm and ability to reason out ex post facto ways of avoiding the assault without having recourse to violence . No - one , then , is obliged to flee if flight does not offer a safe avenue of escape : for example , if it would merely expose one to a stab in the back . In such circumstances a person is entitled to stand his ground and defend himself . Zikalala 's conviction was overturned . Test ( edit ) The test for private defence is an objective one . If X thinks that he is in danger , but in fact is not , or if he thinks that someone is unlawfully attacking him , but in fact the attack is lawful , his defensive measures do not constitute private defence . Where an accused is charged with murder , the court held in S v Ntuli , but he is convicted of culpable homicide for exceeding the bounds of reasonable self - defence , an assault will have been involved if it is found that the accused realised that he was applying more force than was necessary . As to the means of defence being commensurate with the danger threatened , the court in Ntsomi v Minister of Law & Order found that it had to apply an objective test ex post facto . Where a policeman is attacked during the performance of his duty , the criterion of a reasonable policeman , compelled to act in the same circumstances , should be applied . A policeman attempting to effect a lawful arrest is not obliged to flee from an unlawful assault : The victim of such an assault is entitled , if he has no reasonable alternative , to defend himself with whatever weapon he has at hand . Putative private defence ( edit ) If the accused believes , erroneously but honestly , that his person or property is in danger , his conduct in defence of it is not private defence . His mistake , however , may remove the element of intention . The accused in S v De Oliveira , who lived in a secure and burglar - proofed house in a dangerous area , was awoken one afternoon by the presence of several men outside the house on his driveway . He picked up his pistol , opened window and fired six shots . Two of them hit the men , one killing and the other injuring . There was no indication that an attack on the house was imminent . The accused failed to testify ; his defence of putative private defence failed . He was convicted of murder and of two counts of attempted murder . Private defence of property ( edit ) This defence is available when a person uses force to defend an interest in property : for example , to prevent a would - be thief or robber from taking his own property , or that of another ; to prevent someone from damaging or destroying his own or another 's property ; or to prevent an intruder from entering his own or another 's property . This would include the use of such preventive devices as spiked fences and electrified fencing . The requirements for private defence of property are similar in many respects to those for private defence of persons , but there are certain differences . The following are conditions relating to the attack . There must be evidence that the property was presently in danger of damage or destruction that was unlawful . The defence of property must be directed against the attacker ; necessary to avert the danger ; and a reasonable response to the attack . In Ex parte Die Minister van Justisie : in re S v Van Wyk , the Appellate Division held that the onus is on the State to rebut private defence of property , just as it carries the onus to rebut private defence of person . The property should not be of negligible value . In S v Mogohlwane , Mogohlwane had been robbed by the deceased , who had been armed with a tomahawk , of a bag containing his clothing , shoes and food . Mogohlwane then went to his home , nearby , fetched a knife and returned to recover his property . When Mogohlwane tried to take back his bag , the deceased resisted and again threatened him with the tomahawk . Mogohlwane then stabbed him with the knife , causing his death . Mogohlwane was charged with murder . The court held that , in determining whether or not the property is of trivial value , it could be taken into account that the accused ( as was the case in casu ) might not be richly endowed with earthly possessions . What may be of little value to a wealthy person may be of great value to a poor person . Given Mogohlwane 's financial circumstances , the stolen items were of value to him . Mogohlwane was justified in his conduct , because his attempt to recover his property was close enough in time to the robbery to be part of the same chain of events . The State had not proved that there was a less dangerous and more effective means or method reasonably available to the accused to defend himself against the act of robbery , so it was decided that Mogohlwane had acted in private defence and therefore lawfully . Necessity ( edit ) A person acts out of necessity , and his act is therefore lawful , if he acts in protection of his own or of somebody else 's life , bodily integrity , property or some other legally recognised interest , endangered by a threat of harm which has commenced or is imminent , and which can not be averted in any other way -- provided that the person is not legally compelled to endure the danger , and provided that the interest protected is not out of proportion to the interest necessarily infringed by the protective act . It is immaterial whether the threat of harm takes the form of compulsion or emanates from a non-human agency such as force of circumstance . Private defence and necessity are closely related : Both allow a person to protect interests of value to him , such as life , bodily integrity and property , against threatening danger . There are also differences between them : Private defence always stems from and is always directed at an unlawful human attack ; necessity , on the other hand , may stem either from an unlawful human attack or from chance circumstances , such as an act of nature . Whereas , in cases of private defence , the act of defence is always directed at an unlawful human attack , in cases of necessity it is directed at either the interests of another innocent party or a mere legal provision . Necessity may arise either from compulsion or from inevitable evil . An example of compulsion is where Craig orders Richman to commit a punishable act , such as setting ablaze Helena 's motor car , and threatens to kill Richman if he fails to comply . Richman duly complies . The emergency here is the result of unlawful human conduct ; the act ( of arson ) is directed at an innocent third person , namely Helena . In the case of inevitable evil , the emergency situation is the result of non-human intervention , such as an act of nature ( a flood , for example ) or some other chance circumstance like a shipwreck . If a fire breaks out in Y 's house , and X , in order to escape , has to break through a window , he may reply to a charge of malicious damage to property with a defence of necessity . If X 's baby gets hold of a bottle of pills and swallows all of them , and X in rushing her to hospital exceeds the speed limit , he may also rely on necessity . In S v Bailey , the Appellate Division found that a person is guilty of a crime in respect of which intention is a requirement where it is proved that he unlawfully and deliberately committed or caused the alleged act or consequence as contained in the definition of the crime ; he acted under duress , in bona fide fear for his life ; the duress was not so strong that a reasonable person in the position of the accused would have yielded to it ; and there were no other possible grounds present for the exclusion of culpability . Requirements ( edit ) Legal interest ( edit ) The mere danger of losing one 's job does not give one the right to act out of necessity , held the court in S v Canestra . If one can not exercise one 's profession without contravening the law , one ought to find another profession . Commenced or imminent ( edit ) In S v Mtewtwa , the court held that , for the defence of necessity to be applicable , the threat or danger sought to be averted must still be in existence ; it must not yet be over . If it were over , there would be nothing to avert . Not the accused 's own fault ( edit ) It is a fundamental rule of South African law that one may not profit from one 's own wrongdoing . A person may not use his own prior negligence or misconduct to justify his later actions and escape liability . According to this rule , an accused would not be able to rely on the defence of necessity where he cause the threat or danger himself , through his own culpable conduct . It is unclear , however , to what extent this rule holds good -- at least when it is expressed in absolutist terms : `` A qualified and more nuanced approach seems more appropriate . '' Snyman 's view is that the rule only applies to cases in which the accused was actually aware that he was creating a risk of danger through his prior conduct , but persisted in that conduct anyway , but it does not apply to cases in which the accused , although negligent , was oblivious to the risk he was creating . As the SCA decided , in S v Lungile , `` A person who voluntarily joins a criminal gang or group and participates in the execution of a criminal offence can not successfully raise the defence of compulsion when , in the course of such execution , he is ordered by one of the members of the gang to do an act in furtherance of such execution . '' In S v Bradbury , a member of a gang reluctantly played a lesser role in a murder due to fear of reprisals if he refused . The Appellate Division found that there was a need for a deterrent to this kind of gangsterism . The decision of the trial judge to impose the death sentence was therefore not so unreasonable as to warrant the appeal court 's intervention . `` As a general proposition , '' wrote Holmes JA , `` a man who voluntarily and deliberately becomes a member of a criminal gang with knowledge of its disciplinary code of vengeance can not rely on compulsion as a defence or fear as an extenuation . '' In both Bradbury and Lungile , the accused was aware that he was creating a risk of danger through his prior conduct . Necessary ( edit ) The course of action taken by the accused must have been necessary in order to avert the threatened harm or danger . This does not mean that there must literally have been no alternative , but merely that there was no other practical way of averting the threatened harm or danger . The test here is objective : whether or not , in light of all the circumstances , a reasonable person could be expected to resist the threat . Reasonable ( edit ) The Appellate Division in R v Mahomed , which cites some of the old authorities on the subject , held that the accused 's actions , and the means used , must be a reasonable response to the threatened danger . This means that the accused must not have done more harm than was actually necessary to avert the harm or danger ; that the harm done must not be greater than the harm avoided . The accused must have chosen the lesser of two evils . In S v Malan , the accused ( a farmer ) had for many years suffered problems with stray animals causing damage to his land . Having exhausted all remedies , from impounding the animals to sending messages to their owner , to no avail , the accused shot and killed the animals when they yet again strayed on to his land . The court found that such conduct was not unreasonable in the circumstances ; therefore , it was lawful . In the delictual case of Peterson v Minister of Safety & Security , the court cited Midgley and Van der Walt to the following effect : The means used and measures taken to avert the danger of harm must not have been excessive , having regard to all the circumstances of the case . Onus ( edit ) In S v Pretorius , in which Pretorius broke the speed limit in rushing to hospital a seriously ill person , the court held that the onus of proof in a defence of necessity rests on the State , which must rule out the reasonable possibility of an act of necessity . It is not for the accused to satisfy the court that he acted from necessity . In S v Mtewtwa , as we have seen , the court held that , where an accused 's defence is one of compulsion , the onus lies on the State to show that a reasonable man would have resisted the compulsion . There is no onus on the accused to satisfy the court that he acted under compulsion . Killing ( edit ) The old authorities took the view that a person was never justified in killing an innocent person to save his own life . It was thought that a person should rather submit to death , although the threat to his own life might be regarded as a mitigating factor . This approach prevailed until relatively recent times , as is illustrated in the leading English criminal case of R v Dudley & Stephens , which established a precedent , throughout the common - law world , that necessity is no defence to a charge of murder . It concerned survival cannibalism following a shipwreck and its purported justification on the basis of a custom of the sea . Dudley and Stephens were involved in a shipwreck and cast adrift in an open boat with two other persons : a man named Brooks and a cabin boy , seventeen years old , called Parker . After seventeen days at sea , eight of them without food and six without water , it became clear that they were unlikely to survive much longer . Dudley and Stephens agreed that Dudley should kill Parker , so that they could eat him , reasoning that he , being younger and weaker , would be the first to die anyway . Brooks did not agree to the plan . Dudley went ahead and killed Parker . All three of them ate his remains for the next four days . They were rescued on the fifth . Dudley and Stephens , on a charge of murder , raised the defence of necessity . The court rejected this defence and convicted them , holding that the law expects the average man to sacrifice his own life for that of an innocent victim . In R v Werner and S v Bradbury , the Appellate Division essentially followed the same approach as in R v Dudley and Stephens . In Werner , a murder had been committed by prisoners of war acting on the orders of a superior officer . The court held that the killing of an innocent person by compulsion is never legally justifiable . As for Bradbury , a member of a dangerous gang , he had reluctantly played a minor role in a planned murder , being influenced thereto by fear of reprisals of a serious nature on himself or his family should he refuse . The trial judge had imposed the death sentence on him . In an appeal against this sentence , the Appellate Division held that , weighing the influence of fear against the need for a deterrent to this kind of gangsterism , there was nothing so unreasonable in the trial judge 's decision as to justify a finding that his discretion had not been judicially exercised . In S v Goliath , however , the court took a different view from that held in S v Bradbury and R v Dudley and Stephens . Goliath and another person ( the first accused in the trial ) came upon the deceased , and the first accused began to rob him . The first accused produced a knife and told Goliath to tie up the deceased . Goliath objected . The first accused said he would stab Goliath if he did not obey . Goliath then tied up the deceased . The first accused then stabbed the deceased to death . The first accused told Goliath to take off the deceased 's shoes and , when Goliath hesitated , again threatened to kill him . Goliath complied . They were both charged with murder , Goliath as an accomplice . The trial court convicted the first accused , but acquitted Goliath on the basis that he had acted under compulsion . The State , however , reserved certain questions of law for decision by the Appellate Division . The most pertinent of these was whether or not the defence of compulsion could ever constitute a defence to murder . In reply , the Appellate Division confirmed that Goliath had been rightly acquitted , that is , it accepted that necessity , in the form of compulsion , can be a complete defence to the killing of an innocent third person . It is not a defence that will be accepted lightly , however ; it will depend on all the surrounding circumstances . The whole factual complex must be carefully examined and adjudicated upon with the greatest care . In Goliath 's case , the decisive factor was that the first accused had the means and the will to carry out his threat to kill Goliath there and then if Goliath did not comply with his demands . It also weighed heavily with the court that Goliath was neither the instigator nor the main perpetrator , merely a reluctant accomplice ; nor did he profit in any way from the crime . The defence of necessity on a murder charge was upheld in S v Peterson , since the State had not proved that a fictional reasonable person in the position of the accused would have offered resistance to the compulsion , including a threat against his life , which had been exerted by a co-accused . Impossibility ( edit ) The maxim lex non cogit ad impossibilia may be translated to mean that the law does not compel anyone to do the impossible . Impossibility is the appropriate defence ( excluding unlawfulness ) in cases where the law places a person under a legal duty to perform a positive act , and the person is unable to comply with this duty . The policy rationale for this ground of justification is that it would be unfair to punish an individual who contravened the law under conditions where he could not act otherwise . In this regard , impossibility might be regarded as `` the flip - side of necessity , '' but the requirements of the two defences do not correspond exactly . Defence ( edit ) There must be a positive obligation imposed by law , which with it must be absolutely physically impossible to comply , not merely difficult or inconvenient . In R v Jetha , the appellant had sailed for India on 11 October 1926 ; his estate was provisionally sequestrated on 13 October 1926 . In March 1929 , after his return , he was convicted of contravening section 142 ( a ) of the Insolvency Act , in that he had failed to attend the first meeting of his creditors on 11 November 1926 . The court , on appeal , held that , as the appellant had not and could not have known of the date of the meeting until after it was held , and as it would have been physically impossible for him to attend even if he had known the date , there was no ground for the conviction . The impossibility must not be the fault of the accused . In R v Korsten , an accused person took his cattle to be dipped in a township dip , but was prevented from dipping them by the township foreman , because he had not complied with a by - law which provided that no person should use the dipping tank except upon production of coupons , previously purchased , entitling him to do so . The accused 's excuse for not having purchased such coupons was that he did not know that this was necessary . The court held that , inasmuch as the Animal Diseases Act imposed an absolute duty on the accused to dip his cattle , these facts afforded no defence . Superior orders ( edit ) The question here is whether or not an otherwise unlawful act may be justified by the fact that the accused was merely obeying the orders of a superior . The Romans phrased it thus : `` He is free from blame who is bound to obey . '' Requirements ( edit ) To succeed in a defence of superior orders , it must be shown that the order came from a person lawfully placed in authority over the subordinate ; that the subordinate was under a duty to obey the order ; and that he did no more than was necessary to carry out the order . These requirements are set out in S v Banda , where the court held that the defence of obedience to superior orders was a form of the defence of compulsion , in that the subordinate was compelled to follow the orders of his superior officer . It is considered unjust , therefore , to hold a soldier criminally liable for merely following orders . The rationale for the defence is that military discipline requires immediate and unquestioning obedience to orders , backed up by stern punishment for disobedience . In Queen v Albert , the court held that a child under fourteen years of age , who assists his father in committing a crime , is presumed to do so in obedience to his father 's orders , and is not punishable , even if he knew that he was performing a forbidden act -- unless , in the case of a child above seven years of age , the crime is `` atrocious , '' or so `` heinous as obviously to absolve the person ordered to commit it from the duty of obedience . '' In S v Banda ( a treason trial held after the abortive military coup in Bophuthatswana ) , Friedman J drew a distinction between an unlawful and a manifestly unlawful order . Where orders are so manifestly and palpably unlawful that a reasonable man in the circumstances of the accused ( a soldier in casu ) would know them to be so , the duty to obey is absent , and the accused will be liable for acts committed pursuant to such orders . If , therefore , a soldier obeys an order which is unlawful , but not `` manifestly and palpably illegal , '' he would still be able to rely on the defence of obedience to superior orders . If , however , a soldier is ordered to massacre civilians , or to rape and loot , he would not be able to rely on this defence , since conduct of this nature would be manifestly and palpably illegal . In S v Mostert , which dealt with the applicability of the defence to orders by traffic officers , the court held that the order must have emanated from someone lawfully placed in authority over the accused , and that the accused must have been under a duty to obey the given order ; finally , the accused must have done no more harm than was necessary to carry out the order . If the accused exceeds the limits of an order , he may not claim that he was acting under the orders of a superior . Public authority ( edit ) When officers of the courts , or of the law or the State generally , and in certain circumstances even private persons , as duly authorised instruments of the State , commit crimes in the proper exercise of such authority ( including acts of aggression upon life , person and property ) , they may be immune from punishment . Diplomatic or consular immunity ( edit ) This defence is to be found in the Diplomatic Immunities and Privileges Act , which sets out the immunities and privileges of diplomatic missions and consular posts , and of the members of such missions and posts . Section 3 states that the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961 is applicable to diplomatic missions and to the members of such missions ; the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations of 1961 is applicable to consular posts and the members of such posts . Section 4 provides that heads of state , special envoys or representatives from another state , or another government or organisation , are immune from the criminal and civil jurisdiction of the courts . They enjoy the privileges accorded them by customary international law , which extends their immunity also to their families , and to members of their staff and their families . The Minister must keep a register of all persons who are protected by such immunity . Consuls , be they career or honorary , are not diplomatic agents . Nonetheless , they are , according to international law , entitled to immunity from civil and criminal proceedings in respect of official acts . Court authority ( edit ) The person officially authorised to execute either the civil or the criminal judgment of a court commits no crime in so doing . This exemption does not extend to cases in which the court has no jurisdiction . If officials of the court act beyond their jurisdiction , their actions are unlawful , but they may escape liability if they genuinely believe that they are acting lawfully . In S v Madihlaba , it was held that the court - authority exemption will not apply to a situation in which a court had no jurisdiction . For a crime in which negligence is sufficient for liability , and if the official 's belief was not only genuinely held , but also reasonable , he will not be liable . The fact that a person works as a court official may indicate that he ought to know the law relating to his sphere of activity , and is therefore negligent . The test of intention is subjective , so the reasonableness or otherwise of the accused 's belief is in principle irrelevant . If , however , that belief is patently unreasonable , especially because the accused 's occupation requires him to know better , this could constitute a factor from which the court may reach the conclusion that an inference of knowledge of unlawfulness can be drawn . The powers of public officers and private citizens to arrest , either with or without a warrant , are set out in the Criminal Procedure Act ( CPA ) . Provided that arrestors act within the limits of these powers , they are not liable for any assault or other crime necessarily committed to effect , or to attempt to effect , the arrest . The old section 49 of the CPA distinguished between deadly force and non-deadly force ; and a person who resisted arrest and a person who fled . No common - law balance was required ; there was no need to consider alternative means . Lethal force was permitted in respect of Schedule 1 offences . The old section 49 has been amended by section 7 of the Judicial Matters Second Amendment Act , which came into force in 2003 . An important case necessitated the change . In Govender v Minister of Safety & Security , the SCA read down section 49 ( 1 ) , specifically the words `` use such force as may in the circumstances be reasonably necessary ( ... ) to prevent the person concerned from fleeing , '' so as to exclude the use of a firearm or similar weapon , unless the person authorised to arrest a fleeing suspect , or to assist in arresting him , has reasonable grounds for believing that the suspect poses an immediate threat of serious bodily harm to him , or a threat of harm to members of public ; or that the suspect has committed a crime involving the infliction or threatened infliction of serious bodily harm . When applying the reasonableness standard , the nature and degree of force used must be proportionate to the threat posed by the accused to the safety and security of police officers and others . In Ex parte Minister of Safety & Security : In re S v Walters , the Constitutional Court accepted as constitutionally sound the interpretation of section 49 ( 1 ) ( b ) in Govender . This saved section 49 ( 1 ) from invalidation . Section 49 ( 2 ) , however , authorised police officers in the performance of their duties to use force where it might not be necessary or reasonably proportionate . This , the court found , was socially undesirable and constitutionally impermissible . The court declared section 49 ( 2 ) to be inconsistent with the Constitution and therefore invalid , since it infringed the rights to dignity , life and security of person . The court went on to state the law relating to the arrest of a suspect : The purpose of arrest is to bring before court for trial persons suspected of having committed offences . Arrest is not the only means of achieving this purpose , nor always the best . Arrest may never be used to punish a suspect . Where arrest is called for , force may be used only where necessary . Where force is necessary , only the least degree of force reasonably necessary may be used . In deciding what degree of force is both reasonable and necessary , all circumstances must be taken into account , including the threat of violence the suspect poses to the arrester or others , and the nature and circumstances of the offence the suspect is suspected of having committed -- the force being proportional in all these circumstances . Shooting a suspect solely to carry out an arrest is permitted in very limited circumstances only . Ordinarily it is not permitted unless the suspect poses a threat of violence to the arrester or to others , or is suspected on reasonable grounds of having committed a crime involving the infliction or threatened infliction of serious bodily harm , and there are no other reasonable means of carrying out the arrest , whether at that time or later . These limitations in no way detract from the rights of an arrester , attempting to carry out an arrest , to kill a suspect in self - defence or in defence of any other person . The new section 49 ( 2 ) reads as follows : If any arrestor attempts to arrest a suspect and the suspect resists the attempt , or flees , or resists the attempt and flees , when it is clear that an attempt to arrest him or her is being made , and the suspect can not be arrested without the use of force , the arrestor may , in order to effect the arrest , use such force as may be reasonably necessary and proportional in the circumstances to overcome the resistance or to prevent the suspect from fleeing . This is a statutory articulation of the reasonable or proportional test . The subsection goes on to say that `` the arrestor is justified in terms of this section in using deadly force that is intended or is likely to cause death or grievous bodily harm to a suspect , only if he believes , on reasonable grounds , `` that the force is immediately necessary for the purposes of protecting the arrestor , any person lawfully assisting the arrestor or any other person from imminent or future death or grievous bodily harm ; `` that there is a substantial risk that the suspect will cause imminent or future death or grievous bodily harm if the arrest is delayed ; or `` that the offence for which the arrest is sought is in progress and is of a forcible and serious nature and involves the use of life threatening violence or a strong likelihood that it will cause grievous bodily harm . '' These limits are in addition to those discussed above . Consent ( edit ) The complainant 's consent in the circumstances must be recognised by law as a possible defence . The consent must be real and given voluntarily , without coercion . The consent must be given by a person capable in law of consenting . Recognised by law ( edit ) Consent is only a ground of justification in respect of some crimes . It is not a ground of justification in respect of treason ; perjury ; and murder , It is a ground of justification in respect of rape ; theft ; and malicious injury to property . It is sometimes a ground of justification in respect of assault . Death ( edit ) In R v Peverett , the accused and one `` S , '' at the latter 's suggestion , decided to commit suicide by introducing into a closed motor car poisonous fumes from the exhaust pipe of the car . The accused made the necessary arrangements . He and `` S '' then sat in the car ; the accused started the engine . They both lost consciousness but were later removed from the car and eventually recovered . The accused was convicted of attempted murder ; his appeal was dismissed . The court held that the fact that `` S '' was free to breathe the poisonous gas or not , as she pleased , did not free the accused from criminal responsibility for his acts . The accused had contemplated and expected that , as a consequence of his acts , `` S '' would die ; he therefore intended to kill her , however little he may have desired her death . In determining legal liability for terminating a patient 's life , in Clarke v Hurst , the court held that there is no justification for drawing a distinction between an omission to institute artificial life - sustaining procedures ; and the discontinuance of such procedures once they have been instituted . Just as , in the case of an omission to institute life - sustaining procedures , legal liability would depend on whether there was a duty to institute them , so in the case of their discontinuance liability would depend on whether or not there was a duty not to discontinue such procedures once they have been instituted . A duty not to discontinue life - sustaining procedures can not arise if the procedures instituted have proved to be unsuccessful . The maintenance of life in the form of certain biological functions , such as the heartbeat , respiration , digestion and blood circulation , but unaccompanied by any cortical and cerebral functioning of the brain , can not be equated with `` living '' in the human or animal context . If the resuscitative measures were successful in restoring only these biological functions , they were in reality unsuccessful . Artificial measures , such as naso - gastric feeding , could consequently also be discontinued . It is appropriate in cases of this nature , and not in conflict with public policy , to make an evaluation of the quality of life remaining to the patient and to decide on that basis whether life - sustaining measures ought to be taken or continued . Bodily harm ( edit ) A participant in sport may validly consent only to those injuries which are normally to be expected in that particular sport . Voluntary participation in sport may also imply that the participant consents to injuries sustained as a result of acts which contravene the rules of the game -- but only if such incidents are normally to be expected in that particular game . Injuries inflicted in the course of initiation or religious ceremonies may be justified by consent only if they are of a relatively minor nature and do not conflict with generally accepted concepts of morality . Sexual assault may be committed with or without the use of force or the infliction of injuries . Consent may operate as a justification for the act if no injuries are inflicted . Where injuries are inflicted , it has been held that consent may not be pleaded as a defence . Snyman has averred , however , that in such cases it would `` seem to be more realistic '' to enquire into whether the act is contra bonos mores or not . If the injury is slight , it is conceivable that the law may recognise consent to the act as a defence . Real , voluntarily and without coercion ( edit ) Where consent is obtained by means of fraud or deception , it is not genuine consent . Fraud or deception may take the form of actively misleading the other person as to the nature , circumstances or consequences of the act to which he is consenting ; or of intentionally withholding information that is material to the other person 's decision . However , not all forms of fraud or deception will necessarily vitiate consent . Essentially , fraud or deception will only vitiate consent if it is material in nature : in other words , if the complainant would not have consented at all if he had known the truth , or would only have consented on substantially different terms . In the case of sexual acts , it has long been the accepted rule that consent will only be vitiated by a fraud or deception that induces either error in negotio or error in personae : An error in negotio is an error in respect of the act . An error in personae is an error as to the identification of the other person . Capable of consent ( edit ) To consent to an otherwise unlawful act , the person consenting must have the ability to understand the nature of the act and to appreciate its consequences . This ability may be lacking due to youth ; a mental defect ; or intoxication , unconsciousness , etc . Disciplinary chastisement ( edit ) In Du Preez v Conradie , the court held that a parent has the right and the power to chastise minor children . This includes the right to impose moderate and reasonable corporal punishment . A step - parent ( to whom a divorced parent of the children is married ) may exercise the same rights if requested to do so by the other parent , subject to the same limitations as on that parent . The parent and step - parent are not entitled to molest their children or to exceed the bounds of moderate and reasonable chastisement . Section 35 ( 1 ) of the Interim Constitution provides expressly that the rights entrenched in it , including section 10 -- `` every person shall have the right to respect for and protection of his or her dignity '' -- and section 11 ( 2 ) -- no `` person shall be subject to torture of any kind , whether physical , mental or emotional , nor shall any person be subject to cruel , inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment '' -- shall be interpreted in accordance with the values which underlie an open and democratic society based on freedom and equality . In determining , then , whether punishment is cruel , inhuman or degrading within the meaning of the Constitution , the punishment in question must be assessed in the light of the values which underlie the Constitution . The simple message to be taken from this , according to the Constitutional Court , in S v Williams , is that the State , in imposing punishment , must do so in accordance with certain standards ; these will reflect the values which underpin the Constitution . In the present context , this means that punishment must respect human dignity and be consistent with the provisions of the Constitution . The caning of juveniles in casu was accordingly ruled unconstitutional . The Abolition of Corporal Punishment Act abolished judicial corporal punishment . The South African Schools Act abolished corporal punishment in schools . In Christian Education v Minister of Education , a private Christian organisation administered a private school and believed that , in terms of its Christian principles , the physical chastisement of children at school was lawful . The organisation applied for an order exempting the school from section 10 of the Schools Act , arguing that the constitutional right to religious freedom allowed it to be so exempted . The Constitutional Court held that the requested order could not be granted . Even if one assumed that section 10 infringed upon parents ' right to religious freedom , such infringement was justified , since even private schools exercise their functions for the benefit of the public interest . Requirements ( edit ) The requirements for the lawful parental chastisement of children are laid out R v Janke & Janke . It must be moderate and reasonable ; in a manner not offensive to good morals ; and not for other objects than correction and admonition . Considerations ( edit ) Relevant considerations in adjudicating on the chastisement of children were laid out in Du Preez v Conradie : the nature of the offence ; the condition of the child ; the motive ; the severity of the punishment ; the object used to inflict the punishment ; the age of the child ; the sex of the child ; and the build of the child . Culpability ( edit ) The test for determining criminal capacity is whether the accused had the ability to appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct ; and the ability to act in accordance with that appreciation . A defence in this area may relate to biological ( pathological ) factors , like immature age ; and mental illness ; or non-pathological factors , like intoxication ; provocation ; and emotional stress . Biological factors ( edit ) Youth ( edit ) Common law ( edit ) The common - law position is that a minor under seven years of age is irrebutably presumed to lack criminal capacity , being doli incapax ; of seven to fourteen years of age is rebuttably presumed to lack criminal capacity ; and over fourteen years enjoys the same criminal capacity as adults , without any presumption of a lack of capacity . In R v K , a charge of murder was brought against a child of thirteen . The presumption , which applies for adults , that he had intended the probable consequences of his actions was not here applicable . The State failed to prove that the child knew that his act ( stabbing and thereby killing his mentally ill mother ) was unlawful . In Director of Public Prosecutions , KZN v P , the respondent , a fourteen - year - old girl , had been convicted of the murder of her grandmother . The passing of sentence was postponed for a period of 36 months , on the condition that the respondent complied with the conditions of a sentence of 36 months ' correctional supervision in terms of section 276 ( 1 ) ( h ) of the Criminal Procedure Act . On appeal , the State argued that the sentence was too lenient , considering the gravity of the offence . It contended that , despite the young age of the respondent , direct imprisonment should have been imposed . The test for interference by an appeal court is whether the sentence imposed by the trial court is vitiated by irregularity or misdirection or is disturbingly inappropriate . The strongest mitigating factor in favour of the respondent in casu was her youthfulness : She had been twelve years and five months old at the time of the offence . A second factor was that she had no previous conviction . The aggravating factors , however , were overwhelming . The postponement of the passing of sentence was therefore inappropriate in the circumstances , and caused a sense of shock and a feeling that justice was not done . Child justice act ( edit ) The Child Justice Act was assented to on May 7 , 2009 , and commenced on April 1 , 2010 . Among the purposes of the Act is to provide for the minimum age of criminal capacity of children ; and to provide a mechanism for dealing with children who lack criminal capacity outside the criminal justice system . Part 2 of the Act deals with the criminal capacity of children under the age of fourteen years . In terms of section 7 , dealing with the minimum age of criminal capacity , a child who commits an offence while under the age of ten years does not have criminal capacity and can not be prosecuted for that offence , but must be dealt with in terms of section 9 , so there is an irrebutable presumption that the child lacks capacity ; a child who is ten years or older , but under the age of fourteen years , and commits an offence , is presumed to lack criminal capacity , unless the State proves that he or she has criminal capacity in accordance with section 11 , so there is a rebuttable presumption of lack of capacity . The common law pertaining to the criminal capacity of children under the age of fourteen years was thereby amended . In terms of section 11 , dealing with proof of criminal capacity , the State must prove , beyond reasonable doubt , that a child who is ten years or older , but under the age of fourteen years , had the capacity to appreciate the difference between right and wrong at the time of the commission of an alleged offence ; and to act in accordance with that appreciation . Section 8 provides for review of the minimum age of criminal capacity : In order to determine whether or not the minimum age of criminal capacity as set out in section 7 ( 1 ) should be raised , the Cabinet member responsible for the administration of justice must , not later than five years after the commencement of this section , submit a report to Parliament . Section 9 deals with the manner of dealing with a child under the age of ten years . Mental incapacity ( edit ) Until 1977 , the `` defence of insanity '' had its roots in English law , in particular the M'Naghten rules . The CPA replaced these , however , with sections 77 to 79 , which were implemented largely on the recommendation of the Rumpff Commission : Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Responsibility of Mentally Deranged Persons & Related Matters . There are two questions to consider in respect of mental incapacity : Is the accused fit to stand trial ? This is a preliminary issue . Did the accused have the requisite capacity when he committed the unlawful act ? Test of insanity ( edit ) The meaning or definition of `` mental illness '' or `` mental defect '' is provided in S v Stellmacher , discussed above . It is `` a pathological disturbance of the accused 's mental capacity , not a mere temporary mental confusion which is ( ... ) attributable to ( ... ) external stimuli such as alcohol , drugs or provocation . '' An affliction or disturbance is pathological if it is the product of a disease . The criterion in Stellmacher identifies as mental illnesses ( as opposed to mental defects ) only those disorders which are pathological ; and endogenous . To be endogenous is to be of internal origin . Section 78 ( 1 ) of the CPA provides that a person whose act or omission constitutes an offence , and who suffers at the time from a mental illness or defect which makes him incapable of appreciating the wrongfulness of his act or omission ; or of acting in accordance with that appreciation , will not be criminally responsible for that act or omission . The difference between the first contingency and the second is between the cognitive and the conative respectively : The cognitive refers to insight , or appreciation of the wrongfulness of an act . The conative refers to self - control , or acting in accordance with an appreciation of that wrongfulness . S v Mahlinza lays out the general principles relating to criminal capacity and mental illness . One night , the accused in casu , a devoted mother , had taken off her clothing and placed it on a fire . She had then placed her baby and her six - year - old daughter on the fire , and stood at the door of the kitchen to prevent them from escaping . The baby was burnt to death ; the six - year - old escaped with burns . The psychiatrist who examined the accused reported that she was laughing and was generally very rowdy , and could not give an account of herself or of her behaviour ; she was disorientated and had no insight into her condition . The psychiatrist diagnosed a state of hysterical dissociation . She was charged with murder but found to be insane , and thus not guilty . Rumpff JA ( of the eponymous report ) held in Mahlinza that , whenever the issue of the accused 's mental faculties is raised ( be it in respect of the trial or in respect of her criminal capacity ) , an investigation into her mental faculties is of primary and decisive importance . Should the investigation show that she did not have criminal capacity , the necessity for an investigation as to fault in the technical sense , and as to the voluntariness with which the offence was committed , falls away . The decision in each case depends on the particular facts and the medical evidence . Rumpff warned that it is both impossible and dangerous to attempt to lay down any general symptoms by which a mental disorder may be recognised as a mental `` disease '' or `` defect . '' Types of mental disorders ( edit ) Burchell lays out a number of types of mental disorder : organic disorders , which are due to a general medical condition , and which are pathological and endogenous , and which therefore satisfy the criteria of the legal definition of insanity ; substance - related disorders , which are not necessarily pathological , endogenous or permanent , so that persons suffering from them are not necessarily legally insane ; schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders , which are pathological , endogenous and capable of depriving the sufferer of insight or self - control , and which therefore satisfy the criteria of the legal definition of insanity ; personality disorders , which are a consequence not of disturbance of the psychic state , but rather of patterns of behaviour learned during the formative years ; and mood and anxiety disorders : Mood disorders are capable of depriving the sufferer of insight or self - control , and may therefore satisfy the criteria of the legal definition of insanity . Anxiety disorders do not affect one 's ability to distinguish reality from unreality , and therefore are not psychotic in nature . Dissociative orders , however , may deprive the sufferer of insight or self - control , and therefore may satisfy the criteria of the legal definition of insanity . The Interim Report of the Booysen Commission of Enquiry into the Continued Inclusion of Psychopathy as Certifiable Mental Illness and the Dealing with Psychopathic and Other Violent Offenders found that the `` retention of psychopathy as a mental illness in the Mental Health Act is not only scientifically untenable , but it is also not effective in practice . '' In accordance with the recommendations of the Commission , section 286A of the CPA now provides for the declaration of certain persons as dangerous criminals , and section 286B for the imprisonment , for an indefinite period , of such persons . Even before the Booysen Commission , however , the courts were not prepared to accept psychopathy , in and of itself , as exempting an accused from criminal liability , or even as warranting a lesser sentence on account of diminished responsibility . In S v Mnyanda , the accused was convicted of murder . In an appeal , he argued that his psychopathy should have been regarded as a mental illness , and thus as a mitigating factor . The court found that the mere fact that an accused may be regarded as clinically a psychopath is not a basis on which he may be found to have diminished responsibility . Only when , in respect of a particular misdeed , it can be said that the psychopathic tendency was of such a degree as to diminish the capacity for self - control to such a point that , according to a moral judgment , he is less blameworthy , will the law recognise his diminished responsibility . Procedural aspects ( edit ) Originally , South Africa followed English law , using the `` guilty but insane '' formula , but in 1977 the verdict was changed to `` not guilty by reason of mental illness or mental defect . '' Section 78 ( 8 ) ( a ) of the CPA allows an appeal against such a finding . Whether or not the verdict in insanity cases is tantamount to an acquittal , from which no appeal is allowed , and whether the State may appeal against a verdict of not guilty by reason of mental illness or defect -- these conundrums have not yet been answered by the courts . In the past , if a court found an accused to be `` not guilty but insane , '' it had to `` direct that the accused be detained in a mental hospital or prison pending the signification of the decision of a Judge in chambers . '' These provisions were regarded as peremptory ; there was no option but to commit the accused to an institution . It is not difficult to see how the inevitable committal to an institution of a person who was found to be insane at the time of the offence , but who subsequently recovered , could lead to `` great injustice . '' In S v McBride , the accused had been capable of appreciating the wrongfulness of his act , but he was unable , because of `` an endogenous depression '' resulting in `` impaired judgment , '' to act in accordance with that appreciation . The court held that he was not criminally responsible for the killing . Although the accused had since recovered from his illness , to the extent of obtaining employment and `` performing a function as a useful member of society , '' the court considered itself bound to order his detention in a mental hospital . In Burchell 's words , then , `` we have the curious contradiction that a sane person is detained in a mental institution ( or a prison ) because he committed a crime for which , in law , he is not responsible and has accordingly been found ' not guilty . ' '' The South African Law Commission , recognising this injustice , proposed that such a person be committed to an institution only if he has not recovered or continues to pose a danger to himself or to society . The legislature addressed the issue with the Criminal Matters Amendment Act , giving the court a discretion , if `` it considers it to be necessary in the public interest , '' in cases involving serious crimes , to order either detention in an institution , or release , conditional or unconditional . Sections 46 to 48 of the Mental Health Care Act provide for periodic review of the mental - health status of State patients , application for their discharge and various provisions governing conditional discharge . The range of orders that a judge may issue are set out in section 47 ( 6 ) : that the patient remain a State patient ; that he be reclassified and dealt with as a voluntary , assisted or involuntary mental - health - care user ; that he be discharged unconditionally ; or that he be discharged conditionally . Onus of proof ( edit ) South African law has adopted English law on the onus of proof in these matters : `` Every man is presumed to be sane , and to possess a sufficient degree of reason to be responsible for his crimes , until the contrary be proved . '' Section 78 ( 1A ) of the CPA reiterates that every person is presumed not to suffer from a mental illness or mental defect so as not to be criminally responsible in terms of section 78 ( 1 ) , until the contrary is proved on a balance of probabilities . In terms of section 78 ( 1B ) , whenever the criminal responsibility of an accused is in issue , with reference to a commission or omission which constitutes an offence , the burden of proof will be on the party who raises the issue . Almost always , therefore , it will be on the accused . In S v Kalogoropoulos , the court held that an accused person who relies on non-pathological causes in support of a defence of criminal incapacity is required in evidence to lay a factual foundation for it , sufficient at least to create a reasonable doubt on that point . It is , ultimately , for the court to decide the issue of the accused 's criminal responsibility for his actions , having regard to the expert evidence and to all the facts of the case , including the nature of the accused 's actions during the relevant period . Diminished responsibility ( edit ) Section 78 ( 7 ) of the CPA provides that , if the court finds that the accused , at the time of the commission of the offence , was criminally responsible , but that his capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of the act , or to act in accordance with an appreciation of that wrongfulness , was diminished by reason of mental illness or mental defect , the court may take that fact into account when sentencing him . The accused acted with diminished responsibility in S v Mnisi . On seeing his wife in an adulterous embrace with the deceased , the accused had lost control of his inhibitions and shot him . On appeal , the SCA held that the trial court had not accorded sufficient weight to the accused 's diminished criminal responsibility . The fact that he had acted with dolus indirectus had also not been taken into account . Deterrence was of lesser importance in this case , the SCA held , because the evidence did not suggest that the accused had a propensity for violence ; he was unlikely to commit such an offence again . In view of the accused 's diminished criminal responsibility , general deterrence was also of lesser importance . His sentence of eight years ' imprisonment was reduced to five . Non-pathological criminal incapacity ( edit ) Non-pathological criminal incapacity must be distinguished from mental illness . A person may suffer from mental illness , and nevertheless be able to appreciate the wrongfulness of certain conduct , and to act in accordance with that appreciation . Intoxication ( edit ) Intoxication may affect the act ( rendering the accused 's conduct involuntary ) ; capacity ; or intention . There are four types of intoxication : involuntary intoxication ; intoxication leading to mental illness ; actio libera in causa ; and voluntary intoxication . In R v Bourke , the accused was charged with rape ; he was acquitted as a result of intoxication . The court noted three broad propositions in Roman - Dutch law : `` that , as a general rule , drunkenness is not an excuse for the commission of a crime , though it may be a reason for mitigation of punishment ; '' that , `` if the drunkenness is not voluntary , and is severe , it is an excuse ; -- that is , if the drunkenness was caused not by the act of the accused person but by that of another , and was such as to make him unconscious of what he was doing , then he would not be held in law responsible for any act done when in that state ; '' and that , `` if constant drunkenness has induced a state of mental disease , delirium tremens , so that , at the time the criminal act was done , the accused was insane , and therefore unconscious of his act , he is not responsible , but in such a case he can be declared insane . '' The court held that absolute drunkenness is not equivalent to insanity . The essential difference is that the drunk person , as a rule , voluntarily induces his condition , whereas the mentally ill person is the victim of a disease : `` It is therefore not unreasonable to consider that the person who voluntarily becomes drunk is responsible for all such acts as flow from his having taken an excess of liquor . '' `` To allow drunkenness to be pleaded as an excuse , '' wrote Wessels J , `` would lead to a state of affairs repulsive to the community . It would follow that the regular drunkard would be more immune from punishment than the sober man . '' In S v Johnson , the leading decision on intoxication prior to S v Chretien , an accused was found guilty of culpable homicide despite the fact that the court accepted the psychiatric evidence that the accused was so drunk that he did not know what he was doing at the time of the offence . This case therefore reaffirmed the principle in Bourke that voluntary drunkenness is no excuse . In Chetrien , the Appellate Division reconsidered Bourke and Johnson , and eradicated the traditional approach to voluntary intoxication . It firmly adopted a course based on legal principle . The facts were these : While under the influence of alcohol , Chetrien had driven his car into a crowd of people standing in the street . One was killed ; five were injured . On charges of murder and attempted murder , the trial court found the accused guilty of culpable homicide , but acquitted him of attempted murder . The issue on appeal was whether , on the facts , the trial judge , Friedman J , had been correct in law to hold that the accused , on a charge of attempted murder , could not be convicted of common assault where the necessary intention for the offence had been influenced by the voluntary consumption of liquor . Friedman J had accepted that , in his drunken state , the accused had expected that the people would move out of his way . There was some doubt , therefore , as to whether he had the requisite intention for common assault . Friedman J found that he was bound by Johnson . By confining that decision to the issue of culpable homicide , however , and by categorising common assault as a crime requiring `` specific intent , '' he was able to avoid the effect of Johnson in respect of non-specific - intent crimes . Friedman J thus brought to issue the question of whether , subjectively , the accused had the requisite intention for common assault of the five injured persons . The State 's argument was that the trial court should have applied Johnson and found the accused guilty of common assault , even if he lacked mens rea on account of his intoxication . The majority of the Appellate Division concluded that even common assault requires intention to assault . If this intention is lacking due to voluntary intoxication , there can be no conviction . It was found that Chetrien had had no such intention . Rumpff CJ held that the rule in Johnson was juridically impure , and that voluntary intoxication could be a complete defence to criminal liability . Rumpff stressed the importance of the degree of the accused 's intoxication : At one extreme is the person who is `` dead drunk . '' At the other is the person who is only slightly drunk . The latter would have no defence ; the former would be acquitted if he was so drunk that his conduct was involuntary , making him unable to distinguish right from wrong , or unable to act in accordance with that appreciation . Voluntary intoxication was thus removed from the direct influence of policy considerations , and placed firmly on the basis of legal principle . The result is that it can now affect criminal liability in the same way , and to the same extent , as youth , insanity , involuntary intoxication and provocation . Intoxication of a sufficient degree , therefore , can serve to exclude the voluntariness of conduct , criminal capacity or intention . `` While Chetrien can not be faulted on grounds of logic or conformity with general principles , '' writes Burchell , `` the judgment might well have miscalculated the community 's attitude to intoxication . Should a person who commits a prohibited act while extremely intoxicated escape all criminal liability ? '' In 1982 , the Minister of Justice requested the Law Commission to consider the matter . In January 1986 , after receiving extensive comment on a working paper , the Commission published a report and a draft Bill . Eventually the Criminal Law Amendment Bill was tabled in Parliament . After its passage , it came into operation on March 4 , 1988 . The Act contains two short sections , the first of which provides that any person who consumes or uses any substance which impairs his or her faculties to appreciate the wrongfulness of his or her acts or to act in accordance with that appreciation , while knowing that such substance has that effect , and who ( ... ) thus impaired commits any act prohibited by law ( ... ) , but is not criminally liable because his or her faculties were impaired ( ... ) , shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to the penalty ( ... ) which may be imposed in respect of the commission of that act . The elements of the offence of contravening the Act are as follows : consumption or use of any intoxicating substance by the accused ; impairment of the accused 's faculties ( to appreciate the wrongfulness of the act or to act in accordance with that appreciation ) as a result of the consumption or use ; knowledge that the substance has the effect of impairing his faculties ; commission by the accused of any act prohibited by law while his faculties are so impaired ; and absence of criminal liability because his faculties are so impaired . There are two main components : requirements relating to the consumption of the substance ; and circumstances surrounding the commission of the act . In S v Vika , the appellant was convicted in a regional court on two counts of contravening this section . The prohibited acts were murder and attempted murder . Regarding the appropriate punishment , the magistrate applied the provision that such a contravention could attract the same penalty as that which might be imposed for the unlawful act itself . He found that no substantial and compelling circumstances existed to justify a sentence of less than the fifteen years ' imprisonment stipulated in section 51 ( 2 ) of the Criminal Law Amendment Act . When the appellant appealed against the sentence , arguing that it was startlingly inappropriate , the High Court held that the magistrate seemed not to have appreciated the difference between the offences of which the appellant had been convicted , and the offences of murder and attempted murder . These amounted to misdirections , and entitled the court to interfere with the sentence . The appeal was thus upheld , the sentence of fifteen years ' imprisonment set aside and a sentence of seven years ' and four years ' imprisonment , running concurrently , imposed . It is important to remember , therefore , that to be convicted of an offence in terms of section 1 ( 1 ) of the Criminal Law Amendment Act is to be convicted of a unique statutory offence , described in detail above , and not of the ordinary common - law offence . Section 1 ( 2 ) of the Criminal Law Amendment Act provides that , if in any prosecution of any offence it is found that the accused is not criminally liable , on account of the fact that his faculties were impaired by the consumption or use of any substance , he `` may be found guilty of a contravention of subsection ( 1 ) , if the evidence proves the commission of such contravention . '' This subsection provides , in essence , that a contravention of section 1 ( 1 ) will be regarded as a competent verdict on a charge of another offence . Section 2 of the Act provides that , whenever it is proved that the faculties of a person were impaired by the consumption or use of a substance when he committed an offence , the court may , in determining an appropriate sentence , regard as an aggravating circumstance the fact that his faculties were so impaired . The Law Commission was not in favour of this provision . As Burchell points out , `` a court always has a discretion to impose an appropriate punishment and intoxication can be taken into account either as a mitigating or as an aggravating circumstance . '' The section does indicate , with the word `` may , '' that the court retains its discretion , but Burchell thinks this superfluous . Section 1 ( 1 ) does not specify voluntary consumption . The Bill drafted by the Law Commission did , however , and therefore would have protected from a liability a person who has his drink `` spiked '' by another . Under the Act , such a person would escape liability on the basis that he did not know that the substance he was drinking would have the effect it did . The Law Commission 's Bill , however , has `` the advantage of also clearly leading to the acquittal of a person who was forced to drink an alcoholic or other concoction , which he knew would have the effect of impairing his faculties , but who had no control over his actions . '' Burchell suggests that the courts `` interpret the words ' consumes or uses ' as implying conduct directed by the consumer 's or user 's will and therefore importing voluntary intoxication '' . Another problem is that the Act refers only to a lack of criminal capacity . What about involuntary conduct and intention ? `` The wording of the draft bill prepared by the Law Commission , '' writes Burchell , `` is surely preferable , '' since it refers simply to an impairment of `` mental faculties , '' without any restriction as to the consequence of this impairment . Chetrien had criminal capacity , but he was acquitted on the ground that there was reasonable doubt as to whether he possessed the requisite intention to commit the crimes wherewith he was charged . He would also escape liability under the Act , because his intoxication did not lead to lack of criminal capacity , but rather to lack of mens rea . There is , finally , a problem in respect of onus . According to general principles , the burden of proving the presence of all the elements of the crime , beyond reasonable doubt , rests on the State . One of the elements that the State must prove beyond reasonable doubt , for a contravention of section 1 ( 1 ) , is that the accused is not criminally liable for his act , committed while intoxicated , `` because his faculties were impaired , '' or better say because he lacked capacity at the time he committed the act . `` This , '' as Snyman points out , `` leads to the unusual situation that , in order to secure a conviction of contravening this section , the state must do that which X ( the accused ) normally does at a trial , namely try and persuade the court that X is not guilty of a crime . The state thus bears the burden of proving the opposite of what it normally has to prove . '' The problem in practical terms , Snyman observes , is that `` it is difficult for the state to prove beyond reasonable doubt that because of incapacity resulting from intoxication , X can not be held criminally liable for his act . '' The courts have warned on multiple occasions that they will not easily conclude that the accused lacked capacity . The difficulty arises when the two offences are used in the alternative . Snyman posits the following : If X is charged with assault and the evidence shows that he was only slightly drunk at the time of the act , he will not escape the clutches of the criminal law , because he will then be convicted of assault and the only role the intoxication will play will be to serve as a ground for the mitigation of punishment . If the evidence shows that at the time of the act he was very drunk ( ... ) , so drunk that he lacked capacity , he would likewise not escape the clutches of criminal law , because he would then be convicted of contravening this section . However , if the evidence reveals that at the time of the act he happened to fall into the grey area between ' slightly drunk ' and very drunk ' , he will completely escape the clutches of criminal law ; he will then ' fall ' between the proverbial ' two chairs ' and it would then be impossible to convict him of any crime . In this way the section could undoubtedly lose much of its effectiveness . In S v Mbele , the accused was charged with theft in a magistrate 's court . He contended that he had been under the influence of alcohol at the time of the offence ; the State witness testified to the effect that he was `` not quite all there . '' The magistrate could not find on the evidence that the accused had the necessary criminal responsibility , and gave him the benefit of the doubt that his version could possibly be true . Since he was `` not criminally liable '' for the crime , the magistrate found him guilty of a contravention of section 1 ( 1 ) of the Criminal Law Amendment Act . On review , the Witwatersrand Local Division held that , for a contravention of section 1 ( 1 ) , the State was required to prove that the accused 's faculties were impaired at the time he performed the act , and that , as a result , he was not criminally liable . It was insufficient , therefore , for the State to take matters only so far as uncertainty as to whether his faculties were impaired to the necessary degree . The court found that the State had not proven impairment of the accused 's faculties . He could not be convicted , therefore , of the offence of contravening section 1 ( 1 ) . The conviction and sentence were accordingly set aside . In S v September , the appellant stood trial in a Provincial Division on charges of murder , assault with intent to do grievous bodily harm , theft and malicious injury to property . The trial court found that , at the time of the commission of the offences , the appellant had been under the influence of liquor , and possibly also drugs ; that he had consequently lacked criminal capacity ; and that he was guilty , accordingly , of a contravention of section 1 ( 1 ) of the Criminal Law Amendment Act . On appeal , the appellant argued that the evidence was indeed of such a nature as to cast doubt on his criminal capacity , and that the trial court had correctly found that he could not be convicted of the charges laid against him . It was , however , further argued that positive proof was absent of a lack of criminal capacity , and that the appellant ought accordingly not to have been convicted on section 1 ( 1 ) . The court stressed the fact that it was the task of the trial court , in every case , to decide whether the accused indeed lacked the requisite criminal capacity . Three psychiatrists had testified as to the appellant 's alleged state of intoxication . They differed widely in their opinions . The trial court had accepted , without furnishing reasons for so doing , the evidence of the psychiatrist whose opinion it was that the appellant had lacked criminal capacity . This indicated that the trial court had not examined the question of the appellant 's criminal capacity to the requisite extent . The evidence as a whole , therefore , had to be assessed anew . After reassessing the evidence , the court found that no reasonable doubt had been cast on the appellant 's criminal capacity . The evidence was furthermore sufficient to lead to the conclusion that the appellant , beyond reasonable doubt , was guilty of contravening the original counts . The court therefore set aside the convictions on section 1 ( 1 ) , and substituted convictions on the original charges . Provocation and emotional stress ( edit ) Provocation may be a complete defence in South African law , and may exclude : the voluntariness of conduct , although this is very rare ; criminal capacity ; or intention . Roman and Roman - Dutch law did not regard anger , jealousy or other emotions as defences for any criminal conduct ; they were only factors in mitigation of sentence , and even then only if they could be justified by provocation . Section 141 of the Transkei Penal Code of 1886 influenced the adoption by the courts of the view that provocation could never be a never be a complete defence to a charge of murder ; at most it could be a partial defence . The Code provided that killing which would otherwise have constituted murder could be reduced to culpable homicide if the person responsible acted in the heat of the moment , as a result of passion occasioned by sudden provocation . The decision to reduce a charge of murder to one of culpable homicide depended on an application of the criterion of the ordinary person 's power of self - control ; the test was objective , in other words . S v Mokonto saw a change from the objective to a subjective test . The accused believed that the death of his two brothers had been brought about by the evil powers of a witch . When he confronted her , she declared that he would not `` see the setting of the sun today , '' whereupon he struck her with a cane - knife , almost cutting off her head . He was convicted of murder . On appeal , Holmes JA held that he had been provoked to anger by the deceased 's threat , and that , therefore , the appropriate verdict should be one of culpable homicide . Holmes considered section 141 of the Transkeian Code , with its provision that `` homicide which would otherwise be murder may be reduced to culpable homicide , if the person who causes death does so in the heat of passion caused by sudden provocation . '' The Code continues , Any wrongful act of such a nature as to be sufficient to deprive any ordinary person of the power of self - control may be provocation , if the offender acts upon it on the sudden , and before there has been time for his passion to cool . This did not correlate , Holmes found , with the Roman - Dutch notion that provocation is not a defence . Holmes held that the objective `` reasonable person '' criterion is not in harmony with modern subjective judicial thinking . It is judicially recognised that intention to kill is purely a subjective matter . Since the test of criminal intention was now subjective , and since earlier cases of provocation applied a degree of objectivity , it might be necessary , he thought , to consider afresh the whole question of provocation . On the other hand , he noted , the facts of a particular case might show that the provocation , far from negativing an intention to kill , had actually caused it . The crime would then be murder , not culpable homicide . The test for intention being subjective , it seemed to Holmes that provocation , which bears upon intention , must also be judged subjectively . In crimes of which specific intention is an element , therefore , the question of the existence of such intention is a subjective one : What was going on in the mind of the accused ? Provocation , Holmes held , is relevant to the question of the existence of such intention . Subjectively considered , it is also relevant to mitigation . S v Laubscher dealt with the defence of temporary non-pathological criminal incapacity . Laubscher , a medical student , shot and killed his father - in - law , and attempted also to shoot his mother - in - law and his estranged wife one day at his in - laws ' home . He was charged with and convicted of murder and attempted murder . His defence was that he had acted involuntarily , since he had lacked criminal capacity at the time of the commission . This was due to a total but temporary `` psychological breakdown , '' or temporary `` disintegration of his personality . '' In order to address the issue of the appellant 's mental faculties at the time of the crime , the court had to look at the role of the defence in South African law . To be criminally liable , a perpetrator must , at the time of the commission of the alleged offence , have criminal liability . The doctrine of criminal capacity is an independent subdivision of the concept of mens rea . Therefore , to be criminally liable , a perpetrator 's mental faculties must be such that he is legally to blame for his conduct . The court set out the two psychological characteristics of criminal capacity : the ability to distinguish right from wrong , and to appreciate the wrongfulness of an act ; the capacity to act in accordance with that appreciation , and to refrain from acting unlawfully . In the present case , the defence was one of non-pathological incapacity . Where a defence of non-pathological incapacity succeeds , the accused is not criminally liable ; he may not be convicted of the alleged offence . He must be acquitted . Because he does not suffer from a mental illness , or from a defect of a pathological nature , he may not be declared a State patient either . Laubscher had experienced a considerable amount of stress in the period leading up to the incident . He was an emotionally sensitive 23 - year - old with the intelligence of a genius . He and his wife had married young , when she was pregnant , and had struggled financially ; he was still a student . Her parents had contributed R80 per month toward their rent , and had taken every opportunity thus afforded them to meddle in the couple 's affairs . Laubscher and his parents - in - law did not get along ; he feared his father - in - law . Nor did things improve when the baby was born . The parents took his wife to their farm and made arrangements , without the appellant 's consent , to christen the baby . The wife did not return to the appellant afterwards -- nor did the baby -- and , upon reaching majority , began to institute divorce proceedings . One weekend , the appellant made arrangements with his wife to go away to his parents ' home for the weekend with the child , and to some spend time together . She agreed . When he arrived at the farm to pick them up , however , she had apparently changed her mind , so he made arrangements to see his family the following week . The appellant travelled with a loaded gun , since he was driving alone . He arrived at the farm to be told , again , that he would not be leaving with his wife and child . He went to a hotel , checked in , misspelled his name and other words on the necessary forms , and did not have dinner , although he did have a rum and coke . He went back his in - laws ' house and demanded to see his child . His mother - in - law told him he could not . The appellant could recollect nothing after this point . He was woken up the following morning in hospital , with no recollection of what he had done . The appeal court agreed with the convictions on the first four counts . The defence of involuntary conduct ( owing to psychological breakdown or disintegration of personality ) had to fail , because Laubscher 's behaviour , according to his own version of events , did not support such a finding . His actions were goal - directed and purposeful -- before , during and after the shooting . Altogether he had fired some 21 shots into various rooms of the house , requiring him to reload his gun at least twice . He had also managed to drive away from the house immediately afterwards , in an attempt to escape . This was not consistent with automatic behaviour . The trial court 's conviction was accordingly upheld . It was in Laubscher that the court first adopted the term `` temporary non-pathological criminal incapacity , '' using it to distinguish between lack of criminal capacity due to mental illness or defect , and lack of criminal capacity due to other factors , such as intoxication , provocation and severe emotional stress . As to the fifth count ( attempted murder ) , the court held that the State had not proven beyond a reasonable doubt that Laubscher had the necessary intention , in the form of dolus eventualis , to kill his child -- especially in view of the fact that the whole object of his visit to the farm that evening had been to collect his child . As regards sentence , the court held that the appellant had without doubt been suffering from severe stress , and so his sentence was mitigated . The defence of psychogenic sane automatism was first raised successfully in the Cape Provincial Division , in S v Arnold , where Arnold had shot and killed his wife , Tina , one day at their home . At his trial for murder , it emerged that , like Laubscher , he had been under severe emotional stress at the time of the incident . Apart from long - standing financial and marital problems , he was deeply distressed at parting from his disabled son , whom he had just delivered to a children 's home . He had placed the boy there at Tina 's insistence . Having taken a gun with him for protection , he returned home and went into the living room to put it away . Tina was in the living room ; an argument broke out between them . At one point , Arnold banged his gun on the back of the sofa . It went off accidentally , but no - one was harmed . Tina informed Arnold that she wished to resume her former occupation as a stripper , and bared her breasts to him . At this , he fired upon and killed her . He claimed later that he had no recollection of aiming and pulling the trigger . The psychiatrist who gave evidence for the defence testified that , at the time of the shooting , Arnold 's `` conscious mind was so ' flooded ' by emotions that it interfered with his capacity to appreciate what was right or wrong and , because of his emotional state , he may have lost the capacity to exercise control over his actions . '' The court , however , identified the legal issues in dispute as follows : Did Arnold perform an act in the legal sense ? In other words , was his conduct voluntary ? If so , did he have the necessary criminal capacity at the time ? If so , did he have the required intention to commit murder ? In answer to these questions , the court held that it was not satisfied that the State had passed the first hurdle : It had failed to prove , beyond a reasonable doubt , that Arnold 's conduct was voluntary . Even if it had , though , the court was not satisfied that the State had proved beyond a reasonable doubt that Arnold had criminal capacity at the relevant time . He was therefore acquitted . After Arnold , there were a number of murder trials in which the accused claimed that he , too , had acted involuntarily or had lacked criminal capacity as a result of severe emotional stress , coupled with provocation . Although the defence enjoyed a measure of temporary success in the then - Supreme Court , there has thus far been only one case in which it has succeeded in the Appellate Division or in the Supreme Court of Appeal : that of S v Wiid . The accused was also acquitted in the lower court in S v Nursingh and S v Moses . S v Campher , together with Wiid , makes it clear that provocation may exclude not only the accused 's intention to murder , but in certain extreme cases also his criminal capacity . In S v Potgieter , the Appellate Division cautioned that , if the accused 's version of events is unreliable , the psychiatric or psychological evidence adduced in favour of the defence of non-pathological incapacity ( inevitably based on the accused 's version of events ) would also be of doubtful validity . For a long time it was unclear that the defence of temporary non-pathological criminal incapacity was at all different from the defence of sane automatism , and ( if so ) what the difference was . This question was finally resolved by the SCA in S v Eadie . Eadie had battered a fellow motorist to death with a broken hockey stick in a fit of purported road rage . He had been drinking heavily . He raised the defence of temporary non-pathological criminal incapacity , but this defence was rejected . On conviction , he appealed to the SCA . In a judgment `` long and very thorough , '' Navsa JA comprehensively reviewed the jurisprudence on provocation and emotional stress , and the historical development of the defences of temporary non-pathological criminal incapacity and sane automatism . He concluded that they are one and the same thing . He went on to hold that a normal person can only lack self - control , and hence criminal capacity , if he is acting in a state of automatism . He also indicated that , although the test of capacity might still remain , in principle , essentially subjective , the application of this test is to be approached with caution . The courts must not too readily accept the ipse dixit of the accused regarding provocation or emotional stress . A court is entitled to draw a legitimate inference from what `` hundreds of thousands '' of other people would have done under the same circumstances : that is , by looking at the objective circumstances . Drawing such an inference could result in the court 's disbelieving an accused who says simply , without adducing any further evidence , that he lacked capacity or acted involuntarily under provocation or emotional stress . Eadie thus affirmed the High Court 's finding that the accused could not successfully raise the defence of non-pathological incapacity on the facts . Both the High Court and the Supreme Court of Appeal drew a pragmatic distinction between loss of control and loss of temper . Eadie signals a warning that in future the defence of non-pathological incapacity will be scrutinised most carefully . Persons who may in the past have been acquitted in circumstances where they had killed someone who had insulted them will find that courts will scrupulously evaluate their ipse dixit in the context of objective standards of acceptable behaviour . On this interpretation of Eadie , capacity remains subjectively tested in principle , but the practical implementation of the test must accommodate the reality that the policy of the law , with regard to provoked killings , `` must be one of reasonable restraint . '' It may , writes Burchell , be difficult for the courts in future not to blur the subtle distinction between , on the one hand , drawing legitimate inferences of individual subjective capacity from objective , general patterns of behaviour , and , on the other hand , judicially converting the current subjective criterion for judging capacity into an objective one . It is possible to place a more radical interpretation on the judgment of Navsa JA in Eadie -- not just as emphasising the court 's ability to draw legitimate inferences as to capacity from objective circumstances , but as going further and explicitly requiring the defence of provocation to result in automatism and changing the essence of the test from a subjective to an objective inquiry . `` However , '' writes Burchell , the court would neither simply have overturned , by implication , a considerable body of judicial precedent on the nature of capacity nor would it have reached a sweeping conclusion that could possibly alter other aspects of the law where the test of capacity is in issue , without full argument on these issues . Rather than suggesting that the Court replaced the subjective inquiry into capacity with an objective evaluation it is possible to suggest an interpretation of the Eadie case that involves a middle course : Capacity should be both subjectively and objectively assessed . In the subsequent case of S v Marx , the court held that the binding effect of Eadie was to conflate sane automatism and non-pathological incapacity , `` because a person who is deprived of self - control is both incapable of a voluntary act and at the same time lacks criminal capacity . '' Shannon Hoctor has bemoaned Eadie 's `` potentially ruinous effect on the concept of non-pathological incapacity , '' and hopes that the judgment will be ignored by the courts , becoming `` a derelict on the waters of the law , '' although he concedes that this is unlikely `` in the light of courts such as the Eastern Cape High Court in Marx increasingly giving effect to the inevitable doctrinal aftermath ( ... M ) ere passivity will not be enough . Strong judicial action is required . '' Fault ( mens rea ) ( edit ) Fault is an element of every crime . It may take one of two forms : intention ( dolus ) ; or negligence ( culpa ) . All common - law crimes require intention ( except for culpable homicide and contempt of court committed by an editor of a newspaper for which negligence is sufficient ) . Statutory crimes require either intention or negligence . Fault refers to the legal blameworthiness of the reprehensible state of mind or careless conduct of a criminally accountable person who has acted unlawfully . It is a firmly established principle of criminal justice that there can be no liability without fault , a principle generally expressed in the maxim actus non facit reum , nisi mens sit rea ( the act is not wrongful unless the mind is guilty ) . In other words , the general rule is that , in order for an accused to be held liable , in addition to unlawful conduct ( or actus reus ) and capacity , there must be fault ( or mens rea ) on the part of the accused . The requirement of fault as an element of liability means , among other things , that fault must exist in respect of each and every element of the crime with which the accused has been charged . This is so whether fault is in the form of intention or of negligence . The only exception to the rule is where the Legislature expressly provides that fault need not exist in respect of each element of a crime but , even in this eventuality , there is a presumption of statutory interpretation that the Legislature intended some form of fault to be required . Murder , by way of illustration , is the unlawful , intentional killing of a human being . In terms of the rule , a person who kills another will be guilty only if he knows or at least foresees the possibility that what he has done is unlawfully to kill a human being . Fault must exist in respect of each of the elements of the crime ; if it is absent for any one of them ( as where the killer believes he is acting lawfully , or does not know or foresee that death will be the consequence of his conduct , or does not know or foresee that what he is killing is a human being ) , there can be no fault . The accused must know , therefore , that he may be acting unlawfully ; that his actions may bring about a death ; and that it is a human being he is killing . Intention ( edit ) Intention , as a form of fault , has three principal elements : a direction of the will towards performing the act ; knowledge of the definitional elements of the crime ; and knowledge of unlawfulness of the conduct . Intention generally takes one of three forms : dolus directus ; dolus indirectus ; and dolus eventualis . These three forms of intention may be general ( indeterminatus ) . Dolus directus ( edit ) Dolus directus , or direct intention , is intention in its ordinary grammatical sense : The accused meant to perpetrate the prohibited conduct , or to bring about the criminal consequence . This type of intention will be present where the accused 's aim and object was to perpetrate the unlawful conduct or to cause the consequence , even though the chance of its resulting was small . Dolus indirectus ( edit ) Dolus indirectus , or indirect intention , exists where , although the unlawful conduct or consequence was not the accused 's aim and object , he foresaw the unlawful conduct or consequence as certain , `` substantially certain , '' or `` virtually certain . '' For instance , the accused in R v Kewelram set fire to certain stock in a store . His objective was the destruction of the stock ( dolus directus ) in order to obtain the insurance money , but he foresaw the destruction of the store as a substantially certain , or inevitable , consequence of the burning of the stock ( dolus indirectus ) . Dolus eventualis ( edit ) Dolus eventualis exists where the accused does not mean to bring about the unlawful circumstance , or cause the unlawful consequence which follows from his conduct , but foresees the possibility of the circumstance 's existence or the consequence 's ensuing , and nonetheless proceeds with his conduct . In brief , the accused directs his will towards an event or result , but foresees that , in so doing , he may cause another event to ensue . Nevertheless he proceeds with his conduct . Intention in this sense is sometimes called `` legal intention . '' The facts of R v Jolly provide a clear illustration of the meaning of dolus eventualis . The appellants had unlawfully and deliberately derailed a train . No - one was seriously injured . The appellants argued that there was no desire to injure anyone ; they had chosen a spot where the train was moving slowly up a rising gradient with banks on either side of the line . Innes CJ held , despite this , that they had intended to kill : Now the derailment of a train , even upon a slightly rising grade , must be attended by terrible possibilities of danger to those travelling upon it . Jolly recognised this , for he said in his evidence that he contemplated risk of life . But he and his associates were content to cause that risk in the interests of their larger design . On Snyman 's definition , there are two requirements for existence of dolus eventualis : that the accused should subjectively foresee the possibility that , in striving towards his main aim , the unlawful act or result may ensue ; and `` that he should reconcile himself to this possibility , '' or at least be reckless as to the possibility . The first may be described as the cognitive part of the test ; the second is the conative or volitional part . Foreseeing the possibility ( edit ) The first requirement deals with what the accused conceives to be the circumstances or possible consequences of his actions . There can not be dolus eventualis if he does not envisage those circumstances or consequences . Dolus eventualis differs from dolus indirectus in that the accused foresees the prohibited result not as one which necessarily will flow from his act , but only as a possibility . `` In spite of an objective formulation of dolus eventualis in some earlier cases relating principally to the doctrine of common purpose , '' since the early 1950s the courts have favoured a subjective test for intention , which was ultimately adopted by the Appellate Division in R v Nsele . Since Nsele , the subjective test for criminal intention has been consistently applied by South African courts . It is now settled law that intention , and more particularly dolus eventualis , can not be established through the application of an objective criterion . It must be proved that the accused subjectively foresaw the possible occurrence of the consequence in question . The subjective test takes account only of the state of mind of the accused , the issue being whether the accused himself foresaw the consequences of his act . The test may be satisfied by inferential reasoning : that is to say , if it can be reasoned that , in the particular circumstances , the accused `` ought to have foreseen '' the consequences , and thus `` must have foreseen , '' and therefore , by inference , `` did foresee '' them . In S v Sigwahla , Holmes JA expressed the degree of proof in the following terms : Subjective foresight , like any other factual issue , may be proved by inference . To constitute proof beyond reasonable doubt the inference must be the only one which can reasonably be drawn . It can not be so drawn if there is a reasonable possibility that subjectively the accused did not foresee , even if he ought reasonably to have done so , and even if he probably did do so . The inference , then , must be the only one that can reasonably be drawn from the proved facts . In S v Van Aardt , having regard to the `` sustained '' and `` vicious '' assault upon the deceased by the appellant , the SCA found that `` the appellant subjectively foresaw the possibility of his conduct causing the death of the deceased and was plainly reckless as to such result ensuing . '' He was therefore guilty of murder on the basis of dolus eventualis . This finding rendered irrelevant the question of whether or not the appellant owed a duty to the deceased of obtaining medical assistance for him . In the court a quo , however , Pickering J had accepted `` that the State was required to prove that the appellant subjectively foresaw the reasonable possibility that his failure to obtain medical assistance for the deceased would lead to the death of the deceased . '' `` This , '' argues Shannon Hoctor , `` is the correct approach , in that in the face of any possible interpretive confusion the interpretation most favourable to the accused should be adopted . '' = Degree of possibility = ( edit ) Some consequences of an action will certainly occur ; others will probably occur ; while it is only a possibility that yet another consequence may occur . The question to be considered is whether all consequences , however remote the possibility of their occurrence , may be said to have been intended , or whether there is some point , in the scale of probability , at which foresight ceases to qualify as intention . `` After some uncertainty in older cases , '' this question was settled in part by the decision of the Appellate Division in R v Horn . Prior to this case , it was unclear whether dolus eventualis required foresight on the part of the accused that the consequences in question would probably result from his act , or whether it was sufficient if he foresaw that the consequences might possibly result . The Appellate Division decided that realisation of the possibility of the consequences is sufficient for criminal intention . In earlier cases , the test for liability had been stated to be whether or not the consequence was `` likely '' to occur . It was argued in Horn that `` likely '' `` connotes a degree of probability , something more than a mere possibility . '' Since in this case the evidence showed that the risk of harming the deceased was `` one chance in a thousand , '' and that the risk of killing her was `` one chance in many thousands , '' counsel argued that in the circumstances a fatal wounding was not a likely or probable occurrence , and so could not be said to have been intended by the appellant . Having examined earlier cases , Beyers JA was sceptical of this contention , observing , No doubt , an accused may , in appropriate circumstances , be heard to say `` That which has happened was so improbable that I did not appreciate that there was a risk of it happening . '' But that is not to say that a person who does foresee a risk of death is entitled , because the risk is slight , to `` take a chance '' and , as it were , gamble with the life of another . On this point , the judge went on : It would be incongruous to limit a wrong - doer 's constructive intent to cases where the result which he had foreseen was likely to cause death and not to infer such intent where the result he had foreseen was , although possible , not likely . It is only in proving the wrongdoer 's appreciation of death as a possible result that it becomes relevant whether death was `` likely '' for the more likely death was , the stronger is the inference that he in fact appreciated the risk to life . In short , if the accused foresaw the consequences or circumstances in question not as a probable result of his act , but considered that there was even a possibility that they could result ( and if he reconciled himself to this possibility ) , he will have had intention in the sense of dolus eventualis . On the other hand , if he did not actually foresee the possibility , but as a reasonable man ought to have foreseen it , he lacked intention ; at most he was negligent . The view that foresight of only the possibility of the consequences resulting from an accused 's act is sufficient for dolus eventualis `` can now be regarded as settled law . '' The courts have usually spoken simply of foresight of `` possibility , '' or of `` risk , '' unqualified by any adjective . Given that foresight of a possibility will constitute intention in the form of dolus eventualis , does it follow , then , that even the most remote and unlikely possibility , if foreseen , must be taken to have been intended ? The Southern African courts waver between , on the one hand , recognising even foresight of a remote possibility as dolus eventualis ; and , on the other , requiring foresight of a real ( or reasonable ) possibility . A further possibility is that the distinction between real and remote possibility is not relevant to foresight , but rather to the enquiry into recklessness . In S v De Bruyn , Holmes JA stated obiter that dolus eventualis is present if the accused `` foresees the possibility , however remote , of his act resulting in death to another . '' Later in his judgment he added ( also obiter ) , `` If , under cross-examination , an accused were to admit that he foresaw the possibility of death , on the footing that anything is possible , that would contribute to a conviction of murder . '' In S v Beukes , in contrast , Van Heerden JA accepted that dolus eventualis would normally be present only where the accused foresaw the occurrence of the unlawful consequence or the existence of the unlawful circumstance as a `` reasonable '' possibility . In S v Ngubane , Jansen JA stated , In principle it should not matter in respect of dolus eventualis whether the agent foresees ( subjectively ) the possibility as strong or faint , as probable or improbable provided his state of mind in regard to that possibility is `` consenting , '' `` reconciling '' or `` taking ( the foreseen possibility ) into the bargain . '' However , the likelihood in the eyes of the agent of the possibility eventuating must obviously have a bearing on the question whether he did consent to that possibility . According to Jansen JA , `` if the agent persists in his conduct despite foreseeing such a consequence as a real or concrete possibility , the inference could well be drawn that he ' reconciled ' himself to that consequence , that he was reckless of that consequence . '' Jansen JA states that it does not matter , in determining foresight , whether the accused foresaw a real or merely a remote possibility of a consequence or circumstance . The relevance of this distinction between real and remote possibility arises in determining whether the accused accepted the foreseen possibility into the bargain . Correlation between foreseen and actual manner of consequence occurring ( edit ) Despite the views of certain South African writers , the Appellate Division in S v Goosen adopted the approach that has found favour among German criminal theorists : that the intention element ( in consequence crimes ) is not satisfied if the consequence occurs in a manner that differs markedly from the way in which the accused foresaw the causal sequence . In other words , for intention in the form of dolus eventualis to exist , there not only has to be at least foresight of the possibility of the consequence occurring , and not only must the accused proceed with his conduct despite such foresight , but there has to be a substantial correlation between the foreseen way in which the consequence might have occurred and the actual way in which it did . The appellant in Goosen foresaw the gun held by another in the gang being discharged intentionally , but he did not foresee , or it was not proved beyond reasonable doubt that he did foresee , the gun going off involuntarily or accidentally . Van Heerden JA , delivering the unanimous judgment of the Appellate Division in Goosen , took the view that statements by Rumpff JA in S v Masilela , and of Jansen JA in S v Daniels -- to the effect that the accused 's mistake as regards the actual way in which death occurs can not avail him -- must be confined to the factual situations in those cases : in particular to instances when there was dolus directus in regard to the causing of death . Van Heerden JA took the approach that where the accused 's aim and objective was to bring about the death of the deceased , in general his mistake as regards the actual way in which death occurs would be irrelevant . Van Heerden JA nevertheless accepted that , even where dolus directus was present , there might be exceptions to this rule . Referring , however , to the judgment of Steyn CJ in S v Nkombani , he held that , where dolus eventualis is alleged , the accused 's foresight of the way in which death might occur must not differ markedly from the actual way in which the death occurs . The meaning of `` differ markedly '' ( `` wesenlike afwyking '' ) would have to be elucidated by the courts in future cases , Van Heerden JA said . The facts in Goosen were as follows : The appellant had participated in a robbery . It was found that , at the time , he had foreseen the possibility that one of his fellow robbers might intentionally shoot the deceased with a hand carbine , and thereby kill him . The robbers had waited for the deceased in a car outside his place of work . The deceased had got into his car and driven off ; they followed him . When the deceased 's car stopped at a stop sign , the robbers jumped out of their car and confronted him . One of the robbers , Mazibuko , held the hand carbine while another member of the group struck the deceased . The deceased 's car ( which had automatic transmission ) started moving forward towards Mazibuko when the deceased 's foot slipped off the brake . As the car moved towards Mazibuko , the carbine went off and the deceased was fatally shot . Mazibuko claimed that he had pulled the trigger of the carbine by accident , or involuntarily . The trial Court and the Appellate Division accepted that there was a possibility that the trigger of the carbine had been pulled involuntarily . Mazibuko was found guilty of culpable homicide , in that he had negligently caused the deceased 's death . The appellant , who had neither carried the carbine nor struck the deceased , but had nevertheless accompanied the gang , had on the insistent advice of counsel pleaded guilty to murder and was duly found guilty . On appeal , the Appellate Division set aside the appellant 's conviction of murder ( and the imposition of the death sentence ) , and found him guilty of culpable homicide . The court held that the causing of death by intentional conduct ( which the appellant was held to have foreseen ) was markedly different from causing death by involuntary conduct ( the way in which the death in fact occurred ) . The court accepted that death caused by the involuntary discharge of the firearm might have been foreseen by another individual , but the appellant , who had failed Standard 6 , and was of low intelligence , had not been proved to have foreseen this sequence of events . The court therefore found the appellant guilty only of culpable homicide ( on the basis that a reasonable person in the place of the appellant would have foreseen the possibility of death resulting from the involuntary discharge of the firearm ) . The appellant was sentenced to six years ' imprisonment . Van Heerden JA gave the following hypothetical example to support his conclusion on the question of mistake regarding the causal sequence : Imagine that a robber plans to rob a café owner . He takes a revolver with him and , although he fervently hopes that he will not have to use the weapon , he foresees as a reasonable possibility that he may have to kill the café owner to achieve his object . In the hope that the victim will hand over his money without the need for force , he hides the revolver in his pocket . As he is about to confront the café owner , he slips on the floor , the loaded revolver in his pocket goes off , and the café owner is killed by the bullet . Is the robber guilty of murder ? According to Van Heerden JA , he is not , because he made a fundamental mistake regarding the causal sequence which resulted in death . `` However , '' writes Burchell , could it not be argued that an acquittal on a murder charge could have resulted on the basis that the robber 's conduct in entering the café with a loaded revolver in his pocket , although the factual cause of the deceased 's death , was not the legal cause of such death , since his slipping , falling and the gun going off constituted a substantially unusual event which was not foreseen as a real possibility and which served to break the causal chain ? If this alternative , causal approach to Van Heerden JA 's hypothetical example is correct , asks Burchell , why is it necessary to invoke the theory of mistake as regards the causal sequence ? Perhaps the answer may lie in the fact that in common - purposes cases ( such as Goosen ) the courts have specifically followed an approach which imputes the act of the perpetrator to the other participants in the common purpose , irrespective of whether the latter have contributed causally to the unlawful consequence or not . Their active participation in the common purpose coupled with the requisite guilty mind or fault is enough -- either factual or legal causation between their association and the unlawful consequence is not required . The theory of mistake as regards the causal sequence , which is an aspect of mens rea , may thus be an important limiting device in cases of common - purpose liability , excluding liability for murder where death was foreseen by the participants in a common purpose , but death in fact occurred in an unexpected , or even bizarre , way . Reconciling oneself to the ensuing result ( recklessness ) ( edit ) Subjective foresight of the possibility of the occurrence of a consequence , or the existence of circumstances , is apparently not in itself sufficient for dolus eventualis . In addition , the accused 's state of mind in regard to that possibility , it has been held , must be one of `` consenting '' to the materialisation of the possibility , `` reconciling '' himself to it , `` taking ( the foreseen possibility ) into the bargain , '' or `` recklessness '' in regard to that possibility . Jansen JA , in S v Ngubane , used all of these apparently interchangeable terms to describe the additional element of dolus eventualis . The issue of whether an accused person who foresees the possibility of a consequence , or the existence of a circumstance , may be said to consent or reconcile himself or herself to , or accept the consequence or circumstance into the bargain , is referred to as the `` volitional '' component of dolus eventualis . In S v Beukes , Van Heerden JA acknowledged that no decision has in fact turned on the question of recklessness , and that normally recklessness would only be satisfied where the accused foresaw a consequence as a `` reasonable '' possibility . Nevertheless , Van Heerden JA noted that recklessness is of value as an additional element of dolus eventualis . Van Heerden JA was of the view that , as an accused would seldom admit this element , the court had to draw an inference regarding an accused 's state of mind from facts indicating , objectively assessed , a reasonable possibility that the result would ensue . From the mere fact that he acted , it could be inferred that he had reconciled himself to the result . Van Heerden JA held that this second element of dolus eventualis , the volitional element , would normally only be satisfied where the perpetrator had foreseen the result as a reasonable possibility . The Judge of Appeal gave two circumstances in which the volitional element is useful : when the perpetrator realises that a result could well ensue , but then takes steps to guard against that result occurring ; and when a perpetrator had initially not foreseen the consequence as a reasonable possibility , but after the causal chain of events has commenced he changes his opinion . In the latter case , Van Heerden JA says that the perpetrator would be reckless as to the result if he should take no steps to terminate the chain of events . He gives a hypothetical example : X , a party to a common purpose , initially does not foresee that another in the group is armed , but later finds out that he is . `` Surely , '' writes Burchell , `` this second situation mentioned by the Judge of Appeal could be seen as a case where , once he finds out the truth , he then has foresight of the real ( reasonable ) possibility of a firearm being used . '' Subjective test of intention ( edit ) The subjective test of intention is based on the accused 's state of mind . The question is not whether the accused should have foreseen , but whether he actually foresaw . Intention in respect of circumstances ( edit ) The requirements of dolus eventualis are substantially the same whether a consequence or circumstance is involved . However , since a causal sequence is never in issue in a circumstance crime , the rules about mistake regarding the causal sequence enunciated in Goosen obviously do not apply . Furthermore , the element of `` recklessness , '' in the context of circumstance crimes , has been expressed in terms of a deliberate abstention from making inquiries which might lead to the truth . `` However , '' observes Burchell , `` if the difference between motive and intention is borne in mind , the purpose of abstention from making inquiries need not be to avoid having one 's suspicions confirmed . Thus X would have the dolus eventualis required for the common - law offence of receiving stolen property , knowing the goods to be stolen , if he actually foresees as a real possibility that the goods have been stolen and nevertheless receives them , whatever his motive for abstaining from making further inquiries may be . '' Defences excluding intention ( edit ) The following defences exclude intention : ignorance or mistake as regards an essential element of liability ; youth ; mental illness ; intoxication ; provocation and emotional stress ; and putative defences . = Putative defences = ( edit ) `` Putative '' means `` supposed . '' The following are putative defences : putative private defence ; putative necessity ; putative obedience to orders ; putative disciplinary chastisement ; putative public authority ; and putative consent . Negligence ( culpa ) ( edit ) Negligence is the term used in law to indicate that the conduct of a person has not conformed to a prescribed standard : that of the reasonable person ( more specifically , what a reasonable person would have foreseen in the circumstances , and the care that would have been exercised by a reasonable person in such circumstances ) . The failure to ensure that conduct does conform to the standard is reprehensible . Negligence is therefore regarded as a form of fault . Intention is conceptually different from negligence . Jansen JA , in Ngubane , stated that `` culpa as opposed to dolus , is an aliud and not a minus . '' In other words , negligence is different and distinct from intention ; it is not merely a lesser form of intention . Intention involves a course of action purposefully chosen , with the knowledge that it is unlawful . The test of intention is simply what the accused knew or foresaw . It is an enquiry into the actual state of mind of the actor . The test is `` subjective . '' The test of negligence , on the other hand , is not necessarily what the actor thought or foresaw , but rather what a reasonable person would have foreseen and done in the circumstances . The enquiry is thus not as to the actual state of the actor 's mind but rather as to whether his or her conduct measured up to that of the reasonable person . The test is `` objective . '' Test ( edit ) Jansen JA observed in S v Ngubane that `` some of our writers have propounded a ' subjective test ' for negligence . It is also said that recent cases disclose a swing to the subjective approach ( ... ) and that the case of S v Van As confirms this . It is , however , unnecessary for present purposes to express any opinion on this view , save for mentioning that there may be some doubt as to whether the phrase `` redelikerwyse kon en moes voorsien het , '' used in S v Van As , connotes anything more than the conventional objective standard , albeit somewhat individualised . '' These comments clearly favour an essentially objective test of negligence . `` Although , '' as Burchell comments , `` future courts will have to grapple with the rather enigmatic phrase ' somewhat individualised , ' '' it is apparent that the Appellate Division in certain post-Ngubane decisions emphasised the objective nature of the negligence criterion . This simple conceptual distinction is subject , however , to two qualifications . The first qualification is that negligence does not always involve inadvertence , so the distinction between intention as foreseeing and negligence as not foreseeing sometimes breaks down . Burchell argues `` that the concept of conscious negligence is also recognised in our law . '' The second , although related , qualification is that proof of intention does not necessarily exclude a finding of negligence . In determining liability in a criminal prosecution in which the fault of the accused allegedly constitutes negligence , the South African courts have traditionally applied the following test to determine whether the accused had been negligent : Would a reasonable person , in the same circumstances as the accused , have foreseen the reasonable possibility of the occurrence of the consequence or the existence of the circumstance in question , including its unlawfulness ? If so , would a reasonable person have taken steps to guard against that possibility ? If so , did the accused fail to take the steps which he should reasonably have taken to guard against it ? Reasonable person ( edit ) The reasonable person is the bonus paterfamilias ( `` the good father of the family '' ) ; or the diligens paterfamilias ( `` the diligent father of the family '' ) . In other words , the reasonable person is the average person , of ordinary knowledge and intelligence . The criterion of the reasonable person was described by Holmes JA in S v Burger as follows : One does not expect of a diligens paterfamilias any extremes such as Solomonic wisdom , prophetic foresight , chameleonic caution , headlong haste , nervous timidity , or the trained reflexes of a racing driver . In short , a diligens paterfamilias treads life 's pathway with moderation and prudent common sense . '' Reasonable foreseeability ( edit ) The first limb of the traditional test is this : Would a reasonable person , in the same circumstances as the accused , have foreseen the reasonable possibility of the occurrence of the consequence or the existence of the circumstance in question , including its unlawfulness ? Mere carelessness does not automatically entail criminal liability for the consequences . In other words , `` negligence in the air '' or `` abstract negligence '' is not enough . The accused 's negligence must relate to the consequences or circumstances in issue . This relationship between negligence and the consequences or circumstances in issue is expressed in terms of reasonable foreseeability : Would a reasonable person in the position of the accused have foreseen the possibility of the occurrence of that consequence or the existence of that circumstance ? In the light of the Appellate Division decisions in S v Van der Mescht , S v Bernardus and S v Van As , it is now clear that , on a charge of culpable homicide , the prosecution must prove , beyond a reasonable doubt , that a reasonable person in the position of the accused would have foreseen the possibility of death ; reasonable foreseeability of bodily injury , short of death , will not suffice . In S v Van der Mescht , the accused and `` G '' had melted gold amalgam on a stove for the purposes of extracting the gold . As a result of the heating , the amalgam emitted mercurial gas which resulted in the death of G and four of the children who were in the house at the time . The trial court convicted the accused of culpable homicide . The conviction was , however , set aside by the Appellate Division , the majority holding that the prosecution had failed to prove that the deaths were attributable to the accused 's negligence . In other words , it had not been proved , beyond reasonable doubt , that a reasonable person in the position of the accused would have foreseen that the heating of gold amalgam might lead to the death of someone . The Appellate Division in S v Bernardus had to answer the following question of law : Is a person guilty of culpable homicide if he unlawfully assaults another and , in so doing , causes his death , but under circumstances in which he could not reasonably have foreseen the death ? Steyn CJ , delivering the judgment of the court , answered this question in the negative : Death -- not merely bodily injury short of death -- must be reasonably foreseeable . Holmes JA did , however , point out that where an accused assaults another in circumstances in which he ought reasonably to have foreseen the possibility of causing him serious injury , he ought also to have foreseen `` the possibility of death hovering in attendance : the two are sombrely familiar as cause and effect in the walks of human experience . '' Holmes JA 's observation in no way detracts from the principle that , in culpable homicide cases , death must be reasonably foreseeable . The observation underscores the principle , but emphasises that in practice reasonable foreseeability of death might be inferred from reasonable foreseeability of serious bodily injury . Rumpff CJ in S v Van As restated the general principle as follows : `` In criminal law , when death follows upon an unlawful assault , it must be proved , before there can be a finding of culpable homicide , that the accused could and must reasonably have foreseen that death could intervene as a result of the assault . The expression `` must have foreseen '' is used in the sense of `` ought to have foreseen '' . If it is proved that the accused ought reasonably to have foreseen that death was a possible result and that the causation requirement has been satisfied the case is concluded ( ... ) The question is , however , ( ... ) could and should the accused reasonably have foreseen that the deceased could have died as a result ( of the assault ? ) That foreseeability of serious bodily harm usually , but not always , goes hand in hand with foreseeability of death is correct , but it will certainly depend on the nature of the injuries inflicted in a particular case whether there was a reasonable foreseeability of death or not . '' In Van As , the accused gave `` D 's '' cheek a hard slap during an altercation . As a result D , who was a very fat man , lost his balance , fell backwards and hit his head on the cement floor . He fell unconscious and later died . The trial court convicted the accused of culpable homicide , but on appeal the verdict was altered to one of guilty of assault only , since it had not been proved that , in all the circumstances , the accused could and should reasonably have foreseen D 's death . CAN NEGLIGENCE & INTENTION OVERLAP ? In S v Ngubane , Jansen JA stated that `` dolus postulates foreseeing , but culpa does not necessarily postulate not foreseeing . A man may foresee the possibility of harm and yet be negligent in respect of that harm ensuing . '' Prior to Ngubane , there had been a conflict in both academic and judicial opinion about whether dolus ( intention ) and culpa ( negligence ) were mutually exclusive concepts . Jansen JA in Ngubane has resolved the matter authoritatively by concluding that proof of dolus does not necessarily exclude a finding of culpa : `` Dolus connotes a volitional state of mind ; culpa connotes a failure to measure up to a standard of conduct . Seen in this light it is difficult to accept that proof of dolus excludes culpa . The facts of the present case illustrate this . The appellant , somewhat under the influence of liquor , without premeditation and as a result of some provocation , stabbed the deceased five times , the fatal injury penetrating the heart . The inference drawn by the Court a quo that he foresaw the possibility of death ensuing and that he killed intentionally ( dolus eventualis ) is clear . This , however , does not preclude the matter being viewed from a different angle : did not the appellant , foreseeing the possibility of death ensuing by failing to curb his emotions and failing to desist from attacking the deceased , fall short of the standard of the reasonable man ( or , if the subjective approach were to be applied , to measure up to the standard of his own capabilities ) ? The existence of dolus does not preclude the answering of this question in the affirmative . ' '' In reaching this conclusion , Jansen JA categorically rejected definitions of negligence ( culpa ) that specifically require the absence of intention ( dolus ) . NEGLIGENCE & MISTAKE If the accused is charged with committing an offence for which negligence is sufficient for liability , then , if the accused genuinely and reasonably did not know that what he was doing was unlawful , he must be acquitted . In R v Mbombela 1933 AD 269 , the accused was tried by jury and found guilty of the murder of a nine - year - old child . The accused , between eighteen and twenty years of age , living in a rural area , was described by the court as of `` rather below the normal '' intelligence . On the day in question , some children were outside a hut they supposed to be empty . They saw `` something that had two small feet like those of a human being . '' They were frightened and called the accused , who apparently thought the object was a `` tikoloshe , '' an evil spirit that , according to a widespread superstitious belief , occasionally took the form of a little old man with small feet . According to this belief , it would be fatal to look the `` tikoloshe '' in the face . The accused went to fetch a hatchet and , in the half - light , struck the form a number of times with the hatchet . When he dragged the object out of the hut , he found that he had killed his young nephew . Mbombela 's defence was bona fide mistake : He believed he was killing a `` tikoloshe , '' not a human being . A jury in the trial court found him guilty of murder . Applying a standard of reasonableness that ignored the `` race or the idiosyncracies ( sic ) , or the superstitions , or the intelligence of the person accused , '' the Appellate Division held that , although his belief was unreasonable , it was based on a bona fide mistake of fact , so the killing fell within the Native Territories Penal Code definition of culpable homicide rather than murder . ATTEMPT & ACCOMPLICES ACTUS REUS and MENS REA : THE CONTEMPORANEITY RULE Where fault ( mens rea ) is an element of the crime charged , the unlawful conduct and the fault must exist contemporaneously . In other words , the wrongdoer must intend to commit or be negligent in the commission of the crime at the time that the crime is being committed . Thus a person will not be guilty of murder if , `` whilst he is driving to Y 's house in order to kill him there , he negligently runs over somebody , and it later transpires that the deceased is Y . '' Likewise , it is not murder if a person kills another accidentally and `` later expresses his joy at having killed him . '' The contemporaneity rule has been in issue in cases where the accused intends to kill another and , having inflicted what he thinks is a fatal wound on that other person , he then disposes of the body or sets alight to the building in which the body lies . In fact , the victim does not die from the initial assault , but from the subsequent conduct of disposing of the body , or from carbon monoxide poisoning caused by the fumes from the fire , as in S v Masilela 1968 ( 2 ) SA 558 ( A ) . In these cases , the initial assault is accompanied by the intent to kill but , technically , the unlawful consequence of death is not present at that time , because death only results later . Similarly , when death results , technically , there is no intent to kill because the accused believes his victim is already dead . The Appellate Division has refused to exculpate the accused of murder in such a case . In S v Masilela , the appellants assaulted their victim by striking him over the head and throttling him with a tie . Although the assault caused the victim serious injuries which rendered him unconscious , it did not kill him . After throwing the victim on the bed and covering him with a blanket , the appellants proceeded to ransack the house . Then , believing the victim to be already dead , they set the bed alight , as well as the house , and made off . The victim died , not from the assault , but as a result of carbon - monoxide poisoning caused by the fumes from the fire . In an appeal from a conviction of murder , it was contended that at most the appellants were guilty of attempted murder on the ground that , in respect of the assault , the intention ( mens rea ) for murder had been present , but not the unlawful consequence of death ; and , with regard to the burning , there had been the unlawful consequence required for murder but not the intention ( mens rea ) , since the appellants believed the victim to be already dead . The Appellate Division held that the appellants were guilty of murder . Ogilvie Thompson JA refused to regard the assault and the subsequent burning as two separate and disconnected acts . Rumpff JA took the view that , in this kind of case , where the accused and nobody else causes death , the accused 's mistake as to the precise manner in which and time when death occurred is not a factor on which he may rely . PARTICIPATION IN CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES PERSONS INVOLVED IN A CRIME There are three types of person who may be involved in the commission of a crime , and therefore liable for it : perpetrators ; accomplices ; and accessories after the fact . See S v Williams 1980 ( 1 ) SA 60 ( A ) . Perpetrators and accomplices are participants in the crime ; an accessory after the fact is not a participant . Perpetrators and accomplices participate before completion of the crime ; accessories after the fact are involved after completion of the crime . From Snyman : PARTICIPATION BEFORE COMPLETION OF THE CRIME In the case of participation before completion of the crime , a perpetrator is one who , with the necessary fault ( mens rea ) , commits the unlawful conduct , and thereby satisfies the definitional elements of the crime in question . Where there is more than one perpetrator , we speak of co-perpetrators . According to contemporary South African criminal theory , a person may be liable as a perpetrator in three separate situations : where he personally satisfies the definitional elements of the crime , and is therefore a perpetrator in his or her own right ( since his liability is in no way accessory to or dependent on the conduct of another person ) ; where he or she , although possessing the requisite capacity and the fault element ( mens rea ) for the crime in question , does not personally comply with all of the elements of the unlawful conduct in question , and the conduct of the perpetrator is `` attributed '' or `` imputed '' to him or her , by virtue of his or her prior agreement or active association in a common purpose to commit the crime in question ; or where a person procures another person , who may be an innocent or unwilling agent , to commit a crime . COMMON PURPOSE Where two or more people agree to commit a crime or actively associate in a joint unlawful enterprise , each will be responsible for the specific criminal conduct committed by one of their number which falls within their common design . Liability arises from their `` common purpose '' to commit the crime . If the participants are charged with having committed a `` consequence crime , '' it is not necessary for the prosecution to prove beyond reasonable doubt that each participant committed conduct which contributed causally to the ultimate unlawful consequence . It is sufficient to establish a prior agreement by the participants to commit a crime ; or no such prior agreement , but an active association by the participants in its commission . This usually happens when the number of people partaking in the crime is large -- a mob , that is to say . If this is established , then the conduct of the participant who actually causes the consequence is imputed or attributed to the other participants . It is not necessary to establish precisely which member of the common purpose caused the consequence , provided that it is established that one of the group brought about this result . In respect of both of the above forms of common purpose , the following elements are essential : fault ( mens rea ) , which may take the form either of intention or of negligence , the central question being when the common purpose was formulated ; unlawful conduct , which refers participation in the unlawful act , rather than the act itself ; and causation , in terms of which the conduct of the person who actually causes the consequence is imputed or attributed to the other participants . The common - purpose doctrine is a departure from the general principles of criminal law . Its rationale is one of crime control . The doctrine has been much criticised over the years , most recently in the aftermath of the Marikana massacre , when it was incorrectly claimed in media circles that it had its origins in apartheid - era legislation . It has survived such criticism , however , and remains a valuable tool for the courts . Common Purpose : Active Association The common - purpose rule originated in English law and was introduced into South Africa via the Native Territories ' Penal Code . The much - publicised murder conviction of the `` Sharpeville Six '' in terms of the common - purpose doctrine , in S v Safatsa 1988 ( 1 ) SA 868 ( A ) , highlighted the significance of the common - purpose doctrine in the context of the administration of criminal justice in South Africa . The controversial imposition of the death penalty on the Six also played a significant role in strengthening the call for the abolition or reassessment of the death penalty in South Africa . Evidence of the specific participation of the Sharpeville Six in the murder of the deputy - mayor of Lekoa was meagre , aside from the fact that they had joined the crowd of about a hundred persons that attacked the deceased 's house in Sharpeville . It was not possible to determine which members of the mob had been personally responsible for killing the mayor . Nevertheless , there was some evidence to implicate the Six in the subsequent killing of the deceased . He was killed by stoning and burning perpetrated by some members of the crowd , but it was not possible to determine which specific members had participated directly in the killing . Accused number 1 had grabbed hold of the deceased , wrestled with him for possession of his pistol , and thrown the first stone at the deceased , which felled him . Accused number 2 had thrown stones at the deceased and at his house . After the deceased 's house had been set alight , accused number 2 had thrown a stone at the deceased which had struck him on his back . Accused number 3 had grabbed the deceased , wrestled with him for possession of his pistol , and succeeded in dispossessing him of the weapon . Accused number 4 was part of the crowd which converged on the deceased 's house ; she had shouted repeated exhortations to the crowd to kill the deceased ( since the deceased was shooting at them ) and had slapped a woman who had remonstrated with the crowd not to burn the deceased . Accused numbers 5 and 6 had been part of the vanguard of the crowd which had converged on the deceased 's house and stoned it , but they were not seen to have thrown any stones themselves , and were ultimately acquitted on the basis that there was insufficient evidence to conclude that they shared the requisite intent to kill at the relevant time . Accused number 7 had made petrol bombs , set the deceased 's house alight , and pushed the deceased 's car into the street and set it alight . Accused number 8 had also made petrol bombs and handed them out with instructions , had commanded the mob to set the deceased 's house on fire , and had assisted in pushing the car into the street . The Appellate Division , in a unanimous judgment , approved the conviction of the Six on the basis of the doctrine of common purpose . The court pointed out that the intention of each participant must be considered , together with the question of whether or not each had the requisite dolus in respect of the death . The court traced the historical development of the doctrine , and found that `` it would constitute a drastic departure from a firmly established practice to hold now that a party to a common purpose can not be convicted of murder unless a causal connection is proved between his conduct and the death of the deceased . I can see no good reason for warranting such a departure . '' In S v Mgedezi 1989 ( 1 ) SA 687 ( A ) , the Appellate Division drew a distinction between common - purpose liability where there is a prior agreement , expressed or implied , to commit a crime ( the mandate situation ) ; and where there is no such prior agreement . In the latter situation , certain additional requirements have to be satisfied before the principle of imputation , which is the characteristic of common - purpose liability , can arise . In S v Mgedezi , the court held that , in the absence of proof of a prior agreement , an accused who was not shown to have contributed causally to the killing or wounding of the victims could be held liable for those events on the basis of Safatsa only if certain prerequisites were satisfied : he must have been present at the scene where the violence was being committed ; he must have been aware of the assault on the victims ; he must have intended to make common cause with those who were actually perpetrating the assault ; he must have manifested his sharing of a common purpose with the perpetrators by himself performing some act of association with the conduct of the others ; and there must be the requisite mens rea . In respect , therefore , of the killing of the deceased , he must have intended them to be killed , or must have foreseen the possibility of their being killed and performed his own act of association with recklessness as to whether or not death was to ensue . In S v Thebus 2003 ( 6 ) SA 505 ( CC ) , the Constitutional Court considered the active - association form of common purpose . The court held that , in its then - current form , the doctrine violated a number of constitutional rights . The formulation in Mgedezi , however , passed constitutional muster . It can no longer be said , then , that common - purpose doctrine is part of the old order , since it has been ratified as constitutional in the new one . Thebus has been criticised , though , for having dispensed with the causation element , and for its infringement on the presumption of innocence and the requirement that the prosecution prove each element of the crime . See Burchell 580 - 588 ; Snyman 263 - 272 . WHEN DOES A COMMON PURPOSE ARISE ? Differences of opinion about the precise moment when a common purpose arises were resolved by the Appellate Division in its unanimous judgment in S v Motaung 1990 ( 4 ) SA 485 ( A ) , delivered by Hoexter JA who concluded that the matter must be decided with reference to legal principle . Hoexter JA held that a distinction should be drawn between `` participation in a common purpose to kill which begins before the deceased has been fatally wounded and such participation which begins thereafter but while the deceased is still alive . '' Hoexter JA reached the conclusion that , where there is a reasonable possibility that a joiner - in ( or late - comer ) acceded to a common purpose to kill only after the deceased had been fatally injured by another , and that the joiner - in had done nothing to expedite the death of the deceased , he could not be found guilty of murder but only of attempted murder . Of course , if the joiner - in does perpetrate conduct which expedites the death of the deceased then he may be liable as a co-perpetrator in his own right . DISSOCIATION / WITHDRAWAL FROM A COMMON PURPOSE See : Snyman at 270 - 272 clear & unambiguous intention to withdraw . some positive act of withdrawal . voluntary . before course of events have reached `` commencement of execution '' . type of act required will depend on circumstances S v Singo 1993 ( 2 ) SA 765 ( A ) S v Lungile 1999 ( 2 ) SACR 597 ( SCA ) Musingadi & others v S 2005 ( 1 ) SACR 395 ( SCA ) or ( 2004 ) 4 All SA 274 ( SCA ) esp . par 33 onward ACCOMPLICES S v Williams : An accomplice is not a perpetrator or a co-perpetrator ; he lacks actus reus of the perpetrator . This is the most important defining element of an accomplice . associates himself wittingly with the crime - knowingly affords perpetrator / co-perpetrator opportunity , means or info which furthers commission of crime . See Joubert J in this case on the frequent confusion between accomplices and perps . Elements of accomplice liability : Accomplice liability is accessory in nature . Someone else must have first initiated the unlawful act or acts . Unlawful conduct here may take various forms , such as facilitating . See textbooks . Accomplices must intentionally facilitate the completion of the crime ; there 's no such thing as a negligent accomplice . S v Williams sets the above out in detail . Consult it . PUNISHMENT OF ACCOMPLICES : same as perpetrator but extent may differ . So not necessarily a lighter sentence . PARTICIPATION AFTER COMPLETION OF THE CRIME ACCESSORY AFTER THE FACT This person did n't facilitate the commission of the crime ; he arrives after the crime has been committed and helps , usually , to cover it up , or more generally to help the perpetrators to escape justice . association approach : broad Unlawfully and intentionally assists perpetrator after completion of crime by associating himself with its commission defeating or obstructing the course of justice : narrow Specific objective -- e.g. disposing of evidence Problem : It 's an essential , for there to be an accessory , that there be also a perpetrator . This gives rise to the following problem : A , B and C are charged with the murder of D . There 's no doubt that one or two of them killed D , but it 's impossible to determine which of them did it , and it is clear that there was no common purpose to kill D . After the murder they all helped to conceal the body . If none of them can be convicted of murder , can all three be convicted as accessories after the fact ? This conundrum was dealt with in the following cases : S v Gani 1957 ( 2 ) SA 212 ( A ) S v Jonathan 1987 ( 1 ) SA 633 ( A ) S v Morgan 1993 ( 2 ) SACR 134 ( A ) INCOMPLETE ( INCHOATE ) CRIMES Attempt Common Law s. 18 ( 1 ) of the Riotous Assemblies Act 17 of 1956 : Any person who attempts to commit any offence against a statute or a statutory regulation shall be guilty of an offence and , if no punishment is expressly provided thereby for such an attempt , be liable on conviction to the punishment to which a person convicted of actually committing that offence would be liable . Persons can be convicted of attempting to commit a crime if : they have completed such an attempt , if the attempt has not been completed . R v Schoombie 1945 AD 541 at 545 - 6 : `` Attempts seem to fall naturally into 2 classes : those in which the wrongdoer , intending to commit a crime , has done everything which he set out to do but has failed in his purpose either through lack of skill , or of foresight , or through the existence of some unexpected obstacle or otherwise , ( = completed attempt ) those in which the wrongdoer has not completed all that he has set out to do , because the completion of his unlawful acts has been prevented by the intervention of some outside agency . '' ( = uncompleted attempt ) Types of attempt : Completed attempt Uncompleted Attempts : Interrupted attempt Attempt to commit the impossible Voluntary withdrawal COMPLETED ATTEMPTS : R v Nlhovo 1921 AD 485 S v Laurence 1974 ( 4 ) SA 825 ( A ) UNCOMPLETED ATTEMPTS : Must examine proximity of accused 's conduct to commission of crime Interrupted Attempts : A distinction is drawn between : an act of preparation and one of execution or consummation : If the act merely amounted to a preparation for the crime : no attempt . But if the acts were more than acts of preparation , and were in fact acts of consummation : guilty of attempt . S v Schoombie 1945 AD 541 Commencement of consummation test : Proximity of consummation to crime relates to : Time Place Natural order of things / course of events Retention of control over events by accused State of mind of accused Practical common sense See : Burchell 627 - 631 . R v Katz 1959 ( 3 ) SA 408 ( C ) Attempt to Commit the Impossible No longer an act of preparation -- has passed the boundary line into `` commencement of consummation '' Crime may be physically or legally impossible R v Davies 1956 ( 3 ) SA 52 ( A ) : relates to physical ( factual impossibility ) Change of mind & voluntary withdrawal Voluntary withdrawal after commencement of consummation but before completion of crime seems to be no defence . R v Hlatwayo 1933 TPD 441 Proximity : Completed Attempts : Proximity / Remoteness not relevant Uncompleted Attempts : Proximity or Remoteness of attempt to completion of crime = essential enquiry Intention There must be intention to commit the completed crime . Dolus eventualis is sufficient . Remember : can not negligently attempt to do something . Punishment Specific crimes ( edit ) Assault with intent to grievous bodily harm The common - law definition of `` treason , '' found in S v Banda , is `` any overt act committed by a person , within or without the State , who , owing allegiance to the State , having majestas , '' has the intention of `` unlawfully impairing , violating , threatening or endangering the existence , independence or security of the State ; `` unlawfully overthrowing the government of the State ; `` unlawfully changing the constitutional structure of the State ; or `` unlawfully coercing by violence the government of the State into any action or into refraining from any action . '' This definition would appear to be the one most frequently relied upon in South African courts . Damage of property ( edit ) Arson ( edit ) A person commits arson if he unlawfully and intentionally sets fire to immovable property belonging to another ; or his own immovable insured property , to claim the value of property from an insurer . Elements ( edit ) The elements of the crime are the following : ( a ) setting fire to ( b ) immovable property ( c ) unlawfully and ( d ) intentionally . Requirements ( edit ) Arson is only a particular form of the crime of malicious injury to property . The crime can be committed only in respect of immovable property : that is , `` buildings and other immovable property . '' If movable property is set alight , the crime of malicious injury to property may be committed , provided that the other requirements are met . The crime is completed only at the moment that the property has been set alight . If the arsonist is caught at a stage before the property has been set alight , he is guilty of attempted arson only , provided that his conduct has , according to the general rules governing liability for attempt , proceeded beyond mere acts of preparation . As in malicious injury to property , one can not in principle commit arson in respect of one 's own property . The courts , however , including the appellate division , in R v Mavros , have held that a person commits arson if he sets fire to his own property to claim its value from the insurer . In the estimation of Snyman , `` It would have been better to punish this type of conduct as fraud instead of arson , but the courts will in all probability not depart from the appeal court 's view . '' Intention , and more particularly the intention to damage property by setting fire to it , thereby causing patrimonial harm to somebody , is also required . Dolus eventualis in this regard is sufficient . See also ( edit ) Crime in South Africa Law of South Africa South African criminal procedure References ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Burchell , J. Principles of Criminal Law . 3 ed . Juta and Company Ltd , 2004 , 2012 . Kemp , G , et al. Criminal Law in South Africa . Oxford , 2012 . Snyman , CR . Criminal Law . 5 ed . LexisNexis , 2008 . Snyman , CR . Criminal Law Casebook . 5th impression . Juta , 2012 . Van der Walt , PJ , G. Cronje , and SF Smit . Criminology : an introduction . HAUM , 1985 . Case law ( edit ) Bratty v Attorney - General for Northern Ireland ( 1961 ) 3 All ER 523 . Carmichele v Minister of Safety and Security and Another ( Centre for Applied Legal Studies Intervening ) 2001 ( 4 ) SA 938 ( CC ) . Christian Education South Africa v Minister of Education 2000 ( 4 ) SA 757 ( CC ) . Clarke v Hurst NO 1992 ( 4 ) SA 630 ( D ) . Director of Public Prosecutions , KZN v P ( 2006 ) 1 All SA 446 ( SCA ) . Du Preez v Conradie 1990 ( 4 ) SA 46 ( B ) Ex parte die Minister van Justisie : In re S v Grotjohn 1970 ( 2 ) SA 355 ( A ) . Ex parte Die Minister van Justisie : in re S v Van Wyk 1967 ( 1 ) SA 488 ( A ) . Ex parte Minister of Safety & Security : In re S v Walters 2002 ( 4 ) SA 613 ( CC ) . Ex parte Minister of Safetyand Security : In re S v Walters 2002 ( 4 ) SACR 105 ( CC ) . Govender v Minister of Safety & Security 2001 ( 4 ) SA 273 ( SCA ) . Govender v Minister of Safety and Security 2009 ( 2 ) SACR 87 ( D ) . Govender v S ( 2007 ) 3 All SA 580 ( SCA ) . Jetha v R ( 1929 ) 50 NLR 91 . Matlou v Makhubedu 1978 ( 1 ) SA 946 ( A ) . Minister of Law and Order v Kadir 1995 ( 1 ) SA 303 ( A ) . Minister of Police v Skosana 1977 ( 1 ) SA 31 ( A ) 33 . Minister of Safety and Security v Hamilton 2004 ( 2 ) SA 216 ( SCA ) . Minister of Safety and Security v Van Duivenboden 2002 ( 6 ) SA 431 ( SCA ) . Minister van Polisie v Ewels 1975 ( 3 ) SA 590 ( A ) . Mostert v S ( 2006 ) 4 All SA 83 ( N ) . Musingadiand Others v S 2005 ( 1 ) SACR 395 ( SCA ) or ( 2004 ) 4 All SA 274 ( SCA ) . Ntsomi v Minister of Law and Order 1990 ( 1 ) SA 512 ( C ) . Peterson v Minister of Safety and Security ( 2010 ) 1 All SA 19 ( SCA ) . Queen v Albert ( 1895 ) 12 SC 272 . R v Albert ( 1895 ) 12 SC 272 . R v Bourke 1916 TPD 303 . R v Canestra 1951 ( 2 ) SA 317 ( A ) . R v Carto 1917 EDL 87 . R v Davies 1956 ( 3 ) SA 52 ( A ) . R v Dudley & Stephens ( 1884 ) 14 QBD 273 . R v Du Plessis 1960 ( 2 ) SA 642 ( T ) . R v Gani 1957 ( 2 ) SA 212 ( A ) . R v Hlatwayo 1033 TPD 441 . R v Horn 1958 ( 3 ) SA 457 ( A ) . R v Janke & Janke 1913 TPD 382 . R v Jolly 1923 AD 213 . R v K 1956 ( 3 ) SA 353 ( A ) . R v Katz 1959 ( 3 ) SA 408 ( C ) . R v Kewelram 1922 AD 213 . R v Korsten ( 1927 ) 48 NLR 12 . R v Loubser 1953 ( 2 ) PH H190 ( W ) . R v Mabula 1927 AD 159 . R v Mahomed 1938 AD 30 . R v Mataung 1953 ( 4 ) SA 35 ( O ) . R v Mavros 1921 AD 19 . R v Mbombela 1933 AD 269 . R v Mkize 1959 ( 2 ) SA 260 ( N ) . R v Motomane 1961 ( 4 ) SA 569 ( W ) . R v Mubila 1956 ( 1 ) SA 31 ( SR ) . R v Nlhovo 1921 AD 485 . R v Nsele 1955 ( 2 ) SA 145 ( A ) . R v Patel 1959 ( 3 ) SA 121 ( A ) . R v Peverett 1940 AD 213 . R v Pretoria Timber Co ( Pty ) Ltd and Another 1950 ( 3 ) SA 163 ( A ) . R v Schoonwinkel 1953 ( 3 ) SA 136 ( C ) . R v Schoombie 1945 AD 541 . R v Shein 1925 AD 6 . R v Shelembe 1955 ( 4 ) SA 410 ( N ) . R v Soqokomashe and Others 1956 ( 2 ) SA 142 ( E ) . R v Victor 1943 TPD 77 . R v Viljoen 1941 AD 366 . R v Werner 1947 ( 2 ) SA 828 ( A ) . R v Zikalala 1953 ( 2 ) SA 568 ( A ) . R v Zinn 1946 AD 346 . S v Bailey 1982 ( 3 ) SA 772 ( A ) . S v Banda 1990 ( 3 ) SA 466 ( B ) . S v Bernardus 1965 ( 3 ) SA 287 ( A ) . S v Beukes 1988 ( 1 ) SA 511 ( A ) . S v Bradbury 1967 ( 1 ) SA 387 ( A ) . S v Burger 1975 ( 4 ) SA 877 ( A ) . S v Campher 1987 ( 1 ) SA 940 ( A ) . S v Chretien 1981 ( 1 ) SA 1097 ( A ) . S v Combrink 2012 ( 1 ) SACR 93 ( SCA ) . S v Counter 2003 ( 1 ) SACR 143 ( SCA ) . S v Daniëls en ' n Ander 1983 ( 3 ) SA 275 ( A ) . S v De Blom 1977 ( 3 ) SA 513 ( A ) . S v De Bruyn 1968 ( 4 ) SA 498 ( A ) . S v De Oliveira 1993 ( 2 ) SACR 59 ( A ) . S v Dube 2010 ( 1 ) SACR 65 ( KZP ) . S v Eadie 2002 ( 3 ) SA 719 ( SCA ) . S v Engeldoe 's Taxi Service ( Pty ) Ltd and Another 1966 ( 1 ) SA 329 ( A ) . S v Fernandez 1966 ( 2 ) SA 259 ( A ) . S v Friedman 1996 ( 1 ) SACR 181 ( W ) . S v Goliath 1972 ( 3 ) SA 1 ( A ) . S v Goosen 1989 ( 4 ) SA 1013 ( A ) . S v Jackson 1963 ( 2 ) SA 626 ( A ) . S v Johnson 1969 ( 1 ) SA 201 ( A ) . S v Jonathan 1987 ( 1 ) SA 633 ( A ) . S v Khoza 1982 ( 3 ) SA 1019 ( A ) . S v Lavhengwa 1996 ( 2 ) SACR 453 ( W ) . S v Laubscher 1988 ( 1 ) SA 163 ( A ) . S v Laurence 1975 ( 4 ) SA 825 ( A ) . S v Le Roux and Others 2010 ( 2 ) SACR 11 ( SCA ) . S v Lungile 1999 ( 2 ) SACR 597 ( SCA ) . S v Mahlinza 1967 ( 1 ) SA 408 ( A ) . S v Makwanyane 1995 ( 3 ) SA 391 ( CC ) . S v Mahlangu and Others 1986 ( 1 ) SA 135 ( T ) S v Malan 1998 ( 2 ) SACR 143 ( C ) . S v Mambo 2006 ( 2 ) SACR 563 ( SCA ) . S v Marx ( 2009 ) 1 All SA 499 ( E ) . S v Masilela 1968 ( 2 ) SA 558 ( A ) . S v Mbanyaru 2009 ( 1 ) SACR 631 ( C ) . S v Mbele 1991 ( 1 ) SA 307 ( W ) . S v McBride 1979 ( 4 ) SA 313 ( W ) . S v Mgedzi 1989 ( 1 ) SA 687 ( A ) . S v Mnisi 2009 ( 2 ) SACR 227 ( SCA ) . S v Mnyanda 1976 ( 2 ) SA 751 ( A ) . S v Mogohlwane 1982 ( 2 ) SA 587 ( T ) . S v Mokgethi 1990 ( 1 ) SA 32 ( A ) . S v Mokonto 1971 ( 2 ) SA 319 ( A ) . S v Morgan 1993 ( 2 ) SACR 134 ( A ) . S v Moses 1996 ( 1 ) SACR 701 ( C ) . S v Motau and Another 1963 ( 2 ) SA 521 ( T ) . S v Motaung 1990 ( 4 ) SA 485 ( A ) . S v Mtewtwa 1977 ( 3 ) SA 628 ( E ) . S v Ndlovu 1984 ( 3 ) SA 23 ( A ) . S v Ngubane 1985 ( 3 ) SA 677 ( A ) . S v Ngubane 1985 ( 3 ) SA 677 ( A ) . S v Ntuli 1975 ( 1 ) SA 429 ( A ) . S v O'Malley and Another 1976 ( 1 ) SA 469 ( N ) . S v Pakane and Others 2008 ( 1 ) SACR 518 ( SCA ) . S v Peterson 1980 ( 1 ) SA 938 ( A ) . S v Potgieter 1994 ( 1 ) SACR 61 ( A ) . S v Pretorius 1975 ( 2 ) SA 85 ( SWA ) . S v Rabie 1975 ( 4 ) SA 855 ( A ) . S v Ramosunya 2000 ( 2 ) SACR 257 ( T ) . S v Reabow 2007 ( 2 ) SACR 292 ( E ) . S v Reabow 2007 ( 2 ) SACR 292 ( E ) . S v Russell 1967 ( 3 ) SA 739 ( N ) . S v Safatsa 1988 ( 1 ) SA 868 ( A ) . S v Saffier 2003 ( 2 ) SACR 141 ( SEC ) . S v Salzwedel 2000 ( 1 ) SA 786 ( SCA ) . S v Sam 1980 ( 4 ) SA 289 ( T ) . S v September 1996 ( 1 ) SACR 325 ( A ) . S v Shilubane 2008 ( 1 ) SACR 295 ( T ) . S v Sigwahla 1967 ( 4 ) SA 566 ( A ) . S v Singo 1993 ( 2 ) SA 765 ( A ) . S v Smit 2007 ( 2 ) SACR 335 ( T ) . S v Steyn 2010 ( 1 ) SACR 411 ( SCA ) . S v Tembani 1999 ( 1 ) SACR 192 ( W ) S v Tembani 2007 ( 1 ) SACR 355 ( SCA ) . S v Thebus 2003 ( 6 ) SA 505 ( CC ) . S v Van Aardt 2008 ( 1 ) SACR 336 ( E ) . S v Van As en ' n Ander 1967 ( 4 ) SA 594 ( A ) . S v Van Der Mescht 1962 ( 1 ) SA 521 ( A ) . S v Van Rensburg 1987 ( 3 ) SA 35 ( T ) . S v Van Zyl 1987 ( 1 ) SA 497 ( O ) . S v Wiid 1990 ( 1 ) SACR 561 ( A ) . S v Williams 1980 ( 1 ) SA 60 ( A ) . S v Williams 1986 ( 4 ) SA 1188 ( A ) . S v Williams and Others 1995 ( 3 ) SA 632 ( CC ) . S v Zinn 1969 ( 2 ) SA 537 ( A ) . Van Eeden v Minister of Safety and Security ( Women 's Legal Centre Trust , as Amicus Curiae ) 2003 ( 1 ) SA 389 ( SCA ) . Weber v Santam Versekeringsmaatskappy Bpk 1983 ( 1 ) SA 381 ( A ) . Journal articles ( edit ) Burchell J `` Deadly Force and Fugitive Justice in the Balance : The Old and the New face of Section 49 of the Criminal Procedure Act '' ( 2000 ) 13 SACJ 1 . Hoctor S `` Non-Pathological Incapacity '' in `` Recent Cases : General Principles & Specific Crimes '' ( 2009 ) 2 SACJ 246 . Louw R `` S v Eadie : Road Rage , Incapacity and Legal Confusion '' ( 2001 ) 14 SACJ 206 . Loubser , MM , and MA Rabie . `` Defining dolus eventualis : a voluntative element ? '' South African Journal of Criminal Justice , no . 1 ( 1988 ) : 415 - 436 . Legislation ( edit ) Criminal Law Amendment Act 1 of 1988 . Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 . Diplomatic Immunities and Privileges Act 37 of 2001 . Judicial Matters Second Amendment Act 122 of 1998 . Riotous Assemblies Act 17 of 1956 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Va n der Wait et al 1985 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ The state , that is , plays an active role in criminal litigation . Jump up ^ `` Criminal procedure is , from the point of view of criminal law , an important auxiliary branch of the law '' ( Snyman 2008 , p. 3 ) . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 4 . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 4 . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 4 . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 13 , 20 . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 20 . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 20 . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 20 . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 20 . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 21 . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 21 . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 21 . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 21 . Jump up ^ Snyman 2008 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 21 . Jump up ^ Snyman 2008 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 21 . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 21 . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 21 . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 21 . Jump up ^ Snyman 2008 , 16 . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 21 . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 21 . Jump up ^ 2008 ( 1 ) SACR 295 ( T ) . Jump up ^ Para 5 . Jump up ^ Para 6 . Jump up ^ Para 6 . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 21 . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 21 . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 21 . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 21 . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 22 . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 22 . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 22 . Jump up ^ 1969 ( 2 ) SA 537 ( A ) . Jump up ^ 540G . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 22 . Jump up ^ 1995 ( 3 ) SA 391 ( CC ) . Jump up ^ Para 135 . Jump up ^ 1975 ( 4 ) SA 855 ( A ) . Jump up ^ 862G . Jump up ^ 2000 ( 1 ) SA 786 ( SCA ) . Jump up ^ 2012 ( 1 ) SACR 93 ( SCA ) . Jump up ^ Burchell 2004 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 17 . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 17 . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 17 . Jump up ^ 2007 ( 2 ) SACR 335 ( T ) . Jump up ^ 378G . Jump up ^ See R v Carto 1917 EDL 87 . Jump up ^ 95 -- 97 . Jump up ^ 1946 AD 346 . Jump up ^ 361 . Jump up ^ 95 . Jump up ^ R v Carto . Jump up ^ s 1 ( c ) . Jump up ^ s 35 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ 43 . Jump up ^ 1996 ( 2 ) SACR 453 ( W ) . Jump up ^ R v Pretoria Timber 1950 ( 3 ) SA 163 ( A ) 176H . Jump up ^ S v Engeldoe 's Taxi Service 1966 ( 1 ) SA 329 ( A ) 339G . Jump up ^ S v O'Malley 1976 ( 1 ) SA 469 ( N ) 474G . Jump up ^ S v Mahlangu and Others 1986 ( 1 ) SA 135 ( T ) 141G - H . Jump up ^ 1996 ( 1 ) SACR 181 ( W ) . Jump up ^ It must consist of conduct that was defined by law as a crime at the time that the conduct took place . This is in order to satisfy the principle of legality , discussed above . Jump up ^ When the accused raises such an objection , he is entitled to have the point decided in limine , before being required to plead . Jump up ^ This is part of the fault enquiry . Jump up ^ An example would be where Cameron grabs Tim 's hand and uses it to slap Armand . Tim is not guilty of assault , but Cameron is . Jump up ^ An example would be where Rodney happens to kick Dr Zietsman while the doctor is testing his reflexes . Jump up ^ An example would be where Caroline takes her baby to sleep with her , rolls onto the baby in her sleep , and suffocates him , or where she blacks out while driving her car , loses control of the vehicle , and causes an accident . Jump up ^ An example would be where Mohammad attacks Luke while he is sleepwalking . Jump up ^ 1963 AC 386 . Jump up ^ To be organic , it must have originated within the body , possibly as a consequence of physical illness or injury , such as epilepsy , concussion or brain tumor . Jump up ^ To be toxic , it must have been caused by the consumption of alcohol , drugs or some other intoxicating substance . Jump up ^ To be psychogenic , it must have originated in the mind , due to psychological factors that may or may not result from a mental illness or defect . Jump up ^ s 78 . Jump up ^ 1959 ( 2 ) SA 260 ( N ) . Jump up ^ 1943 TPD 77 . Jump up ^ 1953 ( 3 ) SA 136 ( C ) . Jump up ^ 1969 ( 1 ) SA 201 ( A ) . Jump up ^ 1981 ( 1 ) SA 1097 ( A ) . Jump up ^ Act 1 of 1988 . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 37 . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 37 . Jump up ^ Act 1 of 1988 . Jump up ^ Burchell 2012 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Burchell 2012 , p. 149 ; his emphasis . Jump up ^ 1972 ( 3 ) SA 1 ( A ) . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 44 . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 44 . Jump up ^ 1975 ( 3 ) SA 590 ( A ) . Jump up ^ 596 - 7 . Jump up ^ In S v A , however , the Appellate Division pointed out that , just because a particular obligation may give rise to delictual liability , it does not follow necessarily that the same omission will give rise also to criminal liability . Different policy considerations apply . Jump up ^ In such a case , `` it is easy enough to understand '' that the failure to perform that act , as and when required by law , will be regarded as unlawful conduct ( Kemp Criminal Law 44 ) . Such omissions are known as `` pure '' omissions . Jump up ^ Where , for example , one has lit a fire in a bush , one ought to extinguish it . Jump up ^ An example of this situation would be the case of a lifesaver and a swimmer , or of a parent and a child . Jump up ^ 1967 ( 3 ) SA 739 ( N ) . Jump up ^ 1966 ( 2 ) SA 259 ( A ) . Jump up ^ 1977 ( 1 ) SA 31 ( A ) . Jump up ^ 1995 ( 1 ) SA 303 ( A ) . Jump up ^ 2001 ( 4 ) SA 938 ( CC ) . Jump up ^ Snyman 61n , recommending a consultation of Burchell 196 -- 205 . Jump up ^ 2002 ( 6 ) SA 431 ( SCA ) . Jump up ^ Para 21 , read with para 20 . Jump up ^ Para 21 . Jump up ^ 2004 ( 2 ) SA 216 ( SCA ) . Jump up ^ 2003 ( 1 ) SA 389 ( SCA ) . Jump up ^ Murder and homicide , indeed , `` are perhaps the most notable examples '' of consequence crimes . Jump up ^ The general elements of liability , again , are conduct , unlawfulness , capacity and fault . Jump up ^ According to Snyman , it forms part of the definitional elements themselves . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 61 . Jump up ^ 1967 ( 4 ) SA 594 ( A ) , Jump up ^ 85 . Jump up ^ 341C . Jump up ^ 331A - B . Jump up ^ 332 -- 333 . Jump up ^ 1999 ( 1 ) SACR 192 ( W ) . Jump up ^ 1956 ( 1 ) SA 31 ( SR ) . Jump up ^ 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ 33B . Jump up ^ 85 . Jump up ^ 332H . Jump up ^ 1953 ( 2 ) PH H190 ( W ) . Jump up ^ 218 -- 221 . Jump up ^ 2003 ( 1 ) SACR 143 ( SCA ) . Jump up ^ 1961 ( 4 ) SA 569 ( W ) . Jump up ^ 1999 ( 1 ) SACR 192 ( W ) . Jump up ^ 2007 ( 1 ) SACR 355 ( SCA ) . Jump up ^ 1970 ( 2 ) SA 355 ( A ) . Jump up ^ In particular , the court held that whether or not a person who instigates or assists in the commission of suicide , or puts another in a position to commit suicide , thereby commits an offence will depend on the facts of the particular case . The mere fact that the last act of the person committing suicide is that person 's own , and is voluntary and non-criminal , does not necessarily mean that the other person can not be guilty of any offence . Depending on the factual circumstances , the offence may be murder , attempted murder or culpable homicide . Jump up ^ 1983 ( 3 ) SA 275 ( A ) . Jump up ^ 93 . Jump up ^ 332H . Jump up ^ 1990 ( 1 ) SA 32 ( A ) . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 65 . Jump up ^ 95 . Jump up ^ 1956 ( 3 ) SA 353 ( A ) . Jump up ^ 1963 ( 2 ) SA 626 ( A ) . Jump up ^ 1959 ( 3 ) SA 121 ( A ) . Jump up ^ 1953 ( 2 ) SA 568 ( A ) . Jump up ^ 573A - B . Jump up ^ 1975 ( 1 ) SA 429 ( A ) . Jump up ^ 1990 ( 1 ) SA 512 ( C ) . Jump up ^ 1993 ( 2 ) SACR 59 ( A ) . Jump up ^ 1967 ( 1 ) SA 488 ( A ) . Jump up ^ 1982 ( 2 ) SA 587 ( T ) . Jump up ^ 1982 ( 3 ) SA 772 ( A ) . Jump up ^ 1951 ( 2 ) SA 317 ( A ) . Jump up ^ 324 . Jump up ^ 1977 ( 3 ) SA 628 ( E ) . Jump up ^ The court also held that , where an accused 's defence is one of compulsion , the onus is on the State to show that a reasonable man would have resisted the compulsion . There is no onus on the accused to satisfy the court that he acted under compulsion . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 89 . Jump up ^ 1999 ( 2 ) SACR 597 ( SCA ) . Jump up ^ Para 9 . Jump up ^ 1967 ( 1 ) SA 387 ( A ) . Jump up ^ 404H . Jump up ^ 1938 AD 30 . Jump up ^ 35 . Jump up ^ 1998 ( 2 ) SACR 143 ( C ) . Jump up ^ ( 2010 ) 1 All SA 19 ( SCA ) . Jump up ^ Para 11 . Jump up ^ 1975 ( 2 ) SA 85 ( SWA ) . Jump up ^ ( 1884 ) 14 QBD 273 . Jump up ^ 1947 ( 2 ) SA 828 ( A ) . Jump up ^ 1972 ( 3 ) SA 1 ( A ) . Jump up ^ 1980 ( 1 ) SA 938 ( A ) . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 93 . Jump up ^ ( 1929 ) 50 NLR 91 . Jump up ^ Act 32 of 1916 . Jump up ^ ( 1927 ) 48 NLD 12 . Jump up ^ Act 14 of 1911 . Jump up ^ Dig. 50 , 17 , 169 Jump up ^ Queen v Albert ( 1895 ) 12 SC 272 at 272 . Jump up ^ 1990 ( 3 ) SA 466 ( B ) . Jump up ^ ( 1895 ) 12 SC 272 . Jump up ^ 273 . Jump up ^ 272 . Jump up ^ See Matthæus ( De Crim. 1 , 13 ) . Jump up ^ ( 2006 ) 4 All SA 83 ( N ) . Jump up ^ Burchell 2012 , p. 303 . Jump up ^ Act 37 of 2001 . Jump up ^ s 9 . Jump up ^ S v Penrose 1966 ( 1 ) SA 5 ( N ) . Jump up ^ See R v Khumalo 1952 ( 1 ) SA 381 ( A ) . Jump up ^ S v Seatholo and Another 1978 ( 4 ) SA 368 ( T ) . Jump up ^ S v Molubi 1988 ( 2 ) SA 576 ( BG ) . Jump up ^ JMT Labuschagne ( 1990 ) 3 SACJ 204 . Jump up ^ Burchell 2012 , p. 306 . Jump up ^ 1990 ( 1 ) SA 76 ( T ) . Jump up ^ S v de Blom 1977 ( 3 ) SA 513 ( A ) . Jump up ^ See Burchell 2012 , pp. 434 , 494ff . Jump up ^ See Burchell 2012 , pp. 496 -- 497 . Jump up ^ Burchell 2012 , p. 306 . Jump up ^ Burchell 2012 , p. 306 . Jump up ^ See Burchell 2012 , pp. 329 -- 330 . Jump up ^ Act 51 of 1977 . Jump up ^ Burchell 2012 , p. 306 . Jump up ^ Act 122 of 1998 . Jump up ^ 2001 ( 4 ) SA 273 ( SCA ) . Jump up ^ s 49 ( 1 ) ( b ) . Jump up ^ 2002 ( 4 ) SA 613 ( CC ) . Jump up ^ 1940 AD 213 . Jump up ^ 1992 ( 4 ) SA 630 ( D ) . Jump up ^ 1990 ( 4 ) SA 46 ( B ) . Jump up ^ 1995 ( 3 ) SA 632 ( CC ) . Jump up ^ Act 33 of 1997 . Jump up ^ Act 84 of 1996 . Jump up ^ 2000 ( 4 ) SA 754 ( CC ) . Jump up ^ 1913 TPD 382 . Jump up ^ 385 -- 386 . Jump up ^ 1990 ( 4 ) SA 46 ( B ) . Jump up ^ 51 -- 52 . Jump up ^ 1956 ( 3 ) SA 353 ( A ) . Jump up ^ ( 2006 ) 1 All SA 446 ( SCA ) . Jump up ^ Act 51 of 1977 . Jump up ^ Act 75 of 2008 . Jump up ^ s 7 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ s 7 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ s 7 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ s 11 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ RP 69 / 1967 . Jump up ^ CPA s 77 . Jump up ^ s 78 . Jump up ^ 1983 ( 2 ) SA 181 ( SWA ) . Jump up ^ 187H . Jump up ^ Translation by Snyman Criminal Law 375 . Jump up ^ To be exogenous is to be of external origin . Jump up ^ s 78 ( 1 ) ( a ) . Jump up ^ s 78 ( 1 ) ( a ) . Jump up ^ 1967 ( 1 ) SA 408 ( A ) . Jump up ^ 417 . Jump up ^ These are discussed further below . Jump up ^ See also Burchell 386 - 389 . Jump up ^ 383 - 389 . Jump up ^ 1976 ( 2 ) SA 751 ( A ) . Jump up ^ CPA s 78 . Jump up ^ Burchell 397 . Jump up ^ 1979 ( 4 ) SA 313 ( W ) . Jump up ^ 396 - 397 . Jump up ^ 68 of 1998 . Jump up ^ Act 17 of 2002 . Jump up ^ 1993 ( 1 ) SACR 12 ( A ) . Jump up ^ 2009 ( 2 ) SACR 227 ( SCA ) . Jump up ^ Snyman 176 . Jump up ^ This is the principle , discussed above , that a person who voluntarily and deliberately gets drunk in order to commit a crime is guilty of that crime even though at the time he commits the prohibited conduct he may be blind - drunk and acting involuntarily . Jump up ^ 1916 TPD 303 . Jump up ^ He was , however , convicted of indecent assault . Jump up ^ A fourth proposition set out in the case , dealing with the English - law `` specific intent '' rule , is no longer applicable . Jump up ^ 1969 ( 1 ) SA 201 ( A ) . Jump up ^ 1981 ( 1 ) SA 1097 ( A ) . Jump up ^ 408 . Jump up ^ Act 105 of 1997 . Jump up ^ s 1 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ 2010 ( 2 ) SACR 444 ( ECG ) . Jump up ^ 415 . Jump up ^ Burchell 409 - 410 . Jump up ^ 410 . Jump up ^ 410 . Jump up ^ 232 . Jump up ^ 232 . Jump up ^ 232 - 233 . Jump up ^ 1991 ( 1 ) SA 307 ( W ) . Jump up ^ 1996 ( 1 ) SACR 325 ( A ) . Jump up ^ This is what is referred to above as `` sane automatism . '' Jump up ^ 1971 ( 2 ) SA 319 ( A ) . Jump up ^ 1988 ( 1 ) SA 163 ( A ) . Jump up ^ 1985 ( 3 ) SA 256 ( C ) . Jump up ^ Arnold was not asked to explain why he did not disable the gun after this happened . Jump up ^ 263 . Jump up ^ Now the High Court . Jump up ^ 1990 ( 1 ) SACR 561 ( A ) . Jump up ^ 1995 ( 2 ) SACR 331 ( D ) . Jump up ^ 1996 ( 1 ) SACR 701 ( C ) . Jump up ^ 1987 ( 1 ) SA 940 ( A ) . Jump up ^ 1994 ( 1 ) SACR 61 ( A ) . Jump up ^ 2002 ( 3 ) SA 719 ( SCA ) . Jump up ^ Kemp Criminal Law 40 . Jump up ^ Burchell 151 . Jump up ^ Burchell 151 . Jump up ^ 151 . Jump up ^ 151 . Jump up ^ 2009 ( 2 ) SACR 562 ( ECG ) . Jump up ^ Para 26 . Jump up ^ Quoting Griesel J in S v Eadie 2001 ( 1 ) SACR ( C ) 178b . Jump up ^ 254 . Jump up ^ 1922 AD 213 . Jump up ^ 1923 AD 176 . Jump up ^ Certain strike leaders had requested Jolly to obstruct the railway traffic . Jump up ^ 187 . Jump up ^ Loubser and Rabie `` Defining dolus eventualis '' 416 . Jump up ^ Loubser and Rabie `` Defining dolus eventualis '' 416 . Jump up ^ 2009 ( 1 ) SACR 648 ( SCA ) . Jump up ^ Loubser and Rabie `` Defining dolus eventualis '' 416 . Jump up ^ 1958 ( 3 ) SA 457 ( A ) . Jump up ^ `` In case law the phrase ' some risk to life ' has often been held to refer to the possibility ( and not the probability ) that death may result '' ( Loubser and Rabie `` Defining dolus eventualis '' 416 ) . Jump up ^ Loubser and Rabie `` Defining dolus eventualis '' 417 . Jump up ^ Emphasis added . Jump up ^ According to the appellant the robbers had been informed that the deceased was an old man , that he would not be armed , and that the carbine would only be used to frighten him . The Appellate Division found , however , that the facts of the case indicated that the appellant foresaw the possibility of a struggle . Jump up ^ 476 . Jump up ^ 476 - 477 . Jump up ^ Van Heerden JA admits that this case could be seen as one where the perpetrator eventually does not regard the result as a reasonable possibility . Jump up ^ 483 . Jump up ^ 484 . Jump up ^ See Snyman 191 - 201 . Jump up ^ See Burchell 514 - 521 . Jump up ^ 686C - D . Jump up ^ He cites the views of Milton , Burchell and De Wet and Swanepoel . Jump up ^ 526 . Jump up ^ 523 . Jump up ^ 879C . Jump up ^ 1990 ( 3 ) SA 466 ( B ) . Jump up ^ See also , however , the definition supplied by Burchell 2004 , p. 923 . Jump up ^ S v Motau en ' n Ander 1963 ( 2 ) SA 521 ( T ) 523D - E . Jump up ^ R v Mabula 1927 AD 159 at 161 -- 162 . Jump up ^ R v Mataung 1953 ( 4 ) SA 35 ( O ) 36A - B . Jump up ^ S v Motau 522 . Jump up ^ R v Mavros 1921 AD 19 at 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ R v Viljoen 1941 AD 366 at 367 . Jump up ^ R v Soqokomashe 1956 ( 2 ) SA 142 ( E ) 143E . Jump up ^ R v Schoombie 1945 AD 541 . Jump up ^ 1921 AD 19 . Jump up ^ S v Van Zyl 1987 ( 1 ) SA 497 ( O ) . Jump up ^ Snyman 2008 , p. 548 . Jump up ^ Mavros 22 . Jump up ^ R v Kewelram 1922 AD 213 at 216 . Jump up ^ R v Shein 1925 AD 6 at 12 . 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1. South African criminal law 2. Punishment theories 3. Retributive theories 4. Utilitarian theories 5. Combination theories

according to the text the first aim of greek comedy was to

Satire - wikipedia Satire Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with satyr . Not to be confused with Saltire . `` Satires '' redirects here . For other uses , see Satires ( disambiguation ) . 1867 edition of Punch , a ground - breaking British magazine of popular humour , including a great deal of satire of the contemporary , social , and political scene . Literature Major forms Novel Poem Drama Short story Novella Genres Comedy Drama Epic Erotic Nonsense Lyric Mythopoeia Romance Satire Tragedy Tragicomedy Media Performance play Book Techniques Prose Poetry History and lists History modern Outline Glossary of terms Books Writers Literary awards poetry Discussion Criticism Theory ( critical theory ) Sociology Magazines Literature portal Performing arts Acrobatics Ballet Circus skills Clown Dance General Gymnastics Magic Mime Music Opera Professional wrestling Puppetry Speech Theatre Ventriloquism Satire is a genre of literature , and sometimes graphic and performing arts , in which vices , follies , abuses , and shortcomings are held up to ridicule , ideally with the intent of shaming individuals , corporations , government , or society itself into improvement . Although satire is usually meant to be humorous , its greater purpose is often constructive social criticism , using wit to draw attention to both particular and wider issues in society . A feature of satire is strong irony or sarcasm -- `` in satire , irony is militant '' -- but parody , burlesque , exaggeration , juxtaposition , comparison , analogy , and double entendre are all frequently used in satirical speech and writing . This `` militant '' irony or sarcasm often professes to approve of ( or at least accept as natural ) the very things the satirist wishes to attack . Satire is nowadays found in many artistic forms of expression , including internet memes , literature , plays , commentary , television shows , and media such as lyrics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and roots 2 Humor 3 Social and psychological functions 4 Classifications 4.1 Horatian , Juvenalian , Menippean 4.1. 1 Horatian 4.1. 2 Juvenalian 4.2 Satire versus teasing 4.3 Classifications by topics 4.4 Classifications by medium 5 Development 5.1 Ancient Egypt 5.2 Ancient Greece 5.3 Roman world 5.4 Medieval Islamic world 5.5 Medieval Europe 5.6 Early modern western satire 5.7 Age of Enlightenment 5.8 Satire in Victorian England 5.9 20th - century satire 5.10 Contemporary satire 6 Techniques 7 Legal status 8 Censorship and criticism 8.1 Typical arguments 8.1. 1 Bad taste 8.1. 2 Targeting the victim 8.1. 3 Romantic prejudice 8.2 History of opposition toward notable satires 8.2. 1 1599 book ban 8.2. 2 21st - century polemics 9 Satirical prophecy 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 Further reading 15 External links Etymology and roots ( edit ) The word satire comes from the Latin word satur and the subsequent phrase lanx satura . Satur meant `` full '' but the juxtaposition with lanx shifted the meaning to `` miscellany or medley '' : the expression lanx satura literally means `` a full dish of various kinds of fruits . '' The word satura as used by Quintilian , however , was used to denote only Roman verse satire , a strict genre that imposed hexameter form , a narrower genre than what would be later intended as satire . Quintilian famously said that satura , that is a satire in hexameter verses , was a literary genre of wholly Roman origin ( satura tota nostra est ) . He was aware of and commented on Greek satire , but at the time did not label it as such , although today the origin of satire is considered to be Aristophanes ' Old Comedy . The first critic to use the term `` satire '' in the modern broader sense was Apuleius . To Quintilian , the satire was a strict literary form , but the term soon escaped from the original narrow definition . Robert Elliott writes : As soon as a noun enters the domain of metaphor , as one modern scholar has pointed out , it clamours for extension ; and satura ( which had had no verbal , adverbial , or adjectival forms ) was immediately broadened by appropriation from the Greek word for `` satyr '' ( satyros ) and its derivatives . The odd result is that the English `` satire '' comes from the Latin satura ; but `` satirize '' , `` satiric '' , etc. , are of Greek origin . By about the 4th century AD the writer of satires came to be known as satyricus ; St. Jerome , for example , was called by one of his enemies ' a satirist in prose ' ( ' satyricus scriptor in prosa ' ) . Subsequent orthographic modifications obscured the Latin origin of the word satire : satura becomes satyra , and in England , by the 16th century , it was written ' satyre . ' The word satire derives from satura , and its origin was not influenced by the Greek mythological figure of the satyr . In the 17th century , philologist Isaac Casaubon was the first to dispute the etymology of satire from satyr , contrary to the belief up to that time . Humor ( edit ) `` The rules of satire are such that it must do more than make you laugh . No matter how amusing it is , it does n't count unless you find yourself wincing a little even as you chuckle . '' <Td_colspan="3"> Laughter is not an essential component of satire ; in fact there are types of satire that are not meant to be `` funny '' at all . Conversely , not all humor , even on such topics as politics , religion or art is necessarily `` satirical '' , even when it uses the satirical tools of irony , parody , and burlesque . Even light - hearted satire has a serious `` after - taste '' : the organizers of the Ig Nobel Prize describe this as `` first make people laugh , and then make them think '' . Social and psychological functions ( edit ) Satire and irony in some cases have been regarded as the most effective source to understand a society , the oldest form of social study . They provide the keenest insights into a group 's collective psyche , reveal its deepest values and tastes , and the society 's structures of power . Some authors have regarded satire as superior to non-comic and non-artistic disciplines like history or anthropology . In a prominent example from ancient Greece , philosopher Plato , when asked by a friend for a book to understand Athenian society , referred him to the plays of Aristophanes . Historically , satire has satisfied the popular need to debunk and ridicule the leading figures in politics , economy , religion and other prominent realms of power . Satire confronts public discourse and the collective imaginary , playing as a public opinion counterweight to power ( be it political , economic , religious , symbolic , or otherwise ) , by challenging leaders and authorities . For instance , it forces administrations to clarify , amend or establish their policies . Satire 's job is to expose problems and contradictions , and it 's not obligated to solve them . Karl Kraus set in the history of satire a prominent example of a satirist role as confronting public discourse . For its nature and social role , satire has enjoyed in many societies a special freedom license to mock prominent individuals and institutions . The satiric impulse , and its ritualized expressions , carry out the function of resolving social tension . Institutions like the ritual clowns , by giving expression to the antisocial tendencies , represent a safety valve which reestablishes equilibrium and health in the collective imaginary , which are jeopardized by the repressive aspects of society . The state of political satire in a given society reflects the tolerance or intolerance that characterizes it , and the state of civil liberties and human rights . Under totalitarian regimes any criticism of a political system , and especially satire , is suppressed . A typical example is the Soviet Union where the dissidents , such as Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Andrei Sakharov were under strong pressure from the government . While satire of everyday life in the USSR was allowed , the most prominent satirist being Arkady Raikin , political satire existed in the form of anecdotes that made fun of Soviet political leaders , especially Brezhnev , famous for his narrow - mindness and love for awards and decorations . Classifications ( edit ) Satire is a diverse genre which is complex to classify and define , with a wide range of satiric `` modes '' . Horatian , Juvenalian , Menippean ( edit ) `` Le satire e l'epistole di Q. Orazio Flacco '' , printed in 1814 . Satirical literature can commonly be categorized as either Horatian , Juvenalian , or Menippean . Horatian ( edit ) Horatian satire , named for the Roman satirist Horace ( 65 -- 8 BCE ) , playfully criticizes some social vice through gentle , mild , and light - hearted humour . Horace ( Quintus Horatius Flaccus ) wrote Satires to gently ridicule the dominant opinions and `` philosophical beliefs of ancient Rome and Greece '' ( Rankin ) . Rather than writing in harsh or accusing tones , he addressed issues with humor and clever mockery . Horatian satire follows this same pattern of `` gently ( ridiculing ) the absurdities and follies of human beings '' ( Drury ) . It directs wit , exaggeration , and self - deprecating humour toward what it identifies as folly , rather than evil . Horatian satire 's sympathetic tone is common in modern society . A Horatian satirist 's goal is to heal the situation with smiles , rather than by anger . Horatian satire is a gentle reminder to take life less seriously and evokes a wry smile . A Horatian satirist makes fun of general human folly rather than engaging in specific or personal attacks . Shamekia Thomas suggests , `` In a work using Horatian satire , readers often laugh at the characters in the story who are the subject of mockery as well as themselves and society for behaving in those ways . '' Alexander Pope has been established as an author whose satire `` heals with morals what it hurts with wit '' ( Green ) . Alexander Pope -- and Horatian satire -- attempt to teach . Examples : The Ig Nobel Prizes . Bierce , Ambrose , The Devil 's Dictionary . Defoe , Daniel , The True - Born Englishman . The Savoy Operas of Gilbert and Sullivan . Trollope , Anthony , The Way We Live Now . Gogol , Nikolai , Dead Souls . Groening , Matthew `` Matt '' , The Simpsons . Lewis , Clive Staples , The Screwtape Letters . Mercer , Richard ' Rick ' , The Rick Mercer Report . Pope , Alexander , The Rape of the Lock . Reiner , Rob , This Is Spinal Tap . Twain , Mark , Adventures of Huckleberry Finn . Juvenalian ( edit ) See also : Satires of Juvenal Juvenalian satire , named for the writings of the Roman satirist Juvenal ( late first century -- early second century AD ) , is more contemptuous and abrasive than the Horatian . Juvenal disagreed with the opinions of the public figures and institutions of the Republic and actively attacked them through his literature . `` He utilized the satirical tools of exaggeration and parody to make his targets appear monstrous and incompetent '' ( Podzemny ) . Juvenal satire follows this same pattern of abrasively ridiculing societal structures . Juvenal also , unlike Horace , attacked public officials and governmental organizations through his satires , regarding their opinions not just as wrong , but as evil . Following in this tradition , Juvenalian satire addresses perceived social evil through scorn , outrage , and savage ridicule . This form is often pessimistic , characterized by the use of irony , sarcasm , moral indignation and personal invective , with less emphasis on humor . Strongly polarized political satire can often be classified as Juvenalian . A Juvenal satirist 's goal is generally to provoke some sort of political or societal change because he sees his opponent or object as evil or harmful . A Juvenal satirist mocks `` societal structure , power , and civilization '' ( Thomas ) by exaggerating the words or position of his opponent in order to jeopardize their opponent 's reputation and / or power . Jonathan Swift has been established as an author who `` borrowed heavily from Juvenal 's techniques in ( his critique ) of contemporary English society '' ( Podzemny ) . Examples : Barnes , Julian , England , England . Bradbury , Ray , Fahrenheit 451 . Brooker , Charlie , Black Mirror . Bulgakov , Mikhail , Heart of a Dog . Burgess , Anthony , A Clockwork Orange . Burroughs , William , Naked Lunch . Byron , George Gordon , Lord , Don Juan . Cooke , Ebenezer , The Sot - Weed Factor ; or , A Voyage to Maryland , -- a satire , in which is described the laws , government , courts , and constitutions of the country , and also the buildings , feasts , frolics , entertainments , and drunken humors of the inhabitants in that part of America . Ellis , Bret Easton , American Psycho . Golding , William , Lord of the Flies . Hall , Joseph , Virgidemiarum . Heller , Joseph , Catch - 22 . Huxley , Aldous , Brave New World . Johnson , Samuel , London , an adaptation of Juvenal , Third Satire . Junius , Letters . Kubrick , Stanley , Dr. Strangelove . Mencken , HL , Libido for the Ugly . Morris , Chris , Brass Eye . -- -- -- , The Day Today . Orwell , George , Nineteen Eighty - Four . Orwell , George , Animal Farm . Palahniuk , Chuck , Fight Club . Swift , Jonathan , A Modest Proposal . Zamyatin , Yevgeny , We . Voltaire , Candide . Satire versus teasing ( edit ) In the history of theatre there has always been a conflict between engagement and disengagement on politics and relevant issue , between satire and grotesque on one side , and jest with teasing on the other . Max Eastman defined the spectrum of satire in terms of `` degrees of biting '' , as ranging from satire proper at the hot - end , and `` kidding '' at the violet - end ; Eastman adopted the term kidding to denote what is just satirical in form , but is not really firing at the target . Nobel laureate satirical playwright Dario Fo pointed out the difference between satire and teasing ( sfottò ) . Teasing is the reactionary side of the comic ; it limits itself to a shallow parody of physical appearance . The side - effect of teasing is that it humanizes and draws sympathy for the powerful individual towards which it is directed . Satire instead uses the comic to go against power and its oppressions , has a subversive character , and a moral dimension which draws judgement against its targets . Fo formulated an operational criterion to tell real satire from sfottò , saying that real satire arouses an outraged and violent reaction , and that the more they try to stop you , the better is the job you are doing . Fo contends that , historically , people in positions of power have welcomed and encouraged good - humoured buffoonery , while modern day people in positions of power have tried to censor , ostracize and repress satire . Teasing ( sfottò ) is an ancient form of simple buffoonery , a form of comedy without satire 's subversive edge . Teasing includes light and affectionate parody , good - humoured mockery , simple one - dimensional poking fun , and benign spoofs . Teasing typically consists of an impersonation of someone monkeying around with his exterior attributes , tics , physical blemishes , voice and mannerisms , quirks , way of dressing and walking , and / or the phrases he typically repeats . By contrast , teasing never touches on the core issue , never makes a serious criticism judging the target with irony ; it never harms the target 's conduct , ideology and position of power ; it never undermines the perception of his morality and cultural dimension . Sfottò directed towards a powerful individual makes him appear more human and draws sympathy towards him . Hermann Göring propagated jests and jokes against himself , with the aim of humanizing his image . Classifications by topics ( edit ) Types of satire can also be classified according to the topics it deals with . From the earliest times , at least since the plays of Aristophanes , the primary topics of literary satire have been politics , religion and sex . This is partly because these are the most pressing problems that affect anybody living in a society , and partly because these topics are usually taboo . Among these , politics in the broader sense is considered the pre-eminent topic of satire . Satire which targets the clergy is a type of political satire , while religious satire is that which targets religious beliefs . Satire on sex may overlap with blue comedy , off - color humor and dick jokes . Scatology has a long literary association with satire , as it is a classical mode of the grotesque , the grotesque body and the satiric grotesque . Shit plays a fundamental role in satire because it symbolizes death , the turd being `` the ultimate dead object '' . The satirical comparison of individuals or institutions with human excrement , exposes their `` inherent inertness , corruption and dead - likeness '' . The ritual clowns of clown societies , like among the Pueblo Indians , have ceremonies with filth - eating . In other cultures , sin - eating is an apotropaic rite in which the sin - eater ( also called filth - eater ) , by ingesting the food provided , takes `` upon himself the sins of the departed '' . Satire about death overlaps with black humor and gallows humor . Another classification by topics is the distinction between political satire , religious satire and satire of manners . Political satire is sometimes called topical satire , satire of manners is sometimes called satire of everyday life , and religious satire is sometimes called philosophical satire . Comedy of manners , sometimes also called satire of manners , criticizes mode of life of common people ; political satire aims at behavior , manners of politicians , and vices of political systems . Historically , comedy of manners , which first appeared in British theater in 1620 , has uncritically accepted the social code of the upper classes . Comedy in general accepts the rules of the social game , while satire subverts them . Another analysis of satire is the spectrum of his possible tones : wit , ridicule , irony , sarcasm , cynicism , the sardonic and invective . Classifications by medium ( edit ) Satire is found not only in written literary forms . In preliterate cultures it manifests itself in ritual and folk forms , as well as in trickster tales and oral poetry . It appears also in graphic arts , music , sculpture , dance , cartoon strips , and graffiti . Examples are Dada sculptures , Pop Art works , music of Gilbert and Sullivan and Erik Satie , punk and rock music . In modern media culture , stand - up comedy is an enclave in which satire can be introduced into mass media , challenging mainstream discourse . Comedy roasts , mock festivals , and stand - up comedians in nightclubs and concerts are the modern forms of ancient satiric rituals . Development ( edit ) Ancient Egypt ( edit ) The satirical papyrus at the British Museum Satirical ostraca showing a cat guarding geese , c. 1120 BC , Egypt . Figured ostracon showing a cat waiting on a mouse , Egypt One of the earliest examples of what we might call satire , The Satire of the Trades , is in Egyptian writing from the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC . The text 's apparent readers are students , tired of studying . It argues that their lot as scribes is useful , and their lot far superior to that of the ordinary man . Scholars such as Helck think that the context was meant to be serious . The Papyrus Anastasi I ( late 2nd millennium BC ) contains a satirical letter which first praises the virtues of its recipient , but then mocks the reader 's meagre knowledge and achievements . Ancient Greece ( edit ) The Greeks had no word for what later would be called `` satire '' , although the terms cynicism and parody were used . Modern critics call the Greek playwright Aristophanes one of the best known early satirists : his plays are known for their critical political and societal commentary , particularly for the political satire by which he criticized the powerful Cleon ( as in The Knights ) . He is also notable for the persecution he underwent . Aristophanes ' plays turned upon images of filth and disease . His bawdy style was adopted by Greek dramatist - comedian Menander . His early play Drunkenness contains an attack on the politician Callimedon . The oldest form of satire still in use is the Menippean satire by Menippus of Gadara . His own writings are lost . Examples from his admirers and imitators mix seriousness and mockery in dialogues and present parodies before a background of diatribe . As in the case of Aristophanes plays , menippean satire turned upon images of filth and disease . Roman world ( edit ) The first Roman to discuss satire critically was Quintilian , who invented the term to describe the writings of Gaius Lucilius . The two most prominent and influential ancient Roman satirists are Horace and Juvenal , who wrote during the early days of the Roman Empire . Other important satirists in ancient Latin are Gaius Lucilius and Persius . Satire in their work is much wider than in the modern sense of the word , including fantastic and highly coloured humorous writing with little or no real mocking intent . When Horace criticized Augustus , he used veiled ironic terms . In contrast , Pliny reports that the 6th - century - BC poet Hipponax wrote satirae that were so cruel that the offended hanged themselves . In the 2nd century AD , Lucian wrote True History , a book satirizing the clearly unrealistic travelogues / adventures written by Ctesias , Iambulus , and Homer . He states that he was surprised they expected people to believe their lies , and stating that he , like they , has no actual knowledge or experience , but shall now tell lies as if he did . He goes on to describe a far more obviously extreme and unrealistic tale , involving interplanetary exploration , war among alien life forms , and life inside a 200 mile long whale back in the terrestrial ocean , all intended to make obvious the fallacies of books like Indica and The Odyssey . Medieval Islamic world ( edit ) Main articles : Arabic satire and Persian satire Medieval Arabic poetry included the satiric genre hija . Satire was introduced into Arabic prose literature by the Afro - Arab author Al - Jahiz in the 9th century . While dealing with serious topics in what are now known as anthropology , sociology and psychology , he introduced a satirical approach , `` based on the premise that , however serious the subject under review , it could be made more interesting and thus achieve greater effect , if only one leavened the lump of solemnity by the insertion of a few amusing anecdotes or by the throwing out of some witty or paradoxical observations . He was well aware that , in treating of new themes in his prose works , he would have to employ a vocabulary of a nature more familiar in hija , satirical poetry . '' For example , in one of his zoological works , he satirized the preference for longer human penis size , writing : `` If the length of the penis were a sign of honor , then the mule would belong to the ( honorable tribe of ) Quraysh '' . Another satirical story based on this preference was an Arabian Nights tale called `` Ali with the Large Member '' . In the 10th century , the writer Tha'alibi recorded satirical poetry written by the Arabic poets As - Salami and Abu Dulaf , with As - Salami praising Abu Dulaf 's wide breadth of knowledge and then mocking his ability in all these subjects , and with Abu Dulaf responding back and satirizing As - Salami in return . An example of Arabic political satire included another 10th - century poet Jarir satirizing Farazdaq as `` a transgressor of the Sharia '' and later Arabic poets in turn using the term `` Farazdaq - like '' as a form of political satire . The terms `` comedy '' and `` satire '' became synonymous after Aristotle 's Poetics was translated into Arabic in the medieval Islamic world , where it was elaborated upon by Islamic philosophers and writers , such as Abu Bischr , his pupil Al - Farabi , Avicenna , and Averroes . Due to cultural differences , they disassociated comedy from Greek dramatic representation and instead identified it with Arabic poetic themes and forms , such as hija ( satirical poetry ) . They viewed comedy as simply the `` art of reprehension '' , and made no reference to light and cheerful events , or troubled beginnings and happy endings , associated with classical Greek comedy . After the Latin translations of the 12th century , the term `` comedy '' thus gained a new semantic meaning in Medieval literature . Ubayd Zakani introduced satire in Persian literature during the 14th century . His work is noted for its satire and obscene verses , often political or bawdy , and often cited in debates involving homosexual practices . He wrote the Resaleh - ye Delgosha , as well as Akhlaq al - Ashraf ( `` Ethics of the Aristocracy '' ) and the famous humorous fable Masnavi Mush - O - Gorbeh ( Mouse and Cat ) , which was a political satire . His non-satirical serious classical verses have also been regarded as very well written , in league with the other great works of Persian literature . Between 1905 and 1911 , Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi and other Iranian writers wrote notable satires . Medieval Europe ( edit ) In the Early Middle Ages , examples of satire were the songs by Goliards or vagants now best known as an anthology called Carmina Burana and made famous as texts of a composition by the 20th - century composer Carl Orff . Satirical poetry is believed to have been popular , although little has survived . With the advent of the High Middle Ages and the birth of modern vernacular literature in the 12th century , it began to be used again , most notably by Chaucer . The disrespectful manner was considered `` unchristian '' and ignored , except for the moral satire , which mocked misbehaviour in Christian terms . Examples are Livre des Manières by Étienne de Fougères ( fr ) ( ~ 1178 ) , and some of Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales . Sometimes epic poetry ( epos ) was mocked , and even feudal society , but there was hardly a general interest in the genre . Early modern Western satire ( edit ) Pieter Bruegel 's 1568 satirical painting The Blind Leading the Blind . Direct social commentary via satire returned with a vengeance in the 16th century , when farcical texts such as the works of François Rabelais tackled more serious issues ( and incurred the wrath of the crown as a result ) . Two major satirists of Europe in the Renaissance were Giovanni Boccaccio and François Rabelais . Other examples of Renaissance satire include Till Eulenspiegel , Reynard the Fox , Sebastian Brant 's Narrenschiff ( 1494 ) , Erasmus 's Moriae Encomium ( 1509 ) , Thomas More 's Utopia ( 1516 ) , and Carajicomedia ( 1519 ) . The Elizabethan ( i.e. 16th - century English ) writers thought of satire as related to the notoriously rude , coarse and sharp satyr play . Elizabethan `` satire '' ( typically in pamphlet form ) therefore contains more straightforward abuse than subtle irony . The French Huguenot Isaac Casaubon pointed out in 1605 that satire in the Roman fashion was something altogether more civilised . Casaubon discovered and published Quintilian 's writing and presented the original meaning of the term ( satira , not satyr ) , and the sense of wittiness ( reflecting the `` dishfull of fruits '' ) became more important again . Seventeenth - century English satire once again aimed at the `` amendment of vices '' ( Dryden ) . In the 1590s a new wave of verse satire broke with the publication of Hall 's Virgidemiarum , six books of verse satires targeting everything from literary fads to corrupt noblemen . Although Donne had already circulated satires in manuscript , Hall 's was the first real attempt in English at verse satire on the Juvenalian model . The success of his work combined with a national mood of disillusion in the last years of Elizabeth 's reign triggered an avalanche of satire -- much of it less conscious of classical models than Hall 's -- until the fashion was brought to an abrupt stop by censorship . Age of Enlightenment ( edit ) ' A Welch wedding ' Satirical Cartoon c. 1780 The Age of Enlightenment , an intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries advocating rationality , produced a great revival of satire in Britain . This was fuelled by the rise of partisan politics , with the formalisation of the Tory and Whig parties -- and also , in 1714 , by the formation of the Scriblerus Club , which included Alexander Pope , Jonathan Swift , John Gay , John Arbuthnot , Robert Harley , Thomas Parnell , and Henry St John , 1st Viscount Bolingbroke . This club included several of the notable satirists of early - 18th - century Britain . They focused their attention on Martinus Scriblerus , `` an invented learned fool ... whose work they attributed all that was tedious , narrow - minded , and pedantic in contemporary scholarship '' . In their hands astute and biting satire of institutions and individuals became a popular weapon . The turn to the 18th century was characterized by a switch from Horatian , soft , pseudo-satire , to biting `` juvenal '' satire . Jonathan Swift was one of the greatest of Anglo - Irish satirists , and one of the first to practise modern journalistic satire . For instance , In his A Modest Proposal Swift suggests that Irish peasants be encouraged to sell their own children as food for the rich , as a solution to the `` problem '' of poverty . His purpose is of course to attack indifference to the plight of the desperately poor . In his book Gulliver 's Travels he writes about the flaws in human society in general and English society in particular . John Dryden wrote an influential essay entitled `` A Discourse Concerning the Original and Progress of Satire '' that helped fix the definition of satire in the literary world . His satirical Mac Flecknoe was written in response to a rivalry with Thomas Shadwell and eventually inspired Alexander Pope to write his satirical The Rape of the Lock . Other satirical works by Pope include the Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot . Alexander Pope ( b . May 21 , 1688 ) was a satirist known for his Horatian satirist style and translation of the Iliad . Famous throughout and after the long 18th century , Pope died in 1744 . Pope , in his The Rape of the Lock , is delicately chiding society in a sly but polished voice by holding up a mirror to the follies and vanities of the upper class . Pope does not actively attack the self - important pomp of the British aristocracy , but rather presents it in such a way that gives the reader a new perspective from which to easily view the actions in the story as foolish and ridiculous . A mockery of the upper class , more delicate and lyrical than brutal , Pope nonetheless is able to effectively illuminate the moral degradation of society to the public . The Rape of the Lock assimilates the masterful qualities of a heroic epic , such as the Iliad , which Pope was translating at the time of writing The Rape of the Lock . However , Pope applied these qualities satirically to a seemingly petty egotistical elitist quarrel to prove his point wryly . Daniel Defoe pursued a more journalistic type of satire , being famous for his The True - Born Englishman which mocks xenophobic patriotism , and The Shortest - Way with the Dissenters -- advocating religious toleration by means of an ironical exaggeration of the highly intolerant attitudes of his time . The pictorial satire of William Hogarth is a precursor to the development of political cartoons in 18th - century England . The medium developed under the direction of its greatest exponent , James Gillray from London . With his satirical works calling the king ( George III ) , prime ministers and generals ( especially Napoleon ) to account , Gillray 's wit and keen sense of the ridiculous made him the pre-eminent cartoonist of the era . Ebenezer Cooke ( 1665 -- 1732 ) , author of `` The Sot - Weed Factor '' ( 1708 ) , was among the first American colonialists to write literary satire . Benjamin Franklin ( 1706 -- 1790 ) and others followed , using satire to shape an emerging nation 's culture through its sense of the ridiculous . Satire in Victorian England ( edit ) A Victorian satirical sketch depicting a gentleman 's donkey race in 1852 Several satiric papers competed for the public 's attention in the Victorian era ( 1837 -- 1901 ) and Edwardian period , such as Punch ( 1841 ) and Fun ( 1861 ) . Perhaps the most enduring examples of Victorian satire , however , are to be found in the Savoy Operas of Gilbert and Sullivan . In fact , in The Yeomen of the Guard , a jester is given lines that paint a very neat picture of the method and purpose of the satirist , and might almost be taken as a statement of Gilbert 's own intent : `` I can set a braggart quailing with a quip , The upstart I can wither with a whim ; He may wear a merry laugh upon his lip , But his laughter has an echo that is grim ! '' Novelists such as Charles Dickens ( 1812 - 1870 ) often used passages of satiric writing in their treatment of social issues . Continuing the tradition of Swiftian journalistic satire , Sidney Godolphin Osborne ( 1808 - 1889 ) was the most prominent writer of scathing `` Letters to the Editor '' of the London Times . Famous in his day , he is now all but forgotten . His maternal grandfather William Eden , 1st Baron Auckland was considered to be a possible candidate for the authorship of the Junius letters . If this were true , we can read Osborne as following in his grandfather 's satiric `` Letters to the Editor '' path . Osborne 's satire was so bitter and biting that at one point he received a public censure from Parliament 's then Home Secretary Sir James Graham . Osborne wrote mostly in the Juvenalian mode over a wide range of topics mostly centered on British government 's and landlords ' mistreatment of poor farm workers and field laborers . He bitterly opposed the New Poor Laws and was passionate on the subject of Great Britain 's botched response to the Irish Famine and its mistreatment of soldiers during the Crimean War . Later in the nineteenth century , in the United States , Mark Twain ( 1835 -- 1910 ) grew to become American 's greatest satirist : his novel Huckleberry Finn ( 1884 ) is set in the antebellum South , where the moral values Twain wishes to promote are completely turned on their heads . His hero , Huck , is a rather simple but goodhearted lad who is ashamed of the `` sinful temptation '' that leads him to help a runaway slave . In fact his conscience , warped by the distorted moral world he has grown up in , often bothers him most when he is at his best . Ironically , he is prepared to do good , believing it to be wrong . Twain 's younger contemporary Ambrose Bierce ( 1842 -- 1913 ) gained notoriety as a cynic , pessimist and black humorist with his dark , bitterly ironic stories , many set during the American Civil War , which satirized the limitations of human perception and reason . Bierce 's most famous work of satire is probably The Devil 's Dictionary ( 1906 ) , in which the definitions mock cant , hypocrisy and received wisdom . 20th - century satire ( edit ) Karl Kraus is considered the first major European satirist since Jonathan Swift . In 20th - century literature , satire was used by English authors such as Aldous Huxley ( 1930s ) and George Orwell ( 1940s ) , which under the inspiration of Zamyatin 's Russian 1921 novel We , made serious and even frightening commentaries on the dangers of the sweeping social changes taking place throughout Europe . Many social critics of this same time in the United States , such as Dorothy Parker and H.L. Mencken , used satire as their main weapon , and Mencken in particular is noted for having said that `` one horse - laugh is worth ten thousand syllogisms '' in the persuasion of the public to accept a criticism . Novelist Sinclair Lewis was known for his satirical stories such as Main Street ( 1920 ) , Babbitt ( 1922 ) , Elmer Gantry ( 1927 ; dedicated by Lewis to H.L. Menchen ) , and It Ca n't Happen Here ( 1935 ) , and his books often explored and satirized contemporary American values . The film The Great Dictator ( 1940 ) by Charlie Chaplin is itself a parody of Adolf Hitler ; Chaplin later declared that he would have not made the film if he had known about the concentration camps . Benzino Napaloni and Adenoid Hynkel in The Great Dictator ( 1940 ) . Chaplin later declared that he would have not made the film if he had known about the concentration camps . In the United States 1950s , satire was introduced into American stand - up comedy most prominently by Lenny Bruce and Mort Sahl . As they challenged the taboos and conventional wisdom of the time , were ostracized by the mass media establishment as sick comedians . In the same period , Paul Krassner 's magazine The Realist began publication , to become immensely popular during the 1960s and early 1970s among people in the counterculture ; it had articles and cartoons that were savage , biting satires of politicians such as Lyndon Johnson and Richard Nixon , the Vietnam War , the Cold War and the War on Drugs . This baton was also carried by the original National Lampoon magazine , edited by Doug Kenney and Henry Beard and featuring blistering satire written by Michael O'Donoghue , P.J. O'Rourke , and Tony Hendra , among others . Prominent satiric stand - up comedian George Carlin acknowledged the influence The Realist had in his 1970s conversion to a satiric comedian . A more humorous brand of satire enjoyed a renaissance in the UK in the early 1960s with the satire boom , led by such luminaries as Peter Cook , Alan Bennett , Jonathan Miller , and Dudley Moore , whose stage show Beyond the Fringe was a hit not only in Britain , but also in the United States . Other significant influences in 1960s British satire include David Frost , Eleanor Bron and the television program That Was The Week That Was . Joseph Heller 's most famous work , Catch - 22 ( 1961 ) , satirizes bureaucracy and the military , and is frequently cited as one of the greatest literary works of the twentieth century . Departing from traditional Hollywood farce and screwball , director and comedian Jerry Lewis used satire in his self - directed films The Bellboy ( 1960 ) , The Errand Boy ( 1961 ) and The Patsy ( 1964 ) to comment on celebrity and the star - making machinery of Hollywood . The film Dr. Strangelove ( 1964 ) starring Peter Sellers was a popular satire on the Cold War . Contemporary satire ( edit ) Contemporary popular usage of the term `` satire '' is often very imprecise . While satire often uses caricature and parody , by no means are all uses of these or other humorous devices , satiric . Refer to the careful definition of satire that heads this article . Satire is used on many UK television programmes , particularly popular panel shows and quiz shows such as Mock the Week ( 2005 ) and Have I Got News for You ( 1990 -- ongoing ) . Similarly it is found on radio quiz shows such as The News Quiz ( 1977 -- ongoing ) and The Now Show ( 1998 -- ongoing ) . One of the most watched UK television shows of the 1980s and early 1990s , the puppet show Spitting Image was a satire of the royal family , politics , entertainment , sport and British culture of the era . Created by DMA Design in 1997 , satire also features prominently in the British video game series Grand Theft Auto . Stephen Colbert satirically impersonated an opinionated and self - righteous television commentator on his Comedy Central program in the U.S. The television program South Park ( 1997 -- ongoing ) relies almost exclusively on satire to address issues in American culture , with episodes addressing anti-Semitism , militant atheism , homophobia , environmentalism , corporate culture , political correctness and anti-Catholicism , among many other issues . Australian Chris Lilley produces comedy art in the style of mockumentaries ( We Can Be Heroes , Summer Heights High , Angry Boys ) and his work is often described as complex social satire . Stephen Colbert 's television program , The Colbert Report ( 2005 -- 14 ) , is instructive in the methods of contemporary American satire . Colbert 's character is an opinionated and self - righteous commentator who , in his TV interviews , interrupts people , points and wags his finger at them , and `` unwittingly '' uses a number of logical fallacies . In doing so , he demonstrates the principle of modern American political satire : the ridicule of the actions of politicians and other public figures by taking all their statements and purported beliefs to their furthest ( supposedly ) logical conclusion , thus revealing their perceived hypocrisy or absurdity . The American sketch comedy television show Saturday Night Live is also known for its satirical impressions and parodies of prominent persons and politicians , among some of the most notable , their parodies of U.S. political figures Hillary Clinton and of Sarah Palin . Other political satire includes various political causes in the past , including the relatively successful Polish Beer - Lovers ' Party and the joke political candidates Molly the Dog and Brian Miner . In the United Kingdom , a popular modern satirist is Sir Terry Pratchett , author of the internationally best - selling Discworld book series . One of the most well - known and controversial British satirists is Chris Morris , co-writer and director of Four Lions . In Canada , satire has become an important part of the comedy scene . Stephen Leacock was one of the best known early Canadian satirists , and in the early 20th century , he achieved fame by targeting the attitudes of small town life . In more recent years , Canada has had several prominent satirical television series and radio shows . Some , including CODCO , The Royal Canadian Air Farce , This Is That , and This Hour Has 22 Minutes deal directly with current news stories and political figures , while others , like History Bites present contemporary social satire in the context of events and figures in history . The Canadian organization Canada News Network provides commentary on contemporary news events that are primarily Canadian in nature . Canadian songwriter Nancy White uses music as the vehicle for her satire , and her comic folk songs are regularly played on CBC Radio . Cartoonists often use satire as well as straight humour . Al Capp 's satirical comic strip Li'l Abner was censored in September 1947 . The controversy , as reported in Time , centred on Capp 's portrayal of the US Senate . Said Edward Leech of Scripps - Howard , `` We do n't think it is good editing or sound citizenship to picture the Senate as an assemblage of freaks and crooks ... boobs and undesirables . '' Walt Kelly 's Pogo was likewise censored in 1952 over his overt satire of Senator Joe McCarthy , caricatured in his comic strip as `` Simple J. Malarky '' . Garry Trudeau , whose comic strip Doonesbury focuses on satire of the political system , and provides a trademark cynical view on national events . Trudeau exemplifies humour mixed with criticism . For example , the character Mark Slackmeyer lamented that because he was not legally married to his partner , he was deprived of the `` exquisite agony '' of experiencing a nasty and painful divorce like heterosexuals . This , of course , satirized the claim that gay unions would denigrate the sanctity of heterosexual marriage . Political satire by Ranan Lurie Like some literary predecessors , many recent television satires contain strong elements of parody and caricature ; for instance , the popular animated series The Simpsons and South Park both parody modern family and social life by taking their assumptions to the extreme ; both have led to the creation of similar series . As well as the purely humorous effect of this sort of thing , they often strongly criticise various phenomena in politics , economic life , religion and many other aspects of society , and thus qualify as satirical . Due to their animated nature , these shows can easily use images of public figures and generally have greater freedom to do so than conventional shows using live actors . News satire is also a very popular form of contemporary satire , appearing in as wide an array of formats as the news media itself : print ( e.g. The Onion , Canada News Network , Private Eye ) , `` Not Your Homepage , '' radio ( e.g. On the Hour ) , television ( e.g. The Day Today , The Daily Show , Brass Eye ) and the web ( e.g. Mindry.in , The Fruit Dish , Scunt News , Faking News , El Koshary Today , The Giant Napkin , Unconfirmed Sources and The Onion 's website ) . Other satires are on the list of satirists and satires . Another internet - driven form of satire is to lampoon bad internet performers . An example of this is the Internet meme character Miranda Sings . In an interview with Wikinews , Sean Mills , President of The Onion , said angry letters about their news parody always carried the same message . `` It 's whatever affects that person '' , said Mills . `` So it 's like , ' I love it when you make a joke about murder or rape , but if you talk about cancer , well my brother has cancer and that 's not funny to me . ' Or someone else can say , ' Cancer 's hilarious , but do n't talk about rape because my cousin got raped . ' Those are rather extreme examples , but if it affects somebody personally , they tend to be more sensitive about it . '' Zhou Libo , a comedian from Shanghai , is the most popular satirist in China . His humour has interested middle - class people and has sold out shows ever since his rise to fame . Techniques ( edit ) Literary satire is usually written out of earlier satiric works , reprising previous conventions , commonplaces , stance , situations and tones of voice . Exaggeration is one of the most common satirical techniques . Contrarily diminution is also a satirical technique . Legal status ( edit ) For its nature and social role , satire has enjoyed in many societies a special freedom license to mock prominent individuals and institutions . In Germany and Italy satire is protected by the constitution . Since satire belongs to the realm of art and artistic expression , it benefits from broader lawfulness limits than mere freedom of information of journalistic kind . In some countries a specific `` right to satire '' is recognized and its limits go beyond the `` right to report '' of journalism and even the `` right to criticize . '' Satire benefits not only of the protection to freedom of speech , but also to that to culture , and that to scientific and artistic production . Censorship and criticism ( edit ) Descriptions of satire 's biting effect on its target include ' venomous ' , ' cutting ' , ' stinging ' , vitriol . Because satire often combines anger and humor , as well as the fact that it addresses and calls into question many controversial issues , it can be profoundly disturbing . Typical arguments ( edit ) Because it is essentially ironic or sarcastic , satire is often misunderstood . A typical misunderstanding is to confuse the satirist with his persona . Bad taste ( edit ) Common uncomprehending responses to satire include revulsion ( accusations of poor taste , or that `` it 's just not funny '' for instance ) and the idea that the satirist actually does support the ideas , policies , or people he is attacking . For instance , at the time of its publication , many people misunderstood Swift 's purpose in A Modest Proposal , assuming it to be a serious recommendation of economically motivated cannibalism . Targeting the victim ( edit ) Some critics of Mark Twain see Huckleberry Finn as racist and offensive , missing the point that its author clearly intended it to be satire ( racism being in fact only one of a number of Mark Twain 's known concerns attacked in Huckleberry Finn ) . This same misconception was suffered by the main character of the 1960s British television comedy satire Till Death Us Do Part . The character of Alf Garnett ( played by Warren Mitchell ) was created to poke fun at the kind of narrow - minded , racist , little Englander that Garnett represented . Instead , his character became a sort of anti-hero to people who actually agreed with his views . ( The same situation occurred with Archie Bunker in American TV show All in the Family , a character derived directly from Garnett . ) The Australian satirical television comedy show The Chaser 's War on Everything has suffered repeated attacks based on various perceived interpretations of the `` target '' of its attacks . The `` Make a Realistic Wish Foundation '' sketch ( June 2009 ) , which attacked in classical satiric fashion the heartlessness of people who are reluctant to donate to charities , was widely interpreted as an attack on the Make a Wish Foundation , or even the terminally ill children helped by that organisation . Prime Minister of the time Kevin Rudd stated that The Chaser team `` should hang their heads in shame '' . He went on to say that `` I did n't see that but it 's been described to me ... But having a go at kids with a terminal illness is really beyond the pale , absolutely beyond the pale . '' Television station management suspended the show for two weeks and reduced the third season to eight episodes . Romantic prejudice ( edit ) The romantic prejudice against satire is the belief spread by the romantic movement that satire is something unworthy of serious attention ; this prejudice has held considerable influence to this day . Such prejudice extends to humor and everything that arouses laughter , which are often underestimated as frivolous and unworthy of serious study . For instance , humor is generally neglected as a topic of anthropological research and teaching . History of opposition toward notable satires ( edit ) Satire on internet culture Because satire criticises in an ironic , essentially indirect way , it frequently escapes censorship in a way more direct criticism might not . Periodically , however , it runs into serious opposition , and people in power who perceive themselves as attacked attempt to censor it or prosecute its practitioners . In a classic example , Aristophanes was persecuted by the demagogue Cleon . 1599 book ban ( edit ) In 1599 , the Archbishop of Canterbury John Whitgift and the Bishop of London Richard Bancroft , whose offices had the function of licensing books for publication in England , issued a decree banning verse satire . The decree , now known as the Bishops ' Ban of 1599 , ordered the burning of certain volumes of satire by John Marston , Thomas Middleton , Joseph Hall , and others ; it also required histories and plays to be specially approved by a member of the Queen 's Privy Council , and it prohibited the future printing of satire in verse . The motives for the ban are obscure , particularly since some of the books banned had been licensed by the same authorities less than a year earlier . Various scholars have argued that the target was obscenity , libel , or sedition . It seems likely that lingering anxiety about the Martin Marprelate controversy , in which the bishops themselves had employed satirists , played a role ; both Thomas Nashe and Gabriel Harvey , two of the key figures in that controversy , suffered a complete ban on all their works . In the event , though , the ban was little enforced , even by the licensing authority itself . 21st - century polemics ( edit ) In 2005 , the Jyllands - Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy caused global protests by offended Muslims and violent attacks with many fatalities in the Near East . It was not the first case of Muslim protests against criticism in the form of satire , but the Western world was surprised by the hostility of the reaction : Any country 's flag in which a newspaper chose to publish the parodies was being burnt in a Near East country , then embassies were attacked , killing 139 people in mainly four countries ; politicians throughout Europe agreed that satire was an aspect of the freedom of speech , and therefore to be a protected means of dialogue . Iran threatened to start an International Holocaust Cartoon Competition , which was immediately responded to by Jews with an Israeli Anti-Semitic Cartoons Contest . In 2006 British comedian Sacha Baron Cohen released Borat : Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan , a `` mockumentary '' that satirized everyone , from high society to frat boys . The film was criticized by many . Although Baron Cohen is Jewish , some complained that it was antisemitic , and the government of Kazakhstan boycotted the film . The film itself had been a reaction to a longer quarrel between the government and the comedian . In 2008 , popular South African cartoonist and satirist Jonathan Shapiro ( who is published under the pen name Zapiro ) came under fire for depicting then - president of the ANC Jacob Zuma in the act of undressing in preparation for the implied rape of ' Lady Justice ' which is held down by Zuma loyalists . The cartoon was drawn in response to Zuma 's efforts to duck corruption charges , and the controversy was heightened by the fact that Zuma was himself acquitted of rape in May 2006 . In February 2009 , the South African Broadcasting Corporation , viewed by some opposition parties as the mouthpiece of the governing ANC , shelved a satirical TV show created by Shapiro , and in May 2009 the broadcaster pulled a documentary about political satire ( featuring Shapiro among others ) for the second time , hours before scheduled broadcast . Apartheid South Africa also had a long history of censorship . On December 29 , 2009 , Samsung sued Mike Breen , and the Korea Times for $1 million , claiming criminal defamation over a satirical column published on Christmas Day , 2009 . On April 29 , 2015 , the UK Independence Party ( UKIP ) requested Kent Police investigate the BBC , claiming that comments made about Party leader Nigel Farage by a panelist on the comedy show Have I Got News For You might hinder his chances of success in the general election ( which would take place a week later ) , and claimed the BBC breached the Representation of the People Act . Kent Police rebuffed the request to open an investigation , and the BBC released a statement , `` Britain has a proud tradition of satire , and everyone knows that the contributors on Have I Got News for You regularly make jokes at the expense of politicians of all parties . '' Satirical prophecy ( edit ) Satire is occasionally prophetic : the jokes precede actual events . Among the eminent examples are : The 1784 presaging of modern daylight saving time , later actually proposed in 1907 . While an American envoy to France , Benjamin Franklin anonymously published a letter in 1784 suggesting that Parisians economise on candles by arising earlier to use morning sunlight . In the 1920s , an English cartoonist imagined a laughable thing for the time : a hotel for cars . He drew a multi-story car park . The second episode of Monty Python 's Flying Circus , which debuted in 1969 , featured a skit entitled `` The Mouse Problem '' ( meant to satirize contemporary media exposés on homosexuality ) , which depicted a cultural phenomenon eerily similar to modern furry fandom ( which did not become widespread until the 1980s , over a decade after the skit was first aired ) . The comedy film Americathon , released in 1979 and set in the United States of 1998 , predicted a number of trends and events that would eventually unfold in the near future , including an American debt crisis , Chinese capitalism , the fall of the Soviet Union , terrorism aimed at the civilian population , a presidential sex scandal , and the popularity of reality shows . In January 2001 , a satirical news article in The Onion , entitled `` Our Long National Nightmare of Peace and Prosperity Is Finally Over '' had newly elected President George Bush vowing to `` develop new and expensive weapons technologies '' and to `` engage in at least one Gulf War - level armed conflict in the next four years . '' Furthermore , he would `` bring back economic stagnation by implementing substantial tax cuts , which would lead to a recession . '' This prophesies the Iraq War and to the Bush tax cuts . In 1975 , the first episode of Saturday Night Live included an ad for a triple blade razor called the Triple - Trac ; in 2001 , Gillette introduced the Mach3 . In 2004 , The Onion satirized Schick and Gillette 's marketing of ever - increasingly multi-blade razors with a mock article proclaiming Gillette will now introduce a five - blade razor . In 2006 , Gillette released the Gillette Fusion , a five - blade razor . After the Iran nuclear deal in 2015 , The Onion ran an article with the headline `` U.S. Soothes Upset Netanyahu With Shipment Of Ballistic Missiles . '' Sure enough , reports broke the next day of the Obama administration offering military upgrades to Israel in the wake of the deal . In July 2016 , The Simpsons released the most recent in a string of satirical references to a potential Donald Trump presidency . Other media sources , including the popular film Back to the Future Part II have also made similar satirical references . See also ( edit ) Cringe comedy Culture jamming Freedom of the press List of satirists and satires News satire Onomasti komodein Parody religion Stupidedia Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of London , the censors of the press , issued Orders to the Stationers ' Company on June 1 and 4 , 1599 , prohibiting the further printing of satires -- the so - called ' Bishop 's Ban ' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Elliott 2004 . Jump up ^ Frye , Northrop , quote ( literary critic ) . ^ Jump up to : Claridge , Claudia ( 2010 ) Hyperbole in English : A Corpus - based Study of Exaggeration p. 257 ^ Jump up to : Kharpertian , Theodore D , `` Thomas Pynchon and Postmodern American Satire '' , in Kharpertian , A hand to turn the time : the Menippean satires of Thomas Pynchon , pp. 25 -- 7 Jump up ^ Branham 1997 , p. xxiv . Jump up ^ Ullman , BL ( 1913 ) , `` Satura and Satire '' , Classical Philology , 8 ( 2 ) , doi : 10.1086 / 359771 , JSTOR 262450 , The Renaissance confusion of the two origins encouraged a satire more aggressive than that of its Roman forebearers Jump up ^ Antonia Szabari ( 2009 ) Less Rightly Said : Scandals and Readers in Sixteenth - Century France p. 2 Jump up ^ `` Forecast '' . Galaxy Science Fiction . June 1968 . p. 113 . Jump up ^ Corum 2002 , p. 175 . Jump up ^ `` Ig '' , Improbable ^ Jump up to : Rosenberg , Harold ( 1960 ) , `` Community , Values , Comedy '' , Commentary , The American Jewish Committee , 30 : 155 , the oldest form of social study is comedy ... If the comedian , from Aristophanes to Joyce , does not solve sociology 's problem of `` the participant observer '' , he does demonstrate his objectivity by capturing behavior in its most intimate aspects yet in its widest typicality . Comic irony sets whole cultures side by side in a multiple exposure ( e.g. , Don Quixote , Ulysses ) , causing valuation to spring out of the recital of facts alone , in contrast to the hidden editorializing of tongue - in - cheek ideologists . Jump up ^ Deloria , Vine ( 1969 ) , `` Indian humor '' , Custer Died For Your Sins : An Indian Manifesto , p. 146 , Irony and satire provide much keener insights into a group 's collective psyche and values than do years of ( conventional ) research as quoted in Ryan , Allan J , The trickster shift : humour and irony in contemporary native art , p. 9 Jump up ^ Nash , Roderick Frazier ( 1970 ) , `` 21 . The New Humor '' , The Call of the Wild : 1900 -- 1916 , p. 203 , Humor is one of the best indicators of popular thought . To ask what strikes a period as funny is to probe its deepest values and tastes . Jump up ^ Babcock , Barbara A ( 1984 ) , `` Arrange Me Into Disorder : Fragments and Reflections on Ritual Clowning '' , in MacAloon , Rite , Drama , Festival , Spectacle . Also collected as Babcock , Barbara A Grimes ( 1996 ) , Ronald , L , ed. , Readings in ritual studies , p. 5 , Harold Rosenberg has asserted that sociology needs to bring comedy into the foreground , including `` an awareness of the comedy of sociology with its disguises '' , and , like Burke and Duncan , he has argued that comedy provides `` the radical effect of self - knowledge which the anthropological bias excludes . Jump up ^ Coppola , Jo ( 1958 ) , The Realist ( 1 ) , Good comedy is social criticism -- although you might find that hard to believe if all you ever saw were some of the so - called clowns of videoland ... Comedy is dying today because criticism is on its deathbed ... because telecasters , frightened by the threats and pressure of sponsors , blacklists and viewers , helped introduce conformity to this age ... In such a climate , comedy can not flourish . For comedy is , after all , a look at ourselves , not as we pretend to be when we look in the mirror of our imagination , but as we really are . Look at the comedy of any age and you will know volumes about that period and its people which neither historian nor anthropologist can tell you . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Coppola , Jo ( 12 December 1958 ) . Comedy on Television . Commonweal . p. 288 . Jump up ^ Willi , Andreas ( 2003 ) , The Languages of Aristophanes : Aspects of Linguistic Variation in Classical Attic Greek , Oxford University Press , pp. 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ Ehrenberg , Victor ( 1962 ) , The people of Aristophanes : a sociology of old Attic comedy , p. 39 ^ Jump up to : Bevere , Antonio and Cerri , Augusto ( 2006 ) Il Diritto di informazione ei diritti della persona pp. 265 -- 6 quotation : nella storia della nostra cultura , la satira ha realizzato il bisogno popolare di irridere e dissacrare il gotha politico ed economico , le cui reazioni punitive non sono certo state condizionate da critiche estetiche , ma dalla tolleranza o intolleranza caratterizzanti in quel momento storico la società ei suoi governanti . ( ... ) la reale esistenza della satira in una società deriva , ( ... ) dal margine di tolleranza espresso dai poteri punitivi dello Stato . Jump up ^ Amy Wiese Forbes ( 2010 ) The Satiric Decade : Satire and the Rise of Republicanism in France , 1830 -- 1840 p. xv , quotation : a critical public discourse ( ... ) Satire rose the daunting question of what role public opinion would play in government . ( ... ) satirists criticized government activities , exposed ambiguities , and forced administrators to clarify or establish policies . Not surprisingly , heated public controversy surrounded satiric commentary , resulting in an outright ban on political satire in 1835 ( ... ) Government officials cracked down on their humorous public criticism that challenged state authority through both its form and content . Satire had been a political resource in France for a long time , but the anxious political context of the July Monarchy had unlocked its political power . Satire also taught lessons in democracy . It fit into the July Monarchy 's tense political context as a voice in favor of public political debate . Satiric expression took place in the public sphere and spoke from a position of public opinion - that is , from a position of the nations expressing a political voice and making claims on its government representatives and leadership . Beyond mere entertainment , satire 's humor appealed to and exercised public opinion , drawing audiences into new practices of representative government . ^ Jump up to : Knight , Charles A. ( 2004 ) Literature of Satire p. 254 ^ Jump up to : Test ( 1991 ) p. 9 quotation : A surprising variety of societies have allowed certain persons the freedom to mock other individuals and social institutions in rituals . From the earliest times the same freedom has been claimed by and granted to social groups at certain times of the year , as can be seen in such festivals as the Saturnalia , the Feast of Fools , Carnival , and similar folk festivals in India , nineteenth - century Newfoundland , and the ancient Mediterranean world . ^ Jump up to : Test ( 1991 ) pp. 8 -- 9 Jump up ^ Cazeneuve ( 1957 ) p. 244 - 5 quotation : Ils constituent donc pour la tribu un moyen de donner une satisfaction symbolique aux tendances anti-sociales . Les Zunis , précisément parce qu'ils sont un peuple apollinien ( où la règle prédomine ) , avaient besoin de cette soupape de sûreté . Les Koyemshis représentent ce que M. Caillois nomme le `` Sacré de transgression '' . Jump up ^ Durand ( 1984 ) p. 106 quotation : Déjà Cazeneuve ( 2 ) ( Les dieux dansent à Cibola ) avait mis auparavant en relief , dans la Société `` apollinienne '' des Zuñi , l'institution et le symbolisme saturnal des clowns Koyemshis , véritable soupape de sûreté `` dionysienne '' . Jump up ^ Yatsko , V , Russian folk funny stories Jump up ^ Corum ( 2002 ) p. 163 Jump up ^ David Worcester ( 1968 ) The Art of Satire p. 16 Jump up ^ Müller , Rolf Arnold ( 1973 ) . Komik und Satire ( in German ) . Zürich : Juris - Verlag . p. 92 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 260 - 03570 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` What Is Horatian Satire ? '' . wiseGEEK . ^ Jump up to : `` Satire Terms '' . nku.edu . Jump up ^ Sharma , Raja ( 2011 ) . `` Comedy '' in New Light - Literary Studies . Jump up ^ Patricia , Green . `` The Golden Age of Satire : Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` What Is Juvenalian Satire ? '' . wiseGEEK . Jump up ^ `` Satire Examples and Definition '' . Literary Devices . Jump up ^ `` Satire in Literature : Definition , Types & Examples '' . Education Portal . ^ Jump up to : Fo ( 1990 ) p. 9 quotation : Nella storia del teatro si ritrova sempre questo conflitto in cui si scontrano impegno e disimpegno ... grottesco , satirico e lazzo con sfottò . E spesso vince lo sfotto . tanto amato dal potere . Quando si dice che il potere ama la satira Jump up ^ Eastman , Max ( 1936 ) , `` IV . Degrees of Biting '' , Enjoyment of Laughter , pp. 236 -- 43 Jump up ^ Fo , Dario ; Lorch , Jennifer , Dario Fo , p. 128 , In other writings Fo makes an important distinction between sfottò and satire . ^ Jump up to : Fo ( 1990 ) pp. 2 -- 3 ... Una caricatura che , è ovvio , risulta del tutto bonaria , del tutto epidermica , che indica , come dicevo prima , soltanto la parte più esteriore del loro carattere , i tic la cui messa in risalto non lede assolutamente l'operato , l'ideologia , la morale e la dimensione culturale di questi personaggi ... ricordando che i politici provano un enorme piacere nel sentirsi presi in giro ; è quasi un premio che si elargisce loro , nel momento stesso in cui li si sceglie per essere sottoposti alla caricatura , a quella caricatura ... Di fatto questa è una forma di comicità che non si può chiamare satira , ma solo sfottò ... Pensa quanti pretesti satirici si offrirebbero se solo quei comici del `` Biberon '' volessero prendere in esame il modo in cui questi personaggi gestiscono il potere e lo mantengono , o si decidessero a gettare l'occhio sulle vere magagne di questa gente , le loro violenze più o meno mascherate , le loro arroganze e soprattutto le loro ipocrisie ... un teatro cabaret capostipite : il Bagaglino , un teatro romano che , già vent'anni fa , si metteva in una bella chiave politica dichiaratamente di estrema destra , destra spudoratamente reazionaria , scopertamente fascista . Nelle pieghe del gruppo del Bagaglino e del suo lavoro c'era sempre la caricatura feroce dell'operaio , del sindacalista , del comunista , dell'uomo di sinistra , e una caricatura bonacciona invece , e ammiccante , accattivante , degli uomini e della cultura al potere Jump up ^ Fo ( 1990 ) quotation : L'ironia fatta sui tic , sulla caricatura dei connotati più o meno grotteschi dei politici presi di mira , dei loro eventuali difetti fisici , della loro particolare pronuncia , dei loro vezzi , del loro modo di vestire , del loro modo di camminare , delle frasi tipiche che vanno ripetendo ... ( lo sfottò è ) una chiave buffonesca molto antica , che viene di lontano , quella di giocherellare con gli attributi esteriori e non toccare mai il problema di fondo di una critica seria che è l'analisi messa in grottesco del comportamento , la valutazione ironica della posizione , dell'ideologia del personaggio . ^ Jump up to : Arroyo , José Luís Blas ; Casanova , Mónica Velando , Discurso y sociedad : contribuciones al estudio de la lengua en ... , 1 , pp. 303 -- 4 Jump up ^ Morson , Gary Saul ( 1988 ) , Boundaries of Genre , p. 114 , second , that parodies can be , as Bakhtin observes , `` shallow '' as well as `` deep '' ( Problems of Dostoevsky 's Poetics , 160 ) , which is to say , directed at superficial as well as fundamental faults of the original . ( ... ) the distinction between shallow and deep ( ... ) ( is ) helpful in understanding the complex ways in which parodies are used . For instance , shallow parody is sometimes used to pay an author an indirect compliment . The opposite of damning with faint praise , this parody with faint criticism may be designed to show that no more fundamental criticism could be made . Jump up ^ Luttazzi , Daniele ( 2005 ) , Matrix , IT , archived from the original on December 25 , 2005 , Dario Fo disse a Satyricon : -- La satira vera si vede dalla reazione che suscita . Jump up ^ Luttazzi , Daniele ( October 2003 ) , Fracassi , Federica ; Guerriero , Jacopo , eds. , `` State a casa a fare i compiti '' ( interview ) , Nazione Indiana ( in Italian ) , Lo sfottò è reazionario . Non cambia le carte in tavola , anzi , rende simpatica la persona presa di mira . La Russa , oggi , è quel personaggio simpatico , con la voce cavernosa , il doppiatore dei Simpson di cui Fiorello fa l'imitazione . Nessuno ricorda più il La Russa picchiatore fascista . Nessuno ricorda gli atti fascisti e reazionari di questo governo in televisione . Jump up ^ Kremer , S Lillian ( 2003 ) , Holocaust Literature : Agosín to Lentin , p. 100 Jump up ^ Lipman , Stephen ' Steve ' ( 1991 ) , Laughter in hell : the use of humour during the Holocaust , Northvale , NJ : J Aronson , p. 40 ^ Jump up to : Clark ( 1991 ) pp. 116 -- 8 quotation : ... religion , politics , and sexuality are the primary stuff of literary satire . Among these sacret targets , matters costive and defecatory play an important part ... from the earliest times , satirists have utilized scatological and bathroom humor . Aristophanes , always livid and nearly scandalous in his religious , political , and sexual references ... Jump up ^ Clark , John R ; Motto , Anna Lydia ( 1973 ) , Satire -- that blasted art , p. 20 Jump up ^ Clark , John R ; Motto , Anna Lydia ( 1980 ) , `` Menippeans & Their Satire : Concerning Monstrous Leamed Old Dogs and Hippocentaurs '' , Scholia satyrica , 6 ( 3 / 4 ) : 45 , ( Chapple 's book Soviet satire of the twenties ) ... classifying the very topics his satirists satirized : housing , food , and fuel supplies , poverty , inflation , `` hooliganism '' , public services , religion , stereotypes of nationals ( the Englishman , German , &c ) , &c . Yet the truth of the matter is that no satirist worth his salt ( Petronius , Chaucer , Rabelais , Swift , Leskov , Grass ) ever avoids man 's habits and living standards , or scants those delicate desiderata : religion , politics , and sex . Jump up ^ Ferdie Addis ( 2012 ) Qual è il tuo `` tallone da killer '' ? p. 20 ^ Jump up to : Hodgart ( 2009 ) ch 2 The topics of satire : politics p. 33 The most pressing of the problems that face us when we close the book or leave the theatre are ultimately political ones ; and so politics is the pre-eminent topic of satire ... to some degree public affairs vex every man , if he pays taxes , does military service or even objects to the way his neighbour is behaving . There is no escape from politics where more than a dozen people are living together . There is an essential connection between satire and politics in the widest sense : satire is not only the commonest form of political literature , but , insofar as it tries to influence public behaviours , it is the most political part of all literature . Jump up ^ Hodgart ( 2009 ) p. 39 ^ Jump up to : Wilson ( 2002 ) pp. 14 -- 5 , 20 and notes 25 ( p. 308 ) , 32 ( p. 309 ) ^ Jump up to : Anspaugh , Kelly ( 1994 ) ' Bung Goes the Enemay ' : Wyndham Lewis and the Uses of Disgust. in Mattoid ( ISSN 0314 - 5913 ) issue 48.3 , pp. 21 -- 29 . As quoted in Wilson ( 2002 ) : The turd is the ultimate dead object . Jump up ^ Lise Andries Etat des recherche . Présentation in Dix - Huitième Siècle n. 32 , 2000 , special on Rire p. 10 , as quoted in Jean - Michel Racault ( 2005 ) Voyages badins , burlesques et parodiques du XVIIIe siècle , p. 7 , quotation : `` Le corps grotesque dans ses modalités clasiques -- la scatologie notamment -- ... '' Jump up ^ Klein , Cecelia F. ( 1993 ) Teocuitlatl , ' Divine Excrement ' : The Significance of ' Holy Shit ' in Ancient Mexico , in Art Journal ( CAA ) , Vol. 52 , n. 3 , Fall 1993 , pp. 20 -- 7 Jump up ^ Duprat , Annie ( 1982 ) La dégradation de l'image royale dans la caricature révolutionnaire p. 178 quotation : Le corps grotesque est una realite populaire detournee au profit d'une representation du corps a but politique , plaquege du corps scatologique sur le corps de ceux qu'il covient de denoncer . Denonciation scatologique projetee sur le corps aristocratique pour lui signifier sa degenerescence . Jump up ^ Parsons , Elsie Clews ; Ralph L. Beals ( October -- December 1934 ) . `` The Sacred Clowns of the Pueblo and Mayo - Yaqui Indians '' . American Anthropologist. 36 ( 4 ) : 491 -- 514 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1934.36. 4.02 a00020 . JSTOR 661824 . Jump up ^ Hyers , M. Conrad ( 1996 ) ( 1996 ) . The Spirituality of Comedy : comic heroism in a tragic world . Transaction Publishers . p. 145 . ISBN 1 - 56000 - 218 - 2 . Jump up ^ Donald Alexander Mackenzie ( 1923 ) Myths of Pre-Columbian America p. 229 Jump up ^ Patrick Marnham ( 2000 ) Dreaming with His Eyes Open : A Life of Diego Rivera p. 297 Jump up ^ Hilda Ellis Davidson ( 1993 ) Boundaries & Thresholds p. 85 quotation : It is this fear of what the dead in their uncontrollable power might cause which has brought forth apotropaic rites , protective rites against the dead . ( ... ) One of these popular rites was the funeral rite of sin - eating , performed by a sin - eater , a man or woman . Through accepting the food and drink provided , he took upon himself the sins of the departed . Jump up ^ Bloom , Edward Alan ; Bloom , Lillian D ( 1979 ) , Satire 's persuasive voice . Jump up ^ Nicoll , Allardyce ( 1951 ) , British drama : an historical survey from the beginnings to the present time , p. 179 Jump up ^ Hodgart ( 2009 ) p. 189 Jump up ^ Pollard , Arthur ( 1970 ) , `` 4 . Tones '' , Satire , p. 66 Jump up ^ Clark , Arthur Melville ( 1946 ) , `` The Art of Satire and the Satiric Spectrum '' , Studies in literary modes , p. 32 Jump up ^ Lichtheim , M ( 1973 ) , Ancient Egyptian Literature , I , pp. 184 -- 93 Jump up ^ Helck , W ( 1970 ) , Die Lehre des DwA - xtjj , Wiesbaden Jump up ^ Gardiner , Alan H ( 1911 ) , Egyptian Hieratic Texts , I : Literary Texts of the New Kingdom , I , Leipzig ^ Jump up to : Sutton , DF ( 1993 ) , Ancient Comedy : The War of the Generations , New York , p. 56 Jump up ^ Bates , Alfred , ed. ( 1906 ) , `` Political and social satires of Aristophanes '' , The Drama , Its History , Literature and Influence on Civilization , 2 , London : Historical Publishing , pp. 55 -- 59 Jump up ^ Atkinson , JE ( 1992 ) , `` Curbing the Comedians : Cleon versus Aristophanes and Syracosius ' Decree '' , The Classical Quarterly , New , 42 ( 1 ) : 56 -- 64 , doi : 10.1017 / s0009838800042580 Jump up ^ Anderson , John Louis , Aristophanes : the Michael Moore of his Day , archived from the original on October 19 , 2006 ^ Jump up to : Wilson 2002 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Cuddon ( 1998 ) , `` Satire '' , Dictionary of Literary Terms , Oxford Jump up ^ Bosworth 1976 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Marzolph , Ulrich ; van Leeuwen , Richard ; Wassouf , Hassan ( 2004 ) . The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 97 -- 8 . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 204 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bosworth 1976 , pp. 77 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Bosworth 1976 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Webber , Edwin J ( January 1958 ) . `` Comedy as Satire in Hispano - Arabic Spain '' . Hispanic Review . University of Pennsylvania Press . 26 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 11 . doi : 10.2307 / 470561 . JSTOR 470561 . Jump up ^ Hall 1969 : ' Hall 's Virgidemiae was a new departure in that the true Juvenalian mode of satire was being attempted for the first time , and successfully , in English . ' Jump up ^ Davenport 1969 . Jump up ^ The Broadview Anthology of British Literature : The Restoration and the Eighteenth Century , 3 , p. 435 Jump up ^ Weinbrot , Howard D. ( 2007 ) Eighteenth - Century Satire : Essays on Text and Context from Dryden to Peter ... p. 136 Jump up ^ Dryden , John , Lynch , Jack , ed. , Discourse ( 2 ) , Rutgers Jump up ^ `` Biography of Alexander Pope § Synopsis '' . Biography.com . Jump up ^ Jonathan J. Szwec ( 2011 ) . `` Satire in 18th Century British Society : Alexander Pope 's The Rape of the Lock and Jonathan Swift 's A Modest Proposal '' . Student Pulse. 3 ( 06 ) . Jump up ^ Charles Press ( 1981 ) . The Political Cartoon . Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : `` Satire , sewers and statesmen : why James Gillray was king of the cartoon '' . The Guardian . 18 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Chaplin ( 1964 ) My Autobiography , p. 392 , quotation : Had I known of the actual horrors of the German concentration camps , I could not have made The Great Dictator , I could not have made fun of the homicidal insanity of the Nazis . Jump up ^ http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/07/01/funny-pages-how-the-national-lampoon-made-american-humor.html Jump up ^ Sullivan , James ( 2010 ) Seven Dirty Words : The Life and Crimes of George Carlin p. 94 Jump up ^ George Carlin ( 2002 ) Introduction to Murder At the Conspiracy Convention Jump up ^ `` David Frost 's Q&A on how to be a satirist '' . The Guardian ( London ) . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` What is Catch - 22 ? And why does the book matter ? '' . BBC . March 12 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Dalton , Stephen ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Critics Notebook : Jerry Lewis a Comic Genius by Turns Sweet and Bitter '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Van Norris ( 2014 ) . British Television Animation 1997 -- 2010 : Drawing Comic Tradition `` . p. 153 . Palgrave Macmillan , Jump up ^ `` GTA 5 : a Great British export '' . The Telegraph . 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Liz Raftery -- `` Who Did the Best Hillary Clinton Impression on SNL ? '' , TV Guide , April 30 , 2015 . ( Video ) Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 Jump up ^ `` You betcha -- Tina Fey wins Emmy as Sarah Palin on ' SNL ' '' . Los Angeles Times . 2009 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Molly the Dog , 2008 , archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ Brian Miner , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Tai n't Funny -- Time '' . Time.com . September 29 , 1947 . Retrieved August 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Not Your Homepage -- Check Your Morals At The Door , Come See the Internet Lore ! '' . notyourhomepage.com . Jump up ^ `` FRONT PAGE -- Satirical News , Review , Comment & Analysis '' . Scunt.co.uk . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2013 . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Giant Napkin '' . Thegiantnapkin.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Unconfirmedsources.com '' . Unconfirmedsources.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ng , David ( May 11 , 2009 ) , `` YouTube sensation Miranda seduces Broadway '' , Los Angeles Times Jump up ^ `` This Week '' , San Francisco Chronicle , October 4 , 2009 Jump up ^ An interview with The Onion , David Shankbone , Wikinews , November 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Dustin H. ( 1994 ) Satire : A Critical Reintroduction p. 136 Jump up ^ Geisler , Michael E. ( 2005 ) National Symbols , Fractured Identities : Contesting the National Narrative p. 73 ^ Jump up to : Pezzella , Vincenzo ( 2009 ) La diffamazione : responsabilità penale e civile pp. 566 -- 7 quotation : Il diritto di satira trova il suo fondamento negli artt. 21 e 33 della Costituzione che tutelano , rispettivamente , la libertà di manifestazione del pensiero e quella di elaborazione artistica e scientifica . ( ... ) la satira , in quanto operante nell'ambito di ciò che è arte , non è strettamente correlata ad esigenze informative , dal che deriva che i suoi limiti di liveità siano ben più ammpi di quelli propri del diritto di cronaca Jump up ^ Kinservik , Matthew J. ( 2002 ) Disciplining Satire : The Censorship of Satiric Comedy on the Eighteenth ... p. 21 Jump up ^ Test ( 1991 ) p. 10 Jump up ^ Leonard , James S ; Tenney , Thomas A ; Davis , Thadious M ( December 1992 ) . Satire or Evasion ? : Black Perspectives on Huckleberry Finn . Duke University Press . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 1174 - 4 . Jump up ^ Fishin , Shelley Fisher ( 1997 ) , Lighting out for the Territory : Reflections on Mark Twain and American Culture , New York : Oxford University Press Jump up ^ `` ' Hang your heads ' Rudd tells Chaser boys '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . June 4 , 2009 . Retrieved June 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , James ( 1958 ) , English Satire Jump up ^ Martin , Rod A ( 2007 ) , The Psychology of Humor : An Integrative Approach , pp. 27 -- 8 Jump up ^ Apte , Mahadev L ( 1985 ) , `` Introduction '' , Humor and laughter : an anthropological approach , p. 23 , The general neglect of humor as a topic of anthropological research is reflected in teaching practice . Most introductory textbooks do not even list humor as a significant characteristic of cultural systems together with kinship , social roles , behavioral patterns , religion , language , economic transactions , political institutions , values , and material culture . Jump up ^ Arber , Edward , ed. ( 1875 -- 94 ) , A Transcript of the Registers of the Company of Stationers of London , 1554 -- 1640 , III , London , p. 677 Jump up ^ `` Zuma claims R7m over Zapiro cartoon '' . Mail and Guardian . ZA . December 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Democratic Alliance spokesperson Helen Zille '' ( interview ) . Mail and Guardian . ZA . Retrieved August 2005 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ZNews : Zapiro 's puppet show '' . Dispatch . ZA . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SABC pulls Zapiro doccie , again '' . Mail and Guardian . ZA . September 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Sues Satirist , Claiming Criminal Defamation , Over Satirical Column Poking Fun At Samsung '' . Techdirt . May 11 , 2010 . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Glionna , John M ( May 10 , 2010 ) . `` Samsung does n't find satirical spoof amusing '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Ukip asks police to investigate the BBC over Have I Got News for You '' . BBC . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 Jump up ^ Krassner , Paul ( August 26 , 2003 ) , `` Terminal velocity television is here '' , New York Press , 16 ( 35 ) ^ Jump up to : Luttazzi , Daniele ( 2007 ) , Lepidezze postribolari ( in Italian ) , Feltrinelli , p. 275 Jump up ^ Franklin , Benjamin ( April 26 , 1784 ) . `` Aux auteurs du Journal '' . Journal de Paris ( in French ) ( 117 ) . Wrote anonymously . Its first publication was in the journal 's `` Économie '' section . An Economical Project ( revised English version ed . ) , retrieved May 26 , 2007 has a title that is not Franklin 's ; see A.O. Aldridge ( 1956 ) . `` Franklin 's essay on daylight saving '' . American Literature . American Literature. 28 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 29 . doi : 10.2307 / 2922719 . JSTOR 2922719 . Jump up ^ `` Bush : ' Our Long National Nightmare of Peace And Prosperity Is Finally Over ' '' . The Onion . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fuck Everything , We 're Doing Five Blades '' . The Onion . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Where Satire Meets Truth : Did The Onion Just Predict a Real Israeli Headline ? '' . Haaretz . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Back to the future : how the Simpsons and others predicted President Trump '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jonson , Ben ; Miola , Robert S. ( 2000 ) . Every Man in His Humour : Quarto Version . Manchester University Press . ISBN 9780719015656 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bosworth , Clifford Edmund ( 1976 ) , The Mediaeval Islamic Underworld : The Banu Sasan in Arabic Society and Literature , Brill Publishers , ISBN 90 - 04 - 04392 - 6 . Branham , R Bracht ; Kinney , Daniel ( 1997 ) , Introduction to Petronius , Satyrica , p. xxiv . Clark , John R ( 1991 ) , The Modern Satiric Grotesque and its traditions , Lexington : U of Kentucky P . Corum , Robert T ( 2002 ) , `` The rhetoric of disgust and contempt in Boileau '' , in Birberick , Anne Lynn ; Ganim , Russell , The Shape of Change : Essays in Early Modern Literature and La Fontaine in Honor of David Lee Rubin . Elliott , Robert C ( 2004 ) , `` The nature of satire '' , Encyclopædia Britannica . Fo , Dario ( 1990 ) , `` Satira e sfottò '' , in Allegri , Luigi , Dialogo provocatorio sul comico , il tragico , la follia e la ragione ( interview ) ( in Italian ) , pp. 2 , 9 . Fo , Dario ( 1993 ) , Provocative Dialogue on the Comic , the Tragic , Folly and Reason , London : Methuen Publishing ( transl . ) . Frye , Northrop ( 1957 ) , Anatomy of Criticism ( in particular the discussion of the 4 `` myths '' ) . Hall , Joseph ( 1969 ) , Davenport , A , ed. , The Poems , Liverpool University Press . Hodgart , Matthew ; Connery , Brian ( 2009 ) ( 1969 ) , Satire : Origins and Principles . Pietrasik , Vanessa ( 2011 ) , La satire en jeu . Critique et scepticisme en Allemagne à la fin du XVIIIe siècle ( in French ) , Tusson : Du Lérot éditeur , Charente . Test , George Austin ( 1991 ) , Elliott 's Bind ; or , What Is Satire , Anyway ? in Satire : Spirit & Art Wilson , R Rawdon ( 2002 ) , The hydra 's tale : imagining disgust . Further reading ( edit ) Bloom , Edward A ( 1972 ) , `` Sacramentum Militiae : The Dynamics of Religious Satire '' , Studies in the Literary Imagination , 5 : 119 -- 42 . Bronowski , Jacob ; Mazlish , Bruce ( 1993 ) ( 1960 ) , The Western Intellectual Tradition From Leonardo to Hegel , Barnes & Noble , p. 252 . Connery , Brian A , Theorizing Satire : A Bibliography , Oakland University . Dooley , David Joseph ( 1972 ) , Contemporary satire . Feinberg , Leonard , The satirist . Lee , Jae Num ( 1971 ) , Scatology in Continental Satirical Writings from Aristophanes to Rabelais and English Scatological Writings from Skelton to Pope , 1 , 2 , 3 maldita madre . Swift and Scatological Satire , Albuquerque : U of New Mexico P , pp. 7 -- 22 ; 23 -- 53 . Theories / critical approaches to satire as a genre Connery , Brian ; Combe , Kirk , eds. ( 1995 ) . Theorizing Satire : Essays in Literary Criticism . New York : St. Martin 's Press . p. 212 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 12302 - 7 . Draitser , Emil ( 1994 ) , Techniques of Satire : The Case of Saltykov - Shchedrin , Berlin - New York : Mouton de Gruyter , ISBN 3 - 11 - 012624 - 9 . Hammer , Stephanie , Satirizing the Satirist . Highet , Gilbert , Satire . Kernan , Alvin , The Cankered Muse . Kindermann , Udo ( 1978 ) , Satyra . Die Theorie der Satire im Mittellateinischen , Vorstudie zu einer Gattungsgeschichte ( in German ) , Nürnberg . Κωστίου , Αικατερίνη ( 2005 ) , Εισαγωγή στην Ποιητική της Ανατροπής : σάτιρα , ειρωνεία , παρωδία , χιούμορ ( in Greek ) , Αθήνα : Νεφέλη The plot of satire Seidel , Michael , Satiric Inheritance . Zdero , Rad ( 2008 ) , Entopia : Revolution of the Ants . 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1. Satire in literature and performing arts 2. Types of satire: Horatian, Juvenalian, Menippean 3. Social and psychological functions of satire 4. Satire as a form of social criticism 5. Satire in politics, religion, and everyday life

who plays joey on days of our lives

Joey Johnson ( Days of Our Lives ) - wikipedia Joey Johnson ( Days of Our Lives ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Joey Johnson <Td_colspan="2"> James Lastovic as Joey Johnson <Th_colspan="2"> Days of Our Lives character Portrayed by Brody and Jonas ( 2008 -- 09 ) Jadon Wells ( 2012 -- 14 ) James Lastovic ( 2015 -- 17 ) Duration 2008 -- 09 2012 -- 17 First appearance May 16 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 16 ) Last appearance August 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) Created by Dena Higley and Victor Gialanella Introduced by Ken Corday and Edward J. Scott ( 2008 ) Corday , Lisa de Cazotte and Greg Meng ( 2012 ) Corday , Meng and Albert Alarr ( 2015 ) Classification Former ; regular <Th_colspan="2"> Profile Other names Joseph Johnson Occupation Student Waiter Residence Prison Salem , Illinois <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Family Family Johnson Brady Parents Steve Johnson Kayla Brady Sisters Stephanie Johnson Half - brothers Tripp Dalton Grandparents Duke Johnson Jo Johnson Shawn Brady Caroline Brady Aunts and uncles Jack Deveraux Adrienne Johnson Roman Brady Bo Brady Kimberly Brady Frankie Brady ( adoptive ) Max Brady ( adoptive ) First cousins Carrie Brady Sami Brady Eric Brady Rex Brady Cassie Brady Andrew Donovan IV Theresa Donovan Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Joey Kiriakis ( adoptive ) Victor Kiriakis II ( adoptive ) Sonny Kiriakis Shawn - Douglas Brady Chelsea Brady Zack Brady Ciara Brady Joey Johnson is a fictional character from Days of Our Lives , an American soap opera on the NBC network , currently portrayed by James Lastovic . Introduced in 2008 , Joey was created by head writers Dena Higley and Victor Gialanella as the youngest child of supercouple , Steve `` Patch '' Johnson and Kayla Brady ( Stephen Nichols and Mary Beth Evans ) . The role was originated by siblings Brody and Jonas -- who vacated the role in 2009 when the character was written out . Child actor , Jadon Wells appeared in the role of Joey on a recurring basis from 2012 to 2014 . In 2015 , the character was rapidly aged to 16 when Lastovic stepped into the role . Joey returns having skipped out on boarding school suffering from abandonment issues . It is later revealed that Joey has secretly been conspiring with Ava Vitali ( Tamara Braun ) to orchestrate Patch and Kayla 's reunion . Unbeknownst to Joey , Ava is his father 's ex-lover and has caused quite a bit of trouble for Kayla and the rest of the Brady family . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 1.1 2008 -- 14 1.2 2015 -- 2 Development 2.1 Creation and casting 2.2 Teen years ( 2015 -- ) 2.3 Departure 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) 2008 -- 14 ( edit ) In February 2008 , the Brady family travels to Ireland to reunite patriarch Shawn Brady ( Frank Parker ) with his dying sister Colleen Brady ( Shirley Jones ) . During their trip , Kayla and Steve learn she is pregnant . On their way back to Salem , the family is involved in a plane crash that kills Shawn . It is later revealed that , Steve 's deranged ex-lover Ava Vitali ( Tamara Braun ) is responsible for the accident . Meanwhile , Kayla is trying to save her brother Bo 's life ( Peter Reckell ) and the stress causes pregnancy complications . Kayla goes into premature labor and gives birth to her baby boy at 26 weeks . She names him Joe after his paternal grandmother , Jo Johnson . Joe grows stronger only to be kidnapped in the summer of 2008 by Stefano DiMera ( Joseph Mascolo ) . Joe leaves town in early 2009 with his parents . Though off screen , Joe comes back to town in 2011 when his parents separate and later divorce . Joe ( Jadon Wells ) first appears onscreen in late 2012 during the Christmas episodes . The character is limited to special appearances during Christmas episodes and is last seen in December 2014 during a Christmas party . 2015 -- ( edit ) In August 2015 , a now 16 year old , Joe , also known as Joey returns to Salem with Steve . Joey had left boarding school and found his father in New York City . Joey acts out because he resents Steve for abandoning the family . When Steve leaves town to find Joey 's uncle Bo , Joey stows away on the plane . After the two have a heart to heart , where Steve recounts the story of how he and Kayla fell in love , Joey returns home . However , Joey continues causing trouble when he sabotages the electricity in the library at Salem High . Joey bonds with Theo Carver ( Kyler Pettis ) during Salem 's bicentennial celebration and he ends up collapsing outside . Theo gets help and Joey is rushed to the hospital . Steve makes it back in time to see Joey in the hospital and Kayla reveals that there a drugs in his system . However , Joey denies ever taking drugs . While he recovers and gets released from the hospital , it is later revealed that Joey is working with Ava Vitali ( Tamara Braun ) to orchestrate his parents ' reunion -- unaware of her past . After his parents reunite , Steve and Kayla discover Ava 's back in Salem and assume Joey has been working with her , but he denies it . Joey later admits to Ava that he is in love with her and he kisses her but Ava rejects him and reveals that she is dying . Kayla finds them together and demands that he stay away from her . Joey confides in Steve about his feelings for Ava and is shocked to learn Ava 's past and that she may have given birth to Steve 's son . Ava later kidnaps Kayla forcing Steve to cooperate with her in exchange for her release and Joey walks on them as they are about to make love . Ava forces Steve to leave town with her and gives Joey Kayla 's location to free her . Though they are reunited as a family , Steve 's betrayal leaves Joey bitter and angry . Development ( edit ) Creation and casting ( edit ) On November 24 , 2012 , Mary Beth Evans announced that child actor Jadon Wells would make his debut in the role of Joey in December 2012 . Wells is the real life son of actor Dan Wells who had previously appeared on the series as Stan , the male alter ego of Sami Brady ( Alison Sweeney ) . Jadon 's appearances were limited to special Christmas episodes and he last appeared in December 2014 . In March 2015 , it was reported that Days of Our Lives had released two casting notices -- one of which was for the contract role of the 16 year old Joey . In April 2015 , talent agency John Robert Powers San Diego announced that James Lastovic had been cast in the role of Joey Johnson with a two - year contract . Five months prior , Lastovic had quit his day job to do a play for $25 a week . `` I had money saved up from the one commercial that I had done and thought I could use the money from that to do the play . '' However , the play lasted longer than expected and Lastovic ran out of money . `` I was so broke that I looked forward to the dinner scene '' so he could eat . Fortunately , Lastovic booked Days as the play ended . Lastovic had actually auditioned for the series three years prior . While he was n't sure for what role he auditioned for Lastovic revealed , `` I had the same exact sides when I read for Joey ! '' Lastovic filmed his first scenes in March 2015 and made his debut on August 28 , 2015 . During the audition process , Lastovic watched a few episodes of the series to prepare . Casting director Marnie Saitta later informed the young actor that he 'd be working with two `` adored '' veterans in Mary Beth Evans ( Kayla ) and Stephen Nichols ( Patch ) . `` I looked them up online and found some of their scenes from the 1980s . I saw how good they were and I was instantly excited to get to work with them '' Lastovic revealed . After he booked the role , Lastovic admitted that he got hooked on the show when he went back to watch Patch and Kayla 's love story . Teen years ( 2015 -- ) ( edit ) Stephen Nichols on Joey He 's very resentful . He does n't want to address his father 's absence . He 's just kind of silent and stoic about the whole thing . It 's hard to get two words out of the kid . `` '' Michael Logan , TV Insider The production team wanted to establish a teenage set in time for the show 's 50th anniversary and Lastovic 's casting was just the first in a slew of castings . Executive producer Ken Corday said `` Joey will be giving Patch the ' rebel ' a little of his own medicine ! '' Lastovic was very nervous about playing such an important role but Mary Beth Evans invited him over to her home and greeted him with freshly baked cookies . `` Seeing Mary Beth holding that plate of cookies , I immediately felt that motherly connection . '' He credited Evans and Stephen Nichols for making him comfortable . Lastovic also founded a mentor in costar Casey Moss who had joined the series two years prior in the similar role of troubled teenager JJ Deveraux -- Joey 's cousin . `` I think he could see a little bit of himself in me '' Lastovic said . Lastovic later admitted that his nerves worked well for his first scenes as Joey had recently run away from boarding school -- `` he was supposed to be nervous . '' So much is changing Joey at the time of his return . `` He 's just beginning to experience all these new emotions , so he 's feeling a little lost . '' Joey 's needing his parents helps bring Patch and Kayla back together after years of estrangement . A promo for the show 's 50th anniversary in November 2015 revealed that Joey is secretly conspiring with his father 's ex-lover and family rival Ava Vitali ( Tamara Braun ) to help reunite his parents . Departure ( edit ) In March 2017 , after a cryptic tweet by Lastovic 's mother , Lucienne , it was rumored that the actor 's contract with the series had not been renewed . On Wednesday , August 16 , the rumors were proven through by Lastovic himself in an Instagram post , he last aired on August 22 when the character going to prison for Ava 's murder . Reception ( edit ) Omar White - Nobles of TVSource Magazine praised the decision to age Joey along with the other characters in time for the show 's 50th anniversary . `` I may be 29 , but I 'm a fan of the multi-generational aspect of the continuing narrative . '' Lastovic 's debut was `` highly anticipated '' as it coincided with the onscreen return of Stephen Nichols as Patch . Soap Opera Digest included the actor in its list of the `` Hottest Newcomers '' for the year 2015 . Daytime Confidential also listed Lastovic as number five on their own list of the `` Top 20 Soap Opera Newcomers of 2015 . '' The blog praised Lastovic for his portrayal and said Joey 's habit of acting out and causing grief for his mother `` helps to further ground the Johnsons as Salem 's relatable , working central family . '' Omar Nobles said Joey return provided Kayla with `` a greater purpose and more attention in just a few short weeks than the four years since she returned to the show . '' He continued , `` That 's smart planning . That 's smart creative . '' The website also praised Lastovic as being one of the strongest of the new younger actors . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Yearly Update for 2008 '' . Days of Our Lives . Sony Pictures Television . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2011 . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jadon Wells makes his debut as Steve & Kayla ... '' November 24 , 2012 . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dexter Season 8 -- Jadon Wells To Play Harrison '' . Dexter Weekly News . February 17 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2013 . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Days of Our Lives Non-Contract Archive '' . Jason47 's Days of Our Lives Website . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TEEN CASTING AT DAYS '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . March 4 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Di Lauro , Janet ( April 5 , 2015 ) . `` Days of Our Lives Casts James Lastovic as Steve and Kayla 's Son Joey ? '' . About.com . United States : IAC . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2015 . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hottest Newcomers of 2015 '' . Days of Our Lives : James Lastovic ( Joey ) . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 40 ( 41 ) : 61 . October 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron , Robert ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Generation Next '' . Interviews . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 40 ( 39 ) : 44 -- 47 . Jump up ^ `` Bloodline '' . Scene & Heard . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 40 ( 38 ) : 53 . September 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Logan , Michael ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` Patch Is Back ! Stephen Nichols Previews His Return to Days of Our Lives '' . TV Insider . TVGM Holdings , LLC ( CBS Interactive ) . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` First Look : Days of Our Lives Grows a New Teen Set Practically Overnight '' . TV Insider . TVGM Holdings , LLC ( CBS Interactive ) . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( November 15 , 2015 ) . `` DAYS Is On FIYAH ! Watch The Scorching Hot NBC Promo Of What 's To Come ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clifford , Kambra ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` REPORT : James Lastovic out at DAYS '' . Soapcentral.com . United States . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` James Lastovic out at Days in August '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` James Lastovic Shares Emotional Message To His DAYS Family ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nobles , Omar ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Days of our Lives ' Creative Course Correction is off to a Great Start '' . TV Source Magazine . SoSource Media , LLC . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` DAYS Promo : Stephen Nichols Returns ! Serena Is Murdered ! Chad In Wrong Place At Wrong Time ? '' . On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 10 Soap Opera Newcomers of 2015 '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . January 9 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gray , Coryon ( November 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Days of our Lives ' Week In Review : Celebrations , Returns and Introductions '' . TVSource Magazine . SoSource Media , LLC . p. 2 . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) `` Joey Johnson Days of Our Lives '' . Soaps.com . SheKnows Media . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . <Th_colspan="2"> Days of Our Lives Current characters Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Chad DiMera Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Carrie Brady Reed Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Ciara Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Days of Our Lives characters <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Present and future characters <Td_colspan="2"> Hattie Adams Brady Black John Black Tate Black Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Sami Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux André DiMera Chad DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Bonnie Lockhart Anne Milbauer Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Past characters <Td_colspan="2"> Tom Horton Alice Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Belle Black Peter Blake Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Ciara Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Shawn Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Ben Weston Clyde Weston <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Character lists <Td_colspan="2"> 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joey_Johnson_(Days_of_Our_Lives)&oldid=804202940 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Fictional characters introduced in 2008 Fictional murderers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 13 : 10 . 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1. Joey Johnson - Days of Our Lives character 2. James Lastovic - actor who portrayed Joey Johnson 3. Steve "Patch" Johnson and Kayla Brady - Joey's parents 4. Ava Vitali - character who conspired with Joey to reunite his parents 5. Teenage years and departure of Joey Johnson

one direction take me home all songs download

Take Me Home ( One Direction album ) - wikipedia Take Me Home ( One Direction album ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Take Me Home <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Studio album by One Direction Released 9 November 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 09 ) Recorded May -- August 2012 Studio Kinglet Studios , Stockholm , Chalice Studios , Los Angeles , MixStar Studios , Virginia Beach and Sticky Studios , Surrey Genre Pop Length 42 : 19 Label Columbia Syco Producer Julian Bunetta Cirkut Dr. Luke Carl Falk Kristoffer Fogelmark Jake Gosling Steve Robson Shellback Rami Yacoub Louis Tomlinson Harry Styles <Th_colspan="2"> One Direction chronology <Td_colspan="2"> Up All Night ( 2011 ) Up All Night 2011 Take Me Home ( 2012 ) Midnight Memories ( 2013 ) Midnight Memories 2013 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Singles from Take Me Home <Td_colspan="2"> `` Live While We 're Young '' Released : 28 September 2012 `` Little Things '' Released : 12 November 2012 `` Kiss You '' Released : 7 January 2013 <Td_colspan="2"> Take Me Home is the second studio album by British - Irish group One Direction , released on 9 November 2012 by Syco Music and Columbia Records . As a follow - up to One Direction 's internationally successful debut album Up All Night ( 2011 ) , Take Me Home was written in groups and has an average of just under five songwriters per track . Largely recorded and composed in Sweden during 2012 , Savan Kotecha , Rami Yacoub and Carl Falk , who composed One Direction 's hits , `` What Makes You Beautiful '' and `` One Thing '' , spent six months in Stockholm developing songs for the album , and were able to shape melodies around the members ' tones . The album 's songs are characterised by metronomic pop , vocal harmonies , hand claps , prominent electric guitar riffs , bright synthesizers , a homogeneous sound and message , and rotations of lead vocals . The members ' voices are presented individually on the record , and its lyricism speaks of falling in love , unrequited love , the insistence that flaws are what make a person unique , commitment , jealousy , and longing for past significant others . Take Me Home garnered mostly positive reviews from music critics . There was praise for its quality of production , while criticism hinged on its generic , rushed nature . Globally , the album topped the charts in more than 35 countries , and was the fourth best - selling album of 2012 , selling 4.4 million units . The album 's number - one debut on the US Billboard 200 chart made One Direction the first group to bow atop the Billboard 200 with their first two albums since American girl group Danity Kane entered with Welcome to the Dollhouse in 2008 and their self - titled debut in 2006 . One Direction also became the second act in 2012 to achieve two number - one albums within a 12 - month period , and the first boy band in US chart history to land two number - one albums in a calendar year . Their debut album and Take Me Home were the third and fifth best - selling albums of 2012 in the United States , respectively , making the band the first act to place two albums in the year - end top five in the Nielsen SoundScan era . The album 's lead single , `` Live While We 're Young '' , released on 28 September 2012 , peaked inside the top ten in almost every country it charted in and recorded the highest one - week opening sales figure for a song by a non-US artist . The subsequent singles , `` Little Things '' and `` Kiss You '' , were less successful , although the former topped the UK Singles Chart . To support the release , One Direction performed the album 's songs on several televised programmes and during their worldwide Take Me Home Tour ( 2013 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and production 2 Packaging 3 Music and lyrics 4 Promotion 5 Critical reception 6 Commercial performance 7 Track listing 8 Personnel 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 10 Certifications 11 Release history 12 References 13 External links Background and production ( edit ) One Direction greet Swedish fans in Stockholm , Sweden , May 2012 , as the recording commenced at Kinglet Studios . In 2012 , One Direction revealed that a follow - up release to their debut album , Up All Night ( 2011 ) , was in development . `` In the summer , we 're going to get back and start a new record . We want to bring out a record nearly every year , every year and a half , '' Niall Horan said , revealing they were arranging `` meetings and stuff with different writers and producers . '' In March 2012 , McFly frontman Tom Fletcher confirmed that he would be writing a song for the album . In February 2012 , One Direction expressed interest in working with Ed Sheeran , and in June 2012 , Sheeran confirmed that they were in contact : `` I 'm going into the studio in August to produce the tracks for them . I wo n't feature on the tracks though '' . In April 2012 , The Independent reported that Simon Cowell , the group 's manager , had challenged prominent songwriters to compete for space on One Direction 's second album . Dee Demirbag , responsible for repertoire at BMG Rights Management , a music publisher , in Scandinavia , said : `` Breaking a boy band in the U.S. is about as big as it gets in the music industry , so you can imagine the competition to get cuts on the next One Direction album is immense '' . In addition , the article reported that Syco Records was working on candidates with Max Martin and Kristian Lundin . By August 2012 , it was confirmed that album would feature work from veterans such as Carl Falk , Rami Yacoub , Dr. Luke , Cirkut , and Shellback . Take Me Home was written in groups and has an average of just under five songwriters per track . `` The Swedish - style songwriting : melody first '' was predominantly utilised , according to Time correspondent Douglas Wolk . Savan Kotecha , Yacoub , and Falk , who composed One Direction 's hits , `` What Makes You Beautiful '' and `` One Thing '' , spent six months in Stockholm , Sweden , developing songs for the album , and were able to shape melodies around their tones . Kotecha reflected : `` We 'll spend days , sometimes weeks , challenging the melody . The goal is to make it sound like anyone can do this , but it 's actually very difficult '' . In addition , after viewing the international success of `` What Makes You Beautiful '' , the trio conceptualised songs `` that kids could play on guitar and cover on YouTube . '' After extensive promotional appearances in support of their debut album , One Direction began recording the album in May 2012 , in Stockholm , Sweden , at Kinglet Studios . In June 2012 , the group continued recording the album in the United States , while touring on the final leg of their Up All Night Tour . Horan , in a June interview with MTV News , disclosed that the group were intending to spend their time in July and August `` getting the album done . '' Besides sessions in Kinglet Studios , recording sessions and mixing for the album took place at Chalice Studios in Los Angeles , MixStar Studios in Virginia Beach , Wendy House Productions in London , and Sticky Studios in Surrey , England . Packaging ( edit ) The album cover artwork , revealed on 30 August 2012 , features the group surrounding a traditional British K2 red telephone box , a familiar sight on the streets of the UK . Music and lyrics ( edit ) The opening guitar riff of `` Live While We 're Young '' was compared by some critics to that of The Clash 's ( pictured ) 1982 single , `` Should I Stay or Should I Go '' . The album 's songs are characterised by metronomic rock - inherited pop , vocal harmonies , hand claps , prominent electric guitar riffs , bright synthesizers , double entendres for sexual intercourse , a homogeneous sound and message , the pitch - correcting software Auto - Tune , and rotations of lead vocals . Jon Caramanica , writing in The New York Times , considered the album `` far more mechanical '' than their debut album , although noted that it is sonically and lyrically similar . San Lansky , an editor for Idolator , described it as `` ' 80s - inflected and intermittently rock - dappled , '' and as more indebted to the `` sanitized punk crunch of McFly '' than to teen pop . Alexis Petridis , a music journalist , interpreted its signature sound as a `` peppy , synth - bolstered take on early - 80s new - wave pop , heavy on clipped rhythms and chugging guitars , '' which , he said , is at least an improvement on the substitute R&B `` that was once the grim lot of the boyband . '' The opening guitar riff of `` Live While We 're Young '' has been noted as similar to that of The Clash 's 1982 single , `` Should I Stay or Should I Go '' , by some critics . According to Petridis , the guitar is played thrice between the riff with the plectrum stroking the strings , while it is pressed . One note in the chord is changed , which Petridis surmised was probably to avoid paying any royalty to the Clash . `` Rock Me '' has a clapping , mid-tempo beat that has been likened to that `` We Will Rock You '' , a 1977 single by Queen . The group 's voices are presented individually on the record . Savan Kotecha noted that the Backstreet Boys ' late - ' 90s hits inspired the way he formulated One Direction 's voices for the album . Composer Julian Bunetta , who worked on three of Take Me Home 's tracks , also tried to place emphasis on the sound of each member : `` The fans can tell the difference , but we wanted to make sure that when it came on the radio , the average person knew that it must be One Direction , because it 's five guys . '' Likewise , Caramanica noted that the album 's songs produced by Bunetta `` tend to start out with more breathing room , giving the guys a chance to show off vocally '' . The album 's lyricism speaks of falling in love , unrequited love , the insistence that flaws are what make a person unique , and commitment , in songs such as `` Little Things , '' `` Last First Kiss , '' `` Back For You , '' and `` They Do n't Know About Us . '' Other tracks , like `` Heart Attack , '' `` Rock Me , '' `` I Would , '' and `` Over Again , '' have a more solemn tone , addressing jealousy and longing for past significant others . Promotion ( edit ) One Direction performing in Glasgow during the album 's accompanying concert tour , February 2013 Take Me Home has yielded three singles , including two US singles . Its lead single , `` Live While We 're Young '' , was released by Syco Records on 28 September 2012 . The song rocketed to worldwide success , peaking at number one in Ireland and New Zealand and the top ten in almost every country it charted in . In the United States , `` Live While We 're Young '' debuted at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , sold 341,000 downloads in its first week , and bowed at number one on the Digital Songs chart . Its debut marks the highest bow by a British group and the second - highest debut among all UK acts , outpaced only by Elton John 's number one arrival with `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' . Its opening sales denote the biggest opening sales figure for a single by a non-US artist and the third ever for a download by a group , surpassed by the arrivals of Maroon 5 's 2012 single , `` Payphone '' ( 493,000 ) , and The Black Eyed Peas ' 2009 single , `` Boom Boom Pow '' ( 465,000 ) . `` Little Things '' was released in the UK and Ireland on 12 November 2012 , as the second single . The track debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart of 18 November 2012 , becoming One Direction 's fifth top ten appearance and second number - one hit in the United Kingdom . `` Kiss You '' , chosen as the second and final US single third and final overall single of Take Me Home , was released digitally on 17 November 2012 , according to MTV News . The group and the album 's lead single were featured in a Pepsi television commercial for the United States , which premiered on the Fox Broadcasting Company network on 10 October 2012 . Columbia Records allowed the record to stream in full on iTunes in the week leading up to its 13 November 2012 release . In addition , One Direction promoted the album in a series of live appearances from October toward December , notably on television programmes The X Factor USA , The X Factor UK , The Today Show , which drew a record crowd of 15.000 people to the Rockefeller Center , and the BBC 's Children in Need 2012 telethon . Additional live appearances include at the Royal Variety Performance , in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II , the Bambi Awards , and a headlining sold - out show at New York City 's Madison Square Garden . The album 's accompanying concert tour , the Take Me Home Tour , commenced at London 's O2 Arena on 23 February 2013 . The concert tour consists of over 100 shows in Australasia , Europe , and North America , and is set to visit arenas and stadiums from February through October 2013 . Announced by member Liam Payne at the 2012 BRIT Awards in early 2012 , the original concert tour was billed as the UK & Ireland Arena Tour . In mid-2012 , the concert tour expanded with legs in North America and Australasia following the band 's international breakthrough . In the UK and Ireland , ticket sales reached 300,000 within a day of release , which included a six - date sell out at the O2 Arena in London . In Australian and New Zealand markets , tickets grossed US $15.7 million , with all 190,000 tickets being sold for eighteen shows to be held in Australia and New Zealand . Critical reception ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings <Th_colspan="2"> Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 68 / 100 <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Source Rating AllMusic BBC Music Billboard 80 / 100 Daily Express Entertainment Weekly The Guardian The Independent PopMatters Rolling Stone The Washington Post favourable The album received generally positive reviews from contemporary music critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 68 , based on ten reviews . Despite its `` boardroom - defined objectives '' and `` safety '' , Al Fox , writing for BBC Music , considered the music itself `` notable quality '' and reliable . Matt Collar from AllMusic described it as an `` immediately catchy mix of dancey pop that maximizes the group 's shared lead - vocal approach and peppy , upbeat image . '' Kate Wills from The Independent praised the uptempo material while defining the ballads as jarring , a notion shared by John Dolan of Rolling Stone . Although he dubbed it `` actually pretty great -- certainly better than it needs to be , '' Sam Lansky for Idolator thought the album is predictably generic , and interpreted it as `` a little cynical , even as it excels in making some of the purest pop of the year . '' Entertainment Weekly writer Adam Markovitz panned the record as an empty gesture and asserted that the album was rushed , signifying an album with `` barely enough zip to keep the kids up past dinner . '' Likewise , Robert Copsey from Digital Spy wrote , `` The result ( of Take Me Home ) may see them progressing at a snail 's pace , but when you 've got it so good , what 's the rush anyway ? '' In a mixed review , The New York Times contributor Jon Caramanica appreciated the album 's sonic palette , but dismissed its lyricism as narrow and tedious , and Sheeran 's contributions as `` unusually lumpy in the hands of such a polished group '' . Caramanica characterised the members ' vocals as `` fundamentally interchangeable '' , and opined that only Zayn Malik `` breaks free from the pack vocally with any regularity . '' While he commended the album for its `` variable quality '' , Alexis Petridis for The Guardian felt the record would not be able to transcend its target market , a core audience aged approximately 8 to 12 and female : `` To anyone else , the mystery of One Direction 's success -- or at least the sheer scale of it -- remains as opaque as ever . '' The latter view was shared by Ben Rayner of the Toronto Star : `` Unless you 're in the target demographic or are , perhaps , a mom who lived through the same thing in her youth , there 's no point in even going near this record , of course , but the rest of us were never meant to in the first place . '' Writing for HitFix , Melinda Newman maintained that the album `` masterfully hits its target '' , and concluded as follows : `` I 'm so far out of the One Dimension demographic , I practically need a GPS to find it . '' Commercial Performance ( edit ) Globally , Take Me Home topped the charts in more than 35 countries , and was the fourth best - selling album of 2012 , selling 4.4 million units . In the United Kingdom , the album sold over 94,000 copies in its first two days of sale . It debuted atop the UK Albums Chart with first - week sales of 155,000 copies , becoming their first album to top the chart and the second fastest selling album of 2012 . The album and its second single , `` Little Things '' , both debuted simultaneously at number one in the UK on 18 November 2012 , making One Direction the youngest act in British chart history to achieve the feat . The album became the fifth best - selling album of 2012 in the UK , having sold 616,000 copies by the end of 2012 . It was certified double platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) on 15 February 2013 , denoting shipments of 600,000 copies . As of November 2014 , the album has sold 960,255 copies in the UK . In Ireland , Take Me Home became the fastest - selling album of 2012 , lodged six consecutive weeks atop the Irish Albums Chart , and was certified triple platinum by the Irish Recorded Music Association ( IRMA ) . In Italy , the collection became their second Italian chart - topper , and Italy 's seventh best - selling album of 2012 . It has been certified double platinum by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry ( FIMI ) , indicating sales of 60,000 copies . In the Netherlands , the album debuted at number - one on 17 November 2012 , and shipped 25,000 copies in its first day of release . It was certified platinum by 18 December 2012 , denoting shipments of 50,000 copies in the region . After a month of its release , it was certified platinum in Poland for shipments of 30,000 copies , while it became the seventh best - selling album of 2012 in Denmark , having sold 28,875 copies by year end in that country . In Sweden , the album was the ninth best - selling album of 2012 , and has been certified platinum by the Swedish Recording Industry Association ( GLF ) , signifying shipments of 40,000 units . The album debuted at number one on the Australian ARIA Chart dated 25 November 2012 , a position it held for a second week . It was certified platinum in Australia in its first week by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) and has since been certified double platinum for a shipment of 140,000 copies . The record became the band 's second number - one album in the United States in the week of 18 November 2012 , and recorded the biggest first - week sales tally for an album by a boy band since N'Sync 's Celebrity ( 2001 ) , and the third - largest debut sales week of 2012 , behind Taylor Swift 's Red and Babel by Mumford & Sons , with 540,000 copies sold . One Direction became the first group to bow atop the Billboard 200 with their first two albums since American girl group Danity Kane entered with Welcome to the Dollhouse in 2008 and their self - titled debut in 2006 , the second act in 2012 to achieve two number - one albums within a 12 - month period alongside Justin Bieber , and the first boy band in US chart history to land two number - one albums in a calendar year . The album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on 5 December 2012 , denoting shipments of one million copies . It became their second album in 2012 to top the one million mark in US sales in the week of 16 December 2012 , making them the first act to achieve the feat in a calendar year since 2009 , and the first group or duo to achieve the feat since Rascal Flatts in 2007 . Their debut album and Take Me Home were the third and fifth best - selling albums of 2012 in the United States , respectively , making the band the first act to place two albums in the year - end top five in the Nielsen SoundScan era . On 29 March 2015 , it surpassed the 2 million thresold becoming their second album ( after Up All Night ) to sell over 2 million copies in the U.S. As of August 2015 , the album has sold 2,020,000 copies in the U.S. Worldwide , according to Sony Music , the album has sold over 5 million copies . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Live While We 're Young '' Rami Yacoub Carl Falk Savan Kotecha Yacoub Falk 3 : 20 2 . `` Kiss You '' Yacoub Falk Kotecha Shellback Kristian Lundin Kristoffer Fogelmark Albin Nedler Yacoub Falk 3 : 04 3 . `` Little Things '' Ed Sheeran Fiona Bevan Jake Gosling 3 : 39 4 . `` C'mon , C'mon '' Julian Bunetta Jamie Scott John Ryan Bunetta Ryan 2 : 46 5 . `` Last First Kiss '' Yacoub Falk Kotecha Fogelmark Nedler Liam Payne Louis Tomlinson Zayn Malik Yacoub Falk Fogelmark Nedler 3 : 24 6 . `` Heart Attack '' Yacoub Falk Kotecha Shellback Lundin Yacoub Falk Shellback 2 : 57 7 . `` Rock Me '' Allan Grigg Sam Hollander Peter Svensson Lukasz Gottwald Henry Walter Dr. Luke Kool Kojak Cirkut Emily Wright 3 : 21 8 . `` Change My Mind '' Yacoub Falk Kotecha Yacoub Falk 3 : 33 9 . `` I Would '' Tom Fletcher Danny Jones Dougie Poynter Bunetta Ryan Sam Waters 3 : 22 10 . `` Over Again '' Sheeran Robert Conlon Alexander Gowers Gosling 3 : 03 11 . `` Back for You '' Yacoub Falk Kotecha Fogelmark Nedler Payne Tomlinson Harry Styles Niall Horan Yacoub Falk Fogelmark Nedler 3 : 00 12 . `` They Do n't Know About Us '' Peter Wallevik Tebey Ottoh Tommy Gregersen Tommy Lee James Bunetta Ryan Ottoh 3 : 21 13 . `` Summer Love '' Steve Robson Wayne Hector Lindy Robbins Payne Tomlinson Malik Styles Horan Steve Robson 3 : 29 <Th_colspan="5"> ( show ) Limited yearbook edition bonus tracks No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 14 . `` She 's Not Afraid '' Bunetta Scott Ryan Tim Wood Bunetta Ryan 3 : 12 15 . `` Loved You First '' Bunetta Ryan Ottoh James Wood Bunetta Ryan 3 : 05 16 . `` Nobody Compares '' Yacoub Falk Kotecha Shellback Yacoub Falk Shellback 3 : 33 17 . `` Still the One '' Yacoub Falk Kotecha Payne Tomlinson Styles Yacoub Falk Svensson 3 : 03 <Th_colspan="5"> ( show ) Japanese limited yearbook edition bonus tracks No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 14 . `` She 's Not Afraid '' Bunetta Scott Ryan Wood Bunetta Ryan 3 : 12 15 . `` Loved You First '' Bunetta Ryan Ottoh James Wood Bunetta Ryan 3 : 05 16 . `` Nobody Compares '' Yacoub Falk Kotecha Shellback Yacoub Falk Shellback 3 : 33 17 . `` Still the One '' Yacoub Falk Kotecha Payne Tomlinson Styles Yacoub Falk Svensson 3 : 03 18 . `` Truly Madly Deeply '' Trevor Dahl Toby Gad Robbins Gad 3 : 01 19 . `` Magic '' Yacoub Falk Kotecha Yacoub Carl Falk Shellback 3 : 05 20 . `` Irresistible '' Fletcher Jones Poynter Horan Malik Payne Styles Tomlinson Bunetta Waters 3 : 59 <Th_colspan="5"> ( show ) Target deluxe edition bonus tracks No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 14 . `` Truly Madly Deeply '' Dahl Gad Robbins Toby Gad 3 : 01 15 . `` Magic '' Yacoub Falk Kotecha Yacoub Falk Shellback 3 : 05 16 . `` Irresistible '' Fletcher Jones Poynter Horan Malik Payne Styles Tomlinson Bunetta Waters 3 : 59 17 . `` One Thing '' ( Live ) Yacoub Falk Kotecha Yacoub Falk 3 : 26 18 . `` I Wish '' ( Live ) Yacoub Falk Kotecha Yacoub Falk 3 : 48 <Th_colspan="5"> ( show ) iTunes Store yearbook edition bonus tracks No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 14 . `` She 's Not Afraid '' Bunetta Scott Ryan Wood Bunetta Ryan 3 : 12 15 . `` Loved You First '' Bunetta Ryan Ottoh James Wood Bunetta Ryan 3 : 05 16 . `` Nobody Compares '' Yacoub Falk Kotecha Shellback Yacoub Falk Shellback 3 : 33 17 . `` Still the One '' Yacoub Falk Kotecha Payne Tomlinson Styles Yacoub Falk Svensson 3 : 03 18 . `` One Thing '' ( Live ) Yacoub Falk Kotecha Yacoub Falk 4 : 01 19 . `` What Makes You Beautiful '' ( Live ) Yacoub Falk Kotecha Yacoub Falk 3 : 50 20 . `` Moments '' ( Live ) Sheeran Si Hulbert Si Hulbert 5 : 10 21 . `` One Direction backstage at the 2012 iTunes Festival '' ( Video ) 4 : 26 <Th_colspan="5"> ( show ) iTunes Japanese special deluxe edition No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 14 . `` She 's Not Afraid '' Bunetta Scott Ryan Wood Bunetta Ryan 3 : 12 15 . `` Loved You First '' Bunetta Ryan Ottoh James Wood Bunett Ryan 3 : 05 16 . `` Nobody Compares '' Yacoub Falk Kotecha Shellback Yacoub Falk Shellback 3 : 33 17 . `` Still the One '' Yacoub Falk Kotecha Payne Tomlinson Styles Yacoub Falk Svensson 3 : 03 18 . `` Truly Madly Deeply '' Dahl Gad Robbins Gad 3 : 01 19 . `` Magic '' Yacoub Falk Kotecha Yacoub Falk Shellback 3 : 05 20 . `` Irresistible '' Fletcher Jones Poynter Horan Malik Payne Styles Tomlinson Bunetta Waters 3 : 59 21 . `` Live While We 're Young '' ( Dave Audé remix ) Yacoub Falk Kotecha Yacoub Falk Audé 3 : 16 22 . `` Kiss You '' ( Sharoque remix ) Yacoub Falk Kotecha Shellback Lundin Fogelmark Nedler Yacoub Falk Sharoque 4 : 23 Notes signifies a co-producer signifies a vocal producer signifies an additional producer Personnel ( edit ) Adapted from AllMusic . Karl Brazil -- drums David Bukovinszky -- cello Julian Bunetta -- engineer , musician , producer , vocal producer Mattias Bylund -- editing , string arrangements , string engineer Cirkut -- musician , producer , programming Rupert Coulson -- engineer Tom Coyne -- mastering Tommy Culm -- background vocals Dr. Luke -- musician , producer , programming Chris Elliot -- string engineer Levon Eriksson -- assistant Carl Falk -- guitar , musician , producer , programming , vocal editing , vocal engineer , background vocals Rachael Findlen -- assistant Kristoffer Fogelmark -- guitar , musician , producer , programming , vocal editing , vocal engineer , background vocals Ian Franzino -- assistant engineer Serban Ghenea -- mixing Clint Gibbs -- assistant , vocals Jake Gosling -- drums , mixing , percussion , piano , producer , programming , strings Lukasz Gottwald -- vocals Stephen P. Grigg -- assistant John Hanes -- mixing engineer Sam Hollander -- musician , programming Niall Horan -- guitar Ash Howes -- mixing , programming Andy Hughes -- assistant Ava James -- vocals Matthias Johansson -- violin Koool Kojak -- engineer , musician , producer , programming , vocals Savan Kotecha -- background vocals Chris Leonard -- acoustic guitar , bass guitar , electric guitar Zayn Malik -- illustrations Sam Miller -- engineer Katie Mitzell -- production coordination Malcolm Moore -- bass Adam Nedler -- background vocals Albin Nedler -- musician , producer , programming , vocal editing , vocal engineer One Direction -- primary artist Alex Oriet -- vocal engineer Tebey Ottoh -- vocal producer Joel Peters -- assistant Luke Potashnik -- guitar Irene Richter -- production coordination Steve Robson -- guitar , keyboards , mixing , producer Shellback -- bass , musician , producer , programming , background vocals Peter Svensson -- musician , programming , vocals John Urbano -- photography Henry Walter -- vocals Sam Waters -- vocal engineer , vocal producer Caroline Watson -- stylist Emily Wright -- engineer , vocal producer , vocals Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) Brazilian Albums Chart Canadian Albums Chart Croatian Albums Chart Czech Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) French Albums ( SNEP ) German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) Greek Albums Chart Hungarian Albums Chart Irish Albums Chart Italian Albums ( FIMI ) Japanese Albums Chart New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) Polish Albums Chart Portuguese Albums Chart South African Albums ( RISA ) Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) Taiwanese Albums Chart UK Albums Chart US Billboard 200 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Position Argentinian Albums ( CAPIF ) Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 8 Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 72 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 20 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 37 Brazilian Albums ( ABPD ) 17 Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) 7 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 17 French Albums ( SNEP ) 26 Hungarian Albums ( MAHASZ ) 10 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) 7 Mexican Albums ( AMPROFON ) New Zealand Albums Chart 9 Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) 12 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 9 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 65 UK Albums ( OCC ) 5 Chart ( 2013 ) Position Hungarian Albums Chart 79 Mexican Albums ( AMPROFON ) US Billboard 200 UK Albums Chart 22 Certifications ( edit ) Country ( Provider ) Certifications Argentina ( CAPIF ) Platinum Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum Canada ( Music Canada ) 3 × Platinum Chile ( IFPI Chile ) Platinum Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum Europe ( IFPI ) Platinum France ( SNEP ) Platinum Greece ( IFPI Greece ) 2 × Platinum Germany ( BVMI ) Gold Hungary ( MAHASZ ) Gold Ireland ( IRMA ) 3 × Platinum Italy ( FIMI ) 3 × Platinum Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum Mexico ( AMPROFON ) 4 × Platinum Netherlands ( NVPI ) Platinum New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum Norway ( IFPI ) Platinum Philippines ( PARI ) 5 × Platinum Poland ( ZPAV ) Platinum Portugal ( AFP ) 2x Platinum Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 2 × Platinum Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold United Kingdom ( BPI ) 3 × Platinum United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum Venezuela ( APVF ) Diamond Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format ( s ) Edition ( s ) Netherlands 9 November 2012 CD digital download Standard deluxe Germany Australia United Kingdom 12 November 2012 United States 13 November 2012 Spain Japan 14 November 2012 China 30 December 2012 CD Standard 28 June 2013 Deluxe References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Leah Collins ( 12 March 2012 ) . `` One Direction : X Factor boy band on what sets them apart '' . National Post ( Postmedia Network Inc . ) . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Lewis Corner ( 7 June 2012 ) . `` McFly to write for new One Direction album '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Want To Work With Ed Sheeran Again on New Album '' . Capital . Global Radio . 20 February 2012 . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran to produce One Direction tracks '' . MTV News . Viacom . 25 June 2012 . Retrieved 12 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Adam Sherwin ( 3 April 2012 ) . `` One Direction -- but where next ? Writers join battle to create boy band 's next hits '' . The Independent . London : Independent Print Limited . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Billboard Staff ( 30 August 2012 ) . `` One Direction Reveals ' Take Me Home ' Album Cover '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas Wol ( 28 June 2012 ) . `` One Direction 's songwriters : They 're what make the boy band beautiful '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Take Me Home ( liner notes ) . One Direction . Syco Records . 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Recording Second Album '' . MTV News . Viacom . 11 May 2012 . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Enjoy `` Amazing Day '' In The Studio Recording New Album `` . Capital ( Global Radio ) . 12 May 2012 . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Heading into Recording Studio For One Direction This Summer '' . Capital . Global Radio . 27 June 2012 . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Jocelyn Vena ( 28 June 2012 ) . `` One Direction Already Plotting Tracks For Sophomore Album '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Squeal ! One Direction reveal album artwork for Take Me Home '' . The Mirror . Retrieved 28 November 2012 Jump up ^ `` One Direction Reveals ' Take Me Home ' Album Cover '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 November 2012 ^ Jump up to : Matt Collar ( 11 November 2012 ) . `` Take Me Home ( CD -- Sony Music Distribution # 88725475972 ) '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jon Caramanica ( 14 November 2012 ) . `` Riding the Boy Band Wave While It Lasts '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 30 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Alexis Petridis ( 8 November 2012 ) . `` One Direction : Take Me Home -- review '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media and News . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lyndia Jenkin ( 15 November 2012 ) . `` Album review : One Direction -- Take Me Home '' . The New Zealand Herald . APN News & Media . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sam Lansky ( 13 November 2012 ) . `` One Direction 's ' Take Me Home ' : Album Review '' . Idolator . Buzz Media . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Melinda Newman ( 20 September 2012 ) . `` Watch : One Direction 's new video for ' Live While We 're Young ' '' . HitFix . HitFix Inc . Retrieved 16 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Melinda Newman ( 12 November 2012 ) . `` Album Review : One Direction 's ' Take Me Home ' masterfully hits its target '' . HitFix . HitFix Inc . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Direction lyrics : ' Take Me Home ' pushes boundaries , targets older audience '' . The Huffington Post . AOL . 15 November 2012 . Retrieved 16 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . The Official New Zealand Music Chart . Retrieved 19 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction -- straight to the top '' . Chart - track . GFK. 5 October 2012 . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction -- Live While We 're Young ( song ) '' . australiancharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Keith Caufield . `` One Direction Has Highest - Ever Hot 100 Debut by U.K. Group '' . Billboard . United States : Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Tina Hart ( 21 October 2012 ) . `` One Direction achieve fastest - selling single by a UK act in the US '' . Music Week . United Kingdom : Intent Media . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction confirm new single ' Little Things ' '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . 15 October 2012 . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Jocelyn Vena ( 19 October 2012 ) . `` One Direction 's Pal Ed Sheeran Penned Their Next U.K. Single '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dan Lane ( 18 November 2012 ) . `` One Direction score number 1 single and album ! '' . United Kingdom : Official Charts Company . Retrieved 19 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Christina Garibaldi ( 17 November 2012 ) . `` One Direction find the force in ' Kiss You ' video '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Jocelyn Vena ( 11 October 2012 ) . `` One Direction sign sixth member ... for a can of soda ? '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Grady Smith ( 6 November 2012 ) . `` You can stream One Direction 's ' Take Me Home ' in its entirety on iTunes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Retrieved 10 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction ' X Factor USA ' Video : The Boys Perform ' Little Things ' And ' Live While We 're Young ' Live ! '' . The Huffington Post . The Huffington Post , Inc. 11 November 2012 . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Louise Saunders ( 9 December 2012 ) . `` Take A Bow ! A demure Rihanna wows in a white cutaway ensemble as she performs at X Factor final alongside One Direction and Emeli Sandé '' . Daily Mail . Daily Mail and General Trust . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Amelia Proud ( 13 November 2012 ) . `` A Brit of history : One Direction draw record breaking 15,000 crowd to Today show appearance in New York ... and announce 3 - D movie '' . Daily Mail . Daily Mail and General Trust . Retrieved 14 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Children in Need total passes £ 23m '' . Belfast Telegraph . Independent News and Media . 16 November 2012 . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Variety Performance 2012 : One Direction and Girls Aloud sing for The Queen '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . 20 November 2012 . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction perform at the Bambi awards '' . ITN . ITN , Inc. 23 November 2012 . Retrieved 25 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Andrew Hampp ( 4 December 2012 ) . `` One Direction Headlines Sold - Out Show at Madison Square Garden '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction take zumba classes to prepare for ' Take Me Home ' world tour '' . Capital ( Global Radio ) . Retrieved 23 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Robertson , James ( 23 February 2013 ) . `` Behind the scenes of One Direction tour : Zayn Malik wears Perrie t - shirt , Harry Styles dresses for winter '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 23 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewis Corner ( 22 February 2012 ) . `` One Direction announce UK and Ireland arena tour for 2013 '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 7 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction announce UK tour in 2013 after Brits win '' . Newsbeat . BBC . 22 February 2012 . Retrieved 7 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Billboard Staff ( 12 April 2012 ) . `` One Direction Plot Summer Tour ... in 2013 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 7 March 2013 . Jump up ^ The Daily Telegraph Staff Writers ( 18 April 2012 ) . `` One Direction announce Aussie tour in September 2013 '' . The Daily Telegraph . News Limited . Retrieved 7 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Fans in Ticket - Buying Frenzy '' . MTV News . Viacom . 26 February 2012 . Retrieved 7 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Brittany Stack ( 29 April 2012 ) . `` How One Direction cashed in on their hugely successful Australian tour '' . The Daily Telegraph . News Limited . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Take Me Home -- One Direction '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive Inc. 13 November 2012 . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Al Fox ( 12 November 2012 ) . `` Music -- Review of One Direction -- Take Me Home '' . BBC Music . BBC . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ One Direction , ' Take Me Home ' : Track - By - Track Review at the Wayback Machine ( archived 21 May 2014 ) Jump up ^ Simon Gage ( 9 November 2012 ) . `` CD review : One Direction : Take Me Home '' . Daily Express . Northern and Shell . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Adam Markovitz ( 11 November 2012 ) . `` Take Me Home -- review -- One Direction '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kate Wills ( 11 November 2012 ) . `` Album : One Direction , Take Me Home ( Sony ) '' . The Independent . Independent Print Limited . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ One Direction : Take Me Home PopMatters ^ Jump up to : Jon Dolan ( 14 November 2012 ) . `` Take Me Home -- review '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Chris Richards ( 14 November 2012 ) . `` One Direction , ' Take Me Home ' album review '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved 30 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert Copsey ( 11 November 2012 ) . `` One Direction : ' Take Me Home ' -- album review '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Ben Rayner ( 11 November 2012 ) . `` One Direction album review : cookie - cutter pop for 12 - year - olds '' . Toronto Star . Star Media Group . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Tina Hart ( 29 November 2012q ) . `` Imagem Music signs One Direction hit - writer Fiona Bevan '' . Music Week . United Kingdom : Intent Media . Retrieved 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI publishes Digital Music Report 2013 '' . United Kingdom : International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) . 26 February 2013 . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Anthony Barnes ( 14 November 2012 ) . `` Take Me Home : One Direction set to beat Mumford & Son 's fastest - selling album record '' . The Independent . The Independent Print Limited . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Alan Jones ( 19 November 2012 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : One Direction youngest ever act to score no. 1 album and single simultaneously '' . Music Week . United Kingdom : Intent Media . Retrieved 19 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dan Lane ( 2 January 2013 ) . `` The official top 40 biggest selling albums of 2012 revealed ! '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Search Results > Search by parameters > One Direction '' . United Kingdom : British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Alan Jones ( 24 November 2014 ) . `` Official Charts analysis : 1D land fourth consecutive No. 1 LP as Four sells 141,780 '' . Music Week . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Five beautiful weeks '' . Chart - track . GFK. 23 November 2012 . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Another x factor xmas '' . Chart - track . GFK. 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2012 Certification Awards -- Multi platinum '' . Irish Recorded Music Association ( IRMA ) . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Italiancharts.com -- One Direction -- Take Me Home '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ferro è il re degli album più venduti nel 2012 '' . TGCOM ( in Italian ) . Mediaset. 14 January 2013 . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Italian album certifications -- One Direction '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutchcharts.nl -- One Direction -- Take Me Home '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Direction behaalt platina '' . NU.nl ( in Dutch ) . Sanoma Media . 19 December 2012 . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Take Me Home One Direction ze statusem platynowej płyty w Polsce ! '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry ( ZPAV ) . 15 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Treo , Thomas ( 1 January 2013 ) . `` Så lidt solgte popstjernerne i 2012 '' . Ekstra Bladet ( in Danish ) . JP / Politikens Hus A / S. Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Årslista Album -- År 2012 '' ( in Swedish ) . Hitlistan.se . Sverigetopplistan . Archived from the original on 7 October 2015 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australiancharts.com -- One Direction -- Take Me Home '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2013 Albums '' . Australia : Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 10 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Keith Caufield ( 20 November 2012 ) . `` One Direction 's ' Take Me Home ' Debuts at No. 1 With Year 's Third - Biggest Opening '' . Billboard . United States : Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 22 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Grein ( 21 November 2012 ) . `` Week Ending Nov. 18 , 2012 . Albums : Xtina Slips Despite `` The Voice '' `` . Yahoo ! Music . United States : Yahoo !. Retrieved 5 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gold and Platinum > Searchable Database > One Direction '' . United States : Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Archived from the original on 5 January 2015 . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( 21 December 2012 ) . `` Week Ending Dec. 16 , 2012 . Albums : One Direction 's Singular Achievement '' . Yahoo ! Music . United States : Yahoo !. Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( 3 January 2013 ) . `` Chart watch extra : top albums of 2012 '' . Yahoo ! Music . United States : Yahoo !. Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( August 13 , 2015 ) . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : One Direction 's ' Four ' Reaches 1 Million Sold in U.S '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction -- Syco Music '' . Modest ! Management . Jump up ^ `` テイク ・ ミー ・ ホーム -- リミテッド ・ イヤー ブック ・ エディション ( 完全 生産 限定 盤 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Sony Music Entertainment Japan . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction -- Take Me Home '' . Target Corporation . Retrieved 8 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Take Me Home ( yearbook edition ) '' . iTunes Store ( Apple Inc . ) . Retrieved 8 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Take Me Home ( Special Deluxe Edition ) '' . iTunes Store ( Apple Inc . ) . Retrieved 22 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Take Me Home -- One Direction Credits AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- One Direction -- Take Me Home '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- One Direction -- Take Me Home '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- One Direction -- Take Me Home '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil Albums ( March 23 , 2013 ) '' . Billboard.biz . Archived from the original on 18 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Album Chart History : Billboard Canadian Albums Chart '' . Billboard . United States : Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top of the Shops '' . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) . 29 June 2009 . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Czech Albums -- Top 100 '' . ČNS IFPI . Note : On the chart page , select ( ( ( date ) ) ) on the field besides the word `` Zobrazit '' , and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- One Direction -- Take Me Home '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction : Take Me Home '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- One Direction -- Take Me Home '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Longplay - Chartverfolgung at Musicline '' ( in German ) . Musicline.de . Phononet GmbH . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top - 75 Albums Sales Chart '' ( in Greek ) . IFPI Greece . Archived from the original on 21 June 2016 . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mahasz -- magyar hanglemezkiadók szövetsége '' ( in Hungarian ) . Association of Hungarian Record Companies ( MAHASZ ) . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Take Me Home -- One Direction '' . Chart Track . GFK . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ テイク ・ ミー ・ ホーム One Direction の プロフィール ( Take Me Home One Direction Profile ) ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- One Direction -- Take Me Home '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- One Direction -- Take Me Home '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 -- lista miesięczna '' . OLiS . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Take Me Home -- One Direction '' . portuguesecharts.com ( Hung Mieden ) . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South African Top 20 Albums Chart '' . RSG ( Recording Industry of South Africa ) . Archived from the original on 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- One Direction -- Take Me Home '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- One Direction -- Take Me Home '' . Hung Medien . 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Jump up ^ `` Mercado Brasileiro de Música 2012 '' ( PDF ) ( in Portuguese ) . ABPD . Retrieved 20 December 2014 . Jump up ^ The first list is the list of best - selling domestic albums of 2012 in Finland and the second is that of the best - selling foreign ones : `` Myydyimmät kotimaiset albumit vuonna 2012 '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 05 . `` Myydyimmät ulkomaiset albumit vuonna 2012 '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Classement des 200 premiers Albums Fusionnés par GfK -- année 2012 '' ( PDF ) ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best selling albums of Hungary in 2012 '' . Association of Hungarian Record Companies ( MAHASZ ) . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Los Más Vendidos 2012 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas ( AMPROFON ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 January 2013 . Retrieved 23 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` END OF YEAR CHARTS 2012 '' . The Official NZ Music Charts . Recorded Music New Zealand Limited . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Albumes Anual 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Productores de Música de España ( PROMUSICAE ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 June 2013 . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer jahreshitparade 2012 '' . http://hitparade.ch. 31 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2013 . Retrieved 9 January 2013 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Összesített album - és válogatáslemez - lista -- eladási darabszám alapján -- 2013 '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Los Más Vendidos 2013 '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas ( AMPROFON ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 February 2015 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-official-top-40-biggest-artist-albums-of-2013-2708/ Jump up ^ `` One Direction `` Take Me Home '' a 3 dias de su lanamiento alcanza el galardon de disco de platino '' ( in Spanish ) . Argentina : Sony Music Entertainment . 19 November 2012 . Retrieved 21 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- One Direction -- Take Me Home '' . Music Canada . 27 November 2012 . Retrieved 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction vende 20 mil discos en Chile en dos meses '' ( PDF ) . La Tercera. 15 December 2012 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Platinum Europe Awards -- 2012 '' . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Certifications Albums Platine -- année 2012 '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( SNEP ) . 18 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 25 September 2013 . Retrieved 8 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top - 75 Albums Sales Chart '' . IFPI Greece . 3 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 21 June 2016 . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top - 100 Albums Sales Chart '' . BVMI. 3 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hungarian Top 40 -- Certification '' ( in Hungarian ) . Association of Hungarian Record Companies ( MAHASZ ) . Retrieved 22 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Certification list '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) . April 2013 . Retrieved 10 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ¡ Más y más logros para One Direction ! '' ( in Spanish ) . Onedirectionmusic.com ( Sony Music Entertainment ) . 10 January 2013 . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Albums Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz . New Zealand : Recorded Music NZ ( RMNZ ) . 28 January 2012 . Retrieved 10 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Norge '' . Jump up ^ `` PARI -- List of PARI Gold , Platinum & Diamond Awardees '' . PARI. 3 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top AFP -- Semana 49 de 2012 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa ( AFP ) . Archived from the original on 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 15 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 albumes '' ( in Spanish ) . Spain : Productores de Música de España ( PROMUSICAE ) . 3 September 2014 . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Awards '' . hitparade.ch . Hung Medien . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction es premiado como el artista con mayor éxito de ventas '' . RPP Noticias , Lima ( in Spanish ) . RPP Noticias. 29 April 2014 . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Take Me Home '' ( in Dutch ) . Bol.com . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Take Me Home '' ( in German ) . Amazon.de . Retrieved 8 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Take Me Home ( deluxe ) -- One Direction '' . Jbhifionline.com.au ( Estar Inc . ) . Retrieved 8 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Take Me Home '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 8 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Take Me Home '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 8 November 2012 . Jump up ^ テイク ・ ミー ・ ホーム : 音楽 ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved 8 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Take Me Home '' . Amazon.cn . Jump up ^ `` Take Me Home '' . Amazon.cn . External links ( edit ) Take Me Home at Metacritic <Th_colspan="2"> One Direction <Td_colspan="2"> Niall Horan Liam Payne Harry Styles Louis Tomlinson Zayn Malik Discography Awards and nominations Songs Studio albums and singles Up All Night ( 2011 ) `` What Makes You Beautiful '' `` Gotta Be You '' `` One Thing '' `` More than This '' Take Me Home ( 2012 ) `` Live While We 're Young '' `` Little Things '' `` Kiss You '' Midnight Memories ( 2013 ) `` One Way or Another ( Teenage Kicks ) '' `` Best Song Ever '' `` Story of My Life '' `` Midnight Memories '' `` You & I '' Four ( 2014 ) `` Steal My Girl '' `` Night Changes '' Made in the A.M. ( 2015 ) `` Drag Me Down '' `` Perfect '' `` History '' Extended plays iTunes Festival : London 2012 Video albums Up All Night : The Live Tour Promotional singles `` Diana '' `` Strong '' `` Infinity '' `` Home '' `` What a Feeling '' Featured singles `` Heroes '' `` Wishing on a Star '' `` God Only Knows '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' Other songs `` Moments '' `` Rock Me '' `` Happily '' Concert tours Up All Night Tour Take Me Home Tour Where We Are Tour On the Road Again Tour TV and film This Is Us Where We Are -- The Concert Film Merchandise Our Moment Related The X Factor series 7 finalists Zayn Malik 's Twin Sister <Td_colspan="2"> Family musical groups Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Take_Me_Home_(One_Direction_album)&oldid=809919985 '' Categories : One Direction albums Columbia Records albums English - language albums 2012 albums Albums produced by Rami Yacoub Albums produced by Dr. Luke Albums produced by Shellback ( record producer ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template warnings CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 errors : external links Good articles Use British English from June 2013 Use dmy dates from June 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 12 November 2017 , at 09 : 35 . 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1. Take Me Home - One Direction album 2. Release date and recording details 3. Songs and music style 4. Commercial success and chart performance 5. Singles and promotion

what does the color orange mean in the rainbow

Rainbow flag - wikipedia Rainbow flag For the LGBT pride flag , see Rainbow flag ( LGBT movement ) . A six - band rainbow flag . A rainbow flag of the LGBT movement at the Taiwan Pride ( 2004 ) . A rainbow flag is a multicolored flag consisting of the colors of the rainbow . The actual colors shown differ , but many of the designs are based on the traditional scheme of red , orange , yellow , green , blue , indigo , and violet . There are several independent rainbow flags in use today . The most widely known worldwide is the pride flag representing LGBT pride ( since 1978 ) . The peace flag is especially popular in Italy ( since 1961 ) . The International Co-operative Alliance adopted a rainbow flag in 1925 . A similar flag is used in Andean indigenism in Peru and Bolivia to represent the legacy of the Inca Empire ( since ca . 1920 ) . Contents 1 Rainbow flags in various cultures and movements 1.1 Reformation 1.2 Andean indigenism 1.3 Thomas Paine 1.4 Buddhist flag ( 1885 ) 1.5 First Armenian Republic proposal ( 1919 ) 1.6 Cooperative movement ( 1921 ) 1.7 Meher Baba ( 1924 ) 1.8 Peace movement ( 1961 ) 1.9 Bene Ohr Jewish movement , U.S. ( 1961 ) 1.10 Basque nationalism 1.11 LGBT ( Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual , Transgender ) Pride ( 1978 ) 1.12 South African flag ( 1994 ) 1.13 Jewish Autonomous Oblast ( 1996 ) 1.14 Patriots of Russia political party ( 2005 ) 2 Gallery of rainbow flags 3 References Rainbow flags in various Cultures and movements ( edit ) Reformation ( edit ) The reformer Thomas Müntzer ( 1489 -- 1525 ) connected socially revolutionary claims with his preaching of the gospel . He is often portrayed with a rainbow flag in his hand . The Thomas Müntzer statue in the German town of Stolberg also shows him holding a rainbow flag in his hand . In the German Peasants ' War of the 16th century , the rainbow flag together with the peasants ' boot ( `` Bundschuh '' ) was used as the sign of a new era , of hope and of social change . The choice of the rainbow in the form of a flag harkens back to the rainbow as a symbol of biblical promise . According to the Bible , God first created the rainbow as a sign to Noah that there would never again be a worldwide flood , also known as the Rainbow covenant . Andean indigenism ( edit ) Wiphala Current flag of the city of Cusco , wrongly associated with the Inca Empire . Main articles : Wiphala and Flag of Cusco A flag with a seven - striped rainbow design is used in Peru , Bolivia and Ecuador as a symbol of native peoples , and is anachronistically associated with Tawantin Suyu , or Inca territory . Although commonly believed in Peru to be a flag of the Incan Empire , the oldest known rainbow flag dates back only to 18th century and was used by Túpac Amaru II during his pro-indigenous revolt against the Spanish . María Rostworowski , a Peruvian historian known for her extensive and detailed publications about Peruvian Ancient Cultures and the Inca Empire , said about this : `` I bet my life , the Inca never had that flag , it never existed , no chronicler mentioned it '' . The National Academy of Peruvian History has stated on the topic : `` The official use of the wrongly called ' Tawantinsuyu flag ' is a mistake . In the pre-Hispanic Andean world the concept of flags did not exist , it did not belong to their historic context '' . National Academy of Peruvian History The Flag of Cusco was introduced in 1978 and is still the official city emblem . In Ecuador , a rainbow flag is used by the Pachakutik political party ( 1995 ) , which is composed mostly of left - wing indigenous people . Thomas Paine ( edit ) American Revolutionary War writer Thomas Paine had proposed that the rainbow flag be used as a maritime flag , to signify neutral ships in time of war . Buddhist flag ( 1885 ) ( edit ) Main article : Buddhist flag A flag to represent Buddhism was designed in Sri Lanka in 1885 and modified to its current form in 1886 . In 1950 it was adopted by the World Fellowship of Buddhists to be a symbol of all forms of Buddhism around the world . It consists of six vertical colored segments , the first five of which are usually blue , yellow , red , white , and orange , while the sixth is a combination of the first five . Variant colors are often found . First Armenian republic proposal ( 1919 ) ( edit ) Rainbow flag proposed for Armenia by artist Martiros Saryan . Rainbow flag proposed after Armenia regained independence after World War I. It was designed by famous Armenian artist Martiros Saryan . It was not adopted as the country instead went with three stripes using the colors used in a past Armenian kingdom . The artists used muted , richer , `` oriental '' colors reflecting Armenian fabrics and carpets . Cooperative movement ( 1921 ) ( edit ) Until 2001 , the International Co-operative Alliance used a rainbow flag A seven - colour rainbow flag is a common symbol of the international cooperative movement . The rainbow flag has been the cooperative emblem since 1921 when the International Co-operative Congress of World Co-op Leaders met in Basel , Switzerland to identify and define the growing cooperative movement 's common values and ideals to help unite co-ops around the world . In Essen , Germany in 1922 , the International Co-operative Alliance ( ICA ) designed an international co-op symbol and a flag for the first `` Co-operators ' Day , '' which was held in July 1923 . After some experiments with different designs , a famous French cooperator , Professor Charles Gide , suggested using the seven colours of the rainbow for the flag . He pointed out that the rainbow symbolized unity in diversity and the power of light , enlightenment and progress . The first co-op rainbow flag was completed in 1924 and was adopted as an official symbol of the international cooperative movement in 1925 . In 2001 , the ICA 's official flag was changed from a rainbow flag to a rainbow logo flag on a white field , to clearly promote and strengthen the cooperative image , but still use the rainbow image . Other organizations sometimes use the traditional rainbow flag as a symbol of cooperation . Like the rainbow , this flag is a symbol of hope and peace . The seven colours from flags around the world fly in harmony . Each of the seven colours in the co-operative flag have been assigned the following meaning : red : stands for courage ; orange : offers the vision of possibilities ; yellow : represents the challenge that GREEN has kindled ; green : indicates a challenge to co-operators to strive for growth of membership and of understanding of the aims and values of co-operation ; light blue : suggests far horizons , the need to provide education and help less fortunate people and strive toward global unity . dark blue : suggests pessimism : a reminder that less fortunate people have needs that may be met through the benefits of cooperation . violet : is the colour of warmth , beauty , and friendship . The ICA has been flying a flag with its official logo since April 2001 , when its Board decided to replace the traditional rainbow flag . Its use by a number of non-cooperative groups led to confusion in several countries around the world . -- ICA , Meher Baba ( 1924 ) ( edit ) Meher Baba flag During a debate among Hindus , Parsis , and Iranis regarding the creation of a flag to be flown near a shelter , Meher Baba responded that the flag `` should be of seven colors '' because they represented `` the seven planes of consciousness . '' He specified that `` red should be at the bottom '' because it symbolized lust and anger , and `` sky blue at the top '' because it symbolized the `` highest state of spirituality and oneness with God '' . Baba later added that the colors `` also represent sanskaras '' . However , he left the selection of the other specific colors to personal conclusion . The finished flag was first raised on April 23 , 1924 . The flag is flown each year near Meher Baba 's samadhi ( tomb - shrine ) in Meherabad , India during the week of Amartithi ( the anniversary of his death on January 31 , 1969 ) . Peace movement ( 1961 ) ( edit ) PACE flag ( Italian for ' peace ' ) Main article : Peace flag This rainbow flag in Italy was first used in a peace march in 1961 , inspired by similar multi-coloured flags used in demonstrations against nuclear weapons . It became popular with the Pace da tutti i balconi ( `` peace from every balcony '' ) campaign in 2002 , started as a protest against the impending war in Iraq . The most common variety has seven colours , purple , blue , azure , green , yellow , orange and red , and is emblazoned in bold with the Italian word PACE , meaning `` peace '' . Common variations include moving the purple stripe down below the azure one , and adding a white stripe on top ( the original flag from the 60s had a white stripe on top ) . This flag has been adopted internationally as a symbol of the peace movement . Bene Ohr Jewish movement , U.S. ( 1961 ) ( edit ) In 1961 , Rabbi Zalman Schachter - Shalomi designed the rainbow tallit ( prayer shawl ) as a symbol of the Kabalah for the members of the Jewish Bene Ohr ( `` The Children of Light '' ) . It is a vertically presented rainbow , with each colour separated by black stripes of varying thicknesses . The colors represent aspects of God ; the black stripes and white spaces represent aspects of creation and protection . Basque nationalism ( edit ) Herri Batasuna flag The leftist Herri Batasuna party used a rainbow version of the Ikurriña ( Basque national flag ) from 1978 until it was dissolved in 2001 . LGBT ( lesbian , gay , bisexual , transgender ) pride ( 1978 ) ( edit ) Rainbow flag ( LGBT movement ) , the most widely recognized version Main article : Rainbow flag ( LGBT movement ) The rainbow flag was popularized as a symbol of the gay community by San Francisco artist Gilbert Baker in 1978 . The different colors are often associated with `` diversity '' in the gay community ( but actually have literal meanings ) . The flag is used predominantly at gay pride events and in gay villages worldwide in various forms including banners , clothing and jewelry . Since the 1990s , its symbolism has been transferred to represent the extended `` LGBT '' ( lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender ) community . For the 25th Anniversary of the Stonewall riots , held in 1994 in New York city , a mile - long rainbow flag was created and post-parade cut up in sections that have since been used around the world . The flag was originally created with eight colors , but pink and turquoise were removed for production purposes , and since 1979 it has consisted of six colored stripes . It is most commonly flown with the red stripe on top , as the colors appear in a natural rainbow . Aside from the obvious symbolism of a mixed LGBT community , the colors were determined to symbolize : life ( red ) , healing ( orange ) , sunlight ( yellow ) , nature ( green ) , harmony / peace ( blue ) , and spirit ( purple / violet ) . The removed colors stood for sexuality ( pink ) and art / magic ( turquoise ) . During the late 1980s and early 1990s , a black stripe was sometimes used to represent the AIDS victims . South African flag ( 1994 ) ( edit ) The South African flag is sometimes referred to as the `` Rainbow flag '' . Jewish Autonomous Oblast ( 1996 ) ( edit ) Flag of Jewish Autonomous Oblast Main article : Flag of Jewish Autonomous Oblast Another variation of rainbow flag is used by Jewish Autonomous Oblast , situated in the Far Eastern Federal District of Russia , by the Chinese border . Proportions 2 : 3 . Adopted first of October 1996 . The Jewish Autonomous Oblast has a flag with a seven - colour rainbow . The number of colours is meant to symbolize the seven - branched Jewish Menorah . Patriots of Russia political party ( 2005 ) ( edit ) Rainbow is used as an element of flag of Patriots of Russia ( Russian : Патриоты России , Patrioty Rossii ) political party . Gallery of rainbow flags ( edit ) Rainbow `` pace '' ( peace ) flag Greek peace flag International Co-operative Alliance 's rainbow flag Flag of Cusco , Peru Meher Baba 's flag LGBT pride ( original eight - color version ) LGBT pride flag ( seven - color version ) LGBT pride flag ( six - color version ) The Aymara Wiphala Flag of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in Russia Flag of Lingua Franca Nova The Rainbow Family of Living Light Meher Baba 's flag , Silence Day , 2015 Six - color version of the LGBT pride flag at Taiwan Pride ( 2004 ) Marchers carry the LGBT pride flag at the pride parade on Christopher Street Day in Berlin ( 1997 ) Parada Równości , 2006 Circular Rainbow Flag of Wu - Wo Tea Ceremony `` Pace da tutti i balconi '' : peace flags hanging from windows in Milano , Italy , in March 2003 Rainbow protest flag used by Not in Our Name Statue of Thomas Müntzer waving a rainbow flag in Stolberg , Germany A LGBT flag at Ipanema Beach , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rainbow flag . Jump up ^ Christian symbols Glossary Jump up ^ Symbol of God 's Everlasting Covenant with Mankind Jump up ^ Flagspot.net Jump up ^ `` Flags of the Inca Empire ( and of western South America ) '' , accessed 2017 - 11 - 03 , http://www.crwflags.com/fotw//flags/xi.html#2b_hist Jump up ^ Bandera Gay o Bandera del Tahuantinsuyo Terra.com Jump up ^ `` La Bandera del Tahuantisuyo '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 12 June 2009 . Jump up ^ New York : A Guide to the Empire State , Federal Writers Project , editors . New York State Historical Association , 1940 , page 246 ( American Guide Series ) Jump up ^ online text from New York : A Guide to the Empire State Jump up ^ One Life at a Time , Please , Edward Abbey . New York : Henry Holt , 1988 , ISBN 0805006036 , page 58 Jump up ^ Official website of ICA Archived 2008 - 10 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kalchuri , Bhau ( 1986 ) . Lord Meher . p. 504 . Jump up ^ Kalchuri , Bhau ( 2002 ) . `` Lord Meher '' . Lord Meher , Online Edition . Ch. 4 , `` Journeying '' . p. 504 . Retrieved 28 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Bandiere di Pace.org ( ' Flags of Peace ' in Italian ) Jump up ^ Amnesty International Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 26 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) - retrieved 6 December 2011 . Jump up ^ History of the Gay Pride Rainbow Flag Archived 2007 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Haag , Matthew ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) . `` Gilbert Baker , Gay Activist Who Created the Rainbow Flag , Dies at 65 '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Haag , Matthew ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) . `` Gilbert Baker , Gay Activist Who Created the Rainbow Flag , Dies at 65 '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jewish Autonomous Region ( Russia ) LGBT portal Colour portal Heraldry portal <Th_colspan="2"> Vexillology and flags Basic topics Flagmaster Glossary of vexillology Heraldry Tincture Design features British ensign Canadian pale Canton Chevron Nordic cross Pan-African Pan-Slavic Rainbow Saltire Southern cross Spanish fess Triband Tricolour Organizations Flag Institute Flags of the World Great Waters Association of Vexillology International Federation of Vexillological Associations Nordic Flag Society North American Vexillological Association Spanish Society of Vexillology William Crampton Library Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_flag&oldid=866091728 '' Categories : Rainbow flags Activism flags Peace symbols Types of flags Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski ქართული Kurdî Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 05 : 40 ( UTC ) . 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1. Rainbow flag as a symbol of LGBT pride 2. Various rainbow flags in different cultures and movements 3. History and significance of the rainbow flag 4. Rainbow flag as a symbol of peace and cooperation 5. Rainbow flag in the context of social and political movements

how much is a life sentence in usa

Life imprisonment in the United States - Wikipedia Life imprisonment in the United States Jump to : navigation , search In the United States , 1 in every 2,000 residents is imprisoned for life . This is similar to the total imprisonment rate in Japan , which is roughly 51 per 100,000 residents . There are many U.S. states where a convict can be released on parole after a decade or more has passed . For example , sentences of `` 15 years to life '' , `` 25 years to life '' , or `` life with mercy '' may be given ; this is called an `` indeterminate life sentence '' , while a sentence of `` life without the possibility of parole '' or `` life without mercy '' is called a `` determinate life sentence '' . Even when a sentence specifically denies the possibility of parole , government officials may have the power to grant amnesty or reprieves , or commute a sentence to time served . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Schick 's case , and life imprisonment without parole 1.2 Minors 2 Use of life imprisonment sentence 3 Statistics 4 Parole and nonviolent offenses 4.1 Three - strikes law 5 Notable examples 6 See also 7 References History ( edit ) In the 1860s , reformation became favored over penitence in American penology , with the role of prisons seen as reforming prisoners , who were imprisoned until reform was achieved . The concepts of parole and indeterminate sentencing were regarded as forward looking in the 1870s for these reasons . However , these ideals were not as successful as had been hoped -- crime was not eradicated , reformatories had the same problems as prisons regarding politicization and underfunding , and indeterminate sentencing became undermined by prisoners , who quickly found that it was possible to `` beat the system '' by pretense , giving a better chance of winning parole . Many were soon back in custody . Similarly , prison authorities could twist it to their advantage by selectively denying parole . But the biggest cause of the reformatories ' failure to live up to expectations was that despite the enthusiasm of reformers , and Brockway 's call for an end to vengeance in criminal justice , those within the prison environment -- both inmates and guards alike -- continued to conceive of prison as a place of retribution . Schick 's case , and life imprisonment without parole ( edit ) In 1954 , Master Sergeant Maurice L. Schick was convicted by military court - martial of the murder of eight - year - old Susan Rothschild at Camp Zama in Japan . The soldier admitted the killing stating he had a sudden `` uncontrollable urge to kill '' choosing his victim `` just because she was there '' . Schick was sentenced to death . Six years later , the case was forwarded to President Dwight D. Eisenhower for final review . He exercised his right of executive clemency to commute Schick 's death sentence to confinement with hard labor for the term of his natural life with the express condition that he `` shall never have any rights , privileges , claims or benefits arising under the parole and suspension or remission of sentence laws of the United States '' . In 1971 , Schick began a legal challenge against his whole life sentence . The appeal eventually reached the U.S. Supreme Court in 1974 . It examined the constitutional basis of the punishment : life imprisonment without parole . Had Schick been given an ordinary life sentence , he would have been eligible for parole in 1969 . Although Schick 's sentence was given only cursory mention , the court concluded a whole life sentence was constitutional . Schick , together with only five other federal prisoners still ineligible for parole at the time , was made eligible for parole by a separate pardon from President Ford either in 1976 or in 1977 , and may have died a free man in Palm Beach , Florida , in 2004 . Despite the Schick opinion 's lack of thorough analysis regarding life imprisonment without a chance of parole , an imposing amount of precedent has developed based upon it . After Furman v. Georgia , this has put the constitutionality of the death penalty in question as life imprisonment without parole received increased attention from lawmakers and judges as an alternative to the death penalty . Such penalties predate Schick . One early American case was Ex Parte Wells , who was convicted of murder in 1851 and sentenced to be hanged . On the day of his execution , President Millard Fillmore gave him a conditional pardon commuting his sentence to `` imprisonment for life in the penitentiary at Washington '' . Wells appealed the conditions of his pardon . But the sentence was upheld with no discussion by the majority of the purpose of the substituted punishment . Minors ( edit ) Main article : Life imprisonment A few countries worldwide have allowed for minors to be given lifetime sentences that have no provision for eventual release . Countries that allow life imprisonment without a possibility of parole for juveniles include Antigua and Barbuda , Cuba , Dominica , Israel , Nigeria , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , the Solomon Islands , Sri Lanka , Tanzania and the U.S. Of these , only the U.S. currently has minors serving such sentences . The University of San Francisco School of Law 's Center for Law & Global Justice conducted international research on the use of the sentence of life without parole for juveniles , and has found no cases outside the U.S. in which the sentence is actually imposed on juveniles . As of 2009 , Human Rights Watch has calculated that there are 2,589 youth offenders serving life without parole in the U.S. In 2010 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that sentencing minors to automatic sentences of life without a chance of parole for crimes other than those involving a homicide ( generally , first - degree murder , and usually with aggravating factors or accompanying felonies ) violated the Eighth Amendment 's ban on `` cruel and unusual punishments '' , in the case of Graham v. Florida . In finding that the U.S. Constitution prohibits as cruel and unusual punishment a life without parole sentence for a juvenile in a non-homicide case , the U.S. Supreme Court stated that `` the overwhelming weight of international opinion against '' juvenile life without a chance of parole `` provide ( s ) respected and significant confirmation for our own conclusions '' . In 2012 , the Court considered whether to ban the automatic use of it completely as a sentence for minors , even in cases of aggravated first degree murder ( what is usually called felony murder , capital murder , or murder with aggravating circumstances , and for an adult could mean a sentence of death or life without a chance of parole ; the planned rape and murder of a young child or the planned murder of more than one person at a time -- e.g. , a couple in their house -- would be two examples ) where it is still a possibility . The Court had already judged the death penalty unconstitutional for minors in 2005 . In June 2012 , the Court ruled that it could never be automatically used as a sentence for a minor ( under 18 ) , although the Court left room for it as a sentence that can eventually be given ( for now ) in certain first - degree murder cases once the judge has taken mitigating circumstances and other factors into account . The U.S. practice of sentencing juveniles to life imprisonment without a possibility of parole violates international standards of justice , as well as treaties to which the U.S. is a party . Each state must ensure that its criminal punishments comply with the United States ' international treaty obligations : The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ; the oversight Committee instructed the U.S. to : `` ensure that no such child offender is sentenced to life without parole ( and ) adopt all appropriate measures to review the situation of persons already serving such sentences '' . The United Nations Convention Against Torture ; the oversight Committee warned the U.S. that juvenile life sentences without a possibility of parole could constitute `` cruel , inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment '' for youth . The oversight body of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination found that juvenile life without a chance of parole is applied disproportionately to black minors , and the U.S. has done nothing to reduce what has become pervasive discrimination . The Committee recommended that the U.S. discontinue the use of this sentence against persons under the age of eighteen at the time the offense was committed , and review the situation of persons already serving such sentences . The United Nations General Assembly has called upon governments to : `` abolish by law , as soon as possible ... life imprisonment without possibility of release for those below the age of 18 years at the time of the commission of the offense '' . International standards of justice hold that a juvenile life imprisonment without a possibility of parole is not warranted under any circumstances because juvenile offenders lack the experience , education , intelligence and mental development of adults and must be given a reasonable opportunity to obtain release based on demonstrated maturity and rehabilitation . Use of life imprisonment sentence ( edit ) Although sentences vary for each state , generally the life imprisonment sentences are mandatory sentences for first degree murder , particularly when the first degree murder is done during the commission of another felony ( the felony murder rule ) , or there are other aggravating circumstances present ( such as is common for rapes which precede such murders , or the first degree murder of any law enforcement official or other public servant ) in all 50 states and the District of Columbia , including states without the death penalty , and as an ( or the only ) alternative sentence in states that have the death penalty and in federal and military courts . Life imprisonment is also a mandatory punishment in Idaho for aircraft hijacking , in New York for terrorism , and in Florida for capital sexual battery ( sexual abuse of a child under 12 years old that causes injury to the child ) . It may be given for `` drug kingpins '' and `` habitual criminals '' . It has been applied in every state except Alaska , as well as in the federal courts . In Alaska , the maximum term of imprisonment is for 99 years , although this is almost always considered to be a theoretical life sentence . Statistics ( edit ) Over 159,000 people were serving life sentences as of 2012 , with just under a third -- nearly 50,000 -- serving life without a chance of parole . In 1993 the Times survey found , about 20 percent of all lifers had no chance of parole . By 2004 the number rose to 28 percent . As a result , the U.S. is now housing a large and permanent population of prisoners who will die of old age behind bars . At the Louisiana State Penitentiary , for instance , more than 3,000 of the 5,100 prisoners are serving life with a chance of parole , and most of the remaining 2,100 are serving sentences so long that they can not be completed in a typical lifetime . About 150 inmates have died there in the last five years . Parole and nonviolent offenses ( edit ) Under the federal criminal code , however , with respect to offenses committed after December 1 , 1987 , parole has been abolished for all sentences handed down by the federal system , including life sentences , so a life sentence from a federal court will result in imprisonment for the life of the defendant , unless a pardon or reprieve is granted by the President , or if upon appeal , the conviction is quashed . Over 3,200 people nationwide are serving life terms without a chance of parole for nonviolent offenses . Of those prisoners , 80 percent are behind bars for drug - related convictions . Sixty - five percent are African - American , 18 percent are white , and 16 percent are Latino . The ACLU has called these statistics proof of `` extreme racial disparities . '' Some of the crimes that led to life sentences include stealing gas from a truck , shoplifting , etc. , but only for those with a pattern of habitual criminal offenses . A large number of those imprisoned for life had no prior criminal history whatsoever , but were given the sentence due to the aggravated nature of their crimes . Three - strikes Law ( edit ) Further information : three - strikes law Under some `` three - strikes laws '' , a broad range of crimes ranging from petty theft to murder can serve as the trigger for a mandatory or discretionary life sentence in California . Notably , the U.S. Supreme Court on several occasions has upheld lengthy sentences for petty theft including life with the possibility of parole and 50 years to life , stating that neither sentence conflicted with the ban on `` cruel and unusual punishment '' in the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution . Notable examples ( edit ) Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab -- Attempted to explode a transatlantic flight John Gotti -- Boss of the New York City Gambino crime family Aaron Hernandez -- Former NFL Player for the New England Patriots who was found guilty of first - degree murder . Committed suicide on April 19th , 2017 . Lawrence Horn -- Former record recording executive , contracted the killing of his ex-wife ; his disabled son , and the son 's nurse , attempting to gain control of his son 's $1.7 million trust fund Ted Kaczynski -- The Unabomber , whose homemade bombs killed 3 people and injured 23 others Lee Boyd Malvo -- Accomplice of the Beltway Sniper Attacks Terry Nichols -- Main accomplice to Timothy McVeigh in the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995 Gary Ridgway -- A serial killer who murdered 49 women in and around Seattle Eric Rudolph -- 1996 Olympic bomber , who killed 4 and injured 111 others Jerry Sandusky -- Former Penn State football assistant coach Gerald Arthur Sandusky was convicted as a serial child molester Faisal Shahzad -- The Times Square Bomber , who attempted to detonate a car bomb in Times Square on May 1 , 2010 Ross Ulbricht -- Manager of the Silk Road , an online drug - trafficking black market See also ( edit ) Whole life tariff , a determinate life sentence sometimes handed down under English criminal law Black site References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Highest to Lowest . World Prison Brief . International Centre for Prison Studies . Use dropdown menu to choose lists of countries by region , or the whole world . Use menu to select highest - to - lowest lists of prison population totals , prison population rates , percentage of pre-trial detainees / remand prisoners , percentage of female prisoners , percentage of foreign prisoners , and occupancy rate . Column headings in tables can be clicked to reorder columns lowest to highest , or alphabetically . For detailed info for each country go to the World Prison Brief main page and click on the map links or the sidebar links to get to the region and country desired . Data for the whole Wikipedia list was last retrieved on 1 June 2014 . Some numbers may be adjusted here later according to later info , or other references . Jump up ^ In re Jeanice D. , 28 Cal . 3d 210 ( 1980 ) ( `` 25 years to life '' is indeterminate life sentence implying that minor convicted of first - degree murder was eligible for commitment to the California Youth Authority rather than determinate life sentence which would require incarceration in regular prison ) . Jump up ^ A.E. Weiss , Prisons , A System in Trouble ( 1988 ) , pp. 29 -- 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Master Sergeant Maurice L. Schick convicted of murder '' . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schick v. Reed , 419 U.S. 256 ( 1974 ) . Jump up ^ Schick v. Reed - Significance Jump up ^ J.H. Wright , Jr. , `` Life Without Parole : An Alternative to the wien or Not Much of a Life At All ? '' 43 Vanderbilt Law Review 529 , 535 ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Craig S. Lerner . `` Life without parole as a conflicted punishment '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Ford Opens Door for Parole Of Six Once Sentenced to Die for Killings in Military '' . Los Angeles Times . January 22 , 1977 . Jump up ^ Wright , supra , at p. 536 . Jump up ^ 408 U.S. 238 ( 1972 ) . Jump up ^ see Green v. Teets , 244 F2d 401 ( 9th Cir. 1957 ) ; United States v. Ragen , 146 F2d 349 ( 7th Cir . ) , cert denied , 325 U.S. 865 ( 1945 ) ; and State v. Dehler , 257 Minn . 549 , 102 N.W. 2d 696 ( 1960 ) . Jump up ^ 18 How . 307 ( 1856 ) . Jump up ^ See C. de la Vega & M. Leighton , Sentencing our Children to Die in Prison : Global Law and Practice , 42 U.S.F. Law Review 983 , 989 ( 2008 ) . The research was conducted in 2007 , updated in 2008 to clarify that Tanzania , South Africa and Israel do not allow juvenile life without parole , and cited by the U.S. Supreme Court in 2010 in Graham v. Florida . The University of San Francisco Center for Law & Global Justice continues to monitor international juvenile sentencing laws and practices . Jump up ^ State Distribution of Youth Offenders Serving Juvenile Life Without a chance of Parole ( JLWOP ) Human Rights Watch , October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Rest of Their Lives : Life without Parole for Child Offenders in the United States '' , Human Rights Watch , May 1 , 2008 Jump up ^ Graham v. Florida , 130 S. Ct. 2011 ( 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Graham v. Florida , supra , 130 S. Ct . at 2034 ( concluding that juvenile life without parole is unconstitutional for non-homicide crimes ) . Jump up ^ International law and practice clearly reflect the sentiments of the Graham court regarding juveniles . Graham v. Florida , supra , 130 S. Ct . at 2030 . Jump up ^ Life Without Parole Death Penalty Information Center Jump up ^ Wright , supra , at p. 559 . ^ Jump up to : Liptak , Adam ( 2 October 2005 ) . `` To More Inmates , Life Term Means Dying Behind Bars '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ http://www.democracynow.org/2013/11/15/jailed_for_life_for_stealing_a Jump up ^ See Rummel v. Estelle , 445 U.S. 263 ( 1980 ) ( upholding life sentence for fraudulent use of a credit card to obtain $80 worth of goods or services , passing a forged check in the amount of $28.36 , and obtaining $120.75 by false pretenses ) and Lockyer v. Andrade , 538 U.S. 63 ( 2003 ) ( upholding sentence of 50 years to life for stealing videotapes on two separate occasions after three prior offenses ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Life imprisonment in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_imprisonment_in_the_United_States&oldid=797952989 '' Categories : Life imprisonment by country United States sentencing law Imprisonment and detention in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 August 2017 , at 04 : 12 . About Wikipedia

1. Life imprisonment in the United States 2. Indeterminate and determinate life sentences 3. Life imprisonment without parole 4. Use of life imprisonment for nonviolent offenses 5. Three-strikes law and mandatory life sentences

who wants to be a millionaire game hosts

Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( U.S. game show ) - wikipedia Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( U.S. game show ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Game show Created by David Briggs Mike Whitehill Steven Knight Developed by Michael Davies Directed by Mark Gentile ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Matthew Cohen ( 2002 -- 10 ) Rob George ( 2010 -- 13 ) Brian McAloon ( 2013 -- 14 ) Rich DiPirro ( 2014 -- present ) Presented by ABC : Regis Philbin Syndication : Meredith Vieira ( 2002 -- 13 ) Cedric the Entertainer ( 2013 -- 14 ) Terry Crews ( 2014 -- 15 ) Chris Harrison ( 2015 -- present ) Composer ( s ) Keith Strachan ( 1999 -- 2010 ) Matthew Strachan ( 1999 -- 2010 ) Jeff Lippencott ( 2010 -- present ) Mark T. Williams ( 2010 -- present ) Country of origin United States No. of seasons 19 ( 3 on ABC , 16 in syndication ) No. of episodes ABC ( Original ) : 363 Syndicated : 2,655 ( as of October 6 , 2017 ) ABC ( Super Millionaire ) : 12 ABC ( 10th Anniversary Special ) : 11 <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Davies ( 1999 -- 2010 ) Paul Smith ( 1999 -- 2007 ) Leigh Hampton ( 2004 -- 10 ) Rich Sirop ( 2010 -- 14 ) James Rowley ( 2014 -- present ) Location ( s ) New York , New York ( 1999 -- 2012 ) Stamford , Connecticut ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Las Vegas , Nevada ( 2016 -- present ) Running time 39 -- 48 minutes ( ABC ) 19 -- 25 minutes ( syndication ) Production company ( s ) Valleycrest Productions ( 1999 -- present ) Celador ( 1999 -- 2007 ) 2waytraffic ( 2007 -- present ) Distributor Buena Vista Television ( 1999 -- 2007 ) Disney -- ABC Domestic Television ( 2007 -- present ) <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network ABC ( 1999 -- 2002 , 2004 , 2009 ) Syndication ( 2002 -- present ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( 1999 -- 2011 ) 720p / 1080i ( HDTV ) ( 2011 -- present ) Audio format Stereo Original release ABC August 16 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 16 ) -- June 27 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 27 ) Syndication September 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 16 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> External links Website millionairetv.dadt.com Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( often informally called Millionaire ) is an American television game show based on the same - titled British program and developed for the United States by Michael Davies . The show features a quiz competition in which contestants attempt to win a top prize of $1,000,000 by answering a series of multiple - choice questions of increasing difficulty ( although , for a time , most of the questions were of random difficulty ) . The program has endured as one of the longest - running and most successful international variants in the Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? franchise . The original U.S. version aired on ABC from August 16 , 1999 , to June 27 , 2002 , and was hosted by Regis Philbin . The daily syndicated version of the show began airing on September 16 , 2002 , and was hosted for eleven seasons by Meredith Vieira until May 31 , 2013 . Later hosts included Cedric the Entertainer in the 2013 -- 14 season , Terry Crews in the following season ( 2014 -- 15 ) , and Chris Harrison , who began hosting on September 14 , 2015 . As the first U.S. network game show to offer a million - dollar top prize , the show made television history by becoming one of the highest - rated game shows in the history of American television . The U.S. Millionaire has won seven Daytime Emmy Awards , and TV Guide ranked it No. 6 in its 2013 list of the 60 greatest game shows of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Core rules 1.2 Format history 1.3 Payout structure 1.4 Lifelines 1.5 Top prize winners 2 Personnel 2.1 Hosts 2.2 Production staff 3 Production 3.1 Origins 3.2 Audition process 3.3 Music 3.4 Set 4 Broadcast history 4.1 ABC 4.2 Syndication 4.3 GSN 5 Special editions 5.1 Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire 5.2 10th Anniversary Celebration 5.3 Million Dollar Tournament of Ten 6 Reception 7 Other media 7.1 Merchandise 7.2 Disney Parks attraction 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Core rules ( edit ) Screenshot illustrating how question text and answer choices appear on - screen At its core , the game is a quiz competition in which the goal is to correctly answer a series of fourteen ( originally fifteen ) consecutive multiple - choice questions . The questions are of increasing difficulty , except in the 2010 -- 15 format overhaul , where the contestants were faced with a round of ten questions of random difficulty , followed by a round of four questions of increasing difficulty . Each question is worth a specified amount of money ; the amounts are cumulative in the first round , but not in the second . If the contestant gives a wrong answer to any question , their game is over and their winnings are reduced ( or increased , in the first two questions ) to $1,000 for tier - one questions , $5,000 for tier - two questions , and $50,000 for tier - three questions . However , the contestant has the option of `` walking away '' without giving an answer after being presented with a question , in which case the game ends and the contestant is guaranteed to walk away with all the money they have previously received . With the exception of the shuffle format , upon correctly answering questions five and ten , contestants are guaranteed at least the amount of prize money associated with that level . If the contestant gives an incorrect answer , their winnings drop down to the last milestone achieved . Since 2015 , if the contestant answers a question incorrectly before reaching question five , he or she leaves with $1,000 , even on the first question that is worth only $500 . For celebrities , the minimum guarantee for their nominated charities is $10,000 . Prior to the shuffle format , a contestant left with nothing if ( s ) he answered a question incorrectly before reaching the first milestone . In the shuffle format era , contestants who incorrectly answered a question had their winnings reduced to $1,000 in round one and $25,000 in round two . Format history ( edit ) On the ABC versions , ten contestants competed in a preliminary `` Fastest Finger '' round for the right to play the main game on each episode . The contestants were presented with a question and a list of four answers which needed to be put in a specific order . Using keys on their podiums , each of the contestants attempted to enter the correct order in the shortest amount of time , with a maximum time limit of 20 seconds . If the main game ended and there was still time available for another game , the remaining contestants played another Fastest Finger round for a chance to play the main game . In the event of a tie between two or more contestants , those contestants played an additional Fastest Finger question to break the tie . If all contestants answered the question incorrectly , the round was repeated with another question . Fastest Finger was eliminated from the gameplay when the syndicated version premiered in 2002 . From 2008 to 2010 , time limits were used for each question . Contestants were given up to 15 seconds each for questions one through five , 30 seconds each for questions six through ten , and 45 seconds each for questions eleven through fourteen . Unused time was banked , and if the contestant reached question fifteen , he or she was given 45 seconds plus the amount of time previously banked . If the clock reached zero before a contestant could provide a final answer , the contestant was forced to walk away with the winnings they had at that point . During the clock format era , a `` Millionaire Menu '' was introduced , in which categories are revealed for each question at the beginning of the game , and are made visible to the contestant for their future reference . Some prize levels also changed at the start of season eight . Most of the episodes in season eight ( from the `` Million Dollar Tournament of Ten '' onward ) featured special `` Celebrity Questions '' that were mid-level in monetary value , and were provided by notable individuals whose identities were not revealed until the contestant reached their special questions . When the ninth syndicated season began on September 13 , 2010 , the format was overhauled . Ten questions were asked in round one , each assigned one of ten different money amounts which were randomized at the beginning of the game , as were the questions themselves . The difficulty of the questions was not tied to the dollar value . The dollar values for each question remained hidden until a contestant either provided a correct answer or chose to `` jump '' the question . The value of each question answered correctly was added to the contestant 's bank , for a maximum total of $68,600 . A contestant who completed the round successfully could walk at any subsequent point with all the money in their bank , or could walk without completing the round with half that amount ( e.g. , a contestant who banked $30,000 would leave with $15,000 ) . After completing round one , the contestant moved on to a second round of gameplay ( the `` Classic Millionaire '' round ) , in which four non-categorized questions were played for set non-cumulative values and a correct answer augmented the contestant 's winnings to that point , as in the older formats . The shuffle format changes , including the randomization and double - round distribution of questions , were reverted for the fourteenth syndicated season . From 2011 to 2014 , certain weeks of the show were designated as `` Double Your Money '' weeks . In those , a pre-selected question in round one was designated the `` Double Money Question . '' When a contestant answered such a question correctly , the monetary value behind the question was doubled and added to his or her bank , giving him or her the possibility of adding up to $50,000 to his or her bank on a single question ; under these special rules , it was possible for a contestant to finish round one with a maximum total of $93,600 in their bank . However , when a contestant `` jumped '' the question , they forfeited the doubled money . In the event that a contestant leaves and very little time remains ( in the final part of an episode ) , a randomly selected audience member is given one chance to win $1,000 by answering the next question intended for the previous contestant ( or $2,000 if the next question was on a Double Money episode ) . Regardless of the outcome , the audience member receives a special prize . In seasons nine and ten , the prize was a copy of the Millionaire video game ; as of season eleven , audience members now receive 20 free playings for a Facebook game based on the show 's format . In season thirteen , which gave this game the name `` Thousandaire '' , the question the audience player faced did not come from the previous player 's stack , but was instead a separate question . Two additional audience games were also introduced and played in season thirteen : `` Team Millionaire '' , where two audience members are both presented with a single question and lock in their individual answers separately for the chance to win $500 and a bonus question with which they can double their money ; and `` Fastest Feet '' , a variation of Fastest Finger which four audience members play for the chance to split $1,000 . Payout structure ( edit ) Five different ladders have been used for a season or more over the course of the series . Question number <Th_colspan="5"> Question value 1999 -- 2004 2004 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 15 2015 -- present <Td_colspan="2"> $100 $500 Random value ( $100 , $500 , $1,000 , $2,000 , $3,000 , $5,000 , $7,000 , $10,000 , $15,000 , and $25,000 ) The value of each correct response accumulated through the first 10 questions , for a potential maximum of $68,600 . $500 <Td_colspan="2"> $200 $1,000 $1,000 <Td_colspan="2"> $300 $2,000 $2,000 <Td_colspan="2"> $500 $3,000 $3,000 5 <Td_colspan="2"> $1,000 $5,000 $5,000 6 <Td_colspan="2"> $2,000 $7,500 $7,000 7 <Td_colspan="2"> $4,000 $10,000 $10,000 8 <Td_colspan="2"> $8,000 $12,500 $20,000 9 <Td_colspan="2"> $16,000 $15,000 $30,000 10 $32,000 <Td_colspan="2"> $25,000 $50,000 11 $64,000 <Td_colspan="2"> $50,000 <Td_colspan="2"> $100,000 12 $125,000 <Td_colspan="2"> $100,000 <Td_colspan="2"> $250,000 13 <Td_colspan="3"> $250,000 <Td_colspan="2"> $500,000 14 <Td_colspan="3"> $500,000 <Td_colspan="2"> $1,000,000 15 <Td_colspan="3"> $1,000,000 <Td_colspan="2"> The original primetime payment structure was also used for the first two seasons of the syndicated version . The third syndicated season saw a reduction in the values for questions ten through twelve . In the eighth syndicated season , the lower question values were adjusted to raise the first safe haven to $5,000 . When the `` shuffle format '' was used , the first ten questions had random amounts from $100 to $25,000 , as listed above . In addition , the number of questions needed to win the million was reduced to 14 , removing the $50,000 level ; the last four values remained the same for round two . When the shuffle format ended at the start of the 2015 -- 16 season , the switch to 14 questions was retained ; the first safe haven was kept at $5,000 , but the second was raised to $50,000 . The $500,000 and $1,000,000 prizes were initially lump - sum payments , but were changed to annuities in September 2002 when the series moved to syndication . Contestants winning either of these prizes receive $250,000 thirty days after their show broadcasts and the remainder paid in equal annual payments . The $500,000 prize consists of $25,000 per year for 10 years , while the $1,000,000 prize consists of $37,500 per year for 20 years . Any contestant who answers one of the first five questions incorrectly still receives a $1,000 consolation prize , contrary to what the home audience is told . This is in contrast to the old format , in which contestants who answered one of the first five questions incorrectly actually left with nothing at all . Lifelines ( edit ) Contestants are given a series of lifelines to aid them with difficult questions . They can use as many lifelines as desired per question , but each lifeline can only be used once per game . Three lifelines are available from the start of the game . Depending on the format of the show , additional lifelines may become available after the contestant correctly answers the fifth or tenth question . In the clock format , usage of lifelines temporarily paused the clock while the lifelines were played . The show 's original three lifelines were `` 50 : 50 '' , in which the computer eliminates two of the incorrect answers ; `` Phone - a-Friend '' , which allowed the contestant to make a 30 - second call to one of a number of friends ( who provided their phone numbers in advance ) and read them the question and answer choices , after which the friend provided input ; and `` Ask the Audience '' , in which audience members use touch pads to designate what they believe the correct answer to be , after which the percentage of the audience choosing each specific option is displayed to the contestant. 50 : 50 was eliminated at the end of the show 's sixth syndicated season , only to be restored in season fourteen . Phone - a-Friend was removed on the episode aired January 11 , 2010 , after it was determined that there was an increasing trend of contestants ' friends using search engines and other Internet resources , unfairly privileging individuals who had computer access over those who did not , and that it was contrary to the original intent of the lifeline where friends were supposed to provide assistance based on what they already knew . From 2004 to 2008 , there was a fourth lifeline called `` Switch the Question '' , earned upon answering question ten , in which the computer replaced , at the contestant 's request , one question with another of the same monetary value ; however , any lifelines used on the original question were not reinstated for the new question . Switch the Question returned as `` Cut the Question '' on a special week of shows with child contestants aired in 2014 . During the Super Millionaire spin - off , two new lifelines were introduced : `` Double Dip '' , which allowed the contestant to make two guesses at a question , but required them to play out the question , forbidding them to walk away or use any further lifelines ; and `` Three Wise Men '' , in which the contestant was allowed to ask a sequestered panel of three people chosen by the producers , appearing via face - to - face audio and video feeds , which answer they believed was correct , within a time limit of 30 seconds . When the clock format was implemented , Double Dip replaced 50 : 50 , and the show introduced a new lifeline called `` Ask the Expert '' , which was like Three Wise Men but had one person ( usually a celebrity or a former Millionaire contestant ) functioning as an expert instead of a panel of three people , lacked the time limit of its predecessor , and allowed the contestant and expert to discuss the question . Ask the Expert was originally available after the fifth question , but was moved to the beginning of the game after Phone - a-Friend was removed . The show 's lifelines sometimes used corporate sponsorship . The Phone - a-Friend lifeline was sponsored by the original AT&T throughout the run of the ABC primetime show and in the first season of the syndicated version , then by the current AT&T for the 2009 primetime episodes . From 2004 to 2006 , Ask the Audience was sponsored by AOL , which allowed users of its Instant Messenger to add the screen name MillionaireIM to their buddy list and receive an instant message with the question and the four possible answers , to which the users replied with their choices . In addition , the Ask the Expert lifeline was sponsored by Skype for its live audio and video feeds . During the shuffle format era , the show introduced a new lifeline , `` Jump the Question '' , which was able to be used twice in a single game for seasons nine through twelve . At any point prior to selecting a final answer , a contestant could use Jump the Question to skip the current question and move on to the next one , thus reducing the number of questions they had to correctly answer . However , if the contestant used Jump the Question , they did not gain any money from the question they chose to skip ( for example , a contestant would not gain the typical $100,000 if they jumped to the $250,000 question ) . This lifeline could not be used on the $1 million question , since it is the final question in the game . The `` Plus One '' lifeline , introduced in season thirteen , allows a contestant to bring a companion with him or her to the podium for help in answering a question . The introduction of this lifeline reduced the number of Jump the Question lifelines available from two to one . On occasional specially designated weeks , starting with a Halloween - themed week that aired from October 29 to November 2 , 2012 , the shuffle format used a special lifeline called `` Crystal Ball '' , which allows the contestant to see the money value of a round one question prior to giving an answer . Jump the Question was removed at the end of the show 's thirteenth syndicated season . For the show 's fourteenth season , during a special week of college shows , players got another lifeline called `` Extra Help '' , played similarly to `` Plus One '' and allowing for another companion to help the player ; however , it could only be used after `` Plus One '' was used . Top prize winners ( edit ) See also : List of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? top prize winners The first contestant to correctly answer all 15 questions and win the top prize of $1,000,000 was John Carpenter , on the episode aired November 19 , 1999 . In 2000 , the million dollar top prize was awarded five times : to Dan Blonsky on the episode aired January 18 , to Joe Trela on March 23 , to Bob House on June 13 , to Kim Hunt on July 6 , and to David Goodman on July 11 . In January 2001 , when no contestant had won $1 million in any show that aired over a period of five months , the top prize was then changed from a flat $1 million to an accumulating jackpot that increased by $10,000 for each episode where the top prize was not won . On April 10 , 2001 , Kevin Olmstead correctly answered the final question and won $2,180,000 , making him the biggest winner in television history at the time . The top prize for correctly answering the final question returned to $1 million following Olmstead 's win and has remained unchanged since ; just five days after Olmstead 's win , the standard $1 million prize was awarded to Bernie Cullen . The last top prize winner on the original network version was Ed Toutant , on the episode aired September 7 , 2001 ; he had previously appeared on the episode aired January 31 , 2001 when the jackpot was $1,860,000 , where he was ruled to have answered his $16,000 question incorrectly , but when it was discovered that there was a mistake in that question , Toutant was invited back and won the $1,860,000 jackpot . On the Super Millionaire spin - off , Robert Essig won $1,000,000 after answering the twelfth question and then walked away , not reaching the final question for $10,000,000 . On the syndicated version 's first season , two contestants correctly answered all 15 questions and won the top prize of $1,000,000 : Kevin Smith on February 18 , 2003 , and Nancy Christy on May 8 of the same year . During the Million Dollar Tournament of Ten which aired in November 2009 , Sam Murray , who had previously supplied correct responses for eleven questions , risked his winnings on a special $1,000,000 question ; he was the only contestant to answer his question correctly . Personnel ( edit ) Hosts ( edit ) Regis Philbin , host of the original network version The original network version of the U.S. Millionaire and the subsequent primetime specials were hosted by Regis Philbin . When the syndicated version was being developed , the production team felt that it was not feasible for Philbin to continue hosting , as the show recorded four episodes in a single day , and that the team was looking for qualities in a new host : it had to be somebody who would love the contestants and be willing to root for them . Rosie O'Donnell was initially offered a hosting position on this new edition , but declined the opportunity almost immediately . Eventually Meredith Vieira , who had previously competed in a celebrity charity event on the original network version , was named host of the new syndicated edition . ABC originally offered Vieira hosting duties on the syndicated Millionaire to sweeten one of her re-negotiations for the network 's daytime talk show The View , which she was moderating at the time . When the show was honored by GSN on its Gameshow Hall of Fame special , Vieira herself further explained her motivation for hosting the syndicated version as follows : `` I did the show because I fell in love with the show , and really , first and foremost , as a parent , ( I feel that ) there are n't that many shows on television that you can watch as a family . And when Michael Davies approached me and said , `` Would you be interested in hosting the syndicated version ? '' , I said , `` Just point me toward the contract ! I am so there ! '' '' From 2007 to 2011 , when Vieira was concurrently working as a co-host of Today , guest hosts appeared in the second half of each season of the syndicated version . Guest hosts who filled in for Vieira included Philbin , Al Roker , Tom Bergeron , Tim Vincent , Dave Price , Billy Bush , Leeza Gibbons , Cat Deeley , Samantha Harris , Shaun Robinson , Steve Harvey , John Henson , Sherri Shepherd , Tim Gunn , and D.L. Hughley . On January 10 , 2013 , Vieira announced that after eleven seasons with the syndicated Millionaire , she would be leaving the show as part of an effort to focus on other projects in her career . She finalized taping of her last episodes with the show in November 2012 . While Philbin briefly considered a return to the show , Cedric the Entertainer was introduced as her successor when season twelve premiered on September 2 , 2013 . On April 30 , 2014 , Deadline announced that Cedric had decided to leave the show in order to lighten his workload , resulting in him being succeeded by Terry Crews for the 2014 -- 15 season . Crews was succeeded by Chris Harrison , host of The Bachelor and its spin - offs , when season 14 premiered on September 14 , 2015 . Production staff ( edit ) The original executive producers of the U.S. Millionaire were British television producers Michael Davies and Paul Smith , the latter of whom undertook the responsibility of licensing Millionaire to American airwaves as part of his effort to transform the UK program into a global franchise . Smith served until 2007 and Davies until 2010 ; additionally , Leigh Hampton ( previously co-executive producer in the later days of the network version and in the syndicated version 's first two seasons ) served as an executive producer from 2004 to 2010 . Rich Sirop , who was previously a supervising producer , became the executive producer in 2010 and held that position until 2014 , when he left Millionaire to hold the same position with Vieira 's newly launched syndicated talk show , and was replaced by James Rowley . Vincent Rubino , who had previously been the syndicated Millionaire 's supervising producer for its first two seasons , served as that version 's co-executive producer for the 2004 -- 05 season , after which he was succeeded by Vieira herself , who continued to hold the title until her departure in 2013 ( sharing her position with Sirop for the 2009 -- 10 season ) . Producers of the network version included Hampton , Rubino , Leslie Fuller , Nikki Webber , and Terrence McDonnell . For its first two seasons the syndicated version had Deirdre Cossman for its managing producer , then Dennis F. McMahon became producer for the next two seasons ( joined by Dominique Bruballa as his line producer ) , after which Jennifer Weeks produced the next four seasons of syndicated Millionaire shows , initially accompanied by Amanda Zucker as her line producer , but later joined for the 2008 -- 09 season by Tommy Cody ( who became sole producer in the 2009 -- 10 season ) . The first 65 shuffle format episodes were produced by McPaul Smith , and as of 2011 , the title of producer is held by Bryan Lasseter . The network version had Ann Miller and Tiffany Trigg for its supervising producers ; they were joined by Wendy Roth in the first two seasons , and by Michael Binkow in the third and final season . After Rubino 's promotion to co-executive producer , the syndicated version 's later supervising producers included Sirop ( 2004 -- 09 ) , Geena Gintzig ( 2009 -- 10 ) , Brent Burnette ( 2010 -- 12 ) , Geoff Rosen ( 2012 -- 14 ) , and Liz Harris ( 2014 -- 16 ) , who currently serves as the co-executive producer . The original network version of Millionaire was directed by Mark Gentile , who later served as the syndicated version 's consulting producer for its first two seasons , and then as the director of Duel , which ran on ABC from December 2007 to July 2008 . The syndicated version was directed by Matthew Cohen from 2002 to 2010 , by Rob George from 2010 to 2013 , and by Brian McAloon in the 2013 -- 14 season . Former Price Is Right director Rich DiPirro became Millionaire 's director in 2014 . Production ( edit ) The U.S. version of Millionaire is a co-production of 2waytraffic , a division of Sony Pictures Entertainment , and Valleycrest Productions , a division of The Walt Disney Company . 2waytraffic purchased Millionaire 's original production company Celador in 2008 , while Valleycrest has produced the series since its beginning , and holds the copyright on all U.S. Millionaire episodes to date . The show is distributed by Valleycrest 's corporate sibling Disney - ABC Home Entertainment & Television Distribution ( previously known as Buena Vista Television ) . The U.S. Millionaire was taped at ABC 's Television Center East studio on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York from 1999 to 2012 . Tapings were moved to NEP Broadcasting 's Metropolis Studios in East Harlem in 2013 , and production moved to studios located in Stamford , Connecticut the following year . For the 2016 -- 17 season , production relocated to Bally 's Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas , Nevada . Episodes of the syndicated version are produced from June to December . The show originally taped four episodes in a single day , but that number has since been changed to five . Origins ( edit ) When the U.S. version of Millionaire was first conceived in 1998 , Michael Davies was a young television producer who was serving as the head of ABC 's little - noticed reality programming division ( at a time when reality television had not yet become a phenomenon in America ) . At that time , ABC was lingering in third place in the ratings indexes among U.S. broadcast networks , and was on the verge of losing its status as one of the `` Big Three '' networks . Meanwhile , the popularity of game shows was at an all - time nadir , as with the exception of The Price Is Right , the genre was absent from networks ' daytime lineups at that point . Having earlier created Debt for Lifetime Television and participated with Al Burton and Donnie Brainard in the creation of Win Ben Stein 's Money for Comedy Central , Davies decided to create a primetime game show that would save the network from collapse and revive interest in game shows . Davies originally considered reviving CBS 's long - lost quiz show The $64,000 Question for a new era , with a new home on ABC . However , this effort 's development was limited as when the producer heard that the British Millionaire was about to make its debut , he got his friends and family members in the UK to record the show , and subsequently ended up receiving about eight FedEx packages from different family members , each containing a copy of Millionaire 's first episode . Davies was so captivated by everything that he had seen and heard , from host Chris Tarrant 's intimate involvement with the contestant to the show 's lighting system and music tracks , that he chose to abandon his work on the $64,000 Question revival in favor of introducing Millionaire to American airwaves , convinced that it would become extraordinarily popular . When Davies presented his ideas for the U.S. Millionaire to ABC , the network 's executives initially rejected them , so he resigned his position there and became an independent producer . Determined to bring his idea for the show to fruition , Davies decided that he was betting his whole career on Millionaire 's production , and the first move that he made was planning to attach a celebrity host to the show . Along with Philbin , a number of other popular television personalities were considered for hosting positions on the U.S. Millionaire during its development , including Peter Jennings , Bob Costas , Phil Donahue , and Montel Williams , but among those considered , it was Philbin who wanted the job the most , and when he saw an episode of the British Millionaire and was blown away by his content , Davies and his team ultimately settled on having him host the American show . When Davies approached ABC again after having hired Philbin , the network finally agreed to accept the U.S. Millionaire . With production now ready to begin , the team had only five months to finish developing the show and get it launched , with Davies demanding perfection in every element of Millionaire 's production . Audition process ( edit ) With few exceptions , any legal resident of the United States who is 18 years of age or older has the potential of becoming a contestant through Millionaire 's audition process . Those ineligible include employees , immediate family or household members , and close acquaintances of SPE , Disney , or any of their respective affiliates or subsidiaries ; television stations that broadcast the syndicated version ; or any advertising agency or other firm or entity engaged in the production , administration , or judging of the show . Also ineligible are current candidates for political office and individuals who have appeared on a different game show outside of cable that has been broadcast within the past year , is intended to be broadcast within the next year , or played the main game on any of the U.S. versions of Millionaire itself . Potential contestants of the original primetime version had to compete in a telephone contest which had them dial a toll - free number and answer three questions by putting objects or events in order . Callers had ten seconds to enter the order on a keypad , with any incorrect answer ending the game / call . The 10,000 to 20,000 candidates who answered all three questions correctly were selected into a random drawing in which approximately 300 contestants competed for ten spots on the show using the same phone quiz method . Accommodations for contestants outside the New York City area included round trip airfare ( or other transportation ) and hotel accommodations . The syndicated version 's potential contestants , depending on tryouts , are required to pass an electronically scored test comprising a set of thirty questions which must be answered within a 10 - minute time limit . Contestants who fail the test are eliminated , while those who pass are interviewed for an audition by the production staff , and those who impress the staff the most are then notified by postal mail that they have been placed into a pool for possible selection as contestants . At the producers ' discretion , contestants from said pool are selected to appear on actual episodes of the syndicated program ; these contestants are given a phone call from staff and asked to confirm the information on their initial application form and verify that they meet all eligibility requirements . Afterwards , they are given a date to travel to the show 's taping facilities to participate in a scheduled episode of the show . Unlike its ABC counterpart , the syndicated version does not offer transportation or hotel accommodations to contestants at the production company 's expense ; that version 's contestants are instead required to provide transportation and accommodations of their own . The syndicated Millionaire also conducts open casting calls in various locations across the United States to search for potential contestants . These are held in late spring or early summer , with all dates and locations posted on the show 's official website . The producers make no guarantee on how many applicants will be tested at each particular venue ; however , the show will not test any more than 2,500 individuals per audition day . In cases when the show features themed episodes with two people playing as a team , auditions for these episodes ' contestants are announced on the show 's website . Both members of the team must pass the written test and the audition interview successfully in order to be considered for selection . If only one member of the team passes , he or she is placed into the contestant pool alone and must continue the audition process as an individual in order to proceed . Music ( edit ) Originally , the U.S. Millionaire carried over the musical score from the British version , composed by father - and - son duo Keith and Matthew Strachan . Unlike older game show musical scores , Millionaire 's musical score was created to feature music playing almost throughout the entire show . The Strachans ' main Millionaire theme song took some inspiration from the `` Mars '' movement of Gustav Holst 's The Planets , and their question cues from the $2,000 to the $32,000 / $25,000 level , and then from the $64,000 / $50,000 level onwards , took the pitch up a semitone for each subsequent question , in order to increase tension as the contestant progressed through the game . On GSN 's Gameshow Hall of Fame special , the narrator described the Strachan tracks as `` mimicking the sound of a beating heart , '' and stated that as the contestant worked their way up the money ladder , the music was `` perfectly in tune with their ever - increasing pulse . '' The original Millionaire musical score holds the distinction of being the only game show soundtrack to be acknowledged by the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers , as the Strachans were honored with numerous ASCAP awards for their work , the earliest of them awarded in 2000 . The original music cues were given minor rearrangements for the clock format in 2008 ; for example , the question cues were synced to the `` ticking '' sounds of the game clock . Even later , the Strachan score was removed from the U.S. version altogether for the introduction of the shuffle format in 2010 , in favor of a new musical score with cues written by Jeff Lippencott and Mark T. Williams , co-founders of the Los Angeles - based company Ah2 Music . Set ( edit ) The U.S. Millionaire 's basic set is a direct adaptation of the British version 's set design , which was conceived by Andy Walmsley . Paul Smith 's original licensing agreement for the U.S. Millionaire required that the show 's set design , along with all other elements of the show 's on - air presentation ( musical score , lighting system , host 's wardrobe , etc . ) , adhere faithfully to the way in which they were presented in the British version ; this same licensing agreement applied to all other international versions of the show , making Walmsley 's Millionaire set design the most reproduced scenic design in television history . The original version of the U.S. Millionaire 's set cost $200,000 to construct . The U.S. Millionaire 's production design is handled by George Allison , whose predecessors have included David Weller and Jim Fenhagen . Unlike older game shows whose sets are or were designed to make the contestant ( s ) feel at ease , Millionaire 's set was designed to make the contestant feel uncomfortable , so that the program feels more like a movie thriller than a typical quiz show . The floor is made of Plexiglas beneath which lies a huge dish covered in mirror paper . Before the shuffle format was implemented in 2010 , the main game had the contestant and host sit in chairs in the center of the stage , known as `` Hot Seats '' ; these measured 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) high , were modeled after chairs typically found in hair salons , and each seat featured a computer monitor directly facing it to display questions and other pertinent information . Shortly after the shuffle format was introduced to Millionaire , Vieira stated in an interview with her Millionaire predecessor on his morning talk show that the Hot Seat was removed because it was decided that the seat , which was originally intended to make the contestant feel nervous , actually ended up having contestants feel so comfortable in it that it did not service the production team any longer . The lighting system is programmed to darken the set as the contestant progresses further into the game . There are also spotlights situated at the bottom of the set area that zoom down on the contestant when they answer a major question ; to increase the visibility of the light beams emitted by such spotlights , oil is vaporized , creating a haze effect . Media scholar Dr. Robert Thompson , a professor at Syracuse University , stated that the show 's lighting system made the contestant feel as though they were outside of prison when an escape was in progress . When the shuffle format was introduced , the Hot Seats and corresponding monitors were replaced with a single podium , and as a result , the contestant and host stand throughout the game and are also able to walk around the stage . Also , two video screens were installed -- one that displays the current question in play , and another that displays the contestant 's cumulative total and progress during the game . In September 2012 , the redesigned set was improved with a modernized look and feel , in order to take into account the show 's transition to high - definition broadcasting , which had just come about the previous year . The two video screens were replaced with two larger ones , having twice as many projectors as the previous screens had ; the previous contestant podium was replaced with a new one ; and light - emitting diode ( LED ) technology was integrated into the lighting system to give the lights more vivid colors and the set and gameplay experience a more intimate feel . Broadcast history ( edit ) ABC ( edit ) The U.S. version of Millionaire was launched by ABC as a half - hour primetime program on August 16 , 1999 . When it premiered , it became the first U.S. network game show to offer a million - dollar top prize to contestants . After airing thirteen episodes and reaching an audience of 15 million viewers by the end of the show 's first week on the air , the program expanded to an hour - long format when it returned in November . The series , of which episodes were originally shown only a day after their initial taping , was promoted to regular status on January 18 , 2000 and , at the height of its popularity , was airing on ABC five nights a week . The show was so popular during its original primetime run that rival networks created or re-incarnated game shows of their own ( e.g. , Greed , Twenty One , etc . ) , as well as importing various game shows of British and Australian origin to America ( such as Winning Lines , Weakest Link , and It 's Your Chance of a Lifetime ) . The nighttime version initially drew in up to 30 million viewers a day three times a week , an unheard - of number in modern network television . In the 1999 -- 2000 season , it averaged No. 1 in the ratings against all other television shows , with 28,848,000 viewers . In the next season ( 2000 -- 01 ) , three nights out of the five weekly episodes placed in the top 10 . However , the show 's ratings began to fall during the 2000 -- 01 season , so that at the start of the 2001 -- 02 season , the ratings were only a fraction of what they had been one year before , and by season 's end , the show was no longer even ranked among the top 20 . ABC 's reliance on the show 's popularity led the network to fall quickly from its former spot as the nation 's most watched network . As ABC 's overexposure of the primetime Millionaire led the public to tire of the show , there was speculation that the show would not survive beyond the 2001 -- 02 season . The staff planned on switching it to a format that would emphasize comedy more than the game and feature a host other than Philbin , but in the end , the primetime show was canceled , with its final episode airing on June 27 , 2002 . Syndication ( edit ) In 2001 , Millionaire producers began work on a half - hour daily syndicated version of the show , with the idea being that it would serve as an accompaniment to the network series which was still in production . ABC 's cancellation of the network Millionaire ended that idea ; however , the syndicated Millionaire still had enough interest to be greenlit and BVT sold the series to local stations for the 2002 -- 03 season . The syndicated series nearly met the same fate as its predecessor , however , due in part to worries that stemmed from a decision made by one of its affiliates . In the New York media market , BVT sold the syndicated Millionaire to CBS 's flagship station , WCBS - TV . In the season that had passed , WCBS ' mid-afternoon schedule included the syndicated edition of NBC 's Weakest Link , which aired at 4 pm from its January 2002 premiere . Joining Millionaire as a new syndicated series was a spinoff of The Oprah Winfrey Show hosted by Dr. Phil McGraw . WCBS picked up both series for 2002 -- 03 , with Dr. Phil serving as lead - in for the syndicated Millionaire , which was plugged into the time slot that Weakest Link had been occupying . At mid-season , WCBS announced that for the 2003 -- 04 season it had acquired the broadcast rights to The People 's Court after WNBC , which had been airing the revived series since its 1997 debut , dropped it from its lineup . WCBS announced plans to move The People 's Court into the time slot that was occupied by Millionaire and the still - airing 4 : 30 pm local newscast once it joined the station 's lineup in September 2003 . This led to speculation that the syndicated Millionaire would not be returning for a second season , and BVT 's concerns over losing its New York affiliate were compounded by the fact that there were not many time slots available for the show in New York outside of the undesirable late - night slots that syndicators try to avoid . In June 2003 , a shakeup at one of BVT 's corporate siblings provided the series with an opening . ABC announced that it would be returning the 12 : 30 pm network time slot to its affiliates in October of that year following the cancellation of the soap opera Port Charles . ABC 's flagship , WABC - TV , was thus in need of a program to fill the slot and BVT went to them asking if the station would pick up Millionaire . WABC agreed to do this and when the new season launched that fall , the station began airing Millionaire at 12 : 30 pm . Millionaire continued to air on WABC in the afternoon until the end of the 2014 -- 15 season , when it acquired the broadcast rights to FABLife for the 2015 -- 16 season . To make room for FABLife , the afternoon airing of Millionaire was moved to independent station WLNY - TV ; however , FABLife was canceled in January 2016 , and as a result , Millionaire moved back to WABC for the 2016 -- 17 season . According to e-mails released in the Sony Pictures Entertainment hack , Millionaire narrowly avoided cancellation after the 2014 -- 15 season . The show 's declining ratings prompted DADT to demand a dramatically reduced licensing fee for renewal , which SPE was hesitant to accept . The series was nonetheless renewed for the 2015 -- 16 season , with various cuts to the show 's production budget and a return to the original format ( but with only 14 questions ) . Had the show not been renewed , SPE would have placed the show on extended hiatus for three years , reclaimed full rights to the show ( without the innovations and format added in the syndicated run , to which DADT owns intellectual property rights ) , and shopped the revived show to another network or syndicator . In January 2017 , it was announced that Millionaire has been renewed through 2018 . GSN ( edit ) GSN acquired the rerun rights to the U.S. Millionaire in August 2003 . The network initially aired only episodes from the three seasons of the original prime - time run ; however , additional episodes were later added . These included the Super Millionaire spin - off , which aired on GSN from May 2005 to January 2007 , and the first two seasons of the syndicated version , which began airing on November 10 , 2008 . Special editions ( edit ) Various special editions and tournaments have been conducted which feature celebrities playing the game and donating winnings to charities of their choice . During celebrity editions on the original ABC version , contestants were allowed to receive help from their fellow contestants during the first ten questions . The most successful celebrity contestants throughout the show 's run have included Drew Carey , Rosie O'Donnell , Norm Macdonald , and Chip Esten , all of whom won $500,000 for their respective charities . The episode featuring O'Donnell's $500,000 win averaged 36.1 million viewers , the highest number for a single episode of the show . There have also been special weeks featuring two or three family members or couples competing as a team , a `` Champions Edition '' where former big winners returned and split their winnings with their favorite charities , a `` Zero Dollar Winner Edition '' featuring contestants who previously missed one of the first - tier questions and left with nothing , and a `` Tax - Free Edition '' in which H&R Block calculated the taxes of winnings to allow contestants to earn stated winnings after taxes , and various theme weeks featuring college students , teachers , brides - to - be , etc. as contestants . Additionally , the syndicated version once featured an annual `` Walk In & Win Week '' with contestants who were randomly selected from the audience without having to take the audition test . Special weeks have also included shows featuring questions concerning specific topics , such as professional football , celebrity gossip , movies , and pop culture . During a week of episodes in November 2007 , to celebrate the 1,000 th episode of the syndicated Millionaire , all contestants that week started with $1,000 so that they could not leave empty - handed , and only had to answer ten questions to win $1,000,000 . During that week , twenty home viewers per day also won $1,000 each . Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire ( edit ) In 2004 , Philbin returned to host 12 episodes of a spin - off program titled Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire in which contestants could potentially win $10,000,000 . ABC aired five episodes of this spin - off during the week of February 22 , 2004 , and an additional seven episodes later that year in May . As usual , contestants had to answer a series of 15 multiple - choice questions of increasing difficulty , but the dollar values rose substantially . The first five questions for Super Millionaire were worth $1,000 , $2,000 , $3,000 , $4,000 , $5,000 ( the first safe haven ) , the remaining ten questions were worth $10,000 , $20,000 , $30,000 , $50,000 , $100,000 ( the second safe haven ) , $500,000 , $1,000,000 , $2,500,000 , $5,000,000 , and $10,000,000 . Contestants were given the standard three lifelines in place at the time ( 50 : 50 , Ask the Audience , and Phone - a-Friend ) at the beginning of the game . However , after correctly answering the $100,000 question , the contestant earned two additional lifelines : Three Wise Men and Double Dip . The Three Wise Men lifeline involved a panel of three experts , one of whom was always a former Millionaire contestant and at least one of whom was female . When this lifeline was used , the contestant and panel had 30 seconds to discuss the question and choices before the audio and video feeds were dropped . Double Dip gave a contestant two chances to answer a question . Once used , no further lifelines could be used ; moreover , if the `` first final answer '' was incorrect , the contestant could not walk away . If the `` second final answer '' was also wrong , the contestant left with $100,000 . 10th Anniversary Celebration ( edit ) To celebrate the tenth anniversary of Millionaire 's U.S. debut , the show returned to ABC primetime for an eleven - night event hosted by Philbin , which aired August 9 -- 23 , 2009 . The Academy Award - winning movie Slumdog Millionaire and the 2008 economic crisis helped boost interest of renewal of the game show . The episodes featured game play based on the previous rule set of the syndicated version ( including the rule changes implemented in season seven ) but used the Fastest Finger round to select contestants . Various celebrities also made special guest appearances at the end of every episode ; each guest played one question for a chance at $50,000 for a charity of their choice , being allowed to use any one of the four lifelines in place at the time ( Phone - a-Friend , Ask the Audience , Double Dip , and Ask the Expert ) , but still earned a minimum of $25,000 for the charity if they answered the question incorrectly . On August 18 , 2009 , New York City resident Nik Bonaddio appeared on the program , winning $100,000 with the help of the audience and later , Gwen Ifill as his lifelines . Bonaddio then used the proceeds to start the sports analytics firm numberFire , which was sold in September 2015 to FanDuel , a fantasy sports platform . The finale of the tenth anniversary special , which aired on August 23 , 2009 , featured Ken Basin , an entertainment lawyer , Harvard Law graduate , and former Jeopardy ! contestant , who went on to become the first contestant to play a $1,000,000 question in the `` clock format '' era . With a time of 4 : 39 ( 45 seconds + 3 : 54 banked time ) , Basin was given a question involving President Lyndon Baines Johnson 's fondness for Fresca . Using his one remaining lifeline , Basin asked the audience , which supported his own hunch of Yoo - hoo rather than the correct answer . He decided to answer the question and lost $475,000 , becoming the first contestant in the U.S. version to answer a $1,000,000 question incorrectly . After Basin finished his run , Vieira appeared on - camera and announced that all remaining Fastest Finger contestants would play with her on the first week of the syndicated version 's eighth season . After this , the million dollar question was not played again on a standard episode until September 25 , 2013 , when Josina Reaves became the second U.S. Millionaire contestant to incorrectly answer her $1,000,000 question , but only lost $75,000 as she used her Jump the Question lifelines on her $250,000 and $500,000 questions . Million dollar tournament of ten ( edit ) Although the syndicated Millionaire had produced two millionaires in its first season , Nancy Christy 's May 2003 win was still standing as the most recent when the program began its eighth season in fall of 2009 . Deciding that six - plus years had been too long since someone had won the top prize , producers conducted a tournament to find a third million dollar winner . For the first nine weeks of the 2009 -- 10 season , each episode saw contestants attempt to qualify for what was referred to as the `` Tournament of Ten '' . Contestants were seeded based on how much money they had won , with the biggest winner ranked first and the lowest ranked tenth . Ties were broken based on how much time a contestant had banked when they had walked away from the game . The tournament began on the episode aired November 9 , 2009 , and playing in order from the lowest to the highest seed , tournament contestants played one at a time at the end of that episode and the next nine . The rules were exactly the same as they were for a normal million dollar question under the clock format introduced the season before , except here , the contestants had no lifelines at their disposal . Each contestant received a base time of 45 seconds . For each question they had answered before walking away , the contestants received any unused seconds that were left when they gave their answers . The accumulated total of those unused seconds was then added to the base time to give the contestants their final question time limit . Each contestant had the same decision facing them as before , which was whether to attempt to answer the question or walk away with their pre-tournament total intact . Attempting the question and answering incorrectly incurred the same penalty as in regular play , with a reduction of their pre-tournament winnings to $25,000 . If the question was answered correctly , the player that did so became the tournament leader . If another player after him / her answered correctly , that player assumed the lead and the previous leader kept their pre-tournament winnings . The highest remaining seed to have attempted and correctly answered their question at the end of the tournament on November 20 , 2009 would be declared the winner and become the syndicated series ' third millionaire . The first contestant to attempt to answer the million dollar question was Sam Murray , the tournament 's eighth - seeded qualifier . On November 11 , Murray was asked approximately how many people had lived on Earth in its history and correctly guessed 100 billion . Murray was still atop the leaderboard entering the November 20 finale as he remained the only contestant to even attempt to answer his or her question . The only person who could defeat him was top seed and $250,000 winner Jehan Shamsid - Deen , who was asked a question regarding the Blorenge , cited as `` a rare example of a word that rhymes with orange '' . Shamsid - Deen considered taking the risk , believing ( correctly ) that the name belonged to a mountain in Wales . However , she decided that the potential of losing $225,000 did not justify the risk and elected to walk away from the question , giving Murray the win and the million dollar prize . Reception ( edit ) Since its introduction to the United States , Who Wants to Be a Millionaire has been credited with not only single - handedly reviving the game show genre , but also breaking new ground for it . The series revolutionized the look and feel of game shows with its unique lighting system , dramatic music cues , and futuristic set . The show also became one of the highest - rated and most popular game shows in U.S. television history , and has been credited with paving the way for the rise of the reality TV phenomenon to prominence throughout the 2000s . The U.S. Millionaire also made catchphrases out of various lines used on the show . In particular , `` Is that your final answer ? '' , asked by Millionaire 's hosts whenever a contestant 's answer needs to be verified , was popularized by Philbin during his tenure as host , and was also included on TV Land 's special `` 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catch Phrases '' , which aired in 2006 . Meanwhile , during his tenure as host , Cedric signed off shows with a catchphrase of his own , `` Watch yo ' wallet ! '' The original primetime version of the U.S. Millionaire won two Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show in 2000 and 2001 . Philbin was honored with a Daytime Emmy in the category of Outstanding Game Show Host in 2001 , while Vieira received one in 2005 , and another in 2009 . TV Guide ranked the U.S. Millionaire # 7 on its 2001 list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time , and later ranked it # 6 on its 2013 `` 60 Greatest Game Shows '' list . GSN ranked Millionaire # 5 on its August 2006 list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time , and later honored the show in January 2007 on its only Gameshow Hall of Fame special . Other Media ( edit ) Merchandise ( edit ) In 2000 , Pressman released two board game adaptions of Millionaire as well as a junior edition recommended for younger players . Several video games based on the varying gameplay formats of Millionaire have also been released throughout the course of the show 's U.S. history . Between 1999 and 2001 , Jellyvision produced five video game adaptations based upon the original primetime series for personal computers and Sony 's PlayStation console , all of them featuring Philbin 's likeness and voice . The first of these adaptations was published by Disney Interactive , while the later four were published by Buena Vista Interactive which had just been spun off from DI when it reestablished itself in attempts to diversify its portfolio . Of the five games , three featured general trivia questions , one was sports - themed , and another was a `` Kids Edition '' featuring easier questions . In 2008 , Imagination Games released a DVD version of the show , based on the 2004 -- 08 format and coming complete with Vieira 's likeness and voice , as well as a quiz book and a 2009 desktop calendar . Additionally , two Millionaire video games were released by Ludia in conjunction with Ubisoft in 2010 and 2011 ; the first of these was a game for Nintendo 's Wii console and DS handheld system based on the clock format , while the second , for Microsoft 's Xbox 360 , was based on the shuffle format . Ludia has also created a Facebook game based on Millionaire , which debuted on March 21 , 2011 . This game features an altered version of the shuffle format , condensing the number of questions to twelve -- eight in round one , and four in round two . A contestant can compete against eight other Millionaire fans in round one , and play round two alone if they make it into the top three . There is no `` final answer '' rule ; the contestant 's responses are automatically locked in . Answering a question correctly earns a contestant the value of that question , multiplied by the number of people who responded incorrectly . Contestants are allowed to use two of their Facebook friends as Jump the Question lifelines in round one , and to use the Ask the Audience lifeline in round two to invite up to 50 such friends of theirs to answer a question for a portion of the prize money of the current question . Disney parks attraction ( edit ) Main article : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire -- Play It ! The building that housed the Californian version , shown here after its 2004 closure Who Wants to Be a Millionaire -- Play It ! was an attraction at the Disney 's Hollywood Studios theme park ( when it was known as Disney - MGM Studios ) at the Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando , Florida and at Disney California Adventure Park in Anaheim , California . Both the Florida and California Play It ! attractions opened in 2001 ; the California version closed in 2004 , and the Florida version closed in 2006 and was replaced by Toy Story Midway Mania ! The format in the Play It ! attraction was very similar to that of the television show that inspired it . When a show started , a `` Fastest Finger '' question was given , and the audience was asked to put the four answers in order ; the person with the fastest time was the first contestant in the Hot Seat for that show . However , the main game had some differences : for example , contestants competed for points rather than dollars , the questions were set to time limits , and the Phone - a-Friend lifeline became Phone a Complete Stranger which connected the contestant to a Disney cast member outside the attraction 's theater who would find a guest to help . After the contestant 's game was over , they were awarded anything from a collectible pin , to clothing , to a Millionaire CD game , to a 3 - night Disney Cruise . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The simplified title is often used by hosts and in promotional materials . Jump up ^ To qualify for 2004 's Super Millionaire spin - off , potential contestants were required to answer five questions . Each person who successfully answered all five questions chose one tape date , and the contestants for that tape date were drawn from that pool . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . Gameshow Hall of Fame . GSN . January 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Syndicated Version original rules '' . Valleycrest Productions , Ltd. and Buena Vista Television . June 28 , 2002 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Official Rules ( Season 13 ) '' . dadt.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The New Season of `` Millionaire '' is a Real Game - Changer `` . Disney - ABC Domestic Television . August 16 , 2010 . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire primetime on WCHS - TV8 '' . wchstv.com . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2012 . Retrieved April 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Network Version Rules '' . Valleycrest Productions and Buena Vista Television . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2000 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( TV Series ) ( 2002 ) '' . Blockbuster . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved April 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ' Kicks Off Seventh Season by Introducing New Changes to the Game , Creating New Levels of Excitement , Emotional Drama and Heart - Pounding Tension for Both Viewers and Contestants '' . The Futon Critic . August 18 , 2008 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Miller , Trisha ( October 22 , 2009 ) . `` '' Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' to Add Celebrity Questions `` . Reuters . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 18 , 2014 ) . `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire Season 13 With New Host Terry Crews to Premiere Monday , September 8 '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . Season 8 . Episode 6 . September 14 , 2009 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire : Official Rules ( Archive ) '' . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . Season 8 . Episode 66 . January 11 , 2010 . Syndicated . Vieira : `` For the sake of the audience here ( in the studio ) and the audience at home , there has been a slight change in gameplay that I want to explain to you folks . On the board , we no longer have Phone - a-Friend as a lifeline . Now , I want to explain to you why . Technology has changed , as you know , over the years and we feel that it has compromised the integrity of that lifeline and the ( original ) intent ( thereof ) , because often when a contestant calls somebody , a friend at home , who do they get ? They get Mr. Internet , and we feel that it is n't fair that some people have access to a computer and some do n't , because the game is really not about that ; it 's about what 's inside somebody 's head . '' ^ Jump up to : Grosvenor , Carrie . `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Ask the Expert Lifeline '' . About.com . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2010 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` America Online and Buena Vista Television Break New Ground by Expanding ' Ask the Audience ' Lifeline beyond the ' Millionaire ' Studio via Instant Messaging '' . Business Wire . August 23 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` ' Who Wants to be a Millionaire ' Celebrates Halloween With an Added `` Crystal Ball '' Lifeline , A Spooky Set Makeover and a Contestant in Drag `` . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2012 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . Season 14 . Episode 21 . September 28 , 2015 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Taxman scoops a million '' . BBC News . November 21 , 1999 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire Makeovers ! '' . People . Vol. 54 no . 20 . Time Inc . November 13 , 2000 . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Double jackpot winner on US Millionaire '' . BBC News . April 11 , 2001 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Don ( April 16 , 2001 ) . `` Improbably , Millionaire Strikes Again '' . New York Post . 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Jump up ^ `` Daytime ' Millionaire ' Considered '' . ABC News . June 8 , 2001 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire Kicks Off Coast to Coast Bus Tour '' . BusinessWire . July 23 , 2002 . The weekday version of Who Wants To Be A Millionaire , featuring Meredith Vieira as host , premieres on Monday , September 16 in nationwide syndication . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 10 , 2013 ) . `` Meredith Vieira Leaving Syndicated `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' Series `` . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 25 , 2009 ) . `` Regis Philbin Hosts Daytime Millionaire November 30 -- December 4 '' . TV By the Numbers ( Press release ) . Zap2it . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Al Roker Fills in on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , 1st Contestant from Jacksonville '' . First Coast News . Gannett Company . March 5 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Bergeron Net Worth '' . The Richest . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Folkerth , Kathleen ( July 12 , 2007 ) . `` Resident Takes Turn in Millionaire Hot Seat '' . Akron.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nachman , Laura ( March 4 , 2008 ) . `` Former Good Day Philadelphia Host Dave Price Subs on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . Philly TV and Radio . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Cast '' . tv.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Holly ( October 3 , 2008 ) . `` Cat Deeley to present Who Wants To Be A Millionaire in the States '' . NOW . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rizzo , Monica ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Samantha Harris to Host Millionaire -- For a Week '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Monroe Native to Appear on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . WKOW . June 4 , 2009 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Jersey Journal ( April 14 , 2010 ) . `` Jersey City Man Wins $15,000 on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . nj.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wipeout : John Henson '' . ABC . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Needham , Bob ( March 14 , 2011 ) . `` Ann Arbor Resident Appearing on Who Wants To Be a Millionaire this Week '' . The Ann Arbor News . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bergmann , Caitlin ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Tim Gunn Takes over Millionaire '' . Lifetime . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2011 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DL Hughley , Tony Roberts , Timmy Hall and Hope Flood '' . UpOut . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Vieira to leave `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' `` . The New York Times Media Decoder . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shain , Michael ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Regis considering return to Who Wants to be a Millionaire '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cedric the Entertainer Will Host `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , '' Replace Meredith Vieira `` . The Huffington Post . March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cedric The Entertainer To Succeed Meredith Vieira As Host Of Syndicated Who Wants To Be A Millionaire '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` ' Who Wants To Be Millionaire ' Host Cedric The Entertainer To Depart '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Terry Crews Named New Host of Who Wants To Be A Millionaire '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 13 April 2015 ) . `` Chris Harrison Named New Host Of ' Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ' , Replacing Terry Crews '' . deadline.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : End credits lists of appropriate U.S. Millionaire episodes . ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire '' . Andy Walmsley , Production Designer . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Meredith Vieira Show . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 8 , 2014 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` ' Switch the Question ' Added as New Lifeline on ' Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ' '' . August 24 , 2004 . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sony buys Who Wants To Be a Millionaire ? parent '' . mcvuk.com . March 13 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Loveday , Samantha ( December 1 , 2006 ) . `` New owners take on Celador International and Millionaire brand '' . toynews-online.biz . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Valleycrest Productions LTD '' . PowerProfiles . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire has the First Million Dollar Question of the Season ! '' . Fox 43 Central Pennsylvania . September 24 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Just , Olivia ( July 3 , 2014 ) . `` Disney moves filming of ' Millionaire ' to Stamford '' . CT Post . Hearst Media Services Connecticut , LLC . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Relocates to Las Vegas '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Furman , Elina ; Furman , Leah ( 2000 ) . So You 'd Like to Win a Million : Facts , Trivia , and Inside Hints on Game Show Success . Macmillan . ISBN 9780312976354 . Jump up ^ Davies , Michael ( 2000 ) . Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : The Official Book from the Hit TV Show . Hyperion Books . p. 14 . ISBN 9780786885770 . ^ Jump up to : Grosvenor , Carrie . `` Be a Contestant on Who Wants to be a Millionaire '' . about.com . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Perry , Claudia ( March 28 , 2007 ) . `` Who wants to be a game - show contestant ? '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Smurthwaite , Nick ( March 21 , 2005 ) . `` Million Pound Notes : Keith Strachan '' . The Stage . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ah2 Music Marks 10th Anniversary '' . TrailerMusicVibe . August 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Disney - ABC Domestic Television ( September 15 , 2010 ) . `` Season 23 , Episode 8 '' . Live ! with Regis and Kelly . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` Anderson Live , Wendy Williams , Rachael Ray Among Syndicated Shows Getting Set Makeovers ( Photos ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 9 , 2009 ) . `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Returns for its Ten Year Anniversary '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( August 9 , 2009 ) . `` Millionaire Far From Its Final Answer '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Walt Disney Company ( February 5 , 2001 ) , Disney Factbook 2000 -- Year in Review , p. 7 Jump up ^ Bauder , David ( August 4 , 2009 ) . `` '' ABC Hopes `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire '' Lightning Can Strike Twice `` '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings 1999 -- 2000 '' . fbibler.chez.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings 2000 -- 2001 '' . fbibler.chez.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings 2001 -- 2002 '' . fbibler.chez.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( November 29 , 2001 ) . `` ABC 's Millionaire May Not Survive Beyond the Current Season '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : ABC Game Show Returning to primetime '' . TV Series Finale. April 22 , 2009 . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( June 20 , 2001 ) . `` TV Notes : Games to Clash on Syndication '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pendleton , Jennifer ( May 13 , 2002 ) . `` ' Dr. Phil , ' ' Millionaire , ' ' John Walsh ' arrive , but heat factor is lacking '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire poorer in N.Y '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Highbeam Business . December 2 , 2002 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire nabs key slots in syndication '' . The Hollywood Reporter . September 2 , 2003 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2003 . 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Jump up ^ `` Meredith Vieira - Hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Episodes Make Cable Debut Beginning November 10 , 2008 '' ( Press release ) . GSN Corporate . November 10 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2014 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moraski , Lauren ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Chip Esten on Nashville Finale , Show 's Future '' . CBS News . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Huff , Richard ( May 5 , 2000 ) . `` Starstruck Millionaire : Celebrity Specials Win Show its Best Ratings Ever '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Season Premiere '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : Walk in and Win '' . dadt.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire , and Host Meredith Vieira , Celebrate 1,000 Episodes by Giving $100,000 Away to Home Viewers ! '' . Marketwired . October 23 , 2007 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire Returns With A Hollywood Makeover '' . AccessHollywood.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : 10th Anniversary Celebration . Episode 6 . August 18 , 2009 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` numberFire : Moneyball for Fantasy Football Leagues '' . FastCompany.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : 10th Anniversary Celebration . Episode 11 . August 23 , 2009 . ABC . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . Season 12 . Episode 18 . September 25 , 2013 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . Season 8 . Episode 1 . September 7 , 2009 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ' Tournament of Ten '' . about.com . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2009 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Star Ledger . December 11 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Meredith Vieira biography '' . www.hollywood.com . 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Sports Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Kids Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : DVD Game '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire : Quiz Book '' . Barnes & Noble . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire 2009 Desktop Calendar '' . Desk Calendar Pad . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ubisoft Releases Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Video Game for Wii and DS '' . IGN . October 6 , 2010 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? 2012 Edition '' . GameFAQs . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shaul , Brandy ( April 7 , 2011 ) . `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire now on Facebook : Compete with others for virtual riches '' . AOL . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaffer , Joshua C. ( 2010 ) . Discovering the Magic Kingdom : An Unofficial Disneyland Vacation Guide . Author House . p. 207 . ISBN 9781452063133 . Jump up ^ Marx , Jennifer and Dave ( December 29 , 2006 ) . `` Who Wants to Be a Winner ? Passport Tips for Who Wants to Be a Millionaire -- Play It ! '' . PassPorter.com . Further reading ( edit ) Fisher , David ; Davies , Michael P. ( 2000 ) . Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : The Official Book from the Hit TV Show . Cader Books . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8577 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Official website Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( US -- 1999 -- 2002 ) on IMDb Who Wants to Be a Millionaire at TV.com Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( US -- current ) on IMDb Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire ( US ) on IMDb Preceded by Win Ben Stein 's Money Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show 2000 -- 2001 Succeeded by Jeopardy ! <Th_colspan="2"> Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show <Td_colspan="2"> Password ( 1974 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1975 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1976 ) Family Feud ( 1977 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1978 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1979 ) Hollywood Squares / The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1980 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1981 ) Password Plus ( 1982 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1983 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1984 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1985 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1986 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1987 ) The Price Is Right ( 1988 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1989 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1990 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1991 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1992 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1993 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1994 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1995 ) The Price Is Right ( 1996 ) The Price Is Right ( 1997 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1998 ) Win Ben Stein 's Money ( 1999 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2000 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2001 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2002 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2003 ) The Price Is Right ( 2004 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2005 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2006 ) The Price Is Right ( 2007 ) Cash Cab ( 2008 ) Cash Cab ( 2009 ) Cash Cab ( 2010 ) Jeopardy ! / Wheel of Fortune ( 2011 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2012 ) The Price Is Right ( 2013 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2014 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2015 ) The Price Is Right ( 2016 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Nielsen Media Research top - rated United States network television show 1950s 50 -- 51 : Texaco Star Theater 51 -- 52 : Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts 52 -- 53 , 53 -- 54 , 54 -- 55 : I Love Lucy 55 -- 56 : The $64,000 Question 56 -- 57 : I Love Lucy 57 -- 58 , 58 -- 59 , 59 -- 60 : Gunsmoke 1960s 60 -- 61 : Gunsmoke 61 -- 62 : Wagon Train 62 -- 63 , 63 -- 64 : The Beverly Hillbillies ( S1 , S2 ) 64 -- 65 , 65 -- 66 , 66 -- 67 : Bonanza 67 -- 68 : The Andy Griffith Show ( S8 ) 68 -- 69 , 69 -- 70 : Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In 1970s 70 -- 71 : Marcus Welby , M.D. 71 -- 72 , 72 -- 73 , 73 -- 74 , 74 -- 75 , 75 -- 76 : All in the Family ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 , S6 ) 76 -- 77 : Happy Days ( S4 ) 77 -- 78 , 78 -- 79 : Laverne & Shirley ( S3 , S4 ) 79 -- 80 : 60 Minutes 1980s 80 -- 81 , 81 -- 82 : Dallas ( S4 , S5 ) 82 -- 83 : 60 Minutes 83 -- 84 : Dallas ( S7 ) 84 -- 85 : Dynasty 85 -- 86 , 86 -- 87 , 87 -- 88 , 88 -- 89 : The Cosby Show ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 ) 89 -- 90 : Roseanne ( S2 ) / The Cosby Show ( S6 ) 1990s 90 -- 91 : Cheers ( S9 ) 91 -- 92 , 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 : 60 Minutes 94 -- 95 : Seinfeld ( S6 ) 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 : ER ( S2 , S3 ) 97 -- 98 : Seinfeld ( S9 ) 98 -- 99 : ER ( S5 ) 99 -- 2000 : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire 2000s 00 -- 01 : Survivor ( S2 - AO ) 01 -- 02 : Friends ( S8 ) 02 -- 03 , 03 -- 04 , 04 -- 05 , : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( S3 , S4 , S5 ) 05 -- 06 , 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 09 -- 10 : American Idol ( S5 , S6 , S7 , S8 , S9 ) 2010s 10 -- 11 : American Idol ( S10 ) 11 - 12 : NBC Sunday Night Football 12 - 13 : NCIS ( S10 ) 13 - 14 , 14 - 15 , 15 - 16 , 16 -- 17 : NBC Sunday Night Football Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Wants_to_Be_a_Millionaire_(U.S._game_show)&oldid=806349508 '' Categories : 1990s American television series 1999 American television series debuts 2000s American television series 2010s American television series American Broadcasting Company network shows American game shows American television series based on British television series Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show winners English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States Television shows filmed in New York ( state ) Nielsen ratings winners Quiz shows Television series by Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Television series by Sony Pictures Television Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? 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1. Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (U.S. game show) 2. Quiz competition 3. Top prize of $1,000,000 4. Lifelines 5. Payout structure

who is called the ' father of modern biology '

List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field - wikipedia List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of people who are considered a `` father '' or `` mother '' ( or `` founding father '' or `` founding mother '' ) of a scientific field . Such people are generally regarded to have made the first significant contributions to and / or delineation of that field ; they may also be seen as `` a '' rather than `` the '' father or mother of the field . Debate over who merits the title can be perennial . As regards science itself , the title has been bestowed on the ancient Greek philosophers Thales -- who attempted to explain natural phenomena without recourse to mythology -- and Democritus , the atomist . Contents ( hide ) 1 Natural sciences 1.1 Biology 1.2 Chemistry 1.3 Earth sciences 1.4 Medicine and physiology 1.5 Physics and astronomy 2 Formal sciences 2.1 Mathematics 2.2 Systems theory 3 Social sciences 3.1 Economics 3.1. 1 Schools of thought 3.1. 2 Theories 4 Other fields 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Natural Sciences ( edit ) Biology ( edit ) Field Person / s considered `` father '' or `` mother '' Rationale Bacteriology Robert Koch / Ferdinand Cohn / Louis Pasteur First to produce precise , correct descriptions of bacteria . Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Biogeography Alfred Russel Wallace `` ... Often described as the Father of Biogeography , Wallace shows the impact of human activity on the natural world . '' Biology Aristotle Ecology Carl Linnaeus / Ernst Haeckel / Eugenius Warming Linnaeus founded an early branch of ecology that he called The Economy of Nature ( 1772 ) , Haeckel coined the term `` ecology '' ( German : Oekologie , Ökologie ) ( 1866 ) , Warming authored the first book on plant ecology . Plantesamfund ( 1895 ) . Entomology Jan Swammerdam Johan Christian Fabricius Fabricius described and published information on over 10,000 insects and refined Linnaeus 's system of classification . William Kirby Ethology Nikolaas Tinbergen Karl von Frisch Konrad Lorenz The modern discipline of ethology is generally considered to have begun during the 1930s with the work of Nikolaas Tinbergen , Konrad Lorenz and Karl von Frisch , joint awardees of the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . Evolution Natural selection Charles Darwin On the Origin of Species ( 1859 ) . Genetics Gregor Mendel For his study of the inheritance of traits in pea plants , which forms the basis for Mendelian inheritance . William Bateson Proponent of Mendelism . Ichthyology Peter Artedi `` Far greater than either of these ... was he who has been justly called the Father of Ichthyology , Petrus ( Peter ) Artedi ( 1705 -- 35 ) . '' Lichenology Erik Acharius `` Erik Acharius , the father of lichenology ... '' Microbiology Antonie van Leeuwenhoek The first to microscopically observe micro-organisms in water and the first to see bacteria . Molecular biology Linus Pauling Molecular biophysics Gopalasamudram Narayana Iyer Ramachandran Founded the ( world 's first ? ) molecular biophysics unit ( 1970 ) . Paleontology Leonardo da Vinci George Cuvier Parasitology Francesco Redi The founder of experimental biology and the first person to challenge the theory of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots come from eggs of flies . Protozoology Antonie van Leeuwenhoek First to produce precise , correct descriptions of protozoa . Taxonomy Carl Linnaeus Devised the system of naming living organisms that became universally accepted in the scientific world . Virology Dmitry Ivanovsky Martinus Beijerinck The first men to discover viruses ( 1892 ) . Chemistry ( edit ) Field Person / s considered `` father '' or `` mother '' Rationale Atomic theory ( early ) Democritus Founder of atomism in cosmology . Atomic theory ( modern ) Father Roger Boscovich First coherent description of atomic theory . John Dalton First scientific description of the atom as a building block for more complex structures . Chemical thermodynamics ( modern ) Gilbert Lewis / Willard Gibbs / Merle Randall / Edward Guggenheim Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances ( 1923 ) and Modern Thermodynamics by the Methods of Willard Gibbs ( 1933 ) , which made a major contribution to the use of thermodynamics in chemistry . Chemistry ( early ) Jabir ( `` Geber '' ) ibn Hayyan ( died 815 ) Introduced the experimental method to Islamic alchemy . Chemistry ( modern ) Antoine Lavoisier Elements of Chemistry ( 1787 ) Robert Boyle The Sceptical Chymist ( 1661 ) Jöns Berzelius Development of chemical nomenclature ( 1800s ) John Dalton Revival of atomic theory ( 1803 ) Green chemistry Paul Anastas Design and manufacture of chemicals that are non-hazardous and environmentally benign . Nuclear chemistry Otto Hahn Applied Radiochemistry ( 1936 ) First person to split an atomic nucleus ( nuclear fission , 1938 ) Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this discovery ( 1944 ) Periodic table Dmitri Mendeleev Arranged the sixty - six elements known at the time in order of atomic weight by periodic intervals ( 1869 ) . Physical chemistry Mikhail Lomonosov The first to read lectures in physical chemistry and coin the term ( 1752 ) . Jacobus van ' t Hoff Jacobus van ' t Hoff is considered to be one of the founders of the discipline of physical chemistry . His work helped found the discipline as it is today . Svante Arrhenius Devised much of the theoretical foundation for physical chemistry . On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances ( 1876 ) , Thermodynamik chemischer Vorgange ( 1882 ) . Wilhelm Ostwald `` Wilhelm Ostwald is considered one of the founders of the discipline of physical chemistry ... '' Hermann von Helmholtz Earth Sciences ( edit ) Field Person / s considered `` father '' or `` mother '' Rationale Geochemistry ( modern ) Victor Goldschmidt For developing the Goldschmidt classification of elements . Early Geodesy ( mathematical geography ) Eratosthenes Modern Geodesy Al - Biruni Geology ( modern ) Father Nicholas Steno James Hutton For setting down most of the principles of modern geology . For formulating uniformitarianism and the Plutonic theory . Limnology ( modern ) G. Evelyn Hutchinson Mineralogy Georgius Agricola Meteorology Naval oceanography ( modern ) Matthew Fontaine Maury Plate tectonics Alfred Wegener Acoustical oceanography Leonid Brekhovskikh Stratigraphy Father Nicholas Steno Speleology Édouard - Alfred Martel Began the first systematic exploration of cave systems and promoted speleology as a field separate from geology . Medicine and Physiology ( edit ) Field Person / s considered `` father '' or `` mother '' Rationale Anatomy ( modern ) Marcello Malpighi Audiology Raymond Carhart `` ... the Father of Audiology himself , Raymond Carhart at Northwestern University ... '' `` Carhart notch : A decrease in the bone - conduction hearing at the 2000 Hz region of patients with otosclerosis first reported by and therefore named after the father of audiology , Raymond Carhart . '' Biophysics Hermann von Helmholtz Biomechanics Christian Wilhelm Braune First to describe the methodology of human gait walking . Bioelectromagnetics Luigi Galvani First to discover animal electricity through a series of experiments . Cognitive therapy Aaron T. Beck `` In developing ways to do this , Beck became the father of cognitive therapy , one of the most important developments in psychotherapy in the last 50 years . '' The Prospect of Immortality ( 1962 ) Cryonics Robert Ettinger Dentistry ( modern ) Pierre Fauchard Electrophysiology Emil du Bois - Reymond The discoverer of nerve action potential . Emergency medicine Peter Safar Frank Pantridge Safar pioneered CPR , intensive - care units and developed standards for EMT , ambulance design and equipment . Pantridge : Epidemiology ( modern ) John Snow Fitness Jack LaLanne Gynaecology J. Marion Sims Histology Marcello Malpighi Human anatomy ( modern ) Vesalius De humani corporis fabrica ( 1543 ) Medical genetics Victor McKusick Mendelian Inheritance in Man Medicine ( early ) Imhotep Charaka Hippocrates None . Wrote the Charaka Samhitā and founded the Ayurveda system of medicine . Prescribed professional practices for physicians through the Hippocratic Oath . Medicine ( modern ) Sir William Osler Neurosurgery Harvey Cushing Developed techniques that considerably reduced the risks involved with brain surgery in the early 20th Century . Neuroscience Santiago Ramón y Cajal Comprehensive work on structure of the brain . Nursing ( modern ) Florence Nightingale See Nursing # History . Nutrition ( modern ) Justus von Liebig Antoine - Laurent Lavoisier `` Justus Von Liebig , the ' father of modern nutrition ' , developed the perfect infant food . It consisted of ( ... ) '' `` In addition to being known as the Father of Modern Chemistry , Lavoisier is also considered the Father of Modern Nutrition , as the first to discover the metabolism that occurs inside the human body ... '' Organ transplantation Thomas Starzl Performed the first human liver transplant and established the clinical utility of anti-rejection drugs including ciclosporin . Developed major advances in organ preservation , procurement and transplantation . Orthopedic surgery ( modern ) Hugh Owen Thomas He stressed the importance of rest in treatment and was responsible for many landmark contributions to orthopaedic surgery . He was especially celebrated for his design and use of splints ; the famous Thomas knee splint was still in wide use at the end of World War II . Orthomolecular medicine Linus Pauling Pathology ( modern ) Rudolf Virchow Founded modern Pathology and Social Medicine and published Die Cellularpathologie in ihrer Begründung auf physiologische und pathologische Gewebelehre which is regarded as the basis of modern medical science . Psychology ( experimental ) Wilhelm Wundt Founded the first laboratory for psychological research . Pediatrics Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi ( `` Rhazes '' ) Wrote The Diseases of Children , the first book to deal with pediatrics as an independent field . Physiology Claude Bernard An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine ( 1865 ) Physical culture Bernarr Macfadden `` It delighted the heart of our old friend Bernarr Macfadden , ' the Father of Physical Culture , ' when we told him how much athletic activity and good sportsmanship had to do with the rehabilitation of boys . '' Plastic surgery Sushruta Harold Gillies Wrote the Sushruta Samhita . Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud Psychophysics Gustav Fechner Elements of Psychophysics ( 1860 ) Space medicine Hubertus Strughold `` After Wernher von Braun , he was the top Nazi scientist employed by the American government , and he was subsequently hailed by NASA as the ' father of space medicine ' '' Surgery ( early ) Sushruta Wrote the Sushruta Samhita . Surgery ( modern ) Abu al - Qasim ( `` Abulcasis '' ) al - Zahrawi Guy de Chauliac Ambroise Paré John Hunter Joseph Lister William Stewart Halsted See also Father of modern surgery Kitab al - Tasrif ( 1000 AD ) . Chirurgia magna Leader in surgical techniques , especially the treatment of wounds . Experimental , scientific approach to surgery . Use of carbolic acid as an antiseptic . Introduction of residency system in the United States . Toxicology Paracelsus Physics and astronomy ( edit ) Field Person / s considered `` father '' or `` mother '' Rationale Acoustics Ernst Chladni For important research in vibrating plates Atomic bomb Enrico Fermi J. Robert Oppenheimer Leslie Groves Edward Teller For their role in the Manhattan Project Aerodynamics Nikolai Zhukovsky George Cayley Zhukovsky was the first to undertake the study of airflow , was the first engineer scientist to explain mathematically the origin of aerodynamic lift . Cayley Investigated theoretical aspects of flight and experimented with flight a century before the first airplane was built Physical cosmology Albert Einstein ( founder ) Henrietta Leavitt ( mother ) Edwin Hubble ( father ) Leavitt discovered Cepheid variables , the `` Standard Candle '' by which Hubble later determined galactic distances . Einstein 's general theory of relativity is usually recognized as the theoretic foundation of modern cosmology . Classical mechanics Isaac Newton ( founder ) Described laws of motion and law of gravity in Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica ( 1687 ) Electricity William Gilbert Michael Faraday Book : De Magnete ( 1600 ) Discovered electromagnetic induction ( 1831 ) Electrodynamics André - Marie Ampère Book : Memoir on the Mathematical Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomena , Uniquely Deduced from Experience ( 1827 ) Energetics Willard Gibbs Publication : On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances ( 1876 ) Experimental physics ( founder ) Ibn al - Haytham ( Alhazen ) For introducing experimental method into physics with his Book of Optics ( 1021 ) Modern astronomy Nicolaus Copernicus Developed the first explicit heliocentric model in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ( 1543 ) Modern physics Galileo Galilei His development and extensive use of experimental physics , e.g. the telescope Nuclear physics Ernest Rutherford Developed the Rutherford atom model ( 1909 ) Nuclear science Marie Curie Pierre Curie Optics Ibn al - Haytham ( Alhazen ) Correctly explained vision and carried out the first experiments on light and optics in the Book of Optics ( 1021 ) . Plasma physics Irving Langmuir Hannes Alfvén Langmuir first described ionised gas as plasma and observed fundamental plasma vibrations , Langmuir waves . Alfvén pioneered the theoretical description of plasma by developing magnetohydrodynamics . Quantum mechanics Max Planck ( founder ) Werner Heisenberg Stated that electromagnetic energy could be emitted only in quantized form Relativity Albert Einstein ( founder ) Pioneered special relativity ( 1905 ) and general relativity ( 1915 ) Spaceflight ( rocketry ) Robert Hutchings Goddard Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Hermann Oberth Goddard launched the first liquid - fueled rocket . Tsiolkovsky created the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation . Thermodynamics Sadi Carnot ( founder ) Publication : On the Motive Power of Fire and Machines Fitted to Develop that Power ( 1824 ) Formal Sciences ( edit ) Mathematics ( edit ) Field Person / s considered `` father '' or `` mother '' Rationale Algebra ( see also The father of algebra ) Muhammad Al - Khwarizmi ( Algorismi ) Brahmagupta Diophantus Full exposition of solving quadratic equations in his Al - Jabr and recognized algebra as an independent discipline . First use of symbolism ( syncopation ) in his Arithmetica . Algebraic topology Henri Poincaré Published Analysis Situs in 1895 , introducing the concepts of homotopy and homology , which are now considered part of algebraic topology . Analysis Augustin - Louis Cauchy Karl Weierstrass Analytic geometry René Descartes Pierre de Fermat ( founders ) For their independent invention of the Cartesian Coordinate System Calculus Isaac Newton Gottfried Leibniz See Leibniz and Newton calculus controversy . Classical analysis Madhava of Sangamagrama Developed Taylor series expansions of trigonometric functions Computer science George Boole Alan Turing Rózsa Péter Invented Boolean logic , which is the basis of modern digital computer logic Provided an influential formalisation of the concept of the algorithm and computation with the Turing machine . Considered the `` founding mother of recursion theory '' , which provided the mathematical groundwork for computational theory . Descriptive geometry Gaspard Monge ( founder ) Developed a graphical protocol that creates three - dimensional virtual space on a two - dimensional plane Fractal geometry Benoît B. Mandelbrot Geometry Euclid Euclid 's Elements deduced the principles of Euclidean geometry from a set of axioms . Graph theory Leonhard Euler See Seven Bridges of Königsberg Italian school of algebraic geometry Corrado Segre Publications and students developing algebraic geometry Modern algebra Emmy Noether Provided the first general definitions of a commutative ring , and suggested that topology be studied algebraically . Combined the structure theory of associative algebras and the representation theory of groups into a single arithmetic theory of modules and ideals in rings satisfying ascending chain conditions . Non-Euclidean geometry János Bolyai , Nikolai Lobachevsky ( founders ) Independent development of hyperbolic geometry in which Euclid 's fifth postulate is not true Number theory Pythagoras Probability Gerolamo Cardano , Pierre de Fermat , Blaise Pascal , Christiaan Huygens ( founders ) Fermat and Pascal co-founded probability theory , about which Huygens wrote the first book Projective geometry Girard Desargues ( founder ) By generalizing the use of vanishing points to include the case when these are infinitely far away Tensor calculus Gregorio Ricci - Curbastro ( founder ) Book : The Absolute Differential Calculus Trigonometry Hipparchus Constructed the first trigonometric table . Vector algebra , vector calculus Willard Gibbs Oliver Heaviside ( founders ) For their development and use of vectors in algebra and calculus Systems Theory ( edit ) Field Person / s considered `` father '' or `` mother '' Rationale Chaos theory Henri Poincaré Mary Cartwright Edward Lorenz Poincaré 's work on the three - body problem was the first discovered example of a chaotic dynamical system . Cartwright made the first mathematical analysis of dynamical systems with chaos . Lorenz introduced strange attractor notation . Cybernetics Norbert Wiener Book Cybernetics : Or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine . 1948 . Dynamic programming Richard E. Bellman Fuzzy logic Lotfi Asker Zadeh Information theory Claude Shannon Article : A Mathematical Theory of Communication ( 1948 ) Optimal control Arthur E. Bryson Book : Applied Optimal Control Robust control George Zames Small gain theorem and H infinity control . Stability theory Alexander Lyapunov Lyapunov function System dynamics Jay Wright Forrester Book : Industrial dynamics ( 1961 ) Social Sciences ( edit ) Field Person / s considered `` father '' or `` mother '' Rationale Anthropology Herodotus Abū Rayhān al - Bīrūnī Demography Ibn Khaldun Muqaddimah ( Prolegomena ) ( 1377 ) Egyptology Father Athanasius Kircher Jean - François Champollion First to identify the phoenetic importance of the hieroglyph , and he demonstrated Coptic as a vestige of early Egyptian , before the Rosetta stone 's discovery . Translated parts of the Rosetta Stone . Historiography Ibn Khaldun Wrote several essential books History Herodotus ( who also coined the term ) Indology Abū Rayhān al - Bīrūnī Wrote the Indica International law Alberico Gentili Francisco de Vitoria Hugo Grotius Influential contributions to the theory of international law , war and human rights Linguistics ( early ) Panini Wrote the first descriptive grammar ( of Sanskrit ) Linguistics ( modern ) Ferdinand de Saussure Noam Chomsky Sociology Ibn Khaldun Adam Ferguson Auguste Comte ( who also coined the term ) Marquis de Condorcet ( founder ) Wrote the first sociological book , the Muqaddimah ( Prolegomena ) . `` Father of modern sociology '' Introduced the scientific method into sociology . Economics ( edit ) Field Person / s considered `` father '' or `` mother '' Rationale Accounting and Bookkeeping Luca Pacioli Establisher of accounting and the first person to publish a work on bookkeeping . Economics ( early ) Ibn Khaldun Chanakya / Kautilya Publication : Muqaddimah ( 1370 ) Publication : Arthashastra ( 400 BCE - 200 CE ) Economics ( modern ) Richard Cantillon Anders Chydenius Adam Smith First specific treatise on economics . The National Gain ( 1765 ) , a pamphlet that included key ideas about free trade . The Wealth of Nations ( 1776 ) . Evolutionary economics Ecological economics Thermoeconomics bioeconomics Nicholas Georgescu - Roegen The Entropy Law and the Economic Process ( 1971 ) Macroeconomics John Maynard Keynes Author of The General Theory of Employment , Interest and Money and groundbreaking economist , Keynes spearheaded a revolution in economic thinking . Prior to Keynes , the general consensus among economists was that the economy was self - fixing . During the Great Depression , when people began to realize that the economy would not fix itself , Keynes proposed that the government needed to intervene to combat excessive boom and bust . This idea was the largest influence in U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal . Mathematical economics Daniel Bernoulli Forerunner of the Tableau économique . Monetary economics Nicole Oresme ( c. 1322 - 1382 ) Irving Fisher ( 1867 - 1947 ) Milton Friedman ( 1912 - 2006 ) Oresme 's De Moneta . `` Irving Fisher ( ... ) spent his career studying questions about money and the economy - how money affects interest rates , how money affects inflation , and the impact of money on overall economic activity . For this work , he is regarded as the father of monetary economics . '' `` ( ... ) no less an authority than the University of Chicago 's Milton Friedman , the father of monetary economics , ( ... ) '' Microcredit Muhammad Yunus Founded Grameen Bank Personnel economics Edward Lazear Published the first paper in the field . Schools of thought ( edit ) Field Person / s considered `` father '' or `` mother '' Rationale Austrian School Carl Menger Communism Karl Marx Friedrich Engels David Ricardo School of Salamanca Francisco de Vitoria Highly influential teacher and lecturer on commercial morality Theories ( edit ) Field Person / s considered `` father '' or `` mother '' Rationale Expectations theory Thomas Cardinal Cajetan Recognised the effect of market expectations on the value of money Modern portfolio theory Harry Markowitz Social choice theory Kenneth Arrow Created the field with his 1951 book , Social Choice and Individual Values Other fields ( edit ) Field Person / s considered `` father '' or `` mother '' Rationale Science ( modern ) Galileo Galilei For systemic use of experimentation in science and contributions to scientific method , physics and observational astronomy Physics ( early ) Ibn al - Haytham ( Alhazen ) Alhazen developed rigorous experimental methods of controlled scientific testing to verify theoretical hypotheses and substantiate inductive conjectures . Developed Baconian method in his Novum Organum ( 1620 ) . Family and consumer science Ellen Swallow Richards Founded the American Association of Home Economics , currently the American Association of Family & Consumer Sciences . `` Bringing science into the home , Richards hoped to `` ... attain the best physical , mental , and moral development '' for the family , which she believed was the basic unit of civilization . '' See also ( edit ) Founders of statistics Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A name suggested in 1802 by the German naturalist Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus and introduced as a scientific term later that year by Jean - Baptiste Lamarck . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Singer , C. ( 2008 ) . A Short History of Science to the 19th century . Streeter Press . p. 35 . Jump up ^ Needham , C.W. ( 1978 ) . Cerebral Logic : Solving the Problem of Mind and Brain . Loose Leaf . p. 75 . ISBN 0 - 398 - 03754 - X . Jump up ^ Pamela Gossin , Encyclopedia of Literature and Science , 2002 . Jump up ^ Drews G ( 1999 ) . `` Ferdinand Cohn , a Founder of Modern Microbiology '' . ASM News 65 ( 8 ) . ^ Jump up to : p. 18 , Foundations in microbiology : basic principles , Kathleen Park Talaro , 6th ed. , international ed. , McGraw - Hill , 2007 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 126232 - 3 . Jump up ^ DK Publishing ( 2010 ) . Explorers : Tales of Endurance and Exploration . Penguin . p. 272 . ISBN 9780756675110 . Jump up ^ Strong , W.F. ; Cook , John A. ( July 2007 ) , `` Reviving the Dead Greek Guys '' , Global Media Journal , Indian Edition , ISSN 1550 - 7521 , archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 07 Jump up ^ Goodland , R.J. ( 1975 ) The tropical origin of ecology : Eugen Warming 's jubilee . Oikos , 26 , 240 - 245 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ p. 208 , A history of social thought , Paul Hanly Furfey , The Macmillan company , 1942 . Jump up ^ p. 162 , Museum : the Macleays , their collections and the search for order , Robyn Stacey , Ashley Hay , Cambridge University Press , 2007 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 87453 - X . Jump up ^ p. 118 , The fossil hunter : dinosaurs , evolution , and the woman whose discoveries changed the world , Shelley Emling , Macmillan , 2009 , ISBN 0 - 230 - 61156 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973 '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973 was awarded jointly to Karl von Frisch , Konrad Lorenz and Nikolaas Tinbergen ' for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns ' . Jump up ^ Darwin , Charles ( 1842 , published 1909 ) , `` Pencil Sketch of 1842 '' , in Darwin , Francis , The foundations of The origin of species : Two essays written in 1842 and 1844. , Cambridge University Press , < http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID = F1556&viewtype = text&pageseq = 1 > Retrieved on 2006 - 12 - 15 Jump up ^ Moore , James ( 2006 ) , `` Evolution and Wonder - Understanding Charles Darwin '' , Speaking of Faith ( Radio Program ) , American Public Media , < `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 22. > Retrieved on 2006 - 12 - 15 Jump up ^ van Wyhe , John ( 2006 ) , Charles Darwin : gentleman naturalist : A biographical sketch , < http://darwin-online.org.uk/darwin.html > Retrieved on 2006 - 12 - 15 Jump up ^ The Father of Genetics Jump up ^ p. 91 , Theory change in science : strategies from Mendelian genetics , Lindley Darden , Oxford University Press US , 1991 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 506797 - 5 . Jump up ^ Jordan , David Starr ( 1905 ) . A Guide to the Study of Fishes . Henry Holt and Company . , online at Google Books , p. 390 . Jump up ^ Department of Cryptogamic Botany at the Swedish Museum of Natural History ( 17 December 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Madigan M , Martinko J ( editors ) ( 2006 ) . Brock Biology of Microorganisms , 11th ed. , Prentice Hall . Jump up ^ Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Papers - Special Collections - Oregon State University Jump up ^ Prathap , Gangan ( March 2004 ) , `` Indian science slows down : The decline of open - ended research '' , Current Science , 86 ( 6 ) : 768 -- 769 ( 768 ) Jump up ^ p. 287 , On social structure and science ( volume 1996 of Heritage of sociology ) , Robert King Merton and Piotr Sztompka , University of Chicago Press , 1996 , ISBN 0 - 226 - 52071 - 4 . Jump up ^ Levine R , Evers C. `` The Slow Death of Spontaneous Generation ( 1668 - 1859 ) '' . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Hovey , Edmund Otis , `` The Bicentenary of the Birth of Carolus Linnaeus '' , New York : New York Academy of Sciences , 1908 . Jump up ^ Rothbard , Murray N. ( 2006 ) . Economic thought before Adam Smith : An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought ( PDF ) . Cheltnam , UK : Edward Elgar . p. 10 . ISBN 0 - 945466 - 48 - X . Jump up ^ Woods , Thomas . How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization , p 4 & 107 . ( Washington , DC : Regenery , 2005 ) ; ISBN 0 - 89526 - 038 - 7 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Elizabeth C. ( 1970 ) . John Dalton and the Atomic Theory . Garden City , New York : Anchor . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Ott , Bevan , J. ; Boerio - Goates , Juliana ( 2001 ) . Chemical Thermodynamics - Principles and Applications . ISBN 0 - 12 - 530990 - 2 . Jump up ^ Derewenda , Zygmunt S. ( 2007 ) , `` On wine , chirality and crystallography '' , Acta Crystallographica A , 64 : 246 -- 258 ( 247 ) , PMID 18156689 , doi : 10.1107 / s0108767307054293 Jump up ^ John Warren ( 2005 ) . `` War and the Cultural Heritage of Iraq : a sadly mismanaged affair '' , Third World Quarterly , Volume 26 , Issue 4 & 5 , p. 815 - 830 . Jump up ^ Dr. A. Zahoor ( 1997 ) . JABIR IBN HAIYAN ( Geber ) Archived 2008 - 06 - 30 at the Wayback Machine ... University of Indonesia . Jump up ^ Paul Vallely . How Islamic inventors changed the world . The Independent . ^ Jump up to : Kim , Mi Gyung ( 2003 ) . Affinity , That Elusive Dream - A Genealogy of the Chemical Revolution ( Epilogue : A Tale of Three Fathers ) . ISBN 0 - 262 - 11273 - 6 . Jump up ^ Berzelius , Jöns ( 1779 -- 1848 ) - Eric Weisstein 's World of Scientific Biography Jump up ^ Jons Jacob - Encyclopædia Britannica Online , 2 Aug 2007 Jump up ^ `` ACS Green Chemistry at a Glance '' Jump up ^ O. Hahn and F. Strassmann Über den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle ( On the detection and characteristics of the alkaline earth metals formed by irradiation of uranium with neutrons ) , Naturwissenschaften Volume 27 , Number 1 , 11 - 15 ( 1939 ) . The authors were identified as being at the Kaiser - Wilhelm - Institut für Chemie , Berlin - Dahlem . Received 22 December 1938 . Jump up ^ Chemistry Contexts . by Irwin , D ; Farrelly , R ; Garnett , P. Longman Sciences , ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Meijer , E.W. ( 2001 ) . `` Jacobus Henricus van ' t Hoff ; Hundred Years of Impact on Stereochemistry in the Netherlands '' . Angewandte Chemie International Edition . 40 ( 20 ) : 3783 -- 3789 . PMID 11668534 . doi : 10.1002 / 1521 - 3773 ( 20011015 ) 40 : 20 < 3783 : : AID - ANIE3783 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - J . Jump up ^ Spek , Trienke M. van der ( 2006 ) . `` Selling a Theory : The Role of Molecular Models in J.H. van ' t Hoff 's Stereochemistry Theory '' . Annals of Science . 63 ( 2 ) : 157 -- 177 . doi : 10.1080 / 00033790500480816 . Jump up ^ Kreuzfeld , HJ ; Hateley , MJ. ( 1999 ) . `` 125 years of enantiomers : back to the roots Jacobus Henricus van ' t Hoff 1852 -- 1911 '' . Enantiomer. 4 ( 6 ) : 491 -- 6 . PMID 10672458 . Jump up ^ Jacob Darwin Hamblin ( 2005 ) . Science in the Early Twentieth Century : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 9 . ISBN 9781851096657 . His interest in both fields would serve him well , because he became a principal founder of physical chemistry . Jump up ^ Elizabeth H. Oakes ( 2010 ) . Encyclopedia of World Scientists . Infobase Publishing . p. 562 . ISBN 9781438118826 . Jump up ^ p. 12 , Plotting the globe : stories of meridians , parallels , and the international date line , Avraham Ariel and Nora Ariel Berger , Greenwood Publishing Group , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 275 - 98895 - 3 . Jump up ^ p. 389 , `` Eratosthenes '' , D.R. Dicks , in Dictionary of Scientific Biography , ed . Charles Coulston Gillispie , vol. 4 , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1971 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Akbar S. ( 1984 ) . `` Al - Beruni : The First Anthropologist '' . RAIN. 60 ( 60 ) : 9 -- 10 . doi : 10.2307 / 3033407 Jump up ^ https://books.google.fr/books?id=iJ0bDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA12&lpg=PA12&dq=al+biruni+father+of+geodesy&source=bl&ots=8-uDuI_uCz&sig=RKfV1sspBTE3QNgMOuG6mxA1cgg&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwinwpScqbvWAhVHC8AKHcrnBK44ChDoAQgtMAc#v=onepage&q=al%20biruni%20father%20of%20geodesy&f=false ^ Jump up to : Woods , Thomas . How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization , p 4 & 96 . ( Washington , DC : Regenery , 2005 ) ; ISBN 0 - 89526 - 038 - 7 . Jump up ^ Jack Repcheck : The Man Who Found Time : James Hutton and the Discovery of the Earth 's Antiquity . London and Cambridge , Massachusetts : Simon & Schuster ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ G. Evelyn Hutchinson a.k.a. Father of modern limnology and the modern Darwin ( 1903 -- 1991 ) Jump up ^ p. 19 , Reader 's guide to the history of science , Arne Hessenbruch , Taylor & Francis , 2000 , ISBN 1 - 884964 - 29 - X . Jump up ^ Lewis , Charles Lee , associate professor of the United States Naval Academy : Pathfinder of the Seas ( book ) . Jump up ^ Mikhalevsky , P ; Godin , O ; Naugolnykh , K ; Dubrovsky , N ( 2005 ) . `` Leonid Maksimovich Brekhovskikh '' . Physics Today . 58 ( 11 ) : 70 -- 71 . Bibcode : 2005PhT ... 58k ... 70M . doi : 10.1063 / 1.2155769 . Jump up ^ Hall , James W. ( 1999 ) . Handbook of Otoacoustic Emissions . Thomson Delmar Learning . p. 2 . ISBN 1 - 56593 - 873 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hall , James W. ; H. Gustav Mueller ( 1998 ) . Audiologists Desk Reference : Audiolologic Management , Rehabilitation and Terminology . Thomson Delmar Learning . p. 912 . ISBN 1 - 56593 - 711 - 2 . Jump up ^ Durand , V. Mark , Jim ; David H Barlow ( 2005 ) . Essentials of Abnormal Psychology . Thomson Wadsworth . p. 235 . ISBN 0 - 495 - 03128 - 3 . Jump up ^ Klein , Bruce ( August 13 , 2004 ) . `` The Father of Cryonics , Robert C.W. Ettinger , Interview with Bruce Klein '' . Immortality Institute . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ de Vaux , Jean Claude . `` The Pierre Fauchard Academy '' . Archived from the original on 2000 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Acierno , LJ ; Worrell , LT ( January 2007 ) . `` Peter Safar : father of modern cardiopulmonary resuscitation '' . Clinical Cardiology. 30 ( 1 ) : 52 -- 4 . ISSN 0160 - 9289 . PMID 17262769 . doi : 10.1002 / clc. 20042 . Jump up ^ Mitka , Mike ( May 2003 ) . `` Peter J. Safar , MD : ' father of CPR , ' innovator , teacher , humanist '' ( PDF ) . JAMA. 289 ( 19 ) : 2485 -- 6 . ISSN 0098 - 7484 . PMID 12759308 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 289.19. 2485 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ UK Daily Telegraph obituary 12 / 29 / 2004 . Jump up ^ Father of fitness , Jack La Lanne , turns 90 , MSNBC , September 24 , 2004 . `` He continues to live by his motto , ' I ca n't die , it would ruin my image ! ' '' Jump up ^ Log In Problems Jump up ^ History of Women and Science , Health , and Technology Jump up ^ Vallejo - Manzur F et al. ( 2003 ) `` The resuscitation greats . Andreas Vesalius , the concept of an artificial airway . '' Resuscitation '' 56 : 3 - 7 Jump up ^ Geneticists Mourn Loss of the ' Father of Genetic Medicine ' Jump up ^ Mostafa Shehata MD ( 2004 ) . `` The Father of Medicine : A Historical Reconsideration '' . Turk Klin J Med Ethics. 12 : 171 -- 176 ( 176 ) . Jump up ^ Nirupama Laroia M.D. ; Sharma Deeksha ( 2006 ) . `` The Religious and Cultural Bases for Breastfeeding Practices Among the Hindus '' . Mary Ann Liebert , Inc. 1 ( 2 ) : 94 -- 98 . doi : 10.1089 / bfm. 2006.1. 94 . Jump up ^ Hippocrates , Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006 . Microsoft Corporation . Archived 2009 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ p. 4 , Surgery : Basic Science and Clinical Evidence , Jeffrey A. Norton , Philip S. Barie , R. Randal Bollinger , Alfred E. Chang , Stephen F. Lowry , Sean J Mulvihill , M.D. , Harvey I Pass , M.D. , Robert W Thompson , M.D. , Springer , 2008 , ISBN 0 - 387 - 30800 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Father of neurosurgery Dr Harvey Cushing 's legacy '' . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Black , Rebecca . The Support of Breastfeeding : Module 1 . Jones and Bartlett Publishers . p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 7637 - 0208 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lavoisier , Antoine . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007 . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 24 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Mike ( 2010 - 01 - 29 ) . `` Starzl , Tribune - Review reporters claim Carnegie Science Awards '' . Pittsburgh Tribune - Review . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ p. 533 , Orthopaedic Pathology , Peter G. Bullough , Elsevier Health Sciences , 2009 , 5th ed. , ISBN 03 - 23074 - 73 - 1 . Jump up ^ Wilhelm Wundt in Psychology Biographies at ALLPSYCH Online Jump up ^ Tschanz David W. ( 2003 ) . `` Arab Roots of European Medicine '' . Heart Views. 4 : 2 . Jump up ^ Bernard , Claude . An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine , 1865 . First English translation by Henry Copley Greene , published by Macmillan & Co. , Ltd. , 1927 ; reprinted in 1949 . The Dover Edition of 1957 is a reprint of the original translation with a new Foreword by I. Bernard Cohen of Harvard University . Jump up ^ Oursler , Fulton ; Will Oursler ( 1949 ) . Father Flanagan of Boys Town . Doubleday . p. 270 . ^ Jump up to : A. Singh and D. Sarangi ( 2003 ) . `` We need to think and act '' , Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery . ^ Jump up to : H.W. Longfellow ( 2002 ) . `` History of Plastic Surgery in India '' , Journal of Postgraduate Medicine . Jump up ^ Sigmund Freud ( Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy ) Jump up ^ Aaen - Stockdale , Craig ( 2008 ) , `` Ibn al - Haytham and psychophysics '' , Perception , 37 ( 4 ) : 636 -- 638 , PMID 18546671 , doi : 10.1068 / p5940 Jump up ^ Lee , Martin A. ; Bruce Shlain ( 1986 ) . Acid Dreams : The Complete Social History of LSD : The CIA , the Sixties , and Beyond . Grove Press . p. 6 . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3062 - 3 ... See also Harry Armstrong . Jump up ^ Martin - Araguz A. ; Bustamante - Martinez C. ; Fernandez - Armayor Ajo V. ; Moreno - Martinez J.M. ( 2002 ) . `` Neuroscience in al - Andalus and its influence on medieval scholastic medicine '' . Revista de neurología. 34 ( 9 ) : 877 -- 892 . PMID 12134355 . Jump up ^ p. 283 , Old - Time Makers of Medicine , James J. Walsh , New York : Fordham University Press , 1911 . Jump up ^ Pare , Ambroise . '' Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007 . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 25 Aug. 2007 < http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9058441 > . Jump up ^ Gray C ( May 1983 ) . `` The remarkable surgical collection of John Hunter '' . Can Med Assoc J. 128 ( 10 ) : 1225 -- 8 . PMC 1875296 . PMID 6340814 . Jump up ^ The knife man : the extraordinary life and times of John Hunter , father of modern surgery , Wendy Moore , Random House , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 7679 - 1652 - 2 . Jump up ^ pp. 51 - 55 , Pioneers of microbiology and the Nobel prize , Ulf Lagerkvist , World Scientific , 2003 , ISBN 981 - 238 - 234 - 8 . Jump up ^ Joseph Lister , Father of Modern Surgery , Rhoda Truax , Bobbs Merrill , Indianapolis and New York , 1944 . Jump up ^ Voorhees , J.R. ; Tubbs , R.S. ; Nahed , B. ; Cohen - Gadol , A.A. ( 2009 ) . `` William S. Halsted and Harvey W. Cushing : reflections on their complex association '' . Journal of Neurosurgery. 110 ( 2 ) : 384 -- 390 . PMID 18976064 . doi : 10.3171 / 2008.4. 17516 . Jump up ^ Paracelsus : Herald of Modern Toxicology - Borzelleca 53 ( 1 ) : 2 - Toxicological Sciences Jump up ^ Chladniite : A New Mineral Honoring the Father of Meteoritics , McCoy , T.J. ; Steele , I.M. ; Keil , K. ; Leonard , B.F. ; Endress , M. , Meteoritics , vol. 28 , no . 3 , volume 28 , page 394 , 07 / 1993 Jump up ^ `` Cayley , Sir George . '' Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007 . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 25 Aug. 2007 < http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9360092 > . ^ Jump up to : Milestones in the birth of Cosmology Jump up ^ Christianson , Gale ( 1984 ) . In the Presence of the Creator : Isaac Newton & his times . New York : Free Press . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster Collegiate Dictionary , 2000 , CD - ROM , version 2.5 . Jump up ^ He also invented the electrical generator , which is the basic source for producing electricity to begin with . ( 1831 ) Frank Ashall , Remarkable Discoveries ! , Cambridge University Press - 1996 . page 1 Jump up ^ André - Marie Ampère - Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Josiah Willard Gibbs Archived 2013 - 05 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . - Britannica , 1911 Jump up ^ Thiele , Rüdiger ( 2005 ) , `` In Memoriam : Matthias Schramm '' , Arabic Sciences and Philosophy , Cambridge University Press , 15 : 329 -- 331 , doi : 10.1017 / S0957423905000214 Jump up ^ Thiele , Rüdiger ( August 2005 ) , `` In Memoriam : Matthias Schramm , 1928 -- 2005 '' , Historia Mathematica , 32 ( 3 ) : 271 -- 274 , doi : 10.1016 / j. hm. 2005.05. 002 Jump up ^ Danielson , Dennis , `` The First Copernican : Georg Joachim Rheticus and the Rise of the Copernican Revolution '' , Walker & Company , 2006 Jump up ^ Weidhorn , Manfred ( 2005 ) . The Person of the Millennium : The Unique Impact of Galileo on World History . iUniverse , p. 155 . ISBN 0 - 595 - 36877 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pasachoff , Naomi ( 2005 ) . Ernest Rutherford : Father Of Nuclear Science ( Great Minds of Science ) . ISBN 0 - 7660 - 2441 - 5 . Jump up ^ Resources Jump up ^ R.L. Verma ( 1969 ) . Al - Hazen : father of modern optics . Jump up ^ R. Fitzpatrick ( 2011 ) . A brief history of plasma physics . Jump up ^ Heilbron , J.L. The Dilemmas of an Upright Man : Max Planck and the Fortunes of German Science ( Harvard , 2000 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) . URL accessed December 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Perrot , Pierre ( 1998 ) . A to Z of Thermodynamics . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 856552 - 6 . Jump up ^ Solomon Gandz ( 1936 ) , The sources of al - Khwarizmi 's algebra , Osiris I , p. 263 -- 277 : `` In a sense , Khwarizmi is more entitled to be called the father of algebra than Diophantus , because Khwarizmi is the first to teach algebra in an elementary form and for its own sake , Diophantus is primarily concerned with the theory of numbers . '' Jump up ^ Serish Nanisetti , Father of algorithms and algebra , The Hindu , June 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Carl B. ( 1991 ) . `` The Arabic Hegemony '' . A History of Mathematics ( Second ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons , Inc. p. 228 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 54397 - 7 . Diophantus sometimes is called `` the father of algebra , '' but this title more appropriately belongs to al - Khwarizmi . It is true that in two respects the work of al - Khwarizmi represented a retrogression from that of Diophantus . First , it is on a far more elementary level than that found in the Diophantine problems and , second , the algebra of al - naren is thoroughly rhetorical , with none of the syncopation found in the Greek Arithmetica or in Brahmagupta 's work . Even numbers were written out in words rather than symbols ! It is quite unlikely that al - Khwarizmi knew of the work of Diophantus , but he must have been familiar with at least the astronomical and computational portions of Brahmagupta ; yet neither al - Khwarizmi nor other Arabic scholars made use of syncopation or of negative numbers . Jump up ^ Derbyshire , John ( 2006 ) . `` The Father of Algebra '' . Unknown Quantity : A Real And Imaginary History of Algebra . Joseph Henry Press . p. 31 . ISBN 0 - 309 - 09657 - X . Diophantus , the father of algebra , in whose honor I have named this chapter , lived in Alexandria , in Roman Egypt , in either the 1st , the 2nd , or the 3rd century CE . Jump up ^ Ioan Mackenzie James , ed. ( 1999 ) . History of Topology . Elsevier . p. 544 . ISBN 9780444823755 . Poincaré : the founder of algebraic topology Jump up ^ Poincaré , Henri , `` Analysis situs '' , Journal de l'École Polytechnique ser 2 , 1 ( 1895 ) pp. 1 -- 123 Jump up ^ p. 750 , Rudiments of Mathematics Part 1 , M.N. Mukherjee , P. Mukhopadhyay , S. Sinha Roy & U. Dasgupta , Academic Publishers , 2008 , 5th ed. , ISBN 81 - 89781 - 54 - 5 . Jump up ^ p. 147 , Collisions , rings , and other Newtonian N - body problems , Donald Saari , American Mathematical Society , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 8218 - 3250 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gullberg , Jan ( 1997 ) . Mathematics From The Birth Of Numbers . W.W. Norton Jump up ^ Bell , E.T. ( 1937 ) ( 1986 ) . Men of Mathematics , Touchstone edition , New York : Simon & Schuster , pp. 91 -- 2 . Jump up ^ George Gheverghese Joseph ( 2000 ) . The Crest of the Peacock . Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ Morris , Edie ; Harkleroad , Leon ( 1990 ) , `` Rózsa Péter : recursive function theory 's founding mother '' , The Mathematical Intelligence , 12 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 64 Jump up ^ `` Rozsa Peter : Founder of Recursive Function Theory '' . Women in Science : A Selection of 16 Contributors . San Diego Supercomputer Center . 1997 . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Monge , Gaspard , comte de Peluse . '' Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007 . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 24 Aug. 2007 < http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9053349 > . Jump up ^ Artmann , Benno ( 1999 ) . Euclid : The Creation of Mathematics . New York : Springer . Jump up ^ Biggs , N. Lloyd , E. and Wilson , R. ( 1986 ) . Graph Theory , 1736 - 1936 . London : Oxford University Press Jump up ^ H.F. Baker ( 1926 ) , `` Corrado Segre '' , Journal of the London Mathematical Society 1 : 269 Jump up ^ Ne'eman , Yuval ( 1999 ) , `` The Impact of Emmy Noether 's Theorems on XXIst Century Physics '' , in Teicher , M. , The Heritage of Emmy Noether , Israel Mathematical Conference Proceedings , Bar - Ilan University , American Mathematical Society , Oxford University Press , pp. 83 -- 101 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 851045 - 1 , OCLC 223099225 Jump up ^ Dick 1981 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ van der Waerden 1985 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Marvin Jay Greenberg , Euclidean and Non-Euclidean geometries : Development and history New York : W.H. Freeman , 1993 . Jump up ^ p. 46 , Aristarchus of Samos : The Ancient Copernicus , Thomas Heath , Oxford , 1913 . Jump up ^ Stigler , Stephen M. ( 1990 ) . The History of Statistics : The Measurement of Uncertainty before 1900 . Belknap Press / Harvard University Press . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J ; Edmund F. Robertson `` Gérard Desargues '' . MacTutor History of Mathematics archive . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J ; Edmund F. Robertson `` Gregorio Ricci - Curbastro '' . MacTutor History of Mathematics archive . Jump up ^ Boyer ( 1991 ) . `` Greek Trigonometry and Mensuration '' . A History of Mathematics ( Second ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons , Inc. p. 162 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 54397 - 7 . For some two and a half centuries , from Hippocrates to Eratosthenes , Greek mathematicians had studied relationships between lines and circles and had applied these in a variety of astronomical problems , but no systematic trigonometry had resulted . Then , presumably during the second half of the second century B.C. , the first trigonometric table apparently was compiled by the astronomer Hipparchus of Nicaea ( ca . 180 - ca . 125 B.C. ) , who thus earned the right to be known as the father of trigonometry . Aristarchus had known that in a given circle the ratio of arc to chord decreases from 180 ° to 0 ° , tending toward a limit of 1 . However , it appears that not until Hipparchus undertook the task had anyone tabulated corresponding values of arc and chord for a whole series of angles . Jump up ^ Boyer 's opinion may constructively be compared to Øystein Ore 's opinion , that the Babylonians constructed trigonometric tables ca 1600 BCE ( Ore ( 1988 ) . `` Diophantine Problems '' . Number Theory and its History . Dover Publications , Inc . pp. 176 -- 179 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 65620 - 9 . The tablet , catalogued as Plimpton 322 , is composed in Old Babylonian script so that it must fall in the period from 1900 B.C. and 1600 B.C. , at least a millennium before the Pythagoreans ... It is evident , however , that at this early date the Babylonians not only had completely mastered the Pythagorean problem , but also had used it as the basis for the construction of trigonometric tables. ) Jump up ^ Wheeler , Lynde , Phelps ( 1951 ) . Josiah Willard Gibbs - the History of a Great Mind . Ox Bow Press . Jump up ^ Michael J. Crowe ( 1994 ) . A History of Vector Analysis : The Evolution of the Idea of a Vectorial System . Dover Publications ; Reprint edition . Jump up ^ Jonathan Mendelson & Elana Blumenthal . `` Chaos Theory and Fractals '' . Mendelson Productions in collaboration with Blumenthal Enterprises . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Henri Poincaré was really the `` Father of Chaos ( Theory ) , '' however . Jump up ^ `` Mistress of Girton whose mathematical work formed the basis of chaos theory '' . Obituaries Electronic Telegraph . 11 April 1998 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Freeman J. Dyson , Mary Lucy Cartwright ( 1900 -- 1998 ) : Chaos theory , pp. 169 -- 177 , in Out of the Shadows : Contributions of Twentieth - Century Women to Physics , edited by Nina Byers and Gary Williams , 498 p . ( Cambridge University Press , 2006 ) ; ISBN 0 - 521 - 82197 - 5 Jump up ^ Edward Lorenz , father of chaos theory and butterfly effect , dies at 90 - MIT News Office Jump up ^ Conway , F. , and Siegelman , J. , 2005 . Dark Hero of the Information Age : in search of Norbert Wiener , the father of cybernetics . Basic Books , New York . 423pp . ISBN 0 - 7382 - 0368 - 8 Jump up ^ Bell Labs website : `` For example , Claude Shannon , the father of Information Theory , had a passion ... '' Jump up ^ 2004 Distinguished Alumni Jump up ^ Bryson , A.E. ; Ho , Y.C. ( 1975 ) . Applied optimal control . Washington , DC : Hemisphere . Jump up ^ Britannica Online Encyclopedia Jump up ^ p. 22 , A Short History of Scientific Ideas to 1900 , Charles Singer , Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1959 . Jump up ^ Ahmed Akbar S ( 1984 ) . `` Al - Beruni : The First Anthropologist '' . RAIN. 60 : 9 -- 10 . doi : 10.2307 / 3033407 . ^ Jump up to : Zafarul - Islam Khan , At The Threshold ( sic ) Of A New Millennium -- II , The Milli Gazette . ^ Jump up to : H. Mowlana ( 2001 ) . `` Information in the Arab World '' , Cooperation South Journal 1 . Jump up ^ Woods , Thomas . How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization , p 4 & 109 . ( Washington , DC : Regenery , 2005 ) ; ISBN 0 - 89526 - 038 - 7 . Jump up ^ Akhtar S.W. ( 1997 ) . `` The Islamic Concept of Knowledge '' . Al - Tawhid : A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture . 12 : 3 . Jump up ^ Willcox , William Bradford ; Arnstein , Walter L. ( 1966 ) . The Age of Aristocracy , 1688 to 1830 . Volume III of A History of England , edited by Lacey Baldwin Smith ( Sixth Edition , 1992 ed . ) . Lexington , MA . p. 133 . ISBN 0 - 669 - 24459 - 7 . Adam Ferguson of Edinburgh became `` the father of modern sociology . '' Jump up ^ Auguste Comte , Britannica Student Encyclopedia . Accessed October 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ p. 87 , Full Meridian of Glory , Paul Murdin , New York : Springer , 2009 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 75533 - 5 ( print ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 75534 - 2 ( online ) . ^ Jump up to : DIWAN , Jaswith . ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS & THEORIES . LONDON : MORRE . pp. 001 -- 002 . id # 94452 . Jump up ^ I.M. Oweiss ( 1988 ) , `` Ibn Khaldun , the Father of Economics '' , Arab Civilization : Challenges and Responses , New York University Press , ISBN 0 - 88706 - 698 - 4 . Jump up ^ L.K. Jha , K.N. Jha ( 1998 ) . `` Chanakya : the pioneer economist of the world '' , International Journal ertrtrtrtof Social Economics 25 ( 2 - 4 ) , p. 267 - 282 Jump up ^ Rothbard , Murray N. ( 2006 ) . `` Chapter 12 -- The founding father of modern economics : Richard Cantillon '' . Economic thought before Adam Smith : An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought . Cheltnam , UK : Edward Elgar . p. 345 . ISBN 0 - 945466 - 48 - X . The honour of being called the ' father of modern economics ' belongs , then , not to its usual recipient , Adam Smith , but to a gallicized Irish merchant , banker , and adventurer who wrote the first treatise on economics more than four decades before the publication of the Wealth of Nations . Richard Cantillon ( c. early 1680s - 1734 ) ... Jump up ^ Pelo , June . `` Anders Chydenius '' . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Steven Pressman , Fifty Major Economists , Routledge 1999 ( ISBN 0 - 415 - 13481 - 1 ) , p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Acton Institute : Anders Chydenius ( 1729 - 1803 ) '' . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Cleveland C. ; Ruth M. ( 1997 ) . `` When , where , and by how much do biophysical limits constrain the economic process ? A survey of Georgescu - Roegen 's contribution to ecological economics '' . Ecological Economics . 22 : 203 -- 223 . doi : 10.1016 / s0921 - 8009 ( 97 ) 00079 - 7 . Jump up ^ Daly H ( 1995 ) . `` On Nicholas Georgescu - Roegen 's contributions to economics : An obituary essay '' . Ecological Economics . 13 : 149 -- 54 . doi : 10.1016 / 0921 - 8009 ( 95 ) 00011 - w . Jump up ^ Mayumi K ( 1995 ) . `` Nicholas Georgescu - Roegen ( 1906 - 1994 ) '' . Structural Change and Economic Dynamics . 6 : 115 -- 120 . doi : 10.1016 / 0954 - 349x ( 95 ) 00014 - e . Jump up ^ Mayumi , Kozo ; Gowdy , John , eds. ( 1999 ) . Bioeconomics and Sustainability : Essays in Honor of Nicholas Georgescu - Roegen . Cheltenham : Edward Elgar . ISBN 1 - 85898 - 667 - 2 . Jump up ^ Mayumi , Kozo ( 2001 ) . The Origins of Ecological Economics : The Bioeconomics of Georgescu - Roegen . Routledge , Taylor & Francis Group . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23523 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` John Maynard Keynes '' . Investopedia . Investopedia . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Blinder , Alan . `` Keynesian Economics '' . Library of Economics and Liberty . Liberty Fund . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Brad . `` John Maynard Keynes : The Man Who Transformed the Economic World '' . Investing Answers . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Rothbard , p 379 . Jump up ^ Woods , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Pressman , Steven ( 2006 ) . 50 Major Economists . Routledge Key Guides ( 2 ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . p. 137 . ISBN 9780415366489 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Dun 's Review . Dun & Bradstreet Publications Corp. 94 : 146 . 1969 https://books.google.com/books?id=v8cSAQAAMAAJ . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 05 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Expanding Microcredit in India : A Great Opportunity for Poverty Alleviation , Grameen Dialogue . Jump up ^ Rothbard , p 167 Jump up ^ Karl Marx ( 1863 ) : Theories of Surplus Value , Chapter 10 : Carey ( the passage to be looked up later ) therefore denounces him as the father of communism . `` Mr. Ricardo 's system is one of discords ... its whole tends to the production of hostility among classes and nations ... His hook is the true manual of the demagogue , who seeks power by means of agrarianism , war , and plunder . '' ( H.C. Carey , The Past , the Present , and the Future , Philadelphia , 1848 , pp. 74 -- 75 . ) Jump up ^ Rothbard , p 102 Jump up ^ Rothbard , p 100 - 101 Jump up ^ Harry Markowitz , `` the father of Modern Portfolio Theory , '' To Highlight Investment Consultants Conference Jump up ^ Pamela Gossin , Encyclopedia of Literature and Science , 2002 . Jump up ^ Finocchiaro , Maurice A. ( Fall 2007 ) , `` Book Review -- The Person of the Millennium : The Unique Impact of Galileo on World History '' , The Historian 69 ( 3 ) : 601 -- 602 Jump up ^ Weidhorn , Manfred ( 2005 ) . The Person of the Millennium : The Unique Impact of Galileo on World History . Universe , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Jim Al - Khalili , The ' first true scientist ' , BBC.co.uk , 4 January 2009 . Jump up ^ MLA style : `` Bacon , Francis , Viscount Saint Alban , Baron of Verulam . '' Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007 . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 28 Dec. 2007 < http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108408 > . APA style : Bacon , Francis , Viscount Saint Alban , Baron of Verulam. ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` Ellen S. Richards . '' Vassar College Encyclopedia . 2005 . 20 Nov. 2011 < http://vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu/alumni/ellen-swallow-richards.html > . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_people_considered_father_or_mother_of_a_scientific_field&oldid=803721611 '' Categories : Lists of scientists Lists of people by name feature Science pioneers Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 05 : 48 . 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charleston became an especially important english seaport after

History of Charleston - Wikipedia History of Charleston Jump to : navigation , search A 1733 map of Charleston published by Herman Moll Part of a series on the History of South Carolina Timeline Colonial period 1651 -- 1774 American Revolution 1775 -- 1788 Antebellum period 1812 -- 1860 Civil War era 1861 -- 1865 Reconstruction 1865 -- 1877 State of South Carolina South Carolina portal The history of Charleston , South Carolina , is one of the longest and most diverse of any community in the United States , spanning hundreds of years of physical settlement beginning in 1670 through modern times . Charleston was the leading city in the South from the colonial era to the Civil War The city grew wealthy through the export of rice and , later , sea island cotton and it was the base for many wealthy merchants and landowners . The devastation of the Civil War and the ruin of the Charleston 's hinterland lost the city its regional dominance . However , it remained the center of the South Carolina economy , while in politics the upstate politicians routinely attacked its aristocratic and undemocratic tone . Beginning during World War II , Charleston became a major naval base . In recent decades , tourism and service industries have led the economy to a new level of prosperity . Contents ( hide ) 1 Colonial period : 1663 -- 1779 1.1 Founding and initial growth 1.2 Ethnic and religious diversity 1.3 Culture 1.4 Slavery 2 American Revolution : 1776 -- 1783 3 Antebellum : 1783 -- 1861 3.1 Commerce and expansion 3.2 Political changes 4 Civil War : 1861 -- 1865 5 Postbellum : 1865 -- 1945 5.1 Reconstruction 5.2 1886 earthquake 6 Modern - day : 1945 -- present 6.1 Hurricane Hugo 6.2 Joe Riley era 6.3 Charleston church shooting 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 9.1 Primary sources 10 External links Colonial period : 1663 -- 1779 ( edit ) Founding and initial growth ( edit ) The hanging of pirate Stede Bonnet in Charleston , 1718 Restored to the throne following Oliver Cromwell 's Protectorate , King Charles II granted the chartered Carolina territory to eight of his loyal friends , known as the Lords Proprietors , in 1663 . It took seven years before the Lords could arrange for settlement , the first being that of `` Charles Town , '' the original name for the city . The community was established in 1670 by English colonists from Barbados , under the first Governor of South Carolina , William Sayle , on the west bank of the Ashley River a few miles northwest of the present city . It was soon designated by Anthony Ashley Cooper , leader of the Lords Proprietor , to become a `` great port towne '' , a destiny which the city fulfilled . By 1681 , the settlement had grown , joined by settlers from England , Barbados , and Virginia ; and it was moved to the current peninsular location . As the capital of the Carolina colony , Charles Town was a base for colonial expansion and was the southernmost point of English settlement during the late 17th century . The settlement was often subject to attack from sea and from land . Countries such as Spain and France that still contested England 's claim to the region launched periodic assaults along with combined resistance from Native Americans and pirate raids . An example of an assault is the 1706 failed expedition during Queen Anne 's War . Charleston 's colonists erected a fortification wall around the small settlement to aid in its defense . Two buildings remain from the Walled City : the Powder Magazine , where the city 's supply of gunpowder was stored , and the Pink House , believed to have been an old colonial tavern . A 1680 plan for the new settlement , the Grand Modell , laid out `` the model of an exact regular town , '' and the future for the growing community . Land surrounding the intersection of Meeting and Broad Streets was set aside for a Civic Square . Over time , it became known as the Four Corners of the Law , referring to the various arms of governmental and religious law presiding over the square and the growing city . In late May 1718 , Charles Town was besieged by Edward Teach , commonly known as `` Blackbeard '' , for nearly a week . His pirates plundered merchant ships and seized the passengers and crew of the Crowley while demanding a chest of medicine from Governor Robert Johnson . Receiving it , they released their nearly naked hostages and sailed up the coast for North Carolina . The wreck of Blackbeard 's flagship , the Queen Anne 's Revenge , has since been discovered and found to include a urethral syringe ( used to treat syphilis ) , pump clysters ( used to provide enemas ) , a porringer ( possibly for bloodletting ) , and a brass mortar and pestle for preparing medicine . St. Phillips Episcopal Church , Charleston 's oldest and most noted church , was built on the southeast corner in 1752 . The following year , the capitol of the colony was erected across the square . Because of its prominent position within the city and its elegant architecture , the building signaled to Charleston 's citizens and visitors its importance within the British colonies . Provincial court met on the ground floor while the Commons House of Assembly and the Royal Governor 's Council Chamber met on the second floor . By 1750 Charleston had become a bustling trade center , the hub of the Atlantic trade for the southern colonies , and the wealthiest and largest city south of Philadelphia . By 1770 , it was the fourth largest port in the colonies , after only Boston , New York , and Philadelphia , with a population of 11,000 , slightly more than half of that slaves . Cotton , rice and indigo were successfully cultivated by Gullah people who survived the Middle Passage as enslaved planters . They were captured from the Congo - Angola border and rice - producing regions of West Africa , like the `` Rice Coast , '' the `` Windward Coast , '' the `` Gambia , '' and `` Sierra - Leon '' , and forced to work in the surrounding coastal low - country . The South Carolina and Georgia colonists ultimately adopted a system of rice cultivation that drew heavily on the labor patterns and technical knowledge of their African slaves . Cotton , rice , indigo and naval stores were exported in an extremely profitable shipping industry . It was the cultural and economic center of the South . As time went on , they developed a creolized Gullah language and culture , retaining many elements from West Africa . In 1761 , a large tornado temporarily emptied the Ashley River and sank five warships lying offshore . Ethnic and religious diversity ( edit ) St. Philip 's Episcopal Church While the earliest settlers primarily came from England , colonial Charleston was also home to a mixture of ethnic and religious groups . In colonial times , Boston , Massachusetts , and Charleston were sister cities , and people of means spent summers in Boston and winters in Charleston . There was a great deal of trade with Bermuda and the Caribbean , and some people came to live in Charleston from these areas . French , Scots - Irish , Scottish , Irish , and Germans migrated to the developing seacoast town , representing numerous Protestant denominations , as well as Roman Catholicism and Judaism . Sephardic Jews migrated to the city in such numbers that Charleston eventually was home to , by the beginning of the 19th century and until about 1830 , the largest and wealthiest Jewish community in North America The Jewish Coming Street Cemetery , first established in 1762 , attests to their long - standing presence in the community . The first Anglican church , St. Philip 's Episcopal Church , was built in 1682 , although later destroyed by fire and relocated to its current location . Slaves also comprised a major portion of the population , and were active in the city 's religious community . Free black Charlestonians and slaves helped establish the Old Bethel United Methodist Church in 1797 , and the congregation of the Emanuel A.M.E. Church stems from a religious group organized solely by African Americans , free and slave , in 1791 . It is the oldest A.M.E. church in the south , and the second oldest A.M.E. church in the country . The first American museum opened to the public on January 12 , 1773 in Charleston . From the mid-18th century a large amount of immigration was taking place in the upcountry of the Carolinas , some of it coming from abroad through Charleston , but also much of it a southward movement from Virginia , Maryland and Pennsylvania , until the upcountry population was larger than the coastal population . The upcountry people were viewed by Charlestonians as being unpolished in many ways , and had different interests , setting the stage for several generations of conflicts between the upcountry and the Charleston elite . Culture ( edit ) As Charleston grew , so did the community 's cultural and social opportunities , especially for the elite merchants and planters . The first theater building in America was built in Charleston in 1736 , but was later replaced by the 19th - century Planter 's Hotel where wealthy planters stayed during Charleston 's horse - racing season ( now the Dock Street Theatre , known as one of the oldest active theaters built for stage performance in the United States ) . Benevolent societies were formed by several different ethnic groups : the South Carolina Society , founded by French Huguenots in 1737 ; the German Friendly Society , founded in 1766 ; and the Hibernian Society , founded by Irish immigrants in 1801 . The Charleston Library Society was established in 1748 by some wealthy Charlestonians who wished to keep up with the scientific and philosophical issues of the day . This group also helped establish the College of Charleston in 1770 , the oldest college in South Carolina , the oldest municipal college in the United States , and the 13th oldest college in the United States . Slavery ( edit ) During the early 17th century , it was difficult to acquire enslaved Africans north of the Caribbean . To meet labor needs , European colonists had practiced Indian slavery for some time . The Carolinians transformed the Indian slave trade during the late 17th and early 18th centuries by treating slaves as a trade commodity to be exported , mainly to the West Indies . Alan Gallay estimates that between 1670 and 1715 , between 24,000 and 51,000 Native Americans were captured and sold , from South Carolina -- many more than the number of African slaves imported into the colonies of the future United States during the same period . A major establishment of African slavery in the North American colonies occurred with the founding of Charles Town and South Carolina , beginning in 1670 . The colony was settled mainly by planters from the overpopulated sugar island colony of Barbados , who brought relatively large numbers of African slaves from that island . American Revolution : 1776 -- 1783 ( edit ) William Moultrie As the relationship between the colonists and England deteriorated , Charleston became a focal point in the ensuing American Revolution . In protest of the Tea Act of 1773 , which embodied the concept of taxation without representation , Charlestonians confiscated tea and stored it in the Exchange and Custom House . Representatives from all over the colony came to the Exchange in 1774 to elect delegates to the Continental Congress , the group responsible for drafting the Declaration of Independence ; and South Carolina declared its independence from the crown on the steps of the Exchange . Soon , the church steeples of Charleston , especially St. Michael 's , became targets for British warships causing rebel forces to paint the steeples black to blend with the night sky . It was thrice the target of British attacks . At every stage the British strategy assumed a large base of Loyalist supporters who would rally to the King given some military support , but the loyalty of the white southerners had largely been forfeited by British legal cases ( such as the 1772 Somerset case ) and military tactics ( such as Dunmore 's Proclamation in 1775 ) that threatened the emancipation of the planter 's slaves . The same practices , however , did win the allegiance of thousands of Black Loyalists . On June 28 , 1776 , General Henry Clinton , with 2000 men and a naval squadron , tried to seize Charleston , hoping for a simultaneous Loyalist uprising in South Carolina . It seemed a cheap way of waging the war , but it failed as the naval force was defeated by the Continental Army , specifically , the 2nd South Carolina Regiment at Fort Moultrie under the command of William Moultrie . When the fleet fired cannonballs , the shot failed to penetrate the fort 's unfinished , yet thick palmetto log walls . Additionally , no local Loyalists attacked the town from behind as the British had hoped . The Loyalists were too poorly organized to be effected , but as late as 1780 , senior officials in London , misled by Loyalist exiles , placed their confidence in their rising . The Battle of Sullivan 's Island saw the 9 ships and 2000 soldiers under Admiral Peter Parker and General Henry Clinton fail to capture a partially - constructed palmetto palisade from the few hundred men composing Col. William Moultrie 's militia regiment over the course of a day 's fighting on June 28 , 1776 . Moultrie had been forced to ignore the order to retreat from his general , Charles Lee , under commands from his president John Rutledge . In the end , the spongy palmetto - and - sand defenses completely neutralized the British naval bombardment and gave the Royal Navy its first defeat in a century . The Liberty Flag used by Moultrie 's men formed the basis of the later South Carolina flag and the victory 's anniversary continues to be commemorated as Carolina Day . Following the capture of Savannah in the closing days of 1778 , forces under Brig. Gen. Augustine Prévost contested control of Augusta with the army under Maj. Gen. Benjamin Lincoln . In April 1779 , Prévost instead sent 2500 men towards South Carolina , forcing Moultrie 's militia to fall back towards Charlestown . His men did n't see resistance until they reached within 10 miles ( 16 km ) of the city and begun to invest it , but an intercepted message alerted Prévost that Lincoln had been informed of the assault and was returning from Augusta . Prévost began an orderly withdrawal and the major engagement of the affair was his rearguard 's successful defense of the crossing at Stono Creek on June 20 . The expedition 's major effect was the antagonism its indiscriminate raiding provoked from ally and enemy alike . The same year , the French frigate Amazone captured the post ship Ariel off Charlestown on September 11 . Clinton returned in 1780 with 14,000 soldiers . American General Benjamin Lincoln was trapped and surrendered his entire 5400 men force after a long fight , and the Siege of Charleston was the greatest American defeat of the war ( see Henry Clinton `` Commander in Chief '' section for more ) . Making the capture of Charlestown their chief priority , the British sent Gen. Clinton south from New England in October 1779 . Gen. Lincoln was aware of the attack and set about fortifying the city , but an outbreak of smallpox over the winter was used by local slaveholders to excuse themselves from sending men to assist the effort . After reinforcement , Gen. Clinton approached the town via James Island and began his siege on April 1 , 1780 , with about 14,000 troops and 90 ships . Bombardment began on March 11 . De Laumoy advised Gen. Lincoln 's surrender , as the rebels had only about 5500 men and inadequate fortifications to repel the forces against them . As the British cut his supply lines and lines of retreat through skirmishes at Monck 's Corner and Lenud 's Ferry , Lincoln held out until May 12 , when his surrender became the greatest American defeat of the war . Gen. Clinton left Lt. Gen. Charles Cornwallis in Charleston with around 3000 troops to consolidate British control and then move north against Virginia . These troops were responsible for Cornwallis 's decisive victory at Camden on August 16 . Several Americans escaped the carnage and joined up with several militias , including those of Francis Marion , the ' Swampfox , ' and Andrew Pickens . These militias used hit - and - run tactics and targeted solitary Loyalists . Clinton returned to New York , leaving Charles Cornwallis with 8000 men to rally Loyalists , build forts across the state , and demand oaths of allegiance to the King . Many of these forts were taken over by the Patriot militias . The occupation forces exaggerated the power of the Loyalists and the willingness of the people to obey Royal authority . British rule was undermined by its inconsistent and arbitrary policies , together with disputes between military and civilian officials , authorities and the unwillingness of British officials to restore full civil government . As a result , South Carolinians lost faith in Charleston 's restored royal administration long before British defeat at Yorktown and the departure of the British in late 1782 . Antebellum : 1783 -- 1861 ( edit ) With the British and Loyalist leaders gone , the city officially changed its name in 1783 to Charleston . Commerce and expansion ( edit ) City Market , now occupied by the Daughters of the Confederacy . By 1788 , Carolinians were meeting at the Capitol building for the Constitutional Ratification Convention , and while there was support for the Federal Government , division arose over the location of the new state capitol . A suspicious fire broke out in the Capitol building during the Convention , after which the delegates relocated to the Exchange and decreed Columbia the new state capitol . By 1792 , the Capitol had been rebuilt and became the Charleston County Courthouse . Upon its completion , the city possessed all the public buildings necessary to be transformed from a colonial capitol to the center of the antebellum South . The grandeur and number of buildings erected in the following century reflect the optimism , pride , and civic destiny that many Charlestonians felt for their community . Charleston became more prosperous in the plantation - dominated economy of the post-Revolutionary years . The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 revolutionized this crop 's production and it quickly became South Carolina 's major export . Cotton plantations relied heavily on slave labor . Slaves were also the primary labor force within the city , working as domestics , artisans , market workers or laborers . Many black Charlestonians spoke Gullah , a language based on African American structures which combined African , French , German , Jamaican , English , Bahamian and Dutch words . In 1807 , the Charleston Market was founded . It soon became a hub for the African - American community , with many slaves and free people of color staffing stalls . List of exports to Europe from Charleston , 1787 By 1820 , Charleston 's population had grown to 23,000 , with a black majority . When a massive slave revolt planned by Denmark Vesey , a free black , was discovered in 1822 , such hysteria ensued amidst white Charlestonians and Carolinians that the activities of free blacks and slaves were severely restricted . Hundreds of blacks , free and slave , and some white supporters involved in the planned uprising were held in the Old Jail . It also was the impetus for the construction of a new State Arsenal in Charleston . Recently , research published by historian Michael P. Johnson of Johns Hopkins University has cast doubt on the veracity of the accounts detailing Vesey 's aborted slave revolt . As Charleston 's government , society and industry grew , commercial institutions were established to support the community 's aspirations . The Bank of South Carolina , the second oldest building constructed as a bank in the nation , was established in 1798 . Branches of the First and Second Bank of the United States were also located in Charleston in 1800 and 1817 . While the First Bank was converted to City Hall by 1818 , the Second Bank proved to be a vital part of the community as it was the only bank in the city equipped to handle the international transactions so crucial to the export trade . By 1840 , the Market Hall and Sheds , where fresh meat and produce were brought daily , became the commercial hub of the city . The slave trade also depended on the port of Charleston , where ships could be unloaded and the slaves sold at markets . Contrary to popular belief , slaves were never traded at the Market Hall areas . Homes along The Battery . Political changes ( edit ) In the first half of the 19th century , South Carolinians became more devoted to the idea that state 's rights were superior to the Federal government 's authority . Buildings such as the Marine Hospital ignited controversy over the degree in which the Federal government should be involved in South Carolina 's government , society , and commerce . During this period over 90 percent of Federal funding was generated from import duties , collected by custom houses such as the one in Charleston . In 1832 , South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification , a procedure in which a state could in effect repeal a Federal law , directed against the most recent tariff acts . Soon Federal soldiers were dispensed to Charleston 's forts and began to collect tariffs by force . A compromise was reached by which the tariffs would be gradually reduced , but the underlying argument over state 's rights would continue to escalate in the coming decades . Charleston remained one of the busiest port cities in the country , and the construction of a new , larger United States Custom House began in 1849 , but its construction was interrupted by the events of the Civil War . Prior to the 1860 election , the National Democratic Convention convened in Charleston . Hibernian Hall served as the headquarters for the delegates supporting Stephen A. Douglas , who it was hoped would bridge the gap between the northern and southern delegates on the issue of extending slavery to the territories . The convention disintegrated when delegates were unable to summon a two - thirds majority for any candidate . This divisiveness resulted in a split in the Democratic Party , and the election of Abraham Lincoln , the Republican candidate . Civil War : 1861 -- 1865 ( edit ) Main article : Charleston , South Carolina , in the Civil War The Mills House Hotel and nearby ruined buildings in Charleston , with a shell - damaged carriage and the remains of a brick chimney in the foreground. 1865 . On December 24 , 1860 , the South Carolina General Assembly made the state the first to ever secede from the Union . On January 9 , 1861 , Citadel cadets fired the first shots of the American Civil War when they opened fire on the Union ship Star of the West entering Charleston 's harbor . On April 12 , 1861 , shore batteries under the command of General Pierre G.T. Beauregard opened fire on the Union - held Fort Sumter in the harbor . After a 34 - hour bombardment , Major Robert Anderson surrendered the fort . Officers and cadets from The Citadel were assigned to various Confederate batteries during the bombardment of Fort Sumter . Although The Citadel continued to operate as an academy during the Civil War , cadets were made a part of the South Carolina military department along with the cadets from the Arsenal Academy in Columbia , to form the Battalion of State Cadets . Cadets from both institutions continued to aid the Confederate army by helping drill recruits , manufacture ammunition , protect arms depots , and guard Union prisoners . On December 11 , 1861 , a massive fire burned 164 acres of Charleston , including the Cathedral of St John and St Finbar , South Carolina Institute Hall , the Circular Congregational Church , and many of the city 's finest homes . This fire was responsible for much of the destruction visible in Charleston at the end of the war . In December 1864 , Citadel and Arsenal cadets were ordered to join Confederate forces at Tullifinny Creek , South Carolina , where they engaged in pitched battles with advancing units of General W.T. Sherman 's army , suffering eight casualties . Ruins seen from the Circular Church , Charleston , South Carolina , 1865 . In all , The Citadel Corps of Cadets earned eight battle streamers and one service streamer for its service to South Carolina during the war . The city under siege took control of Fort Sumter , became the center for blockade running , and was the site of the first successful submarine warfare on February 17 , 1864 when the H.L. Hunley made a daring night attack on the USS Housatonic . In 1865 , Union troops moved into the city , and took control of many sites , such as the United States Arsenal , which the Confederate army had seized at the outbreak of the war . The War department also confiscated the grounds and buildings of the Citadel Military Academy , which was used as a federal garrison for over 17 years , until its return to the state and reopening as a military college in 1882 under the direction of Lawrence E. Marichak . Postbellum : 1865 -- 1945 ( edit ) Reconstruction ( edit ) Confederate Memorial at White Point Gardens . After the defeat of the Confederacy , Federal forces remained in Charleston during the city 's reconstruction . The war had shattered the prosperity of the antebellum city . Freed slaves were faced with poverty and discrimination . Industries slowly brought the city and its inhabitants back to a renewed vitality and growth in population . As the city 's commerce improved , Charlestonians also worked to restore their community institutions . King Street circa 1910 -- 1920 In 1867 , Charleston 's first free secondary school for blacks was established , the Avery Institute . General William T. Sherman lent his support to the conversion of the United States Arsenal into the Porter Military Academy , an educational facility for former soldiers and boys left orphaned or destitute by the war . Porter Military Academy later joined with Gaud School and is now a K - 12 prep school , Porter - Gaud School . The William Enston Homes , a planned community for the city 's aged and infirmed , was built in 1889 . J. Taylor Pearson , a freed slave , designed the Homes , and passed peacefully in them after years as the maintenance manager post-reconstruction . An elaborate public building , the United States Post Office and Courthouse , was completed in 1896 and signaled renewed life in the heart of the city ( this was called the bottleneck of society ) . 1886 earthquake ( edit ) On August 31 , 1886 , Charleston was nearly destroyed by an earthquake . The shock was estimated to have a moment magnitude of 7.0 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of X ( Extreme ) . Major damage was reported as far away as Tybee Island , Georgia ( over 60 miles away ) and structural damage was reported several hundred miles from Charleston ( including central Alabama , central Ohio , eastern Kentucky , southern Virginia , and western West Virginia ) . It was felt as far away as Boston to the north , Chicago and Milwaukee to the northwest , as far west as New Orleans , as far south as Cuba , and as far east as Bermuda . It damaged 2,000 buildings in Charleston and caused $6 million worth of damage ( $133 million ( 2006 USD ) ) , while in the whole city the buildings were only valued at approximately $24 million ( $531 million ( 2006 USD ) . Modern - day : 1945 -- present ( edit ) Hurricane Hugo ( edit ) Much of Charleston was devastated by Hurricane Hugo Hurricane Hugo hit Charleston in 1989 , and though the worst damage was in nearby McClellanville , the storm damaged three - quarters of the homes in Charleston 's historic district . The hurricane caused over $2.8 billion in damage . Joe Riley era ( edit ) Rainbow Row Since his election as mayor in 1975 , Joe Riley has been the major proponent of reviving Charleston 's economic and cultural heritage . The last thirty years of the 20th century saw major new reinvestment in the city , with a number of municipal improvements and a commitment to historic preservation . These commitments were not slowed down by Hurricane Hugo and continue to this day . Joe Riley resigned as mayor in late 2016 . Charleston is a major tourist destination , with a considerable number of luxury hotels , hotel chains , inns , and bed and breakfasts and a large number of award - winning restaurants and quality shopping . The city is well known for its streets lined with grand live oaks draped with Spanish moss , and the ubiquity of the Cabbage Palmetto , which is the state tree of South Carolina . Along the waterfront in an area known as Rainbow Row are many beautiful and historic pastel - colored homes . The city is also an important port , boasting the second largest container seaport on the East Coast and the fourth largest container seaport in North America . Charleston is becoming a prime location for information technology jobs and corporations , most notably Blackbaud , Modulant , CSS and Benefitfocus . Charleston is also an important art destination , named a top 25 arts destination by AmericanStyle magazine . Some art galleries in the city include : Corrigan Gallery , LLC , Halsey Institute of Contemporary Art , Wells Gallery - Kiawah , Robert Lange Studios , and the Gibbes Museum of Art . Charleston is the primary medical center for the eastern portion of the state . The city has several major hospitals located in the downtown area alone : Medical University of South Carolina Medical Center ( MUSC ) , Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center , and Roper Hospital . MUSC is the state 's first school of medicine , the largest medical university in the state , and the sixth - oldest continually operating school of medicine in the United States . The downtown medical district is experiencing rapid growth of biotechnology and medical research industries coupled with substantial expansions of all the major hospitals . Additionally , more expansions are planned or underway at several other major hospitals located in other portions of the city and the metropolitan area : Bon Secours - St Francis Xavier Hospital , Trident Medical Center , and East Cooper Regional Medical Center . Charleston church shooting ( edit ) Main article : Charleston church shooting A mass shooting took place at Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in downtown Charleston on the evening of June 17 , 2015 . The senior pastor , the Rev. Clementa C. Pinckney , a state senator , was among the nine people killed . The shooter was identified as a white male named Dylann Roof , was captured the morning after the attack in Shelby , North Carolina , and was formally sentenced to death . The shooting was being investigated as a hate crime by local and federal officials . See also ( edit ) American urban history Charleston in the American Civil War Charleston , South Carolina -- main article History of the Jews in Charleston , South Carolina List of newspapers in South Carolina : Charleston Timeline of Charleston , South Carolina References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Charleston - Atlantic History - Oxford Bibliographies - obo '' . OxfordBibliographies.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slap , Andrew L. ; Towers , Frank ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Confederate Cities : The Urban South During the Civil War Era '' . University of Chicago Press . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Chalmers Street , '' Charleston County Public Library . Retrieved June 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ D. Moore . ( 1997 ) `` A General History of Blackbeard the Pirate , the Queen Anne 's Revenge and the Adventure '' . In Tributaries , Volume VII , 1997 . pp. 31 -- 35 . ( North Carolina Maritime History Council ) Jump up ^ Owen , Jarus . `` Blackbeard 's Booty : Pirate Ship Yields Medical Supplies '' . livescience.com . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Geechee and Gullah Culture '' . New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lane , F.W. The Elements Rage ( David & Charles 1966 ) , p. 49 Jump up ^ `` A ' portion of the People ' , '' Archived December 1 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Harvard Magazine , January -- February 2003 . Retrieved June 11 , Charleston also possesses a large and influential Greek community , most of whom are Greek Orthodox . The Charlestonian Greek community has its origins in immigration from Greece to the area to find work in local industry . Charleston has an annual Greek Festival hosted by this community . 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Jews of South Carolina , '' NPR.org , March 25 , 2002 . Retrieved June 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mould , David R. , and Missy Loewe . Historic Gravestone Art of Charleston , South Carolina , 1695 -- 1802 . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Co. , 2006. , p251 ) Jump up ^ Gallay , Alan . ( 2002 ) The Indian Slave Trade : The Rise of the English Empire in the American South 1670 -- 1717 . Yale University Press : New York . ISBN 0 - 300 - 10193 - 7 , pg. 299 Jump up ^ Wood , Origins of American Slavery ( 1997 ) , pp. 64 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Lumpkin , Henry ( 1987 ) , `` Prevost 's Siege of Charleston '' , From Savannah to Yorktown : The American Revolution in the South , Lincoln : toExcel Jump up ^ McCandless ( 2011 ) , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Donald F. Johnson , `` The Failure of Restored British Rule in Revolutionary Charleston , South Carolina . '' Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History ( 2014 ) 42 # 1 pp : 22 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Brian . `` Charleston at War : Charleston beaten down by Great Fire '' . PostAndCourier.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` H.L. Hunley , Confederate Submarine , '' Archived 2007 - 10 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . Department of the Navy -- Naval Historical Center . Retrieved June 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ North American Container Traffic ( 2005 ) , Port Ranking by TEUs Archived October 8 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . as reported by the American Association of Port Authorities . Jump up ^ https://realestate.usnews.com/places/south-carolina/charleston/jobs Jump up ^ http://www.americanstyle.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=&type=gen&mod=Core+Pages&gid=D4BC7638393C45F5B69956570EB94649 Jump up ^ `` Charleston , SC Best Art Galleries - Art Guide '' . www.CharlestonCVB.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gibbes Museum of Art - Charleston , South Carolina '' . GibbesMuseum.org . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Center , Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical . `` Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center '' . www.Charleston.va.gov . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jena . `` Charleston Hospital - Roper Hospital - Roper St. Francis - Roper St. Francis '' . www.RoperSaintFrancis.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Secours - St Francis Xavier Hospital '' . CareAlliance.com . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home - Trident Health System '' . www.TridentHealthSystem.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ RC . `` East Cooper Medical Center Home Page - Mount Pleasant , SC '' . www.EastCooperMedCtr.com . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2009 . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Sarah ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` For Charleston 's Emanuel AME Church , shooting is another painful chapter in rich history '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Payne , Ed ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` Charleston church shooting : Multiple fatalities in South Carolina , source says '' . CNN . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charleston church shooting suspect Dylann Roof in custody in NC '' . WIS . WorldNow and WISTV . June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dylann Roof Sentenced To Death '' . NPR.org . January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zapotosky , Matt ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` Charleston church shooter : ' I would like to make it crystal clear , I do not regret what I did ' '' . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 -- via www.WashingtonPost.com . Jump up ^ Bever , Lindsey ; Costa , Robert ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` 9 dead in shooting at historic Charleston African American church . Police chief calls it ' hate crime . ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) See also : Timeline of Charleston , South Carolina § Bibliography Bostick , Douglas W . The Union is Dissolved ! : Charleston and Fort Sumter in the Civil War ( The History Press , 2009 ) Bridenbaugh , Carl . Cities in the Wilderness - The First Century of Urban Life in America 1625 -- 1742 ( 1938 ) online edition Bridenbaugh , Carl . Cities in Revolt : Urban Life in America , 1743 -- 1776 ( 1955 ) Burton , E. Milby . The siege of Charleston , 1861 -- 1865 ( University of South Carolina Press , 1970 ) Datel , Robin Elisabeth . `` Southern regionalism and historic preservation in Charleston , South Carolina , 1920 -- 1940 . '' Journal of Historical Geography ( 1990 ) 16 # 2 pp : 197 -- 215 . Estes , Steve . Charleston in Black and White : Race and Power in the South after the Civil Rights Movement ( University of North Carolina Press , 2015 ) . 222 pp . Fitchett , E. Horace . `` The traditions of the free Negro in Charleston , South Carolina . '' Journal of Negro History ( 1940 ) : 139 -- 152 . in JSTOR Fraser , Walter J. Charleston ! Charleston ! : The History of a Southern City ( 1991 ) excerpt Gestler , Diana Hollingsworth . Very Charleston : A Celebration of History , Culture , and Lowcountry Charm ( 2013 ) Jaher , Frederic . The Urban Establishment : Upper Strata in Boston , New York , Charleston , Chicago , and Los Angeles ( 1982 ) Johnson , Donald F. `` The Failure of Restored British Rule in Revolutionary Charleston , South Carolina . '' Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History ( 2014 ) 42 # 1 pp : 22 -- 40 . Nash , R.C. `` Urbanization in the Colonial South Charleston , South Carolina , as a Case Study . '' Journal of Urban History 19.1 ( 1992 ) : 3 -- 29 . Pease , William Henry , and Jane H. Pease . The web of progress : private values and public styles in Boston and Charleston , 1828 -- 1843 ( 1985 ) Pease , Jane H. and William Henry Pease . Ladies , Women , and Wenches : Choice and Constraint in Antebellum Charleston and Boston ( Haworth Press , 1990 ) Rosen , Robert N. A Short History of Charleston ( 1997 ) , Popular history Sellers , Leila . Charleston Business on the Eve of the American Revolution ( Arno Press , 1970 ) Simkins , Francis Butler , and Robert Henley Woody . South Carolina During Reconstruction ( 1932 ) White , Laura Amanda . Robert Barnwell Rhett : Father of Secession ( 1965 ) Primary sources ( edit ) City Directory. 1852 ; 1882 ; 1888 City government annual report . 1870 . External links ( edit ) Census of the city of Charleston , South Carolina , for the year 1848 : exhibiting the condition and prospects of the city , illustrated by many statistical details <Th_colspan="3"> City of Charleston Mayor John Tecklenburg Districts Downtown West Ashley Johns Island Daniel Island Cainhoy Peninsula Sports teams South Carolina Stingrays ( ECHL ) Charleston Battery ( USL ) Charleston RiverDogs ( SAL ) Charleston Outlaws RFC ( USA Rugby ) Newspapers The Post and Courier Charleston City Paper The Charleston Regional Business Journal The Catholic Miscellany Television stations 2 WCBD - TV ( NBC ) 4 WCIV - ABC 5 WCSC - TV ( CBS ) 7 WITV - TV ( PBS ) 18 WLCN - CD ( RTN ) 24 WTAT - TV ( Fox ) 36 WMMP - TV ( MyNetworkTV ) Squares Court House Square Marion Square Washington Square Transport Charleston Area Regional Transportation Authority Arthur Ravenel Jr . Bridge History History Timeline <Td_colspan="3"> WikiProject South Carolina <Th_colspan="2"> Years in South Carolina ( 1788 -- present ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Charleston&oldid=833765535 '' Categories : History of Charleston , South Carolina Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use American English from September 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 09 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. History of Charleston 2. Colonial period 3. American Revolution 4. Antebellum period 5. Civil War era

what is the name of the lake in the lake district

List of Lakes in the lake District - wikipedia List of Lakes in the lake District Jump to : navigation , search This list contains the lakes , tarns and reservoirs in the Lake District National Park in Cumbria , England . Note that only one body of water , Bassenthwaite Lake , is traditionally named a lake . Larger bodies of water in the Lake District are generally named as mere or water , whilst smaller ones are denoted by tarn . Some writers , particularly in the media , refer to Lake Windermere though this use is deprecated . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physical characteristics of the main lakes 2 Map of major lakes 3 Lakes , tarns and reservoirs 4 Former lakes , tarns and reservoirs 5 References Physical characteristics of the main Lakes ( edit ) This table gives details of those bodies of water with a surface area of at least 0.1 km2 . Name Length ( km ) Max . width ( km ) Area ( km2 ) Volume ( m3 x 10 ) Mean depth ( m ) Max . depth ( m ) Surface elev . ( m ) Retention time ( days ) Trophic state index Bassenthwaite Lake 7000620000000000000 ♠ 6.2 7000110000000000000 ♠ 1.1 7000530000000000000 ♠ 5.3 7001277000000000000 ♠ 27.7 7000530000000000000 ♠ 5.3 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19.0 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68.0 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 eutrophic Blea Water 6999170000000000000 ♠ 0.17 6999510000000000000 ♠ 0.51 7000310000000000000 ♠ 3.1 7002488000000000000 ♠ 488 Blelham Tarn 6999670000000000000 ♠ 0.67 6999289990000000000 ♠ 0.29 6999110000000000000 ♠ 0.11 6999700000000000000 ♠ 0.7 7000680000000000000 ♠ 6.8 7001145000000000000 ♠ 14.5 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42.0 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 eutrophic Brotherswater 6999598000000000000 ♠ 0.598 6999432000000000000 ♠ 0.432 6999190700000000000 ♠ 0.1907 7000120000000000000 ♠ 1.2 7000720000000000000 ♠ 7.2 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15.0 7002157000000000000 ♠ 157.0 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 oligotrophic Burnmoor Tarn 6999240000000000000 ♠ 0.24 7000123000000000000 ♠ 1.23 7000510000000099999 ♠ 5.1 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13.0 7002253000000000000 ♠ 253 Buttermere 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2.0 6999540000000000000 ♠ 0.54 6999900000000000000 ♠ 0.9 7001151000000000000 ♠ 15.1 7001166000000000000 ♠ 16.6 7001286000000000000 ♠ 28.6 7002100300000000000 ♠ 100.3 7002140000000000000 ♠ 140 oligotrophic / mesotrophic Cogra Moss 6999160000000000000 ♠ 0.16 6999840000000000000 ♠ 0.84 7000540000000000000 ♠ 5.4 7002225000000000000 ♠ 225 Coniston Water 7000870000000099999 ♠ 8.7 6999730000000000000 ♠ 0.73 7000490000000000000 ♠ 4.9 7002113400000000000 ♠ 113.4 7001241000000000000 ♠ 24.1 7001561000000000000 ♠ 56.1 7001436000000000000 ♠ 43.6 7002340000000000000 ♠ 340 mesotrophic / oligotrophic Crummock Water 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4.0 6999850000000000000 ♠ 0.85 7000250000000000000 ♠ 2.5 7001667000000000000 ♠ 66.7 7001267000000000000 ♠ 26.7 7001439000000000000 ♠ 43.9 7001978000000000000 ♠ 97.8 7002200000000000000 ♠ 200 oligotrophic / mesotrophic Derwent Water 7000460000000099999 ♠ 4.6 7000191000000000000 ♠ 1.91 7000540000000000000 ♠ 5.4 7001291000000000000 ♠ 29.1 7000550000000000000 ♠ 5.5 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22.0 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75.0 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 mesotrophic Devoke Water 6999340000000000000 ♠ 0.34 7000189000000000000 ♠ 1.89 7000550000000000000 ♠ 5.5 7002236000000000000 ♠ 236 Easedale Tarn 6999100000000000000 ♠ 0.10 6999530000000000000 ♠ 0.53 7000510000000099999 ♠ 5.1 7002282000000000000 ♠ 282 Elter Water 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1.0 6999400000000000000 ♠ 0.4 6999163700000000000 ♠ 0.1637 6999500000000000000 ♠ 0.5 7000330000000000000 ♠ 3.3 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7.0 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53.0 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 outer basin : mesotrophic middle basin : eutrophic inner basin : hypereutrophic Ennerdale Water 7000380000000000000 ♠ 3.8 7000110000000000000 ♠ 1.1 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3.0 7001535000000000000 ♠ 53.5 7001178000000000000 ♠ 17.8 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42.0 7002112200000000000 ♠ 112.2 7002200000000000000 ♠ 200 oligotrophic / mesotrophic Esthwaite Water 7000250000000000000 ♠ 2.5 6999620000000000000 ♠ 0.62 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1.0 7000620000000000000 ♠ 6.2 7000640000000000000 ♠ 6.4 7001155000000000000 ♠ 15.5 7001652000000000000 ♠ 65.2 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100 eutrophic / hypereutrophic Grasmere 7000160000000000000 ♠ 1.6 6999600000000000000 ♠ 0.6 6999600000000000000 ♠ 0.6 7000470000000000000 ♠ 4.7 7000770000000000000 ♠ 7.7 7001215000000000000 ♠ 21.5 7001634000000000000 ♠ 63.4 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 eutrophic Grisedale Tarn 6999110000000000000 ♠ 0.11 7000128000000000000 ♠ 1.28 7001116000000000000 ♠ 11.6 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33.0 7002538000000000000 ♠ 538 Haweswater 7000690000000000000 ♠ 6.9 6999900000000000000 ♠ 0.9 7000390000000000000 ♠ 3.9 7001888000000000000 ♠ 88.8 7001234000000000000 ♠ 23.4 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57.0 7002246000000000000 ♠ 246.0 7002500000000000000 ♠ 500 mesotrophic Hayeswater 6999160000000000000 ♠ 0.16 6999300000000000000 ♠ 0.30 7000190000000000000 ♠ 1.9 7002426000000000000 ♠ 426 Kentmere Reservoir 6999160000000000000 ♠ 0.16 6999780000000000000 ♠ 0.78 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5.0 7002297000000000000 ♠ 297 Levers Water 6999140000000000000 ♠ 0.14 7000107000000000000 ♠ 1.07 7000790000000000000 ♠ 7.9 7002413000000000000 ♠ 413 Loweswater 7000180000000000000 ♠ 1.8 6999550000000000000 ♠ 0.55 6999600000000000000 ♠ 0.6 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5.0 7000840000000000000 ♠ 8.4 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16.0 7002125000000000000 ♠ 125.0 7002150000000000000 ♠ 150 mesotrophic Over Water 6999200000000000000 ♠ 0.20 6999450000000000000 ♠ 0.45 7000230000000099999 ♠ 2.3 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10.0 7002188000000000000 ♠ 188 Rydal Water 7000120000000000000 ♠ 1.2 6999360000000000000 ♠ 0.36 6999300000000000000 ♠ 0.3 7000160000000000000 ♠ 1.6 7000440000000000000 ♠ 4.4 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18.0 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53.0 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 eutrophic / mesotrophic Seathwaite Tarn 6999240000000000000 ♠ 0.24 7000133000000000000 ♠ 1.33 7000550000000000000 ♠ 5.5 7002374000000000000 ♠ 374 Tarn Hows 6999140000000000000 ♠ 0.14 6999750000000000000 ♠ 0.75 7000540000000000000 ♠ 5.4 7002188000000000000 ♠ 188 Thirlmere 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6.0 6999780000000000000 ♠ 0.78 7000330000000000000 ♠ 3.3 7001504000000000000 ♠ 50.4 7001161000000000000 ♠ 16.1 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46.0 7002178000000000000 ♠ 178.0 7002280000000000000 ♠ 280 oligotrophic Ullswater 7001118000000000000 ♠ 11.8 7000102000000000000 ♠ 1.02 7000890000000000000 ♠ 8.9 7002219700000000000 ♠ 219.7 7001253000000000000 ♠ 25.3 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63.0 7002145000000000000 ♠ 145.0 7002350000000000000 ♠ 350 oligotrophic / mesotrophic Wastwater 7000480000000000000 ♠ 4.8 6999820009999900000 ♠ 0.82 7000290000000000000 ♠ 2.9 7002110400000000000 ♠ 110.4 7001402000000000000 ♠ 40.2 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76.0 7001610000000000000 ♠ 61.0 7002350000000000000 ♠ 350 oligotrophic Wet Sleddale Reservoir 6999310000000000000 ♠ 0.31 7000233000000000000 ♠ 2.33 7000760000000000000 ♠ 7.6 7002277000000000000 ♠ 277 Windermere 7001168000000000000 ♠ 16.8 7000160000000000000 ♠ 1.6 7001148000000000000 ♠ 14.8 7002314300000000000 ♠ 314.3 7001212500000000000 ♠ 21.25 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64.0 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39.0 slightly eutrophic Windermere ( north ) 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7.0 7000160000000000000 ♠ 1.6 7000810000000000000 ♠ 8.1 7002202100000000000 ♠ 202.1 7001251000000000000 ♠ 25.1 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64.0 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39.0 7002180000000000000 ♠ 180 slightly eutrophic Windermere ( south ) 7000980000000000000 ♠ 9.8 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1.0 7000670000000000000 ♠ 6.7 7002112200000000000 ♠ 112.2 7001168000000000000 ♠ 16.8 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42.0 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39.0 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100 slightly eutrophic Map of major Lakes ( edit ) The map shows the locations of the lakes with a volume over 4 x 10 m3 and gives an indication of the volume of water in each lake . The markers suggest this by showing the size of a drop of water where the volume of the drop would be in proportion to the quantity of water in the lake ( the diameter of the drop is proportional to the cube root of the lake 's volume ) . Bassenthwaite Lake Buttermere Coniston Water Crummock Water Derwent Water Ennerdale Water Esthwaite Water Grasmere Haweswater Reservoir Loweswater Thirlmere Ullswater Wastwater Windermere Kendal Penrith Keswick Ambleside Grasmere Cockermouth Workington Whitehaven Grange - over-Sands Barrow - in - Furness Windermere Major lakes in the Lake District Lakes , tarns and reservoirs ( edit ) Alcock Tarn , east of Grasmere , below Heron Pike Angle Tarn , north of Bowfell Angle Tarn , east of Patterdale , by Angletarn Pikes Bassenthwaite Lake Beacon Tarn in the Blawith fells , west of Coniston Water Bigland Tarn near Haverthwaite Blackbeck Tarn on Haystacks Bleaberry Tarn , north of Red Pike , near Buttermere Blea Tarn , near Boot , Eskdale Blea Tarn , between Pike of Blisco and Lingmoor Fell Blea Tarn , on Watendlath fell , north of Ullscarf Blea Water , below High Street Blelham Tarn , west of Windermere Blind Tarn , on the east side of the ridge south of Dow Crag Boretree Tarn , west of the southern end of Windermere Bowscale Tarn , on the slopes of Bowscale Fell Brothers Water Burnmoor Tarn , Between Eskdale and Wasdale Buttermere Chapelhouse Reservoir , south - east of Uldale Codale Tarn , east of High Raise and the Langdale Pikes Cogra Moss , between Ennerdale Water and Loweswater Coniston Water Crummock Water Dalehead Tarn , between Dale Head and High Spy Derwent Water Devoke Water Dock Tarn , east of Rosthwaite , south of Watendlath Easedale Tarn , west of Grasmere Elter Water Ennerdale Water Esthwaite Water Floutern Tarn , north of Great Borne Foxes Tarn , north of Scafell Goat 's Water , west of the Old Man of Coniston Grasmere Greendale Tarn , by Middle Fell near Wasdale Grisedale Tarn , between Fairfield and Dollywaggon Pike Gurnal Dubs , west of Garnett Bridge Harrop Tarn , in the Wythburn fells , west of Thirlmere Haweswater Reservoir Hayeswater Heights Tarn Helton Tarn , northwest of Witherslack High Dam Tarn , west of the southern end of Windermere High House Tarn , south of Glaramara Innominate Tarn , on Haystacks Kelly Hall Tarn , south - east of Torver Kentmere Reservoir Knipe Tarn , south - east of Bowness - on - Windermere Lanty 's Tarn , west of Patterdale Levers Water , on the east side of the Coniston fells Lingmoor Tarn , on Lingmoor Fell Little Langdale Tarn Little Tarn , near Orthwaite , south of Uldale Littlewater Tarn , near Bampton Long Moss , between Torver and Coniston Water Loughrigg Tarn , below Loughrigg Loweswater Low Tarn , south of Red Pike , between Yewbarrow and the Seatallan - Haycock ridge Low Water , north of the Old Man of Coniston Meadley Reservoir , by Flat Fell , Ennerdale Moss Eccles Tarn , between Windermere and Esthwaite Water Over Water , south of Uldale Parkgate Tarn , near Eskdale Potter Tarn , west of Garnett Bridge Red Tarn ( Helvellyn ) , below the summit of Helvellyn Red Tarn ( Langdale ) , between Cold Pike and Pike of Blisco Rydal Water Scales Tarn , below the summit of Blencathra and Sharp Edge Schoolknott Tarn , south east of the town of Windermere Scoat Tarn , below Red Pike and Scoat Fell Seathwaite Tarn , west of the Coniston fells Simpson Ground Reservoir , east of Staveley - in - Cartmel Siney Tarn , north of Eskdale Skeggles Water , between Kentmere and Longsleddale Small Water , between Mardale Ill Bell and Harter Fell Sow How Tarn Sprinkling Tarn , between Scafell Pike and Seathwaite Fell Stickle Tarn , Langdale , below Pavey Ark in the Langdale Pikes Styhead Tarn , at the head of Styhead Gill , at Sty Head Pass , between Scafell Pike and Great Gable Tarn at Leaves on Rosthwaite Fell Tarn Hows Tewet Tarn , below Low Rigg near St John 's in the Vale Thirlmere Three Dubs Tarn , between Windermere and Esthwaite Water Three Tarns , between Bowfell and Crinkle Crags Torver Tarn , disused reservoir on Torver Low Common Tosh Tarn , south east of Wast Water , near the River Irt Ullswater Wast Water Watendlath Tarn Wet Sleddale Reservoir Windermere Wise Een Tarn , between Windermere and Esthwaite Water Woodhow Tarn , south east of Wast Water , near the River Irt Yew Tree Tarn , between Holme Fell and Tarn Hows Former lakes , tarns and reservoirs ( edit ) Baystone Bank Reservoir , east of Black Combe ( disused and then removed in 2011 ) Keppel Cove Tarn , north of Catstycam , dam destroyed by flood , 1931 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : McNamara , Jane , Table of lake facts , Environment Agency of England and Wales , archived from the original on June 28 , 2009 , retrieved 2007 - 11 - 13 ^ Jump up to : `` UK Lakes Portal '' . Environmental Information Platform . NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Retention time is an approximate value for mean retention time Jump up ^ `` UK Lakes Detail - Blea Water '' . Centre for Ecology and Hydrology . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` UK Lakes Detail - Blelham Tarn '' . Centre for Ecology and Hydrology . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` UK Lakes Detail - Burnmoor Tarn '' . Centre for Ecology and Hydrology . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` UK Lakes Detail - Cogra Moss '' . Centre for Ecology and Hydrology . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` UK Lakes Detail - Devoke Water '' . Centre for Ecology and Hydrology . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` UK Lakes Detail - Easedale Tarn '' . Centre for Ecology and Hydrology . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` UK Lakes Detail - Grisedale Tarn '' . Centre for Ecology and Hydrology . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` UK Lakes Detail - Hayeswater '' . Centre for Ecology and Hydrology . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` UK Lakes Detail - Kentmere Reservoir '' . Centre for Ecology and Hydrology . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` UK Lakes Detail - Levers Water '' . Centre for Ecology and Hydrology . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` UK Lakes Detail - Over Water '' . Centre for Ecology and Hydrology . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` UK Lakes Detail - Seathwaite Tarn '' . Centre for Ecology and Hydrology . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` UK Lakes Detail - Tarn Hows '' . Centre for Ecology and Hydrology . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` UK Lakes Detail - Wet Sleddale Reservoir '' . Centre for Ecology and Hydrology . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Overall figures for Windermere derived from the two lake portions listed separately here . Jump up ^ http://www.nwemail.co.uk/news/dam-busters-will-put-part-of-cumbria-back-together-1.812084?referrerPath=home Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_in_the_Lake_District&oldid=780319912 '' Categories : Lists of lakes of England Lakes of Cumbria Lake District Cumbria - related lists Lakes of the Lake District Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2017 , at 09 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Lakes in the Lake District 2. Bodies of water in Cumbria, England 3. Lake Windermere 4. Tarns and reservoirs in the Lake District 5. Physical characteristics of the main lakes

who won season 3 worst cooks in america

Worst Cooks in America - Wikipedia Worst Cooks in America Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Worst Cooks in America <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Reality television Cooking show Judges Anne Burrell ( season 1 -- present ) Beau MacMillan ( season 1 ) Robert Irvine ( season 2 ) Bobby Flay ( season 3 -- 5 ) Tyler Florence ( season 6 , 8 , 12 - present ) Rachael Ray ( season 7 , 9 -- 11 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 12 No. of episodes 39 <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Bob Kirsh Nicola Moody Pip Wells Location ( s ) Los Angeles , California and New York City Running time 42 Minutes Production company ( s ) Optomen Productions , Inc . <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Food Network Original release January 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 03 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Followed by Worst Bakers in America <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Production website Worst Cooks in America is an American reality television series that premiered on January 3 , 2010 , on the Food Network . The show takes 12 to 16 contestants ( referred to as `` recruits '' ) with very poor cooking skills through a culinary boot camp , to earn a cash prize of $25,000 and a Food Network cooking set . The recruits are trained on the various basic cooking techniques including : baking , knife skills , temperature , seasoning and preparation . The final challenge is to cook a restaurant quality three - course meal for three food critics . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Season 1 : 2010 2.1 Recruits 2.2 Contestant progress 3 Season 2 : 2011 3.1 Recruits 3.2 Contestant progress 3.3 Differences between seasons 1 and 2 4 Season 3 : 2012 4.1 Recruits 4.2 Contestant progress 5 Season 4 : 2013 5.1 Recruits 5.2 Contestant progress 6 Season 5 : 2014 6.1 Recruits 6.2 Contestant progress 7 Season 6 : 2015 7.1 Recruits 7.2 Contestant progress 8 Season 7 : Celebrity Edition 8.1 Recruits 8.2 Contestant progress 9 Season 8 : 2016 9.1 Recruits 9.2 Contestant progress 10 Season 9 : Celebrity Edition 2 10.1 Recruits 10.2 Contestant progress 11 Season 10 : 2017 11.1 Recruits 11.2 Contestant progress 12 Season 11 : Celebrity Edition 3 12.1 Recruits 12.2 Contestant progress 13 Season 12 : 2018 13.1 Recruits 13.2 Contestant progress 14 Season 13 : Celebrity Edition 4 14.1 Recruits 15 References 16 External links History ( edit ) The show premiered on January 3 , 2010 . The show was initially hosted by chef Anne Burrell and chef Beau MacMillan in Season 1 . MacMillan was replaced by chef Robert Irvine on Season 2 , followed by chef Bobby Flay for Seasons 3 -- 5 . On November 20 , 2014 , a Food Network press release announced that chef Tyler Florence will be paired with chef Burrell to host Season 6 , to debut on January 4 , 2015 . Burrell was the winning instructor in seasons 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 7 and 8 with Flay winning in Seasons 4 -- 5 . Rachael Ray and Burrell hosted the Season 7 special celebrity edition , which premiered September 23 , 2015 . During the finale of Season 7 , a trailer previewing Season 8 was shown and was aired in January 2016 with the return of Tyler Florence . Season 1 : 2010 ( edit ) Chefs Beau MacMillan and Anne Burrell lead an intense culinary boot camp . They have six recruits each , and every week they must eliminate one recruit from each of their teams until there is only one from each team left . The final two create a three - course meal to fool a panel of restaurant critics into believing that the meal was created by the acclaimed chefs . Recruits ( edit ) Twelve chefs competed in the first season of Worst Cooks in America . Hometowns and occupations are available from the Food Network website . Chef Anne 's team was known as the Red Team and Chef Beau 's team was known as the Blue Team . Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Rachel Coleman 23 Brooklyn , New York Marketing Website editor Winner February 1 Jennifer `` Jenny '' Cross 21 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Waitress Runner - up February 1 Jennifer `` Jen '' Vecchio 38 Cumberland , Rhode Island Dance Studio Owner Eliminated January 31 Eddie Chang 32 Jersey City , New Jersey IT project manager Marque Hernandez 41 Brea , California Director of Clinical Operations Eliminated January 24 Rebecca Hooper 43 Sandy , Utah Salon Owner Sophia Gettys 27 Aurora , Colorado Stay - at - home Mom Eliminated January 17 Susie Shoman 53 Georgetown , South Carolina Grants administrator and entrepreneur Kelly Johnson 31 Scottsdale , Arizona Corporate litigation attorney Eliminated January 10 David Summey 29 Charlotte , North Carolina Salesman Wilhelmina Josephine 29 Aliso Viejo , California Insurance claims adjuster Eliminated January 3 Hamed Hamad 24 North Hollywood , California Journalist and fashion consultant Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant <Th_colspan="8"> Episode <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> 5 6 Rachel IN IN IN IN WIN BTM WIN WINNER Jenny * IN IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN RUNNER - UP Jen IN IN WIN IN WIN WIN OUT Eddie BTM WIN BTM BTM IN WIN OUT 5 Marque WIN WIN BTM BTM IN OUT <Td_colspan="2"> 6 Rebecca WIN BTM IN WIN IN OUT <Td_colspan="2"> 7 Sophia * IN IN IN OUT <Td_colspan="4"> 8 Susie IN BTM IN OUT <Td_colspan="4"> 9 Kelly IN OUT <Td_colspan="6"> 10 David BTM OUT <Td_colspan="6"> 11 Wilhelmina OUT <Td_colspan="7"> 12 Hamed OUT <Td_colspan="7"> Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . * Initially a member of the other team but switched after Chef Beau won the bet on whose team member made the best crepes . Season 2 : 2011 ( edit ) Casting for season 2 of Worst Cooks in America was held at the LA Marriott Burbank Airport , Hotel & Convention Center on March 27 , 2010 . The Food Network also began accepting online video applications for season 2 . Food Network 's website announced that Robert Irvine would replace Beau MacMillan for season 2 . Season 2 debuted on January 2 , 2011 . In this season the chefs had eight recruits each . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Joshie Berger 36 Brooklyn , New York Attorney Winner February 20 Georgann `` Georg '' Coleman 38 Chicago , Illinois Speech pathologist Runner - up February 20 Carlos Manuel 28 Atlanta , Georgia Banker Eliminated February 13 Kelsey Milos 22 Kings , Illinois Hair stylist Kat Rose 37 Newnan , Georgia Stay - at - home mother Eliminated February 6 Tyrone `` Ty '' Miller 33 Trenton , New Jersey Property manager Jennifer `` Jen '' MacLean 43 Sparta , New Jersey Operating room nurse Eliminated January 30 Kelly Gray 32 New York , New York Aerobics instructor Erika Rumsey 27 Elgin , Illinois Account manager Eliminated January 23 Anna Altomari 44 Aliso Viejo , California RN Case manager Priscilla Harden 60 Sugar Land , Texas Retired teacher Eliminated January 16 Matt Crespi 24 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania PhD Student Anthony Scinto 32 Crestwood , Illinois Mechanical engineer Eliminated January 9 Jeff Longcor 25 Somerville , Massachusetts Environmental contractor Lina Yu 28 Arcadia , California Production manager Eliminated January 2 Eric Ricupero 34 Quincy , Massachusetts Bar owner Contestant progress ( edit ) <Th_colspan="15"> Episode Rank Contestant <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> 5 <Th_colspan="2"> 6 <Th_colspan="2"> 7 Joshie IN IN IN WIN WIN 9th IN IN BTM BTM IN WINNER Georg IN WIN IN IN IN WIN IN WIN BTM WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Carlos IN IN WIN WIN IN 6th WIN WIN WIN WIN OUT Kelsey * WIN IN IN WIN BTM 2nd BTM IN WIN IN OUT <Td_colspan="2"> 5 Kat * WIN IN BTM IN IN BTM BTM BTM OUT <Td_colspan="3"> 6 Ty IN IN IN IN BTM 3rd IN BTM OUT <Td_colspan="3"> 7 Jen IN BTM IN WIN IN 7th IN OUT <Td_colspan="4"> 8 Kelly IN IN IN IN IN 5th WIN OUT <Td_colspan="4"> 9 Erika BTM WIN IN WIN IN 8th OUT <Td_colspan="5"> 10 Anna IN IN IN IN WIN 4th OUT <Td_colspan="5"> 11 Priscilla IN IN BTM WIN OUT <Td_colspan="9"> 12 Matt BTM IN WIN IN OUT <Td_colspan="9"> 13 Anthony IN IN OUT <Td_colspan="11"> 14 Jeff IN BTM OUT <Td_colspan="11"> 15 Lina OUT <Td_colspan="13"> 16 Eric OUT <Td_colspan="13"> Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . * Initially a member of the other team but switched after Chef Robert won the bet on whose team member made the best burgers . Differences between seasons 1 and 2 ( edit ) In the first episode , a group of selected novice cooks were to prepare a dish from scratch so the chefs would get an idea of how poor their skills were . After tasting all the items , the chefs took turns picking team members for their rival chef . The first season started off with 24 novice cooks but only the worst 12 were chosen for a team . In the second season , the first episode began with 16 amateurs and all took part for the remainder of that episode . In the penultimate episode of the season , the remaining four recruits learned and replicated a dessert . After this , in the first season , the recruits had to instruct a group of high school students how to replicate the dessert recipe . In the second one , the recruits were assigned the dessert to serve after both chefs , and a special guest enjoyed a main dish . After learning and replicating a dessert , the recruits had to prepare a meal for both chefs and a surprise guest , usually a spouse or other family member . The first season 's main dishes were an improved version of the recruits ' audition meal . The special guests in the second season got to choose what they wanted the students to make them . Two recruits remained in the final episode and had to prepare an appetizer , main dish , and dessert for a panel of three food critics . The critics in season 1 thought that the final meal was prepared by the chefs until after they sampled all the courses . In season 2 , the critics learned their meal was prepared by the recruits immediately after entering the restaurant . Season 3 : 2012 ( edit ) Anne Burrell and Bobby Flay hosted season 3 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Kelli Powers 40 Los Angeles , California Stay - at - home mother Winner April 1 Vinnie Caligiuri 47 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Mortgage broker Runner - up April 1 Melissa Rhodes 28 Naples , Florida Nursing Student Eliminated March 25 David Shelton 26 Longview , Texas Unemployed Tiffany Michelle 27 Los Angeles , California Poker player and actress Eliminated March 18 Dorothy Strouhal 38 Cove , Texas Make - up artist Anthony Schiano 33 Massapequa , New York Mechanical engineer Eliminated March 11 Benjamin Dennis 37 Dallas , Texas Stay - at - home father Quit March 11 Sean `` Bennett '' Bennett 36 New York City Automotive Spokesperson Eliminated March 4 Sarina Weeraprajuk 31 West Covina , California Wedding photographer Erica Weidner 53 Long Beach , New York Court Reporter Student Eliminated February 26 Robert `` Bob '' Tamke 44 Massapequa Park , New York DJ Sherrill Moss - Solomon 55 New York , New York Fundraiser Eliminated February 19 Rachel Margolin 31 New York , New York Night Club Promoter Richard Chen 55 Queens , New York Attorney Eliminated February 12 Libby Floyd 46 Eden Prairie , Minnesota ShopNBC host Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant <Th_colspan="14"> Episode <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> 5 <Th_colspan="2"> 6 <Th_colspan="2"> 7 8 Kelli WIN IN IN IN IN IN BTM WIN BTM WIN WIN WIN WIN WINNER Vinnie IN WIN WIN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM IN WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Melissa IN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN WIN IN BTM IN OUT David IN IN IN BTM IN IN WIN WIN IN WIN BTM IN OUT 5 Tiffany WIN IN IN WIN IN BTM BTM IN BTM IN OUT <Td_colspan="3"> 6 Dorothy IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN IN WIN WIN WIN OUT <Td_colspan="3"> 7 Anthony IN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN OUT <Td_colspan="5"> 8 Benjamin IN IN IN IN WIN WIN IN IN QUIT <Td_colspan="5"> 9 Bennett IN IN BTM BTM WIN BTM OUT <Td_colspan="7"> 10 Sarina BTM IN IN IN BTM IN OUT <Td_colspan="7"> 11 Erica IN IN BTM IN OUT <Td_colspan="9"> 12 Bob IN WIN IN IN OUT <Td_colspan="9"> 13 Sherrill IN BTM OUT <Td_colspan="11"> 14 Rachel BTM BTM OUT <Td_colspan="11"> 15 Richard OUT <Td_colspan="13"> 16 Libby OUT <Td_colspan="13"> ^ Note 1 : In Episode 3 , Team Bobby ( blue team ) won the first challenge , he therefore got to choose one person from Team Anne ( red team ) to go to his team , and then choose one person from his team to go to the other team . He chose David to go to Team Anne 's team and chose Melissa from Team Anne 's team to join his team . Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition ( QUIT ) The contestant volunteered to quit Season 4 : 2013 ( edit ) Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Alina Bolshakova 28 Riga , Latvia Caretaker / Actress Winner March 31 Rasheeda Brown 30 Germantown , Maryland Correctional Officer Runner - up March 31 Chet Pourciau 40 New Orleans , Louisiana Interior Designer Eliminated March 24 Suzanne `` Sue '' Mangogna 42 Northport , New York Single Mother Carla Johnson 47 Long Beach , California Alcohol & Drug Counselor Eliminated March 17 Michael Haydin 25 Rye Brook , New York Accountant Carrie Lee Riggins 32 Carmel , New York Ballerina / Actress Eliminated March 10 Crystal Lonneberg 30 Weehawken , New Jersey Actress / Artist Aadip Desai 36 Sacramento , California Writer / Musician Eliminated March 3 Alex Stein 26 Dallas , Texas Bail Bondsman Michael `` Big Mike '' Paul 24 Thomson , Georgia Woodworker Eliminated February 24 Robert `` Dr. Bob '' Schaefer 58 Pleasant Hill , California Chiropractor Tim Burger 42 Novi , Michigan Former Marine Eliminated February 17 Diana De Rosa 62 Huntington , New York Photographer Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant <Th_colspan="12"> Episode <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> 5 <Th_colspan="2"> 6 7 Alina BTM WIN WIN IN IN IN WIN WIN WIN IN WIN WINNER Rasheeda IN IN BTM IN IN WIN WIN WIN BTM WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Chet WIN IN IN IN WIN WIN IN WIN BTM IN OUT <Td_colspan="1"> Sue IN IN WIN BTM BTM IN BTM IN WIN WIN OUT <Td_colspan="1"> 5 Carla IN IN BTM WIN IN BTM BTM WIN OUT <Td_colspan="3"> 6 Michael WIN IN IN BTM WIN IN BTM IN OUT <Td_colspan="3"> 7 Carrie Lee IN IN IN BTM BTM IN OUT <Td_colspan="5"> 8 Crystal IN WIN IN IN IN BTM OUT <Td_colspan="5"> 9 Aadip IN IN IN IN OUT <Td_colspan="7"> 10 Alex IN IN IN IN OUT <Td_colspan="7"> 11 Mike IN BTM OUT <Td_colspan="9"> 12 Bob BTM BTM OUT <Td_colspan="9"> 13 Tim OUT <Td_colspan="11"> 14 Diana OUT <Td_colspan="11"> Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 5 : 2014 ( edit ) Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Amber Brauner 37 Redlands , California Tattoo Artist Winner March 31 Jamie Thomas 41 New York , New York Flight Attendant Runner - up March 31 Daniel `` Danny '' Beyda 43 Long Island , New York Radiologist Eliminated March 24 Mike Glazer 30 Chicago , Illinois Writer Carie Pullano - Keller 34 Chester , Virginia Promotional Model Eliminated March 17 Stephanie St. Aubin 26 Washington , DC Secretary Danielle Ruiz - Wiley 25 Staten Island , New York Stay at Home Mom Eliminated March 10 Carol Holder 64 New York , New York Real Estate Broker Joe Slaughter 28 Los Angeles , California Actor / Dancer Eliminated March 3 Ken Hsu 29 Seattle , Washington Personal Trainer Lance Green 31 New York , New York Music Producer Eliminated February 24 Benjamin `` Benji '' Hunter Brown III 29 Nashville , Tennessee Live Music Booking Agent Muneerah Warner 33 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Abstinence Advisor Eliminated February 16 Casey Pentony 26 Hollywood , California Nurse Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant <Th_colspan="13"> Episode <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> 5 <Th_colspan="2"> 6 7 Amber WIN IN IN IN WIN WIN BTM IN <Td_colspan="2"> WIN IN WIN WINNER Jamie WIN IN WIN BTM IN IN WIN WIN <Td_colspan="2"> WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Danny IN IN BTM IN IN WIN WIN WIN <Td_colspan="2"> BTM IN OUT <Td_colspan="5"> Mike IN IN IN WIN WIN IN IN IN <Td_colspan="2"> BTM WIN OUT <Td_colspan="5"> 5 Carie IN IN IN IN IN IN BTM IN OUT <Td_colspan="5"> 6 Stephanie IN IN BTM IN IN WIN IN IN OUT <Td_colspan="5"> 7 Danielle IN WIN IN IN BTM WIN OUT <Td_colspan="6"> 8 Carol IN WIN IN BTM BTM IN OUT <Td_colspan="6"> 9 Joe IN IN WIN WIN OUT <Td_colspan="8"> 10 Ken IN IN IN IN OUT <Td_colspan="8"> 11 Lance BTM IN OUT <Td_colspan="10"> 12 Benji BTM IN OUT <Td_colspan="10"> 13 Muneerah OUT <Td_colspan="12"> 14 Casey OUT <Td_colspan="12"> ^ Note 1 : In Episode 3 Team Anne ( red team ) won the first challenge , she therefore got to choose one person from Team Bobby ( blue team ) to go to her team , and then chose one person from her team to go to the other team . She chose Stephanie to go to Team Bobby 's team and chose Carie from Team Bobby 's team to join her team . Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( IN ) The contestant get switched by the host to the other team . Ex : A member of the red team goes to the blue team , and a member of the blue team goes to the red team . Season 6 : 2015 ( edit ) Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host seasons 6 , replacing Bobby Flay after 3 seasons . The season premiered on January 4 , 2015 to 2,123,000 viewers . The second episode was lower at 1,456,000 viewers , with the third episode rising to 1,732,000 viewers and the fourth episode reached 1,689,000 viewers . the 5th episode reached 1,634,000 viewers . The sixth episode received 1.55 million viewers . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Kristen Redmond 25 Austin , Texas Singer / Songwriter Winner February 15 Genique Freeman 33 Fayetteville , North Carolina Esthetician Runner - up February 15 Leopold `` Leo '' Nunan 36 Rio de Janeiro , Brazil Performance Artist Eliminated February 8 Sarah Bettendorf 33 Los Angeles , California Art Teacher Norman Wilson 46 Detroit , Michigan Executive Protection Eliminated February 1 Sharif Dean 27 Los Angeles , California Personal Trainer David Eric Rosenberg 51 Las Vegas , Nevada Theatre Usher Eliminated January 25 Kortni Montgomery 25 New Orleans , Louisiana Customer Service Rep Michael `` Six '' Muldoon 25 Queens , New York Magician Eliminated January 18 Mike Kennedy 45 Scottsdale , Arizona Private Investigator Stephanie Streisand * 25 Los Angeles , California Writer Withdrew January 11 Susie Babin 61 Bush , Louisiana Retired Eliminated January 11 Jason Dixon 30 Chicago , Illinois Artist Eliminated January 5 Christina Oster 38 Zion , Illinois Single Mom Contestant Stephanie Streisand was deemed too ill to continue on January 11 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant <Th_colspan="12"> Episode <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> 5 <Th_colspan="2"> 6 7 Kristen IN WIN WIN IN IN WIN BTM IN WIN WIN WIN WINNER Genique IN IN WIN IN IN WIN IN IN WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Leo IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN OUT <Td_colspan="4"> Sarah WIN IN IN BTM BTM IN WIN WIN BTM WIN OUT <Td_colspan="4"> 5 Norman WIN IN IN IN BTM IN IN WIN OUT <Td_colspan="5"> 6 Sharif IN WIN BTM WIN IN IN BTM IN OUT <Td_colspan="5"> 7 David BTM IN BTM IN WIN BTM OUT <Td_colspan="7"> 8 Kortni BTM IN BTM BTM WIN BTM OUT <Td_colspan="7"> 9 Six IN IN IN IN OUT <Td_colspan="8"> 10 Mike IN BTM IN IN OUT <Td_colspan="8"> 11 Stephanie IN IN WDR <Td_colspan="9"> 12 Susie IN BTM OUT <Td_colspan="9"> 13 Jason OUT <Td_colspan="11"> 14 Christina OUT <Td_colspan="11"> Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( WDR ) The contestant withdrew from the competition due to illness . Season 7 : Celebrity Edition ( edit ) Rachael Ray joins Anne Burrell to host season 7 . The winner earns a $50,000 donation for their chosen charity . Because this season had only 7 total recruits , each team 's worst recruit from that week 's Main Dish challenge competed head to head in a quickfire elimination challenge instead of eliminating both recruits each week . This challenge involved more basic cooking techniques ( e.g. knife skills ) and the winner would be decided by a blind judging from both Anne and Rachael . The winning recruit stayed in the competition while the losing recruit was eliminated . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status Jenni `` JWoww '' Farley 29 Reality Television Star Winner October 28 Kendra Wilkinson 30 Former Playboy Model & Television Personality Runner - up October 28 Ellen Cleghorne 49 Saturday Night Live Actress Eliminated October 21 Barry Williams 60 The Brady Bunch Actor Eliminated October 14 Chris Soules 33 The Bachelor Star Eliminated October 7 Jaleel White 38 Actor & Television Host & sex symbol Eliminated September 30 Dean Cain 48 Television Actor Eliminated September 23 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant <Th_colspan="6"> Episode 5 6 Jenni IN WIN IN WIN WIN WINNER Kendra IN WIN BTM WIN BTM RUNNER - UP Ellen WIN IN WIN BTM OUT <Td_colspan="8"> Barry BTM BTM WIN OUT <Td_colspan="8"> 5 Chris WIN IN OUT <Td_colspan="10"> 6 Jaleel IN OUT <Td_colspan="10"> 7 Dean OUT <Td_colspan="10"> Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 8 : 2016 ( edit ) Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host season 8 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Nick Slater 24 Rancho Cucamonga , California Construction Worker Winner February 14 Lawrence Crawford 26 Deptford , New Jersey Army Combat Medic Runner - up February 14 Ginny Meerman 50 Millersville , Maryland Project Supervisor Eliminated February 7 Taylor Hooper 24 Boston , Massachusetts Marine Veteran Holgie Forrester 66 Twentynine Palms , California Retired / Actress Eliminated January 31 Chanda Havard 36 Chicago , Illinois Real Estate Agent Donna Koen 60 Newburyport , Massachusetts Lunch Lady & Hairdresser Eliminated January 24 Rachel Thomas 27 Tampa , Florida Stay - at - Home Wife Ernie Adkins 44 Mardela Springs , Maryland Truck driver Eliminated January 17 Glenda Galeano 40 Miami , Florida Event Coordinator / Actress Ty Snow 39 Pasadena , California Special Education Teacher Eliminated January 10 Cindy Nguyen 28 Las Vegas , Nevada Bartender David Fouts 42 Wales , Wisconsin Senior Project Manager Eliminated January 4 Jeni Erdman 51 Dousman , Wisconsin Group Tour Coordinator Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant <Th_colspan="12"> Episode <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> 5 6 7 Nick WIN WIN IN IN IN IN IN IN TIE WIN WINNER Lawrence IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN RUNNER - UP Ginny WIN BTM WIN IN BTM TIE IN WIN WIN OUT <Td_colspan="4"> Taylor IN IN IN IN BTM IN WIN WIN TIE OUT <Td_colspan="4"> 5 Holgie IN WIN IN IN IN TIE BTM IN OUT <Td_colspan="4"> 6 Chanda BTM IN IN IN WIN WIN BTM IN OUT <Td_colspan="4"> 7 Donna IN BTM WIN IN IN BTM OUT <Td_colspan="5"> 8 Rachel BTM IN BTM WIN WIN BTM OUT <Td_colspan="5"> 9 Ernie IN BTM IN IN OUT <Td_colspan="6"> 10 Glenda IN BTM BTM IN OUT <Td_colspan="6"> 11 Ty IN IN OUT <Td_colspan="8"> 12 Cindy IN IN OUT <Td_colspan="8"> 13 David OUT <Td_colspan="10"> 14 Jeni OUT <Td_colspan="10"> Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 9 : Celebrity Edition 2 ( edit ) Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 2 of the Celebrity Edition . The winner earns a $50,000 donation for their chosen charity . The season premiered on September 14 , 2016 to 1,185,000 viewers . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status Loni Love 44 The Real Co-Host & Comedian Winner November 2 Nicole Sullivan 46 Former MadTV Star , Comedian , & Actress Runner - up November 2 John Henson 49 Former Talk Soup & Wipeout host Eliminated October 26 Mike Situation Sorrentino 34 Reality Television Personality Matt Dallas 33 Television Actor & YouTube Personality Eliminated October 19 Mindy Cohn 50 The Facts of Life & Scooby - Doo Actress Eliminated October 12 Tommy Davidson 52 Comedian & Actor Eliminated September 28 Barbara Eden 85 Film & Television Actress ( I Dream of Jeannie & Harper Valley P.T.A. ) Eliminated September 21 Kenya Moore 45 Miss USA 1993 & The Real Housewives of Atlanta Star Eliminated September 14 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant <Th_colspan="8"> Episode 5 6 7 8 Loni IN IN TIE IN WIN IN IN WINNER Nicole IN WIN IN BTM WIN IN IN RUNNER - UP WIN WIN BTM WIN IN BTM OUT Mike IN BTM WIN WIN IN WIN OUT 5 Matt WIN IN IN IN BTM OUT <Td_colspan="3"> 6 Mindy IN IN TIE BTM OUT <Td_colspan="3"> 7 Tommy IN IN OUT <Td_colspan="5"> 8 Barbara BTM OUT <Td_colspan="6"> 9 Kenya OUT <Td_colspan="7"> Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 10 : 2017 ( edit ) Rachael Ray joins Anne Burrell to host season 10 . The season premiered on January 1 , 2017 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Daniel Mar 35 Burbank , California Photographer Winner March 5 Ann Odogwu 34 Houston , Texas Flight Attendant Runner - Up March 5 Laura Docker 36 Fort Worth , Texas Lawyer Eliminated February 26 Mandy Thornton 24 Hanover , Massachusetts Medical Assistant Adam Cooke 32 Rancho Cucamonga , California Auto Mechanic Eliminated February 19 Brittany Lenore 27 Chicago , Illinois Spiritual Speaker Jeff West 36 Douglassville , Pennsylvania Vending Machine President Eliminated February 12 Kayla Kurtz 27 Kent , Ohio Stay - at - Home Mom Eliminated January 29 Maria Marcello 40 Torrance , California Stay - at - Home Mom Matt Josephs 35 Richmond , Virginia Sports Radio Producer Eliminated January 22 Jake Michaels 21 Manteno , Illinois Model & Singer Eliminated January 15 Jetta Linda Ostrofsky 66 Sacramento , California Retired Stephen Hawkins 67 Temecula , California Retired Eliminated January 8 Buffy Mykkanen 29 Portland , Oregon Tech Support Cedrick Miller 22 El Paso , Texas Cashier Eliminated January 1 Lester Turchin 65 Fort Lauderdale , Florida Retired Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant <Th_colspan="13"> Episode <Th_colspan="2"> 5 <Th_colspan="2"> 6 <Th_colspan="2"> 7 8 9 10 Daniel IN IN WIN BTM BTM IN IN IN WIN IN IN IN WINNER Ann WIN IN IN WIN BTM BTM IN BTM IN SAVE IN IN RUNNER - UP Mandy IN IN IN TIE IN WIN WIN BTM IN BTM IN OUT <Td_colspan="1"> Laura IN WIN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN WIN IN OUT <Td_colspan="1"> 5 Brittany WIN IN IN TIE WIN IN IN BTM IN WIN OUT <Td_colspan="2"> 6 Adam IN IN BTM BTM IN IN IN WIN IN IN OUT <Td_colspan="2"> 7 Jeff IN WIN IN IN IN BTM IN WIN IN OUT <Td_colspan="3"> 8 Maria IN IN WIN IN WIN OUT <Td_colspan="7"> 9 Kayla IN IN IN TIE SAVE OUT <Td_colspan="7"> 10 Matt IN IN IN IN OUT <Td_colspan="8"> 11 Jetta IN IN BTM OUT <Td_colspan="9"> 12 Jake BTM IN IN OUT <Td_colspan="9"> 13 Stephen BTM IN OUT <Td_colspan="10"> 14 Buffy IN IN OUT <Td_colspan="10"> 15 Cedrick OUT <Td_colspan="12"> 16 Lester OUT <Td_colspan="12"> Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( SAVE ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge but was saved by their respective team mentor . In Episode 6 , Both Chef Anne and Chef Rachael decided not to send anyone from their teams home . Season 11 : Celebrity Edition 3 ( edit ) Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 3 of the Celebrity Edition . The season premiered on August 23 , 2017 Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status Perez Hilton 39 Gossip Blogger Winner October 11 Melissa Peterman 46 Actress & Comedienne Runner - up October 11 Nora Dunn 65 Actress & Comedienne Eliminated October 4 Vivica A. Fox 53 Actress Eliminated October 4 Sean Lowe 33 Reality Star Eliminated September 27 Carmen Electra 45 Model & Actress Withdrew September 13 due to injuries Carson Kressley 47 TV Personality Eliminated September 6 Erik Estrada 68 Star of CHiPs Eliminated August 30 Note : Vivica was originally eliminated on September 20 . In Episode 7 , airing on October 4 , both Vivica and Sean returned to the competition for a redemption skill drill . Vivica won the drill , re-entered the competition and was then eliminated following the main challenge . Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant <Th_colspan="14"> Episode <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> 5 <Td_colspan="2"> 6 <Td_colspan="2"> 7 8 Perez IN IN IN IN IN WIN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN WINNER Melissa IN WIN IN WIN WIN IN SAVE IN BTM IN IN IN WIN RUNNER - UP Nora SAVE TIE IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN BTM IN OUT <Td_colspan="1"> Vivica IN IN IN IN WIN TIE SAVE IN OUT <Td_colspan="2"> RTN OUT <Td_colspan="1"> 5 Sean IN IN IN IN BTM TIE IN IN IN IN OUT <Td_colspan="3"> 6 Carmen BTM IN BTM WIN IN WDR <Td_colspan="8"> 7 Carson IN TIE WIN IN OUT <Td_colspan="9"> 8 Erik IN TIE OUT <Td_colspan="11"> Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge but was not eliminated ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( WDR ) The contestant withdrew from the competition due to illness or injury . ( RTN ) The contestant won the redemption Skill Drill and returned to the competition . ( SAVE ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge but was saved by their respective team mentor . Season 12 : 2018 ( edit ) Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host season 12 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Hazell Mckenzie 36 Brooklyn , New York Graduate Student Winner March 11 Steven Crowley 31 New York , New York Real Estate Broker Runner - Up March 11 Asaf Goren 25 Los Angeles , California Dancer Eliminated March 4 Sharon Shvarzman 32 Staten Island , New York Drag Performer Shatima Ruffin 34 Hampton Roads , Virginia Receptionist Eliminated February 25 Lacey Stout 28 Collinsville , Oklahoma Stay - at - Home Mom Robyn Hayden 31 Charleston , South Carolina Balloon Artist Eliminated February 18 Brandon Arroyo 27 Cleveland , Ohio Sports Reporter Eliminated February 11 Spencer Nick 25 Chicago , Illinois Graduate Student Sylvia Jefferies 47 Charleston , South Carolina Stay - at - Home Mom Quit January 28 Lily Frey 63 Anaheim , California Retired Eliminated January 28 Skyler Nick 25 Chicago , Illinois Graduate Student Eliminated January 21 Priscilla Nguyen 26 Hattiesburg , Mississippi Receptionist Eliminated January 14 Kevin Pettice 24 Charlotte , North Carolina Administrative Assistant Kayrene Curtis 44 Rocky River , Ohio Stay - at - Home Mom Eliminated January 7 Jonathan Farhat 37 Livermore , California Safety Professional Contestant progress ( edit ) Contestant <Th_colspan="10"> Episode 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hazell WIN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN WIN WINNER Steven BTM IN WIN IN IN BTM WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Sharon WIN IN IN WIN WIN IN WIN BTM OUT <Td_colspan="1"> Asaf IN IN WIN IN IN WIN IN BTM OUT <Td_colspan="1"> Lacey IN IN IN IN BTM IN WIN OUT <Td_colspan="2"> Shatima IN IN BTM BTM BTM WIN BTM OUT <Td_colspan="2"> Robyn IN IN IN WIN BTM BTM OUT <Td_colspan="3"> Brandon IN WIN IN BTM WIN OUT <Td_colspan="7"> Spencer BTM IN BTM IN BTM OUT <Td_colspan="7"> Lily IN WIN IN OUT <Td_colspan="8"> Sylvia IN BTM BTM QUIT <Td_colspan="9"> Skyler IN BTM OUT <Td_colspan="9"> Priscilla IN OUT <Td_colspan="10"> Kevin IN OUT <Td_colspan="10"> Jonathan OUT <Td_colspan="12"> Kayrene OUT <Td_colspan="12"> Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( QUIT ) The contestant volunteered to leave the competition . Season 13 : Celebrity Edition 4 ( edit ) Tyler Florence returns with Anne Burrell to host season 4 of the Celebrity Edition . This is the first Celebrity Edition to not feature Rachael Ray as a judge . The season premiered on April 15 , 2018 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status Maria Bamford 47 Comedianne Catherine Bach 64 The Dukes of Hazzard Star Nolan Gould 19 Modern Family Star La Toya Jackson 61 Singer & Icon Oscar Nunez 59 The Office Star Bronson Pinchot 58 Actor Ian Ziering 53 Actor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Worst Cooks in America ' is n't just a title : They 're horrible '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Worst Cooks in America ' : Worst thing I watched most of last night '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Cooks in America : Red Team ( Chef Anne Burrell ) '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Cooks in America : Blue Team ( Chef Beau MacMillan ) '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scattergood , Amy ( March 16 , 2010 ) . `` Casting Calls : Season 2 of Worst Cooks in America Wants You ! -- Los Angeles Restaurants and Dining -- Squid Ink '' . Blogs.laweekly.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network is looking for HOPELESS HOME COOKS ! '' . Worstcookscasting.wordpress.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Powered by Google Docs '' . Docs.google.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Superstar Chefs Anne Burrell And Bobby Flay Transform Kitchen - Challenged Contestants in Season Three of Primetime Competition Series Worst Cooks in America '' ( pdf ) . Food Network . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WORST COOKS IN AMERICA : Season Three -- Contestant Overview '' ( pdf ) . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Television Host on Shop NBC '' . Libby Floyd . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.4. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.11. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.18. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.25. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Talking Dead ' , ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.14. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anne Burrell and Rachael Ray Kick Off the New Year with Season 10 of Worst Cooks in America FN Dish -- Food Network Blog '' . FN Dish -- Food Network Blog. 2016 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.foodnetwork.com/shows/worst-cooks-in-america/episodes/social-media-food-failures Jump up ^ http://www.foodnetwork.com/shows/worst-cooks-in-america/photos/worst-cooks-in-america-season-11-meet-the-celebrity-recruits Jump up ^ https://www.foodnetwork.com/fn-dish/shows/2018/3/a-fresh-batch-of-cooking-challenged-celebrities-enter-boot-camp External links ( edit ) Official website <Th_colspan="2"> Food Network original programming Current Barefoot Contessa ( since 2002 ) Beat Bobby Flay ( since 2014 ) Brunch @ Bobby 's ( since 2010 ) Cake Wars ( since 2015 ) Chopped ( since 2009 ) Chopped After Hours ( since 2015 ) Chopped Junior ( since 2015 ) Clash of the Grandmas ( since 2015 ) Cupcake Wars ( since 2009 ) Cutthroat Kitchen ( since 2013 ) Diners , Drive - Ins and Dives ( since 2006 ) Food Network Star ( since 2005 ) Food Network Star Kids ( since 2016 ) The Great Food Truck Race ( since 2010 ) Guilty Pleasures ( since 2015 ) Guy 's Big Bite ( since 2006 ) Guy 's Grocery Games ( since 2013 ) Halloween Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Halloween Wars ( since 2011 ) Holiday Baking Championship ( since 2014 ) Iron Chef Gauntlet ( since 2017 ) Iron Chef Showdown ( since 2017 ) Kids Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) The Kitchen ( since 2014 ) Kitchen Sink ( since 2016 ) The Pioneer Woman ( since 2011 ) Spring Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Top 5 Restaurants ( since 2015 ) Valerie 's Home Cooking ( since 2015 ) Worst Bakers in America ( since 2016 ) Worst Cooks in America ( since 2010 ) Former 1990s debuts Cooking Live ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Emeril Live ( 1997 -- 2010 ) Essence of Emeril ( 1994 -- 2007 ) Good Eats ( 1999 -- 2012 ) How to Boil Water ( 1993 -- 2000 ) 2000s debuts 30 Minute Meals ( 2001 -- 2012 ) $40 a Day ( 2002 -- 2005 ) 5 Ingredient Fix ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Ace of Cakes ( 2006 -- 2011 ) BBQ with Bobby Flay ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Boy Meets Grill ( 2002 -- 2011 ) Behind the Bash ( 2006 ) Ask Aida ( 2008 -- 2009 ) The Best Thing I Ever Ate ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Big Daddy 's House ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Chocolate with Jacques Torres ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Dinner : Impossible ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Everyday Italian ( 2003 -- 2008 ) Extreme Cuisine with Jeff Corwin ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Feasting on Asphalt ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Food 911 ( 2000 -- 2006 ) Food Network Challenge ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Giada at Home ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Giada 's Weekend Getaways ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Glutton for Punishment ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Good Deal with Dave Lieberman ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Ham on the Street ( 2006 ) How 'd That Get on My Plate ? ( 2008 ) Iron Chef America ( 2005 -- 2014 ) The Next Iron Chef ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Party Line with the Hearty Boys ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Paula 's Best Dishes 2008 -- 2013 Paula 's Home Cooking 2002 -- 2012 Private Chefs of Beverly Hills ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Rachael Ray 's Tasty Travels ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Road Tasted ( 2006 -- 2008 ) The Secret Life of ... ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Sara 's Secrets ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Sugar Rush ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Ten Dollar Dinners ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Throwdown ! with Bobby Flay ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Tyler 's Ultimate ( 2003 -- 2010 ) Ultimate Recipe Showdown ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Unwrapped ( 2001 -- 2011 ) What Would Brian Boitano Make ? ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Will Work for Food ( 2009 ) 2010s debuts 24 Hour Restaurant Battle ( 2010 -- 2011 ) $24 in 24 ( 2012 ) Aarti Party ( 2010 -- 2011 ) America 's Best Cook ( 2014 ) BBQ Blitz ( 2015 ) Buddy 's Family Vacation ( 2016 ) Chef Wanted with Anne Burrell ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Duff Till Dawn ( 2015 ) Heat Seekers ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Kid in a Candy Store ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Kitchen Casino ( 2014 ) Mystery Diners ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Patricia Heaton Parties ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Rachael vs. Guy : Celebrity Cook - Off ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Restaurant Express ( 2013 ) Restaurant : Impossible ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Restaurant Stakeout ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Rewrapped ( 2014 ) Southern at Heart ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Sweet Genius ( 2011 -- 2013 ) <Td_colspan="2"> See also : Food Network pilots and specials <Th_colspan="2"> Food Network Canada programming Current Bake with Anna Olson ( since 2012 ) The Baker Sisters ( since 2017 ) Barefoot Contessa ( since 2002 ) Beat Bobby Flay ( since 2014 ) Brunch @ Bobby 's ( since 2016 ) Cake Hunters ( since 2016 ) Cake Wars : Christmas ( since 2015 ) Cake Wars ( since 2015 ) Carnival Eats ( since 2014 ) Chopped ( since 2009 ) Chopped Canada ( since 2014 ) Chopped Junior ( since 2015 ) Cooks vs. Cons ( since 2016 ) Clash of the Grandmas ( since 2015 ) Cupcake Wars ( since 2009 ) David Rocco 's Dolce Vita ( since 2010 ) Diners , Drive - Ins and Dives ( since 2006 ) Donut Showdown ( since 2013 ) Food Factory ( since 2012 ) Food Network Star ( since 2005 ) Food Network Star Kids ( since 2016 ) The Great Food Truck Race ( since 2010 ) Giada Entertains ( since 2016 ) Giada in Italy ( since 2015 ) Ginormous Food ( since 2017 ) Guy 's Family Road Trip ( since 2017 ) Guy 's Grocery Games ( since 2013 ) Halloween Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Halloween Wars ( since 2011 ) Holiday Baking Championship ( since 2014 ) I Hart Food ( since 2017 ) Kids Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Patricia Heaton Parties ( since 2015 ) The Pioneer Woman ( since 2011 ) Valerie 's Home Cooking ( since 2015 ) Worst Bakers in America ( since 2016 ) Worst Cooks in America ( since 2010 ) You Gotta Eat Here ! ( since 2012 ) Former 1990s debuts Cooking Live ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Door Knock Dinners ( 1999 -- 2002 ) East Meets West ( 1998 -- 2003 ) Emeril Live ( 1997 -- 2010 ) Essence of Emeril ( 1994 -- 2007 ) Good Eats ( 1999 -- 2012 ) Hot Off the Grill With Bobby Flay ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Molto Mario ( 1996 -- 2010 ) Nigella Bites ( 1999 -- 2001 ) 2000s debuts The 100 Mile Challenge ( 2009 ) 30 Minute Meals ( 2001 -- 2012 ) $40 a Day ( 2002 -- 2005 ) 5 Ingredient Fix ( 2009 -- 2011 ) A Cook 's Tour ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Ace of Cakes ( 2006 -- 2011 ) At the Table With ... ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Ask Aida ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Behind the Bash ( 2006 ) The Best Thing I Ever Ate ( 2009 -- 2011 ) The Best Thing I Ever Made ( 2009 -- unknown ) BBQ with Bobby Flay ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Big Daddy 's House ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Boy Meets Grill ( 2002 -- 2011 ) Calling All Cooks ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Canadian Living Cooks ( unknown -- 2005 ) Chef Abroad ( 2007 or 2008 -- 2009 ) Chef at Home ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Chef at Large ( 2000 -- unknown ) Chef vs. City ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Chef Academy ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Chef School ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Christine Cushing Live ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Christine Cushing : Cook with Me ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Chuck 's Day Off ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Cooking for Real ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Cook Like a Chef ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Crash My Kitchen ( 2005 ) Dinner : Impossible ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Easy Entertaining with Michael Chiarello ( 2003 -- 2010 ) Eat , Shrink , and Be Merry ( since 2007 -- 2011 ) Everyday Exotic ( since 2008 -- 2009 ) Everyday Italian ( 2003 -- 2008 ) Extreme Cuisine with Jeff Corwin ( 2009 -- 2010 ) The F Word ( 2008 -- 2011 ) The Family Restaurant ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Feasting on Asphalt ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Food 911 ( 2000 -- 2006 ) Food Hunter ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Food Jammers ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Food Network Challenge ( 2007 -- 2011 ) French Food at Home ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Fresh with Anna Olson ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Giada at Home ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Giada 's Weekend Getaways ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Glutton for Punishment ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Good Deal with Dave Lieberman ( since 2005 -- 2007 ) Guy 's Big Bite ( 2006 -- unknown ) Ham on the Street ( 2006 ) The Heat with Mark McEwan ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Honey , We 're Killing the Kids ( 2005 -- unknown ) How 'd That Get On My Plate ? ( 2008 ) I Do , Let 's Eat ( 2005 -- 2007 ) In Search of Perfection ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Iron Chef America ( 2005 -- 2014 ) Jamie at Home ( 2008 ) Jamie 's Great Italian Escape ( 2005 ) Jamie 's Kitchen Australia ( 2008 ) Just One Bite ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Kitchen Crimes ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Kitchen Nightmares ( 2007 -- 2014 ) Kitchen Equipped ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Kylie Kwong : Simply Magic ( 2006 ) Licence to Grill ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Made to Order ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Man - Made Food ( 2004 -- unknown ) The Manic Organic ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Martin Yan 's Chinatown ( 2002 ) New Classics With Chef Rob Feenie ( 2000 -- 2004 ) The Next Iron Chef ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Nigella Express ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Nigella Feasts ( 2006 ) Opening Soon ( 2001 -- 2006 ) Party Dish ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Paula 's Best Dishes ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Paula 's Home Cooking ( 2002 -- 2012 ) Private Chefs of Beverly Hills ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Quick Fix Meals with Robin Miller ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Rachael Ray 's Tasty Travels ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Ramsay 's Kitchen Nightmares ( 2004 -- 2014 ) Restaurant Makeover ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Return to Tuscany ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Ricardo and Friends ( 2006 -- 2009 ) River Cottage Treatment ( 2006 ) Road Grill ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Road Tasted ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Sara 's Secrets ( 2002 -- 2007 ) The Secret Life of ... ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Simply Delicioso ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Sugar ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Summer 's Best ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Supersizers Go ... ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Surfing the Menu ( 2003 -- 2011 ) The Surreal Gourmet ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Ten Dollar Dinners ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Throwdown ! with Bobby Flay ( 2006 -- 2010 ) The Thirsty Traveler ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Top Chef Masters ( 2009 -- 2013 ) Tyler 's Ultimate ( 2003 -- 2010 ) Ultimate Recipe Showdown ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Unwrapped ( 2001 -- 2011 ) What Would Brian Boitano Make ? ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Will Work for Food ( 2009 ) 2010s debuts 24 Hour Restaurant Battle ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Around the World in 80 Plates ( 2012 ) Buddy 's Family Vacation ( 2016 ) CheF * OFF ( 2010 ) Chef in Your Ear ( 2015 -- 2016 ) The Delinquent Gourmet ( 2011 ) Dinner Party Wars ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Duff Till Dawn ( 2015 ) Eat St. ( 2011 -- 2015 ) Family Cook Off ( 2012 ) Food 's Greatest Hits ( 2016 ) Food Fighters ( 2014 -- 2015 ) From Spain with Love with Annie Sibonney ( 2011 ) Gordon Ramsay 's Ultimate Home Cooking ( 2015 ) Heat Seekers ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Ice Cold Cash ( 2012 ) The Incredible Food Race ( 2015 ) Jamie 's 30 - Minute Meals ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Jamie 's Comfort Food ( 2014 ) Jamie 's Super Food ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Kid in a Candy Store ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Mexican Made Easy ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Mystery Diners ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Nadia G 's Bitchin ' Kitchen ( 2010 -- 2013 ) The Opener ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Outrageous Food ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Pitchin ' In ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Rachael vs. Guy : Celebrity Cook - Off ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Rachael vs. Guy : Kids Cook - Off ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Recipe for Success ( 2004 -- unknown ) Recipe to Riches ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Restaurant : Impossible ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Restaurant Stakeout ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Restaurant Takeover ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Sandwich King ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Secrets of a Restaurant Chef ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Southern at Heart ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Spice Goddess ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Sugar High ( 2011 ) Sweet Genius ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Top 5 Restaurants ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Top Chef Canada ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Top Chef Just Desserts ( 2010 -- 2011 ) World 's Weirdest Restaurants ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Worst_Cooks_in_America&oldid=836934398 '' Categories : 2010 American television series debuts 2010s American television series Food Network series Television series by All3Media Food reality television series Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2014 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 18 : 41 . 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1. Worst Cooks in America 2. Reality television cooking show 3. Culinary boot camp 4. Contestant progress 5. Celebrity edition

in california's bicameral legislature the lower house

California State Legislature - wikipedia California State Legislature Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> California State Legislature <Td_colspan="2"> 2017 -- 18 session <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Type Type Bicameral Houses State Senate State Assembly <Th_colspan="2"> Leadership President Pro Tem of the Senate Kevin de León ( D ) Since October 15 , 2014 Senate Minority Leader Patricia Bates ( R ) Since April 12 , 2017 Speaker of the Assembly Anthony Rendon ( D ) Since March 7 , 2016 Assembly Minority Leader Chad Mayes ( R ) Since January 4 , 2016 <Th_colspan="2"> Structure Seats 120 40 senators 80 assembly <Td_colspan="2"> Senate political groups Democratic ( 27 ) Republican ( 13 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Assembly political groups Democratic ( 54 ) Republican ( 25 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Elections Senate last election November 8 , 2016 Assembly last election November 8 , 2016 <Th_colspan="2"> Meeting place <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> California State Capitol Sacramento , California <Th_colspan="2"> Website <Td_colspan="2"> leginfo.legislature.ca.gov California State Assembly chamber California State Senate chamber A few volumes of the journals of each house ( Senate is red ; Assembly ( lower chamber ) is green ) . The California State Legislature is the state legislature of the U.S. state of California . It is a bicameral body consisting of the lower house , the California State Assembly , with 80 members , and the upper house , the California State Senate , with 40 members . New legislators convene each new two - year session , to organize , in the Assembly and Senate Chambers , respectively , at noon on the first Monday in December following the election . After the organizational meeting , both houses are in recess until the first Monday in January , except when the first Monday is January 1 or January 1 is a Sunday , in which case they meet the following Wednesday . Aside from the recess , the legislature is in session year - round . The Democratic Party currently holds supermajorities in both chambers of the California Legislature . The state senate currently consists of 27 Democrats and 13 Republicans , and the Assembly consists of 54 Democrats , 25 Republicans and 1 vacancy . Except for the period from 1995 to 1996 , the Assembly has been in Democratic hands since the 1970 election ( even while the governor 's office has gone back and forth between Republicans and Democrats ) . The Senate has been in Democratic hands continuously since 1970 . Contents ( hide ) 1 State House 2 Terms and term limits 3 Recordkeeping 4 Legislative committees 5 Overview of legislative procedure 6 Sessions 7 See also 7.1 Districts , elections and members 8 Footnotes 9 References 10 External links State house ( edit ) Since California was given official statehood by the U.S. in September 9 , 1850 as part of the Compromise of 1850 , the state capital was variously San Jose ( 1850 -- 1851 ) , Vallejo ( 1852 -- 1853 ) and Benicia ( 1853 -- 1854 ) , until Sacramento was finally selected in 1854 . The first Californian State House was originally a hotel in San Jose owned by businessman Pierre `` Don Pedro '' Sainsevain and his associates . The State Legislature currently meets in the California State Capitol in Sacramento . Terms and term limits ( edit ) Members of the Assembly are elected from 80 districts and serve two - year terms . Members of the Senate are elected from forty districts and serve four - year terms . Twenty Senate seats are up for election at each two - year election cycle . Term limits were initially established in 1990 following the passage of Proposition 140 . In June 2012 , voters approved Proposition 28 which allows legislators to serve a maximum of 12 years without regard to whether the years are served in the State Assembly or the State Senate . Legislators first elected on or before June 5 , 2012 are restricted by the previous term limits , approved in 1990 , which limited legislators to three terms in the State Assembly and two terms in the State Senate . Recordkeeping ( edit ) The proceedings of the California State Legislature are briefly summarized in regularly published journals , which show votes and who proposed or withdrew what . Reports produced by California executive agencies , as well as the Legislature , were published in the Appendices to the Journals from 1849 to 1970 . Since the 1990s , the legislature has provided a live video feed for its sessions , and has been broadcast statewide on the California Channel and local Public - access television cable TV . Due to the expense and the obvious political downside , California did not keep verbatim records of actual speeches made by members of the Assembly and Senate until the video feed began . As a result , reconstructing legislative intent outside of an act 's preamble is extremely difficult in California for legislation passed before the 1990s . Since 1993 , the Legislature has hosted a web / ftp site in one form or another . The current website contains the text of all statutes , all bills , the text of all versions of the bills , all the committee analyses of bills , all the votes on bills in committee or on the floor , and veto messages from the Governor . Before then , committees occasionally published reports for significant bills , but most bills were not important enough to justify the expense of printing and distributing a report to archives and law libraries across the state . For bills lacking such a formal committee report , the only way to discover legislative intent is to access the state archives in Sacramento and manually review the files of relevant legislators , legislative committees , and the Governor 's Office from the relevant time period , in the hope of finding a statement of intent and evidence that the statement actually reflected the views of several of the legislators who voted for the bill ( as opposed to just one ) . Legislative committees ( edit ) The most sought - after legislative committee appointments are to banking , agriculture and insurance . These are sometimes called `` juice '' committees , because membership in these committees often aids the campaign fundraising efforts of the committee members , because powerful lobbying groups want to donate to members of these committees . Overview of legislative procedure ( edit ) A bill is a proposal to change , repeal , or add to existing state law . An Assembly Bill ( AB ) is one introduced in the Assembly ; a Senate Bill ( SB ) , in the Senate . Bills are designated by number , in the order of introduction in each house . For example , AB 16 refers to the 16th bill introduced in the Assembly . The numbering starts afresh each session . There may be one or more `` extraordinary '' sessions . The bill numbering starts again for each of these . For example , the third bill introduced in the Assembly for the second extraordinary session is ABX2 3 . The name of the author , the legislator who introduced the bill , becomes part of the title of the bill . The legislative procedure , is divided into distinct stages : Drafting . The procedure begins when a Senator or Assembly Member decides to author a bill . A legislator sends the idea for the bill to the California Office of the Legislative Counsel , where it is drafted into bill form . The draft of the bill is returned to the legislator for introduction . Introduction or First Reading . A bill is introduced or read the first time when the bill number , the name of the author , and the descriptive title of the bill are read on the floor of the house . The bill is then sent to the Office of State Publishing . No bill except the Budget Bill may be acted upon until 30 days have passed from the date of its introduction . Committee hearing . After introduction , a bill goes to the rules committee of the house , where it is assigned to the appropriate policy committee , appropriate to the subject matter , for its first hearing . During the committee hearing the author presents the bill to the committee , and testimony may be heard in support or opposition to the bill . The committee then votes on whether to pass the bill out of committee , or that it be passed as amended . Bills may be amended several times . It takes a majority vote of the committee membership for a bill to be passed and sent to the next committee or to the floor . Fiscal committee . If the bill which contains an appropriation or has financial implications for the state . Second reading . A bill recommended for passage by committee is read a second time on the floor of the house . Ordinarily there is little or no debate . If a bill is amended at this stage , it may be referred back for another committee hearing . Floor vote . A roll call vote is taken . An ordinary bill needs a majority vote to pass . An urgency bill or a bill with tax increases requires a two - thirds vote . The California Constitution used to require a two - thirds vote of both houses on the yearly budget and on any bill which would increase taxes , but since the passage of California Proposition 25 ( 2010 ) , the two - thirds vote is required only for tax increases . Before , this provision was faulted for much of what had been termed `` legislative gridlock '' , enabling a minority party to block approval of a budget before the previous one expired . Second house . If it receives a favorable vote in the first house , a bill repeats the same steps in the other house . If the second house passes the bill without changing it , it is sent to the governor 's desk . Resolution of Differences ( concurrence or conference ) . If a measure is amended in the second house and passed , it is returned to the house of origin for consideration of amendments . The house of origin may concur with the amendments and send the bill to the governor or reject the amendments and submit it to a two - house conference committee . If either house rejects the conference report , a second ( and even a third ) conference committee can be formed . If both houses adopt the conference report , the bill is sent to the governor . Governor 's action . Within 30 days after receiving a bill , the governor may sign it into law , allow it to become law without his / her signature , or veto it . Overrides . A vetoed bill is returned to the house of origin , where a vote may be taken to override the governor 's veto ; a two - thirds vote of both houses is required to override a veto . California Law and effective date . Each bill that is passed by the Legislature and approved by the Governor is assigned a chapter number by the Secretary of State . These chaptered bills are statutes , and ordinarily become part of the California Codes . Ordinarily a law passed during a regular session takes effect January 1 of the following year . A few statutes go into effect as soon as the governor signs them ; these include acts calling for elections and urgency measures necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace , health , or safety . Sessions ( edit ) California State Legislature , 2017 -- 18 session California State Legislature , 2015 -- 16 session California State Legislature , 2013 -- 14 session California State Legislature , 2011 -- 12 session California State Legislature , 2009 -- 10 session California State Legislature , 2007 -- 08 session California State Legislature , 2005 -- 06 session California State Legislature , 2003 -- 04 session California State Legislature , 2001 -- 02 session California State Legislature , 1999 -- 2000 session California State Legislature , 1997 -- 98 session California State Legislature , 1995 -- 96 session See also ( edit ) California portal California Constitution and California law California Statutes Government of California For in - depth look at California 's legislative process , see also : California 's Legislature ( 2007 ) , by Chief Clerk E. Dotson Wilson and Brian Ebbert ( ed ) . Sacramento : California State Assembly . Districts , elections and members ( edit ) Districts in California California State Senate Districts California State Assembly Districts Members of the California State Legislature Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The California Constitution was amended by voters in 2004 to include a balanced budget amendment which allowed the minority party to negotiate sizeable budget cuts , versus revenue increases , by not providing enough votes to pass a budget if certain demands were not met . In 2009 , when California faced a major revenue crisis due to the global economic downturn , the state was forced to issue revenue anticipation warrants ( `` RAWs '' , or more commonly , `` IOUs '' ) for two months because it lacked budgetary authority to issue payments . In 2010 , California voters again amended the state 's constitution with the approval of Proposition 25 which allowed a simple majority to pass an `` all cuts budget '' to meet the balanced budget requirement , and provide budgetary authority to issue payments and avoid revenue anticipation warrants , but continued the requirement of a two - thirds vote to increase revenues and reduce budget cuts . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` CALIFORNIA CONSTITUTION , ARTICLE IV LEGISLATIVE '' . Section 2 , paragraph ( a ) . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` CALIFORNIA CONSTITUTION , ARTICLE IV LEGISLATIVE '' . Section 3 , paragraph ( a ) . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Representation . Nextca . Jump up ^ Richard B. Rice et al. , The Elusive Eden ( 1988 ) 191 - 95 Jump up ^ California 's first State House , San Jose , 1849 Jump up ^ `` Proposition 28 Voter Information Guide California Secretary of State '' . voterguide.sos.ca.gov. 14 April 2012 . Archived from the original on 14 April 2012 . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ California State Legislature -- Publications Jump up ^ Stratford , Juri ( 2012 ) . Index to Reports Published in the Appendices to the Journals of the California Legislature 1905 - 1970 . Davis : University of California . Jump up ^ `` California Legislative Information '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Worst Legislator in California , By David Futch Thursday , Jun 2 2011 Jump up ^ Office of Legislative Counsel of California . `` Overview of Legislative Process '' . State of California . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` California Voters Pass Simple - Majority Budget Rule '' , November 3 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` A California constitutional convention '' , by Erwin Chemerinsky , Los Angeles Times , May 28 , 2009 External links ( edit ) Legislative homepage California State Assembly California State Senate California Channel Official California Legislative Information Overview of the California Legislative Process Glossary of Legislative Terms Legislative Analyst 's Office JoinCalifornia archive -- an online archive of California election results <Th_colspan="3"> Members of the California State Senate <Td_colspan="3"> President of the Senate : Gavin Newsom ( D ) President pro Tempore : Kevin de León ( D ) Majority Leader : Bill Monning ( D ) Minority Leader : Patricia Bates ( R ) <Td_colspan="2"> Ted Gaines ( R ) Mike McGuire ( D ) Bill Dodd ( D ) Jim Nielsen ( R ) Cathleen Galgiani ( D ) Richard Pan ( D ) Steve Glazer ( D ) Tom Berryhill ( R ) Nancy Skinner ( D ) Bob Wieckowski ( D ) Scott Wiener ( D ) Anthony Cannella ( R ) Jerry Hill ( D ) Andy Vidak ( R ) Jim Beall ( D ) Jean Fuller ( R ) Bill Monning ( D ) Robert Hertzberg ( D ) Hannah - 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name the document that authorizes the creation of the us supreme court

Article Three of the United States Constitution - wikipedia Article Three of the United States Constitution This is the current revision of this page , as edited by Butterboy ( talk contribs ) at 16 : 13 , 12 July 2017 ( → ‎ Section 3 : Treason ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 16 : 13 , 12 July 2017 by Butterboy ( talk contribs ) ( → ‎ Section 3 : Treason ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Wikisource has original text related to this article : Article Three of the United States Constitution This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble I II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book Article Three of the United States Constitution establishes the judicial branch of the federal government . The judicial branch comprises the Supreme Court of the United States and lower courts as created by Congress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Section 1 : Federal courts 1.1 Number of courts 1.2 Tenure 1.3 Salaries 2 Section 2 : Judicial power , jurisdiction , and trial by jury 2.1 Clause 1 : Cases and controversies 2.2 Eleventh Amendment and state sovereign immunity 2.3 Clause 2 : Original and appellate jurisdiction 2.4 Judicial review 2.5 Clause 3 : Federal trials 3 Section 3 : Treason 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links Section 1 : federal courts ( edit ) Section 1 vests the judicial power of the United States in federal courts , requires a supreme court , allows inferior courts , requires good behavior tenure for judges , and prohibits decreasing the salaries of judges . The judicial Power of the United States , shall be vested in one supreme Court , and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish . The Judges , both of the supreme and inferior Courts , shall hold their Offices during good Behavior , and shall , at stated Times , receive for their Services a Compensation which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office . Number of courts ( edit ) Article III authorizes one Supreme Court , but does not set the number of justices that must be appointed to it . Article I , Section 3 , Clause 6 refers to a Chief Justice ( who shall preside over the impeachment trial of a President ) . The number of justices is fixed by statute at nine : the one chief justice , and eight associate justices . Proposals to divide the Supreme Court into separate panels have been made , but all have failed . Because all such proposals have failed , the Supreme Court has never ruled on the constitutionality of such a division . Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes wrote , `` the Constitution does not appear to authorize two or more Supreme Courts functioning in effect as separate courts . '' The Supreme Court is the only federal court that is explicitly mandated by the Constitution . During the Constitutional Convention , a proposal was made for the Supreme Court to be the only federal court , having both original jurisdiction and appellate jurisdiction . This proposal was rejected in favor of the provision that exists today . Under this provision , the Congress may create inferior ( i.e. , lower ) courts under both Article III , Section 1 , and Article I , Section 8 . The Article III courts , which are also known as `` constitutional courts '' , were first created by the Judiciary Act of 1789 . Article I courts , which are also known as `` legislative courts '' , consist of regulatory agencies , such as the United States Tax Court . Article III courts are the only ones with judicial power , and so decisions of regulatory agencies remain subject to review by Article III courts . However , cases not requiring `` judicial determination '' may come before Article I courts . In the case of Murray 's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co. 59 U.S. 272 ( 1855 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that cases involving `` a suit at the common law , or in equity , or admiralty '' inherently involve judicial determination and must come before Article III courts . Other cases , such as bankruptcy cases , have been held not to involve judicial determination , and may therefore go before Article I courts . Similarly , several courts in the District of Columbia , which is under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress , are Article I courts rather than Article III courts . This article was expressly extended to the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico by the U.S. Congress through Federal Law 89 - 571 , 80 Stat. 764 , signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1966 . This transformed the article IV United States territorial court in Puerto Rico , created in 1900 , to an Article III federal judicial district court . The Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 -- frequently called the court - packing plan , -- was a legislative initiative to add more justices to the Supreme Court proposed by U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt shortly after his victory in the 1936 presidential election . Although the bill aimed generally to overhaul and modernize all of the federal court system , its central and most controversial provision would have granted the President power to appoint an additional Justice to the U.S. Supreme Court for every sitting member over the age of 701⁄2 , up to a maximum of six . The Constitution is silent when it comes to judges of courts which have been abolished . The Judiciary Act of 1801 increased the number of courts to permit the Federalist President John Adams to appoint a number of Federalist judges before Thomas Jefferson took office . When Jefferson became President , the Congress abolished several of these courts and made no provision for the judges of those courts . Judicial code of 1911 abolished `` circuit riding '' and transferred the circuit courts authority and jurisdiction to the district courts . Tenure ( edit ) The Constitution provides that judges `` shall hold their Offices during good Behavior . '' The term `` good behavior '' is interpreted to mean that judges may serve for the remainder of their lives , although they may resign or retire voluntarily . A judge may also be removed by impeachment and conviction by congressional vote ( hence the term good behavior ) ; this has occurred fourteen times . Three other judges , Mark W. Delahay , George W. English , and Samuel B. Kent , chose to resign rather than go through the impeachment process . Salaries ( edit ) The compensation of judges may not be decreased , but may be increased , during their continuance in office . Section 2 : judicial power , jurisdiction , and trial by jury ( edit ) Section 2 delineates federal judicial power , and brings that power into execution by conferring original jurisdiction and also appellate jurisdiction upon the Supreme Court . Additionally , this section requires trial by jury in all criminal cases , except impeachment cases . The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases , in Law and Equity , arising under this Constitution , the Laws of the United States , and Treaties made , or which shall be made , under their Authority ; -- to all Cases affecting Ambassadors , other public Ministers and Consuls ; -- to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction ; -- to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party ; -- to Controversies between two or more States ; -- between a State and Citizens of another State ; -- between Citizens of different States ; -- between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States , and between a State , or the Citizens thereof , and foreign States , Citizens or Subjects . In all Cases affecting Ambassadors , other public Ministers and Consuls , and those in which a State shall be Party , the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction . In all the other Cases before mentioned , the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction , both as to Law and Fact , with such Exceptions , and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make . Trial of all Crimes , except in Cases of Impeachment , shall be by Jury ; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any State , the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed . Clause 1 : cases and controversies ( edit ) Main article : Case or Controversy Clause Clause 1 of Section 2 authorizes the federal courts to hear actual cases and controversies only . Their judicial power does not extend to cases which are hypothetical , or which are proscribed due to standing , mootness , or ripeness issues . Generally , a case or controversy requires the presence of adverse parties who have a genuine interest at stake in the case . In Muskrat v. United States , 219 U.S. 346 ( 1911 ) , the Supreme Court denied jurisdiction to cases brought under a statute permitting certain Native Americans to bring suit against the United States to determine the constitutionality of a law allocating tribal lands . Counsel for both sides were to be paid from the federal Treasury . The Supreme Court held that , though the United States was a defendant , the case in question was not an actual controversy ; rather , the statute was merely devised to test the constitutionality of a certain type of legislation . Thus the Court 's ruling would be nothing more than an advisory opinion ; therefore , the court dismissed the suit for failing to present a `` case or controversy . '' A significant omission is that although Clause 1 provides that federal judicial power shall extend to `` the laws of the United States , '' it does not also provide that it shall extend to the laws of the several or individual states . In turn , the Judiciary Act of 1789 and subsequent acts never granted the U.S. Supreme Court the power to review decisions of state supreme courts on pure issues of state law . It is this silence which tacitly made state supreme courts the final expositors of the common law in their respective states . They were free to diverge from English precedents and from each other on the vast majority of legal issues which had never been made part of federal law by the Constitution , and the U.S. Supreme Court could do nothing about that , as it would ultimately concede in Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins ( 1938 ) . By way of contrast , other English - speaking federations like Australia and Canada never adopted the Erie doctrine . That is , their highest courts have always possessed plenary power to impose a uniform nationwide common law upon all lower courts and never adopted the strong American distinction between federal and state common law . Eleventh Amendment and State sovereign immunity ( edit ) Main articles : Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution and Sovereign immunity in the United States In Chisholm v. Georgia , 2 U.S. 419 ( 1793 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that Article III , Section 2 abrogated the States ' sovereign immunity and authorized federal courts to hear disputes between private citizens and States . This decision was overturned by the Eleventh Amendment , which was passed by the Congress on March 4 , 1794 1 Stat. 402 and ratified by the states on February 7 , 1795 . It prohibits the federal courts from hearing any suit in law or equity , commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State , or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State . Clause 2 : original and appellate jurisdiction ( edit ) See also : Jurisdiction stripping Clause 2 of Section 2 provides that the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in cases affecting ambassadors , ministers and consuls , and also in those controversies which are subject to federal judicial power because at least one state is a party ; the Court has held that the latter requirement is met if the United States has a controversy with a state . In other cases , the Supreme Court has only appellate jurisdiction , which may be regulated by the Congress . The Congress may not , however , amend the Court 's original jurisdiction , as was found in Marbury v. Madison , 5 U.S. ( Cranch 1 ) 137 ( 1803 ) ( the same decision which established the principle of judicial review ) . Marbury held that Congress can neither expand nor restrict the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court . However , the appellate jurisdiction of the Court is different . The Court 's appellate jurisdiction is given `` with such exceptions , and under such regulations as the Congress shall make . '' Often a court will assert a modest degree of power over a case for the threshold purpose of determining whether it has jurisdiction , and so the word `` power '' is not necessarily synonymous with the word `` jurisdiction '' . Judicial review ( edit ) Main articles : Judicial review and Judicial review in the United States The power of the federal judiciary to review the constitutionality of a statute or treaty , or to review an administrative regulation for consistency with either a statute , a treaty , or the Constitution itself , is an implied power derived in part from Clause 2 of Section 2 . Though the Constitution does not expressly provide that the federal judiciary has the power of judicial review , many of the Constitution 's Framers viewed such a power as an appropriate power for the federal judiciary to possess . In Federalist No. 78 , Alexander Hamilton wrote , The interpretation of the laws is the proper and peculiar province of the courts . A constitution , is , in fact , and must be regarded by the judges , as a fundamental law . It therefore belongs to them to ascertain its meaning , as well as the meaning of any particular act proceeding from the legislative body . If there should happen to be an irreconcilable variance between two , that which has the superior obligation and validity ought , of course , to be preferred ; or , in other words , the constitution ought to be preferred to the statute , the intention of the people to the intention of their agents . Others , however , disagreed , claiming that each branch could determine for itself the constitutionality of its actions . A continuation of the text of Federalist No. 78 by Hamilton ( below ) counterbalances the tone of `` judicial supremacists '' who demand that both Congress and the Executive are compelled by the Constitution to enforce all court decisions , including those that , in their eyes , or those of the People , violate fundamental American principles . Nor does this conclusion by any means suppose a superiority of the judicial to the legislative power . It only supposes that the power of the people is superior to both ; and that where the will of the legislature , declared in its statutes , stands in opposition to that of the people , declared in the Constitution , the judges ought to be governed by the latter rather than the former . They ought to regulate their decisions by the fundamental laws , rather than by those which are not fundamental . ( emphasis added ) Hamilton continues ... It can be of no weight to say that the courts , on the pretense of a repugnancy , may substitute their own pleasure to the constitutional intentions of the legislature . This might as well happen in the case of two contradictory statutes ; or it might as well happen in every adjudication upon any single statute . The courts must declare the sense of the law ; and if they should be disposed to exercise WILL instead of JUDGMENT , the consequence would equally be the substitution of their pleasure to that of the legislative body . The observation , if it prove any thing , would prove that there ought to be no judges distinct from that body . ( emphasis added ) Marbury v. Madison involved a highly partisan set of circumstances . Though Congressional elections were held in November 1800 , the newly elected officers did not take power until March . The Federalist Party had lost the elections . In the words of President Thomas Jefferson , the Federalists `` retired into the judiciary as a stronghold '' . In the four months following the elections , the outgoing Congress created several new judgeships , which were filled by President John Adams . In the last - minute rush , however , Federalist Secretary of State John Marshall had neglected to deliver 17 of the commissions to their respective appointees . When James Madison took office as Secretary of State , several commissions remained undelivered . Bringing their claims under the Judiciary Act of 1789 , the appointees , including William Marbury , petitioned the Supreme Court for the issue of a writ of mandamus , which in English law had been used to force public officials to fulfill their ministerial duties . Here , Madison would be required to deliver the commissions . Secretary of State James Madison , who won Marbury v. Madison , but lost Judicial review . Marbury posed a difficult problem for the court , which was then led by Chief Justice John Marshall , the same person who had neglected to deliver the commissions when he was the Secretary of State . If Marshall 's court commanded James Madison to deliver the commissions , Madison might ignore the order , thereby indicating the weakness of the court . Similarly , if the court denied William Marbury 's request , the court would be seen as weak . Marshall held that appointee Marbury was indeed entitled to his commission . However , Justice Marshall contended that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional , since it purported to grant original jurisdiction to the Supreme Court in cases not involving the States or ambassadors . The ruling thereby established that the federal courts could exercise judicial review over the actions of Congress or the executive branch . However , Alexander Hamilton , in Federalist No. 78 , expressed the view that the Courts hold only the power of words , and not the power of compulsion upon those other two branches of government , upon which the Supreme Court is itself dependent . Then in 1820 , Thomas Jefferson expressed his deep reservations about the doctrine of judicial review : You seem ... to consider the judges as the ultimate arbiters of all constitutional questions ; a very dangerous doctrine indeed , and one which would place us under the despotism of an oligarchy . Our judges are as honest as other men , and not more so . They have , with others , the same passions for party , for power , and the privilege of their corps ... Their power ( is ) the more dangerous as they are in office for life , and not responsible , as the other functionaries are , to the elective control . The Constitution has erected no such single tribunal , knowing that to whatever hands confided , with the corruptions of time and party , its members would become despots . It has more wisely made all the departments co-equal and co-sovereign within themselves . Clause 3 : federal trials ( edit ) A nineteenth - century painting of a jury . Clause 3 of Section 2 provides that Federal crimes , except impeachment cases , must be tried before a jury , unless the defendant waives his right . Also , the trial must be held in the state where the crime was committed . If the crime was not committed in any particular state , then the trial is held in such a place as set forth by the Congress . The United States Senate has the sole power to try impeachment cases . Two of the Constitutional Amendments that comprise the Bill of Rights contain related provisions . The Sixth Amendment enumerates the rights of individuals when facing criminal prosecution and the Seventh Amendment establishes an individual 's right to a jury trial in certain civil cases . It also inhibits courts from overturning a jury 's findings of fact . The Supreme Court has extended the protections of these amendments to individuals facing trial in state courts through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . Section 3 : treason ( edit ) Main article : Treason laws in the United States Iva Toguri , known as Tokyo Rose , and Tomoya Kawakita were two Japanese Americans who were tried for treason after World War II . Section 3 defines treason and its punishment . Treason against the United States , shall consist only in levying War against them , or in adhering to their Enemies , giving them Aid and Comfort . No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act , or on Confession in open Court . The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason , but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood , or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted . The Constitution defines treason as specific acts , namely `` levying War against ( the United States ) , or in adhering to their Enemies , giving them Aid and Comfort . '' A contrast is therefore maintained with the English law , whereby crimes including conspiring to kill the King or `` violating '' the Queen , were punishable as treason . In Ex Parte Bollman , 8 U.S. 75 ( 1807 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that `` there must be an actual assembling of men , for the treasonable purpose , to constitute a levying of war . '' Under English law effective during the ratification of the U.S. Constitution , including the Treason Act 1351 , there were essentially five species of treason . Of the five , the Constitution adopted only two : levying war and adhering to enemies . Omitted were species of treason involving encompassing ( or imagining ) the death of the king , certain types of counterfeiting , and finally fornication with women in the royal family of the sort which could call into question the parentage of royal successors . James Wilson wrote the original draft of this section , and he was involved as a defense attorney for some accused of treason against the Patriot cause . Section 3 also requires the testimony of two different witnesses on the same overt act , or a confession by the accused in open court , to convict for treason . This rule was derived from an older English statute , the Treason Act 1695 . In Cramer v. United States , 325 U.S. 1 ( 1945 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that `` ( e ) very act , movement , deed , and word of the defendant charged to constitute treason must be supported by the testimony of two witnesses . '' In Haupt v. United States , 330 U.S. 631 ( 1947 ) , however , the Supreme Court found that two witnesses are not required to prove intent , nor are two witnesses required to prove that an overt act is treasonable . The two witnesses , according to the decision , are required to prove only that the overt act occurred ( eyewitnesses and federal agents investigating the crime , for example ) . Punishment for treason may not `` work Corruption of Blood , or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person '' so convicted . The descendants of someone convicted for treason could not , as they were under English law , be considered `` tainted '' by the treason of their ancestor . Furthermore , Congress may confiscate the property of traitors , but that property must be inheritable at the death of the person convicted . In Federalist No. 43 James Madison wrote regarding the Treason Clause : As treason may be committed against the United States , the authority of the United States ought to be enabled to punish it . But as new - fangled and artificial treasons have been the great engines by which violent factions , the natural offspring of free government , have usually wreaked their alternate malignity on each other , the convention have , with great judgment , opposed a barrier to this peculiar danger , by inserting a constitutional definition of the crime , fixing the proof necessary for conviction of it , and restraining the Congress , even in punishing it , from extending the consequences of guilt beyond the person of its author . Based on the above quotation , it was noted by the lawyer William J. Olson in an amicus curiae in the case Hedges v. Obama that the Treason Clause was one of the enumerated powers of the federal government . He also stated that by defining treason in the U.S. Constitution and placing it in Article III `` the founders intended the power to be checked by the judiciary , ruling out trials by military commissions . As James Madison noted , the Treason Clause also was designed to limit the power of the federal government to punish its citizens for `` adhering to ( the ) enemies ( of the United States by ) , giving them aid and comfort . '' '' See also ( edit ) United States constitutional criminal procedure References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1 Jump up ^ Epstein , Lee ; Walker , Thomas G. ( 2007 ) . Constitutional Law for a Changing America : Institutional Powers and Constraints ( 6th ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : CQ Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933116 - 81 - 5. , at 451 . Jump up ^ `` Judges of the United States Courts -- Delahay , Mark W . '' . Federal Judicial Center . n.d . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ staff ( n.d. ) . `` Judges of the United States Courts -- English , George Washington '' . Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Judges of the United States Courts -- Kent , Samuel B . '' . Federal Judicial Center . n.d . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Annotation 1 -- Eleventh Amendment -- State Immunity '' . FindLaw . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ United States v. Texas , 143 U.S. 621 ( 1892 ) . A factor in United States v. Texas was that there had been an `` act of congress requiring the institution of this suit '' . With a few narrow exceptions , courts have held that Congress controls access to the courts by the United States and its agencies and officials . See , e.g. , Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co. , 514 U.S. 122 ( `` Agencies do not automatically have standing to sue for actions that frustrate the purposes of their statutes '' ) . Also see United States v. Mattson , 600 F. 2d 1295 ( 9th Cir. 1979 ) . Jump up ^ Cohens v. Virginia , 19 U.S. 264 ( 1821 ) : `` ( T ) he original jurisdiction of the Supreme court , in cases where a state is a party , refers to those cases in which , according to the grant of power made in the preceding clause , jurisdiction might be exercised , in consequence of the character of the party . '' Jump up ^ Cover , Robert . Narrative , Violence and the Law ( U. Mich . 1995 ) : `` Every denial of jurisdiction on the part of a court is an assertion of the power to determine jurisdiction ... '' Jump up ^ Di Trolio , Stefania . `` Undermining and Unintwining : The Right to a Jury Trial and Rule 12 ( b ) ( 1 ) Archived July 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . '' , Seton Hall Law Review , Volume 33 , page 1247 , text accompanying note 82 ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Establishment of Judicial Review '' . Findlaw . ^ Jump up to : `` The Federalist Papers : No. 78 '' . Archived from the original on 29 October 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Jefferson , Thomas . The Writings of Thomas Jefferson , Letter to William Jarvis ( September 28 , 1820 ) . Jump up ^ U.S. Constitution , Art . I , sec. 3 Jump up ^ Bollman , at 126 Jump up ^ This rule was abolished in the United Kingdom in 1945 . Jump up ^ Cramer , at 34 ^ Jump up to : Olson , William J. ( 16 April 2012 ) . `` Case 1 : 12 - cv - 00331 - KBF Document 29 - 2 Filed 04 / 16 / 12 AMICUS CURIAE BRIEF OF VIRGINIA STATE DELEGATE BOB MARSHALL , VIRGINIA STATE SENATOR DICK BLACK , DOWNSIZE DC FOUNDATION , DOWNSIZEDC.ORG , INC. , U.S. JUSTICE FOUNDATION , INSTITUTE ON THE CONSTITUTION , GUN OWNERS FOUNDATION , GUN OWNERS OF AMERICA , INC. , THE LINCOLN INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH AND EDUCATION , THE WESTERN CENTER FOR JOURNALISM , CONSERVATIVE LEGAL DEFENSE AND EDUCATION FUND , U.S. BORDER CONTROL , RESTORING LIBERTY ACTION COMMITTEE , TENTH AMENDMENT CENTER , CENTER FOR MEDIA AND DEMOCRACY , BILL OF RIGHTS DEFENSE COMMITTEE , PASTOR CHUCK BALDWIN , PROFESSOR JEROME AUMENTE , AND THE CONSTITUTION PARTY NATIONAL COMMITTEE IN SUPPORT OF PLAINTIFFS '' ( PDF ) . Friedman , Harfenist , Kraut & Perlstein , PPC . lawandfreedom.com . pp. 15 -- 16 . Bibliography ( edit ) Irons , Peter . ( 1999 ) . A People 's History of the Supreme Court . New York : Penguin . This article incorporates material from Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 . External links ( edit ) Kenneth R. Thomas and Larry M. Eig ( Eds ) . ( 2014 ) . The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation. , gpo.gov CRS Annotated Constitution : Article 3 , law.cornell.edu <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble I II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights <Td_colspan="2"> List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence <Td_colspan="2"> US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=790261335 '' Categories : Articles of the United States Constitution Judicial branch of the United States government Treason in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français 贛 語 Русский Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2017 , at 16 : 13 . 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1. Article Three of the United States Constitution 2. Judicial branch of the federal government 3. Federal courts and their jurisdiction 4. Treason and its definition in the Constitution 5. Judicial power and trial by jury

who won malaysian grand prix gold title in january 2017

2017 Malaysia Masters Grand Prix Gold - wikipedia 2017 Malaysia Masters Grand Prix Gold Jump to : navigation , search 2017 Malaysia Masters Grand Prix Gold <Th_colspan="2"> Tournament details Dates 17 -- 22 January 2017 Level Grand Prix Gold Total prize money US $ 120,000 Venue Sibu Indoor Stadium Location Sarawak , Malaysia <Th_colspan="2"> Champions Men 's Singles Ng Ka Long Women 's Singles Saina Nehwal Men 's Doubles Berry Angriawan Hardianto Women 's Doubles Jongkolphan Kititharakul Rawinda Prajongjai Mixed Doubles Tan Kian Meng Lai Pei Jing <Td_colspan="2"> ← 2016 The 2017 Malaysia Masters Grand Prix Gold was the first grand prix 's badminton tournament of the 2017 BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix . The tournament was held at the Sibu Indoor Stadium in Sarawak , Malaysia from 17 -- 22 January 2017 and had a total purse of $120,000 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Men 's singles 1.1 Seeds 1.2 Finals 1.3 Top half 1.3. 1 Section 1 1.3. 2 Section 2 1.3. 3 Section 3 1.3. 4 Section 4 1.4 Bottom half 1.4. 1 Section 5 1.4. 2 Section 6 1.4. 3 Section 7 1.4. 4 Section 8 2 Women 's singles 2.1 Seeds 2.2 Finals 2.3 Top half 2.3. 1 Section 1 2.3. 2 Section 2 2.4 Bottom half 2.4. 1 Section 3 2.4. 2 Section 4 3 Men 's doubles 3.1 Seeds 3.2 Finals 3.3 Top half 3.3. 1 Section 1 3.3. 2 Section 2 3.4 Bottom half 3.4. 1 Section 3 3.4. 2 Section 4 4 Women 's doubles 4.1 Seeds 4.2 Finals 4.3 Top half 4.3. 1 Section 1 4.3. 2 Section 2 4.4 Bottom half 4.4. 1 Section 3 4.4. 2 Section 4 5 Mixed doubles 5.1 Seeds 5.2 Finals 5.3 Top half 5.3. 1 Section 1 5.3. 2 Section 2 5.4 Bottom half 5.4. 1 Section 3 5.4. 2 Section 4 6 References 7 External links Men 's singles ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Ng Ka Long ( Champion ) Tanongsak Saensomboonsuk ( Withdrew ) Hu Yun ( Second Round ) Wong Wing Ki ( Withdrew ) Lee Hyun - il ( Final ) Ajay Jayaram ( Quarterfinals ) Tommy Sugiarto ( Semifinals ) Jonatan Christie ( Quarterfinals ) Iskandar Zulkarnain Zainuddin ( Withdrew ) Wei Nan ( First Round ) Sony Dwi Kuncoro ( First Round ) Wang Tzu - wei ( Second Round ) Zulfadli Zulkiffli ( Second Round ) Brice Leverdez ( Second Round ) B. Sai Praneeth ( Withdrew ) Ihsan Maulana Mustofa ( Third Round ) Finals ( edit ) <Td_colspan="5"> Quarterfinals <Td_colspan="5"> Semifinals <Td_colspan="5"> Final <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> Ng Ka Long 13 21 21 8 Jonatan Christie 21 15 16 Ng Ka Long 21 21 <Td_colspan="5"> Anthony Sinisuka Ginting 18 15 Anthony Sinisuka Ginting 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> 6 Ajay Jayaram 13 8 Ng Ka Long 14 21 10 <Td_colspan="12"> 5 Lee Hyun - il 21 15 9 7 Tommy Sugiarto 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> Wisnu Yuli Prasetyo 15 9 7 Tommy Sugiarto 17 16 <Td_colspan="5"> 5 Lee Hyun - il 21 21 5 Lee Hyun - il 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> Muhammad Bayu Pangisthu 10 15 <Td_colspan="7"> Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) <Td_colspan="5"> First Round <Td_colspan="5"> Second Round <Td_colspan="5"> Third Round <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> Ng KL 21 21 NE Sulistyo 15 7 Ng KL 21 21 <Td_colspan="5"> A Pochtarov 19 12 Chiang JS 13 12 <Td_colspan="7"> A Pochtarov 21 21 Ng KL 21 21 <Td_colspan="12"> 16 IM Mustofa 14 14 16 IM Mustofa 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> Q6 WMH Wan Hassan 9 16 IM Mustofa 21 17 21 <Td_colspan="5"> H Dani 15 21 13 H Dani 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> Lee ZJ 19 17 <Td_colspan="7"> Section 2 ( edit ) <Td_colspan="5"> First Round <Td_colspan="5"> Second Round <Td_colspan="5"> Third Round <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> 8 J Christie 21 21 Lim CW 19 13 8 J Christie 21 21 <Td_colspan="5"> Goh GC 14 11 Q7 IS Yulianto 6 11 <Td_colspan="7"> Goh GC 21 21 8 J Christie 24 21 <Td_colspan="12"> SH Rhustavito 22 16 10 Wei N 8 19 <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> SH Rhustavito 21 21 SH Rhustavito 21 21 <Td_colspan="5"> Chong YH 14 15 Q1 MR Veerappen 5 <Td_colspan="7"> Chong YH 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> Section 3 ( edit ) <Td_colspan="5"> First Round <Td_colspan="5"> Second Round <Td_colspan="5"> Third Round <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> PFQ A Yunus 12 17 Satheishtharan R . 21 21 Satheishtharan R . 14 14 <Td_colspan="5"> AS Ginting 21 21 AS Ginting 26 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> K Phetpradab 28 10 12 AS Ginting 21 23 <Td_colspan="12"> Chong WF 15 21 11 SD Kuncoro 21 6 9 <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> Chong WF 12 21 21 Chong WF 21 21 <Td_colspan="5"> KH Wibowo 15 9 KH Wibowo 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> A Namkul 15 19 <Td_colspan="7"> Section 4 ( edit ) <Td_colspan="5"> First Round <Td_colspan="5"> Second Round <Td_colspan="5"> Third Round <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> 6 A Jayaram 21 17 21 Q4 Leong JH 10 21 14 6 A Jayaram 21 21 <Td_colspan="5"> PFQ VA Saputra 9 12 Q3 DH Rumbaka 21 14 10 <Td_colspan="7"> PFQ VA Saputra 16 21 21 6 A Jayaram 21 15 21 <Td_colspan="12"> Hsueh H-y 12 21 15 13 Zf Zulkiffli 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> A Yelegar 13 14 13 Zf Zulkiffli 21 18 12 <Td_colspan="5"> Hsueh H-y 19 21 21 Hsueh H-y 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> RY Chittaboina 16 11 <Td_colspan="7"> Bottom half ( edit ) Section 5 ( edit ) <Td_colspan="5"> First Round <Td_colspan="5"> Second Round <Td_colspan="5"> Third Round <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> Lee CY 21 21 FA Kholik 13 17 Lee CY 21 21 <Td_colspan="5"> 14 B Leverdez 15 18 Zh Zulkiffli <Td_colspan="7"> 14 B Leverdez 21 11 Lee CY 10 17 <Td_colspan="12"> 7 T Sugiarto 21 21 P Joshi 15 21 24 <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> Ryan Ng ZR 21 16 22 P Joshi 9 27 <Td_colspan="5"> 7 T Sugiarto 21 29 Q5 Vincent Phuah CW 10 <Td_colspan="7"> 7 T Sugiarto 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> Section 6 ( edit ) <Td_colspan="5"> First Round <Td_colspan="5"> Second Round <Td_colspan="5"> Third Round <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> P Thongnuam 21 18 21 S Verma 10 21 17 P Thongnuam 21 21 <Td_colspan="5"> 12 Wang T-w 16 19 S Avihingsanon 15 19 <Td_colspan="7"> 12 Wang T-w 21 21 P Thongnuam 8 <Td_colspan="12"> WY Prasetyo 14 A Joshi 20 18 <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> WY Prasetyo 22 21 WY Prasetyo 21 21 <Td_colspan="5"> Hu Y 15 13 A Marteen 21 15 14 <Td_colspan="7"> Hu Y 16 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> Section 7 ( edit ) <Td_colspan="5"> First Round <Td_colspan="5"> Second Round <Td_colspan="5"> Third Round <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> Chen C-w 21 25 Tan CS 17 23 Chen C-w 21 21 <Td_colspan="5"> H M. Gowda 5 19 H M. Gowda 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> PFQ YF Mainaky 14 15 Chen C-w 14 7 <Td_colspan="12"> 5 Lee H-i 21 21 PA Sudrajat 14 15 <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> Soong JV 21 21 Soong JV 12 10 <Td_colspan="5"> 5 Lee H-i 21 21 Q8 Sim FH 7 13 <Td_colspan="7"> 5 Lee H-i 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> Section 8 ( edit ) <Td_colspan="5"> First Round <Td_colspan="5"> Second Round <Td_colspan="5"> Third Round <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> Q2 A Yunanto 22 15 PFQ Tan JW 24 21 PFQ Tan JW 20 21 21 <Td_colspan="5"> Cheam JW 22 10 13 Cheam JW 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> PFQ YT Chan 7 6 PFQ Tan JW 18 10 <Td_colspan="12"> MB Pangisthu 21 21 Soo TZ 8 21 18 <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> MB Pangisthu 21 15 21 MB Pangisthu 14 21 21 <Td_colspan="5"> FI Hadmadi 21 14 13 FI Hadmadi 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> PFQ Jaspar Yu WC 12 19 <Td_colspan="7"> Women 's singles ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Saina Nehwal ( Champion ) Cheung Ngan Yi ( Semifinals ) Beatriz Corrales ( Second Round ) Hsu Ya - ching ( Second Round ) Yip Pui Yin ( Semifinals ) Goh Jin Wei ( Second Round ) Chiang Mei - hui ( Second Round ) Fitriani ( Quarterfinals ) Finals ( edit ) <Td_colspan="5"> Semifinals <Td_colspan="5"> Final <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> Saina Nehwal 21 21 5 Yip Pui Yin 13 10 Saina Nehwal 22 22 <Td_colspan="5"> Pornpawee Chochuwong 20 20 Pornpawee Chochuwong 21 20 21 <Td_colspan="7"> Cheung Ngan Yi 19 22 18 <Td_colspan="7"> Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) <Td_colspan="5"> First Round <Td_colspan="5"> Second Round <Td_colspan="5"> Quarterfinals <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> S Nehwal 21 21 Q1 C Korepap 9 8 S Nehwal 21 21 <Td_colspan="5"> H Ramadini 17 12 H Ramadini 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> Yeo JM 16 17 S Nehwal 21 21 <Td_colspan="12"> 8 Fitriani 15 14 8 Fitriani 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> Ho YM 17 13 8 Fitriani 21 21 <Td_colspan="5"> Soniia Cheah SY 16 17 Q4 Thinaah M . 21 10 10 <Td_colspan="7"> Soniia Cheah SY 19 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> Section 2 ( edit ) <Td_colspan="5"> First Round <Td_colspan="5"> Second Round <Td_colspan="5"> Quarterfinals <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> Hsu Y-c 8 21 21 YY Susanto 21 18 17 Hsu Y-c 8 8 <Td_colspan="5"> Lee YY 21 21 Lee YY 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> LA Mainaky 11 18 Lee YY 18 16 <Td_colspan="12"> 5 Yip PY 21 21 5 Yip PY 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> S Fatmawati 17 15 5 Yip PY 13 21 21 <Td_colspan="5"> F Angguni 21 13 17 N Perminova 12 16 <Td_colspan="7"> F Angguni 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> Bottom half ( edit ) Section 3 ( edit ) <Td_colspan="5"> First Round <Td_colspan="5"> Second Round <Td_colspan="5"> Quarterfinals <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> R Hartawan 12 21 11 P Chochuwong 21 16 21 P Chochuwong 21 22 <Td_colspan="5"> 7 Chiang M-h 8 20 PFQ J Muljati 21 14 <Td_colspan="7"> 7 Chiang M-h 23 21 P Chochuwong 21 21 <Td_colspan="12"> DD Ayustine 10 17 Q2 A Rovita 16 11 <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> DD Ayustine 21 21 DD Ayustine 21 19 22 <Td_colspan="5"> B Corrales 16 21 20 Q3 Kisona S . 15 13 <Td_colspan="7"> B Corrales 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> Section 4 ( edit ) <Td_colspan="5"> First Round <Td_colspan="5"> Second Round <Td_colspan="5"> Quarterfinals <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> AD Widyaningrum 21 14 18 Lee C-h 15 21 21 Lee C-h 21 21 <Td_colspan="5"> 6 Goh JW 12 10 SKP Kudaravalli 12 21 <Td_colspan="7"> 6 Goh JW 21 23 Lee C-h 16 21 7 <Td_colspan="12"> Cheung NY 21 19 21 Lim YF 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> RA Riodingin 19 16 Lim YF 13 11 <Td_colspan="5"> Cheung NY 21 21 G Mariska 21 18 16 <Td_colspan="7"> Cheung NY 15 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> Men 's doubles ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Goh V Shem / Tan Wee Kiong ( Withdrew ) Lee Jhe - huei / Lee Yang ( First Round ) Manu Attri / B. Sumeeth Reddy ( Second Round ) Fajar Alfian / Muhammad Rian Ardianto ( Second Round ) Ong Yew Sin / Teo Ee Yi ( Withdrew ) Chooi Kah Ming / Low Juan Shen ( First Round ) Or Chin Chung / Tang Chun Man ( First Round ) Hoon Thien How / Teo Kok Siang ( Second Round ) Finals ( edit ) <Td_colspan="5"> Semifinals <Td_colspan="5"> Final <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> Goh Sze Fei Nur Izzuddin 21 21 Hendra Aprida Gunawan Markis Kido 15 13 Goh Sze Fei Nur Izzuddin 19 12 <Td_colspan="5"> Berry Angriawan Hardianto 21 21 PFQ Hiroyuki Endo Yuta Watanabe 20 19 <Td_colspan="7"> Berry Angriawan Hardianto 22 21 <Td_colspan="7"> Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) <Td_colspan="5"> First Round <Td_colspan="5"> Second Round <Td_colspan="5"> Quarterfinals <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> PFQ Mak HC Tam CH 21 21 21 Q2 LA Nugroho T Supriadi 15 23 8 PFQ Mak HC Tam CH 21 21 <Td_colspan="5"> Tan CT Tan WG 15 19 Tan CT Tan WG 11 21 26 <Td_colspan="7"> S Rankireddy C Shetty 21 15 24 PFQ Mak HC Tam CH 20 16 <Td_colspan="12"> Goh SF N Izzuddin 22 21 7 Or CC Tang CM 21 18 18 <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> Goh SF N Izzuddin 16 21 21 Goh SF N Izzuddin 13 21 21 <Td_colspan="5"> Lu C-y Yang P-h 21 12 13 Lu C-y Yang P-h 23 15 21 <Td_colspan="7"> MA Abdul Latif Lim KW 21 21 15 <Td_colspan="7"> Section 2 ( edit ) <Td_colspan="5"> First Round <Td_colspan="5"> Second Round <Td_colspan="5"> Quarterfinals <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> M Attri B. S Reddy 15 21 21 Q4 Chen JH Shia CK 21 13 18 M Attri B. S Reddy 17 21 12 <Td_colspan="5"> HA Gunawan M Kido 21 18 21 HA Gunawan M Kido 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> A Adistia Ian Wong JS 14 16 HA Gunawan M Kido 19 21 21 <Td_colspan="12"> Terry Hee YK Loh KH 21 13 11 8 Hoon TH Teo KS 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> Q3 A Chia Tan JH 17 16 8 Hoon TH Teo KS 17 0 <Td_colspan="5"> Terry Hee YK Loh KH 21 0 Lee S-m Lin C-y 19 22 <Td_colspan="7"> Terry Hee YK Loh KH 21 24 <Td_colspan="7"> Bottom half ( edit ) Section 3 ( edit ) <Td_colspan="5"> First Round <Td_colspan="5"> Second Round <Td_colspan="5"> Quarterfinals <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> PFQ H Endo Y Watanabe 21 21 Q1 YR Sugiarto AY Wirawan 10 11 PFQ H Endo Y Watanabe 21 21 <Td_colspan="5"> Lee C-h Tsai C-h 13 11 Lee C-h Tsai C-h 21 22 <Td_colspan="7"> PFQ SK Gutama F Wijaya 9 20 PFQ H Endo Y Watanabe 21 21 <Td_colspan="12"> T Inoue Y Kaneko 16 18 T Inoue Y Kaneko 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> DB Chrisnanta H Wijaya 7 9 T Inoue Y Kaneko 10 21 21 <Td_colspan="5"> F Alfian MR Ardianto 21 11 17 Lee JY Lim ZT 21 13 17 <Td_colspan="7"> F Alfian MR Ardianto 15 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> Section 4 ( edit ) <Td_colspan="5"> First Round <Td_colspan="5"> Second Round <Td_colspan="5"> Quarterfinals <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> Arjun M.R. R Shlok 21 21 NMA Ayub J Singh 19 12 Arjun M.R. R Shlok 14 17 <Td_colspan="5"> Law CH Lee CH 21 21 Law CH Lee CH 21 14 21 <Td_colspan="7"> 6 Chooi KM Low JS 16 21 15 Law CH Lee CH 21 22 11 <Td_colspan="12"> B Angriawan Hardianto 23 20 21 A Francis T Kona 14 18 <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> B Angriawan Hardianto 21 21 B Angriawan Hardianto w / o <Td_colspan="5"> M Ahsan RA Saputro M Ahsan RA Saputro 20 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> Lee J-h Lee Y 22 15 13 <Td_colspan="7"> Women 's doubles ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Jongkolphan Kititharakul / Rawinda Prajongjai ( Champion ) Chiang Kai - hsin / Hung Shih - han ( Quarterfinals ) Keshya Nurvita Hanadia / Devi Tika Permatasari ( Quarterfinals ) Lim Yin Loo / Yap Cheng Wen ( Semifinals ) Finals ( edit ) <Td_colspan="5"> Semifinals <Td_colspan="5"> Final <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> Jongkolphan Kititharakul Rawinda Prajongjai 22 21 21 Hsu Ya - ching Wu Ti - jung 24 19 11 Jongkolphan Kititharakul Rawinda Prajongjai 21 21 <Td_colspan="5"> Poon Lok Yan Tse Ying Suet 17 9 Lim Yin Loo Yap Cheng Wen 20 22 15 <Td_colspan="7"> Poon Lok Yan Tse Ying Suet 22 20 21 <Td_colspan="7"> Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) <Td_colspan="5"> First Round <Td_colspan="5"> Second Round <Td_colspan="5"> Quarterfinals <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> J Kititharakul R Prajongjai BYE J Kititharakul R Prajongjai 21 22 <Td_colspan="5"> Goh YC Woon KW 16 20 A Ponnappa N. S Reddy <Td_colspan="7"> Goh YC Woon KW w / o J Kititharakul R Prajongjai 21 21 <Td_colspan="12"> Chow MK Vivian Hoo KM 17 11 Ng TY Yeung NT <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> BYE Ng TY Yeung NT 9 9 <Td_colspan="5"> Chow MK Vivian Hoo KM 21 21 Chow MK Vivian Hoo KM 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> Sruthi K.P HM Harinarayanan 9 13 <Td_colspan="7"> Section 2 ( edit ) <Td_colspan="5"> First Round <Td_colspan="5"> Second Round <Td_colspan="5"> Quarterfinals <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> KN Hanadia DT Permatasari BYE KN Hanadia DT Permatasari 21 21 <Td_colspan="5"> Chin KM Yap Z 17 15 Chin KM Yap Z w / o <Td_colspan="7"> M Aggarwal K. Maneesha KN Hanadia DT Permatasari 8 0 <Td_colspan="12"> Hsu Y-c Wu T-j 21 0 AM Khasanah RS Putri <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> BYE AM Khasanah RS Putri 6 8 <Td_colspan="5"> Hsu Y-c Wu T-j 21 21 Hsu Y-c Wu T-j 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> Lee MY Lim CS 16 17 <Td_colspan="7"> Bottom half ( edit ) Section 3 ( edit ) <Td_colspan="5"> First Round <Td_colspan="5"> Second Round <Td_colspan="5"> Quarterfinals <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> R Amelia Anna Cheong CY 21 21 Joyce Choong WC Lim JL 14 12 R Amelia Anna Cheong CY 16 12 <Td_colspan="5"> Tan WH Crystal Wong JY 21 21 Lim PY Lim PZ 14 18 <Td_colspan="7"> Tan WH Crystal Wong JY 21 21 Tan WH Crystal Wong JY 11 11 <Td_colspan="12"> Lim YL Yap CW 21 21 A Rovita SN Azisah 5 11 <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> AA Anscelly Teoh MX 21 21 AA Anscelly Teoh MX 12 11 <Td_colspan="5"> Lim YL Yap CW 21 21 BYE <Td_colspan="7"> Lim YL Yap CW <Td_colspan="7"> Section 4 ( edit ) <Td_colspan="5"> First Round <Td_colspan="5"> Second Round <Td_colspan="5"> Quarterfinals <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> CS Ayunidha VD Rumete 16 9 Poon LY Tse YS 21 21 Poon LY Tse YS 21 14 21 <Td_colspan="5"> D Fitriani N Melati 17 21 14 BYE <Td_colspan="7"> D Fitriani N Melati Poon LY Tse YS 22 21 <Td_colspan="12"> Chiang K-h Hung S-h 20 10 A Balan P Sawant 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> AF Laili VAP Lejarsari 10 11 A Balan P Sawant 18 14 <Td_colspan="5"> Chiang K-h Hung S-h 21 21 BYE <Td_colspan="7"> Chiang K-h Hung S-h <Td_colspan="7"> Mixed doubles ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Chan Peng Soon / Goh Liu Ying ( Withdrew ) Tan Kian Meng / Lai Pei Jing ( Champion ) Lee Chun Hei / Chau Hoi Wah ( Withdrew ) Ronald Alexander / Melati Daeva Oktavianti ( Second Round ) Tang Chun Man / Tse Ying Suet ( Quarterfinals ) Tontowi Ahmad / Gloria Emanuelle Widjaja ( Semifinals ) Pranaav Jerry Chopra / N. Sikki Reddy ( Withdrew ) Terry Hee Yong Kai / Tan Wei Han ( Quarterfinals ) Finals ( edit ) <Td_colspan="5"> Semifinals <Td_colspan="5"> Final <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> 6 Tontowi Ahmad Gloria Emanuelle Widjaja 17 18 Goh Soon Huat Shevon Jemie Lai 21 21 Goh Soon Huat Shevon Jemie Lai 17 9 <Td_colspan="5"> Tan Kian Meng Lai Pei Jing 21 21 Tam Chun Hei Ng Tsz Yau 21 13 12 <Td_colspan="7"> Tan Kian Meng Lai Pei Jing 19 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) <Td_colspan="5"> First Round <Td_colspan="5"> Second Round <Td_colspan="5"> Quarterfinals <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> PFQ MR Fahlepi AM Khasanah 18 12 YF Mainaky LA Mainaky 21 21 YF Mainaky LA Mainaky 6 12 <Td_colspan="5"> Lin C-y Wu T-j 21 21 Q3 Hoo PR Peck YW 20 16 <Td_colspan="7"> Lin C-y Wu T-j 22 21 Lin C-y Wu T-j 12 21 14 <Td_colspan="12"> 6 T Ahmad GE Widjaja 21 17 21 6 T Ahmad GE Widjaja 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> B. S Reddy A Ponnappa 17 17 6 T Ahmad GE Widjaja 21 21 <Td_colspan="5"> M Attri J Gutta 18 10 LA Nugroho R Amelia 19 18 <Td_colspan="7"> M Attri J Gutta 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> Section 2 ( edit ) <Td_colspan="5"> First Round <Td_colspan="5"> Second Round <Td_colspan="5"> Quarterfinals <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> PFQ S Aditha AF Laili 21 11 HJP Wibowo RS Putri 13 8 PFQ S Aditha AF Laili 7 6 <Td_colspan="5"> Goh SH SJ Lai 21 21 Goh SH SJ Lai 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> T Supriadi DT Permatasari 19 12 Goh SH SJ Lai 15 21 21 <Td_colspan="12"> 8 Terry Hee YK Tan WH 21 15 13 8 Terry Hee YK Tan WH 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> Q2 AY Wirawan N Melati 9 9 8 Terry Hee YK Tan WH 21 21 <Td_colspan="5"> Y Khrishnan P Sawant 17 17 Y Khrishnan P Sawant 21 22 <Td_colspan="7"> Mak HC Yeung NT 14 20 <Td_colspan="7"> Bottom half ( edit ) Section 3 ( edit ) <Td_colspan="5"> First Round <Td_colspan="5"> Second Round <Td_colspan="5"> Quarterfinals <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> S Rankireddy K. Maneesha 10 14 Tam CH Ng TY 21 21 Tam CH Ng TY 21 21 <Td_colspan="5"> PFQ D Juang KN Hanadia 13 11 Low HY Cheah YS 21 14 17 <Td_colspan="7"> PFQ D Juang KN Hanadia 11 21 21 Tam CH Ng TY 21 21 <Td_colspan="12"> Lee Y Hsu Y-c 19 17 Lee Y Hsu Y-c 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> T Wardhana VAP Lejarsari 12 12 Lee Y Hsu Y-c 21 12 24 <Td_colspan="5"> R Alexander MD Oktavianti 17 21 22 Q1 Chen TJ Tew JJ 16 14 <Td_colspan="7"> R Alexander MD Oktavianti 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> Section 4 ( edit ) <Td_colspan="5"> First Round <Td_colspan="5"> Second Round <Td_colspan="5"> Quarterfinals <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> DB Chrisnanta Crystal Wong JY 21 21 YT Chan Y Kawasaki 8 DB Chrisnanta Crystal Wong JY 17 19 <Td_colspan="5"> 5 Tang CM Tse YS 21 21 A Yunanto SN Azisah 12 10 <Td_colspan="7"> 5 Tang CM Tse YS 21 21 5 Tang CM Tse YS 19 16 <Td_colspan="12"> Tan KM Lai PJ 21 21 Q4 MA Abdul Latif RA Riodingin 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> P Thongnuam N Saengchote 10 16 Q4 MA Abdul Latif RA Riodingin 6 12 <Td_colspan="5"> Tan KM Lai PJ 21 21 FS Surbakti CS Ayunidha 8 7 <Td_colspan="7"> Tan KM Lai PJ 21 21 <Td_colspan="7"> References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Victor Far East Malaysia Masters 2017 '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia Master Grand Prix Gold 2017 '' . SignedEvents . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 280 top shuttlers to battle in Sibu '' . The Borneo Post . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Tournament Link Preceded by 2016 Korea Masters Grand Prix Gold BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix 2017 BWF Season Succeeded by 2017 Syed Modi International Grand Prix Gold <Th_colspan="2"> 2017 BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix <Td_colspan="2"> Malaysia India Thailand Germany Switzerland China Thailand Open Taipei Gold Canada Russia U.S. Gold New Zealand Brazil Vietnam Taipei Netherlands Bitburger Korea Scotland Macau Indonesia U.S. Mexico <Td_colspan="2"> Italics denotes Gold event <Th_colspan="2"> Malaysia Masters <Td_colspan="2"> 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Malaysia_Masters_Grand_Prix_Gold&oldid=796252512 '' Categories : Malaysia Masters BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix 2017 in Malaysian sport 2017 in badminton Sport in Sarawak Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2017 , at 15 : 16 . About Wikipedia

1. 2017 Malaysia Masters Grand Prix Gold 2. Badminton tournament 3. Champions: Ng Ka Long, Saina Nehwal, Berry Angriawan Hardianto, Jongkolphan Kititharakul Rawinda Prajongjai, Tan Kian Meng Lai Pei Jing 4. Men's singles, women's singles, men's doubles, women's doubles, mixed doubles 5. Sibu Indoor Stadium, Sar

who did brad play in malcom in the middle

Brad Bufanda - wikipedia Brad Bufanda This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 28 December 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Brad Bufanda Fred Joseph Bufanda III ( 1983 - 05 - 04 ) May 4 , 1983 Upland , California , United States November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) ( aged 34 ) Los Angeles , California , United States Cause of death Suicide Occupation Actor Years active 1994 -- 2017 Brad Bufanda ( born Fred Joseph Bufanda III ; May 4 , 1983 -- November 1 , 2017 ) was an American actor . He was known for his recurring role as Felix Toombs in the television series Veronica Mars , as well as his self - made Internet videos . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Death 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 References 5 External links Career ( edit ) Bufanda began his professional acting career in 1994 starring in the independent action film Pocket Ninjas . He appeared on television the first time in 1994 as the Hero Boy in a Skechers commercial . At the age of 12 he starred in the ABC weekend special The Secret of Lizard Woman . While in middle school he appeared on the ABC series Roseanne and Hangin ' with Mr. Cooper . Bufanda appeared in a number of television shows including CBS 's CSI : Miami , Fox 's Malcolm in the Middle , Disney Channel 's Even Stevens , and NBC 's soap opera Days of Our Lives . Bufanda portrayed Felix Toombs in the first two seasons of the series Veronica Mars . He starred in the Cinemax series Co-Ed Confidential ( credited as Bradley Joseph ) from 2008 to 2010 , in addition to filming and editing the show 's reunion . Staying credited as Bradley Joseph , Bufanda appeared in the psychological thriller Dark Tourist in 2012 . 2017 marked Bufanda 's brief return to film with a supporting role in the action comedy Garlic & Gunpowder . Death ( edit ) On November 1 , 2017 , Bufanda committed suicide at the age of 34 by jumping off of his residential tower in the Park La Brea apartment community of Los Angeles . The Los Angeles County Coroner 's office said a note was found at the scene . The suicide note was found on or near his body and gave the names of his parents and thanked important people in his life . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Pocket Ninjas Steve 1995 Little Lost Sea Serpent Tommy Rockwell Direct - to - video Cinderella Story , AA Cinderella Story David Debating Robert Lee Richard Alanzo 2008 Stone & Ed Carlos 2012 Dark Tourist Manny 2017 Garlic & Gunpowder Robert 2018 Stan the Man Cooper Filming Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1995 ABC Weekend Specials Todd Yazzi Episode : `` The Secret of Lizard Woman '' 1995 Roseanne Episode : `` The Last Thursday in November '' Blackberry Inn , The The Blackberry Inn Bradley B Unknown episodes Emeril The boy Episode : `` Halloween '' 2002 Even Stevens Lloyd Offler Episode : `` Hutch Boy '' 2002 -- 2003 Days of Our Lives Joe 5 episodes 2002 Dismissed Brad ( uncredited ) Episode : `` Dismissed at the Circus '' 2002 Birds of Prey Tough kid Episode : `` Three Birds and a Baby '' 2003 Malcolm in the Middle Kid # 2 Episode : `` Long Drive '' 2003 Miracles Jay / Jock Episode : `` The Bone Scatterer '' 2003 CSI : Miami Brad Dawson Episode : `` The Best Defense '' 2003 Boston Public Cash Episode : `` Chapter Seventy - Two '' 2004 -- 2006 Veronica Mars Felix Toombs 10 episodes 2005 Malcolm in the Middle Luger Bob Episode : `` Dewey 's Opera '' 2008 -- 2010 Co-Ed Confidential Larry Main role ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) ; 38 episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Co-Ed Confidential Reunion '' . YouTube . July 24 , 2014 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Veronica Mars ' Actor Brad Bufanda Commits Suicide at 34 ( UPDATE ) '' . TMZ . November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bacardi , Francesca ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Veronica Mars ' actor commits suicide '' . New York Post . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Veronica Mars ' Actor Brad Bufanda Dies by Suicide at 34 '' . Variety . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Tom ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Veronica Mars Actor Brad Bufanda Commits Suicide at 34 '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Brad Bufanda on IMDb Brad Bufanda 's channel on YouTube Brad Bufanda 's channel on Vimeo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brad_Bufanda&oldid=817502631 '' Categories : 1983 births 2017 deaths 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male actors who committed suicide American male child actors American male film actors American male television actors Male actors from the Greater Los Angeles Area People from Upland , California Suicides by jumping in the United States Suicides in California Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Magyar Nederlands Português Simple English Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 , at 20 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Brad Bufanda - American actor 2. Suicide of Brad Bufanda 3. Career of Brad Bufanda 4. Filmography of Brad Bufanda 5. Death of Brad Bufanda

which of the following is not one of the 5 natural groups of primates

Primate - wikipedia Primate An order of mammals This article is about the type of animal . For other uses , see Primate ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Primates Temporal range : Paleocene -- Present , 55 -- 0 Ma PreЄ Є Pg <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Some primate families , from top to bottom : Daubentoniidae , Tarsiidae , Lemuridae , Lorisidae , Cebidae , Callitrichidae , Atelidae , Cercopithecidae , Hylobatidae , Hominidae . <Th_colspan="2"> Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Mirorder : Primatomorpha Order : Primates Linnaeus , 1758 <Th_colspan="2"> Families <Td_colspan="2"> 16 , See classification <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Range of the nonhuman primates ( green ) A primate ( / ˈpraɪmeɪt / ( listen ) PRY - mayt ) is a mammal of the order Primates ( Latin : `` prime , first rank '' ) . In taxonomy , primates include two distinct lineages , strepsirrhines and haplorhines . Primates arose from ancestors that lived in the trees of tropical forests ; many primate characteristics represent adaptations to life in this challenging environment . Most primate species remain at least partly arboreal . With the exception of humans , who inhabit every continent , most primates live in tropical or subtropical regions of the Americas , Africa and Asia. They range in typical size from Madame Berthe 's mouse lemur , which weighs only 30 g ( 1 oz ) , to the eastern gorilla , weighing over 200 kg ( 440 lb ) . Based on fossil evidence , the earliest known true primates date to around Late Paleocene c. 55 -- 58 million years old . Molecular clock studies suggest that the primate branch may be even older , originating in the mid-Cretaceous c. 85 million years ago . The order Primates was traditionally divided into two main groupings : prosimians and anthropoids ( simians ) . Prosimians have characteristics more like those of the earliest primates , and include the lemurs of Madagascar , lorisoids , and tarsiers . Simians include monkeys and apes . More recently , taxonomists have preferred to split primates into the suborder Strepsirrhini , or wet - nosed primates , consisting of non-tarsier prosimians , and the suborder Haplorhini , or dry - nosed primates , consisting of tarsiers and the simians . Simians are divided into two groups : catarrhine ( narrow - nosed ) monkeys and apes of Africa and Southeast Asia and platyrrhine ( `` flat - nosed '' ) or New World monkeys of South and Middle America . Catarrhines consist of Old World monkeys ( such as baboons and macaques ) , gibbons and great apes ; New World monkeys include the capuchin , howler and squirrel monkeys . Humans are the only extant catarrhines to have spread successfully outside of Africa , South Asia , and East Asia , although fossil evidence shows many other species were formerly present in Europe . New primate species are still being discovered . More than 25 species were taxonomically described in the decade of the 2000s and eleven have been described since 2010 . Considered generalist mammals , primates exhibit a wide range of characteristics . Some primates ( including some great apes and baboons ) are primarily terrestrial rather than arboreal , but all species possess adaptations for climbing trees . Locomotion techniques used include leaping from tree to tree , walking on two or four limbs , knuckle - walking , and swinging between branches of trees ( brachiation ) . Primates are characterized by large brains relative to other mammals , as well as an increased reliance on stereoscopic vision at the expense of smell , the dominant sensory system in most mammals . These features are more developed in monkeys and apes and noticeably less so in lorises and lemurs . Trichromatism has developed in some primates . Except for apes , they have tails . Most primates also have opposable thumbs . Many species are sexually dimorphic ; differences include body mass , canine tooth size , and coloration . Primates have slower rates of development than other similarly sized mammals and reach maturity later , but have longer lifespans . Depending on the species , adults may live in solitude , in mated pairs , or in groups of up to hundreds of members . Contents 1 Historical and modern terminology 2 Classification of living primates 3 Evolutionary history 3.1 Evolution 3.2 Hybrids 3.3 Clones 4 Anatomy , physiology and morphology 4.1 Sexual dimorphism 4.2 Locomotion 5 Behavior 5.1 Social systems 5.2 Interspecific associations 5.3 Cognition and communication 5.4 Life history 5.5 Diet , feeding and hunting 5.5. 1 Hunting 5.6 As prey 5.7 Tool use and manufacture 5.7. 1 Tool use 5.7. 2 Tool manufacture 6 Habitat and distribution 7 Interactions between humans and other primates 7.1 Legal and social status 7.2 Role in scientific research 7.3 Conservation 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 References 10.1 Literature cited 11 Further reading 12 External links Historical and modern terminology ( edit ) The relationships among the different groups of primates were not clearly understood until relatively recently , so the commonly used terms are somewhat confused . For example , `` ape '' has been used either as an alternative for `` monkey '' or for any tailless , relatively human - like primate . Sir Wilfrid Le Gros Clark was one of the primatologists who developed the idea of trends in primate evolution and the methodology of arranging the living members of an order into an `` ascending series '' leading to humans . Commonly used names for groups of primates such as `` prosimians '' , `` monkeys '' , `` lesser apes '' , and `` great apes '' reflect this methodology . According to our current understanding of the evolutionary history of the primates , several of these groups are paraphyletic : a paraphyletic group is one which does not include all the descendants of the group 's common ancestor . In contrast with Clark 's methodology , modern classifications typically identify ( or name ) only those groupings that are monophyletic ; that is , such a named group includes all the descendants of the group 's common ancestor . The cladogram below shows one possible classification sequence of the living primates , with groups that use common ( traditional ) names are shown on the right . Primatomorpha Dermoptera Primates Haplorhini Simiiformes Catarrhini Hominoidea Hominidae Homininae Hominini humans ( genus Homo ) chimpanzees ( genus Pan ) Gorillini gorillas ( genus Gorilla ) orangutans ( subfamily Ponginae ) gibbons ( family Hylobatidae ) Old World monkeys ( superfamily Cercopithecoidea ) New World monkeys ( parvorder Platyrrhini ) Tarsiiformes tarsiers ( superfamily Tarsioidea ) Strepsirrhini Lemuriformes lemurs ( superfamily Lemuroidea ) lorises and allies ( superfamily Lorisoidea ) prosimians monkeys great apes humans lesser apes All groups with scientific names are monophyletic ( that is , they are clades ) , and the sequence of scientific classification reflects the evolutionary history of the related lineages . Groups that are traditionally named are shown on the right ; they form an `` ascending series '' ( per Clark , see above ) , and several groups are paraphyletic : `` prosimians '' contain two monophyletic groups ( the suborder Strepsirrhini , or lemurs , lorises and allies , as well as the tarsiers of the suborder Haplorhini ) ; it is a paraphyletic grouping because it excludes the Simiiformes , which also are descendants of the common ancestor Primates . `` monkeys '' comprise two monophyletic groups , New World monkeys and Old World monkeys , but is paraphyletic because it excludes hominoids , superfamily Hominoidea , also descendants of the common ancestor Simiiformes . `` apes '' as a whole , and the `` great apes '' in particular , are paraphyletic because they exclude humans . Thus , the members of the two sets of groups , and hence names , do not match , which causes problems in relating scientific names to common ( usually traditional ) names . Consider the superfamily Hominoidea : In terms of the common names on the right , this group consists of apes and humans and there is no single common name for all the members of the group . One remedy is to create a new common name , in this case `` hominoids '' . Another possibility is to expand the use of one of the traditional names . For example , in his 2005 book , the vertebrate palaeontologist Benton wrote , `` The apes , Hominoidea , today include the gibbons and orang - utan ... the gorilla and chimpanzee ... and humans '' ; thereby Benton was using `` apes '' to mean `` hominoids '' . In that case , the group heretofore called `` apes '' must now be identified as the `` non-human apes '' . As of 2005 , there is no consensus as to which methodology will rule , whether to accept traditional ( that is , common ) , but paraphyletic , names or to use monophyletic names only ; or to use ' new ' common names or adaptations of old ones . Both competing approaches will be found in biological sources , often in the same work , and sometimes by the same author . Thus , Benton defines `` apes '' to include humans , then he repeatedly uses `` ape - like '' to mean `` like an ape rather than a human '' ; and when discussing the reaction of others to a new fossil he writes of `` claims that Orrorin ... was an ape rather than a human '' . Classification of living primates ( edit ) A 1927 drawing of chimpanzees , a gibbon ( top right ) and two orangutans ( center and bottom center ) : The chimp in the upper left is brachiating ; the orangutan at the bottom center is knuckle - walking . Homo sapiens is the only living primate species that is fully bipedal Nilgiri langur ( Trachypithecus johnii ) , an Old World monkey A list of the families of the living primates is given below , together with one possible classification into ranks between order and family . Other classifications are also used . For example , an alternative classification of the living Strepsirrhini divides them into two infraorders , Lemuriformes and Lorisiformes . Order Primates Suborder Strepsirrhini : lemurs , galagos and lorisids Infraorder Lemuriformes Superfamily Lemuroidea Family Cheirogaleidae : dwarf lemurs and mouse - lemurs ( 34 species ) Family Daubentoniidae : aye - aye ( one species ) Family Lemuridae : ring - tailed lemur and allies ( 21 species ) Family Lepilemuridae : sportive lemurs ( 26 species ) Family Indriidae : woolly lemurs and allies ( 19 species ) Superfamily Lorisoidea Family Lorisidae : lorisids ( 14 species ) Family Galagidae : galagos ( 19 species ) Suborder Haplorhini : tarsiers , monkeys and apes Infraorder Tarsiiformes Family Tarsiidae : tarsiers ( 11 species ) Infraorder Simiiformes ( or Anthropoidea ) Parvorder Platyrrhini : New World monkeys Family Callitrichidae : marmosets and tamarins ( 42 species ) Family Cebidae : capuchins and squirrel monkeys ( 14 species ) Family Aotidae : night or owl monkeys ( douroucoulis ) ( 11 species ) Family Pitheciidae : titis , sakis and uakaris ( 43 species ) Family Atelidae : howler , spider , woolly spider and woolly monkeys ( 29 species ) Parvorder Catarrhini Superfamily Cercopithecoidea Family Cercopithecidae : Old World monkeys ( 138 species ) Superfamily Hominoidea Family Hylobatidae : gibbons or `` lesser apes '' ( 18 species ) Family Hominidae : great apes , including humans ( 8 species ) Order Primates was established by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 , in the tenth edition of his book Systema Naturae , for the genera Homo ( humans ) , Simia ( other apes and monkeys ) , Lemur ( prosimians ) and Vespertilio ( bats ) . In the first edition of the same book ( 1735 ) , he had used the name Anthropomorpha for Homo , Simia and Bradypus ( sloths ) . In 1839 , Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville , following Linnaeus and imitating his nomenclature , established the orders Secundates ( including the suborders Chiroptera , Insectivora and Carnivora ) , Tertiates ( or Glires ) and Quaternates ( including Gravigrada , Pachydermata and Ruminantia ) , but these new taxa were not accepted . Before Anderson and Jones introduced the classification of Strepsirrhini and Haplorhini in 1984 , ( followed by McKenna and Bell 's 1997 work Classification of Mammals : Above the species level ) , the Primates were divided into two superfamilies : Prosimii and Anthropoidea . Prosimii included all of the prosimians : Strepsirrhini plus the tarsiers . Anthropoidea contained all of the simians . Evolutionary history ( edit ) Euarchontoglires Glires Rodentia ( rodents ) Lagomorpha ( rabbits , hares , pikas ) Euarchonta Scandentia ( treeshrews ) Primatomorpha Dermoptera ( colugos ) † Plesiadapiformes Primates Order Primates is part of the clade Euarchontoglires , which is nested within the clade Eutheria of Class Mammalia . Recent molecular genetic research on primates , colugos , and treeshrews has shown that the two species of colugos are more closely related to primates than to treeshrews , even though treeshrews were at one time considered primates . These three orders make up the clade Euarchonta . The combination of this clade with the clade Glires ( composed of Rodentia and Lagomorpha ) forms the clade Euarchontoglires . Variously , both Euarchonta and Euarchontoglires are ranked as superorders . Some scientists consider Dermoptera to be a suborder of Primates and use the suborder Euprimates for the `` true '' primates . Evolution ( edit ) Hominin timeline view discuss edit - 10 -- -- - 9 -- -- - 8 -- -- - 7 -- -- - 6 -- -- - 5 -- -- - 4 -- -- - 3 -- -- - 2 -- -- - 1 -- -- 0 -- Hominini Nakalipithecus Ouranopithecus Sahelanthropus Orrorin Ardipithecus Australopithecus Homo habilis Homo erectus H. heidelbergensis Homo sapiens Neanderthals ← Earlier apes ← Gorilla split ← Possibly bipedal ← Chimpanzee split ← Earliest bipedal ← Stone tools ← Exit from Africa ← Earliest fire use ← Earliest cooking ← Earliest clothes ← Modern speech ← Modern humans l i s o n l i o n i o n o m i n i d s Axis scale : million years Also see : Life timeline and Nature timeline Further information : Evolution of primates The primate lineage is thought to go back at least near the Cretaceous -- Paleogene boundary or around 63 -- 74 ( mya ) , even though the oldest known primates from the fossil record date to the Late Paleocene of Africa ( Altiatlasius ) or the Paleocene - Eocene transition in the northern continents , c. 55 mya ( Cantius , Donrussellia , Altanius , Plesiadapis and Teilhardina ) . Other studies , including molecular clock studies , have estimated the origin of the primate branch to have been in the mid-Cretaceous period , around 85 mya . By modern cladistic reckoning , the order Primates is monophyletic . The suborder Strepsirrhini , the `` wet - nosed '' primates , is generally thought to have split off from the primitive primate line about 63 mya , although earlier dates are also supported . The seven strepsirrhine families are the five related lemur families and the two remaining families that include the lorisids and the galagos . Older classification schemes wrap Lepilemuridae into Lemuridae and Galagidae into Lorisidae , yielding a four - one family distribution instead of five - two as presented here . During the Eocene , most of the northern continents were dominated by two groups , the adapiforms and the omomyids . The former are considered members of Strepsirrhini , but did not have a toothcomb like modern lemurs ; recent analysis has demonstrated that Darwinius masillae fits into this grouping . The latter was closely related to tarsiers , monkeys , and apes . How these two groups relate to extant primates is unclear . Omomyids perished about 30 mya , while adapiforms survived until about 10 mya . According to genetic studies , the lemurs of Madagascar diverged from the lorisoids approximately 75 mya . These studies , as well as chromosomal and molecular evidence , also show that lemurs are more closely related to each other than to other strepsirrhine primates . However , Madagascar split from Africa 160 mya and from India 90 mya . To account for these facts , a founding lemur population of a few individuals is thought to have reached Madagascar from Africa via a single rafting event between 50 and 80 mya . Other colonization options have been examined , such as multiple colonizations from Africa and India , but none are supported by the genetic and molecular evidence . Common brown lemur , a strepsirrhine primate Until recently , the aye - aye has been difficult to place within Strepsirrhini . Theories had been proposed that its family , Daubentoniidae , was either a lemuriform primate ( meaning its ancestors split from the lemur line more recently than lemurs and lorises split ) or a sister group to all the other strepsirrhines . In 2008 , the aye - aye family was confirmed to be most closely related to the other Malagasy lemurs , likely having descended from the same ancestral population that colonized the island . Suborder Haplorhini , the simple - nosed or `` dry - nosed '' primates , is composed of two sister clades . Prosimian tarsiers in the family Tarsiidae ( monotypic in its own infraorder Tarsiiformes ) , represent the most basal division , originating about 58 mya . The earliest known haplorhine skeleton , that of 55 MA old tarsier - like Archicebus , was found in central China , supporting an already suspected Asian origin for the group . The infraorder Simiiformes ( simian primates , consisting of monkeys and apes ) emerged about 40 mya , possibly also in Asia ; if so , they dispersed across the Tethys Sea from Asia to Africa soon afterwards . There are two simian clades , both parvorders : Catarrhini , which developed in Africa , consisting of Old World monkeys , humans and the other apes , and Platyrrhini , which developed in South America , consisting of New World monkeys . A third clade , which included the eosimiids , developed in Asia , but became extinct millions of years ago . As in the case of lemurs , the origin of New World monkeys is unclear . Molecular studies of concatenated nuclear sequences have yielded a widely varying estimated date of divergence between platyrrhines and catarrhines , ranging from 33 to 70 mya , while studies based on mitochondrial sequences produce a narrower range of 35 to 43 mya . The anthropoid primates possibly traversed the Atlantic Ocean from Africa to South America during the Eocene by island hopping , facilitated by Atlantic Ocean ridges and a lowered sea level . Alternatively , a single rafting event may explain this transoceanic colonization . Due to continental drift , the Atlantic Ocean was not nearly as wide at the time as it is today . Research suggests that a small 1 kg ( 2.2 lb ) primate could have survived 13 days on a raft of vegetation . Given estimated current and wind speeds , this would have provided enough time to make the voyage between the continents . Emperor tamarin , a New World monkey Apes and monkeys spread from Africa into Europe and Asia starting in the Miocene . Soon after , the lorises and tarsiers made the same journey . The first hominin fossils were discovered in northern Africa and date back 5 -- 8 mya. Old World monkeys disappeared from Europe about 1.8 mya . Molecular and fossil studies generally show that modern humans originated in Africa 100,000 -- 200,000 years ago . Although primates are well studied in comparison to other animal groups , several new species have been discovered recently , and genetic tests have revealed previously unrecognised species in known populations . Primate Taxonomy listed about 350 species of primates in 2001 ; the author , Colin Groves , increased that number to 376 for his contribution to the third edition of Mammal Species of the World ( MSW3 ) . However , publications since the taxonomy in MSW3 was compiled in 2003 have pushed the number to 424 species , or 658 including subspecies . Hybrids ( edit ) Primate hybrids usually arise in captivity , but there have also been examples in the wild . Hybridization occurs where two species ' range overlap to form hybrid zones ; hybrids may be created by humans when animals are placed in zoos or due to environmental pressures such as predation . Intergeneric hybridizations , hybrids of different genera , have also been found in the wild . Although they belong to genera that have been distinct for several million years , interbreeding still occurs between the gelada and the hamadryas baboon . Clones ( edit ) On 24 January 2018 , scientists in China reported in the journal Cell the creation of two crab - eating macaque clones , named Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua , using the complex DNA transfer method that produced Dolly the sheep , for the first time . Anatomy , Physiology and Morphology. ( edit ) Primates have forward - facing eyes on the front of the skull ; binocular vision allows accurate distance perception , useful for the brachiating ancestors of all great apes . A bony ridge above the eye sockets reinforces weaker bones in the face , which are put under strain during chewing . Strepsirrhines have a postorbital bar , a bone around the eye socket , to protect their eyes ; in contrast , the higher primates , haplorhines , have evolved fully enclosed sockets . Primate crania with brain masses indicated The primate skull has a large , domed cranium , which is particularly prominent in anthropoids . The cranium protects the large brain , a distinguishing characteristic of this group . The endocranial volume ( the volume within the skull ) is three times greater in humans than in the greatest nonhuman primate , reflecting a larger brain size . The mean endocranial volume is 1,201 cubic centimeters in humans , 469 cm in gorillas , 400 cm in chimpanzees and 397 cm in orangutans . The primary evolutionary trend of primates has been the elaboration of the brain , in particular the neocortex ( a part of the cerebral cortex ) , which is involved with sensory perception , generation of motor commands , spatial reasoning , conscious thought and , in humans , language . While other mammals rely heavily on their sense of smell , the arboreal life of primates has led to a tactile , visually dominant sensory system , a reduction in the olfactory region of the brain and increasingly complex social behavior . An 1893 drawing of the hands and feet of various primates Primates generally have five digits on each limb ( pentadactyly ) , with keratin nails on the end of each finger and toe . The bottom sides of the hands and feet have sensitive pads on the fingertips . Most have opposable thumbs , a characteristic primate feature most developed in humans , though not limited to this order , ( opossums and koalas , for example , also have them ) . Thumbs allow some species to use tools . In primates , the combination of opposing thumbs , short fingernails ( rather than claws ) and long , inward - closing fingers is a relict of the ancestral practice of gripping branches , and has , in part , allowed some species to develop brachiation ( swinging by the arms from tree limb to tree limb ) as a significant means of locomotion . Prosimians have clawlike nails on the second toe of each foot , called toilet - claws , which they use for grooming . Vervet hindfoot showing fingerprint ridges on the sole The primate collar bone is retained as prominent element of the pectoral girdle ; this allows the shoulder joint broad mobility . Apes have more mobile shoulder joints and arms due to the dorsal position of the scapula , broad ribcages that are flatter front - to - back , and a shorter , less mobile spine compared to Old World monkeys ( with lower vertebrae greatly reduced , resulting in tail loss in some species ) . Old World monkeys are unlike apes in that most have tails . New World atelids , including the howler , spider , woolly spider and woolly monkeys , and New World capuchins have prehensile tails . Male primates typically have a pendulous penis and scrotal testes . Primates show an evolutionary trend towards a reduced snout . Technically , Old World monkeys are distinguished from New World monkeys by the structure of the nose , and from apes by the arrangement of their teeth . In New World monkeys , the nostrils face sideways ; in Old World monkeys , they face downwards . Dental pattern in primates vary considerably ; although some have lost most of their incisors , all retain at least one lower incisor . In most strepsirrhines , the lower incisors and canines form a toothcomb , which is used in grooming and sometimes foraging , and the first lower premolar is shaped like a canine. Old World monkeys have eight premolars , compared with 12 in New World monkeys . The Old World species are divided into apes and monkeys depending on the number of cusps on their molars ; apes have five , Old World monkeys have four , although humans may have four or five . The main hominid molar cusp ( hypocone ) evolved in early primate history , while the cusp of the corresponding primitive lower molar ( paraconid ) was lost . Prosimians are distinguished by their immobilized upper lips , the moist tip of their noses and forward - facing lower front teeth . The tapetum lucidum of a northern greater galago , typical of prosimians , reflects the light of the photographers flash The evolution of color vision in primates is unique among most eutherian mammals . While the remote vertebrate ancestors of the primates possessed three color vision ( trichromaticism ) , the nocturnal , warm - blooded , mammalian ancestors lost one of three cones in the retina during the Mesozoic era . Fish , reptiles and birds are therefore trichromatic or tetrachromatic , while all mammals , with the exception of some primates and marsupials , are dichromats or monochromats ( totally color blind ) . Nocturnal primates , such as the night monkeys and bush babies , are often monochromatic . Catarrhines are routinely trichromatic due to a gene duplication of the red - green opsin gene at the base of their lineage , 30 to 40 million years ago . Platyrrhines , on the other hand , are trichromatic in a few cases only . Specifically , individual females must be heterozygous for two alleles of the opsin gene ( red and green ) located on the same locus of the X chromosome . Males , therefore , can only be dichromatic , while females can be either dichromatic or trichromatic . Color vision in strepsirrhines is not as well understood ; however , research indicates a range of color vision similar to that found in platyrrhines . Like catarrhines , howler monkeys ( a family of platyrrhines ) show routine trichromatism that has been traced to an evolutionarily recent gene duplication . Howler monkeys are one of the most specialized leaf - eaters of the New World monkeys ; fruits are not a major part of their diets , and the type of leaves they prefer to consume ( young , nutritive , and digestible ) are detectable only by a red - green signal . Field work exploring the dietary preferences of howler monkeys suggests that routine trichromaticism was selected by environment . Sexual dimorphism ( edit ) Main article : Sexual dimorphism in non-human primates Distinct sexual size dimorphism can be seen between the female and two male hamadryas baboons . Sexual dimorphism is often exhibited in simians , though to a greater degree in Old World species ( apes and some monkeys ) than New World species . Recent studies involve comparing DNA to examine both the variation in the expression of the dimorphism among primates and the fundamental causes of sexual dimorphism . Primates usually have dimorphism in body mass and canine tooth size along with pelage and skin color . The dimorphism can be attributed to and affected by different factors , including mating system , size , habitat and diet . Comparative analyses have generated a more complete understanding of the relationship between sexual selection , natural selection , and mating systems in primates . Studies have shown that dimorphism is the product of changes in both male and female traits . Ontogenetic scaling , where relative extension of a common growth trajectory occurs , may give some insight into the relationship between sexual dimorphism and growth patterns . Some evidence from the fossil record suggests that there was convergent evolution of dimorphism , and some extinct hominids probably had greater dimorphism than any living primate . Locomotion ( edit ) Diademed sifaka , a lemur that is a vertical clinger and leaper Primate species move by brachiation , bipedalism , leaping , arboreal and terrestrial quadrupedalism , climbing , knuckle - walking or by a combination of these methods . Several prosimians are primarily vertical clingers and leapers . These include many bushbabies , all indriids ( i.e. , sifakas , avahis and indris ) , sportive lemurs , and all tarsiers . Other prosimians are arboreal quadrupeds and climbers . Some are also terrestrial quadrupeds , while some are leapers . Most monkeys are both arboreal and terrestrial quadrupeds and climbers . Gibbons , muriquis and spider monkeys all brachiate extensively , with gibbons sometimes doing so in remarkably acrobatic fashion . Woolly monkeys also brachiate at times . Orangutans use a similar form of locomotion called quadramanous climbing , in which they use their arms and legs to carry their heavy bodies through the trees . Chimpanzees and gorillas knuckle walk , and can move bipedally for short distances . Although numerous species , such as australopithecines and early hominids , have exhibited fully bipedal locomotion , humans are the only extant species with this trait . Behavior ( edit ) Social systems ( edit ) Primates are among the most social of animals , forming pairs or family groups , uni-male harems , and multi-male / multi-female groups . Richard Wrangham stated that social systems of non-human primates are best classified by the amount of movement by females occurring between groups . He proposed four categories : Female transfer systems -- females move away from the group in which they were born . Females of a group will not be closely related whereas males will have remained with their natal groups , and this close association may be influential in social behavior . The groups formed are generally quite small . This organization can be seen in chimpanzees , where the males , who are typically related , will cooperate in defense of the group 's territory . It is claimed that the practice was also prevalent in some Neanderthal populations . A 49,000 - year - old grave was found in Spain in 2010 which contained three related - to - each - other males , with three unrelated - to - each - other females , suggesting they were the partners of the males . A 2011 study using ratios of strontium isotopes in teeth also suggested that roughly 2 million years ago , among Australopithecus and Paranthropus robustus groups in southern Africa , females tended to settle farther from their region of birth than males did . Among New World Monkeys , spider monkeys and muriquis use this system . A social huddle of ring - tailed lemurs . The two individuals on the right exposing their white ventral surface are sunning themselves . Male transfer systems -- while the females remain in their natal groups , the males will emigrate as adolescents . Polygynous and multi-male societies are classed in this category . Group sizes are usually larger . This system is common among the ring - tailed lemur , capuchin monkeys and cercopithecine monkeys . Monogamous species -- a male -- female bond , sometimes accompanied by a juvenile offspring . There is shared responsibility of parental care and territorial defense . The offspring leaves the parents ' territory during adolescence . Gibbons essentially use this system , although `` monogamy '' in this context does not necessarily mean absolute sexual fidelity . These species do not live in larger groups . Solitary species -- often males who defend territories that include the home ranges of several females . This type of organization is found in the prosimians such as the slow loris . Orangutans do not defend their territory but effectively have this organization . Other systems are known to occur as well . For example , with howler monkeys both the males and females typically transfer from their natal group on reaching sexual maturity , resulting in groups in which neither the males nor females are typically related . Some prosimians , colobine monkeys and callitrichid monkeys use this system . The transfer of females or males from their native group is likely an adaptation for avoiding inbreeding . An analysis of breeding records of captive primate colonies representing numerous different species indicates that the infant mortality of inbred young is generally higher than that of non-inbred young . This effect of inbreeding on infant mortality is probably largely a result of increased expression of deleterious recessive alleles ( see Inbreeding depression ) . Chimpanzees are social animals . Primatologist Jane Goodall , who studied in the Gombe Stream National Park , noted fission - fusion societies in chimpanzees . There is fission when the main group splits up to forage during the day , then fusion when the group returns at night to sleep as a group . This social structure can also be observed in the hamadryas baboon , spider monkeys and the bonobo . The gelada has a similar social structure in which many smaller groups come together to form temporary herds of up to 600 monkeys . These social systems are affected by three main ecological factors : distribution of resources , group size , and predation . Within a social group there is a balance between cooperation and competition . Cooperative behaviors include social grooming ( removing skin parasites and cleaning wounds ) , food sharing , and collective defense against predators or of a territory . Aggressive behaviors often signal competition for food , sleeping sites or mates . Aggression is also used in establishing dominance hierarchies . Interspecific associations ( edit ) Several species of primates are known to associate in the wild . Some of these associations have been extensively studied . In the Tai Forest of Africa several species coordinate anti-predator behavior . These include the Diana monkey , Campbell 's mona monkey , lesser spot - nosed monkey , western red colobus , king colobus and sooty mangabey , which coordinate anti-predator alarm calls . Among the predators of these monkeys is the common chimpanzee . The red - tailed monkey associates with several species , including the western red colobus , blue monkey , Wolf 's mona monkey , mantled guereza , black crested mangabey and Allen 's swamp monkey . Several of these species are preyed upon by the common chimpanzee . In South America , squirrel monkeys associate with capuchin monkeys . This may have more to do with foraging benefits to the squirrel monkeys than anti-predation benefits . Cognition and communication ( edit ) A pair of black howler monkeys vocalizing . Main article : Primate cognition Further information : Great ape language Primates have advanced cognitive abilities : some make tools and use them to acquire food and for social displays ; some have sophisticated hunting strategies requiring cooperation , influence and rank ; they are status conscious , manipulative and capable of deception ; they can recognise kin and conspecifics ; and they can learn to use symbols and understand aspects of human language including some relational syntax and concepts of number and numerical sequence . Research in primate cognition explores problem solving , memory , social interaction , a theory of mind , and numerical , spatial , and abstract concepts . Comparative studies show a trend towards higher intelligence going from prosimians to New World monkeys to Old World monkeys , and significantly higher average cognitive abilities in the great apes . However , there is a great deal of variation in each group ( e.g. , among New World monkeys , both spider and capuchin monkeys have scored highly by some measures ) , as well as in the results of different studies . Lemurs , lorises , tarsiers , and New World monkeys rely on olfactory signals for many aspects of social and reproductive behavior . Specialized glands are used to mark territories with pheromones , which are detected by the vomeronasal organ ; this process forms a large part of the communication behavior of these primates . In Old World monkeys and apes this ability is mostly vestigial , having regressed as trichromatic eyes evolved to become the main sensory organ . Primates also use vocalizations , gestures , and facial expressions to convey psychological state . Facial musculature is complex in primates , particularly in monkeys and apes . Like humans , chimpanzees can distinguish the faces of familiar and unfamiliar individuals . Hand and arm gestures are also important forms of communication for great apes and a single gesture can have multiple functions . Howler monkey roaring Howler monkey roaring <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . The Philippine tarsier , has a high - frequency limit of auditory sensitivity of approximately 91 kHz with a dominant frequency of 70 kHz . Such values are among the highest recorded for any terrestrial mammal , and a relatively extreme example of ultrasonic communication . For Philippine tarsiers , ultrasonic vocalizations might represent a private channel of communication that subverts detection by predators , prey and competitors , enhances energetic efficiency , or improves detection against low - frequency background noise . Male howler monkeys are among the loudest land mammals and their roars can be heard up to 4.8 km ( 3.0 mi ) . Roars are produced by modified larynx and enlarged hyoid bone which contains an air sac . These calls are thought to relate to intergroup spacing and territorial protection as well as possibly mate - guarding . The vervet monkey gives a distinct alarm call for each of at least four different predators , and the reactions of other monkeys vary according to the call . For example , if an alarm call signals a python , the monkeys climb into the trees , whereas the eagle alarm causes monkeys to seek a hiding place on the ground . Many non-human primates have the vocal anatomy to produce human speech but lack the proper brain wiring . Vowel - like vocal patterns have been recorded in baboons which has implications for the origin of speech in humans . Life history ( edit ) A crab - eating macaque breastfeeding her baby Primates have slower rates of development than other mammals . All primate infants are breastfed by their mothers ( with the exception of some human cultures and various zoo raised primates which are fed formula ) and rely on them for grooming and transportation . In some species , infants are protected and transported by males in the group , particularly males who may be their fathers . Other relatives of the infant , such as siblings and aunts , may participate in its care as well . Most primate mothers cease ovulation while breastfeeding an infant ; once the infant is weaned the mother can reproduce again . This often leads to weaning conflict with infants who attempt to continue breastfeeding . Infanticide is common in polygynous species such as gray langurs and gorillas . Adult males may kill dependent offspring that are not theirs so the female will return to estrus and thus they can sire offspring of their own . Social monogamy in some species may have evolved to combat this behavior . Promiscuity may also lessen the risk of infanticide since paternity becomes uncertain . Primates have a longer juvenile period between weaning and sexual maturity than other mammals of similar size . Some primates such as galagos and new world monkeys use tree - holes for nesting , and park juveniles in leafy patches while foraging . Other primates follow a strategy of `` riding '' , i.e. carrying individuals on the body while feeding . Adults may construct or use nesting sites , sometimes accompanied by juveniles , for the purpose of resting , a behavior which has developed secondarily in the great apes . During the juvenile period , primates are more susceptible than adults to predation and starvation ; they gain experience in feeding and avoiding predators during this time . They learn social and fighting skills , often through playing . Primates , especially females , have longer lifespans than other similarly sized mammals , this may be partially due to their slower metabolisms . Late in life , female catarrhine primates appear to undergo a cessation of reproductive function known as menopause ; other groups are less studied . Diet , feeding and hunting ( edit ) Leaf eating mantled guereza , a species of black - and - white colobus A tiny mouse lemur holds a cut piece of fruit in its hands and eats Primates exploit a variety of food sources . It has been said that many characteristics of modern primates , including humans , derive from an early ancestor 's practice of taking most of its food from the tropical canopy . Most primates include fruit in their diets to obtain easily digested nutrients including carbohydrates and lipids for energy . Primates in the suborder Strepsirrhini ( non-tarsier prosimians ) are able to synthesize vitamin C , like most other mammals , while primates of the suborder Haplorrhini ( tarsiers , monkeys and apes ) have lost this ability , and require the vitamin in their diet . Many primates have anatomical specializations that enable them to exploit particular foods , such as fruit , leaves , gum or insects . For example , leaf eaters such as howler monkeys , black - and - white colobuses and sportive lemurs have extended digestive tracts which enable them to absorb nutrients from leaves that can be difficult to digest . Marmosets , which are gum eaters , have strong incisor teeth , enabling them to open tree bark to get to the gum , and claws rather than nails , enabling them to cling to trees while feeding . The aye - aye combines rodent - like teeth with a long , thin middle finger to fill the same ecological niche as a woodpecker . It taps on trees to find insect larvae , then gnaws holes in the wood and inserts its elongated middle finger to pull the larvae out . Some species have additional specializations . For example , the grey - cheeked mangabey has thick enamel on its teeth , enabling it to open hard fruits and seeds that other monkeys can not . The gelada is the only primate species that feeds primarily on grass . Hunting ( edit ) Humans have traditionally hunted prey for subsistence . Tarsiers are the only extant obligate carnivorous primates , exclusively eating insects , crustaceans , small vertebrates and snakes ( including venomous species ) . Capuchin monkeys can exploit many different types of plant matter , including fruit , leaves , flowers , buds , nectar and seeds , but also eat insects and other invertebrates , bird eggs , and small vertebrates such as birds , lizards , squirrels and bats . The common chimpanzee eats an omnivorous frugivorous diet . It prefers fruit above all other food items and even seeks out and eats them when they are not abundant . It also eats leaves and leaf buds , seeds , blossoms , stems , pith , bark and resin . Insects and meat make up a small proportion of their diet , estimated as 2 % . The meat consumption includes predation on other primate species , such as the western red colobus monkey . This sometimes involves tool use . Common chimpanzees sharpen sticks to use as weapons when hunting mammals . This is considered the first evidence of systematic use of weapons in a species other than humans . Researchers documented 22 occasions where wild chimpanzees fashioned sticks into `` spears '' to hunt lesser bush babies ( Galago senegalensis ) . In each case , a chimpanzee modified a branch by breaking off one or both ends and , frequently using its teeth , sharpened the stick . The tools , on average , were about 60 cm ( 24 in ) long and 1.1 cm ( 0.4 in ) in circumference . The chimpanzees then jabbed their spears into hollows in tree trunks where bush babies slept . There was a single case in which a chimpanzee successfully extracted a bush baby with the tool . The bonobo is an omnivorous frugivore -- the majority of its diet is fruit , but it supplements this with leaves , meat from small vertebrates , such as anomalures , flying squirrels and duikers , and invertebrates . In some instances , bonobos have been shown to consume lower - order primates . As prey ( edit ) Predators of primates include various species of carnivorans , birds of prey , reptiles and other primates . Even gorillas have been recorded as prey . Predators of primates have diverse hunting strategies and as such , primates have evolved several different antipredator adaptations including crypsis , alarm calls and mobbing . Several species have separate alarm calls for different predators such as air - borne or ground - dwelling predators . Predation may have shaped group size in primates as species exposed to higher predation pressures appear to live in larger groups . With their technology and increased intelligence , modern humans are nearly free of threats from non-human predators and are themselves apex predators . Tool use and manufacture ( edit ) Main article : Tool use by animals Tool use ( edit ) A Western lowland gorilla using a stick possibly to gauge the depth of water Crab - eating macaques with stone tools There are many reports of non-human primates using tools , both in the wild or when captive . The use of tools by primates is varied and includes hunting ( mammals , invertebrates , fish ) , collecting honey , processing food ( nuts , fruits , vegetables and seeds ) , collecting water , weapons and shelter . In 1960 , Jane Goodall observed a chimpanzee poking pieces of grass into a termite mound and then raising the grass to his mouth . After he left , Goodall approached the mound and repeated the behaviour because she was unsure what the chimpanzee was doing . She found that the termites bit onto the grass with their jaws . The chimpanzee had been using the grass as a tool to `` fish '' or `` dip '' for termites . There are more limited reports of the closely related bonobo using tools in the wild ; it has been claimed they rarely use tools in the wild although they use tools as readily as chimpanzees when in captivity . It has been reported that females , both chimpanzee and bonobo , use tools more avidly than males . Orangutans in Borneo scoop catfish out of small ponds . Anthropologist Anne Russon saw several animals on these forested islands learn on their own to jab at catfish with sticks , so that the panicked prey would flop out of ponds and into the orangutan 's waiting hands There are few reports of gorillas using tools in the wild . An adult female Western lowland gorilla used a branch as a walking stick apparently to test water depth and to aid her in crossing a pool of water . Another adult female used a detached trunk from a small shrub as a stabilizer during food gathering , and another used a log as a bridge . The black - striped capuchin was the first non-ape primate for which tool use was documented in the wild ; individuals were observed cracking nuts by placing them on a stone anvil and hitting them with another large stone . In Thailand and Myanmar , crab - eating macaques use stone tools to open nuts , oysters and other bivalves , and various types of sea snails . Chacma baboons use stones as weapons ; stoning by these baboons is done from the rocky walls of the canyon where they sleep and retreat to when they are threatened . Stones are lifted with one hand and dropped over the side whereupon they tumble down the side of the cliff or fall directly to the canyon floor . Although they have not been observed to use tools in the wild , lemurs in controlled settings have been shown to be capable of understanding the functional properties of the objects they had been trained to use as tools , performing as well as tool - using haplorhines . Tool manufacture ( edit ) Tool manufacture is much rarer than simple tool use and probably represents higher cognitive functioning . Soon after her initial discovery of tool use , Goodall observed other chimpanzees picking up leafy twigs , stripping off the leaves and using the stems to fish for insects . This change of a leafy twig into a tool was a major discovery . Prior to this , scientists thought that only humans manufactured and used tools , and that this ability was what separated humans from other animals . Both bonobos and chimpanzees have also been observed making `` sponges '' out of leaves and moss that suck up water and are used as grooming tools . Sumatran orangutans have been observed making and using tools . They will break off a tree branch that is about 30 cm long , snap off the twigs , fray one end and then use the stick to dig in tree holes for termites . In the wild , mandrills have been observed to clean their ears with modified tools . Scientists filmed a large male mandrill at Chester Zoo ( UK ) stripping down a twig , apparently to make it narrower , and then using the modified stick to scrape dirt from underneath its toenails . Captive gorillas have made a variety of tools . Habitat and distribution ( edit ) See also : List of primates by population Rhesus macaque at Agra Fort , India Primates evolved from arboreal animals , and many species live most of their lives in trees . Most primate species live in tropical rain forests . The number of primate species within tropical areas has been shown to be positively correlated to the amount of rainfall and the amount of rain forest area . Accounting for 25 % to 40 % of the fruit - eating animals ( by weight ) within tropical rainforests , primates play an important ecological role by dispersing seeds of many tree species . Some species are partially terrestrial , such as baboons and patas monkeys , and a few species are fully terrestrial , such as geladas and humans . Non-human primates live in a diverse number of forested habitats in the tropical latitudes of Africa , India , Southeast Asia , and South America , including rainforests , mangrove forests , and montane forests . There are some examples of non-human primates that live outside of the tropics ; the mountain - dwelling Japanese macaque lives in the north of Honshū where there is snow - cover eight months of the year ; the Barbary macaque lives in the Atlas Mountains of Algeria and Morocco . Primate habitats span a range of altitudes : the black snub - nosed monkey has been found living in the Hengduan Mountains at altitudes of 4,700 meters ( 15,400 ft ) , the mountain gorilla can be found at 4,200 meters ( 13,200 ft ) crossing the Virunga Mountains , and the gelada has been found at elevations of up to 5,000 m ( 16,000 ft ) in the Ethiopian Highlands . Although most species are generally shy of water , a few are good swimmers and are comfortable in swamps and watery areas , including the proboscis monkey , De Brazza 's monkey and Allen 's swamp monkey , which has developed small webbing between its fingers . Some primates , such as the rhesus macaque and gray langurs , can exploit human - modified environments and even live in cities . Interactions between humans and other primates ( edit ) Slow lorises are popular in the exotic pet trade , which threatens wild populations . Close interactions between humans and non-human primates ( NHPs ) can create pathways for the transmission of zoonotic diseases . Viruses such as Herpesviridae ( most notably Herpes B Virus ) , Poxviridae , measles , ebola , rabies , the Marburg virus and viral hepatitis can be transmitted to humans ; in some cases the viruses produce potentially fatal diseases in both humans and non-human primates . Legal and social status ( edit ) Further information : Great ape personhood Only humans are recognized as persons and protected in law by the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights . The legal status of NHPs , on the other hand , is the subject of much debate , with organizations such as the Great Ape Project ( GAP ) campaigning to award at least some of them legal rights . In June 2008 , Spain became the first country in the world to recognize the rights of some NHPs , when its parliament 's cross-party environmental committee urged the country to comply with GAP 's recommendations , which are that chimpanzees , bonobos , orangutans , and gorillas are not to be used for animal experiments . Capuchin monkeys ' manual dexterity is one reason they can assist quadriplegic humans . Many species of NHP are kept as pets by humans , the Allied Effort to Save Other Primates ( AESOP ) estimates that around 15,000 NHPs live as exotic pets in the United States . The expanding Chinese middle class has increased demand for NHPs as exotic pets in recent years . Although NHP import for the pet trade was banned in the U.S. in 1975 , smuggling still occurs along the United States -- Mexico border , with prices ranging from US $ 3000 for monkeys to $30,000 for apes . Primates are used as model organisms in laboratories and have been used in space missions . They serve as service animals for disabled humans . Capuchin monkeys can be trained to assist quadriplegic humans ; their intelligence , memory , and manual dexterity make them ideal helpers . NHPs are kept in zoos around the globe . Historically , zoos were primarily a form of entertainment , but more recently have shifted their focus towards conservation , education and research . GAP does not insist that all NHPs should be released from zoos , primarily because captive - born primates lack the knowledge and experience to survive in the wild if released . Role in scientific Research ( edit ) Further information : Animal testing on non-human primates and International trade in primates Thousands of non-human primates are used around the world in research because of their psychological and physiological similarity to humans . In particular , the brains and eyes of NHPs more closely parallel human anatomy than those of any other animals . NHPs are commonly used in preclinical trials , neuroscience , ophthalmology studies , and toxicity studies . Rhesus macaques are often used , as are other macaques , African green monkeys , chimpanzees , baboons , squirrel monkeys , and marmosets , both wild - caught and purpose - bred . In 2005 , GAP reported that 1,280 of the 3,100 NHPs living in captivity in the United States were used for experiments . In 2004 , the European Union used around 10,000 NHPs in such experiments ; in 2005 in Great Britain , 4,652 experiments were conducted on 3,115 NHPs . Governments of many nations have strict care requirements of NHPs kept in captivity . In the US , federal guidelines extensively regulate aspects of NHP housing , feeding , enrichment , and breeding . European groups such as the European Coalition to End Animal Experiments are seeking a ban on all NHP use in experiments as part of the European Union 's review of animal testing legislation . Conservation ( edit ) Humans are known to hunt other primates for food , so - called bushmeat . Pictured are two men who have killed a number of silky sifaka and white - headed brown lemurs . The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) lists more than a third of primates as critically endangered or vulnerable . About 60 % of primate species are threatened with extinction , including : 87 % of species in Madagascar , 73 % in Asia , 37 % in Africa , and 36 % in South and Central America . Additionally , 75 % of primate species have decreasing populations . Trade is regulated , as all species are listed by CITES in Appendix II , except 50 species and subspecies listed in Appendix I , which gain full protection from trade . Common threats to primate species include deforestation , forest fragmentation , monkey drives ( resulting from primate crop raiding ) , and primate hunting for use in medicines , as pets , and for food . Large - scale tropical forest clearing is widely regarded as the process that most threatens primates . More than 90 % of primate species occur in tropical forests . The main cause of forest loss is clearing for agriculture , although commercial logging , subsistence harvesting of timber , mining , and dam construction also contribute to tropical forest destruction . In Indonesia large areas of lowland forest have been cleared to increase palm oil production , and one analysis of satellite imagery concluded that during 1998 and 1999 there was a loss of 1,000 Sumatran orangutans per year in the Leuser Ecosystem alone . The critically endangered Sumatran orangutan Primates with a large body size ( over 5 kg ) are at increased extinction risk due to their greater profitability to poachers compared to smaller primates . They reach sexual maturity later and have a longer period between births . Populations therefore recover more slowly after being depleted by poaching or the pet trade . Data for some African cities show that half of all protein consumed in urban areas comes from the bushmeat trade . Endangered primates such as guenons and the drill are hunted at levels that far exceed sustainable levels . This is due to their large body size , ease of transport and profitability per animal . As farming encroaches on forest habitats , primates feed on the crops , causing the farmers large economic losses . Primate crop raiding gives locals a negative impression of primates , hindering conservation efforts . Madagascar , home to five endemic primate families , has experienced the greatest extinction of the recent past ; since human settlement 1,500 years ago , at least eight classes and fifteen of the larger species have become extinct due to hunting and habitat destruction . Among the primates wiped out were Archaeoindris ( a lemur larger than a silverback gorilla ) and the families Palaeopropithecidae and Archaeolemuridae . In Asia , Hinduism , Buddhism , and Islam prohibit eating primate meat ; however , primates are still hunted for food . Some smaller traditional religions allow the consumption of primate meat . The pet trade and traditional medicine also increase demand for illegal hunting . The rhesus macaque , a model organism , was protected after excessive trapping threatened its numbers in the 1960s ; the program was so effective that they are now viewed as a pest throughout their range . The critically endangered silky sifaka In Central and South America forest fragmentation and hunting are the two main problems for primates . Large tracts of forest are now rare in Central America . This increases the amount of forest vulnerable to edge effects such as farmland encroachment , lower levels of humidity and a change in plant life . Movement restriction results in a greater amount of inbreeding , which can cause deleterious effects leading to a population bottleneck , whereby a significant percentage of the population is lost . There are 21 critically endangered primates , 7 of which have remained on the IUCN 's `` The World 's 25 Most Endangered Primates '' list since the year 2000 : the silky sifaka , Delacour 's langur , the white - headed langur , the gray - shanked douc , the Tonkin snub - nosed monkey , the Cross River gorilla and the Sumatran orangutan . Miss Waldron 's red colobus was recently declared extinct when no trace of the subspecies could be found from 1993 to 1999 . A few hunters have found and killed individuals since then , but the subspecies ' prospects remain bleak . See also ( edit ) Animals portal Mammals portal Primates portal Arboreal theory Human evolution International Primate Day List of primates List of fossil primates Nest - building in primates Primatology Simian shelf Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Although the monophyletic relationship between lemurs and lorisoids is widely accepted , their clade name is not . The term `` lemuriform '' is used here because it derives from one popular taxonomy that clumps the clade of toothcombed primates into one infraorder and the extinct , non-toothcombed adapiforms into another , both within the suborder Strepsirrhini . However , another popular alternative taxonomy places the lorisoids in their own infraorder , Lorisiformes . 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( 2010 ) . `` Chapter 19 : Human universals and primate symplesiomorphies : Establishing the lemur baseline '' . In Kappeler , P.M. ; Silk , J.B. Mind the Gap : Tracing the Origins of Human Universals . Springer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 02724 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Sumatran orangutans '' . OrangutanIslands.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ van Schaik , C. ; Fox , E. ; Sitompul , A. ( 1996 ) . `` Manufacture and use of tools in wild Sumatran orangutans '' . Naturwissenschaften. 83 ( 4 ) : 186 -- 188 . Bibcode : 1996NW ... 83 ... 186V . doi : 10.1007 / BF01143062 . PMID 8643126 . Jump up ^ Gill , Victoria ( 22 July 2011 ) . `` Mandrill monkey makes ' pedicuring ' tool '' . BBC . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Vancatova , M. ( 2008 ) . `` Gorillas and Tools -- Part I '' . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Reed , K. ; Fleagle , J. ( August 15 , 1995 ) . `` Geographic and climatic control of primate diversity '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 92 ( 17 ) : 7874 -- 7876 . Bibcode : 1995PNAS ... 92.7874 R . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 92.17. 7874 . PMC 41248 . PMID 7644506 . Jump up ^ Chapman , C. & Russo , S. ( 2007 ) . `` Primate Seed Dispersal '' . In Campbell , C.J. ; Fuentes , A. ; MacKinnon , K.C. ; Panger , M. & Bearder , S.K. Primates in Perspective . Oxford University Press . p. 510 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517133 - 4 . Jump up ^ Long , Y.C. ; Kirkpatrick , R.C. ; Zhong , T. ; Xiao , L. ( April 1994 ) . `` Report on the distribution , population , and ecology of the Yunnan snub - nosed monkey ( Rhinopithecus bieti ) '' . Primates. 35 ( 2 ) : 241 -- 250 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02382060 . Jump up ^ Schaller , G.B. ( 1963 ) . The Mountain Gorilla : Ecology and Behavior . Chicago : University Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 73635 - 8 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , L.D. & Fuentes , A. ( 2007 ) . `` Ethnoprimatology '' . In Campbell , C.J. ; Fuentes , A. ; MacKinnon , K.C. ; Panger , M. & Bearder , S.K. Primates in Perspective . Oxford University Press . p. 692 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517133 - 4 . Jump up ^ Renquist , D.M. & Whitney , R.A. ( 1987 ) . `` Zoonoses Acquired from Pet Primates '' . Veterinary Clinics of North America : Small Animal Practice. 17 ( 1 ) : 219 -- 240 . doi : 10.1016 / s0195 - 5616 ( 87 ) 50614 - 3 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . United Nations . 1948 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Cavalieri , P. & Singer , P. `` Declaration on Great Apes '' . Great Ape Project . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Glendinning , L. ( 26 June 2008 ) . `` Spanish parliament approves ' human rights ' for apes '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Singer , P. ( 18 July 2008 ) . `` Of great apes and men '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Mott , M. ( 16 September 2003 ) . `` The Perils of Keeping Monkeys as Pets '' . National Geographic . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Workman , C. ( June 2004 ) . `` Primate conservation in Vietnam : toward a holistic environmental narrative '' . American Anthropologist. 106 ( 2 ) : 346 -- 352 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 2004.106. 2.346 . Jump up ^ `` IPPL News : The US Pet Monkey Trade '' . International Primate Protection League . 2003 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Bushnell , D. ( 1958 ) . `` The Beginnings of Research in Space Biology at the Air Force Missile Development Center , 1946 -- 1952 '' . History of Research in Space Biology and Biodynamics . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Blumenthal , D. ( 1987 - 06 - 17 ) . `` Monkeys as Helpers To Quadriplegics At Home '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Newman , James L. ( 2013 ) . Encountering Gorillas : A Chronicle of Discovery , Exploitation , Understanding , and Survival . Plymouth , United Kingdom : Rowman and Littlefield . p. 173 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 1957 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` The supply and use of primates in the EU '' . European Biomedical Research Association . 1996 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Chen , F.C. ; Li , W.H. ( February 2001 ) . `` Genomic divergences between humans and other hominoids and the effective population size of the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees '' . American Journal of Human Genetics . 68 ( 2 ) : 444 -- 456 . doi : 10.1086 / 318206 . PMC 1235277 . PMID 11170892 . Jump up ^ Conlee , K.M. ; Hoffeld , E.H. ; Stephens , M.L. ( 2004 ) . `` A Demographic Analysis of Primate Research in the United States '' ( PDF ) . Alternatives to Laboratory Animals . 32 ( Sup 1 ) : 315 -- 322 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 2008 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for the Home Department by Command of Her Majesty ( July 2006 ) . Statistics of scientific procedures on living animals : Great Britain 2005 ( pdf ) . The Stationery Office . ISBN 0 - 10 - 168772 - 9 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Nonhuman Primates : Research Animals '' . Animal Welfare Information Center . United States Department of Agriculture . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Directive 86 / 609 '' . European Coalition to End Animal Experiments . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Estrada , Alejandro ; Garber , Paul A. ; Rylands , Anthony B. ; Roos , Christian ; Fernandez - Duque , Eduardo ; Fiore , Anthony Di ; Nekaris , K. Anne - Isola ; Nijman , Vincent ; Heymann , Eckhard W. ( 2017 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Impending extinction crisis of the world 's primates : Why primates matter '' . Science Advances. 3 ( 1 ) : e1600946 . doi : 10.1126 / sciadv. 1600946 . ISSN 2375 - 2548 . PMC 5242557 . PMID 28116351 . Jump up ^ IFAW ( 2005 ) . Born to be wild : Primates are not pets ( PDF ) . International Fund for Animal Welfare . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 2011 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ CITES ( 2010 - 10 - 14 ) . `` Appendices I , II and III '' . Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Grubb , P. ( 1998 ) . `` The Sierra Leone monkey drives '' . Mammals of Ghana , Sierra Leone , and the Gambia . St. Ives : Trendrine . pp. 214 -- 219 . ISBN 0 - 9512562 - 4 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Chapman , C.A. ; Peres , C.A. ( 2001 ) . `` Primate conservation in the new millennium : the role of scientists '' . Evolutionary Anthropology. 10 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 33 . doi : 10.1002 / 1520 - 6505 ( 2001 ) 10 : 1 < 16 : : AID - EVAN1010 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - O . ^ Jump up to : Mittermeier , R.A. & Cheney , D.L. ( 1987 ) . `` Conservation of primates and their habitats '' . In Smuts , B.B. ; Cheney , D.L. ; Seyfarth , R.M. ; Wrangham , R.W. & Struhsaker , T.T. Primate Societies . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . pp. 477 -- 490 . ^ Jump up to : Southwick , C.H. & Siddiqi , M.F. ( 2001 ) . `` Status , conservation and management of primates in India '' ( PDF ) . Envis Bulletin : Wildlife and Protected Areas. 1 ( 1 ) : 81 -- 91 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 2008 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Cowlishaw , G. & Dunbar , R. ( 2000 ) . Primate Conservation Biology . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 11637 - 2 . Jump up ^ Van Schaik , C.P. ; Monk , K.A. ; Robertson , J.M.Y. ( 2001 ) . `` Dramatic decline in orangutan numbers in the Leuser Ecosystem , northern Sumatra '' . Oryx. 35 ( 1 ) : 14 -- 25 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 3008.2001. 00150. x . Jump up ^ Purvis , A. ; Gittleman , J.L. ; Cowlishaw , G. ; Mace , G.M. ( 2000 ) . `` Predicting extinction risk in declining species '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 267 ( 1456 ) : 1947 -- 1952 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2000.1234 . PMC 1690772 . PMID 11075706 . ^ Jump up to : Fa , J.E. ; Juste , J. ; Perez de Val , J. ; Castroviejo , J. ( 1995 ) . `` Impact of market hunting on mammal species in Equatorial Guinea '' . Conservation Biology . 9 ( 5 ) : 1107 -- 1115 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1523 - 1739.1995. 9051107. x . Jump up ^ Hill , C.M. ( 1997 ) . `` Crop - raiding by wild vertebrates : The farmer 's perspective in an agricultural community in western Uganda '' . International Journal of Pest Management . 43 ( 1 ) : 77 -- 84 . doi : 10.1080 / 096708797229022 . Jump up ^ Hill , C.M. ( 2002 ) . `` Primate conservation and local communities : Ethical issues and debates '' . American Anthropologist. 104 ( 4 ) : 1184 -- 1194 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 2002.104. 4.1184 . Jump up ^ Choudhury , A. ( 2001 ) . `` Primates in Northeast India : an overview of their distribution and conservation status '' ( PDF ) . Envis Bulletin : Wildlife and Protected Areas. 1 ( 1 ) : 92 -- 101 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 2008 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kumara , H.N. ; Singh , M. ( October 2004 ) . `` Distribution and abundance of primates in rainforests of the Western Ghats , Karnataka , India and the conservation of Macaca silenus '' . International Journal of Primatology. 25 ( 5 ) : 1001 -- 1018 . doi : 10.1023 / B : IJOP. 0000043348.06255. 7f . Jump up ^ Nijman , V. ( 2004 ) . `` Conservation of the Javan gibbon Hylobates moloch : population estimates , local extinction , and conservation priorities '' ( PDF ) . The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 52 ( 1 ) : 271 -- 280 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 2008 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , T.G. ; Kinnaird , M.F. ; Nurcahyo , A. ; Iqbal , M. ; Rusmanto , M. ( April 2004 ) . `` Abundance and distribution of sympatric gibbons in a threatened Sumatran rain forest '' . International Journal of Primatology. 25 ( 2 ) : 267 -- 284 . doi : 10.1023 / B : IJOP. 0000019152.83883. 1c . Jump up ^ Estrada , A. ; Coates - Estrada , R. ; Meritt , D. ( September 1994 ) . `` Non-flying mammals and landscape changes in the tropical forest region of Los Tuxtlas , Mexico '' . Ecography. 17 ( 3 ) : 229 -- 241 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0587.1994. tb00098. x . Jump up ^ Marsh , L.K. ( 2003 ) . `` The nature of fragmentation . '' . In Marsh , L.K. Primates in Fragments : Ecology and Conservation . New York : Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers . pp. 1 -- 10 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 47696 - 7 . Jump up ^ Turner , I.M. ( 1996 ) . `` Species loss in fragments of tropical rain forest : a review of the evidence '' . Journal of Applied Ecology. 33 ( 2 ) : 200 -- 209 . doi : 10.2307 / 2404743 . JSTOR 2404743 . Jump up ^ Chiarello , A.G. ( 2003 ) . `` Primates of the Brazilian Atlantic forest : the influence of forest fragmentation on survival '' . In Marsh , L.K. Primates in Fragments : Ecology and Conservation . New York : Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers . pp. 99 -- 121 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 47696 - 9 . Jump up ^ Pope , T.R. ( 1996 ) . `` Socioecology , population fragmentation , and patterns of genetic loss in endangered primates '' . In Avise , J. ; Hamrick , J. Conservation Genetics : Case Histories from Nature . Norwell : Kluwer Academic Publishers . pp. 119 -- 159 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 412 - 05581 - 2 . Jump up ^ Mittermeier , R.A. ; Wallis , J. ; Rylands , A.B. ; Ganzhorn , J.U. ; Oates , J.F. ; Williamson , E.A. ; Palacios , E. ; Heymann , E.W. ; Kierulff , M.C.M. ; Yongcheng , L. ; Supriatna , J. ; Roos , C. ; Walker , S. ; Cortés - Ortiz , L. ; Schwitzer , C. , eds. ( 2009 ) . `` Primates in Peril : The World 's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2008 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Illustrated by S.D. Nash . Arlington , VA. : IUCN / SSC Primate Specialist Group ( PSG ) , International Primatological Society ( IPS ) , and Conservation International ( CI ) : 23 -- 26 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 934151 - 34 - 1 . Jump up ^ Oates , J.F. ; Abedi - Lartey , M. ; McGraw , W.S. ; Struhsaker , T.T. ; Whitesides , G.H. ( October 2000 ) . `` Extinction of a West African Red Colobus Monkey '' . Conservation Biology . 14 ( 5 ) : 1526 -- 1532 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1523 - 1739.2000. 99230. x . Jump up ^ McGraw , W.S. ( June 2005 ) . `` Update on the Search for Miss Waldron 's Red Colobus Monkey '' . International Journal of Primatology. 26 ( 3 ) : 605 -- 619 . doi : 10.1007 / s10764 - 005 - 4368 - 9 . Literature cited ( edit ) Benton , Michael J. ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 3 : Primate evolution '' . Vertebrate palaeontology . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 632 - 05637 - 8 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 10 . Cartmill , M. ( 2010 ) . `` Primate Classification and Diversity '' . In Platt , M. ; Ghazanfar , A. Primate Neuroethology . Oxford University Press . pp. 10 -- 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 532659 - 8 . Hartwig , W. ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 3 : Primate evolution '' . In Campbell , C.J. ; Fuentes , A. ; MacKinnon , K.C. ; Bearder , S.K. ; Stumpf , R.M. Primates in Perspective ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . pp. 19 -- 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 539043 - 8 . Szalay , F.S. ; Delson , E. ( 1980 ) . Evolutionary History of the Primates . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0126801507 . OCLC 893740473 . Further reading ( edit ) Library resources about Primates Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries David J. Chivers ; Bernard A. Wood ; Alan Bilsborough , eds. ( 1984 ) . Food Acquisition and Processing in Primates . New York & London : Plenum Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 41701 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Primate at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Primate Info Net Primates at Animal Diversity Web Primate Research Institute , Kyoto University High - Resolution Cytoarchitectural Primate Brain Atlases EUPRIM - Net : European Primate Network PrimateImages : Natural History Collection Tree of Life web project <Th_colspan="2"> Extant mammal orders <Td_colspan="2"> Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata ( unranked ) Amniota Yinotheria Australosphenida Monotremata ( Platypus and echidnas ) Theria Metatheria ( Marsupial inclusive ) Ameridelphia Paucituberculata ( Shrew opossums ) Didelphimorphia ( Opossums ) Australidelphia Microbiotheria ( Monito del monte ) Notoryctemorphia ( Marsupial moles ) Dasyuromorphia ( Quolls and dunnarts ) Peramelemorphia ( Bilbies and bandicoots ) Diprotodontia ( Kangaroos and relatives ) Eutheria ( Placental inclusive ) Atlantogenata Xenarthra Cingulata ( Armadillos ) Pilosa ( Anteaters and sloths ) Afrotheria Afrosoricida ( Tenrecs and golden moles ) Macroscelidea ( Elephant shrews ) Tubulidentata ( Aardvark ) Hyracoidea ( Hyraxes ) Proboscidea ( Elephants ) Sirenia ( Dugongs and manatees ) Boreoeutheria Laurasiatheria Eulipotyphla ( Hedgehogs , shrews , moles and relatives ) Chiroptera ( Bats ) Pholidota ( Pangolins ) Carnivora ( Dogs , cats and relatives ) Perissodactyla ( Odd - toed ungulates ) Artiodactyla ( Even - toed ungulates and cetaceans ) Euarchontoglires Rodentia ( Rodents ) Lagomorpha ( Rabbits and pikas ) Scandentia ( Treeshrews ) Dermoptera ( Colugos ) Primates <Th_colspan="2"> Extant primate families <Td_colspan="2"> Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Infraclass Eutheria Superorder Euarchontoglires Strepsirrhini Lorisoidea Lorisidae Galagidae Lemuroidea <Td_colspan="2"> Daubentoniidae <Td_colspan="2"> Cheirogaleidae Lemuridae Lepilemuridae Indriidae Haplorhini <Td_colspan="2"> Tarsiidae Simian Platyrrhini Cebidae Callitrichidae Aotidae Pitheciidae Atelidae Catharrhini <Td_colspan="2"> Cercopithecidae Hominoidea Hylobatidae Hominidae <Th_colspan="3"> Living things in culture Academic disciplines Anthrozoology Ethnobiology Ethnobotany Ethnoecology Ethnoentomology Ethnoherpetology Ethnoichthyology Ethnolichenology Ethnomycology Ethnoornithology Ethnoprimatology Ethnozoology Groups Animals Arthropods Insects Topics Beekeeping Entomophagy Flea circus Insects in art Insects in literature Insects in medicine Insects in music Insects in mythology Insects in religion Sericulture Types Ant Bee Mythology Beetle Beetlewing Butterfly Cicada Cricket Dragonfly Flea Flea circus Fly Grasshopper Ladybird Louse Praying mantis Scarab Termite Wasp Woodworm Other Arthropods in film Crab Lobster Scorpion Spider Arachnophobia Tarantella Tick Molluscs Topics Conch Conchology Edible molluscs Pearl Seashell Sea silk Shell money Tyrian purple Types Cephalopods Octopus Scallop Shipworm Venus shell Vertebrates Amphibians Frog Salamander Toad Toadstone Birds Aviculture Birdwatching Bird conservation Birds in culture Cockfighting Falconry Game bird Pigeon racing Poultry Archaeopteryx Barnacle goose Eagle Fish Fishing History Fish farming Fishkeeping Recreational fishing Shark Attacks Jaws Mammals Topics Animal husbandry Fur farming Hunting In sport In professional wrestling Laboratory animal Livestock Pack animal Pet Service animal Working animal Types Bat Bear Baiting Hunting Teddy bear Cattle Deer Elephant Dolphin Fox Horse Riding Worship Leopard Lion Primate Gorilla Gorilla suit Monkey Orangutan Seal hunting Sheep Whale Whaling Whale watching Wolf Werewolf Reptiles Crocodile Attacks Farming Crocodile tears Dinosaur Crystal Palace Dinosaurs Jurassic Park Stegosaurus Triceratops Tyrannosaurus rex Dragon Lizard Snake Caduceus In the Bible Rod of Asclepius Snakebite Snake charming Symbolism Worship Turtle Bixi World Turtle Other phyla Coral Jellyfish Starfish Other Aesop 's Fables Animal epithet Animal husbandry In heraldry Lists of legendary creatures Man - eater Parasites in fiction Zodiac Plants Topics Agriculture History Botanical illustration Floral design Ikebana Gardening Herbalism Fictional plants Magical plants Mandrake Medicinal plants Pharmacognosy Plant epithet Sacred grove In India Sacred plants Bodhi Tree Lime tree Sacred lotus Sacred herb In mythology Barnacle tree Fig Trees Yggdrasil Types Crop Maize Potato Rice Sugarcane Wheat Flower Lily Rose Tulip Fungi Medicinal fungi Amanita muscaria Edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus Psilocybin mushroom Microbes Biological warfare Fermentation In food processing List of microbes Microbial art Microbes and Man Pathogen Protein production Bacteria Economic importance Tuberculosis Protist Virus Yeast Bread Beer Wine Related Anthropomorphism Biology in fiction Fossil Legendary creature Lists of fictional species Parasitoid Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q7380 Wikispecies : Primates ADW : Primates EoL : 1645 EPPO : 1PRIMO Fauna Europaea : 12630 Fossilworks : 40700 GBIF : 798 iNaturalist : 43367 IRMNG : 11338 ITIS : 180089 MSW : 12100001 NBN : NHMSYS0000377147 NCBI : 9443 NZOR : af3cc580 - 3803 - 4a0e - 8ac2 - f3c7c011705b GND : 4047256 - 5 LCCN : sh85106668 NDL : 00569360 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primate&oldid=856959304 '' Categories : Primates Thanetian first appearances Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Mammal orders Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with Curlie links Featured articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Acèh Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Перем Коми Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Удмурт Українська اردو Tiếng Việt West - 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1. Order Primates 2. Evolution of primates 3. Strepsirrhini and Haplorhini 4. Classification of living primates 5. Primate characteristics and behavior

when did first harry potter book come out

Harry Potter - wikipedia Harry Potter Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the series of novels . For other uses , including related topics and derivative works , see Harry Potter ( disambiguation ) . For the character in the series , see Harry Potter ( character ) . For the film adaptations , see Harry Potter ( film series ) . Harry Potter <Td_colspan="2"> The Harry Potter logo , used first in American editions of the novel series and later in films <Td_colspan="2"> The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Author J.K. Rowling Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Fantasy , drama , young adult fiction , mystery , thriller , Bildungsroman Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing ( UK ) Scholastic ( US ) Published 26 June 1997 -- 21 July 2007 ( initial publication ) Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) Audiobook E-book ( as of March 2012 ) No. of books 7 Website www.pottermore.com Harry Potter is a series of fantasy novels written by British author J.K. Rowling . The novels chronicle the life of a young wizard , Harry Potter , and his friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley , all of whom are students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . The main story arc concerns Harry 's struggle against Lord Voldemort , a dark wizard who intends to become immortal , overthrow the wizard governing body known as the Ministry of Magic , and subjugate all wizards and muggles , a reference term that means non-magical people . Since the release of the first novel , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , on 26 June 1997 , the books have found immense popularity , critical acclaim and commercial success worldwide . They have attracted a wide adult audience as well as younger readers , and are often considered cornerstones of modern young adult literature . The series has also had its share of criticism , including concern about the increasingly dark tone as the series progressed , as well as the often gruesome and graphic violence it depicts . As of May 2013 , the books have sold more than 500 million copies worldwide , making them the best - selling book series in history , and have been translated into seventy - three languages . The last four books consecutively set records as the fastest - selling books in history , with the final instalment selling roughly eleven million copies in the United States within twenty - four hours of its release . The series was originally published in English by two major publishers , Bloomsbury in the United Kingdom and Scholastic Press in the United States . A play , Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , based on a story co-written by Rowling , premiered in London on 30 July 2016 at the Palace Theatre , and its script was published by Little , Brown . The original seven books were adapted into an eight - part film series by Warner Bros. Pictures , which has become the second highest - grossing film series of all time as of August 2015 . In 2016 , the total value of the Harry Potter franchise was estimated at $25 billion , making Harry Potter one of the highest - grossing media franchises of all time . A series of many genres , including fantasy , drama , coming of age , and the British school story ( which includes elements of mystery , thriller , adventure , horror and romance ) , the world of Harry Potter explores numerous themes and includes many cultural meanings and references . According to Rowling , the main theme is death . Other major themes in the series include prejudice , corruption , and madness . The success of the books and films has ensured that the Harry Potter franchise continues to expand , with numerous derivative works , a travelling exhibition that premiered in Chicago in 2009 , a studio tour in London that opened in 2012 , a digital platform on which J.K. Rowling updates the series with new information and insight , and a pentalogy of spin - off films premiering in November 2016 with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them , among many other developments . Most recently , themed attractions , collectively known as The Wizarding World of Harry Potter , have been built at several Universal Parks & Resorts amusement parks around the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Early years 1.2 Voldemort returns 2 Supplementary works 2.1 Harry Potter and the Cursed Child 2.2 In - universe books 2.3 Pottermore website 3 Structure and genre 4 Themes 5 Origins 6 Publishing history 6.1 Translations 6.2 Completion of the series 6.3 Cover art 7 Achievements 7.1 Cultural impact 7.2 Commercial success 7.3 Awards , honours , and recognition 8 Reception 8.1 Literary criticism 8.2 Social impact 8.3 Controversies 9 Adaptations 9.1 Films 9.1. 1 Spin - off prequels 9.2 Games 9.3 Audiobooks 9.4 Stage production 10 Attractions 10.1 The Wizarding World of Harry Potter 10.2 United Kingdom 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Plot Further information : Harry Potter universe The central character in the series is Harry Potter , an English boy who lives with his aunt , uncle , and cousin - the Dursleys - who discovers , at the age of eleven , that he is a wizard , though he lives in the ordinary world of non-magical people known as Muggles . The wizarding world exists parallel to the Muggle world , albeit hidden and in secrecy . His magical ability is inborn and children with such abilities are invited to attend exclusive magic schools that teach the necessary skills to succeed in the wizarding world . Harry becomes a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry , a wizarding academy in Scotland and it is here where most of the events in the series take place . As Harry develops through his adolescence , he learns to overcome the problems that face him : magical , social and emotional , including ordinary teenage challenges such as friendships , infatuation , romantic relationships , schoolwork and exams , anxiety , depression , stress , and the greater test of preparing himself for the confrontation that lies ahead in wizarding Britain 's increasingly - violent second wizarding war . Each novel chronicles one year in Harry 's life during the period from 1991 to 1998 . The books also contain many flashbacks , which are frequently experienced by Harry viewing the memories of other characters in a device called a Pensieve . The environment Rowling created is intimately connected to reality . The British magical community of the Harry Potter books is inspired by 1990s British culture , European folklore , classical mythology and alchemy , incorporating objects and wildlife such as magic wands , magic plants , potions , spells , flying broomsticks , centaurs , and other magical creatures , the Deathly Hallows , and the Philosopher 's Stone , beside others invented by Rowling . While the fantasy land of Narnia is an alternate universe and the Lord of the Rings ' Middle - earth a mythic past , the wizarding world of Harry Potter exists in parallel within the real world and contains magical versions of the ordinary elements of everyday life , with the action mostly set in Scotland ( Hogwarts ) , the West Country , Devon , London and Surrey in southeast England . The world only accessible to wizards and magical beings comprises a fragmented collection of overlooked hidden streets , ancient pubs , lonely country manors and secluded castles invisible to the Muggle population . Early years When the first novel of the series , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( published in America and other countries as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ) opens , it is apparent that some significant event has taken place in the Wizarding World -- an event so very remarkable , even Muggles ( non-magical people ) notice signs of it . The full background to this event and Harry Potter 's past is revealed gradually through the series . After the introductory chapter , the book leaps forward to a time shortly before Harry Potter 's eleventh birthday , and it is at this point that his magical background begins to be revealed . Despite Harry 's aunt and uncle 's desperate prevention of Harry gleaning about his powers , their efforts are in vain . Harry meets a half - giant , Rubeus Hagrid , who is also his first contact with the Wizarding World . Hagrid reveals himself to be the Keeper of Keys and Grounds at Hogwarts as well as some of Harry 's history . Harry learns that , as a baby , he witnessed his parents ' murder by the power - obsessed dark wizard Lord Voldemort , who subsequently attempted to kill him as well . Instead , the unexpected happened : Harry survived with only a lightning - shaped scar on his forehead as a memento of the attack and Voldemort disappeared soon afterwards , gravely weakened by his own rebounding curse . As its inadvertent saviour from Voldemort 's reign of terror , Harry has become a living legend in the Wizarding World . However , at the orders of the venerable and well - known wizard Albus Dumbledore , the orphaned Harry had been placed in the home of his unpleasant Muggle relatives , the Dursleys , who have kept him safe but treated him poorly , including confining him to a cupboard without meals and torturing him like he is their servant . Hagrid then officially invites Harry to attend Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry , a famous magic school in Scotland that educates young teenagers on their magical development for seven years , from age eleven to seventeen . With Hagrid 's help , Harry prepares for and undertakes his first year of study at Hogwarts . As Harry begins to explore the magical world , the reader is introduced to many of the primary locations used throughout the series . Harry meets most of the main characters and gains his two closest friends : Ron Weasley , a fun - loving member of an ancient , large , happy , but poor wizarding family , and Hermione Granger , a gifted , bright , and hardworking witch of non-magical parentage . Harry also encounters the school 's potions master , Severus Snape , who displays a conspicuously deep and abiding dislike for him , the rich brat Draco Malfoy whom he quickly makes enemies with , and the Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher , Quirinus Quirrell , who later turns out to be allied with Lord Voldemort . He also discovers a talent of flying on broomsticks and is recruited for his house 's Quidditch team , a sport in the wizarding world where players fly on broomsticks . The first book concludes with Harry 's second confrontation with Lord Voldemort , who , in his quest to regain a body , yearns to gain the power of the Philosopher 's Stone , a substance that bestows everlasting life and turns any metal into pure gold . The series continues with Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , describing Harry 's second year at Hogwarts . He and his friends investigate a 50 - year - old mystery that appears uncannily related to recent sinister events at the school . Ron 's younger sister , Ginny Weasley , enrolls in her first year at Hogwarts , and finds an old notebook in her belongings which turns out to be an alumnus 's diary , Tom Marvolo Riddle , later revealed to be Voldemort 's younger self , who is bent on ridding the school of `` mudbloods '' , a derogatory term describing wizards and witches of non-magical parentage . The memory of Tom Riddle resides inside of the diary and when Ginny begins to confide in the diary , Voldemort is able to possess her . Through the diary , Ginny acts on Voldemort 's orders and unconsciously opens the `` Chamber of Secrets '' , unleashing an ancient monster , later revealed to be a basilisk , which begins attacking students at Hogwarts . It kills those who make direct eye contact with it and petrifies those who look at it indirectly . The book also introduces a new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher , Gilderoy Lockhart , a highly cheerful , self - conceited wizard with a pretentious facade , later turning out to be a fraud . Harry discovers that prejudice exists in the Wizarding World through delving into the school 's history , and learns that Voldemort 's reign of terror was often directed at wizards and witches who were descended from Muggles . Harry also learns about the innate ability of his to speak the snake language Parseltongue is rare and often associated with the Dark Arts . When Hermione is attacked and petrified , Harry and Ron finally piece together the puzzles and unlock the Chamber of Secrets , with Harry destroying the diary for good and saving Ginny , and also destroying a part of Voldemort 's soul . The end of the book reveals Lucius Malfoy , Draco 's father and rival of Ron and Ginny 's father , to be the culprit who slipped the book into Ginny 's belongings and introduced the diary into Hogwarts . The third novel , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , follows Harry in his third year of magical education . It is the only book in the series which does not feature Lord Voldemort in any form . Instead , Harry must deal with the knowledge that he has been targeted by Sirius Black , his father 's best friend , and , according to the Wizarding World , an escaped mass murderer who assisted in the murder of Harry 's parents . As Harry struggles with his reaction to the dementors -- dark creatures with the power to devour a human soul and feed on despair -- which are ostensibly protecting the school , he reaches out to Remus Lupin , a Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher who is eventually revealed to be a werewolf . Lupin teaches Harry defensive measures which are well above the level of magic generally executed by people his age . Harry comes to know that both Lupin and Black were best friends of his father and that Black was framed by their fourth friend , Peter Pettigrew , who had been hiding as Ron 's pet rat , Scabbers . In this book , a recurring theme throughout the series is emphasised -- in every book there is a new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher , none of whom lasts more than one school year . Voldemort returns The Elephant House was one of the cafés in Edinburgh where Rowling wrote the first part of Harry Potter . During Harry 's fourth year of school ( detailed in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ) , Harry is unwillingly entered as a participant in the Triwizard Tournament , a dangerous yet exciting contest where three `` champions '' , one from each participating school , must compete with each other in three tasks in order to win the Triwizard Cup . This year , Harry must compete against a witch and a wizard `` champion '' from overseas visiting schools Beauxbatons and Durmstrang , as well as another Hogwarts student , causing Harry 's friends to distance themselves from him . Harry is guided through the tournament by their new Defence Against the Dark Arts professor , Alastor `` Mad - Eye '' Moody , who turns out to be an impostor -- one of Voldemort 's supporters named Barty Crouch , Jr. in disguise . The point at which the mystery is unravelled marks the series ' shift from foreboding and uncertainty into open conflict . Voldemort 's plan to have Crouch use the tournament to bring Harry to Voldemort succeeds . Although Harry manages to escape , Cedric Diggory , the other Hogwarts champion in the tournament , is killed by Peter Pettigrew and Voldemort re-enters the Wizarding World with a physical body . In the fifth book , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , Harry must confront the newly resurfaced Voldemort . In response to Voldemort 's reappearance , Dumbledore re-activates the Order of the Phoenix , a secret society which works from Sirius Black 's dark family home to defeat Voldemort 's minions and protect Voldemort 's targets , especially Harry . Despite Harry 's description of Voldemort 's recent activities , the Ministry of Magic and many others in the magical world refuse to believe that Voldemort has returned . In an attempt to counter and eventually discredit Dumbledore , who along with Harry is the most prominent voice in the Wizarding World attempting to warn of Voldemort 's return , the Ministry appoints Dolores Umbridge as the High Inquisitor of Hogwarts and the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher . She transforms the school into a dictatorial regime and refuses to allow the students to learn ways to defend themselves against dark magic . With Ron and Hermione 's suggestion , Harry forms `` Dumbledore 's Army '' , a secret study group aimed to teach his classmates the higher - level skills of Defence Against the Dark Arts that he has learned from his previous encounters with Dark wizards . Through those lessons , Harry begins to develop a crush on the popular and attractive Cho Chang . Juggling schoolwork , Umbridge 's incessant and persistent efforts to land him in trouble and the defensive lessons , Harry begins to lose sleep as he constantly receives disturbing dreams about a dark corridor in the Ministry of Magic , followed by a burning desire . An important prophecy concerning Harry and Lord Voldemort is then revealed , and Harry discovers that he and Voldemort have a painful connection , allowing Harry to view some of Voldemort 's actions telepathically . In the novel 's climax , Harry is tricked into seeing Sirius tortured and races to the Ministry of Magic . He and his friends face off against Voldemort 's followers nicknamed Death Eaters at the Ministry of Magic . Although the timely arrival of members of the Order of the Phoenix saves the teenagers ' lives , Sirius Black is killed in the conflict . In the sixth book , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , Voldemort begins waging open warfare . Harry and his friends are relatively protected from that danger at Hogwarts . They are subject to all the difficulties of adolescence -- Harry eventually begins dating Ginny , Ron establishes a strong infatuation with fellow Hogwarts student Lavender Brown , and Hermione starts to develop romantic feelings towards Ron . Near the beginning of the novel , lacking his own book , Harry is given an old potions textbook filled with many annotations and recommendations signed by a mysterious writer titled ; `` the Half - Blood Prince . '' This book is a source of scholastic success and great recognition from their new potions master , Horace Slughorn , but because of the potency of the spells that are written in it , becomes a source of concern . With war drawing near , Harry takes private lessons with Dumbledore , who shows him various memories concerning the early life of Voldemort in a device called a Pensieve . These reveal that in order to preserve his life , Voldemort has split his soul into pieces , creating a series of Horcruxes -- evil enchanted items hidden in various locations , one of which was the diary destroyed in the second book . On their way to collect a Horcrux , Draco , who has joined with the Death Eaters , attempts to attack Dumbledore , and the book culminates in the killing of Dumbledore by Professor Snape , the titular Half - Blood Prince . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , the last original novel in the series , begins directly after the events of the sixth book . Lord Voldemort has completed his ascension to power and gained control of the Ministry of Magic . Harry , Ron and Hermione drop out of school so that they can find and destroy Voldemort 's remaining Horcruxes . To ensure their own safety as well as that of their family and friends , they are forced to isolate themselves . A ghoul pretends to be Ron ill with a contagious disease , Harry and the Dursleys separate , and Hermione wipes her parents ' memories . As they search for the Horcruxes , the trio learns details about an ancient prophecy about the Deathly Hallows , three legendary items that when united under one Keeper , would supposedly grant that person to be the Master of Death . Harry discovers his handy Invisibility Cloak to be one of those items , and Voldemort to be searching for another : the Elder Wand , the most powerful wand in history . At the end of the book , Harry and his friends learn about Dumbledore 's past , as well as Snape 's true motives -- he had worked on Dumbledore 's behalf since the murder of Harry 's mother . Eventually , Snape is killed by Voldemort out of paranoia . The book culminates in the Battle of Hogwarts . Harry , Ron and Hermione , in conjunction with members of the Order of the Phoenix and many of the teachers and students , defend Hogwarts from Voldemort , his Death Eaters , and various dangerous magical creatures . Several major characters are killed in the first wave of the battle , including Remus Lupin and Fred Weasley , Ron 's older brother . After learning that he himself is a Horcrux , Harry surrenders himself to Voldemort in the Forbidden Forest , who casts a killing curse ( Avada Kedavra ) at him . The defenders of Hogwarts do not surrender after learning of Harry 's presumed death and continue to fight on . Harry awakens and faces Voldemort , whose Horcruxes have all been destroyed . In the final battle , Voldemort 's killing curse rebounds off Harry 's defensive spell ( Expelliarmus ) killing Voldemort . An epilogue `` Nineteen Years Later '' ( set on 1 September 2017 ) describes the lives of the surviving characters and the effects of Voldemort 's death on the Wizarding World . In the epilogue , Harry and Ginny are married with three children , and Ron and Hermione are married with two children . Supplementary works Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Main article : Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is a two - part West End stage play . It was written by Jack Thorne and based on a story by author J.K. Rowling , Thorne and director John Tiffany . The play opened on 30 July 2016 at the Palace Theatre , London , England . The script was released on 31 July 2016 . The story is set nineteen years after the ending of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows and follows Harry Potter , now a Ministry of Magic employee , and his youngest son Albus Severus Potter . The play 's official synopsis was released on 23 October 2015 : It was always difficult being Harry Potter and it is n't much easier now that he is an overworked employee of the Ministry of Magic , a husband , and father of three school - age children . While Harry grapples with a past that refuses to stay where it belongs , his youngest son Albus must struggle with the weight of a family legacy he never wanted . As past and present fuse ominously , both father and son learn the uncomfortable truth : sometimes , darkness comes from unexpected places . In - universe books See also : J.K. Rowling § Philanthropy Rowling has expanded the Harry Potter universe with several short books produced for various charities . In 2001 , she released Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( a purported Hogwarts textbook ) and Quidditch Through the Ages ( a book Harry reads for fun ) . Proceeds from the sale of these two books benefited the charity Comic Relief . In 2007 , Rowling composed seven handwritten copies of The Tales of Beedle the Bard , a collection of fairy tales that is featured in the final novel , one of which was auctioned to raise money for the Children 's High Level Group , a fund for mentally disabled children in poor countries . The book was published internationally on 4 December 2008 . Rowling also wrote an 800 - word prequel in 2008 as part of a fundraiser organised by the bookseller Waterstones . All three of these books contain extra information about the wizarding world not included in the original novels . In 2016 , she released three new e-books : Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide , Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists and Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies . Pottermore website In 2011 , Rowling launched a new website announcing an upcoming project called Pottermore . Pottermore opened to the general public on 14 April 2012 . Pottermore allows users to be sorted , be chosen by their wand and play various minigames . The main purpose of the website was to allow the user to journey though the story with access to content not revealed by JK Rowling previously , with over 18,000 words of additional content . In September 2015 , the website was completely overhauled and most of the features were removed . The site has been redesigned and it mainly focuses on the information already available , rather than exploration . Structure and genre The Harry Potter novels are mainly directed at a young adult audience as opposed to an audience of middle grade readers , children , or adults . The novels fall within the genre of fantasy literature , and qualify as a type of fantasy called `` urban fantasy '' , `` contemporary fantasy '' , or `` low fantasy '' . They are mainly dramas , and maintain a fairly serious and dark tone throughout , though they do contain some notable instances of tragicomedy and black humour . In many respects , they are also examples of the bildungsroman , or coming of age novel , and contain elements of mystery , adventure , horror , thriller , and romance . The books are also , in the words of Stephen King , `` shrewd mystery tales '' , and each book is constructed in the manner of a Sherlock Holmes - style mystery adventure . The stories are told from a third person limited point of view with very few exceptions ( such as the opening chapters of Philosopher 's Stone , Goblet of Fire and Deathly Hallows and the first two chapters of Half - Blood Prince ) . The series can be considered part of the British children 's boarding school genre , which includes Rudyard Kipling 's Stalky & Co. , Enid Blyton 's Malory Towers , St. Clare 's and the Naughtiest Girl series , and Frank Richards 's Billy Bunter novels : the Harry Potter books are predominantly set in Hogwarts , a fictional British boarding school for wizards , where the curriculum includes the use of magic . In this sense they are `` in a direct line of descent from Thomas Hughes 's Tom Brown 's School Days and other Victorian and Edwardian novels of British public school life '' , though they are , as many note , more contemporary , grittier , darker , and more mature than the typical boarding school novel , addressing serious themes of death , love , loss , prejudice , coming - of - age , and the loss of innocence in a 1990s British setting . Each of the seven books is set over the course of one school year . Harry struggles with the problems he encounters , and dealing with them often involves the need to violate some school rules . If students are caught breaking rules , they are often disciplined by Hogwarts professors . The stories reach their climax in the summer term , near or just after final exams , when events escalate far beyond in - school squabbles and struggles , and Harry must confront either Voldemort or one of his followers , the Death Eaters , with the stakes a matter of life and death -- a point underlined , as the series progresses , by characters being killed in each of the final four books . In the aftermath , he learns important lessons through exposition and discussions with head teacher and mentor Albus Dumbledore . The only exception to this school - centred setting is the final novel , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , in which Harry and his friends spend most of their time away from Hogwarts , and only return there to face Voldemort at the dénouement . Themes According to Rowling , a major theme in the series is death : `` My books are largely about death . They open with the death of Harry 's parents . There is Voldemort 's obsession with conquering death and his quest for immortality at any price , the goal of anyone with magic . I so understand why Voldemort wants to conquer death . We 're all frightened of it . '' Academics and journalists have developed many other interpretations of themes in the books , some more complex than others , and some including political subtexts . Themes such as normality , oppression , survival , and overcoming imposing odds have all been considered as prevalent throughout the series . Similarly , the theme of making one 's way through adolescence and `` going over one 's most harrowing ordeals -- and thus coming to terms with them '' has also been considered . Rowling has stated that the books comprise `` a prolonged argument for tolerance , a prolonged plea for an end to bigotry '' and that they also pass on a message to `` question authority and ... not assume that the establishment or the press tells you all of the truth '' . While the books could be said to comprise many other themes , such as power / abuse of power , violence and hatred , love , loss , prejudice , and free choice , they are , as Rowling states , `` deeply entrenched in the whole plot '' ; the writer prefers to let themes `` grow organically '' , rather than sitting down and consciously attempting to impart such ideas to her readers . Along the same lines is the ever - present theme of adolescence , in whose depiction Rowling has been purposeful in acknowledging her characters ' sexualities and not leaving Harry , as she put it , `` stuck in a state of permanent pre-pubescence '' . Rowling has also been praised for her nuanced depiction of the ways in which death and violence affects youth , and humanity as a whole . Rowling said that , to her , the moral significance of the tales seems `` blindingly obvious '' . The key for her was the choice between what is right and what is easy , `` because that ... is how tyranny is started , with people being apathetic and taking the easy route and suddenly finding themselves in deep trouble . '' Origins Main article : Harry Potter influences and analogues In 1990 , Rowling was on a crowded train from Manchester to London when the idea for Harry suddenly `` fell into her head '' . Rowling gives an account of the experience on her website saying : `` I had been writing almost continuously since the age of six but I had never been so excited about an idea before . I simply sat and thought , for four ( delayed train ) hours , and all the details bubbled up in my brain , and this scrawny , black - haired , bespectacled boy who did not know he was a wizard became more and more real to me . '' Rowling completed Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone in 1995 and the manuscript was sent off to several prospective agents . The second agent she tried , Christopher Little , offered to represent her and sent the manuscript to Bloomsbury . Publishing history The novelist , J.K. Rowling The logo used in British , Australian , and Canadian editions before 2010 , which uses the typeface Cochin Bold . After eight other publishers had rejected Philosopher 's Stone , Bloomsbury offered Rowling a £ 2,500 advance for its publication . Despite Rowling 's statement that she did not have any particular age group in mind when beginning to write the Harry Potter books , the publishers initially targeted children aged nine to eleven . On the eve of publishing , Rowling was asked by her publishers to adopt a more gender - neutral pen name in order to appeal to the male members of this age group , fearing that they would not be interested in reading a novel they knew to be written by a woman . She elected to use J.K. Rowling ( Joanne Kathleen Rowling ) , using her grandmother 's name as her second name because she has no middle name . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone was published by Bloomsbury , the publisher of all Harry Potter books in the United Kingdom , on 26 June 1997 . It was released in the United States on 1 September 1998 by Scholastic -- the American publisher of the books -- as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone , after Rowling had received US $105,000 for the American rights -- a record amount for a children 's book by an unknown author . Fearing that American readers would not associate the word `` philosopher '' with magic ( although the Philosopher 's Stone is alchemy - related ) , Scholastic insisted that the book be given the title Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for the American market . The second book , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999 . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was then published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September 1999 . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the longest book in the series at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version . It was published worldwide in English on 21 June 2003 . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince was published on 16 July 2005 , and it sold 9 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release . The seventh and final novel , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , was published on 21 July 2007 . The book sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of release , breaking down to 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US . Translations Main article : Harry Potter in translation The Russian translation of The Deathly Hallows goes on sale in Moscow , 2007 The series has been translated into 67 languages , placing Rowling among the most translated authors in history . The books have seen translations to diverse languages such as Korean , Armenian , Ukrainian , Arabic , Urdu , Hindi , Bengali , Bulgarian , Welsh , Afrikaans , Albanian , Latvian and Vietnamese . The first volume has been translated into Latin and even Ancient Greek , making it the longest published work in Ancient Greek since the novels of Heliodorus of Emesa in the 3rd century AD . The second volume has also been translated into Latin . Some of the translators hired to work on the books were well - known authors before their work on Harry Potter , such as Viktor Golyshev , who oversaw the Russian translation of the series ' fifth book . The Turkish translation of books two to seven was undertaken by Sevin Okyay , a popular literary critic and cultural commentator . For reasons of secrecy , translation on a given book could only start after it had been released in English , leading to a lag of several months before the translations were available . This led to more and more copies of the English editions being sold to impatient fans in non-English speaking countries ; for example , such was the clamour to read the fifth book that its English language edition became the first English - language book ever to top the best - seller list in France . The United States editions were adapted into American English to make them more understandable to a young American audience . Completion of the series In December 2005 , Rowling stated on her web site , `` 2006 will be the year when I write the final book in the Harry Potter series . '' Updates then followed in her online diary chronicling the progress of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , with the release date of 21 July 2007 . The book itself was finished on 11 January 2007 in the Balmoral Hotel , Edinburgh , where she scrawled a message on the back of a bust of Hermes . It read : `` J.K. Rowling finished writing Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows in this room ( 552 ) on 11 January 2007 . '' Rowling herself has stated that the last chapter of the final book ( in fact , the epilogue ) was completed `` in something like 1990 '' . In June 2006 , Rowling , on an appearance on the British talk show Richard & Judy , announced that the chapter had been modified as one character `` got a reprieve '' and two others who previously survived the story had in fact been killed . On 28 March 2007 , the cover art for the Bloomsbury Adult and Child versions and the Scholastic version were released . In September 2012 , Rowling mentioned in an interview that she might go back to make a `` director 's cut '' of two of the existing Harry Potter books . Cover art For cover art , Bloomsbury chose painted art in a classic style of design , with the first cover a watercolour and pencil drawing by illustrator Thomas Taylor showing Harry boarding the Hogwarts Express , and a title in the font Cochin Bold . The first releases of the successive books in the series followed in the same style but somewhat more realistic , illustrating scenes from the books . These covers were created by first Cliff Wright and then Jason Cockroft . Due to the appeal of the books among an adult audience , Bloomsbury commissioned a second line of editions in an ' adult ' style . These initially used black - and - white photographic art for the covers showing objects from the books ( including a very American Hogwarts Express ) without depicting people , but later shifted to partial colourisation with a picture of Slytherin 's locket on the cover of the final book . International and later editions have been created by a range of designers , including Mary GrandPré for U.S. audiences and Mika Launis in Finland . For a later American release , Kazu Kibuishi created covers in a somewhat anime - influenced style . Achievements `` Platform 93⁄4 '' sign on London King 's Cross railway station Cultural impact For more details on this topic , see Harry Potter fandom . Fans of the series were so eager for the latest instalment that bookstores around the world began holding events to coincide with the midnight release of the books , beginning with the 2000 publication of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . The events , commonly featuring mock sorting , games , face painting , and other live entertainment have achieved popularity with Potter fans and have been highly successful in attracting fans and selling books with nearly nine million of the 10.8 million initial print copies of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince sold in the first 24 hours . The final book in the series , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows became the fastest selling book in history , moving 11 million units in the first twenty - four hours of release . The series has also gathered adult fans , leading to the release of two editions of each Harry Potter book , identical in text but with one edition 's cover artwork aimed at children and the other aimed at adults . Besides meeting online through blogs , podcasts , and fansites , Harry Potter super-fans can also meet at Harry Potter symposia . The word Muggle has spread beyond its Harry Potter origins , becoming one of few pop culture words to land in the Oxford English Dictionary . The Harry Potter fandom has embraced podcasts as a regular , often weekly , insight to the latest discussion in the fandom . Both MuggleCast and PotterCast have reached the top spot of iTunes podcast rankings and have been polled one of the top 50 favourite podcasts . Some lessons identified in the series include diversity , acceptance , political tolerance , and equality . Surveys of over 1,000 college students in the United States show that those who read the books were significantly different than those who had not . Readers of the series were found to be more tolerant , more opposed to violence and torture , less authoritarian , and less cynical . Although it is not known if this is a cause - and - effect relationship , there is a clear correlation , and it seems that Harry Potter 's cultural impact may be stronger than just a fandom bond . At the University of Michigan in 2009 , StarKid Productions performed an original musical parodying the Harry Potter series called A Very Potter Musical . The musical was awarded Entertainment Weekly 's 10 Best Viral Videos of 2009 . Characters and elements from the series have inspired scientific names of several organisms , including the dinosaur Dracorex hogwartsia , the spider Eriovixia gryffindori , the wasp Ampulex dementor , and the crab Harryplax severus . Commercial success See also : List of best - selling books Crowd outside a book store for the midnight release of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . The popularity of the Harry Potter series has translated into substantial financial success for Rowling , her publishers , and other Harry Potter related license holders . This success has made Rowling the first and thus far only billionaire author . The books have sold more than 400 million copies worldwide and have also given rise to the popular film adaptations produced by Warner Bros. , all of which have been highly successful in their own right . The films have in turn spawned eight video games and have led to the licensing of more than 400 additional Harry Potter products . The Harry Potter brand has been estimated to be worth as much as $25 billion . The great demand for Harry Potter books motivated the New York Times to create a separate best - seller list for children 's literature in 2000 , just before the release of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . By 24 June 2000 , Rowling 's novels had been on the list for 79 straight weeks ; the first three novels were each on the hardcover best - seller list . On 12 April 2007 , Barnes & Noble declared that Deathly Hallows had broken its pre-order record , with more than 500,000 copies pre-ordered through its site . For the release of Goblet of Fire , 9,000 FedEx trucks were used with no other purpose than to deliver the book . Together , Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble pre-sold more than 700,000 copies of the book . In the United States , the book 's initial printing run was 3.8 million copies . This record statistic was broken by Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , with 8.5 million , which was then shattered by Half - Blood Prince with 10.8 million copies . 6.9 million copies of Prince were sold in the U.S. within the first 24 hours of its release ; in the United Kingdom more than two million copies were sold on the first day . The initial U.S. print run for Deathly Hallows was 12 million copies , and more than a million were pre-ordered through Amazon and Barnes & Noble . Awards , honours , and recognition The Harry Potter series has been recognised by a host of awards since the initial publication of Philosopher 's Stone including four Whitaker Platinum Book Awards ( all of which were awarded in 2001 ) , three Nestlé Smarties Book Prizes ( 1997 -- 1999 ) , two Scottish Arts Council Book Awards ( 1999 and 2001 ) , the inaugural Whitbread children 's book of the year award ( 1999 ) , the WHSmith book of the year ( 2006 ) , among others . In 2000 , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was nominated for a Hugo Award for Best Novel , and in 2001 , Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire won said award . Honours include a commendation for the Carnegie Medal ( 1997 ) , a short listing for the Guardian Children 's Award ( 1998 ) , and numerous listings on the notable books , editors ' Choices , and best books lists of the American Library Association , The New York Times , Chicago Public Library , and Publishers Weekly . In 2002 , British sociologist Andrew Blake named Harry Potter among the icons of British popular culture along with the likes of James Bond and Sherlock Holmes . In 2003 , four of the books were named in the top 24 of the BBC 's The Big Read survey of the best loved novels in the UK . A 2004 study found that books in the series were commonly read aloud in elementary schools in San Diego County , California . Based on a 2007 online poll , the U.S. National Education Association listed the series in its `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Three of the books placed among the `` Top 100 Chapter Books '' of all time , or children 's novels , in a 2012 survey published by School Library Journal : Sorcerer 's Stone ranked number three , Prisoner of Azkaban 12th , and Goblet of Fire 98th . In 2012 , the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London featured a 100 - foot tall rendition of Lord Voldemort in a segment designed to show off the UK 's cultural icons . Reception Literary criticism Early in its history , Harry Potter received positive reviews . On publication , the first book , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , attracted attention from the Scottish newspapers , such as The Scotsman , which said it had `` all the makings of a classic '' , and The Glasgow Herald , which called it `` Magic stuff '' . Soon the English newspapers joined in , with more than one comparing it to Roald Dahl 's work : The Mail on Sunday rated it as `` the most imaginative debut since Roald Dahl '' , a view echoed by The Sunday Times ( `` comparisons to Dahl are , this time , justified '' ) , while The Guardian called it `` a richly textured novel given lift - off by an inventive wit '' . By the time of the release of the fifth book , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , the books began to receive strong criticism from a number of literary scholars . Yale professor , literary scholar , and critic Harold Bloom raised criticisms of the books ' literary merits , saying , `` Rowling 's mind is so governed by clichés and dead metaphors that she has no other style of writing . '' A.S. Byatt authored a New York Times op - ed article calling Rowling 's universe a `` secondary secondary world , made up of intelligently patchworked derivative motifs from all sorts of children 's literature ... written for people whose imaginative lives are confined to TV cartoons , and the exaggerated ( more exciting , not threatening ) mirror - worlds of soaps , reality TV and celebrity gossip '' . Michael Rosen , a novelist and poet , advocated the books were not suited for children , who would be unable to grasp the complex themes . Rosen also stated that `` J.K. Rowling is more of an adult writer . '' The critic Anthony Holden wrote in The Observer on his experience of judging Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban for the 1999 Whitbread Awards . His overall view of the series was negative -- `` the Potter saga was essentially patronising , conservative , highly derivative , dispiritingly nostalgic for a bygone Britain '' , and he speaks of `` a pedestrian , ungrammatical prose style '' . Ursula K. Le Guin said , `` I have no great opinion of it . When so many adult critics were carrying on about the ' incredible originality ' of the first Harry Potter book , I read it to find out what the fuss was about , and remained somewhat puzzled ; it seemed a lively kid 's fantasy crossed with a `` school novel '' , good fare for its age group , but stylistically ordinary , imaginatively derivative , and ethically rather mean - spirited . '' By contrast , author Fay Weldon , while admitting that the series is `` not what the poets hoped for '' , nevertheless goes on to say , `` but this is not poetry , it is readable , saleable , everyday , useful prose '' . The literary critic A.N. Wilson praised the Harry Potter series in The Times , stating : `` There are not many writers who have JK 's Dickensian ability to make us turn the pages , to weep -- openly , with tears splashing -- and a few pages later to laugh , at invariably good jokes ... We have lived through a decade in which we have followed the publication of the liveliest , funniest , scariest and most moving children 's stories ever written '' . Charles Taylor of Salon.com , who is primarily a movie critic , took issue with Byatt 's criticisms in particular . While he conceded that she may have `` a valid cultural point -- a teeny one -- about the impulses that drive us to reassuring pop trash and away from the troubling complexities of art '' , he rejected her claims that the series is lacking in serious literary merit and that it owes its success merely to the childhood reassurances it offers . Taylor stressed the progressively darker tone of the books , shown by the murder of a classmate and close friend and the psychological wounds and social isolation each causes . Taylor also argued that Philosopher 's Stone , said to be the most light - hearted of the seven published books , disrupts the childhood reassurances that Byatt claims spur the series ' success : the book opens with news of a double murder , for example . Stephen King called the series `` a feat of which only a superior imagination is capable '' , and declared `` Rowling 's punning , one - eyebrow - cocked sense of humor '' to be `` remarkable '' . However , he wrote that despite the story being `` a good one '' , he is `` a little tired of discovering Harry at home with his horrible aunt and uncle '' , the formulaic beginning of all seven books . King has also joked that `` Rowling 's never met an adverb she did not like ! '' He does however predict that Harry Potter `` will indeed stand time 's test and wind up on a shelf where only the best are kept ; I think Harry will take his place with Alice , Huck , Frodo , and Dorothy and this is one series not just for the decade , but for the ages '' . Sameer Rahim of The Daily Telegraph disagreed , saying `` It depresses me to see 16 and 17 year - olds reading the series when they could be reading the great novels of childhood such as Oliver Twist or A House for Mr Biswas . What that says about the adults who are fanatical fans I 'm not sure -- but I suspect in years to come people will make a link between our plump , comfortable , infantilising society and the popularity of Potter . '' There is ongoing discussion regarding the extent to which the series was inspired by Tolkien 's Lord of the Rings books . Social impact Although Time magazine named Rowling as a runner - up for its 2007 Person of the Year award , noting the social , moral , and political inspiration she has given her fandom , cultural comments on the series have been mixed . Washington Post book critic Ron Charles opined in July 2007 that the large numbers of adults reading the Potter series but few other books may represent a `` bad case of cultural infantilism '' , and that the straightforward `` good vs. evil '' theme of the series is `` childish '' . He also argued `` through no fault of Rowling 's '' , the cultural and marketing `` hysteria '' marked by the publication of the later books `` trains children and adults to expect the roar of the coliseum , a mass - media experience that no other novel can possibly provide '' . Librarian Nancy Knapp pointed out the books ' potential to improve literacy by motivating children to read much more than they otherwise would . The seven - book series has a word count of 1,083,594 ( US edition ) . Agreeing about the motivating effects , Diane Penrod also praised the books ' blending of simple entertainment with `` the qualities of highbrow literary fiction '' , but expressed concern about the distracting effect of the prolific merchandising that accompanies the book launches . However , the assumption that Harry Potter books have increased literacy among young people is `` largely a folk legend . '' Research by the National Endowment for the Arts ( NEA ) has found no increase in reading among children coinciding with the Harry Potter publishing phenomenon , nor has the broader downward trend in reading among Americans been arrested during the rise in the popularity of the Harry Potter books . The research also found that children who read Harry Potter books were not more likely to go on to read outside the fantasy and mystery genres . NEA chairman Dana Gioia said the series , `` got millions of kids to read a long and reasonably complex series of books . The trouble is that one Harry Potter novel every few years is not enough to reverse the decline in reading . '' Jennifer Conn used Snape 's and Quidditch coach Madam Hooch 's teaching methods as examples of what to avoid and what to emulate in clinical teaching , and Joyce Fields wrote that the books illustrate four of the five main topics in a typical first - year sociology class : `` sociological concepts including culture , society , and socialisation ; stratification and social inequality ; social institutions ; and social theory '' . Jenny Sawyer wrote in Christian Science Monitor on 25 July 2007 that the books represent a `` disturbing trend in commercial storytelling and Western society '' in that stories `` moral center ( sic ) have all but vanished from much of today 's pop culture ... after 10 years , 4,195 pages , and over 375 million copies , J.K. Rowling 's towering achievement lacks the cornerstone of almost all great children 's literature : the hero 's moral journey '' . Harry Potter , Sawyer argues , neither faces a `` moral struggle '' nor undergoes any ethical growth , and is thus `` no guide in circumstances in which right and wrong are anything less than black and white '' . In contrast Emily Griesinger described Harry 's first passage through to Platform 93⁄4 as an application of faith and hope , and his encounter with the Sorting Hat as the first of many in which Harry is shaped by the choices he makes . She also noted the `` deeper magic '' by which the self - sacrifice of Harry 's mother protects the boy throughout the series , and which the power - hungry Voldemort fails to understand . In an 8 November 2002 Slate article , Chris Suellentrop likened Potter to a `` trust - fund kid whose success at school is largely attributable to the gifts his friends and relatives lavish upon him '' . Noting that in Rowling 's fiction , magical ability potential is `` something you are born to , not something you can achieve '' , Suellentrop wrote that Dumbledore 's maxim that `` It is our choices that show what we truly are , far more than our abilities '' is hypocritical , as `` the school that Dumbledore runs values native gifts above all else '' . In a 12 August 2007 New York Times review of Deathly Hallows , however , Christopher Hitchens praised Rowling for `` unmooring '' her `` English school story '' from literary precedents `` bound up with dreams of wealth and class and snobbery '' , arguing that she had instead created `` a world of youthful democracy and diversity '' . In 2010 , coinciding with the release of the film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1 , a series of articles were written about Private Harry Potter of the British army . This real - life Harry Potter was killed in the Arab Revolt near Hebron in 1939 . His grave , located in the British cemetery in Ramla , Israel , began to receive curious visitors leading the Ramla Municipality to list it on their website . The Daily Mail interviewed siblings of Harry Potter who stated , `` We could n't believe people visit his grave , but apparently they come from miles around to have their photo taken next to it . '' In 2016 , an article written by Diana C. Mutz compares the politics of Harry Potter to the 2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign . She states that 3 themes throughout the books are widely predominant ' 1 ) the value of tolerance and respect for difference ; 2 ) opposition to violence and punitiveness ; and 3 ) the dangers of authoritarianism . ' She suggests that these themes are also present in the presidential election and it may play a significant role in how Americans have responded to the campaign . Controversies Main articles : Legal disputes over the Harry Potter series , Religious debates over the Harry Potter series , Politics of Harry Potter , and Tanya Grotter The books have been the subject of a number of legal proceedings , stemming from various conflicts over copyright and trademark infringements . The popularity and high market value of the series has led Rowling , her publishers , and film distributor Warner Bros. to take legal measures to protect their copyright , which have included banning the sale of Harry Potter imitations , targeting the owners of websites over the `` Harry Potter '' domain name , and suing author Nancy Stouffer to counter her accusations that Rowling had plagiarised her work . Various religious conservatives have claimed that the books promote witchcraft and religions such as Wicca and are therefore unsuitable for children , while a number of critics have criticised the books for promoting various political agendas . The books also aroused controversies in the literary and publishing worlds . From 1997 to 1998 , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone won almost all the UK awards judged by children , but none of the children 's book awards judged by adults , and Sandra Beckett suggested the reason was intellectual snobbery towards books that were popular among children . In 1999 , the winner of the Whitbread Book of the Year award children 's division was entered for the first time on the shortlist for the main award , and one judge threatened to resign if Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was declared the overall winner ; it finished second , very close behind the winner of the poetry prize , Seamus Heaney 's translation of the Anglo - Saxon epic Beowulf . In 2000 , shortly before the publication of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , the previous three Harry Potter books topped the New York Times fiction best - seller list and a third of the entries were children 's books . The newspaper created a new children 's section covering children 's books , including both fiction and non-fiction , and initially counting only hardback sales . The move was supported by publishers and booksellers . In 2004 , The New York Times further split the children 's list , which was still dominated by Harry Potter books into sections for series and individual books , and removed the Harry Potter books from the section for individual books . The split in 2000 attracted condemnation , praise and some comments that presented both benefits and disadvantages of the move . Time suggested that , on the same principle , Billboard should have created a separate `` mop - tops '' list in 1964 when the Beatles held the top five places in its list , and Nielsen should have created a separate game - show list when Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? dominated the ratings . Adaptations Films Main article : Harry Potter ( film series ) The locomotive that features as the `` Hogwarts Express '' in the film series . In 1998 , Rowling sold the film rights of the first four Harry Potter books to Warner Bros. for a reported £ 1 million ( $1,982,900 ) . Rowling demanded the principal cast be kept strictly British , nonetheless allowing for the inclusion of Irish actors such as the late Richard Harris as Dumbledore , and for casting of French and Eastern European actors in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire where characters from the book are specified as such . After many directors including Steven Spielberg , Terry Gilliam , Jonathan Demme , and Alan Parker were considered , Chris Columbus was appointed on 28 March 2000 as the director for Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( titled `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' in the United States ) , with Warner Bros. citing his work on other family films such as Home Alone and Mrs. Doubtfire and proven experience with directing children as influences for their decision . After extensive casting , filming began in October 2000 at Leavesden Film Studios and in London itself , with production ending in July 2001 . Philosopher 's Stone was released on 14 November 2001 . Just three days after the film 's release , production for Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , also directed by Columbus , began . Filming was completed in summer 2002 , with the film being released on 15 November 2002 . Daniel Radcliffe portrayed Harry Potter , doing so for all succeeding films in the franchise . Columbus declined to direct Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , only acting as producer . Mexican director Alfonso Cuarón took over the job , and after shooting in 2003 , the film was released on 4 June 2004 . Due to the fourth film beginning its production before the third 's release , Mike Newell was chosen as the director for Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , released on 18 November 2005 . Newell became the first British director of the series , with television director David Yates following suit after he was chosen to helm Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . Production began in January 2006 and the film was released the following year in July 2007 . After executives were `` really delighted '' with his work on the film , Yates was selected to direct Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , which was released on 15 July 2009 . Gringotts Wizarding Bank as seen in the film series In March 2008 , Warner Bros. President and COO Alan F. Horn announced that the final instalment in the series , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , would be released in two cinematic parts : Part 1 on 19 November 2010 and Part 2 on 15 July 2011 . Production of both parts started in February 2009 , with the final day of principal photography taking place on 12 June 2010 . Rowling had creative control on the film series , observing the filmmaking process of Philosopher 's Stone and serving as producer on the two - part Deathly Hallows , alongside David Heyman and David Barron . The Harry Potter films have been top - rank box office hits , with all eight releases on the list of highest - grossing films worldwide . Philosopher 's Stone was the highest - grossing Harry Potter film up until the release of the final instalment of the series , Deathly Hallows , while Prisoner of Azkaban grossed the least . As well as being a financial success , the film series has also been a success among film critics . Opinions of the films are generally divided among fans , with one group preferring the more faithful approach of the first two films , and another group preferring the more stylised character - driven approach of the later films . Rowling has been constantly supportive of all the films and evaluated Deathly Hallows as her `` favourite one '' in the series . She wrote on her website of the changes in the book - to - film transition , `` It is simply impossible to incorporate every one of my storylines into a film that has to be kept under four hours long . Obviously films have restrictions novels do not have , constraints of time and budget ; I can create dazzling effects relying on nothing but the interaction of my own and my readers ' imaginations '' . At the 64th British Academy Film Awards in February 2011 , Rowling was joined by producers David Heyman and David Barron along with directors David Yates , Alfonso Cuarón and Mike Newell in collecting the Michael Balcon Award for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema on behalf of all the films in the series . Actors Rupert Grint and Emma Watson , who play main characters Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger , were also in attendance . Spin - off prequels A new series consisting of five films , beginning with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them , will take place before the main series . The first film was released on 18 November 2016 and the next two are due to be released in 2018 and 2020 . Rowling wrote the screenplay for the first instalment , marking her first foray into screenwriting . Games A number of other non-interactive media games and board games have been released such as Cluedo Harry Potter Edition , Scene It ? Harry Potter and Lego Harry Potter models , which are influenced by the themes of both the novels and films . There are thirteen Harry Potter video games , eight corresponding with the films and books and five spin - offs . The film / book - based games are produced by Electronic Arts , as was Harry Potter : Quidditch World Cup , with the game version of the first entry in the series , Philosopher 's Stone , being released in November 2001 . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone went on to become one of the best - selling PlayStation games ever . The video games were released to coincide with the films , containing scenery and details from the films as well as the tone and spirit of the books . Objectives usually occur in and around Hogwarts , along with various other magical areas . The story and design of the games follow the selected film 's characterisation and plot ; EA worked closely with Warner Bros. to include scenes from the films . The last game in the series , Deathly Hallows , was split , with Part 1 released in November 2010 and Part 2 debuting on consoles in July 2011 . The two - part game forms the first entry to convey an intense theme of action and violence , with the gameplay revolving around a third - person shooter style format . The spin - off games Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 and Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 were developed by Traveller 's Tales and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment . The spin - off games Book of Spells and Book of Potions were developed by SCE London Studio and use the Wonderbook , an augmented reality book designed to be used in conjunction with the PlayStation Move and PlayStation Eye . The Harry Potter universe is also featured in Lego Dimensions , with the settings and side characters featured in the Harry Potter Adventure World , and Harry , Voldemort , and Hermione as playable characters . Titles in the series of Harry Potter games Year Title <Th_colspan="3"> Platform ( s ) Acquired label ( s ) Console Computer Handheld Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone PS1 PS2 Xbox GameCube Windows Mac OS X Game Boy Color GBA PlayStation Greatest Hits Lego Creator : Harry Potter N / A Windows N / A N / A 2002 Lego Creator : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets N / A Windows N / A N / A Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets PS1 PS2 Xbox GameCube Windows Mac OS X Game Boy Color GBA PlayStation 2 Greatest Hits Xbox Platinum Family Hits GameCube Player 's Choice 2003 Harry Potter Quidditch World Cup PlayStation 2 Xbox GameCube Windows Game Boy Advance PlayStation 2 Greatest Hits Xbox Platinum Family Hits Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban PlayStation 2 Xbox GameCube Windows Game Boy Advance PlayStation 2 Greatest Hits Xbox Platinum Family Hits GameCube Player 's Choice 2005 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire PlayStation 2 Xbox GameCube Windows Game Boy Advance NDS PSP PlayStation 2 Greatest Hits 2007 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix PlayStation 2 PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Wii Windows Mac OS X Game Boy Advance NDS PSP N / A 2009 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince PlayStation 2 PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Wii Windows Mac OS X NDS PSP Mobile Game N / A Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Wii Windows Mac OS X NDS PSP N / A Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Wii Windows NDS N / A 2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Wii Windows NDS N / A Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Wii Windows Mac OS X NDS PSP 3DS PS Vita N / A Harry Potter for Kinect Xbox 360 N / A N / A N / A 2012 Book of Spells PlayStation 3 N / A N / A N / A 2013 Book of Potions PlayStation 3 N / A N / A N / A Audiobooks All seven Harry Potter books have been released in unabridged audiobook versions , with Stephen Fry reading the UK editions and Jim Dale voicing the series for the American editions . Stage production Main article : Harry Potter and the Cursed Child On 20 December 2013 , J.K. Rowling announced that she was working on a Harry Potter -- based play for which she would be one of the producers . British theatre producers Sonia Friedman and Colin Callender will be the co-producers . On 26 June 2015 , on the anniversary of the debut of the first book , Rowling revealed via Twitter that the Harry Potter stage play would be called Harry Potter and The Cursed Child . The Production is expected to open in the summer of 2016 at London 's Palace Theatre , London . The first four months of tickets for the June -- September performances were sold out within several hours upon release . On 10 February 2016 , it was announced via the Pottermore website , that the script would be released in book form , the day after the play 's world premiere , making this the 8th book in the series , with events set nineteen years after the closing chapter of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Main article : The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Hogwarts Castle as depicted in the Wizarding World of Harry Potter , located in Universal Orlando Resort 's Island of Adventure After the success of the films and books , Universal and Warner Brothers announced they would create The Wizarding World of Harry Potter , a new Harry Potter - themed expansion to the Islands of Adventure theme park at Universal Orlando Resort in Florida . The land officially opened to the public on 18 June 2010 . It includes a re-creation of Hogsmeade and several rides . The flagship attraction is Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey , which exists within a re-creation of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . Other rides include Dragon Challenge , a pair of inverted roller coasters , and Flight of the Hippogriff , a family roller coaster . Four years later , on 8 July 2014 , Universal opened a Harry Potter - themed area at the Universal Studios Florida theme park . It includes a re-creation of Diagon Alley and connecting alleys and a small section of Muggle London . The flagship attraction is Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts roller coaster ride . Universal also added a completely functioning recreation of the Hogwarts Express connecting Kings Cross Station at Universal Studios Florida to the Hogsmeade station at Islands of Adventure . Both Hogsmeade and Diagon Alley contain many shops and restaurants from the book series , including Weasley 's Wizard Wheezes and The Leaky Cauldron . On 15 July 2014 , The Wizarding World of Harry Potter opened at the Universal Studios Japan theme park in Osaka , Japan . It includes the village of Hogsmeade , Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey ride , and Flight of the Hippogriff roller coaster . On 7 April 2016 , The Wizarding World of Harry Potter opened at the Universal Studios Hollywood theme park near Los Angeles , California . United Kingdom In March 2011 , Warner Bros. announced plans to build a tourist attraction in the United Kingdom to showcase the Harry Potter film series . Warner Bros. Studio Tour London is a behind - the - scenes walking tour featuring authentic sets , costumes and props from the film series . The attraction , Warner Bros. Studio Tour London - The Making of Harry Potter , is located at Warner Bros. Studios , Leavesden , where all eight of the Harry Potter films were made . Warner Bros. constructed two new sound stages to house and showcase the famous sets from each of the British - made productions , following a £ 100 million investment . It opened to the public in March 2012 . References Jump up ^ Peter Svensson ( 27 March 2012 ) . `` Harry Potter breaks e-book lockdown '' . Yahoo . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Allsobrook , Dr. Marian ( 18 June 2003 ) . `` Potter 's place in the literary canon '' . BBC News . Retrieved 15 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rowling ' makes £ 5 every second ' '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . 3 October 2008 . Retrieved 17 October 2008 . Jump up ^ TIME staff ( 31 July 2013 ) . `` Because It 's His Birthday : Harry Potter , By the Numbers '' . Time . Archived from the original on 1 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Meyer , Katie ( 6 April 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter 's $25 Billion Magic Spell '' . Time . Archived from the original on 10 April 2016 . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Sources that refer to the many genres , cultural meanings and references of the series include : Fry , Stephen ( 10 December 2005 ) . `` Living with Harry Potter '' . BBC Radio 4 . Archived from the original on 2 June 2009 . Retrieved 10 December 2005 . Jensen , Jeff ( 7 September 2000 ) . `` Why J.K. Rowling waited to read Harry Potter to her daughter '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 19 August 2015 . Nancy Carpentier Brown ( 2007 ) . `` The Last Chapter '' ( PDF ) . Our Sunday Visitor . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 October 2007 . Retrieved 28 April 2009 . J.K. Rowling . `` J.K. Rowling at the Edinburgh Book Festival '' . Archived from the original on 20 August 2006 . Retrieved 10 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Greig , Geordie ( 11 January 2006 ) . `` ' There would be so much to tell her ... ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on 11 March 2007 . Retrieved 4 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Lizo Mzimba ( 28 July 2008 ) . `` Interview with Steve Kloves and J.K. Rowling '' . Quick Quotes Quill . Archived from the original on 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Lemmerman , Kristin ( 14 July 2000 ) . `` Review : Gladly drinking from Rowling 's ' Goblet of Fire ' '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 29 June 2006 . Retrieved 28 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Muggle 's guide to Harry Potter '' . BBC News . 28 May 2004 . Retrieved 22 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Hajela , Deepti ( 14 July 2005 ) . `` Plot summaries for the first five Potter books '' . SouthFlorida.com . Archived from the original on 15 May 2010 . Retrieved 29 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Foster , Julie ( October 2001 ) . `` Potter books : Wicked witchcraft ? '' . Koinonia House . Retrieved 15 May 2010 . Jump up ^ * The years are first established by Nearly Headless Nick 's deathday cake in Chamber of Secrets , which indicates that Harry 's second year takes place from 1992 -- 93 . Rowling , J. K. ( 1998 ) . `` The Deathday Party '' . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747538492 . The years are also established by the death date of Harry 's parents , given in Deathly Hallows . Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . `` Godric 's Hollow '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . Jump up ^ Farndale , Nigel ( 15 July 2007 ) . `` Harry Potter and the parallel universe '' . 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Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pottermore -- WW Publishing Cursed Child Script Book Announcement '' . Pottermore. 10 February 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Begley , Sarah ( 10 February 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter and The Cursed Child Will Be Published In Book Form '' . TIME . TIME Magazine . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Jason ( 17 June 2010 ) . `` Big day is here : Universal hopes Harry Potter 's magic will last '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Bevil , Dewayne ( 18 April 2014 ) . `` Universal Studios Japan : Wizarding World of Harry Potter to open July 15 '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Cripps , Karla ( 16 July 2014 ) . `` Universal Studios Japan 's ' Wizarding World of Harry Potter ' opens '' . CNN . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( 8 April 2014 ) . `` A Makeover at Universal Studios Hollywood Aims at Disney '' . The New York Times . Universal City , California . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What to expect when the Wizarding World at Universal Studios Hollywood opens in April '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter tour to open at Leavesden studios in 2012 '' . BBC News . 5 March 2011 . Retrieved 18 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter tour at Leavesden Studios reveals new sets '' . BBC News . 19 December 2011 . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Further reading Agarwal , Nikita ; Chitra Agarwal ( 2005 ) . Friends and Foes of Harry Potter : Names Decoded . Outskirts Press . ISBN 1 - 59800 - 221 - X Anatol , Giselle Liza ( 2003 ) . Reading Harry Potter : critical essays . Praeger . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32067 - 5 Burkart , Gina ( 2005 ) . A parent 's guide to Harry Potter . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 0 - 8308 - 3288 - 2 Duriez , Colin ( 2007 ) . Field Guide to Harry Potter . IVP Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 3430 - 3 Gunelius , Susan ( 2008 ) . Harry Potter : the story of a global business phenomenon . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 230 - 20323 - X Heilman , Elizabeth E ( 2008 ) . Critical perspectives on Harry Potter . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 96484 - 5 Mulholland , Neil ( 2007 ) . The psychology of Harry Potter : an unauthorized examination of the boy who lived . BenBella Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932100 - 88 - 4 Silvester , William ( 2010 ) . Harry Potter Collector 's Handbook . Krause . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4402 - 0897 - 3 External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Harry Potter '' dated 2011 - 01 - 02 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harry Potter . Harry Potter , an external wiki J.K. 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Rowling Books The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Voldemort : Origins of the Heir Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals <Td_colspan="2"> Book Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Works by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Lethal White ( TBA ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Untitled Fantastic Beasts sequel ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 ) See also J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World <Th_colspan="2"> Books I Love Best Yearly : Younger Readers Award <Td_colspan="2"> Matilda by Roald Dahl ( 1990 ) The BFG by Roald Dahl ( 1991 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl ( 1992 ) Blabber Mouth by Morris Gleitzman ( 1993 ) Fantastic Mr Fox by Roald Dahl ( 1994 ) The Pagemaster by David Kirschner ( 1995 ) When the Wind Changed by Ruth Park ( 1996 ) Matilda by Roald Dahl ( 1997 ) Polar the Titanic Bear by Daisy Corning Stone Spedder ( 1998 ) Detective Donut and the Wild Goose Chase by Bruce Whatley and R. Smith ( 1999 ) Just Stupid ! by Andy Griffiths ( 2000 ) Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling ( 2001 ) Just Crazy ! by Andy Griffiths ( 2002 ) The Saddle Club series by Bonnie Bryant ( 2003 ) Just Disgusting ! by Andy Griffiths ( 2004 ) The Bad Book by Andy Griffiths ( 2005 ) Just Crazy ! by Andy Griffiths ( 2006 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Books I Love Best Yearly : Older Readers Award <Td_colspan="2"> The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole , Aged 133⁄4 by Sue Townsend ( 1990 ) The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton ( 1991 ) Where 's Wally ? by Martin Handford ( 1992 ) Flowers in the Attic by V.C. Andrews ( 1993 ) Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta ( 1995 ) Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton ( 1996 ) The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien ( 1997 ) Tomorrow , When the War Began by John Marsden ( 1998 ) Bumface by Morris Gleitzman ( 1999 ) Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta ( 2000 ) Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien ( 2002 ) Two of a Kind series by various authors ( 2003 ) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix by J.K. Rowling ( 2004 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban by J.K. Rowling ( 2005 ) Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince by J.K. Rowling ( 2006 ) Books View or order collections of articles Harry Potter <Td_colspan="2"> Portals Access related topics Harry Potter portal Children 's literature portal Speculative fiction portal <Td_colspan="2"> Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Travel guides from Wikivoyage Definitions from Wiktionary Textbooks from Wikibooks Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata VIAF : 292351445 GND : 4629916 - 6 SUDOC : 080780571 BNF : cb137554124 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter&oldid=809076449 '' Categories : Harry Potter BILBY Award - winning works Coming - of - age fiction Curses in fiction Fantasy novel series Schools in fiction Family in fiction Witchcraft in written fiction British novels adapted into films British novels adapted into plays Novels adapted into video games Prosthetics in fiction Book series introduced in 1997 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use British English from April 2012 Use dmy dates from March 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2015 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Перем Коми Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro 文言 Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 00 : 07 . 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1. Harry Potter series 2. J.K. Rowling 3. Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry 4. Lord Voldemort 5. Fantasy novels

describe the skeletal muscle adaptations to endurance training

Endurance training - wikipedia Endurance training Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that this article be merged with Aerobic exercise . ( Discuss ) Proposed since July 2017 . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Endurance training is the act of exercising to increase endurance . The term endurance training generally refers to training the aerobic system as opposed to the anaerobic system . The need for endurance in sports is often predicated as the need of cardiovascular and simple muscular endurance , but the issue of endurance is far more complex . Endurance can be divided into two categories including : general endurance and specific endurance . It can be shown that endurance in sport is closely tied to the execution of skill and technique . A well conditioned athlete can be defined as , the athlete who executes his or her technique consistently and effectively with the least effort . Contents ( hide ) 1 Endurance in sports 2 Physiological effects 3 Risks of excessive endurance training 4 Methods and training plans 5 Devices to assess endurance fitness 6 See also 7 References Endurance in sports ( edit ) Endurance training is essential for a variety of endurance sports . A notable example is distance running events ( 800 meters upwards to marathon and ultra-marathon ) with the required degree of endurance training increasing with race distance . Two other popular examples are cycling ( particularly road cycling ) and competitive swimming . These three endurance sports are combined in triathlon . Other sports for which extensive amounts of endurance training are required include rowing and cross country skiing . Athletes can also undergo endurance training when their sport may not necessarily be an endurance sport in the whole sense but may still demand some endurance . For instance aerobic endurance is necessary ( to varying extents ) in racket sports , football , rugby , martial arts , basketball and cricket . Endurance exercise tends to be popular with non-athletes for the purpose of increasing general fitness or burning more calories to increase weight loss potential . Physiological effects ( edit ) Long - term endurance training induces many physiological adaptations both centrally and peripherally mediated . Central cardiovascular adaptations include decreased heart rate , increased stroke volume of the heart , increased blood plasma , without any major changes in red blood cell count , which reduces blood viscosity and increased cardiac output as well as total mitochondrial volume in the muscle fibers used in the training ( i.e. the thigh muscles in runners will have more mitochondria than the thigh muscles of swimmers ) . Mitochondria increase in both number and size and there are similar increases in myoglobin and oxidative enzymes . Adaptations of the peripheral include capillarization , that is an increase in the surface area that both the venous and arterial capillaries supply . This also allows for increased heat dissipation during strenuous exercise . The muscles heighten their glycogen and fat storing capabilities in endurance athletes in order to increase the length in time in which they can perform work . Endurance training primarily work the slow twitch ( type 1 ) fibers and develop such fibers in their efficiency and resistance to fatigue . Catabolism also improves increasing the athletes capacity to use fat and glycogen stores as an energy source . These metabolic processes are known as glycogenolysis , glycolysis and lipolysis . There is higher efficiency in oxygen transport and distribution . In recent years it has been recognized that oxidative enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase ( SDH ) that enable mitochondria to break down nutrients to form ATP increase by 2.5 times in well trained endurance athletes In addition to SDH , myoglobin increases by 75 - 80 % in well trained endurance athletes . Risks of excessive endurance training ( edit ) The potential for negative health effects from long - term , high - volume endurance training have begun to emerge in the scientific literature in recent years . The known risks are primarily associated with training for and participation in extreme endurance events , and affect the cardiovascular system through adverse structural remodeling of the heart and the associated arteries , with heart - rhythm abnormalities perhaps being the most common resulting symptom . Endurance exercise can also reduce testosterone levels . Methods and training plans ( edit ) Common methods for training include periodization , intervals , hard easy , long slow distance , and in recent years high - intensity interval training . The periodization method is very common and was accredited to Tudor Bompa and consists of blocks of time , generally 4 -- 12 weeks each . The blocks are called preparation , base , build and race . The goal of a structured training program with periodization is to bring the athlete into peak fitness at the time of a big race or event . Preparation as the name suggests lays the groundwork for heavier work to follow . For a runner contemplating a competitive marathon the preparation phase might consist of easier runs of 1 -- 4 miles 3 - 4 times per week and including 2 -- 3 days of core strengthening . In the base phase the athlete now works on building cardiovascular endurance by having several long runs staying in heart rate zone 1 - 2 every week and each week adding slightly more mileage ( using 10 % rule for safely increasing the mileage ) . Core strengthening is continued in the base period . Once the base phase is complete and the athlete has sufficient endurance , the build period is needed to give the athlete the ability to hold a faster pace for the race duration . The build phase is where duration of runs is traded for intensity or heart rate zones 3 - 5 . An easy method to obtain intensity is interval training and interval training starts to happen in the build phase . Through interval training during the build phase the athlete can achieve higher lactate threshold and in some athletes VO2 max is increased . Because interval training is demanding on the body , a professional coach should be consulted . In the very least the athlete should do a warm up and active stretching before the interval session and static stretch or yoga after hard interval sessions . It is also advisable to have days of rest or easy workouts the day after interval sessions . Finally the race phase of the periodization approach is where the duration of the workouts decreases but intense workouts remain so as to keep the high lactate threshold that was gained in the build phase . In Ironman training , the race phase is where a long `` taper '' occurs of up to 4 weeks for highly trained Ironman racers . A final phase is designated transition and is a period of time , where the body is allowed to recover from the hard race effort and some maintenance endurance training is performed so the high fitness level attained in the previous periods will not be lost . Traditionally , strength training ( the performance of exercises with resistance or added weight ) was not deemed appropriate for endurance athletes due to potential interference in the adaptive response to the endurance elements of an athlete 's training plan . There were also misconceptions regarding the addition of excess body mass through muscle hypertrophy ( growth ) associated with strength training , which could negatively effect endurance performance by increasing the amount of work required to be completed by the athlete . However , more recent and comprehensive research has proved that short - term ( 8 weeks ) strength training in addition to endurance training is beneficial for endurance performance , particularly long - distance running . Devices to assess endurance fitness ( edit ) The heart rate monitor is one of the relatively easy methods to assess fitness in endurance athletes . By comparing heart rate over time fitness gains can be observed when the heart rate decreases for running or cycling at a given speed . In cycling the effect of wind on the cyclists speed is difficult to subtract out and so many cyclists now use power meters built into their bicycles . The power meter allows the athlete to actually measure power output over a set duration or course and allows direct comparison of fitness progression . In the 2008 Olympics Michael Phelps was aided by repeated lactate threshold measurement . This allowed his coaches to fine tune his training program so that he could recover between swim events that were sometimes several minutes apart . Much similar to blood glucose for diabetes , lower priced lactate measurement devices are now available but in general the lactate measurement approach is still the domain of the professional coach and elite athlete . See also ( edit ) Endurance game References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael Yessis ( 2008 ) . Secrets of Russian Sports Fitness & Training . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9817180 - 2 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Physiology of Sport and Exercise '' J.H. Wilmore , D.L. Costill , W.L. Kenney ; 4th Ed , Human Kinetics 2008 Jump up ^ Möhlenkamp S , Lehmann N , Breuckmann F , Bröcker - Preuss M , Nassenstein K , Halle M , Budde T , Mann K , Barkhausen J , Heusch G , Jöckel KH , Erbel R ( 200 ) . `` Running : the risk of coronary events : Prevalence and prognostic relevance of coronary atherosclerosis in marathon runners '' . Eur . Heart J. 29 ( 15 ) : 1903 -- 10 . doi : 10.1093 / eurheartj / ehn163 . PMID 18426850 . Jump up ^ Benito B , Gay - Jordi G , Serrano - Mollar A , Guasch E , Shi Y , Tardif JC , Brugada J , Nattel S , Mont L ( 2011 ) . `` Cardiac arrhythmogenic remodeling in a rat model of long - term intensive exercise training '' . Circulation. 123 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 22 . doi : 10.1161 / CIRCULATIONAHA. 110.938282 . PMID 21173356 . Jump up ^ Wilson M , O'Hanlon R , Prasad S , Deighan A , Macmillan P , Oxborough D , Godfrey R , Smith G , Maceira A , Sharma S , George K , Whyte G ( 2011 ) . `` Diverse patterns of myocardial fibrosis in lifelong , veteran endurance athletes '' . J Appl Physiol. 110 ( 6 ) : 1622 -- 6 . doi : 10.1152 / japplphysiol. 01280.2010 . PMC 3119133 . PMID 21330616 . Jump up ^ Potential Adverse Cardiovascular Effects From Excessive Endurance Exercise , O'Keefe et al , Mayo Clinic Proceedings , v. 87 ( 6 ) ; June 2012 Jump up ^ Bennell , KL ; Brukner , PD ; Malcolm , SA ( September 1996 ) . `` Effect of altered reproductive function and lowered testosterone levels on bone density in male endurance athletes '' . British journal of sports medicine . 30 ( 3 ) : 205 -- 8 . doi : 10.1136 / bjsm. 30.3. 205 . PMC 1332330 . PMID 8889111 . Jump up ^ Hackney , AC ( October 2008 ) . `` Effects of endurance exercise on the reproductive system of men : the ' exercise - hypogonadal male condition ' '' . Journal of endocrinological investigation . 31 ( 10 ) : 932 -- 8 . doi : 10.1007 / bf03346444 . PMID 19092301 . Jump up ^ The Triathlete 's Training Bible , Joe Friel , 2nd ed , p. 28 , Velo Press , 2004 Jump up ^ The Triathlete 's Training Bible , Joe Friel , 2nd ed , p. 29 , Velo Press , 2004 Jump up ^ Chris Carmichael `` High Intensity For High Performance '' Triathlete Magazine pp. 34 - 36 Competitor Group December 2011 Jump up ^ Beattie , K ; Kenny , IC ; Lyons , M ; Carson , BP ( 2014 ) . `` The Effect of Strength Training on Performance in Endurance '' . Sports Medicine . 44 : 845 -- 65 . doi : 10.1007 / s40279 - 014 - 0157 - y . PMID 24532151 . Jump up ^ The Triathlete 's Training Bible , Joe Friel , 2nd ed , pp 64 - 65 , Velo Press , 2004 Jump up ^ `` 2008 Olympic Coverage '' <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Physical exercise Types Aerobic exercise Cycling Distance running Endurance training Hiking Jogging Swimming Walking Anaerobic exercise Sprinting Strength training Bodyweight exercise Weight training Other Aerobics Circuit training Cross-training Interval training Physical therapy Stretching Yoga See also Category : Physical exercise Exercise equipment Exercise physiology Outline of exercise Physical fitness Neurobiological effects of physical exercise GND : 4130000 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endurance_training&oldid=797652893 '' Categories : Physical exercise Training Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from July 2017 All articles to be merged Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Italiano 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 12 : 54 . 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1. Endurance training 2. Physiological effects of endurance training 3. Risks of excessive endurance training 4. Methods and training plans for endurance training 5. Devices to assess endurance fitness

when did right to work checks come in

Right to work law UK - wikipedia Right to work law UK Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that this article be merged into Immigration , Asylum and Nationality Act 2006 . ( Discuss ) Proposed since January 2017 . In the United Kingdom all employers are required by law to check their employees have the right to work in the UK . The British government website states that `` You must check that a job applicant is allowed to work for you in the UK before you employ them . '' A complete guide to the combination of documents accepted as right - to - work documents and how to check them can be found , again , on the government website for Acceptable right to work documents . The correct document combinations depend on the potential employee themselves , but include these documents : Passport Biometric Residence Permit National Identity Card Full Birth Certificate Certificate of Naturalisation Passport with valid Visa inside As the Acceptable right to work documents document states it is the employer 's responsibility to check the validity of the documents presented and `` you must be in the physical possession of the original document or documents '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Checking Document Validity 1.1 Manually 1.2 With Technology 2 The Law 3 References Checking document validity ( edit ) Manually ( edit ) When performing a document validity check the wording of the guidance is `` If you are given a false document , you will only be liable for a civil penalty if it is reasonably apparent that it is false . This means that a person who is untrained in the identification of false documents , examining it carefully , but briefly , and without the use of technological aids could reasonably be expected to realise that the document in question is not genuine . '' The guidance also issues Guidance on examining identity documents . With Technology ( edit ) Later , the document states that `` You may , however , wish to consider using a commercially available document scanner to help check the authenticity of documents presented to you , notably passports , Biometric Residence Permits ( BRPs ) and Residence Cards ( biometric format ) . '' There are several companies that offer document validation and / or authentication of documents ranging from mobile - phone software to specialised document scanners . Again , the UK government offers Guidance on Document Scanner Technology here . The law ( edit ) Under section 15 of the 2006 Act , an employer may be liable for a civil penalty if they employ someone who does not have the right to undertake the work in question . The civil penalty can be up to £ 20000 per illegal worker . Also see Employers : illegal working penalties . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Check a job applicant 's ' right to work ' documents - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Civil penalty scheme for illegal working : code of practice - Publications - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Right_to_Work_Law_UK&oldid=791301259 '' Categories : Law in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from January 2017 All articles to be merged Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 July 2017 , at 10 : 49 . About Wikipedia

1. Right to work law in the UK 2. Checking document validity for employment 3. Civil penalties for employing illegal workers 4. Acceptable right to work documents 5. Use of technology in document validation

sonny til and the orioles crying in the chapel

The Orioles - wikipedia The Orioles For other uses of Orioles , see Oriole . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> The Orioles Also known as The Vibra - Naires , Sonny Til and his New Orioles Origin Baltimore , Maryland , United States Genres R&B Years active 1946 -- 1956 Labels It 's a Natural , Vee - Jay Associated acts The Ink Spots <Th_colspan="2"> Members David Warren , Ray Apollo , Clark Walker , Dwight Datcher <Th_colspan="2"> Past members Diz Russell , Sonny Til , Alexander Sharp , George Nelson , Johnny Reed , Tommy Gaither , Ralph Williams , Charlie Harris , Gregory Carroll , Chauncy Westbrook , Maurice Hicks , Tex Cornelius , Jerry Holeman , Billy Adams , Paul Griffin , Frank Todd , Jimmy Brown , Delton McCall , Billy Taylor , Gerald Gregory , Lawrence Joyner , Bobby Thomas , Clarence Young , Mike Robinson , Eddie Palmer , Eddie Jones , Skip Mahoney The Orioles were a successful and influential American R&B group of the late 1940s and early 1950s , one of the earliest such vocal groups who established the basic pattern for the doo - wop sound . The Orioles are generally acknowledged as R&B 's first vocal group . Baltimore natives , they blended rhythm with group harmonies . Dubbing themselves after Maryland 's state bird , the Orioles started the trend of bird groups ( The Cardinals , The Crows , The Flamingos , The Larks , The Penguins , The Ravens , The Wrens , etc . ) . They brought their winning formula to their first charted hit `` It 's Too Soon To Know '' ; a # 1 record in November 1948 , soon followed by the group 's second hit , `` ( It 's Gonna Be a ) Lonely Christmas '' , in December that same year . Contents 1 Original members 2 Early years 3 Later years 4 Recognition 5 References 6 External links Original members ( edit ) Sonny Til ( born Earlington Carl Tilghman , 18 August 1925 , Baltimore , Maryland -- died 9 December 1981 , Washington , D.C. ) ( lead tenor ) Alexander Sharp ( born December 1919 , Baltimore -- died January 1970 ) ( high tenor ) George Nelson ( born 1925 , Baltimore -- died 1959 ) ( baritone ) Johnny Reed ( 16 August 1923 , Baltimore -- 18 June 2005 ) ( bass vocals and double bass ) Tommy Gaither ( born c. 1919 , Baltimore -- died 5 November 1950 , Baltimore ) ( guitar ) Early years ( edit ) Around 1947 , Sonny Til sang regularly in amateur shows at the Avenue Cafe in Baltimore , where he met Nelson , Sharp and Gaither . They decided to form a group , calling themselves The Vibra - Naires , and aspiring songwriter Deborah Chessler became their manager . In April 1948 the group appeared on the Arthur Godfrey radio talent show in New York City , with Richard Williams as bass singer , but he was then replaced by Johnny Reed . The group won a recording deal with the `` It 's A Natural '' record label , a subsidiary of Jubilee Records , and changed their name to The Orioles in honor of the state bird of Maryland and in emulation of another popular group , The Ravens . In July 1948 , they recorded Chessler 's song `` It 's Too Soon To Know '' , with Sonny Til taking lead vocals . The record reportedly sold 30,000 copies in its first week , rising to # 1 on the national R&B charts in November 1948 , and leading to cover versions by artists such as the Ravens , Ella Fitzgerald and Dinah Washington . It was also one of the first `` race '' songs to cross over into mainstream markets , reaching # 13 on the pop charts . The Orioles then began touring widely , and started recording for the Jubilee label . Their next smash hit was `` Tell Me So '' in 1949 , which again reached # 1 in the R&B chart but this time failed to cross to the pop charts . Other hits included `` Forgive And Forget '' and `` Lonely Christmas '' . In performance , The Orioles were a phenomenon , with girls in the audiences screaming , fainting , and attempting to reach their idol Sonny Til in particular . They differed from groups like the Mills Brothers and the Delta Rhythm Boys in that they made vocal music with limited orchestration and accompanied only with the guitar of Tommy Gaither and the bass Johnny Reed . From 1948 to 1954 , they cut over 120 sides for the Natural and Jubilee labels . By late 1950 they were major stars , although their supply of hit records had dried up . Tragedy struck in November 1950 . The group was traveling in two cars near Baltimore . Gaither drove one , with Reed and Nelson as passengers . He took a corner too fast and lost control of the car , which rolled down an embankment and crashed into a drive - in restaurant . Gaither was killed and Nelson and Reed were severely injured . Til and Sharp , in the other car , were not near enough to witness the accident and only heard about it when they arrived home . For a short time , only Til and Sharp performed as the Orioles , but soon added two new members , guitarist / second tenor Ralph Williams and pianist Charlie Harris . Nelson returned in a few days , and Reed a few weeks later . Just a year after their tragic accident , the group were involved in another accident in Akron , Ohio , but there were no injuries . In 1952 , they had another R&B hit with blues song `` Baby Please Do n't Go '' , which was an early 45rpm issue available only on red vinyl . Early in 1953 , George Nelson , who had a drinking problem , left the Orioles , and was replaced by John `` Gregory '' Carroll , formerly of another Baltimore group , the Four Buddies . In June 1953 , they recorded a version of Darrell Glenn 's country song `` Crying in the Chapel '' . This was to become The Orioles ' biggest hit , staying at # 1 in the R&B charts for five weeks in August and September , and reaching # 11 on the pop charts . it sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc . It was also to be their last big hit , with only a version of `` In The Mission Of St. Augustine '' later in the year reaching the R&B charts . Williams left the group briefly in late 1953 , and in 1954 the group 's manager Deborah Chessler quit . In February 1955 , Reed left and eventually joined a version of The Ink Spots . He was replaced by Maurice Hicks . Williams and Harris left soon after . The group continued a short time , but then disbanded . Later years ( edit ) Left without the Orioles , Til picked up another group , the Regals , whose members were Tex Cornelius , Diz Russell , Jerry Holeman , Billy Adams , and pianist Paul Griffin . This group became the New Orioles . Til liked the Regals ' modern harmony style , and the existing tunes were rearranged to match the Regals ' style ( in many cases , sounding rather different than they formerly had ) . During this time , they were often billed as `` Sonny Til and his New Orioles '' . They left Jubilee and signed with Vee - Jay Records . They continued with this arrangement until 1957 when Cornelius left the group . He was replaced for a short time by Frank Todd , who was replaced by Jimmy Brown . This line - up went until the last day of 1959 . Holeman left the group , and Russel the next day , after finding Sonny 's car ( their means of transportation ) repossessed . This was the end of the second Orioles . Til recorded briefly as a solo artist before putting together the third Orioles group , with members Delton McCall , Billy Taylor , and Gerald Gregory , former bass of The Spaniels . They continued recording , this time for Charlie Parker Records . Gregory left after a couple of years and was replaced by Lawrence Joyner . This group split up in the mid 1960s . In 1966 , Til met Bobby Thomas , a long time Orioles fan . Bobby was singing in a group known as the Vibrannaires -- coincidentally the same as the Orioles ' original name . This group consisted of Thomas , Clarence Young , Harry Accoo , and Mike Robinson . Thomas , Young , and Robinson joined Til to become the fourth Orioles group . Gregory Carroll was occasionally a member of this group . They recorded until 1975 . Following the breakup of that Orioles group , Til joined George Holmes ' Ink Spots , who were Til , Holmes , Ann Lawson , and Larry Reed . With the addition of George `` Pepi '' Grant in 1977 , they began touring as both The Ink Spots and The Orioles ( as the Orioles , Lawson was billed as a special guest ) . Til and Grant alternated leads , and Holmes sang bass . They recorded briefly in 1977 . In 1977 , Til formed the sixth Orioles group with former members : Diz Russell and Jerry Holeman from the second group , and Billy Taylor from the third group . The group also sometimes featured Eddie Palmer . This group was together in 1981 , when Til died from a heart attack . He was 53 . The group continued , and by the late 1990s featured Russell , Reese Palmer , Skip Mahoney , Larry Jordan and musical director Eddie Jones , who also works with The Cadillacs . Jones and Mahoney were later replaced by George Spann and Royal Height . Bobby Thomas started his own Orioles group following Til 's death . Johnny Reed played with this group until his death in June 2005 . Bobby Thomas died on May 3 , 2012 , from complications of diabetes at the age of 77 . John Gregory Carroll died on January 25 , 2013 , in Creston . Lead singer Albert `` Diz '' Russell died November 16 , 2016 from congestive heart failure at the age of 83 . Recognition ( edit ) The original five members of The Orioles were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995 as early influences . Both groups were featured in the PBS special Doo Wop 51 in 2000 , with the groups alternating verses on `` Crying in the Chapel '' ( with Bobby Thomas and Larry Jordan on lead ) . In 2015 the musical theater production , Soul Harmony , telling the story of Deborah Chessler , Sonny Til , and the Orioles , premiered in Portland , Oregon . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Du Noyer , Paul ( 2003 ) . The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Music ( 1st ed . ) . Fulham , London : Flame Tree Publishing . p. 20 . ISBN 1 - 904041 - 96 - 5 . Jump up ^ CD liner notes : Billboard Greatest R&B Christmas Hits , 1990 Rhino Records Jump up ^ Doc Rock . `` The 1970s '' . The Dead Rock Stars Club . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Doc Rock . `` The 50s and earlier '' . The Dead Rock Stars Club . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Murrells , Joseph ( 1978 ) . The Book of Golden Discs ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p. 66 . ISBN 0 - 214 - 20512 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Archived February 11 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Doc Rock . `` 2012 January To June '' . The Dead Rock Stars Club . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ McArdle , Terence ( November 23 , 2016 ) , Albert ' Diz ' Russell , lead singer with two influential doo - wop groups , dies at 83 , The Washington Post Jump up ^ `` The Orioles : inducted in 1995 The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum '' . Rockhall.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived August 10 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Official website Rock and Roll Hall of Fame citation Groups with label shots <Th_colspan="2"> Rock and Roll Hall of Fame -- Class of 1995 Performers The Allman Brothers Band Duane Allman , Gregg Allman , Dickey Betts , Jaimoe , Berry Oakley , Butch Trucks Al Green Janis Joplin Led Zeppelin John Bonham , John Paul Jones , Jimmy Page , Robert Plant Martha and the Vandellas Rosalind Ashford , Annette Beard , Betty Kelly , Lois Reeves , Martha Reeves , Sandra Tilley Neil Young Frank Zappa Early influences The Orioles Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) Paul Ackerman BNF : cb139055581 ( data ) GND : 5566259 - 6 ISNI : 0000 0001 0664 9394 LCCN : n92117151 MusicBrainz : 08b6fb14 - 1e9a - 4ea8 - bbd4 - 3b3f969f64f3 VIAF : 138193217 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Orioles&oldid=848885242 '' Categories : Doo - wop groups African - American musical groups Jubilee Records artists Vee - Jay Records artists Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from March 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Norsk Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 5 July 2018 , at 01 : 17 ( UTC ) . 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1. The Orioles: A successful and influential American R&B group 2. Doo-wop sound: The Orioles established the basic pattern for this genre 3. Early years: Formation of the group and their first charted hits 4. Tragedy and lineup changes: Accidents and member replacements 5. Recognition: Induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

who chooses the 2 200 members of china’s highest governing body

Elections in China - wikipedia Elections in China Mao Zedong casting his vote . This article is part of a series on the Politics of the People 's Republic of China Leadership ( hide ) Leadership generations Succession of power Hu -- Wen Administration ( 2002 -- 2012 ) Xi -- Li Administration ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Xi Core Administration ( zh ) ( since 2017 ) 4th Leadership Core : Xi Jinping 19th Central Politburo 13th State Council Current State leaders Current provincial leaders National leaders Orders of precedence Paramount leader : Xi Jinping Communist Party leader : Xi Jinping Head of state : Xi Jinping Head of government : Li Keqiang Congress Chairman : Li Zhanshu Conference Chairman : Wang Yang Commander - in - chief : Xi Jinping Politburo Standing Committee Related systems Democratic centralism Collective leadership Organization Department Elections Civil service Communist Party ( show ) History Principal leaders Constitution Organization National Party Congress ( 19th ) Central Committee ( 19th ) General Secretary ( list ) Xi Jinping Central Politburo ( 19th ) Standing Committee ( list ) Central Secretariat Top - 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Governors , mayors , and heads of counties , districts , townships and towns are in turn elected by the respective local People 's Congresses . Presidents of people 's courts and chief procurators of people 's procuratorates are elected by the respective local People 's Congresses above the county level . The President and the State Council are elected by the National People 's Congress , which is made of 2980 people . Contents 1 Electoral system 1.1 Direct elections 1.1. 1 Local People 's Congresses 1.1. 2 L People 's Governments 1.1. 3 Village chiefs 1.2 Indirect elections 1.2. 1 Local People 's Governments 1.2. 2 National People 's Congress 1.2. 3 National People 's Government 1.3 Party system 2 Electoral history 3 Legislation 4 References 4.1 Citations 4.2 Sources 5 See also Electoral system ( edit ) Direct elections ( edit ) People 's Congresses of cities that are not divided into districts ( 不 设 区 的 市 ) , counties ( 县 ) , city districts ( 市 辖区 ) , towns ( 镇 ) , townships ( 乡 ) , and lastly ethnic townships ( 民族 乡 ) , are directly elected . Additionally , village ( 村 ) committee members and chairpersons are directly elected . Local People 's Congresses have the constitutional authority to recall the heads and deputy heads of government at the provincial level and below . Local People 's Congresses ( edit ) A list of voters posted in a neighbourhood in Shenzhen , Guangdong. April 11 , 2014 . Under the electoral law of 1 July 1979 , nomination of candidates for direct elections ( in counties , townships , etc . ) can be made by the Communist Party of China , the various other political parties , mass organizations , or any voter seconded by at least 3 others . The final list of electoral candidates must be worked out through `` discussion and consultation '' or primary elections , but in practice is determined by the election committee in consultation with small groups of voters , through a process known as the `` three ups and three downs '' ( 三 上 三 下 , sān shàng sān xià ) . According to the Chinese government , the `` three ups and three downs '' process is supposed to operate as follows : the election committee collates all of the nominations , checks them , and publishes the list of nominees and their basic details ( first `` up '' ) . The published list is given to groups of electors , comprising the voters in each geographical or institutional electorate for discussion ( first `` down '' ) ; the views of the groups of electors are conveyed via group representatives at a committee meeting , in order to reduce the number of candidates ( second `` up '' ) . The views of different elector groups and the discussions at the committee meeting are then conveyed to voters , and their views are sought ( second `` down '' ) ; and the views of the groups of electors are once again collated and reported to the election committee which , by reference to the views of the majority of electors , determine the final list of candidates ( third `` up '' ) . The list of names and basic details is published by electorate ( third `` down '' ) . The number of candidates for an election should be 50 % to 100 % larger than the number of seats , voting is to be done by secret ballot , and voters are theoretically entitled to recall elections . Eligible voters , and their electoral districts , are chosen from the family ( 户籍 ) or work unit ( 单位 or dānwèi ) registers for rural and urban voters , respectively , which are then submitted to the election committees after cross-examination by electoral district leaders . Electoral districts at the basic level ( townships , towns , etc . ) are composed of 200 -- 300 voters but sometimes up to 1000 , while larger levels ( counties , etc . ) are composed of 3000 to 4000 voters Local people 's Government . L. People 's governments ( edit ) Heads of People 's Governments are formally elected by the People 's Congress of that level pursuant to the Organic Law on Local People 's Congresses and Governments , but the heads of township governments have been experimentally elected by the people through various mechanisms . There are several models used : direct nomination and election ( Chinese : 直 推 直选 ; pinyin : zhi tui zhi xuan ) direction election ( Chinese : 直选 ; pinyin : zhi xuan ) two ballots in three rounds ( Chinese : 三 轮 两 票 制 ; pinyin : san lun liang piao zhi ) competition based on mass recommendation ( Chinese : 民 推 竞选 ; pinyin : min tui jing xuan ) nomination and election by the masses ( 海 选 or hǎi xuǎn ; literally `` sea election '' ) public recommendation and public election ( Chinese : 公推 公 选 ; pinyin : gong tui gong xuan ) vote of confidence ( Chinese : 信任 投票 ; pinyin : xin ren tou piao ) Village chiefs ( edit ) Since taking power in 1978 , Deng Xiaoping experimented with direct democracy at the local level . Villages have been traditionally the lowest level of government in China 's complicated hierarchy of governance . Many have criticized the locally elected representatives as serving as `` rubber stamps '' , though during some eras the Communists have flirted with the idea of potentially allowing some competition . In the early 1980s , a few southern villages began implementing `` Vote for your Chief '' policies , in which free elections are intended to be held for the election of a village chief , who holds a lot of power and influence traditionally in rural society . Many of these multi-candidate elections were successful , involving candidate debates , formal platforms , and the initiation of secret ballot boxes . The suffrage was not universal , with eligible citizens above age 18 having the right to vote and be elected . Such an election comprises usually over no more than 2000 voters , and the first - past - the - post system is used in determining the winner , with no restriction on political affiliation . The elections , held every three years , are always supervised by a higher level of government , usually by a County Government . Part of the reason for these early elections was to shift the responsibility of ensuring good performance and reduced corruption of local leaders from the Chinese bureaucracy to the local villagers . Under the Organic Law of Village Committees , all of China 's approximately 1 million villages are expected to hold competitive , direct elections for sub-governmental village committees . A 1998 revision to the law called for improvements in the nominating process and enhanced transparency in village committee administration . The revised law also explicitly transferred the power to nominate candidates to villagers themselves , as opposed to village groups or Chinese Communist Party ( CCP ) branches . According to the Ministry of Civil Affairs , as of 2003 the majority of provinces had carried out at least four or five rounds of village elections . According to BBC News , state media regularly reports on vote buying and corruption during these elections to discredit wider implementation in higher levels of government . Some townships and urban areas also have experimented with direct elections of local government leaders . Indirect elections ( edit ) People 's Congresses of provinces ( 省 ) , directly controlled municipalities ( 直辖市 ) , and cities divided into districts ( 设 区 的 市 ) are indirectly elected by the People 's Congress of the level immediately below . Local People 's governments ( edit ) The Local People 's Congress at each administrative level -- other than the village level in rural areas , which hold direct elections -- elects candidates for executive positions at that level of government . National People 's Congress ( edit ) The National People 's Congress ( NPC ) has 2987 members , elected for five year terms . Deputies are elected ( over a three - month period ) by the people 's congresses of the provinces of China , autonomous regions , municipalities directly under the Central Government , special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau , and the armed forces . The size of each college of delegates is related to the number of electors in the constituency . 36 deputies are elected in Hong Kong . National People 's government ( edit ) The President and Vice President of China , the Chairman , Vice-Chairman , and Secretary - General of the Standing Committee of the NPC , the Chairman of the Central Military Commission , and the President of the Supreme People 's Court are elected by the NPC on the nomination of the Presidium of the NPC . The Premier is elected by the NPC on the nomination of the President . Other members of the State Council are elected by the NPC on the nomination of the Premier . Other members of the Central Military Commission are elected by the NPC on the nomination of the Chairman of the Central Military Commission . In the 2008 election for the Chairman of the Central Military Commission , for example , president Hu Jintao , the only candidate , received a majority of approval votes . However , some electors chose to write in other names ; the most popular write - in candidate was former premier Zhu Rongji . For appointed positions requiring the approval of the People 's Congress , such as the premier and cabinet ministers , delegates may either approve or disapprove of the appointment . Relevant laws provide that if the single candidate does not receive more than 50 % approval , the position is left vacant until the next session of the People 's Congress . This rarely happens in practice , and has never happened at the national level . Party system ( edit ) Officially , China is a multi-party socialist state under the leadership of the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) . There are a small number of independent candidates for people 's congress , particularly in neighborhoods of major cities , who sometimes campaign using weibos posted on the internet . Although there is no legal requirement for either membership in or approval by the Communist Party , in practice the membership of the higher people 's congresses and people 's governments are largely determined by the Party . Independent candidates are strongly discouraged and face government intervention in their campaigns . In practice , the power of parties other than the Communist Party of China is eliminated . Because none of the minor parties have independent bases of support and rely on Communist Party approval for appointment to positions of power , none have the capacity to serve as a true opposition party . Whereas there are Communist Party Committees in People 's Congresses at all levels , none of the other parties operate any form of party parliamentary groups . In order to represent different segments of the population and bring in technical expertise , the CCP does ensure that a significant minority of people 's congress delegates are either minor party members or unaffiliated , and there is tolerance of disagreement and debate in the legislative process where this does not fundamentally challenge the role of the Communist Party . Communist Party regulations require members of the People 's Congresses , People 's Governments , and People 's Courts to implement CPC recommendations ( including nominations ) pursuant to the CPC Regulations on the Selection and Appointment Work of Cadres of Both CPC and Government Organs . `` These regulations apply to the selection and appointment of cadres to the working departments and / or internal institutes of the Central Committee of the CPC , the NPCSC , the State Council , the National People 's Consultative Committee , the Central Disciplinary Committee of the CPC , officials ( not including the heads ) of the Supreme People 's Court , Supreme People 's Procuratorate and their internal institutions , officials of local CPC organs , people 's congresses , people 's governments , political consultative committees , people 's courts , people 's procuratorates at and above county level , and their internal institutions , as well as officials of the internal institutions of the working organs mentioned above . Reference should be made to these regulations for the selection and appointment of officials to institutions directly under the leadership of the CPC organs an people 's governments at and above county level , trade unions , youth leagues of the CPC , women 's associations and any other people 's organizations . Reference should be made to these regulations for the selection and appointment of officials who are not CPC members . Reference should also be made to these regulations in the selection and appointment of persons to non-leaders ' positions above county level ( Chuji ). ... `` When a CPC committee recommends to a people 's congress or its standing committee candidates for officials to positions which need to be elected by either a people 's congress or its standing committee , it should first introduce its recommendation opinions to the interim CPC organ within the people 's congress or the CPC organization of the standing committee of the people 's congress . The interim CPC organ , the CPC organization within the standing committee of the people 's congress and CPC members of the standing committee and of the people 's congress , should seriously implement the recommendation opinions of the CPC committee , take lead in doing things according to law , and correctly perform their obligations . '' Elected leaders remain subordinate to the corresponding CCP secretary , and most are appointed by higher - level party organizations . Furthermore , while legally responsible for the oversight of the administration , it is difficult for a person in a people 's congress without party support to exercise effective control or power over the administration of the executive at a given level . Electoral history ( edit ) No parties other than the Communist Party and the eight allied parties were allowed at the elections , which took place from October 2012 to March 2013 . The same nine parties are represented at the Chinese People 's Political Consultative Conference . e d Summary of the October 2012 -- February 2013 National People 's Congress of the People 's Republic of China election results Parties Seats Communist Party of China ( 中国 共产党 ) 2,157 United Front , independents 830 Total 2,987 e d Summary of the October 2007 -- February 2008 National People 's Congress of the People 's Republic of China election results Parties Seats Communist Party of China ( 中国 共产党 ) Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang ( 民 革 ) China Democratic League ( 民 盟 ) China Democratic National Construction Association ( 民 建 ) China Association for Promoting Democracy ( 民 进 ) Chinese Peasants ' and Workers ' Democratic Party ( 农工 民主党 ) Zhigongdang of China ( 中国 致 公 党 ) Jiusan Society ( 九三学社 ) Taiwan Democratic Self - Government League ( 台 盟 ) Non-partisans 2,987 Total 2,987 Legislation ( edit ) The first electoral law was passed in March 1953 , and the second on 1 July 1979 . The 1979 law allowed for ordinary voters to nominate candidates , unlike the 1953 law which provided no such mechanism . The 1979 law was revised in 1982 , removing the reference to the ability of political parties , mass organizations , and voters to use `` various forms of publicity '' , and instead instructing that the `` election committees should introduce the candidates to the voters ; the political parties , mass organizations , and voters who recommend the candidates can introduce them at group meetings of the voters '' . In 1986 , the election law was amended to disallow primary elections . Traditionally , village chiefs were appointed by the township government . The Organic Law of Village Committees was enacted 1987 and implemented in 1988 , allowing for direct election of village chiefs instead . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Article 97 of the Constitution of China ^ Jump up to : Article 101 of the Constitution of China Jump up ^ Article 111 of the Constitution of the People 's Republic of China ^ Jump up to : Niou 2011 , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Chen 1999 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ McCormick 1990 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ `` 三 上 三 下 '' 协商 确定 县 乡 两 级 人大 代表 正式 候选 人 的 具体 做法 是 什么 ? ( What is the specific procedure for the `` three ups and three downs '' method for determining through consultation the official candidates for People 's Congress Representatives at the county and prefecture level ? ) , Hebei People 's Congress , 6 December 2011 Jump up ^ Chen 1999 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Leung 1996 , pp. 109 -- 110 . Jump up ^ Leung 1996 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Lin 2011 , pp. 67 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Lin 2011 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ 林 ( Lin ) , 峰 ( Feng ) ( 2011 ) . 郑 ( Cheng ) , 宇 硕 ( Joseph Y.S. ) , ed . Whither China 's Democracy : Democratization in China Since the Tiananmen Incident . City University of Hong Kong Press . pp. 65 -- 99 . ISBN 978 - 962 - 937 - 181 - 4 . At pp. 77 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Michelle Phillips ( July 4 , 2011 ) . `` Chinese independents to challenge Communists in 2012 '' . The Washington Times Weekly . Jump up ^ Lei Xie ( 2012 ) . Environmental Activism in China . Routledge . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` Democracy 's other version : China holds elections '' . The Economist . November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gerald Segal ( 1989 ) . Political and economic encyclopaedia of the Pacific . Longman . p. 34 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Unger ( 2002 ) . The Transformation of Rural China . M.E. Sharpe . p. 218 . Jump up ^ Sue Vander Hook ( 2011 ) . Communism . ABDO . p. 94 . Jump up ^ Hugo Burgh ( 2004 ) . The Chinese Journalist : Mediating Information in the World 's Most Populous Country . Routledge . p. 77 . Jump up ^ Andrew Sancton and Chen Zhenming ( 2014 ) . Citizen Participation at the Local Level in China and Canada . CRC Press . p. 214 . Jump up ^ Gunter Schubert and Anna L. Ahlers ( 2012 ) . Participation and Empowerment at the Grassroots : Chinese Village Elections in Perspective . Lexington Books . p. 1 . Jump up ^ William A . Joseph ( 2014 ) . Politics in China : An Introduction . Oxford University Press . p. 302 . Jump up ^ Joseph de Rivera ( 2008 ) . Handbook on Building Cultures of Peace . Springer . p. 162 . Jump up ^ B. He ( 2007 ) . Rural Democracy in China : The Role of Village Elections . Springer . p. 25 . Jump up ^ Hogg , Chris ( 22 July 2010 ) . `` Buying votes in China village polls ' costing more ' '' . BBC News . ^ Jump up to : Lin 2011 , pp. 68 -- 69 . Jump up ^ `` New faces should go back to reality '' . The Global Times . May 30 , 2011 . Archived from the original ( Editorial ) on November 12 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Just like opposition parties in the West , independent candidates in China represent different opinions on the political scene . Since China 's political system is based on the cooperation of multiple parties under the leadership of the Communist Party of China , it would not suit the participation of candidates who choose an opposing attitude toward the current system . ^ Jump up to : LaFraniere , Sharon ( October 31 , 2011 ) . `` In China , Political Outsiders Turn to Microblog Campaigns '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . an election that is ostensibly open to all comers , but in fact is stacked in favor of the Communist Party 's handpicked candidates . ^ Jump up to : Lin 2011 , pp. 72 -- 76 . `` Regulations on the Selection and Appointment Work of Cadres of Both CPC and Government Organs '' . Jump up ^ Sharon LaFraniere ( December 4 , 2011 ) . `` Alarmed by Independent Candidates , Chinese Authorities Crack Down '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Chen 1999 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ McCormick 1990 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Niou 2011 , pp. 4 -- 5 . Sources ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress document : `` China : A country study '' . Federal Research Division . Government and Politics . Chen , An ( 1999 ) . `` Two Systems for Electing People 's Deputies '' . Restructuring Political Power in China : Alliances and Opposition , 1978 -- 1998 . Lynne Rienner Publishers . pp. 63 -- 96 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 555 - 87842 - 9 . McCormick , Barrett L. ( 1990 ) . `` Elections to Local People 's Congresses '' . Political Reform in Post-Mao China : Democracy and Bureaucracy in a Leninist State . University of California Press . pp. 130 -- 156 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 06765 - 3 . Leung , Kwan - kwok ( 1996 ) . `` The Basic - Level Elections in Guangzhou Since 1979 '' . In Macpherson , Stewart ; Cheng , Joseph Y.S. Economic and Social Development in South China . Edward Elgar Publishing . pp. 107 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 858 - 98301 - 1 . Niou , Emerson M.S. 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1. Elections in China 2. Electoral system 3. Direct elections 4. Indirect elections 5. National People's Congress

when did the first teenage mutant ninja turtles movie come out

Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 film ) - Wikipedia Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 film ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles <Td_colspan="2"> North American release poster Directed by Steve Barron Produced by Simon Fields David Chan Kim Dawson Screenplay by Todd W. Langen Bobby Herbeck Story by Bobby Herbeck Based on Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles by Kevin Eastman Peter Laird Starring Judith Hoag Elias Koteas Music by John Du Prez Cinematography John Fenner Edited by William D. Gordean Sally Menke James R. Symons Production companies Golden Harvest Limelight Entertainment 888 Productions Mirage Enterprises Northshore Investments Distributed by New Line Cinema Release date March 30 , 1990 ( 1990 - 03 - 30 ) Running time 93 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $13.5 million Box office $202 million Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles is a 1990 American superhero action comedy film directed by Steve Barron , based on the comic book characters of the same name . Released on March 30 , 1990 , the film presents the origin story of Splinter and the Turtles , their meeting April O'Neil and Casey Jones , and their first confrontation with Shredder and his Foot Clan . It stars Judith Hoag , Elias Koteas , and the voices of Brian Tochi , Robbie Rist , Corey Feldman , and Josh Pais as the four title characters . The turtle costumes were developed by Jim Henson 's Creature Shop , and was one of the last projects that Henson was involved in prior to his death . When the New York City Police Department is unable to stop a severe crime wave caused by the Foot Clan , four mutated turtles -- Leonardo , Michelangelo , Donatello and Raphael -- come forth to save the city . Under the leadership of mutated rat , Splinter , and together with their new - found allies April O'Neil and Casey Jones , they fight back and take the battle to The Shredder . The film kept very close to the dark feel of the original comics , and is a direct adaptation of the comic book storyline involving the defeat of Shredder , with several elements also taken from the 1987 TV series that was airing at the time , such as April being a news reporter , and the turtles having different - colored masks , as opposed to the uniform red masks of the comic . The film became the highest - grossing independent film of all time , the ninth - highest - grossing film worldwide of 1990 , and the most successful film in the series until the 2014 reboot . It was followed by two sequels , The Secret of the Ooze in 1991 and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III in 1993 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Live - action actors 2.2 Voice cast 2.3 Puppeteers 3 Production 4 Marketing 5 Alternate versions 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 7 Home release 8 Soundtrack 9 Legacy 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As a crime wave rises in New York City , news reporter April O'Neil covers the mysterious Foot Clan , a gang of ninjas plaguing the city . April 's coverage gains the attention of the Shredder , leader of the Foot , who orders her silenced . She is attacked by the Foot in a subway and knocked unconscious . Raphael ( who has been following April to retrieve a sai he had lost in a previous battle ) emerges from the shadows and easily fights off the Foot . He carries April back to the Turtles ' hideout , unaware that one of the Foot is following him . Splinter then recounts to an astonished April their origins : once ordinary animals living in the sewer , they were mutated into intelligent , human - sized creatures by a discarded canister of toxic waste . The Turtles escort April back home . Upon their return to the sewers , the Turtles find their home ransacked and Splinter kidnapped . With nowhere else to go , the four distraught Turtles return to April 's apartment and spend the night there . Meanwhile , the Foot Clan continues to grow , incorporating a number of delinquent teens into their ranks . One of these teens is Danny Pennington , the son of April 's supervisor Charles Pennington , who is arrested for robbery . After bailing Danny out of jail , Charles stops by April 's apartment , where Danny incidentally catches a glimpse of one of the Turtles in hiding . He then reports back to Shredder , who has been searching for the Turtles . At April 's apartment , Leo and Raph get into a heated argument . Raph goes to the roof , where the Foot ambush him . Comatose , he 's thrown through April 's skylight , and the Turtles scramble to defend themselves from the Foot . Things look bleak until the arrival of Casey Jones , who helps them fight off the remaining Foot warriors . However , the building catches fire during the melee , and the Turtles are forced to retreat . They retreat to a farm that belongs to April 's family , and Casey informs her that she was fired from her job after hearing an answering machine message shortly before the escape . Raph eventually recovers from his coma , and the Turtles train together vigorously while April and Casey fall in love . At one point , Leo manages to make contact with Splinter through meditation , and after the Turtles witness him in a shared vision , they decide to return to New York to find and rescue him . Despite being a member of the Foot Clan , Danny has secretly been taking counsel from Splinter , who shares with him the story of his master Hamato Yoshi 's murder by a rival ninja named Oroku Saki . Splinter explains that during the struggle , Splinter 's cage was broken and he lunged at Saki 's face , clawing and biting him in vengeance for his master . Saki , bleeding and enraged , sliced off part of his ear with a katana . When Danny learns Shredder intends to have Splinter killed , he and Casey set him free from captivity . Although the Foot were set to ambush the Turtles in the sewers upon their return , the Turtles manage to turn the tables on them . The fight escalates into the streets above and eventually onto a rooftop , where the Turtles finally face off against Shredder , but prove to be no match for him . Leo eventually scores a hit with his ninjato , but is ultimately disarmed and pinned to the ground . Before Shredder can finish Leo off , Splinter appears and challenges him to a fight . Splinter names Shredder as Oroku Saki , and Saki removes his mask and touches his scar , remembering how Splinter gave it to him . Saki then charges Splinter who , using Michelangelo 's nunchaku , ensnares the Shredder 's yari , leaving him to dangle precariously over the roof 's edge . Shredder throws a tanto from his belt , but when Splinter reaches up to catch it , his grip is released and Saki falls into the back of a garbage truck . Casey pulls the lever to activate the compactor , crushing the Shredder . As the police arrive on the scene , the teens inform them on where all the stolen goods can be found . Reunited with Splinter , the Turtles watch as April and Casey share a kiss . Cast ( edit ) Live - action actors ( edit ) Judith Hoag as April O'Neil , a reporter for Channel 3 News Elias Koteas as Casey Jones , a street-wise vigilante and former ice hockey player who becomes an ally of the Turtles Michael Turney as Danny Pennington , Charles 's teenage son and a member of The Foot Jay Patterson as Charles Pennington , April 's boss Raymond Serra as Chief Sterns , the Police Chief of New York City James Saito as Oroku Saki / The Shredder , the founder of a network of runaways - turned - thieves and the main antagonist of the film . Toshishiro Obata as Tatsu , Shredder 's second - in - command Sam Rockwell as Head Thug Skeet Ulrich and Scott Wolf appear , uncredited , as members of the Foot . Voice cast ( edit ) Josh Pais as Raphael , the rebellious and angry Turtle Robbie Rist as Michelangelo , the fun - loving , party Turtle Brian Tochi as Leonardo , the leader of the Turtles and the closest to Splinter Corey Feldman as Donatello , the brains of the Turtles Kevin Clash as Splinter , the Turtles ' master . David McCharen as Oroku Saki / The Shredder Michael McConnohie as Tatsu Puppeteers ( edit ) David Greenaway as Raphael ( facial assistant ) Josh Pais as Raphael ( in - suit performer ) Mak Wilson as Michelangelo ( facial assistant ) Michelan Sisti as Michaelangelo ( in - suit performer ) David Rudman as Donatello ( facial assistant ) Leif Tilden as Donatello ( in - suit performer ) Ernie Reyes , Jr. as Donatello in - suit martial arts stunt double Martin P. Robinson as Leonardo ( facial assistant ) David Forman as Leonardo ( in - suit performer ) Kevin Clash as Splinter ( puppeteer ) Rickey Boyd as Splinter ( facial assistant ) Robert Tygner as Splinter ( assistant puppeteer ) NOTE : All four actors who played the in - suit Turtles also appeared in cameos as minor characters , with David Forman ( Leonardo ) as a gang member , Michelan Sisti ( Michaelangelo ) as a pizza delivery man , Leif Tilden ( Donatello ) as a messenger of The Foot and Josh Pais ( Raphael ) as a passenger in a taxi . Pais was the only actor to portray a Turtle on screen and provide his voice . Production ( edit ) Jim Henson on set with the suit actors . The film was released less than two months before Henson 's death . The film 's budget was $13.5 million . Much of the production took place in North Carolina , with a couple of location shoots in New York City during the summer of 1989 to capture famous landmark areas , such as Times Square , the Empire State Building , and the Hudson River . Filming in North Carolina took place at the North Carolina Film Studios , where New York rooftop sets were created . Production designer Roy Forge Smith and his art director , Gary Wissner , went to New York City four months prior to filming and took still photographs of rooftops and other various locations . While in NYC , Smith and Wissner were allowed to explore an abandoned Brooklyn subway line , as they could not gain access to a city sewer , but the structure of the subway had the same principle as a sewer . They also went to a water tunnel which had large pipes running through it . After design sketches were created , the construction team used the studios ' backlot to create some of the sets . There were problems with the manholes that led to the Turtles ' home , in that an eight - foot square room had to be constructed beneath them , but found water at about five - feet , and thus had to pour concrete into the underground rooms to keep the water out . In order to make the sewer authentic , a tide - mark was given , and it was covered with brick , plaster and stucco paint to give the walls a realistic look . The Turtles themselves were created by Jim Henson 's Creature Shop in London . Jim Henson said that the creatures were the most advanced that he had ever worked with . The creatures were first made out of fiberglass , and then remolded out of clay . They were produced as molds to cast the whole body in foam rubber latex . The work at the Shop was completed within 18 weeks . Many major studios , such as Walt Disney Pictures , Columbia Pictures , MGM / UA , Orion Pictures , Paramount ( whose parent company Viacom would acquire the TMNT property in 2009 ) , and Warner Bros. turned down the film for distribution ; they were worried that despite the popularity of the cartoon and the toy line , the film could potentially be a box office disappointment , like Masters of the Universe was just a couple years prior . The film finally found distribution roughly halfway through the initial production , via the then small and independent production company New Line Cinema , which at that point had been known for distributing low budget B movies and arthouse fare . Marketing ( edit ) Live Entertainment Inc. announced that the film would go to VHS via its Family Home Entertainment label on October 4 , 1990 . The suggested price was $24.99 per cassette . Pizza Hut engaged in a $20 million marketing campaign tied into the film ( despite the fact that Domino 's Pizza was used as product placement in the film itself ) . Items included advertising in print , radio and television , and several rebate coupons . Alternate versions ( edit ) The UK version removed Eastern fighting weapons like the nunchaku , using alternate shots of Michaelangelo in order to conceal his nunchaku weapon , or omitting the show - off duel between Michaelangelo and a member of the Foot clan . Also , the scene of Shredder in the garbage shred was heavily edited and the Turtle Power song was edited to change the word ' ninja ' to ' hero ' as per the UK TV series . The unedited version was released on DVD in 2004 in the UK . The German theatrical voice - dubbed version is identical to the UK version , i.e. it omits the usage of the nunchaku . Furthermore , the German dubbing audio track contains several `` cartoon - like '' sounds in order to soften the violence of the fight scenes . Although the German dub of the film was released with unedited pictures on DVD , the German dub audio version with the `` funny noises '' was still kept , because they were permanently merged into the German voice - dubbing audio . Reception ( edit ) On the film 's initial release , Owen Gleiberman , writing for Entertainment Weekly , gave the movie an F rating , finding that none of the four turtles or Splinter had any personality , and felt that a young audience might enjoy the film , noting that the reviewer might have `` gone for it too had I been raised on Nintendo games and the robotic animation that passes for entertainment on today 's Saturday - morning TV . '' Kim Newman wrote in the Monthly Film Bulletin that he found the characters reminiscent of the early ' 70s Godzilla film series , describing the turtles as `` loveable monsters in baggy foam rubber suits '' who `` befriended lost children and smashed things up in orgies of destruction that somehow never hurt anyone , '' and that the Turtles `` drop the occasional teenage buzzword but are never remotely convincing as teenagers , mutants , ninjas or turtles , leaving them stranded on the screen as big green Muppets with different coloured headbands . '' Variety , the New York Times , and the Monthly Film Bulletin all noted the Asian villains of the film ; Variety described `` overtones of racism in its use of Oriental villains '' , while the Times ' Janet Maslin stated `` The story 's villainous types are Asian , and the film plays the yellow - peril aspects of this to the hilt . '' Newman noted a racist joke in April O'Neil's response to the Foot Clan , `` What 's the matter , did I fall behind on my Sony payments ? '' , finding that the film expressed a `` resentment of Japan 's economic strength even while the film is plundering Japan 's popular culture . '' Roger Ebert commented that there is `` no racism '' in the film . Maslin of The New York Times criticized the cinematography , stating that it was so `` poorly photographed that the red - masked turtle looks almost exactly like the orange - masked one . '' Variety described the film as `` visually rough around the edges ... sometimes sluggish in its plotting '' Ebert stated that the `` most interesting part of the film for a non-Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle fan is the production design '' , which he described as a `` low - rent version of Batman or Metropolis . '' Both Gleiberman and Maslin praised the work of Jim Henson 's Creature Shop , with Maslin stating `` without which there would have been no film at all '' . Variety praised the film 's tongue - in - cheek humor and the `` amusingly outlandish '' martial arts sequences . Ebert concluded that the film is `` nowhere near as bad as it might have been , and probably is the best possible Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle movie . It supplies , in other words , more or less what Turtle fans will expect . '' The film has received a 40 % rating on the rotten tomatoes rating aggregator website , making it the highest rated film in the series . Box office ( edit ) The film opened in North America on March 30 , 1990 , coming in at # 1 at the box office over the weekend , with more than $25 million . The film turned out to be a huge success at the box office , eventually making over $135 million in North America , and over $66 million outside North America , for a worldwide total of over $200 million , making it the ninth highest - grossing film of 1990 worldwide . The film was also nominated for awards by The Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy and Horror Films . Home release ( edit ) In 1990 , the film was released to VHS and reached No. 4 in the home video market . The film was released to DVD in Region 1 on September 3 , 2002 ; it includes only minor special features , such as a trailer and interactive menus . The film was also released in the MiniDVD format . On August 11 , 2009 , the film was included in a special 25th anniversary box set ( 25th anniversary of the original comic book , not the movie ) , released to both DVD and Blu - Ray formats . It also contained Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II : The Secret of the Ooze , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III , and 2007 's animated release , TMNT . No additional features , other than theatical trailers , were included . In Germany , however , a `` Special Edition '' was released on March 12 , 2010 with additional features , including an audio commentary by director Steve Barron , an alternate ending , and alternate takes from the original German release , where Michelangelo 's nunchaku had been edited out . Warner Home Video released the film along with Secret of the Ooze and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III as part of a `` Triple Feature '' on Blu - ray in June 2012 , minus the fourth film TMNT . Warner Home Video released the film separately on Blu - ray on December 18 , 2012 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Legacy ( edit ) Following the huge success of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles at the box office , several sequels were created . A year later , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II : The Secret of the Ooze was released in theaters , and was a commercial success . In 1993 , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III was released in theaters , to a smaller box office take . After a 14 - year absence from theaters , a fourth film , TMNT , was released in 2007 , though unlike the first three , this was a CGI animated film . Seven years later , a reboot , also with the title Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , was released in 2014 , and a sequel titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows was released in theaters on June 3 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Detail view of Movies Page '' . Afi.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 ) / Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2005 ) '' . Boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' : Untold Story of the Movie `` Every Studio in Hollywood '' Rejected `` . The Hollywood Reporter. 2015 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` TMNT I '' . ninjaturtles.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Mock Turtle Suits '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 30 , 1990 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Pendleton , Jennifer . `` RELEASE OF ` NINJA TURTLES ' WILL FUEL BUSY VIDEO - BUYING SEASON THIS FALL . '' Los Angeles Daily News at The Deseret News . July 22 , 1990 . Retrieved on September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gerald Wurm . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - The Movie ( Comparison : BBFC PG VHS - BBFC PG DVD ) - Movie-Censorship.com '' . movie-censorship.com . ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( March 30 , 1990 ) . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Newman , Kim ( December 1990 ) . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' . Monthly Film Bulletin . London . LVII ( 683 ) : 344 -- 345 . ^ Jump up to : Maslin , Janet ( March 30 , 1990 ) . `` Review / Film ; Nonstop Action in ' Mutant Ninja Turtles ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' . Variety . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( March 30 , 1990 ) . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : The Movie , retrieved 2017 - 11 - 25 Jump up ^ Broeske , Pat H. ( April 3 , 1990 ) . `` Turtles Wax the Opposition at Box Office : Film : Moviegoers spent more than $25 million on the opening weekend of the New Line Cinema movie '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Ninja Turtle Movie Honored by Sci - Fi Academy '' . The Los Angeles Times . March 8 , 1990 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' . Worldcat. 1990 . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Dennis ( October 18 , 1990 ) . `` Ninja Turtles Barrels Up Rental Chart '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Alternative Extended Ending '' . / Film . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Reboot Finally Gets An Official Title '' . Inquisitr.com. April 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Wikimedia Commons has media related to Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 film ) . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles on IMDb Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles at AllMovie Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles at Box Office Mojo Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles at Rotten Tomatoes <Th_colspan="2"> Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles <Td_colspan="2"> Created by Kevin Eastman Peter Laird Characters ( appearances ) Turtles Leonardo Donatello Michelangelo Raphael Supporting Splinter Hamato Yoshi April O'Neil Casey Jones Leatherhead Metalhead Miyamoto Usagi Mighty Mutanimals Venus Antagonists Shredder Foot Clan Karai Baxter Stockman Bebop and Rocksteady Krang Purple Dragons Rat King Slash Tokka and Rahzar Comics Mirage comic series Tales of the TMNT TMNT Adventures Mighty Mutanimals Daily comic strip Dreamwave comics series IDW comic series Television 1987 series Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Season 10 Mutant Turtles : Superman Legend Next Mutation Episodes Villains 2003 series Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Turtles Forever Home video 2012 series Characters Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Rise of the TMNT - Films Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 ) soundtrack II : The Secret of the Ooze ( 1991 ) soundtrack III ( 1993 ) soundtrack TMNT ( 2007 ) soundtrack Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) soundtrack Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) Games Role - playing games Video games Other Action figures Lego Alien races Casey Jones ( fan film ) Food tie - ins Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue `` Turtle Power ! '' `` Spin That Wheel '' Dimension X Technodrome Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Shell Shock Turtle Power : The Definitive History of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Steve Barron <Td_colspan="2"> Electric Dreams ( 1984 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 ) Coneheads ( 1993 ) The Adventures of Pinocchio ( 1996 ) Merlin ( 1998 ) Rat ( 2000 ) Mike Bassett : England Manager ( 2001 ) Dreamkeeper ( 2003 ) Choking Man ( 2006 ) Film in the United States portal 1990s portal Superhero fiction portal Comedy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(1990_film)&oldid=826410148 '' Categories : 1990 films English - language films American films 1990s action films 1990s comedy films 1990s martial arts films 1990s science fiction films 1990s superhero films American action comedy films Superhero comedy films American independent films Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Fictional portrayals of the New York City Police Department Films about revenge Films based on American comics Live - action films based on comics Films set in New York City Films shot in North Carolina Films shot in New York City Martial arts comedy films Martial arts science fiction films Ninja films Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles films Golden Harvest films Films directed by Steve Barron Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 23 : 28 . 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1. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film) 2. Origin story of Splinter and the Turtles 3. Confrontation with Shredder and the Foot Clan 4. Jim Henson's Creature Shop and the turtle costumes 5. Box office success and sequels

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World Series - Wikipedia World Series Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the annual championship series of Major League Baseball . For the most recent MLB championship , see 2017 World Series . For other uses , see World Series ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> World Series <Td_colspan="2"> The Commissioner 's Trophy is awarded to the team that wins the World Series . First played 1903 Most recently played 2017 Current champions Houston Astros ( 2017 ) ( 1st title ) Current runners - up Los Angeles Dodgers Most titles New York Yankees ( 27 ) Part of a series on the Major League Baseball postseason Tie Breakers Tie Breaker Games Wild Card Wild Card Game Division Series ALDS NLDS League Championship Series ALCS ( Winners list ) NLCS ( Winners list ) World Series List of World Series champions Commissioner 's Trophy Teams Appearances Series Streaks Droughts The World Series is the annual championship series of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) in North America , contested since 1903 between the American League ( AL ) champion team and the National League ( NL ) champion team . The winner of the World Series championship is determined through a best - of - seven playoff , and the winning team is awarded the Commissioner 's Trophy . As the series is played during the fall season in North America , it is sometimes referred to as the Fall Classic . Prior to 1969 , the team with the best regular season win - loss record in each league automatically advanced to the World Series ; since then each league has conducted a championship series ( ALCS and NLCS ) preceding the World Series to determine which teams will advance . As of 2017 , the World Series has been contested 113 times , with the AL winning 65 and the NL winning 48 . The 2017 World Series took place between the Los Angeles Dodgers and Houston Astros . Seven games were played , with the Astros victorious after game seven , played in Los Angeles . The final score was 5 -- 1 . This was the first World Series won by the Astros . In the American League , the New York Yankees have played in 40 World Series and won 27 , the Philadelphia / Kansas City / Oakland Athletics have played in 14 and won 9 , and the Boston Red Sox have played in 12 and won 8 , including the first World Series . In the National League , the St. Louis Cardinals have appeared in 19 and won 11 , the New York / San Francisco Giants have played in 20 and won 8 , the Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers have appeared in 19 and won 6 , and the Cincinnati Reds have appeared in 9 and won 5 . As of 2017 , no team has won consecutive World Series championships since the New York Yankees in 1998 , 1999 , and 2000 -- the longest such drought in Major League Baseball history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Precursors to the modern World Series ( 1857 -- 1902 ) 1.1 The original World Series 1.2 1892 -- 1900 : `` The Monopoly Years '' 2 Modern World Series ( 1903 -- present ) 2.1 First attempt 2.2 Boycott of 1904 2.3 1919 Black Sox Scandal 2.4 New York Yankees dynasty ( 1920 -- 1964 ) 2.4. 1 1947 -- 1964 : New York City teams dominate World Series play 2.5 The World Series in California 2.6 1969 : League Championship Series 2.7 1970s 2.7. 1 1971 : World Series at night 2.7. 2 1972 -- 1978 : Threepeat , repeats , and Fisk 's home run 2.7. 3 1976 : The designated hitter comes to the World Series 2.8 1980s 2.8. 1 1984 : Anderson becomes first to win in both leagues 2.8. 2 1988 : Kirk Gibson 's home run 2.8. 3 1989 : Earthquake 2.9 1990s 2.9. 1 1992 -- 1993 : The World Series enters Canada 2.9. 2 1994 : League Division Series 2.9. 3 1994 -- 1995 strike 2.10 2000s 2.10. 1 All - Star Game and home - field advantage ( 2003 -- 2016 ) 2.11 2010s 3 Modern World Series appearances by franchise 3.1 World Series record by team or franchise , 1903 -- 2017 3.2 Team patterns in the World Series 3.2. 1 Streaks and droughts 3.2. 2 Game - by - game 3.2. 3 Local rivalries 3.2. 3.1 Cross-town Series 3.2. 3.2 Cross-state rivalries 3.2. 4 Pennants won in different cities 3.2. 5 The original sixteen teams 3.2. 6 Expansion teams ( after 1960 ) 3.2. 7 Other notes 4 Television coverage and ratings 5 International participation 6 Image gallery 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Precursors to the modern World Series ( 1857 -- 1902 ) ( edit ) Further information : List of pre-World Series baseball champions The original World Series ( edit ) Until the formation of the American Association in 1882 as a second major league , the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players ( 1871 -- 1875 ) and then the National League ( founded 1876 ) represented the top level of organized baseball in the United States . All championships were awarded to the team with the best record at the end of the season , without a postseason series being played . From 1884 to 1890 , the National League and the American Association faced each other in a series of games at the end of the season to determine an overall champion . These series were disorganized in comparison to the modern World Series , with the terms arranged through negotiation of the owners of the championship teams beforehand . The number of games played ranged from as few as three in 1884 ( Providence defeated New York three games to zero ) , to a high of fifteen in 1887 ( Detroit beat St. Louis ten games to five ) . Both the 1885 and 1890 Series ended in ties , each team having won three games with one tie game . The series was promoted and referred to as `` The Championship of the United States '' , `` World 's Championship Series '' , or `` World 's Series '' for short . In his book Krakatoa : The Day the World Exploded : August 27 , 1883 , Simon Winchester mentions in passing that the World Series was named for the New York World newspaper , but this view is disputed . The 19th - century competitions are , however , not officially recognized as part of World Series history by Major League Baseball , as it considers 19th - century baseball to be a prologue to the modern baseball era . Until about 1960 , some sources treated the 19th - century Series on an equal basis with the post-19th - century series . After about 1930 , however , many authorities list the start of the World Series in 1903 and discuss the earlier contests separately . ( For example , the 1929 World Almanac and Book of Facts lists `` Baseball World 's Championships 1884 -- 1928 '' in a single table , but the 1943 edition lists `` Baseball World Championships 1903 -- 1942 '' . ) 1892 -- 1900 : `` the monopoly years '' ( edit ) Following the collapse of the American Association after the 1891 season , the National League was again the only major league . The league championship was awarded in 1892 by a playoff between half - season champions . This scheme was abandoned after one season . Beginning in 1893 -- and continuing until divisional play was introduced in 1969 -- the pennant was awarded to the first - place club in the standings at the end of the season . For four seasons , 1894 -- 1897 , the league champions played the runners - up in the post season championship series called the Temple Cup . A second attempt at this format was the Chronicle - Telegraph Cup series , which was played only once , in 1900 . In 1901 , the American League was formed as a second major league . No championship series were played in 1901 or 1902 as the National and American Leagues fought each other for business supremacy ( in 1902 , the top teams instead opted to compete in a football championship ) . Modern World Series ( 1903 -- present ) ( edit ) Further information : List of World Series champions First attempt ( edit ) After two years of bitter competition and player raiding , the National and American Leagues made peace and , as part of the accord , several pairs of teams squared off for interleague exhibition games after the 1903 season . These series were arranged by the participating clubs , as the 1880s World 's Series matches had been . One of them matched the two pennant winners , Pittsburg Pirates of the NL and Boston Americans ( later known as the Red Sox ) of the AL ; that one is known as the 1903 World Series . It had been arranged well in advance by the two owners , as both teams were league leaders by large margins . Boston upset Pittsburg by five games to three , winning with pitching depth behind Cy Young and Bill Dinneen and with the support of the band of Royal Rooters . The Series brought much civic pride to Boston and proved the new American League could beat the Nationals . Boycott of 1904 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The 1904 Series , if it had been held , would have been between the AL 's Boston Americans ( Boston Red Sox ) and the NL 's New York Giants ( now the San Francisco Giants ) . At that point there was no governing body for the World Series nor any requirement that a Series be played . Thus the Giants ' owner , John T. Brush , refused to allow his team to participate in such an event , citing the `` inferiority '' of the upstart American League . John McGraw , the Giants ' manager , even went so far as to say that his Giants were already `` world champions '' since they were the champions of the `` only real major league '' . At the time of the announcement , their new cross-town rivals , the New York Highlanders ( now the New York Yankees ) , were leading the AL , and the prospect of facing the Highlanders did not please Giants management . Boston won on the last day of the season , and the leagues had previously agreed to hold a World 's Championship Series in 1904 , but it was not binding , and Brush stuck to his original decision . In addition to political reasons , Brush also factually cited the lack of rules under which money would be split , where games would be played , and how they would be operated and staffed . During the winter of 1904 -- 1905 , however , feeling the sting of press criticism , Brush had a change of heart and proposed what came to be known as the `` Brush Rules '' , under which the series were played subsequently . One rule was that player shares would come from a portion of the gate receipts for the first four games only . This was to discourage teams from `` fixing '' early games in order to prolong the series and make more money . Receipts for later games would be split among the two clubs and the National Commission , the governing body for the sport , which was able to cover much of its annual operating expense from World Series revenue . Most importantly , the now - official and compulsory World 's Series matches were operated strictly by the National Commission itself , not by the participating clubs . With the new rules in place and the National Commission in control , McGraw 's Giants made it to the 1905 Series , and beat the Philadelphia A 's four games to one . Since then the Series has been held every year except 1994 , when it was canceled due to a players ' strike . The list of postseason rules evolved over time . In 1925 , Brooklyn owner Charles Ebbets persuaded others to adopt as a permanent rule the 2 -- 3 -- 2 pattern used in 1924 . Prior to 1924 , the pattern had been to alternate by game or to make another arrangement convenient to both clubs . The 2 -- 3 -- 2 pattern has been used ever since save for the 1943 and 1945 World Series , which followed a 3 -- 4 pattern due to World War II travel restrictions ; in 1944 , the normal pattern was followed because both teams were based in the same home stadium . 1919 Black Sox scandal ( edit ) Main article : Black Sox Scandal This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gambling and game - fixing had been a problem in professional baseball from the beginning ; star pitcher Jim Devlin was banned for life in 1877 , when the National League was just two years old . Baseball 's gambling problems came to a head in 1919 , when eight players of the Chicago White Sox were alleged to have conspired to throw the 1919 World Series . The Sox had won the Series in 1917 and were heavy favorites to beat the Cincinnati Reds in 1919 , but first baseman Chick Gandil had other plans . Gandil , in collaboration with gambler Joseph `` Sport '' Sullivan , approached his teammates and got six of them to agree to throw the Series : starting pitchers Eddie Cicotte and Lefty Williams , shortstop Swede Risberg , left fielder Shoeless Joe Jackson , center fielder Happy Felsch , and utility infielder Fred McMullin . Third baseman Buck Weaver knew of the fix but declined to participate , hitting . 324 for the series from 11 hits and committing no errors in the field . The Sox , who were promised $100,000 for cooperating , proceeded to lose the Series in eight games , pitching poorly , hitting poorly and making many errors . Though he took the money , Jackson insisted to his death that he played to the best of his ability in the series ( he was the best hitter in the series , including having hit the series ' only home run , but had markedly worse numbers in the games the White Sox lost ) . During the Series , writer and humorist Ring Lardner had facetiously called the event the `` World 's Serious '' . The Series turned out to indeed have serious consequences for the sport . After rumors circulated for nearly a year , the players were suspended in September 1920 . The `` Black Sox '' were acquitted in a criminal conspiracy trial . However , baseball in the meantime had established the office of Commissioner in an effort to protect the game 's integrity , and the first commissioner , Kenesaw Mountain Landis , banned all of the players involved , including Weaver , for life . The White Sox would not win a World Series again until 2005 . The events of the 1919 Series , segueing into the `` live ball '' era , marked a point in time of change of the fortunes of several teams . The two most prolific World Series winners to date , the New York Yankees and the St. Louis Cardinals , did not win their first championship until the 1920s ; and three of the teams that were highly successful prior to 1920 ( the Boston Red Sox , Chicago White Sox and the Chicago Cubs ) went the rest of the 20th century without another World Series win . The Red Sox and White Sox finally won again in 2004 and 2005 , respectively . The Cubs had to wait over a century ( until the 2016 season ) for their next trophy . They did not appear in the Fall Classic from 1945 until 2016 , the longest drought of any MLB club . New York Yankees dynasty ( 1920 -- 1964 ) ( edit ) The New York Yankees purchased Babe Ruth from the Boston Red Sox after the 1919 season , appeared in their first World Series two years later in 1921 , and became frequent participants thereafter . Over a period of 45 years from 1920 to 1964 , the Yankees played in 29 World Series championships , winning 20 . The team 's dynasty reached its apex between 1947 and 1964 , when the Yankees reached the World Series 15 times in eighteen years , helped by an agreement with the Kansas City Athletics ( after that team moved from Philadelphia during 1954 -- 1955 offseason ) whereby the teams made several deals advantageous to the Yankees ( until ended by new Athletics ' owner Charles O. Finley ) . During that span , the Yankees played in all World Series except 1948 , 1954 , and 1959 , winning ten . From 1949 to 1953 , the Yankees won the World Series five years in a row ; from 1936 -- 1939 the Yankees won four World Series Championships in a row . There are only two other occasions when a team has won at least three consecutive World Series : 1972 to 1974 by the Oakland Athletics , and 1998 to 2000 by the New York Yankees . 1947 -- 1964 : New York City teams dominate World Series play ( edit ) In an 18 - year span from 1947 to 1964 , except for 1948 and 1959 , the World Series was played in New York City , featuring at least one of the three teams located in New York at the time . The Dodgers and Giants moved to California after the 1957 season , leaving the Yankees as the lone team in the city until the Mets were enfranchised in 1962 . During this period , other than 1948 , 1954 , and 1959 , the Yankees represented the American League in the World Series . In the years 1947 , 1949 , 1951 -- 1953 , and 1955 -- 1956 , both teams in the World Series were from New York , with the Yankees playing against either the Dodgers or Giants . The World Series in California ( edit ) In 1958 , the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants took their long - time rivalry to the west coast , moving to Los Angeles and San Francisco , respectively , bringing Major League Baseball west of St. Louis and Kansas City . The Dodgers were the first of the two clubs to contest a World Series on the west coast , defeating the Chicago White Sox in 1959 . The 1962 Giants made the first California World Series appearance of that franchise , losing to the Yankees . The Dodgers made three World Series appearances in the 1960s : a 1963 win over the Yankees , a 1965 win over the Minnesota Twins and a 1966 loss to the Baltimore Orioles . In 1968 , the Kansas City Athletics relocated to Oakland and the following year 1969 , the National League granted a franchise to San Diego as the San Diego Padres . The A 's became a powerful dynasty , winning three consecutive World Series from 1972 -- 1974 . In 1974 , the A 's played the Dodgers in the first all - California World Series . The Padres have two World Series appearances ( a 1984 loss to the Detroit Tigers , and a 1998 loss to the New York Yankees ) . The Dodgers won two more World Series in the 1980s ( 1981 , 1988 ) . The A 's again went to three straight world series , from 1988 -- 1990 , winning once . 1988 and 1989 were all - California series as the A 's lost to the Dodgers and beat the Giants , respectively . The Giants have been in four World Series ' in the new millennium , losing in 2002 to the Anaheim Angels ( Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim since 2005 ) , and winning in 2010 ( Rangers ) , 2012 ( Tigers ) , and 2014 ( Royals ) . 1969 : League championship Series ( edit ) Prior to 1969 , the National League and the American League each crowned its champion ( the `` pennant winner '' ) based on the best win - loss record at the end of the regular season . A structured playoff series began in 1969 , when both the National and American Leagues were reorganized into two divisions each , East and West . The two division winners within each league played each other in a best - of - five League Championship Series to determine who would advance to the World Series . In 1985 , the format changed to best - of - seven . The National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) and American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) , since the expansion to best - of - seven , are always played in a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format : Games 1 , 2 , 6 and 7 are played in the stadium of the team that has home - field advantage , and Games 3 , 4 and 5 are played in the stadium of the team that does not . 1970s ( edit ) 1971 : World Series at night ( edit ) MLB night games started being held in 1935 by the Cincinnati Reds , but the World Series remained a strictly daytime event for years thereafter . In the final game of the 1949 World Series , a Series game was finished under lights for the first time . The first scheduled night World Series game was Game 4 of the 1971 World Series at Three Rivers Stadium . Afterward , World Series games were frequently scheduled at night , when television audiences were larger . Game 6 of the 1987 World Series was the last World Series game played in the daytime , indoors at the Metrodome in Minnesota . ( The last World Series played outdoors during the day was the final game of the 1984 series in Detroit 's Tiger Stadium . ) 1972 -- 1978 : threepeat , repeats , and Fisk 's home run ( edit ) During this seven - year period , only three teams won the World Series : the Oakland Athletics from 1972 to 1974 , Cincinnati Reds in 1975 and 1976 , and New York Yankees in 1977 and 1978 . This is the only time in World Series history in which three teams have won consecutive series in succession . This period was book - ended by World Championships for the Pittsburgh Pirates , in 1971 and 1979 . However , the Baltimore Orioles made three consecutive World Series appearances : 1969 ( losing to the `` amazing '' eight - year - old franchise New York Mets ) , 1970 ( beating the Reds in their first World Series appearance of the decade ) , and 1971 ( losing to the Pittsburgh Pirates , as well their 1979 appearance , when they again lost to the Pirates ) , and the Los Angeles Dodgers ' back - to - back World Series appearances in 1977 and 1978 ( both losses to the New York Yankees ) , as well in 1974 losing against the cross-state rival Oakland Athletics . Game 6 of the 1975 World Series is regarded by most as one of the greatest World Series games ever played . It found the Boston Red Sox winning in the 12th inning in Fenway Park , defeating the Cincinnati Reds to force a seventh and deciding game . The game is best remembered for its exciting lead changes , nail - biting turns of events , and a game - winning walk - off home run by Carlton Fisk , resulting in a 7 -- 6 Red Sox victory . 1976 : the designated hitter comes to the World Series ( edit ) The National and American Leagues operated under essentially identical rules until 1973 , when the American League adopted the designated hitter ( DH ) rule , allowing its teams to use another hitter to bat in place of the ( usually ) weak - hitting pitcher . The National League did not adopt the DH rule . This presented a problem for the World Series , whose two contestants would now be playing their regular - season games under different rules . From 1973 to 1975 , the World Series did not include a DH . Starting in 1976 , the World Series allowed for the use of a DH in even - numbered years only . ( The Cincinnati Reds swept the 1976 Series in four games , using the same nine - man lineup in each contest . Dan Driessen was the Reds ' DH during the series , thereby becoming the National League 's first designated hitter . ) Finally , in 1986 , baseball adopted the current rule in which the DH is used for World Series games played in the AL champion 's park but not the NL champion 's . Thus , the DH rule 's use or non-use can affect the performance of the home team . 1980s ( edit ) 1984 : Anderson becomes first to win in both leagues ( edit ) The 1984 Detroit Tigers gained distinction as just the third team in major league history ( after the 1927 New York Yankees and 1955 Brooklyn Dodgers ) to lead a season wire - to - wire , from opening day through their World Series victory . In the process , Tigers skipper Sparky Anderson became the first manager to win a World Series title in both leagues , having previously won in 1975 and 1976 with the Cincinnati Reds . 1988 : Kirk Gibson 's home run ( edit ) The 1988 World Series is remembered for the iconic home run by the Los Angeles Dodgers ' Kirk Gibson with two outs in the bottom of the ninth inning . The Dodgers were huge underdogs against the 104 - win Oakland Athletics , who had swept the Boston Red Sox in the ALCS . Baseball 's top relief pitcher , Dennis Eckersley , closed out all four games in the ALCS , and he appeared ready to do the same in Game 1 against a Dodgers team trailing 4 - 3 in the ninth . After getting the first two outs , Eckersley walked Mike Davis of the Dodgers , who were playing without Gibson , their best position player and the NL MVP . Gibson had injured himself in the NLCS and was expected to miss the entire World Series . Yet , despite not being able to walk without a noticeable limp , Gibson surprised all in attendance at Dodger Stadium ( and all watching on TV ) by pinch - hitting . After two quick strikes and then working the count full , Gibson hit a home run to right , inspiring iconic pronouncements by two legendary broadcasters calling the game , Vin Scully ( on TV ) and Jack Buck ( on radio ) . On NBC , as Gibson limped around the bases , Scully famously exclaimed , `` the impossible has happened ! '' and on radio , Buck equally famously exclaimed , `` I do n't believe what I just saw ! '' Gibson 's home run set the tone for the series , as the Dodgers went on to beat the A 's 4 games to 1 . The severity of Gibson 's injury prevented him from playing in any of the remaining games . 1989 : earthquake ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When the 1989 World Series began , it was notable chiefly for being the first ever World Series matchup between the two San Francisco Bay Area teams , the San Francisco Giants and Oakland Athletics . Oakland won the first two games at home , and the two teams crossed the bridge to San Francisco to play Game 3 on Tuesday , October 17 . ABC 's broadcast of Game 3 began at 5 pm local time , approximately 30 minutes before the first pitch was scheduled . At 5 : 04 , while broadcasters Al Michaels and Tim McCarver were narrating highlights and the teams were warming up , the Loma Prieta earthquake occurred ( having a surface - wave magnitude of 7.1 with an epicenter ten miles ( 16 km ) northeast of Santa Cruz , California ) . The earthquake caused substantial property and economic damage in the Bay Area and killed 63 people . Television viewers saw the video signal deteriorate and heard Michaels say `` I 'll tell you what , we 're having an earth -- '' before the feed from Candlestick Park was lost . Fans filing into the stadium saw Candlestick sway visibly during the quake . Television coverage later resumed , using backup generators , with Michaels becoming a news reporter on the unfolding disaster . Approximately 30 minutes after the earthquake , Commissioner Fay Vincent ordered the game to be postponed . Fans , workers , and the teams evacuated a blacked out ( although still sunlit ) Candlestick . Game 3 was finally played on October 27 , and Oakland won that day and the next to complete a four - game sweep . 1990s ( edit ) 1992 -- 1993 : the World Series enters Canada ( edit ) World Series games were contested outside of the United States for the first time in 1992 , with the Toronto Blue Jays defeating the Atlanta Braves in six games . The World Series returned to Canada in 1993 , with the Blue Jays victorious again , this time against the Philadelphia Phillies in six games . No other Series has featured a team from outside of the United States . Toronto is the only expansion team to win successive World Series titles . The 1993 World Series was also notable for being only the second championship concluded by a home run and the first concluded by a come - from - behind homer , after Joe Carter 's three - run shot in the bottom of the ninth inning sealed an 8 -- 6 Toronto win in Game 6 . The first Series to end with a homer was the 1960 World Series , when Bill Mazeroski hit a ninth - inning solo shot in Game 7 to win the championship for the Pittsburgh Pirates . 1994 : League division Series ( edit ) In 1994 , each league was restructured into three divisions , with the three division winners and the newly introduced wild card winner advancing to a best - of - five playoff round ( the `` division series '' ) , the National League Division Series ( NLDS ) and American League Division Series ( ALDS ) . The team with the best league record is matched against the wild card team , unless they are in the same division , in which case , the team with the second - best record plays against the wild card winner . The remaining two division winners are pitted against each other . The winners of the series in the first round advance to the best - of - seven NLCS and ALCS . Due to a players ' strike , however , the NLDS and ALDS were not played until 1995 . Beginning in 1998 , home field advantage was given to the team with the better regular season record , with the exception that the Wild Card team can not get home - field advantage . 1994 -- 1995 strike ( edit ) Main article : 1994 -- 95 Major League Baseball strike After the boycott of 1904 , the World Series was played every year until 1994 despite the First World War , the global influenza pandemic of 1918 -- 1919 , the Great Depression of the 1930s , America 's involvement in the Second World War , and even an earthquake in the host cities of the 1989 World Series . A breakdown in collective bargaining led to a strike in August 1994 and the eventual cancellation of the rest of the season , including the playoffs . As the labor talks began , baseball franchise owners demanded a salary cap in order to limit payrolls , the elimination of salary arbitration , and the right to retain free agent players by matching a competitor 's best offer . The Major League Baseball Players Association ( MLBPA ) refused to agree to limit payrolls , noting that the responsibility for high payrolls lay with those owners who were voluntarily offering contracts . One difficulty in reaching a settlement was the absence of a commissioner . When Fay Vincent was forced to resign in 1992 , owners did not replace him , electing instead to make Milwaukee Brewers owner Bud Selig acting commissioner . Thus , baseball headed into the 1994 work stoppage without a full - time commissioner for the first time since the office was founded in 1920 . The previous collective bargaining agreement expired on December 31 , 1993 , and baseball began the 1994 season without a new agreement . Owners and players negotiated as the season progressed , but owners refused to give up the idea of a salary cap and players refused to accept one . On August 12 , 1994 , the players went on strike . After a month passed with no progress in the labor talks , Selig canceled the rest of the 1994 season and the postseason on September 14 . The World Series was not played for the first time in 90 years . The Montreal Expos , now the Washington Nationals , were the best team in baseball at the time of the stoppage , with a record of 74 -- 40 ( since their founding in 1969 , the Expos / Nationals have never played in a World Series . ) The labor dispute lasted into the spring of 1995 , with owners beginning spring training with replacement players . However , the MLBPA returned to work on April 2 , 1995 after a federal judge , future U.S. Supreme Court justice Sonia Sotomayor , ruled that the owners had engaged in unfair labor practices . The season started on April 25 and the 1995 World Series was played as scheduled , with Atlanta beating Cleveland four games to two . 2000s ( edit ) The 2001 World Series was the first World Series to end in November , due to the week - long delay in the regular season after the September 11 attacks . Game 4 had begun on Oct. 31 but went into extra innings and ended early on the morning of Nov. 1 , the first time the Series had been played in November . Yankee shortstop Derek Jeter won the game with a 12th inning walk - off home run and was dubbed `` Mr. November '' by elements of the media -- echoing the media 's designation of Reggie Jackson as `` Mr. October '' for his slugging achievements during the 1977 World Series . With the 2006 World Series victory by the St. Louis Cardinals , Tony La Russa became the second manager to a win a World Series in both the American and National Leagues . All - Star game and home - field advantage ( 2003 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) Prior to 2003 , home - field advantage in the World Series alternated from year to year between the NL and AL . After the 2002 Major League Baseball All - Star Game ended in a tie , MLB decided to award home - field advantage in the World Series to the winner of the All - Star Game . Originally implemented as a two - year trial from 2003 to 2004 , the practice was extended . The American League had won every All - Star Game since this change until 2010 and thus enjoyed home - field advantage from 2002 , when it also had home - field advantage based on the alternating schedule , through 2009 . From 2003 to 2010 , the AL and NL had each won the World Series four times , but none of them had gone the full seven games . Since then , the 2011 , 2014 , and 2016 World Series have gone the full seven games . This rule is subject to debate , with various writers feeling that home - field advantage should be decided based on the regular season records of the participants , not on an exhibition game played several months earlier . Some writers especially questioned the integrity of this rule after the 2014 All - Star Game , when St. Louis Cardinals pitcher Adam Wainwright suggested that he intentionally gave Derek Jeter some easy pitches to hit in the New York Yankees ' shortstop 's final All - Star appearance before he retired at the end of that season . As Bob Ryan of The Boston Globe wrote in July 2015 about the rule : `` So now we have a game that 's not real baseball determining which league hosts Games 1 , 2 , 6 , and 7 in the World Series . It 's not a game if pitchers throw one inning . It 's not a game if managers try to get everyone on a bloated roster into the game . It 's not a game if every franchise , no matter how wretched , has to put a player on the team ... If the game is going to count , tell the managers to channel their inner Connie Mack and go for it . '' However , within the last seven seasons , home - field advantage , in terms of deciding World Series games , has not necessarily worked for teams of said games . Since 2014 , the home team has not won the deciding game of a World Series . 2010s ( edit ) The San Francisco Giants won the World Series in 2010 , 2012 , and 2014 while failing to qualify to play in the postseason in the intervening seasons . The Texas Rangers were twice only one strike away from winning their first World Series title in 2011 , but the St. Louis Cardinals scored late twice in Game 6 by the soon to become Series MVP , David Freese , to force a Game 7 . The Kansas City Royals reached the World Series in 2014 , which was their first appearance in the postseason since winning the series in 1985 . At the time , it was the longest postseason drought in baseball . They lost in 7 games to the Giants . The following season , the Royals finished with the American League 's best record , and won a second consecutive American League pennant . They defeated the New York Mets in the World Series 4 - 1 , capturing their first title in 30 years . The 2015 contest was the first time that two expansion clubs met for the Fall Classic . In 2016 , the Chicago Cubs ended their 108 - year long drought without a World Series title by defeating the Cleveland Indians , rallying from a 3 -- 1 Series deficit in the process . That extended Cleveland 's World Series title drought to 68 years and counting -- the Indians last won the Series in 1948 -- now the longest title drought in the majors . Beginning in 2017 , home field advantage in the World Series will be awarded to the league champion team with the better regular season win - loss record . If both league champions have the same record , the second tie - breaker would be head - to - head record , and if that does not resolve it , the third tie - breaker would be best divisional record . The Houston Astros won the 2017 World Series in 7 games against the Los Angeles Dodgers 5 to 1 on November 1st , 2017 , winning their first World Series since their creation in 1962 . Modern World Series appearances by franchise ( edit ) Further information : List of World Series champions World Series record by team or franchise , 1903 -- 2017 ( edit ) Teams † Series Wins Series Played Last Won Last Played New York Yankees ( AL ) ( previously New York Highlanders / Baltimore Orioles ) 27 40 2009 2009 St. Louis Cardinals ( NL ) 11 19 2011 2013 Oakland Athletics ( AL ) ( previously Philadelphia / Kansas City ) 9 14 1989 1990 San Francisco Giants ( NL ) ( previously New York ) 8 20 2014 2014 Boston Red Sox ( AL ) ( previously Americans ) 8 12 2013 2013 Los Angeles Dodgers ( NL ) ( previously Brooklyn ) 6 19 1988 2017 Cincinnati Reds ( NL ) ( previously Redlegs , Red Stockings ) 5 9 1990 1990 Pittsburgh Pirates ( NL ) 5 7 1979 1979 Detroit Tigers ( AL ) 11 1984 2012 Chicago Cubs ( NL ) 11 2016 2016 Atlanta Braves ( NL ) ( previously Boston Red Stockings , Beaneaters , Doves , Rustlers , Braves / Milwaukee ) 9 1995 1999 Baltimore Orioles ( AL ) ( previously Milwaukee Brewers / St. Louis Browns ) 7 Minnesota Twins ( AL ) ( previously 1st Washington Senators ) 6 1991 1991 Chicago White Sox ( AL ) 5 2005 2005 Philadelphia Phillies ( NL ) 7 2008 2009 Cleveland Indians ( AL ) 6 1948 2016 New York Mets ( NL , 1962 ) * 5 1986 2015 Kansas City Royals ( AL , 1969 ) * 2015 2015 Miami Marlins ( NL , 1993 ) * ( previously Florida ) 2003 2003 Toronto Blue Jays ( AL , 1977 ) * 1993 1993 Houston Astros ( NL , 1962 ; AL , 2013 ) * ( previously Colt . 45 's , NL ) 2017 2017 Los Angeles Angels ( AL , 1961 ) * ( previously California / Anaheim Angels and Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ) 2002 2002 Arizona Diamondbacks ( NL , 1998 ) * 2001 2001 Texas Rangers ( AL , 1961 ) * ( previously 2nd Washington Senators ) 0 0 ! -- 2011 San Diego Padres ( NL , 1969 ) * 0 0 ! -- 1998 Milwaukee Brewers ( AL , 1969 ; NL , 1998 ) * ( previously Seattle Pilots , AL ) 0 0 ! -- 1982 Tampa Bay Rays ( AL , 1998 ) * ( previously Devil Rays ) 0 0 ! -- 2008 Colorado Rockies ( NL , 1993 ) * 0 0 ! -- 2007 Seattle Mariners ( AL , 1977 ) * 0 0 0 ! -- 0 ! -- Washington Nationals ( NL , 1969 ) * ( previously Montreal Expos ) 0 0 0 ! -- 0 ! -- Key to table AL = American League NL = National League * Joined the AL or NL after 1960 † Totals include a team 's record with another nickname or in a previous city ( bracketed in small type below its current name ) . For further details , see individual team articles or Major League franchises . See also : List of World Series champions Source : MLB.com Notes American League ( AL ) teams have won 65 of the 113 World Series played ( 57.5 % ) . The New York Yankees have won 27 titles , accounting for 23.9 % of all series played and 41.5 % of the wins by American League teams . The St. Louis Cardinals have won 11 World Series , accounting for 9.7 % of all series played and 23 % of the 48 National League victories . When the first modern World Series was played in 1903 , there were eight teams in each league . These 16 franchises , all of which are still in existence , have each won at least two World Series titles . The number of teams was unchanged until 1961 , with fourteen `` expansion teams '' joining MLB since then . Twelve have played in a World Series ( the Mariners and Expos / Nationals being the two exceptions ) . The expansion teams have won ten of the 22 Series ( 45 % ) in which they have played , which is 9 % of all 112 series played since 1903 . In 2015 , the first World Series featuring only expansion teams was played between the Kansas City Royals and New York Mets . Team patterns in the World Series ( edit ) This information is up to date through the present time : This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Streaks and droughts ( edit ) See also : List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason streaks and List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts Since their first championship in 1923 , the New York Yankees have won two or more World Series titles in every decade except the 1980s , when they won none . Additionally , they have won at least one American League pennant in every decade since the 1920s . ( They have yet to win a pennant or Series in the 2010s . ) The Yankees are the only team in either League to win more than three series in a row , winning in four consecutive seasons from 1936 to 1939 , and a still MLB record five consecutive seasons from 1949 to 1953 . The New York Giants ' four World Series appearances from 1921 to 1924 are the most consecutive appearances for any National League franchise . The Yankees are the only American League franchise to appear in four or more consecutive World Series . The 1907 -- 1908 Cubs , 1921 -- 1922 Giants and the 1975 -- 1976 Reds are the only National League teams to win back - to - back World Series . The 1907 -- 1909 Detroit Tigers and the 1911 -- 1913 New York Giants are the only teams to lose three consecutive World Series . The Chicago Cubs hold the record for the longest World Series championship drought of all time , with no titles between 1908 and 2016 ( 108 years ) . They also hold the longest ever pennant drought of all time , which stretched from 1945 to 2016 . Their pennant drought ended with a 4 - 2 series victory over the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 2016 NLCS . With the Cubs ' subsequent victory in the 2016 World Series , the longest World Series championship drought belongs to the Cleveland Indians , who have not won a World Series since 1948 . The Indians ' drought is the second longest championship drought among all four major professional sports leagues in North America ( MLB , NBA , NFL , and NHL ) ; only the NFL 's Arizona Cardinals , who last won a league championship in 1947 , when the team still operated as the Chicago Cardinals , have a longer championship drought . The team with the longest active pennant drought among AL teams that have played in a World Series at least once is the Baltimore Orioles , who have not reached a World Series since winning their last title in 1983 . The team with the longest active pennant drought among NL teams that have played in a World Series at least once is the Pittsburgh Pirates , who have not reached a World Series since winning their last title in 1979 . This also means that the Pirates hold the second longest active World Series title drought among all teams that have at least one Series and longest championship drought among NL teams that have won a Series . Twenty - three of the 28 teams to play in the World Series have won it at least once . The only exceptions are : Milwaukee Brewers ( formerly Seattle Pilots , 1969 ) , San Diego Padres ( 1969 ) , Colorado Rockies ( 1993 ) , Tampa Bay Rays ( formerly Devil Rays , 1998 ) , and Texas Rangers ( formerly Washington Senators , 1961 ) . The Padres and Rangers have both lost two World Series ; the remaining teams have all lost their only Series appearance . As of the present , all teams with three or more World Series appearances have won the World Series at least once . Two teams have never played in the World Series : the National League 's Washington Nationals ( formerly Montreal Expos , established in 1969 ) , and the American League 's Seattle Mariners ( established in 1977 ) . Both franchises have participated in post-season play and competed in a League Championship Series at least once , but neither team has any League Championship Series victories . The Red Sox have the most World Series titles before their first World Series loss , winning the championship in their first five appearances -- 1903 , 1912 , 1915 , 1916 , and 1918 -- before losing in the next series they played , in 1946 . The only other teams who have more than one Series victory before their first Series loss are the Chicago White Sox ( in 1906 and 1917 ) , the Cleveland Indians ( in 1920 and 1948 ) , the Toronto Blue Jays ( in 1992 and 1993 ) , and the Miami Marlins ( in 1997 and 2003 as the Florida Marlins ) . The Blue Jays and the Marlins have never lost a World Series . The American League 's Toronto Blue Jays ( 1992 and 1993 ) and National League 's Miami Marlins ( 1997 and 2003 as the Florida Marlins ) hold the record for most appearances in a Series without ever losing a Series . Two other franchises have won their lone appearance : the National League 's Arizona Diamondbacks ( 2001 ) and American League 's Los Angeles Angels ( 2002 as the Anaheim Angels ) . The Pirates , Reds , Red Sox , and Giants are tied with the longest active streak of World Series victories ( three ) since the last time they lost a series . After losing the 1927 series to the Yankees , the Pirates have emerged victorious in the next three series in which they played ( 1960 , 1971 , and 1979 ) . The Reds last series loss prior to their current active streak of three titles ( 1975 , 1976 , and 1990 ) was in 1972 . The Red Sox are the American League leaders in this category with three consecutive titles ( 2004 , 2007 , and 2013 ) since their last series loss ( 1986 ) . The Giants lost in 2002 before winning the next three they appeared in ( 2010 , 2012 , and 2014 ) . The Yankees have the most World Series victories ( eight ) between World Series losses . After losing the 1926 World Series to the Cardinals , the Yankees won their next eight appearances in the series ( 1927 , 1928 , 1932 , 1936 , 1937 , 1938 , 1939 , and 1941 ) before losing in 1942 to the Cardinals again . After this loss , the Yankees went on to win their next seven Series appearances ( 1943 , 1947 , 1949 , 1950 , 1951 , 1952 , and 1953 ) before their next Series loss in 1955 to the Brooklyn Dodgers . The Cardinals are the National League leader in this category , with four titles ( 1944 , 1946 , 1964 , and 1967 ) between series losses in 1943 and 1968 . The Cubs and Dodgers are tied at seven apiece for most World Series losses between World Series victories . The Dodgers lost their first seven appearances in the Fall Classics ( 1916 , 1920 , 1941 , 1947 , 1949 , 1952 , and 1953 ) before winning their first title in 1955 . The Cubs ' situation was the opposite : between winning their last two titles ( in 1908 and 2016 ) , they lost the World Series in 1910 , 1918 , 1929 , 1932 , 1935 , 1938 , and 1945 . The Cleveland Indians have four World Series losses ( 1954 , 1995 , 1997 , and 2016 ) since their last crown in 1948 , more than any other team in the American League . The longest duration without repeat World Series champions is sixteen years , dating back to the 2000 New York Yankees . The previous record of fourteen years ( in between the 1978 New York Yankees ' win and the 1993 Toronto Blue Jays ' win ) was broken when the San Francisco Giants , who won the 2014 World Series , did not qualify for the postseason in 2015 . The longest sequence of World Series in which each Series was won by a different franchise is 10 , from 1978 ( Yankees ) through 1987 ( Minnesota Twins ) . This streak was broken when the Dodgers , which had won in 1981 , won in 1988 . Game - by - game ( edit ) Game 7 was won by the home team in the 9 World Series between 1980 and 2013 that went to seven games ( the 1982 St. Louis Cardinals , 1985 Kansas City Royals , 1986 New York Mets , 1987 and 1991 Minnesota Twins , 1997 Florida Marlins , 2001 Arizona Diamondbacks , 2002 Anaheim Angels , and 2011 St. Louis Cardinals ) before the Giants won game 7 on the road in 2014 . This trend reverses the previous historical trend in which Game 7 had been most often won by the road team , in 1979 , 1975 , 1972 , 1971 , 1968 , 1967 , 1965 , and 1962 . During the 1960s and 1970s , the home team had won Game 7 only in 1960 , 1964 , and 1973 . Since 2003 , when home field advantage started to be awarded to the team representing the league that won the All - Star game , the first Series that reached Game 7 was in 2011 . The greatest comebacks in World Series history were in 1968 , when the Detroit Tigers came back from a 3 -- 1 game disadvantage to win Game 5 after being behind by 3 runs , before winning games 6 and 7 on the road at St. Louis , and 2016 , when the Chicago Cubs scored three runs to win Game 5 and won the last two games in Cleveland . The 1981 Los Angeles Dodgers are the last team to win a World Series after losing the first two games on the road ( against New York ) . The recent tendency of a team winning the first two games at home and then winning the Series suggests the theoretical advantage to gaining home - field advantage ( and the first two games at home ) . The Pittsburgh Pirates won all five of their World Series championships in seven games . The Minnesota Twins / Washington Senators won all three of their World Series championships in seven games . There have been 19 World Series four - game ( 4 -- 0 ) sweeps , the most recent of which occurred in 2012 . Nine different teams have swept a World Series at least once , the Yankees having done so most often ( 8 times ) . The Red Sox , Reds , and Giants have all done it twice . The Braves , Orioles , White Sox , Dodgers , and Athletics have each swept one Series . Six of these teams ( all but the Orioles , Red Sox and White Sox ) have also been swept 0 -- 4 in at least one World Series . The Red Sox ' two World Series sweeps are the most of any team that has never been swept in one . The Reds and Yankees are the only teams to have swept each other ( The Yankees swept the Reds in 1939 , while the Reds swept the Yankees in 1976 ) . The Giants are the only team to record World Series sweeps in two different cities : New York ( 1954 ) and San Francisco ( 2012 ) . The 1999 Yankees are the last team to date , and the only one since 1966 , to sweep a World Series it began on the road ( as well as the last American League champion to win a World Series it began on the road until the 2017 season when the Astros defeated the Dodgers in 7 games ) . The 1963 Dodgers are the last National League team to date to sweep a World Series it began on the road . The Athletics , Cardinals , Cubs , and Yankees are the only teams to be swept in two World Series . The Athletics and Yankees are the only two of these with at least one World Series sweep to their credit , the other two being among nine teams overall that have never swept a World Series , but have been swept in one ( the Tigers , Astros , Indians , Padres , Phillies , Pirates , and Rockies being the others ) . The Cubs in 1907 and the Giants in 1922 won 4 games to 0 , but each of those Series ' included a tied game and are not considered to be true sweeps . In 1907 , the first game was the tie and the Cubs won four straight after that . In 1922 , Game 2 was the tie . The Cincinnati Reds were the only National League team to sweep any World Series between 1963 and 2012 , sweeping their last two series appearances to date in 1976 and 1990 . When added to their Game 7 victory in 1975 , this means that the Reds have won their last 9 consecutive World Series games , making this the current longest winning streak in terms of consecutive World Series games won . Nine World Series have ended with `` walk - off '' hits , i.e. , that game and the Series ended when the home team won with a base hit in the bottom of the ninth or in extra innings : 1924 * , 1929 , 1935 , 1953 , 1960 * , 1991 * , 1993 , 1997 * , and 2001 * . Five of these ( marked with a * ) were in a deciding Game 7 . In addition , the deciding Game 8 ( one game had ended in a tie ) of the 1912 World Series ended in a walk - off sacrifice fly . Two men have ended a World Series with a walk - off home run : Bill Mazeroski in 1960 and Joe Carter in 1993 . Mazeroski 's was a solo shot in the bottom of the ninth of Game 7 to win a championship for the Pittsburgh Pirates , while Carter 's was a three - run shot in Game 6 that won a championship for the Toronto Blue Jays . There has been one World Series that ended on a runner caught stealing , on a play that involved three future Hall of Famers . In the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 7 of the 1926 World Series , Babe Ruth of the New York Yankees tried to steal second base with two outs and his team trailing the St. Louis Cardinals 3 - 2 . Ruth was thrown out by Cardinals catcher Bob O'Farrell after Bob Meusel swung at and missed a pitch from Grover Cleveland Alexander . St. Louis second baseman Rogers Hornsby applied the tag on Ruth , who in his career was successful on 51 % of his stolen base attempts . Ruth , Alexander and Hornsby were inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame . One World Series game has ended with a pick - off of a runner . Kolten Wong of the St. Louis Cardinals was picked off of first base in Game 4 of the 2013 World Series by Boston Red Sox closer Koji Uehara . The score was 4 - 2 and rookie Wong was a pinch runner . The Philadelphia Phillies and the Tampa Bay Rays are the first teams to have an elimination game ( or any game ) be suspended because of weather , and not have it cancelled . Game 5 ( in Philadelphia ) was suspended on Monday , October 27 , 2008 with a 2 -- 2 score , and resumed in the bottom of the sixth on Wednesday , October 29 . The Phillies went on to win the game and clinch the series . Both of the Minnesota Twins ' World Series titles since relocating to the Twin Cities from Washington , D.C. ( where they were the first Washington Senators ) were in 7 game series where all games were won by the home team . The Twins accomplished this in 1987 , when the Twins defeated the St. Louis Cardinals , then 4 years later in 1991 , when the Twins defeated the Atlanta Braves . The Twins victories in both series were in games 1 , 2 , 6 , and 7 , while their National League opponents won games 3 , 4 , and 5 . This same scenario also occurred in 2001 , when the Arizona Diamondbacks defeated the New York Yankees . Also of note when it comes to the three series where every game was won by the home team , a pitcher was MVP . In the 1987 World Series , Frank Viola was the MVP having pitched games 1 , 4 , and 7 , and finishing with a 2 -- 1 record . In 1991 , Jack Morris achieved the same feat pitching games 1 , 4 , and 7 with a 2 -- 0 record and a no decision in game 4 , and winning MVP honors . However , Morris 's MVP came on the heels of pitching 10 shutout innings in game 7 . Finally , in 2001 , Curt Schilling and Randy Johnson took MVP honors by being the reason the Arizona Diamondbacks were in position to win the series . The Boston Red Sox have lost 4 World Series , all in 7 games . ( 1946 , 1967 , 1975 , & 1986 ) Four World Series ended with teams clinching the championship in the final game of the series which was not a game 7 and went into extra innings . The title was won this way in 1939 , 1992 , 2012 , and 2015 , with the road team winning each time . The home team has not won a deciding game of a World Series since 2013 , and has not done so in four of the last six seasons . Local rivalries ( edit ) See also : Major League Baseball rivalries When two teams share the same state or metropolitan area , fans often develop strong loyalties to one and antipathies towards the other , sometimes building on already - existing rivalries between cities or neighborhoods . Before the introduction of interleague play in 1997 , the only opportunity for two teams playing in the same area but in different leagues to face each other in official competition would have been in a World Series . Cross-town Series ( edit ) The first city to host an entire World Series was Chicago in 1906 , when the Chicago White Sox beat the Chicago Cubs in six games . Fourteen `` Subway Series '' have been played entirely within New York City , all including the American League 's New York Yankees . Thirteen of them matched the Yankees with either the New York Giants or the Brooklyn Dodgers of the National League . The initial instances occurred in 1921 and 1922 , when the Giants beat the Yankees in consecutive World Series that were not technically `` subway series '' since the teams shared the Polo Grounds as their home ballpark . The Yankees finally beat the Giants the following year , their first in their brand - new Yankee Stadium , and won the two teams ' three subsequent Fall Classic match - ups in 1936 , 1937 and 1951 . The Yankees faced Brooklyn seven times in October , winning their first five meetings in 1941 , 1947 , 1949 , 1952 and 1953 , before losing to the Dodgers in 1955 , Brooklyn 's sole World Championship . The last Subway Series involving the original New York ballclubs came in 1956 , when the Yankees again beat the Dodgers . The trio was separated in 1958 when the Dodgers and Giants moved to California ( although the Yankees subsequently met and beat the now - San Francisco Giants in 1962 , and played the now - Los Angeles Dodgers four times , losing to them in a four - game sweep in 1963 , beating them back - to - back in 1977 and 1978 and losing to them in 1981 ) . An all - New York Series did not recur until 2000 , when the Yankees defeated the New York Mets in five games . The last World Series played entirely in one ballpark was the 1944 `` Streetcar Series '' between the St. Louis Cardinals and the St. Louis Browns . The Cardinals won in six games , all held in their shared home , Sportsman 's Park . The 1989 World Series , sometimes called the `` Bay Bridge Series '' or the `` BART Series '' ( after the connecting transit line ) , featured the Oakland Athletics and the San Francisco Giants , teams that play just across San Francisco Bay from each other . The series is most remembered for the major earthquake that struck the San Francisco Bay Area just before game 3 was scheduled to begin . The quake caused significant damage to both communities and severed the Bay Bridge that connects them , forcing the postponement of the series . Play resumed ten days later , and the A 's swept the Giants in four games . ( The earthquake disruption of the Series almost completely overshadowed the fact that the 1989 Series represented a resumption after many decades of the October rivalry between the Giants and the A 's dating back to the early years of the 20th Century , when the then - New York Giants had defeated the then - Philadelphia Athletics in 1905 , and had lost to them in 1911 and again in 1913 . ) The Giants are the only team to have played in cross-town World Series in two different cities , having faced the Yankees six times while located in New York , and the Athletics once while based in San Francisco . Two cross-town World Series match - ups were formerly possible but did not occur -- the Boston Red Sox vs. the Boston Braves , and the Philadelphia Phillies vs. the Philadelphia Athletics . ( The Braves moved to Milwaukee in 1953 , and the Athletics moved to Kansas City in 1955 . ) Currently there are four metropolitan areas that have two Major League Baseball teams -- New York , Chicago , San Francisco , and Los Angeles . Of the four , only Los Angeles has not hosted a cross-town World Series . Such a contest would pit the Dodgers against the Angels . Below is a chronological list of World Series played between teams from the same metropolitan area , with the winning teams listed in boldface . Year American League National League 1906 Chicago White Sox Chicago Cubs 1921 New York Yankees New York Giants 1922 New York Yankees New York Giants 1923 New York Yankees New York Giants 1936 New York Yankees New York Giants 1937 New York Yankees New York Giants 1941 New York Yankees Brooklyn Dodgers 1944 St. Louis Browns St. Louis Cardinals 1947 New York Yankees Brooklyn Dodgers 1949 New York Yankees Brooklyn Dodgers 1951 New York Yankees New York Giants 1952 New York Yankees Brooklyn Dodgers 1953 New York Yankees Brooklyn Dodgers 1955 New York Yankees Brooklyn Dodgers 1956 New York Yankees Brooklyn Dodgers 1989 Oakland Athletics San Francisco Giants 2000 New York Yankees New York Mets Cross-state rivalries ( edit ) The historic rivalry between Northern and Southern California added to the interest in the Oakland Athletics - Los Angeles Dodgers series in 1974 and 1988 and in the San Francisco Giants ' series against the then - Anaheim Angels in 2002 . Other than the St. Louis World Series of 1944 , the only postseason tournament held entirely within Missouri was the I - 70 Series in 1985 ( named for the Interstate Highway connecting the two cities ) between the St. Louis Cardinals and the Kansas City Royals , who won at home in the seventh game . Going into the 2017 season , there has never been an in - state World Series between the teams in Ohio ( Cleveland Indians and Cincinnati Reds ) , Florida ( Tampa Bay Rays and Miami Marlins ) , Texas ( Texas Rangers and Houston Astros -- who now both play in the American League since the Astros changed leagues in 2013 , making any future joint World Series appearance an impossibility unless one of the teams switches leagues ) , or Pennsylvania ( the Philadelphia Phillies and the Pittsburgh Pirates have been traditional National League rivals going back to the late 19th Century ) . Neither the Phillies nor the Pirates ever faced the Athletics in October during the latter team 's tenure in Philadelphia , through 1954 . The Boston Red Sox never similarly faced the Braves while the latter team played in Boston through 1952 . There also was never an all - Canada World Series between the Toronto Blue Jays and the former Montreal Expos , who never won a National League pennant when they played in that Canadian city from 1969 through 2004 . The Expos became the Washington Nationals in 2005 -- raising the possibility of a potential future `` I - 95 World Series '' between the National League team and the AL 's Baltimore Orioles , who play just 50 miles to the north of Washington . Finally , the Los Angeles and / or Anaheim Angels have never faced off in October against either the Dodgers or against the San Diego Padres for bragging rights in Southern California , although all three of those teams have appeared in the World Series at various times . Pennants won in different cities ( edit ) The Braves are the only team to have both won and lost a World Series in three different home cities ( Boston , Milwaukee , and Atlanta ) . The Athletics have had three different home cities ( Philadelphia , Kansas City , and Oakland ) , but have appeared in the World Series ( both winning and losing ) while based in only two of them ( Philadelphia and Oakland ) . Three other teams have both won and lost the Fall Classic in two different home cities : The Dodgers ( Brooklyn and Los Angeles ) , the Giants ( New York and San Francisco ) , and the Twins ( the Twin Cities and Washington , D.C. , as the first Senators ) . The Orioles are the only other team to have played in the World Series in two different home cities ( Baltimore and St. Louis , as the Browns ) , but all three of their titles ( and three of their four losses ) have come while based in Baltimore . The original sixteen teams ( edit ) At the time the first modern World Series began in 1903 , each league had eight clubs , all of which survive today ( although sometimes in a different city or with a new nickname ) , comprising the `` original sixteen '' . Every original team has won at least two World Series titles . The Philadelphia Phillies ( National League ) were the last of the original teams to win their first Series , in 1980 . They were also the last to win at least two , with their second Series victory in 2008 . The Cubs were the first team to win the series twice , in 1907 and 1908 . The last original American League team to win its first World Series was the Baltimore Orioles ( former St. Louis Browns , originally the Milwaukee Brewers ) , winning in 1966 . The Orioles were also the last original team in the majors to make their first World Series appearance , as the St. Louis Browns in 1944 . Although they never won another American League pennant while in St. Louis , they have won three World Series in six appearances since moving to Baltimore . The St. Louis Cardinals were the last original National League team to appear in or win a modern World Series , doing both in 1926 . They have subsequently won more World Series than any other National League club : 11 championships through 2016 . The New York Yankees have defeated all eight original NL teams in a World Series . Conversely , they have lost at least one World Series to six of the original NL teams , never losing to the Chicago Cubs or the Philadelphia Phillies . The Boston Red Sox have played at least one Series against every original National League team except the ( Boston , Milwaukee and Atlanta ) Braves , with whom they shared a home city through 1952 . The St. Louis Cardinals are currently the only club of the National League 's original eight that holds an overall Series lead over the Yankees , 3 to 2 , taking that lead in 1964 . The Giants won their first two Series over the Yankees ( 1921 and 1922 ) , but the Yankees have faced the Giants five times since then and have won all five , taking the overall lead over the Giants in 1937 . The Pittsburgh Pirates and Yankees have faced each other twice ( 1927 and 1960 ) , with the Yankees winning in 1927 and the Pirates winning in 1960 , making the two teams . 500 against each other . Since the two leagues expanded beyond eight teams apiece in 1961 , the American League 's Cleveland Indians are the only original team that has not won a World Series against the larger field of competitors . The 2015 World Series was the first ever World Series to not feature any of the original sixteen teams . Expansion teams ( after 1960 ) ( edit ) The 2001 Arizona Diamondbacks won their first pennant and World Series in fewer seasons than any other expansion team ( both attained in their 4th season ) . The 1997 World Series Champion Florida Marlins achieved these milestones in the second - fewest number of seasons ( fifth season ) . The fastest AL expansion franchise to win a pennant was the Tampa Bay Rays in 2008 ( 11th season ) and the fastest AL expansion franchise to win a World Series was the Toronto Blue Jays in 1992 ( 16th season ) . While the New York Mets ( NL ) were the first expansion team to win or appear in the World Series ( doing both in 1969 ) , the American League would have to wait until 1980 for its first expansion - team World Series appearance , and until 1985 for its first expansion - team win . Both were by the Kansas City Royals . The AL also had two expansion teams appear in the World Series ( the Milwaukee Brewers being the second , in 1982 ) before the National League 's second expansion team to appear -- the San Diego Padres in 1984 . With the New York Mets defeating the Chicago Cubs in a four - game sweep in the 2015 National League Championship Series and the Kansas City Royals defeating the Toronto Blue Jays in six games in the 2015 American League Championship Series , the 2015 World Series became the first ever World Series matchup in which both teams were expansion teams , where the Mets ( whose first season occurred in 1962 ) faced off against the Kansas City Royals ( whose first season occurred in 1969 ) , with the Royals winning in five games . Until 2015 , all World Series matchups featured at least one of the 16 teams established by 1903 . In the first World Series to only have expansion teams , the New York Mets and the Kansas City Royals were each the first expansion team in each respective league to appear in the World Series , the Mets in 1969 and the Royals in 1980 . Each team was also the first team in each respective league to win the World Series , the Mets in 1969 and the Royals in 1985 . Each team has the most appearance by an expansion team in each respective league in the World Series , with five for the Mets in 1969 , 1973 , 1986 , 2000 , and 2015 , and four for the Royals in 1980 , 1985 , 2014 , and 2015 . 12 expansion teams have now played in at least one Series . As of the end of the 2017 edition , expansion teams were 11 - 12 in the World Series , with four teams ( the New York Mets , Kansas City Royals , Toronto Blue Jays and Miami Marlins ) each winning two . The then - Anaheim Angels , the Arizona Diamondbacks , and the Houston Astros had each won one Series by the end of the 2017 season . The Toronto Blue Jays ( 1992 and 1993 ) , Miami Marlins ( 1997 and 2003 as the Florida Marlins ) , Arizona Diamondbacks ( 2001 ) and Los Angeles Angels ( 2002 as the Anaheim Angels ) have never lost a World Series appearance . Five expansion teams have appeared in the World Series without ever winning a championship : twice for the Texas Rangers ( formerly the second Washington Senators ) and San Diego Padres , and once each for the Milwaukee Brewers ( formerly Seattle Pilots ) , Colorado Rockies , and Tampa Bay Rays ( formerly Devil Rays ) . Two expansion teams have not yet won a league pennant ( and therefore also have not appeared in a World Series ) : the American League 's Seattle Mariners and the National League 's Washington Nationals ( formerly Montreal Expos ) . Both teams have competed in postseason play and appeared in their respective League Championship Series at least once , but have no League Championship Series victories . Other notes ( edit ) The team with the better regular season winning percentage has won the World Series 53 times , or 48.62 % ( 53 of 109 ) of the time . Three World Series have featured teams with identical regular season records ( 1949 , 1958 , 2013 ) . The Toronto Blue Jays are the only Canadian team ever to win a pennant or a World Series , doing both twice , in 1992 and 1993 . The Chicago Cubs and the Houston Astros are the only teams with a World Series title that have never clinched one at home . Three series have matched up the previous two World Champions , with the New York Yankees winning all three . The 1928 World Series was contested by the 1926 champion Cardinals and 1927 champion Yankees ; the Yankees won the series 4 - 0 . In 1943 , the 1941 champion Yankees met the 1942 champion Cardinals , which the Yankees won 4 - 1 . In the 1958 World Series , the 1956 champion Yankees faced the 1957 champion Milwaukee Braves ; the Yankees won this series 4 - 3 . The 2012 National League Championship Series also matched up the previous two World Champions : the 2010 champion Giants and the 2011 champion Cardinals ; the Giants won this series 4 - 3 . As of the present , there are two World Series that can not have a rematch , the 1982 World Series between the NL champion St. Louis Cardinals and AL champion Milwaukee Brewers and the 2005 World Series between the AL champion Chicago White Sox and NL champion Houston Astros . The Brewers , who were inaugurated by the American League as the Seattle Pilots in 1969 and relocated to Milwaukee in 1970 , were moved to the NL starting in 1998 . The Astros , who were inaugurated by the National League in 1962 as the Houston Colt . 45s and adopted their current name in 1965 , were moved to the AL starting in 2013 . Therefore , the latest postseason round where the Brewers could face the Cardinals today would be in the National League Championship Series ( which has occurred once , in 2011 ) while the latest postseason round where the Astros could face the White Sox today would be in the American League Championship Series ( has never occurred ) . The Milwaukee Brewers and Houston Astros are the only two teams in MLB to have played in both the American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) and National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) . The Brewers have won their lone ALCS appearance in 1982 against the then - California Angels and have lost in their only NLCS appearance in 2011 against the St. Louis Cardinals , making them 1 - 1 all time between both League Championship Series . The Astros , meanwhile , have a 2 - 3 record between both League Championship Series , having gone 1 - 3 in four NLCS appearances ( lost in 1980 to the Philadelphia Phillies , lost in 1986 to the New York Mets , lost in 2004 to the Cardinals , and won in 2005 versus the Cardinals ) and having won their only ALCS appearance in 2017 against the New York Yankees . With their victories in both the 2005 National League Championship Series and the 2017 American League Championship Series , the Astros are the only team in MLB to have represented both the National League and the American League in the World Series . The 2015 World Series game 1 between the New York Mets and the Kansas City Royals was the longest game 1 in history at 5 hours and 9 minutes . Yogi Berra of the New York Yankees holds the record for most World Series championships by a player with 10 . Joe DiMaggio of the Yankees is second with 9 . Joe McCarthy and Casey Stengel are tied for the most World Series titles by a manager with 7 apiece , all 14 of them with the Yankees . Connie Mack managed the Philadelphia Athletics to 5 World Series crowns . The all - time World Series single - game attendance record is 92,706 , set in Game 5 of the 1959 World Series at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , the temporary home of the Los Angeles Dodgers until Dodger Stadium opened in 1962 . The Chicago White Sox defeated the Dodgers 1 - 0 in the record - setting game . Games 3 and 4 of that series also drew crowds in excess of 92,000 . Television coverage and ratings ( edit ) See also : List of World Series broadcasters and World Series television ratings When the World Series was first broadcast on television in 1947 , it was only televised to a few surrounding areas via coaxial inter-connected stations : New York City ( WNBT ) ; Philadelphia ( WPTZ ) ; Schenectady / Albany , New York ( WRGB ) ; Washington , D.C. ( WNBW ) and surrounding suburbs / environs . In 1948 , games in Boston were only seen in the Northeast . Meanwhile , games in Cleveland were only seen in the Midwest and Pittsburgh . The games were open to all channels with a network affiliation . In all , the 1948 World Series was televised to fans in seven Midwestern cities : Cleveland , Chicago , Detroit , Milwaukee , St. Louis , and Toledo . By 1949 , World Series games could now be seen east of the Mississippi River . The games were open to all channels with a network affiliation . By 1950 , World Series games could be seen in most of the country , but not all . 1951 marked the first time that the World Series was televised coast to coast . Meanwhile , 1955 marked the first time that the World Series was televised in color . Network Number broadcast Years broadcast Future scheduled telecasts ABC 11 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1977 , 1979 , 1981 , 1983 , 1985 , 1987 , 1989 , 1995 ( Games 1 , 4 -- 5 ) CBS 8 1947 ( Games 3 -- 4 ) , 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 DuMont 1947 ( Games 2 , 6 -- 7 ) , 1948 , 1949 Fox 19 1996 , 1998 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 2018 2019 , 2020 , 2021 NBC 39 1947 ( Games 1 , 5 ) , 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1978 , 1980 , 1982 , 1984 , 1986 , 1988 , 1995 ( Games 2 -- 3 , 6 ) , 1997 , 1999 ^ * : Not currently broadcasting Major League Baseball . ^ * * : Per the current broadcast agreement , the World Series will be televised by Fox through 2021 . ^ * * * : Gillette , which sponsored World Series telecasts exclusively from roughly 1947 to 1965 ( prior to 1966 , the Series announcers were chosen by the Gillette Company along with the Commissioner of Baseball and NBC ) , paid for airtime on DuMont 's owned - and - operated Pittsburgh affiliate , WDTV ( now KDKA - TV ) to air the World Series . In the meantime , Gillette also bought airtime on ABC , CBS , and NBC . More to the point , in some cities , the World Series was broadcast on three different stations at once . ^ * * * * : NBC was originally scheduled to televise the entire 1995 World Series ; however , due to the cancellation of the 1994 Series ( which had been slated for ABC , who last televised a World Series in 1989 ) , coverage ended up being split between the two networks . Game 5 is , to date , the last Major League Baseball game to be telecast by ABC ( had there been a Game 7 , ABC would 've televised it ) . This was the only World Series to be produced under the `` Baseball Network '' umbrella ( a revenue sharing joint venture between Major League Baseball , ABC , and NBC ) . In July 1995 , both networks announced that they would be pulling out of what was supposed to be a six - year - long venture . NBC would next cover the 1997 ( NBC 's first entirely since 1988 ) and 1999 World Series over the course of a five - year - long contract , in which Fox would cover the World Series in even numbered years ( 1996 , 1998 , and 2000 ) . International participation ( edit ) See also : Baseball § Around - the - world , and History of baseball outside the United States Despite its name , the World Series remains solely the championship of the major - league baseball teams in the United States and Canada , although MLB , its players , and North American media sometimes informally refer to World Series winners as `` world champions of baseball '' . The United States , Canada , and Mexico ( Liga Méxicana de Béisbol , established 1925 ) were the only professional baseball countries until a few decades into the 20th century . The first Japanese professional baseball efforts began in 1920 . The current Japanese leagues date from the late 1940s ( after World War II ) . Various Latin American leagues also formed around that time . By the 1990s , baseball was played at a highly skilled level in many countries . Reaching North America 's high - salary major leagues is the goal of many of the best players around the world , which gives a strong international flavor to the Series . Many talented players from Latin America , the Caribbean , the Pacific Rim , and elsewhere now play in the majors . One notable exception is Cuban citizens , because of the political tensions between the US and Cuba since 1959 ( yet a number of Cuba 's finest ballplayers have still managed to defect to the United States over the past half - century to play in the American professional leagues ) . Japanese professional players also have a difficult time coming to the North American leagues . They become free agents only after nine years playing service in the NPB , although their Japanese teams may at any time `` post '' them for bids from MLB teams , which commonly happens at the player 's request . Several tournaments feature teams composed only of players from one country , similar to national teams in other sports . The World Baseball Classic , sponsored by Major League Baseball and sanctioned by the sport 's world governing body , the World Baseball Softball Confederation ( WBSC ) , uses a format similar to the FIFA World Cup to promote competition between nations every four years . The WBSC has since added the Premier12 , a tournament also involving national teams ; the first event was held in 2015 , and is planned to be held every four years ( in the middle of the World Baseball Classic cycle ) . The World Baseball Classic is held in March and the Premier12 is held in November , allowing both events to feature top - level players from all nations . The predecessor to the WBSC as the sport 's international governing body , the International Baseball Federation , also sponsored a Baseball World Cup to crown a world champion . However , because the World Cup was held during the Northern Hemisphere summer , during the playing season of almost all top - level leagues , its teams did not feature the best talent from each nation . As a result , baseball fans paid little or no attention to the World Cup and generally disregarded its results . The Caribbean Series features competition among the league champions from Mexico , Puerto Rico , the Dominican Republic , and Venezuela but unlike the FIFA Club World Cup , there is no club competition that features champions from all professional leagues across the world . Image gallery ( edit ) Rooftop view of a 1903 World Series game in Boston Game action in the 1906 Series in Chicago ( the only all - Chicago World Series to date ) Bill Wambsganss completes his unassisted triple play in 1920 Washington 's Bucky Harris scores his home run in the fourth inning of Game 7 ( October 10 , 1924 ) The Chicago Cubs celebrate winning the 2016 World Series , which ended the club 's 108 - year championship drought . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal AL pennant winners ( 1901 -- 1968 ) AL Wild Card winners ( since 1994 ) Americas Baseball Cup Asia Series Asian Baseball Championship Baseball at the Asian Games Baseball at the Central American and Caribbean Games Baseball at the Pan American Games Baseball at the Summer Olympics Baseball World Cup Caribbean Series Chronicle - Telegraph Cup College World Series European Baseball Championship European Champion Cup Final Four European Cup ( baseball ) Home advantage Intercontinental Cup ( International Baseball Federation ( IBAF ) ) Japan Series Korean Series Little League World Series MLB division winners MLB franchise postseason droughts MLB postseason MLB postseason teams MLB rivalries Negro World Series NL pennant winners ( 1876 -- 1968 ) NL Wild Card winners ( since 1994 ) Temple Cup Women 's Baseball World Cup World Baseball Classic World Series broadcasters World Series champions World Series starting pitchers World Series television ratings Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World Series trophy profile '' . mlb.mlb.com . December 5 , 2008 . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Enders , Eric ( 2007 ) . The Fall Classic : The Definitive History of the World Series . Sterling Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 4770 - 0 . , et al . Jump up ^ `` List of World Series at Baseball Reference '' . Baseball Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` World Series : A Comprehensive History of the World Series '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved October 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Roger ( 2003 ) . The First World Series and the Baseball Fanatics of 1903 . Northeastern . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55553 - 561 - 2 . Jump up ^ Winchester , Simon ( 2005 ) . Krakatoa : The Day the World Exploded August 27 , 1883 . New York City : HarperCollins . p. 288 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 083859 - 1 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barak , Tal ( June 1 , 2005 ) . `` World Series ? Wait a Minute ... '' NPR . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Series Summary '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ for example , Ernest Lanigan 's Baseball Cyclopedia from 1922 , and Turkin and Thompson 's Encyclopedia of Baseball series throughout the 1950s . Jump up ^ The Sporting News Record Book , which began publishing in the 1930s , listed only the modern Series , but also included regular - season achievements for all the 19th century leagues . Also , a paperback from 1961 called World Series Encyclopedia , edited by Don Schiffer , mentioned the 1880s and 1890s Series in the introduction but otherwise left them out of the discussion . Jump up ^ page 776 of the facsimile edition , published by the American Heritage Press and Workman Publishing , 1971 , ISBN 0 - 07 - 071881 - 4 Jump up ^ page 677 . The World Almanac has also long since modified that list 's heading to read simply `` World Series Results '' . Jump up ^ Abrams , pages 50 -- 51 Jump up ^ Temple Cup at Baseball Library Jump up ^ `` BASEBALL LEGISLATION . -- The National League Abolishes the Temple Cup Series -- New Rule as to Drafting Players '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . November 13 , 1897 . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abrams , pages 51 Jump up ^ Abrams , pages 52 -- 54 Jump up ^ `` FIVE GREAT MOMENTS AT THREE RIVERS STADIUM '' . The Sporting News . 2000 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2008 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . The first night game in World Series history was a thrilling one for Pittsburgh fans . Jump up ^ Tramel , Berry ( April 15 , 2009 ) . `` World Series : Turn back clock on baseball '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Bless You Boys : A Celebration of the ' 84 Tigers '' at mlb.com `` . Detroit.tigers.mlb.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scott , Nate ( October 13 , 2013 ) . `` When will we end the charade of the All - Star game deciding World Series home - field advantage ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Crasnick , Jerry ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Should the All - Star Game ' count ' ? '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Crasnick , Jerry ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Did Wainwright let up on Jeter ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Machir , Troy ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Adam Wainwright admits , then denies he served fat pitch to Jeter '' . Sporting News . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Bob ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` Whatever happened to the All - Star Game ? '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Justice , Richard ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Peace & glove : Owners , players reach CBA deal '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Most of the changes were regarding issues that had been discussed for weeks , but one surprising twist is that home - field advantage in the World Series will no longer be tied to the All - Star Game , as first reported by The Associated Press . Instead , the pennant winner with the better regular - season record will get home - field advantage in the Fall Classic . Jump up ^ `` Mets - Royals World Series is the first between 2 expansion teams '' . Newsday . October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Series ended with walk - off hits '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Game 8 play by play , 1912 World Series Jump up ^ Barra , Allen ( October 2006 ) . `` The Greatest Series ? '' . American Heritage Magazine . 57 ( 5 ) . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Best , Neil . `` Mets - Royals World Series is the first between 2 expansion teams -- Newsday '' . Newsday . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dodd , Mike ( October 27 , 2008 ) . `` TV signals limited viewing of 1948 World Series '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Will Carry Series on 5 Networks '' . Schenectady Gazette . Associated Press . September 24 , 1948 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Wolters , Larry ( September 24 , 1948 ) . `` All Chains Get Offer on Series TV '' . Chicago Tribune . p . C4 . Jump up ^ Buttefield , C.E. ( September 19 , 1949 ) . `` World Series Via Video Destined for 45 Stations '' . The St. Petersburg Independent . Associated Press . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Drebinger , John ( October 5 , 1949 ) . `` Reynolds to Face Newcombe ( Maybe ) in Opener of Series Today '' . New York Times . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Wolters , Larry ( September 16 , 1950 ) . `` TELEVISION ALL SET TO HIT LINE FOR GRID FANS '' . Chicago Tribune . p . A1 . ^ Jump up to : Wolters , Larry ( October 1 , 1950 ) . `` TELEVISION COMES OF AGE AND STARS FLOCK TO SIGN UP '' . Chicago Tribune . p . NW_B1 . Jump up ^ Wolters , Larry ( October 5 , 1950 ) . `` TV STRIKES OUT ON TWO INNINGS OF WORLD SERIES '' . Chicago Tribune . p . A1 . Jump up ^ `` Coast - to - Coast TV Lights Up For San Francisco Parley '' . Christian Science Monitor . Associated Press . September 4 , 1951 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Wolters , Larry ( September 16 , 1951 ) . `` TELEVISION SET FOR A BOMBING SEASON '' . Chicago Tribune . p . N_D1 . Jump up ^ `` COAST - TO - COAST TV CARRIES PLAY - OFF '' . New York Times . October 2 , 1951 . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Adams , Val ( September 27 , 1955 ) . `` DUROCHER MEETS WITH NBC ON JOB '' . New York Times . p. 71 . Jump up ^ Crosby , John ( October 5 , 1955 ) . `` Series In Color Lacked Black And White 's Clarity '' . Hartford Courant . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Settimi , Christina ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` Baseball Scores $12 Billion In Television Deals '' . Forbes . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallant , Joseph . `` Channel 12 : Feedback '' . DuMont Television Network Historical Website . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Frank Thomas in the Chicago White Sox victory celebration in 2005 exclaimed `` We 're world 's champions , baby ! '' At the close of the 2006 Series , Baseball Commissioner Bud Selig called the St. Louis Cardinals `` champions of the world '' . Likewise , the cover of Sports Illustrated magazine for November 6 , 2006 , featured Series MVP David Eckstein and was subtitled `` World Champions '' . Immediately after the final putout of the 2008 World Series , Philadelphia Phillies broadcaster Harry Kalas commented that `` the Philadelphia Phillies are 2008 World Champions of baseball ! '' References ( edit ) Ernest Lanigan , Baseball Cyclopedia , 1922 , originally published by Baseball Magazine , available as a reprint from McFarland . Turkin , Hy ; S.C. Thompson ( 1951 ) . The Official Encyclopedia of Baseball . A.S. Barnes and Company . Buchanan , Lamont ( 1951 ) . The World Series and Highlights of Baseball . E.P. Dutton & Company . Jordan A. Deutsch , Richard M. Cohen , David Neft , Roland T. Johnson , The Scrapbook History of Baseball , 1975 , Bobbs - Merrill Company . Cohen , Richard M. ; David Neft ; Roland T. Johnson ; Jordan A. Deutsch ( 1976 ) . The World Series . Dial Press . The New York Times ( 1980 ) . The Complete Book of Baseball : A Scrapbook History . Sporting News , Baseball Record Book and Baseball Guide , published annually since ca . 1941 . Lansch , Jerry ( 1991 ) . Glory Fades Away : The Nineteenth Century World Series Rediscovered . Taylor Publishing . ISBN 0 - 87833 - 726 - 1 . 100 Years of the World Series ( DVD ) . Major League Baseball . 2002 . Further reading ( edit ) Auf Der Mar , Nick . `` World Series Fever Offers No Relief from Agony of Stadium Envy . '' The ( Montreal ) Gazette . October 30 , 1991 ( p . A2 ) . Dickey , Glenn . The History of the World Series Since 1903 . New York : Stein and Day , 1984 . Seymour , Harold . Baseball : The Early Years . New York : Oxford University Press , 1960 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505912 - 3 . Sutherland , Norman . `` Unhappy Start for Yankees . '' The ( Glasgow ) Herald . March 20 , 1999 ( p. 9 ) . Thorn , John et al. Total Baseball . Kingston , New York : Total Sports Publishing , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 930844 - 01 - 8 ( pp. 265 -- 280 ) . Minneapolis Star Tribune . `` Q & A on the News . '' October 29 , 1999 ( p . A2 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to World Series . Official website Baseball Reference `` postseason '' page , listing every World Series , with links to play - by - play summaries of every game Sporting News : History of the World Series Baseball Almanac : World Series List of World Series Winning Rosters Coolest World Series teams ever ESPN Classic -- Who 's # 1 ? : Best World Series <Th_colspan="2"> World Series <Td_colspan="2"> No World Series was held in 1904 because the NL champions refused to participate ; no World Series was held in 1994 due to a players ' strike . 1900s -- 1910s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s -- 1930s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s -- 1950s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s -- 1970s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s -- 1990s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s -- 2010s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 See also Pre-World Series champions World Series champions Most Valuable Players Starting pitchers Babe Ruth Award Commissioner 's Trophy World Series ring Appearances Streaks Droughts Series ( by franchise ) Broadcasters TV ratings ALCS NLCS ALDS NLDS ALWC NLWC Game 7 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Dauvray Cup Temple Cup Chronicle - Telegraph Cup <Td_colspan="2"> Book : World Series Category : World Series <Th_colspan="2"> Major League Baseball ( 2017 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants <Td_colspan="2"> Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Miscellaneous All - Star Game World Baseball Classic International games Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Executive Management Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions MLB drafts First year player Rule 5 Players Association TV contracts Highest paid players Luxury tax Instant replay MLB logo MLB team uniforms Minor League Baseball History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Rivalries Interleague play Schedule Stadiums Civil Rights Game Jackie Robinson Day Spring training Opening Day Lockouts / strikes Mascots MLB.com Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 <Td_colspan="2"> Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents NL AL Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Series&oldid=814483336 '' Categories : World Series Annual sporting events in the United States October sporting events Recurring sporting events established in 1903 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 02 : 31 . 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who do you play as in the new god of war

God of War ( 2018 video game ) - Wikipedia God of War ( 2018 video game ) <Th_colspan="2"> God of War <Td_colspan="2"> Developer ( s ) SIE Santa Monica Studio Publisher ( s ) Sony Interactive Entertainment Director ( s ) Cory Barlog Producer ( s ) Elizabeth Dahm Wang Sean Llewellyn Chad Cox Eric Fong Designer ( s ) Derek Daniels Programmer ( s ) Florian Strauss Writer ( s ) Matt Sophos Richard Zangrande Gaubert Cory Barlog Composer ( s ) Bear McCreary Series God of War Platform ( s ) PlayStation 4 Release April 20 , 2018 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player God of War is an action - adventure video game developed by Santa Monica Studio and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment ( SIE ) . Released on April 20 , 2018 , for the PlayStation 4 ( PS4 ) console , it is the eighth installment in the God of War series , the eighth chronologically , and the sequel to 2010 's God of War III . Unlike previous games , which were loosely based on Greek mythology , this game is loosely based on Norse mythology . The main protagonists are Kratos , the former Greek God of War , and his young son Atreus . Following the death of Kratos ' second wife and Atreus ' mother , they journey to fulfill her promise and spread her ashes at the highest peak of the nine realms . Kratos keeps his troubled past a secret from Atreus , who is unaware of his divine nature . Along their journey , they encounter monsters and gods of the Norse world . Described by creative director Cory Barlog as a reimagining of the franchise , a major gameplay change is that Kratos prominently uses a magical battle axe instead of his signature double - chained blades . God of War also uses an over-the - shoulder free camera , with the game in one shot , as opposed to the fixed cinematic camera of the previous entries . The game includes role - playing video game elements , and Kratos ' son Atreus provides assistance in combat . The majority of the original game 's development team worked on God of War and designed the game to be accessible and grounded . A separate short text - based game , God of War : A Call from the Wilds released in February 2018 , follows Atreus on his first adventure . God of War received universal acclaim from critics , being praised for its narrative , world design , art direction , graphics , characters , and combat system . It received perfect scores from multiple reviewers , making it the highest - rated game in the God of War series , as well the third highest - rated PS4 game on Metacritic . The game performed well commercially , selling five million copies within a month of release . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Synopsis 2.1 Setting 2.2 Characters 2.3 Plot 3 Development 3.1 Characterization 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 God of War : A Call from the Wilds 6 Reception 6.1 Sales 6.2 Accolades 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Gameplay ( edit ) The gameplay is vastly different from the previous installments , as it was rebuilt from the ground up . Although the previous main installment , Ascension ( 2013 ) , introduced multiplayer to the series , this installment is single - player - only . The game features a third - person , over-the - shoulder free camera , a departure from the previous installments , which featured a third - person , fixed cinematic camera ( with the exception of 2007 's 2D side - scroller Betrayal ) . Cinematographically , the game is presented in a continuous shot , with no camera cuts . The game is open , but it is not open - world . Due to it being open , players can fast travel to different locations through Mystic Gateways . As the ability to swim was cut from the game , players instead use a boat to traverse bodies of water . Just like previous entries , there are puzzles for players to solve to progress through parts of the game . Enemies in the game stem from Norse mythology , such as variants of trolls , ogres , dark elves and their king , wolves , wulvers , nightmares , draugrs , tatzelwurms , as well as Gullveig and the revenants , beings warped by seiðr magic , among other original creatures . Valkyries appear as optional boss battles , and players can free the dragons Fáfnir , Otr , and Reginn -- dwarfs that were turned into dragons -- in addition to battling a dragon called Hræzlyr . A major change is that Kratos no longer uses his signature double - chained blades , the Blades of Chaos , as his default weapon . Instead , he uses a magical battle axe , called the Leviathan Axe , which is infused with ice elemental magic . The axe can be thrown at enemies and magically summoned back to his hand ( similar to Thor 's hammer Mjölnir ) . Larger enemies have precision targets and throwing the axe at those targets stuns the enemy . The weapon can also be thrown at environmental objects to trigger a damaging explosion and it can freeze objects and some enemies in place for puzzle solving until the axe is summoned back to Kratos ' hand . The axe has standard light and heavy attacks , and over time , it can be upgraded with runes to allow for special runic attacks , with one slot being for a light runic attack and the other for heavy . This provides players with a variety of options to cater to their own play style . For example , one of the light runic attacks allows Kratos to charge the axe and let out a burst of energy and one of the heavy runic attacks allows Kratos to summon a swirling ice storm . Another new weapon that Kratos utilizes is the Guardian Shield . When not in use , it folds up and appears like a vambrace on Kratos ' left forearm . When summoned , the shield can be used offensively and defensively , similar to the Golden Fleece in previous games . Kratos also utilizes hand - to - hand combat , a feature originally introduced in Ascension . The Blades of Chaos are acquired late into the game via a plot device and perform similarly as they did in previous installments , but can also be upgraded with light and heavy runic attacks . Pre-release gameplay screenshot of God of War , taken from the trailer shown at E3 2016 : Kratos ( center ) and his son Atreus ( right ) are battling a troll . Atreus can assist in combat , such as firing lightning arrows on the player 's command . Similar to previous games , there is a `` Rage '' ability called Spartan Rage . Like the previous versions , the Rage ability has a meter that gradually fills during combat . With this ability , Kratos uses powerful bare - handed attacks , as opposed to weapons , to greatly damage enemies . The game also features elements similar to role - playing video games ( RPGs ) . There are crafting resources for the player to find that allow them to create new or upgrade existing armor with better perks . Players also accumulate a currency called Hacksilver , a key component in crafting and purchasing new items . Experience points ( XP ) are used for learning new combat skills . Throughout the game world , players find chests containing random items , such as Hacksilver and enchantments for improving armor and weapons , as well as two special items , Iðunn 's Apples and Horns of Blood Mead , which increase the maximum length of the health and rage meters , respectively . Quick time events have changed from previous games . Enemies display two meters above their heads , one for health and the other for stun . Filling up the stun meter helps to defeat more difficult enemies . When the stun meter is full , a grab - prompt will appear . Depending on the enemy , Kratos may rip it in half or grab them and throw them into other enemies , among other possible outcomes . Although the game is played entirely as Kratos , there are times when the player may choose to passively control Kratos ' son , Atreus . One button is dedicated to Atreus and its use depends on the context . For example , if the player needs assistance , they can look at an enemy , press the button , and Atreus will use his Talon Bow to shoot arrows at the enemy . The arrows have little effect on an enemy 's health , but do increase the stun meter . Over the course of the game , Atreus helps in combat , traversal , exploration , and puzzle - solving . When facing a large number of enemies , he distracts the weaker ones as Kratos fights the stronger ones . If too many enemies gang up on Atreus , he is knocked out for the remainder of that combat . Just like Kratos , Atreus acquires new skills , armor , special arrows , such as lightning arrows , as well as runic attacks for his Talon Bow , but it only has one slot instead of two . Atreus ' runic attacks summon different spectral animals with different abilities . For example , one summons a wolf that attacks enemies , while another summons the squirrel Ratatoskr that will dig up orbs to replenish Kratos ' health or rage meters . Synopsis ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) While the first seven games were loosely based on Greek mythology , this installment takes the series to Norse mythology , but predates the Vikings . Six of the nine realms of Norse mythology can be explored . The majority of the game takes place in the realm of Midgard , inhabited by humans and other creatures and is the same realm that the Greek world had existed in . As more creatures began appearing , many humans fled . Other realms visited as part of the story include Alfheim , the mystical home of the light and dark elves , Helheim , the icy land of the dead , and Jötunheim , the mountainous land of the giants . Other explorable realms include Niflheim , a realm of poisonous fog with a maze - like structure of rewards , and the fire realm Muspelheim , featuring the six Trials of Muspelheim ; completing each trial grants rewards and advances Kratos and Atreus closer to the top of a large volcano . Access to the other three realms -- Asgard , home of the Æsir gods , Vanaheim , home of the Vanir gods , and Svartalfheim , home of the dwarves -- have been blocked by the ruler of Asgard and the Æsir gods , Odin . At the center of the realms is the mythical tree Yggdrasil , which connects each realm together . Although each realm is a different world , they simultaneously exist in the same space . Travel to and from realms can be done by the use of the Bifröst from a root of Yggdrasil contained within a temple located at the center of the Lake of the Nine . The temple was created by the now dead Týr , a peaceful God of War who had traveled to other lands and learned about their mythologies ; Odin had him killed as he believed Týr was secretly aiding the giants and would try to overthrow him . Characters ( edit ) Main article : Characters of God of War The protagonists of the game are Kratos ( voiced by Christopher Judge ) and his young son Atreus ( Sunny Suljic ) . Kratos is a warrior originally from Sparta who became the Greek God of War and is the son of Zeus . After ending up in Midgard , he met his second and now deceased wife , Laufey ( addressed as Faye ) , and they bore their son , Atreus , who does not know about Kratos ' past or his divine nature , but can hear other beings ' thoughts . The main antagonist is the Æsir god Baldur ( Jeremy Davies ) , the brother of Thor , whose sons Modi and Magni ( Nolan North and Troy Baker , respectively ) assist Baldur . His parents are Odin and the Vanir god Freya ( Danielle Bisutti ) . Freya tried leaving Odin , as she did not truly love him , and Odin had her banished to Midgard , after which she became known as the Witch of the Woods . To protect her son from a prophecy that foretold his death , Freya cast a spell of immortality on Baldur , which also caused him to not feel pain or any feeling of pleasure , which he resented her for . The only thing that she could not prevent from breaking the spell was mistletoe , which she kept secret . Other characters include Mímir ( Alastair Duncan ) , who claims to be the smartest man alive , and the Huldra Brothers Brok ( Roger Craighead ) and Sindri ( Adam J. Harrington ) , a pair of dwarves who appear at various points in the world and assist Kratos and Atreus with forging new gear . Their weapons , including Thor 's hammer Mjölnir , were used by the Æsir gods and they also had forged Kratos ' Leviathan Axe , which originally belonged to Faye , who also gifted Kratos his Guardian Shield . The spirit of the Greek goddess Athena ( Carole Ruggier ) makes a cameo appearance , and Zeus ( Corey Burton ) appears as an illusion to Kratos in Helheim . Plot ( edit ) Many years have passed since Kratos took his vengeance against the Olympian gods , and he now lives with his young son Atreus in Midgard . The game opens following the death of Kratos ' second wife and Atreus ' mother , Faye , whose last wish was for her ashes to be spread at the highest peak of the nine realms . Before beginning their journey , Kratos is confronted by a mysterious man with godlike powers . After seemingly killing him , Kratos and Atreus set out on their journey . Reaching the Lake of the Nine , Kratos and Atreus encounter the friendly World Serpent , Jörmungandr . After running into impenetrable black mist which can only be extinguished with the Light of Alfheim , they receive aid from the Witch of the Woods to use the Bifröst in order to travel to Alfheim and secure the Light . Upon vanquishing the mist and reaching Midgard 's peak , they overhear a conversation between the mysterious man , revealed to be Baldur , his nephews Modi and Magni , and the imprisoned Mímir . After they leave , Kratos and Atreus confront Mímir , who reveals that their goal is actually in Jötunheim , but travel there has been blocked to keep out Odin and Thor . Mímir , however , knows another passage . He instructs Kratos to cut off his head and have it revived by the Witch of the Woods , revealed to be Freya . Kratos immediately distrusts her , but both Freya and Mímir warn him that he must tell Atreus about his true nature . Kratos , Atreus , and Mímir 's head journey to collect needed components to open Jötunheim 's portal when they are attacked by Modi and Magni . After Kratos kills Magni , Modi flees , but later returns and ambushes them . Atreus collapses ill , which Mímir and Freya explain is a mental contradiction of a god believing himself to be mortal . She tells Kratos that he must retrieve the heart of the Keeper of the Bridge of the Damned in Helheim , but his Leviathan Axe is useless there . Kratos then returns home to unearth his old weapons , the Blades of Chaos , and is haunted by Athena 's spirit , who goads him about his past . After retrieving the heart , he has a haunting vision of Zeus . Atreus is cured and Kratos tells him that he is a god . Atreus then becomes increasingly arrogant on their journey , and he murders a weakened Modi , despite Kratos ordering not to . At Midgard 's peak , they are ambushed by Baldur , resulting in Jötunheim 's portal being destroyed and the group falling into Helheim . Atreus makes amends with Kratos and they find out about Freya and Baldur 's familial relationship . Returning to Midgard , Mímir realizes there is another way to reach Jötunheim , but it requires recovering his missing eye . After obtaining it from Jörmungandr 's belly , who had inadvertently swallowed it when he ate a statue of Thor , they are attacked by Baldur again , but Freya intervenes in an attempt to protect her son . During the fight , Baldur is pierced by Atreus ' mistletoe arrowhead , breaking Freya 's spell on him . Baldur is defeated , and although Kratos gives him an opportunity to retreat , he instead attempts to strangle Freya , forcing Kratos to kill him . A grieving Freya swears revenge on Kratos and taunts him about hiding his true nature from Atreus . Kratos finally tells Atreus about his past and how he had killed his fellow Greek gods , including his father Zeus . Atreus laments if all gods are good for is committing parricide . Kratos tells Atreus that they should both learn from their experiences and not repeat the mistakes of their predecessors . A silent Freya leaves with Baldur 's corpse and Mímir hopefully suggests that she will eventually move on from the tragedy and that Kratos did the right thing . In Jötunheim , they find a temple with a mural depicting their adventures , showing that the giants had foreseen everything that would happen and vaguely foretold what was to come . In addition , they discover that Faye was a giant who decided to stay behind in Midgard , making Atreus a hybrid of giant , god , and mortal . Their fight with Baldur was shown , revealing he was actually after Faye the whole time . It is also revealed that Atreus was named Loki by his mother . Wondering if Faye planned this in advance , Kratos and Atreus fulfill their promise and spread her ashes at the peak . Afterwards , Kratos reveals to Atreus that his given name was also the name of a compassionate Spartan comrade . When they return to Midgard , Mímir warns them that the three - year long Fimbulwinter has started , meaning Ragnarök is soon to follow , which was not supposed to occur for another hundred years . In the game 's secret ending , Kratos and Atreus return home and slumber . Atreus has a vision that at the end of Fimbulwinter , Thor will arrive at their home to confront them . Development ( edit ) At the first annual PlayStation Experience on December 6 , 2014 , Santa Monica Studios 's creative director Cory Barlog confirmed that a new God of War was in very early development . He said that the game would not be a prequel , but it might be a reboot . In April 2016 , Polygon reported that concept art of the next installment had been leaked . The images showed Kratos in the world of Norse mythology ; a concept originally considered by series creator David Jaffe after Kratos eliminated the Greek gods . At the 2016 Electronic Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) , the next installment was officially announced with a gameplay demo and confirmed the concept art to be true . The demo showed a fully bearded Kratos with a son , and Kratos was teaching the boy how to hunt . The pair also battled a troll . The end of the demo showed the title God of War and confirmed it was in development for the PlayStation 4 . E3 also confirmed that Barlog had returned to the series as game director for the new installment . Barlog has been a major contributor in the development of the God of War series since the original installment in 2005 , with his prior most notable role being game director of God of War II ( 2007 ) . This new installment was his fifth God of War game . In naming the game , Barlog stated that it was deliberately titled God of War with no numeral or subtitle because although it is a continuation of the series , `` we are reimagining everything . '' Head of Santa Monica Studio Shannon Studstill and Barlog said that Sony Interactive Entertainment had to be convinced to do another God of War game as a lot of people at Sony wanted the series to `` sleep and rest '' due to the lackluster response of the previous game , Ascension . In explaining why Barlog was brought back , Studstill said that he knew the series very well , `` and bringing in someone that understands that history is the respect the franchise deserves . '' Barlog followed up and said that `` You got ta know the rules to break the rules . '' Series creator David Jaffe was also considered , but was unavailable . In explaining the transition from Greek mythology to Norse mythology , Barlog said : `` it 's kind of this BC -- AD change over kind of thing . We 're moving and starting from zero and kind of moving forward on that . '' Before settling on Norse mythology , Egyptian mythology was also considered . Barlog said that half of the team was for it , but since `` there 's a lot more about civilization - it 's less isolated , less barren '' , he had to make the decision and decided on the Norse setting because they wanted the focus to stay on Kratos : `` Having too much around distracts from that central theme of a stranger in a strange land . '' In explaining why Kratos was now in the Norse world , Barlog said that different cultures ' belief systems coexisted , but they were `` separated by geography '' , suggesting that Kratos traveled from Greece to Norway ( Scandinavia ) after the conclusion of God of War III ; in clarifying the conclusion of that game , Barlog said that Kratos did not destroy what was believed to be the entire world , but only the portion that was ruled over by the Greeks . Barlog said that the new game predates the Vikings ; it is the time in which their gods walked the Earth . It was also confirmed that this would not be Kratos ' last game . Barlog said that future games could see the series tackling Egyptian or Mayan mythology , and that although this game focuses on Norse mythology , it alludes to the fact that there are other mythologies co-existing in the world . Barlog also said that he liked the idea of having different directors for each game , seen throughout the first seven games , and although he may not direct another God of War , he would still be at Santa Monica to work on future games . Most of the development team that worked on the original God of War worked on the new installment . They claimed that they matched the new gameplay with the same level of accessibility as the previous installments . It was confirmed that the game would not feature any morality system or branching story ; all players have the same story experience . The developers also confirmed that some of the more controversial mini-games found in previous entries ( such as the sex mini-game ) would not return . Some gameplay characteristics found in the previous installments were cut , such as jumping , swimming , and instant - death platforming challenges ; these were cut due to the camera being closer to Kratos . Although the previous installment , Ascension , introduced multiplayer to the series , the team decided to drop the mode to focus on the single - player experience . In changing the gameplay , Studstill said `` I felt like , in order to reinvent , we really needed to turn a lot of things around . '' In regards to the camera change , Barlog said `` We wanted a much more intimate experience , a much more up close , and a much more player - controlled experience , so the camera really is a mechanic that ( we leaned ) into heavily for everything in the game . '' Explaining Kratos ' axe , lead gameplay designer Jason McDonald , who has worked on the series since the original game , said the axe was chosen because they wanted a more grounded direction for the game . Initially , they were unsure how to make it unique , like how the double - chained blades were . After they came up with the concept of throwing the axe and having it return to Kratos , `` things started to fall into place . '' McDonald said that combat with the axe is a little slower than what it was with the blades , `` but it 's just as fluid and just as brutal as it 's ever been . '' Barlog took inspiration from Dark Souls ( 2011 ) , which influenced the game 's combat system , particularly its gameplay loop and strategic decision - making , as well as the game 's approach to storytelling . In addition , designers Anthony Dimento and Luis Sanchez revealed how God of War 's level design and exploration was influenced by Bloodborne ( 2015 ) , as they wanted to `` just have the world breathe a little bit '' and expand upon player discovery by including `` micro-loops where you 're unlocking paths , unlocking shortcuts ... '' that gave purpose . The entire game was done in a single shot , as in no camera cuts , meaning there are no loading screens or fade - to - black between gameplay and cutscenes . The frame rate was confirmed as 30 frames per second , and the enemy count was increased to up to 100 enemies on - screen ; God of War III and Ascension could do up to 50 . Unlike the previous games , Santa Monica did not make a demo specifically for public release . Barlog explained that doing so would have delayed the game by a couple of months . He also confirmed that the game was built for the standard PlayStation 4 , but the game would `` benefit from the power '' of the PlayStation 4 Pro ; an updated version of the PlayStation 4 that can render games in 4K and was released a few months after God of War was announced . In late December 2016 , Barlog confirmed that the game was playable from start to finish . At the 2017 PlayStation Experience , Barlog said that the game 's story would take 25 -- 35 hours to complete , which is significantly more than the previous four main installments , which each took an average of 10 hours to complete . At E3 2017 , a new trailer was shown featuring new gameplay , cinematics , and characters . In the trailer , Kratos was shown using a shield that he could use offensively and defensively . At one point in the trailer , Kratos finds a Greek vase with himself on it , wielding his infamous double - chained blades . During the trailer , an unnamed woman warns Kratos about the Norse gods , as they know what he did to the Greek gods , while a pair of wolves were also shown . The trailer ends with Kratos and Atreus encountering the World Serpent . Atreus was able to translate what it said , which was that it wanted to help the pair . It was confirmed that the game would release in early 2018 . Since E3 2017 until the game 's launch , Santa Monica included a section on the God of War website titled `` The Lost Pages '' , detailing some of the lore of God of War 's Nordic world . In January 2018 , the game 's release date was confirmed for April 20 , 2018 . A trailer was also released that showed that the character Mímir from the mythology would have a role in the game . On March 22 , God of War went gold . Characterization ( edit ) Christopher Judge does the voice and cinematic motion capture for Kratos in the game , replacing longstanding voice actor Terrence C. Carson , who had voiced Kratos since the original 2005 game , and also did the motion capture for him in 2013 's Ascension During early development , there was talk about having a different protagonist for the game , but it was decided to keep Kratos . Referencing the Nintendo character Mario and the Mario games , Barlog said that just like Mario , `` Kratos is intrinsically tied '' to the God of War series . In regards to the new changes , Barlog said that : I knew I did n't want to simply reboot the franchise , starting over with a retelling of the origin story . I wanted to reimagine the gameplay , give players a fresh perspective and a new tactile experience while delving deeper into the emotional journey of Kratos to explore the compelling drama that unfolds when an immortal demigod makes a decision to change . Barlog explained that Kratos had to change his cycle of violence and learn how to control his rage . He said that Kratos had made many bad decisions , which led to the destruction of Olympus , and wanted to know what would happen if Kratos made a good decision . The birth of Barlog 's own son influenced the idea of Kratos ' character change . The canceled live - action Star Wars television series was also an influence . The bond between Kratos and his son is at the heart of the game and Barlog said `` This game is about Kratos teaching his son how to be a god , and his son teaching Kratos how to be human again . '' Referencing the Marvel Comics character Hulk , Barlog said that in regards to Kratos , `` We 've already told the story of The Hulk . We want to tell the story of ( Bruce ) Banner now . '' One of their goals was to make Kratos `` a more nuanced and interesting character . '' In changing the narrative focus , Studstill said `` I think we inherently knew the franchise needed to evolve in that emotional beat and be something meatier for the older generation of gamers . '' Christopher Judge , best known as Teal'c from Stargate SG - 1 , replaced T.C. Carson as the voice of Kratos ; Carson had voiced Kratos since the original God of War . Commenting in response to the change , Carson said , `` Sony went in a new direction . '' Barlog explained that the way the previous games were made , they were able to have someone else do the motion capture instead of the voice actor . Although Carson had done the motion capture for Kratos in Ascension , Barlog said the actor change was made because of the type of camera work they wanted to do . For the new camera work , they needed someone who was closer to Kratos ' size to do the motion capture along with a child . Carson was unsuitable for this because he was much shorter than Kratos , who is over 6 - feet tall : `` Offsetting ( Carson 's height ) for the size of a child , it turned out it was going to be almost impossible to try and actually shoot them and go in and redo the animations . '' Judge was chosen because he was 6 - foot - 3 and had the body of a professional football player . He was also chosen because of the chemistry with his then - 10 - year - old co-star , Sunny Suljic , who plays Kratos ' son Atreus ; Suljic 's opinion was also sought in making the decision , and out of all the auditions , he liked Judge the most . The two bonded well , and Judge described his time with Suljic as time he had missed with his own children . In stepping into the role of Kratos , Judge took it as an opportunity to add something new to the character . He researched the character and Carson 's performance , but decided not to imitate it . Since Santa Monica were going in a new direction , he decided to start fresh and go from there . Judge was thrown off when he first read the script , stating it `` was a real script '' , and not just `` a way to get into battles . '' He said `` it was really this great story of this relationship and this crazy mythology . '' While Judge did all of Kratos ' motion capture for the cinematic scenes , stuntman Eric Jacobus did all of Kratos ' combat motion capture ; Jacobus was found by God of War 's animators on YouTube . Instead of going directly to Santa Monica to audition , Jacobus recorded an audition tape and they immediately hired him . During E3 2016 , GameSpot mistakenly reported that Kratos ' son 's name was Charlie , which Barlog laughingly denied . In January 2017 , after a fan downloaded the God of War overture and saw the track 's details that said `` An introduction to Kratos and Atreus '' , Barlog confirmed on Twitter that Atreus was in fact the son 's name . Barlog said that Atreus was unaware that Kratos was a demigod , and did not know about his past . They did not reveal details of Atreus ' mother prior to release due to her being a critical part of the story . Barlog stated that during gameplay , Atreus would be `` like magic , an additional combat resource , and ( the player is ) training him and teaching him . '' The developers stated that Atreus would not be a burden during gameplay . The team experimented with several different approaches for Atreus to ensure that he was an empowering presence . Barlog said he did not want the game to be an escort - mission where the A.I. caused a problem for the player . Their goal was for Atreus to enhance Kratos ' capabilities without Atreus becoming a liability . This resulted in the developers designating a command button for Atreus as well as for him to act freely . During combat , Atreus was also designed to call out enemy locations , as due to the camera being closer to Kratos , some enemies may be difficult for the player to see . Jason McDonald said it took a lot of iterations with the enemies and Atreus to make it all work together . Early in development , it was suggested for Atreus to be cut or to significantly minimize his role due to the many developmental challenges and financial expense . Barlog stated that the game could have worked without Atreus , but it would have been completely different , likening it to that of the 2013 film All Is Lost . Barlog said that with just Kratos , it would have been `` one character who talks to himself occasionally , but generally , it will be very silent and everyone will talk in old Norse , so that you wo n't understand anything anybody 's saying . '' After hearing Barlog 's case , Sony gave him the freedom to incorporate Atreus . Lead level designer Rob Davis also noted that with Atreus , it allowed for `` significant gameplay and storytelling opportunities that might not otherwise ( been ) possible . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Bear McCreary , best known for his work on television shows such as Battlestar Galactica and The Walking Dead , scored God of War and composed themes for the game . McCreary said that he was called into Santa Monica Studio in November 2014 to meet with music producers Peter Scaturro and Keith Leary to discuss `` a secret project '' ; McCreary had previously collaborated with Scaturro and Leary on 2011 's SOCOM 4 : U.S. Navy SEALs . Ideas of folk music , mythology , Nordic ethnic instruments , vocal writing , and classical thematic development were discussed , to which McCreary correctly guessed that the discussions were about a new God of War . He met with Barlog early on , and they discussed Barlog 's narrative vision for the game . After meeting with Barlog , he felt that the franchise was in good hands because God of War II , which Barlog also directed , was his favorite installment . McCreary 's initial efforts focused on writing the new main theme , or what he called the Kratos Theme . He spent several months working with Barlog , Scaturro , Leary , Sony music director Chuck Doud , and the rest of the development team in making this new theme . McCreary described the Kratos Theme as `` arguably one of my most structurally satisfying and catchy melodies . '' The main theme features low orchestral instruments , Icelandic choir , deep male vocals , powerful female vocals ( in particular Faroese singer Eivør Pálsdóttir ) , folk percussion , and Nordic stringed instruments , such as the nyckelharpa and hurdy gurdy . When it was decided that God of War would be revealed at E3 2016 , Sony wanted McCreary to perform his original score with a live orchestra at the press conference . McCreary opened the show with the new main theme before the unveiling of God of War , and performed the gameplay demo 's music live during the presentation . On January 13 , 2017 , a live recording from E3 2016 of God of War 's overture was released for free for a limited time . Barlog released the overture as a thank you to fans for God of War 's E3 2016 trailer reaching fifteen million views on YouTube . Release ( edit ) The game was released worldwide on April 20 , 2018 , for the PlayStation 4 . In addition to the standard base game , there were three special editions : the Stone Mason Edition , the Collector 's Edition , and the Digital Deluxe Edition . Only available in the United States and Canada , the Stone Mason Edition came with several physical items , including the base game in a SteelBook case , a 9 - inch ( 230 mm ) statue of Kratos and Atreus that was created by Gentle Giant , 2 - inch ( 51 mm ) carvings of the Huldra Brothers , a horse , and a troll , an exclusive lithograph , a cloth map , a stone mason 's ring , and a keychain of Mímir 's head that talks . There was also various downloadable content ( DLC ) , including an exclusive shield skin , in addition to an armor set and another shield skin for Kratos , a PlayStation 4 dynamic theme , a digital artbook , and God of War # 0 by Dark Horse Comics . The Collector 's Edition came with many of the same items , minus the ring , the keychain , the 2 - inch ( 51 mm ) carvings of the horse and troll , and the exclusive shield skin . The Digital Deluxe Edition comes with all of the digital content , minus the exclusive shield skin . U.S. and Canadian customers also received a Kratos and Atreus pin for pre-ordering the Digital Deluxe Edition . Pre-orders at select retailers received three skins for Kratos ' shield , while pre-orders from GameStop or EB Games also received a `` Luck of Ages XP Talisman '' , granting increased XP gain , increased Hacksilver gain , and increased ability to trigger perks . In addition to the special editions of the game , a Limited Edition PlayStation 4 Pro bundle was also available the same day as the game 's release . The bundle included the standard base game , a PlayStation 4 Pro console decorated with the runes as on Kratos ' axe , and a similarly themed DualShock 4 controller with the God of War logo . Game Director Cory Barlog confirmed that God of War would not have microtransactions post-launch , a feature that has become prominent with other recent games and negatively criticized . Since launch , Santa Monica has supported the game via patch updates to address software bugs . Additionally , the developers added a Photo Mode in update patch 1.20 , released on May 9 , 2018 . Photo Mode allows players to take customized in - game screenshots . Players can adjust the field of view , depth of view , filters , borders , the visibility of characters , and the ability to change the facial expressions of Kratos and Atreus . At E3 2018 , it was confirmed that a New Game Plus mode would be added in a future update . In addition to players having access to their fully upgraded gear upon the start of a new game , the difficulty will be increased . God of War : a Call from the Wilds ( edit ) God of War : A Call from the Wilds is a text - based game playable through Facebook Messenger . To help further promote God of War , Sony partnered with Facebook to develop the play - by - web game , which released on February 1 , 2018 . Completing the game unlocks downloadable concept art . The short story follows Atreus on his first adventure in the Norse wilds . After archery training and learning runes with his mother , Atreus adventures into the wilderness after telepathically hearing the voice of a dying deer ; he finds it covered in blood and stays with it during its final moments . A couple of draugrs appear and Atreus attempts to fight them , but is injured . He is saved by his father , Kratos , who was out hunting . The two then battle a revenant before returning home . Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2018 ) Reception <Th_colspan="2"> Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic 94 / 100 <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 10 / 10 EGM 9.5 / 10 Game Informer 9.75 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 9 / 10 GamesRadar+ Giant Bomb IGN 10 / 10 Polygon 10 / 10 The Guardian USgamer God of War received `` universal acclaim '' according to review aggregator Metacritic , tying it with the original God of War for the highest score in the franchise . It has the third highest score of all - time for a PlayStation 4 game , and the highest score for an original , non-remastered PlayStation 4 game . It is the highest rated PlayStation 4 game of 2018 , and is tied with the Xbox One version of Celeste for the highest score of 2018 , regardless of platform . God of War received particular praise for its art direction , graphics , combat system , music , story , use of Norse mythology , characters , and cinematic feeling . Critics called the game a `` technical achievement '' and one of the most impressive - looking games developed for consoles . Many also felt that it had successfully revitalized the series without losing the core identity of its predecessors . Sales ( edit ) During its release week in the UK , God of War became the fastest - selling entry in the franchise , selling 35 % more physical copies than God of War III . The game remained at the top of the all format sales chart throughout April and May for six consecutive weeks , setting a record for a PlayStation 4 exclusive having the most consecutive weeks at number one . It sold 46,091 copies within its first week on sale in Japan , which placed it at number two on the sales chart . The game sold over 3 million copies in three days after its release , making it the fastest - selling PlayStation 4 exclusive . The game was the fastest selling game of the month of its release and contributed to the PS4 being the best selling console of that month . In total , the game sold over five million copies in its first month , with 2.1 million in digital sales . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Result Ref 2016 Game Critics Awards 2016 Special Commendation for Graphics Won IGN 's Best of E3 2016 Awards Game of the Show Nominated Best PlayStation 4 Game Nominated Best Action Game Nominated The Game Awards 2016 Most Anticipated Game Nominated 2017 The Game Awards 2017 Most Anticipated Game Nominated Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Colloquially referred to as God of War 4 and God of War PS4 Jump up ^ As depicted in God of War III ( 2010 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Skipper , Ben ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` God of War 4 kicks off Sony E3 2016 press conference '' . International Business Times . IBT Media . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loveridge , Sam ; Mahboubian - Jones , Justin ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` God of War 4 PS4 trailers , release date , price , gameplay and everything we know so far '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Jayce ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` In The New ' God of War 4 ' Trailer , Kratos Is Old , Grizzled , And As Brutal As Ever '' . Digital Trends . Designtechnica Corp . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Paget , Mat ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` God of War PS4 Does n't Include Multiplayer , Wo n't Be Kratos 's Last Game '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Seeto , Damian ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 : God of War PS4 Wo n't Have A Multiplayer Mode '' . Attack of the Fanboy . Modern Media Group . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Paget , Mat ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` New God of War Set After Third Game , Wo n't Be Open World '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Newhouse , Alex ; Crossley , Rob ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` God of War Revealed for PS4 at E3 2016 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bratt , Chris ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` God of War director explains why entire game has no camera cuts '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Barlog , Cory ; Hanson , Ben ( February 2 , 2018 ) . Answering God Of War 's Lingering Questions ( YouTube ) . Game Informer , GameStop . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Juba 2018 , p. 38 Jump up ^ Kulasingham , Gajan ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` God Of War - The Lost Pages Of Norse Myth : Rise Of The Draugr '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kulasingham , Gajan ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` God Of War - The Lost Pages Of Norse Myth : Manifestation Of The Revenant '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Henges , Elizabeth ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Latest God of War Podcast Episode Details the Origin of the Leviathan Axe '' . PlayStation LifeStyle . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Juba 2018 , pp. 40 -- 41 ^ Jump up to : Pereira , Chris ; Fillari , Alessandro ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` E3 2017 : New God Of War Trailer Released , Release Date Set For Early 2018 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Juba 2018 , p. 41 ^ Jump up to : Sliva , Marty ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 : God of War Made Me Care About The Series For The First Time '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Juba 2018 , p. 42 ^ Jump up to : Lillah , Sarmad ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` First Details on God of War PS4 Game ; Same Storyline But New Gameplay '' . SegmentNext.com . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hussain , Tamoor ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` God of War PS4 Director on the Challenge of Making People Take Kratos Seriously '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . 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Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cory Barlog ( @ corybarlog ) ( October 15 , 2016 ) . `` oh we will benefit from the power of the Pro , for sure . You just dont need a pro to getthe experience we intend '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` New God of War PS4 Game Reaches `` Very Exciting Milestone '' `` . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Newhouse , Alex ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` God Of War PS4 Will Take 25 - 35 Hours To Complete '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Juba , Joe ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` God Of War Releases On April 20 '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Knezevic , Kevin ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` God Of War PS4 Has Gone Gold '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Barlog , Cory ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` First Look : Santa Monica Studio 's New God of War on PS4 '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Minotti , Mike ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` God of War director Cory Barlog says that Sony 's violent series is growing up with the industry '' . VentureBeat . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Juba 2018 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Paget , Mat ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` New God of War Does Not Feature Original Kratos Voice Actor '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shanley , Patrick ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' God of War ' Hinges on the Bond of Its 2 New Actors '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Lynne Segall . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jacobus , Eric ( March 28 , 2018 ) . God of War - How to Fight Like Kratos , PS4 ( YouTube ) . PlayStation , Sony Interactive Entertainment . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shuman , Sid ; Barlog , Cory ; Judge , Christopher ( June 14 , 2016 ) . God of War - E3 2016 LiveCast ( YouTube ) . PlayStation. Blog , Sony Interactive Entertainment . Event occurs at 13 : 35 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Shuman : Does the son have a name by the way ? Barlog : Uh , GameSpot says it 's Charlie . Shuman : Charlie ? Barlog : Charlie ! ( laughs ) I do n't know where that came from . Shuman : That 's fun . ( laughs ) Barlog : Charlie , right ? ( looks at Judge ) Did you leak that ? Judge : I did . ( laughs ) Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` God of War : Kratos ' Son 's Name Revealed '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Makuch , Eddie ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` God Of War PS4 Almost Did n't Have One Of Its Best , Most Important Characters '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davis , Justin ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 : New God of War Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McCreary , Bear ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` God of War at E3 '' . BearMcCreary.com . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barker , Sammy ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Download God of War 's Live E3 2016 Overture for Free '' . Push Square . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Faller , Patrick ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` God Of War PS4 's Collector 's Edition Revealed , Comes With An Epic Statue Of Kratos And More '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barlog , Cory ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` God of War Out April 20 on PS4 '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Dave ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Sony announce God of War PS4 Pro bundle '' . WholesGame . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2018 . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Knezevic , Kevin ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` God Of War Wo n't Have Microtransactions , Says Director '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shroff , Jeet ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` Photo Mode Comes to God of War Today '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Aaron ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` First Details : New Game+ Mode in God of War '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gilyadov , Alex ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` God of War Facebook Text Adventure Explores Atreus ' Past '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Connor ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's how to play God of War early ( in official text adventure form ) '' . GamesRadar+ . Future plc . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . 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Jump up ^ Faulkner , Jason ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` God of War Review -- An Olympian Feat '' . Game Revolution . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brown , Peter ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` God of War Review : Out With The Old , In With The New '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hurley , Leon ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` God of War review : `` I do n't think it 's possible to overstate just how good this is '' `` . GamesRadar+ . Future plc . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryckert , Dan ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` God of War Review '' . Giant Bomb . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` God of War Review '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Plante , Chris ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` God of War review '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Keza ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` God of War review -- violent , vital and more brilliant than ever '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2018 . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Mike ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` God of War review '' . USgamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best PlayStation 4 Video Games of All Time '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best PlayStation 4 Video Games for 2018 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best Video Games for 2018 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` God of War is already the biggest series launch in the UK '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Khan , Zarmena . `` God of War Retains Its Crown in May 's UK Retail Charts , Detroit : Become Human Off to a Good Start '' . PlayStation Lifestyle . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Media Create Sales : 4 / 16 / 18 -- 4 / 22 / 18 '' . Gematsu . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.gamespot.com/articles/ps4-outsells-xbox-one-and-switch-in-us-april-sales/1100-6459134/ Jump up ^ http://www.ign.com/articles/2018/05/25/god-of-war-sales-top-5-million-in-the-first-month Jump up ^ https://www.vg247.com/2018/05/24/fortnite-god-of-war-april-digital-sales/ Jump up ^ `` Game Critics Awards -- Best of E3 2016 '' . Game Critics Awards . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ IGN 's E3 Crew ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Best of E3 2016 Awards '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` All the 2016 Game Awards Nominees '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephanny ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` The Game Awards 2017 GOTY nominees include : Wolfenstein 2 , Horizon : Zero Dawn , PUBG , Zelda : Breath of the Wild , more '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Juba , Joe ( February 2018 ) . `` Worshipping at New Altars : How Sony is Reinventing God of War '' . Game Informer . No. 298 . Minneapolis , Minnesota : GameStop . pp. 34 -- 45 . External links ( edit ) Official website God of War U.S. PlayStation website God of War on IMDb 2010s portal Mythology portal Sony PlayStation portal Speculative fiction portal Video games portal <Th_colspan="2"> hide God of War series Main series God of War ( 2005 ) God of War II God of War III Ascension God of War ( 2018 ) Other games Betrayal Chains of Olympus Ghost of Sparta Universe Characters Kratos Comic series Collections See also Soulcalibur : Broken Destiny Mortal Kombat PlayStation All - Stars Battle Royale <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=God_of_War_(2018_video_game)&oldid=849988614 '' Categories : 2018 video games Action - adventure games God of War ( series ) PlayStation 4 games PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games PlayStation 4 - only games Single - player video games Sony Interactive Entertainment games Video game sequels Video games based on Norse mythology Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2018 Use American English from November 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles to be expanded from June 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Scots Suomi Tiếng Việt 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 20 : 02 ( UTC ) . 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1. God of War (2018 video game) 2. Norse mythology 3. Kratos and Atreus 4. Gameplay and combat system 5. Critical acclaim and commercial success

national english school vip road campus kolkata west bengal

National english school , Kolkata - Wikipedia National english school , Kolkata Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Mangalam Vidya Niketan <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Location <Td_colspan="2"> Kaikhali Chiriamore , Kolkata - 700136 West Bengal India 22.6363 ° N , 88.4407 ° E <Th_colspan="2"> Information Type Private Motto ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ; ( Knowledge is the Supreme Power ) Established 2003 Opened 2010 ( Current Campus ) Founder Mr. B.K. Birla , Smt . Sarala Devi Birla Principal Mrs. Uma Parsuraman Grades Lower Infant -- 12 Language English Color ( s ) Blue , Green , Red , Yellow Team name Tagore , Shakespeare , Austin and Sarojini Affiliation Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations ( ICSE ) Website www.mangalamvidyaniketan.in Mangalam Vidya Niketan is a school located at Kaikhali Chiriamore , Kolkata , West Bengal India . This is a co-educational school and is affiliated to the ICSE . The school was established in 2003 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mangalam Vidya Niketan '' . Jump up ^ `` About school '' . External links ( edit ) Official website This article about a school in West Bengal , India is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_English_School,_Kolkata&oldid=842749138 '' Categories : Primary schools in West Bengal High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal Co-Educational schools in Kolkata Educational institutions established in 2003 2003 establishments in India West Bengal school stubs Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata West Bengal articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 12 : 23 . About Wikipedia

1. National English School, Kolkata 2. Mangalam Vidya Niketan 3. Co-educational school in Kolkata 4. Affiliated to the ICSE 5. Established in 2003

when did t1 and e1 stop being used for data transmission

T - carrier - wikipedia T - carrier hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( December 2016 ) This article may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Left : A 66 block ; center and right : Cabinets containing Smartjack network interface devices for T1 circuits . The T - carrier is a member of the series of carrier systems developed by AT&T Bell Laboratories for digital transmission of multiplexed telephone calls . The first version , the Transmission System 1 ( T1 ) , was introduced in 1962 in the Bell System , and could transmit up to 24 telephone calls simultaneously over a single transmission line of copper wire . Subsequent specifications carried multiples of the basic T1 ( 1.544 Mbit / s ) data rates , such as T2 ( 6.312 Mbit / s ) with 96 channels , T3 ( 44.736 Mbit / s ) with 672 channels , and others . Contents 1 Transmission System 1 2 Legacy 3 Higher T 4 Digital signal cross-connect 5 Bit robbing 6 Carrier pricing 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Transmission system 1 ( edit ) The T - carrier is a hardware specification for carrying multiple time - division multiplexed ( TDM ) telecommunications channels over a single four - wire transmission circuit . It was developed by AT&T at Bell Laboratories ca . 1957 and first employed by 1962 for long - haul pulse - code modulation ( PCM ) digital voice transmission with the D1 channel bank . The T - carriers are commonly used for trunking between switching centers in a telephone network , including to private branch exchange ( PBX ) interconnect points . It uses the same twisted pair copper wire that analog trunks used , employing one pair for transmitting , and another pair for receiving . Signal repeaters may be used for extended distance requirements . Before the digital T - carrier system , carrier wave systems such as 12 - channel carrier systems worked by frequency division multiplexing ; each call was an analog signal . A T1 trunk could transmit 24 telephone calls at a time , because it used a digital carrier signal called Digital Signal 1 ( DS - 1 ) . DS - 1 is a communications protocol for multiplexing the bitstreams of up to 24 telephone calls , along with two special bits : a framing bit ( for frame synchronization ) and a maintenance - signaling bit . T1 's maximum data transmission rate is 1.544 megabits per second . Europe and most of the rest of the world , except Japan , have standardized the E-carrier system , a similar transmission system with higher capacity that is not directly compatible with the T - carrier . Legacy ( edit ) Existing frequency - division multiplexing carrier systems worked well for connections between distant cities , but required expensive modulators , demodulators and filters for every voice channel . For connections within metropolitan areas , Bell Labs in the late 1950s sought cheaper terminal equipment . Pulse - code modulation allowed sharing a coder and decoder among several voice trunks , so this method was chosen for the T1 system introduced into local use in 1961 . In later decades , the cost of digital electronics declined to the point that an individual codec per voice channel became commonplace , but by then the other advantages of digital transmission had become entrenched . The most common legacy of this system is the line rate speeds . `` T1 '' now means any data circuit that runs at the original 1.544 Mbit / s line rate . Originally the T1 format carried 24 pulse - code modulated , time - division multiplexed speech signals each encoded in 64 kbit / s streams , leaving 8 kbit / s of framing information which facilitates the synchronization and demultiplexing at the receiver . The T2 and T3 circuit channels carry multiple T1 channels multiplexed , resulting in transmission rates of 6.312 and 44.736 Mbit / s , respectively . A T3 line comprises 28 T1 lines , each operating at total signaling rate of 1.544 Mbit / s . It is possible to get a fractional T3 line , meaning a T3 line with some of the 28 lines turned off , resulting in a slower transfer rate but typically at reduced cost . Supposedly , the 1.544 Mbit / s rate was chosen because tests done by AT&T Long Lines in Chicago were conducted underground . The test site was typical of Bell System outside plant of the time in that , to accommodate loading coils , cable vault manholes were physically 2,000 meters ( 6,600 feet ) apart , which determined the repeater spacing . The optimum bit rate was chosen empirically -- the capacity was increased until the failure rate was unacceptable , then reduced to leave a margin . Companding allowed acceptable audio performance with only seven bits per PCM sample in this original T1 / D1 system . The later D3 and D4 channel banks had an extended frame format , allowing eight bits per sample , reduced to seven every sixth sample or frame when one bit was `` robbed '' for signaling the state of the channel . The standard does not allow an all zero sample which would produce a long string of binary zeros and cause the repeaters to lose bit sync . However , when carrying data ( Switched 56 ) there could be long strings of zeros , so one bit per sample is set to `` 1 '' ( jam bit 7 ) leaving 7 bits × 8,000 frames per second for data . A more detailed understanding of how the rate of 1.544 Mbit / s was divided into channels is as follows . ( This explanation glosses over T1 voice communications , and deals mainly with the numbers involved . ) Given that the telephone system nominal voiceband ( including guardband ) is 4,000 Hz , the required digital sampling rate is 8,000 Hz ( see Nyquist rate ) . Since each T1 frame contains 1 byte of voice data for each of the 24 channels , that system needs then 8,000 frames per second to maintain those 24 simultaneous voice channels . Because each frame of a T1 is 193 bits in length ( 24 channels × 8 bits per channel + 1 framing bit = 193 bits ) , 8,000 frames per second is multiplied by 193 bits to yield a transfer rate of 1.544 Mbit / s ( 8,000 × 193 = 1,544,000 ) . Initially , T1 used Alternate Mark Inversion ( AMI ) to reduce frequency bandwidth and eliminate the DC component of the signal . Later B8ZS became common practice . For AMI , each mark pulse had the opposite polarity of the previous one and each space was at a level of zero , resulting in a three level signal which however only carried binary data . Similar British 23 channel systems at 1.536 megabaud in the 1970s were equipped with ternary signal repeaters , in anticipation of using a 3B2T or 4B3T code to increase the number of voice channels in future , but in the 1980s the systems were merely replaced with European standard ones . American T - carriers could only work in AMI or B8ZS mode . The AMI or B8ZS signal allowed a simple error rate measurement . The D bank in the central office could detect a bit with the wrong polarity , or `` bipolarity violation '' and sound an alarm . Later systems could count the number of violations and reframes and otherwise measure signal quality and allow a more sophisticated alarm indication signal system . The decision to use a 193 - bit frame was made in 1958 . To allow for the identification of information bits within a frame , two alternatives were considered . Assign ( a ) just one extra bit , or ( b ) additional eight bits per frame . The 8 - bit choice is cleaner , resulting in a 200 - bit frame , twenty - five 8 - bit channels , of which 24 are traffic and one 8 - bit channel available for operations , administration , and maintenance ( OA&M ) . AT&T chose the single bit per frame not to reduce the required bit rate ( 1.544 vs 1.6 Mbit / s ) , but because AT&T Marketing worried that `` if 8 bits were chosen for OA&M function , someone would then try to sell this as a voice channel and you wind up with nothing . '' Soon after commercial success of T1 in 1962 , the T1 engineering team realized the mistake of having only one bit to serve the increasing demand for housekeeping functions . They petitioned AT&T management to change to 8 - bit framing . This was flatly turned down because it would make installed systems obsolete . Having this hindsight , some ten years later , CEPT chose eight bits for framing the European E1 , although , as feared , the extra channel is sometimes appropriated for voice or data . Higher T ( edit ) In the 1970s , Bell Labs developed higher rate systems . T1C with a more sophisticated modulation scheme carried 3 Mbit / s , on those balanced pair cables that could support it . T - 2 carried 6.312 Mbit / s , requiring a special low - capacitance cable with foam insulation . This was standard for Picturephone . T - 4 and T - 5 used coaxial cables , similar to the old L - carriers used by AT&T Long Lines . TD microwave radio relay systems were also fitted with high rate modems to allow them to carry a DS1 signal in a portion of their FM spectrum that had too poor quality for voice service . Later they carried DS3 and DS4 signals . During the 1980s companies such as RLH Industries , Inc. developed T1 over optical fiber . The industry soon developed and evolved with multiplexed T1 transmission schemes . Digital signal cross-connect ( edit ) DS1 signals are interconnected typically at Central Office locations at a common metallic cross-connect point known as a DSX - 1 . When a DS1 is transported over metallic outside plant cable , the signal travels over conditioned cable pairs known as a T1 span . A T1 span can have up to + - 130 Volts of DC power superimposed on the associated four wire cable pairs to line or `` Span '' power line repeaters , and T1 NIU 's ( T1 Smartjacks ) . T1 span repeaters are typically engineered up to 6,000 feet ( 1,800 m ) apart , depending on cable gauge , and at no more than 36 dB of loss before requiring a repeated span . There can be no cable bridge taps or Load Coils across any pairs . T1 copper spans are being replaced by optical transport systems , but if a copper ( Metallic ) span is used , the T1 is typically carried over an HDSL encoded copper line . Four wire HDSL does not require as many repeaters as conventional T1 spans . Newer two wire HDSL ( HDSL - 2 ) equipment transports a full 1.544 Mbit / s T1 over a single copper wire pair up to approximately twelve thousand ( 12,000 ) feet ( 3.5 km ) , if all 24 gauge cable is used . HDSL - 2 does not employ multiple repeaters as does conventional four wire HDSL , or newer HDSL - 4 systems . One advantage of HDSL is its ability to operate with a limited number of bridge taps , with no tap being closer than 500 feet ( 150 m ) from any HDSL transceiver . Both two or four wire HDSL equipment transmits and receives over the same cable wire pair , as compared to conventional T1 service that utilizes individual cable pairs for transmit or receive . DS3 signals are rare except within buildings , where they are used for interconnections and as an intermediate step before being muxed onto a SONET circuit . This is because a T3 circuit can only go about 600 feet ( 180 m ) between repeaters . A customer who orders a DS3 usually receives a SONET circuit run into the building and a multiplexer mounted in a utility box . The DS3 is delivered in its familiar form , two coax cables ( 1 for send and 1 for receive ) with BNC connectors on the ends . Bit robbing ( edit ) Twelve DS1 frames make up a single T1 Superframe ( T1 SF ) . Each T1 Superframe is composed of two signaling frames . All T1 DS0 channels that employ in - band signaling will have its eighth bit over written , or `` robbed '' from the full 64 kbit / s DS0 payload , by either a logical ZERO or ONE bit to signify a circuit signaling state or condition . Hence robbed bit signaling will restrict a DS0 channel to a rate of only 56 kbit / s during two of the twelve DS1 frames that make up a T1 SF framed circuit . T1 SF framed circuits yield two independent signaling channels ( A&B ) T1 ESF framed circuits four signaling frames in a twenty four frame extended frame format that yield four independent signaling channels ( A , B , C , and D ) . 56 kbit / s DS0 channels are associated with digital data service ( DDS ) services typically do not utilize the eighth bit of the DS0 as voice circuits that employ A&B out of band signaling . One exception is Switched 56kbit / s DDS . In DDS , bit eight is used to identify DTE request to send ( RTS ) condition . With Switched 56 DDS , bit eight is pulsed ( alternately set to logical ZERO and ONE ) to transmit two state dial pulse signaling information between a SW56 DDS CSU / DSU , and a digital end office switch . The use of robbed - bit signaling in America has decreased significantly as a result of Signaling System No 7 ( SS7 ) on inter-office dial trunks . With SS7 , the full 64 kbit / s DS0 channel is available for use on a connection , and allows 64 kbit / s , and 128 kbit / s ISDN data calls to exist over a switched trunk network connection if the supporting T1 carrier entity is optioned B8ZS ( Clear Channel Capable ) . Carrier pricing ( edit ) Carriers price DS1 lines in many different ways . However , most boil down to two simple components : local loop ( the cost the local incumbent charges to transport the signal from the end user 's central office , otherwise known as a CO , to the point of presence , otherwise known as a POP , of the carrier ) and the port ( the cost to access the telephone network or the Internet through the carrier 's network ) . Typically , the port price is based upon access speed and yearly commitment level while the loop is based on geography . The farther the CO and POP , the more the loop costs . The loop price has several components built into it , including the mileage calculation ( performed in V / H coordinates , not standard GPS coordinates ) and the telco piece . Each local Bell operating company -- namely Verizon , AT&T Inc. , and Qwest -- charge T - carriers different price per mile rates . Therefore , the price calculation has two distance steps : geomapping and the determination of local price arrangements . While most carriers utilize a geographic pricing model as described above , some Competitive Local Exchange Carriers ( CLECs ) , such as TelePacific , Integra Telecom , tw telecom , Windstream , Level 3 Communications , and XO Communications offer national pricing . Under this DS1 pricing model , a provider charges the same price in every geography it services . National pricing is an outgrowth of increased competition in the T - carrier market space and the commoditization of T - carrier products . Providers that have adopted a national pricing strategy may experience widely varying margins as their suppliers , the Bell operating companies ( e.g. , Verizon , AT&T Inc. , and Qwest ) , maintain geographic pricing models , albeit at wholesale prices . For voice DS1 lines , the calculation is mostly the same , except that the port ( required for Internet access ) is replaced by LDU ( otherwise known as Long Distance Usage ) . Once the price of the loop is determined , only voice - related charges are added to the total . In short , the total price = loop + LDU x minutes used . See also ( edit ) AMI B8ZS Communications in Japan Communications in South Korea Comparison of T - carrier and E-carrier systems HDB3 List of device bandwidths Modified AMI code Multiplexing Optical Carrier Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy STM - 1 Time - division multiplexing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ J.R. Davis , A.K. Reilly , T - Carrier Characterization Program -- Overview , Bell System Technical Journal July -- August 1981 , Vol 60 No 6 Part 1 Jump up ^ Ronald C. Prime ; Laurence L. Sheets ( December 1973 ) , `` The 1A Radio System Makes `` Data Under Voice '' A Reality `` , Bell Laboratories Record Jump up ^ ANSI T1. 403 Jump up ^ ANSI T1. 231 Jump up ^ ANSI T1. 404 Jump up ^ ANSI T1. 510 Jump up ^ ANSI T1. 403 Jump up ^ The Book On ESF , Verilink Corporation , 1986 Jump up ^ D4 Digital Channel Bank Family , Bell System Technical Journal , November 1982 Jump up ^ Sweeney , Terry ( December 25 , 2000 ) . `` T1 Price Drop Means Good Deals For Smart Shoppers '' . InformationWeek.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . This article incorporates public domain material from the General Services Administration document `` Federal Standard 1037C '' . This article is based on material taken from the Free On - line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the `` relicensing '' terms of the GFDL , version 1.3 or later . External links ( edit ) ANSI T1. 403 - 1999 - Network and Customer Installation Interface Cisco T1 card documentation ; search for T1 T1 architecture Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T-carrier&oldid=851767273 '' Categories : Telecommunications standards Multiplexing Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Wikipedia articles that are too technical from December 2016 All articles that are too technical Articles needing expert attention from December 2016 All articles needing expert attention Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Federal Standard 1037C Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français עברית Română Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 24 July 2018 , at 13 : 29 ( UTC ) . 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1. T-carrier system 2. Transmission System 1 (T1) 3. Digital signal cross-connect 4. Bit robbing 5. Carrier pricing

who wrote the songs in the new movie a star is born

A Star Is Born ( 2018 soundtrack ) - wikipedia A Star Is Born ( 2018 soundtrack ) <Th_colspan="2"> A Star Is Born <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper Released October 5 , 2018 Recorded 2017 -- 2018 Studio Woodrow Wilson Studios ( Hollywood , California ) EastWest Studios , The Village West ( Los Angeles , California ) Shangri - La Studios ( Malibu , California ) Electric Lady Studios ( New York , New York ) Length 70 : 01 Label Interscope Producer Paul `` DJWS '' Blair Dave Cobb Bradley Cooper Lady Gaga Nick Monson Lukas Nelson Brian Newman Mark Nilan Jr . Benjamin Rice <Th_colspan="2"> Lady Gaga chronology <Td_colspan="2"> Joanne ( 2016 ) A Star Is Born ( 2018 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Singles from A Star Is Born <Td_colspan="2"> `` Shallow '' Released : September 27 , 2018 <Td_colspan="2"> A Star Is Born is the soundtrack album to the 2018 musical film of the same name , performed by its stars Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper . It was released on October 5 , 2018 , by Interscope Records . Gaga and Cooper collaborated on the soundtrack album with an assortment of country musicians , including Lukas Nelson , who also stars in the film as a member of Cooper 's band . For the more pop - oriented songs on the soundtrack , Gaga teamed up with recurring collaborator DJ White Shadow . The soundtrack also includes contributions from Jason Isbell , Mark Ronson , Diane Warren , and Andrew Wyatt of Miike Snow . Commercially , it has topped the charts in Australia , Canada , the Czech Republic , Ireland , New Zealand , Scotland , Slovakia , Sweden , Switzerland , the United Kingdom , and the United States . Contents 1 Background and development 2 Writing and recording 3 Music and lyrics 4 Release 5 Critical reception 6 Commercial performance 7 Track listing 8 Charts 9 Release history 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Background and development ( edit ) In March 2015 , Warner Bros. announced that Bradley Cooper was in talks to make his directorial debut with A Star Is Born , the fourth remake of the 1937 film of the same name . Lady Gaga was officially attached to the film in August 2016 , with the studio green - lighting the project to begin production in early 2017 . Cooper plays Jackson Maine , `` a veteran country singer who discovers and eventually falls in love with a struggling singer - songwriter named Ally , played by Gaga . '' Gaga `` helped inform Cooper 's performance as a musician '' . Cooper spent two - and - a-half years prepping for the film and determining what kind of musician his character would be . He worked with a number of musicians and vocal coach Roger Love . Cooper said , `` by the end he just kind of started developing into his own sort of creation . If I had another year of prep , it would have been complete rock , but now it 's some sort of hybrid . '' Writing and Recording ( edit ) Cooper described the soundtrack `` an evolution , like the story . '' Gaga and Cooper were writing songs for the soundtrack during filming , leading to `` so many different incarnations of each song . '' Cooper added that `` the music really became a character in the movie . There is no lyric that 's ever in any point of the movie that does n't have exactly to do with where one of them is or hopes to be or regrets being . That was our launching pad and then it was just about discovering what songs fit in the right places . '' Jason Isbell wrote a song for Cooper 's character , which became `` the sword with which a lot of the music spawned from ( Cooper ) '' . Isbell sent the song through Dave Cobb , a Nashville - based producer with whom Cooper had been collaborating . Cooper approached Lukas Nelson ( son of country music singer Willie Nelson ) after seeing him perform at Desert Trip in October 2016 and asked him to work on the film as a music consultant . Nelson said he began `` writing songs for the movie , just for the heck of it , and sending them over to the producer , and they started liking them . Then Lady Gaga came by and I met her and we clicked . We became good friends , and we started writing together . '' Gaga , in turn , provided backing vocals on two tracks on Nelson 's self - titled album released in 2017 . Nelson and his band , Lukas Nelson & Promise of the Real , appear in the film as Cooper 's backing band . Gaga reunited with producer Mark Ronson and songwriter Hillary Lindsey , who had both contributed to her previous studio album Joanne ( 2016 ) . She worked with recurring collaborator DJ White Shadow on the soundtrack 's more pop - oriented numbers performed by her character Ally . Much of the album was recorded live on set , at Gaga 's insistence . Music and lyrics ( edit ) Billboard described the soundtrack as `` integral to the plotline '' , adding that `` many of the lyrics are about wanting and longing for change , but noting the struggle . Some express the great love and beautiful bond the booze - addled rock star ( Jackson Maine , played by Cooper ) and neophyte singer - songwriter ( Ally , played by Lady Gaga ) have for each other '' , and concluding that `` the music stands up , movie or no movie . They are timeless , emotional , gritty and earnest . They sound like songs written by artists who , quite frankly , are supremely messed up but hit to the core of the listener . '' Release ( edit ) The soundtrack 's track list and release date were announced on August 30 , 2018 . Interscope Records tweeted that the album `` features 19 songs in a wide range of musical styles + 15 dialogue tracks that will take you on a journey that mirrors the experience of seeing the film . '' Its track `` Shallow '' was released on September 27 as the album 's lead single . Critical reception ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings <Th_colspan="2"> Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 78 / 100 <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The Daily Telegraph The Guardian NME Pitchfork 7.4 / 10 Rolling Stone Slant Magazine The soundtrack received positive response from critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications , the album has an average score of 78 , based on 8 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In a positive review , The Washington Post called the soundtrack a `` five - star marvel '' and stated that it is a possible contender to win a Grammy Award . Ben Beaumont - Thomas of The Guardian gave the album a positive review , acknowledging `` Bradley Cooper shows he can sing as well as act and direct '' , but that `` it is Lady Gaga 's pop prowess that lifts each track , be it spectacular piano ballads or heart - rending duets '' In a positive review , Stephen Thomas Erlewine , writing for AllMusic , said `` All the songs make sense narratively and on their own , so they hold together well and would amount to a first - rate soundtrack '' , but criticized the dialogue included in the album . Rolling Stone 's Brittany Spanos gave the soundtrack four stars out of a possible five , saying `` The music Gaga helps write for this stretch in Ally 's career ... is gorgeous -- romantic without being trite and powerful . '' Nick Reilly of NME complimented the album 's `` emotionally charged songs that feel entirely appropriate for this heartfelt tale of doomed romance '' , adding that the album is `` one of the best Hollywood soundtracks of recent years . '' Writing for The Daily Telegraph , Neil McCormick gave the album a moderately positive review , saying the soundtrack was enjoyable , but criticized the `` slightly awkward journey from rock balladry to slickly superficial pop '' and stated that `` there is also a weird disconnect as the soundtrack shifts gear to anodyne modern pop '' . Jeremy Winograd of Slant Magazine , in a mixed review , was critical of the album , saying `` There 's undoubtedly a strong 10 - song album lodged at the core of A Star Is Born , but unlike the film , wherein an outsized sense of sentimentality is rendered affecting by the more grounded performances , there 's not nearly enough substance here to justify all the bombast . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) A Star Is Born opened atop the US Billboard 200 with 231,000 album - equivalent units , including 162,000 pure album sales . It had the biggest overall sales week for a soundtrack in over three years , and is Gaga 's fifth US number - one album as well as Cooper 's first . Gaga extended her record as the female artist with the most chart - topping albums during the 2010s , breaking her tie with Taylor Swift . Beside its pure album sales , A Star Is Born earned 37,000 in stream - equivalent units and 32,000 from track - equivalent units . The soundtrack spent a second week at number one there with 143,000 album - equivalent units ( 86,000 being pure sales ) , and became Gaga 's second album to top the chart for two consecutive weeks after Born This Way ( 2011 ) . It then held the country 's summit for a third week in a row with 109,000 equivalent units ( 61,000 pure sales ) , becoming the first soundtrack since High School Musical 2 in 2007 to top the chart for its first three weeks . Additionally it became Gaga 's longest running chart - topping album in the country . A Star Is Born entered at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart , selling 18,000 equivalent units , earning the top sales and digital song download honors and the seventh highest on - demand streams for the week . The soundtrack was Gaga 's third album to reach the summit in the nation and her first since Born This Way . The soundtrack held the top position for the next week , with another 12,000 equivalent units and was also the top - selling album . It had an 11 % increase in sales during the third week and remained atop the charts , selling close to 14,000 equivalent units . Like in the United States , the soundtrack became Gaga 's longest running chart - topping album in Canada for Gaga . In the United Kingdom , A Star Is Born faced competition from Twenty One Pilots ' fifth studio album , Trench , with the midweek chart suggesting the latter to emerge as the top album . A Star Is Born pulled ahead at the last moment according to Alan Jones from Music Week , and debuted atop the UK Albums Chart with 31,816 units ( including 6,178 from stream - equivalent units ) . It became Gaga 's fourth album to reach number one in the nation and first since Artpop ( 2013 ) , as well as Cooper 's first entry on the chart . The soundtrack was then displaced by Jess Glynne 's Always In Between the following week , and it fell to number two , selling 24,732 equivalent units . For the week ending November 1 , 2018 , the soundtrack moved back atop the chart with 24,982 copies sold ( including 6,645 from sales - equivalent streams ) . `` Shallow '' also reached the top of the UK Singles Chart that week , making Gaga and Cooper score an Official UK Chart double , this being Gaga 's third time to do so . A Star Is Born opened at number one in Ireland and Scotland , and was Gaga 's third number one in the former . During its third week atop the Irish chart , the soundtrack attained its highest sales tally . In France , the soundtrack sold 8,700 units and debuted at number seven on the SNEP Albums Chart , and held the same position the next week with another 8,000 units . In Australia , A Star Is Born entered at number three on the ARIA Albums Chart , giving Gaga her seventh top 10 album in the country and her sixth to reach the top three . Two weeks later , the soundtrack reached the top of the charts , becoming Gaga 's third album to reach the Australian charts summit after The Fame Monster and Born This Way . The soundtrack debuted at number six in the New Zealand Albums Chart , and after two weeks reached the top . Track listing ( edit ) <Th_colspan="5"> Standard version No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Intro '' 0 : 20 2 . `` Black Eyes '' ( performed by Bradley Cooper ) Cooper Lukas Nelson Cooper Nelson Lady Gaga 3 : 03 3 . `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' ( dialogue ; featuring Lady Gaga ) Harold Arlen E.Y. Harburg Claire Louise Whittleston 0 : 42 4 . `` Fabulous French '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper , Lady Gaga , Anthony Ramos and D.J. `` Shangela '' Pierce ) 0 : 19 5 . `` La Vie en rose '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Louiguy Édith Piaf Gaga Brian Newman 2 : 59 6 . `` I 'll Wait for You '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 19 7 . `` Maybe It 's Time '' ( performed by Bradley Cooper ) Jason Isbell Cooper Benjamin Rice Gaga 2 : 39 8 . `` Parking Lot '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 31 9 . `` Out of Time '' ( performed by Bradley Cooper ) Cooper Nelson Cooper Nelson 2 : 52 10 . `` Alibi '' ( performed by Bradley Cooper ) Gaga Cooper Nelson Gaga Cooper Nelson 3 : 03 11 . `` Trust Me '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 32 12 . `` Shallow '' ( performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper ) Gaga Mark Ronson Anthony Rossomando Andrew Wyatt Gaga Rice 3 : 35 13 . `` First Stop , Arizona '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 10 14 . `` Music to My Eyes '' ( performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper ) Gaga Nelson Nelson 3 : 19 15 . `` Diggin ' My Grave '' ( performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper ) Paul Kennerley Gaga Nelson 3 : 57 16 . `` I Love You '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 19 17 . `` Always Remember Us This Way '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Natalie Hemby Hillary Lindsey Lori McKenna Dave Cobb Gaga 3 : 30 18 . `` Unbelievable '' ( dialogue ; featuring Lady Gaga and Rafi Gavron ) 0 : 28 19 . `` How Do You Hear It ? '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 14 20 . `` Look What I Found '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Mark Nilan Jr . Nick Monson Paul `` DJWS '' Blair Nelson Aaron Raitiere Gaga Nilan Monson Blair 2 : 55 21 . `` Memphis '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 24 22 . `` Heal Me '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Nilan Monson Blair Julia Michaels Justin Tranter Gaga Nilan Monson Blair 3 : 16 23 . `` I Do n't Know What Love Is '' ( performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper ) Gaga Nelson Gaga Nelson Nilan Monson 2 : 57 24 . `` Vows '' ( dialogue ; featuring Lady Gaga ) 0 : 17 25 . `` Is That Alright ? '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Nilan Monson Blair Raitiere Gaga Nilan Monson Blair 3 : 11 26 . `` SNL '' ( dialogue ; featuring Alec Baldwin , Donald King , Michael Mancini and Gena Rositano ) 0 : 13 27 . `` Why Did You Do That ? '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Diane Warren Nilan Monson Blair Gaga Nilan Monson Blair 3 : 04 28 . `` Hair Body Face '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Nilan Monson Blair Gaga Nilan Monson Blair Rice 3 : 22 29 . `` Scene 98 '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 35 30 . `` Before I Cry '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Nilan Monson Blair Gaga Nilan Monson Blair 4 : 18 31 . `` Too Far Gone '' ( performed by Bradley Cooper ) Cooper Nelson Cooper Nelson 1 : 26 32 . `` Twelve Notes '' ( dialogue ; featuring Lady Gaga and Sam Elliott ) 1 : 03 33 . `` I 'll Never Love Again '' ( film version ) ( performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper ) Gaga Hemby Lindsey Raitiere Gaga Rice 4 : 41 34 . `` I 'll Never Love Again '' ( extended version ) ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Hemby Lindsey Raitiere Gaga Rice 5 : 28 <Td_colspan="4"> Total length : 70 : 01 <Th_colspan="3"> show Version without dialogue No . Title Length 1 . `` Black Eyes '' 3 : 03 2 . `` La Vie en rose '' 2 : 59 3 . `` Maybe It 's Time '' 2 : 39 4 . `` Out of Time '' 2 : 52 5 . `` Alibi '' 3 : 03 6 . `` Shallow '' ( radio edit ) 3 : 37 7 . `` Music to My Eyes '' 3 : 19 8 . `` Diggin ' My Grave '' 3 : 57 9 . `` Always Remember Us This Way '' 3 : 30 10 . `` Look What I Found '' 2 : 55 11 . `` Heal Me '' 3 : 16 12 . `` I Do n't Know What Love Is '' 2 : 57 13 . `` Is That Alright ? '' 3 : 11 14 . `` Why Did You Do That ? '' 3 : 04 15 . `` Hair Body Face '' 3 : 22 16 . `` Before I Cry '' 4 : 18 17 . `` Too Far Gone '' 1 : 26 18 . `` I 'll Never Love Again '' ( film version ) ( radio edit ) 4 : 41 19 . `` I 'll Never Love Again '' ( extended version ) ( radio edit ) 5 : 28 <Td_colspan="2"> Total length : 63 : 37 Notes -- additional vocal production -- additional production -- main and additional production -- vocal production -- 0 : 31 on clean version of the album -- 0 : 34 on clean version of the album -- 69 : 59 for clean version of the album Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Argentinian Albums ( CAPIF ) Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) Croatia International Albums ( HDU ) Czech Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) Estonian Albums ( IFPI ) Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 12 French Albums ( SNEP ) 7 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 5 Greek Albums ( IFPI Greece ) Hungarian Albums ( MAHASZ ) 15 Icelandic Albums ( Tonlist ) Irish Albums ( OCC ) Italian Albums ( FIMI ) New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) 32 Portuguese Albums ( AFP ) Scottish Albums ( OCC ) Slovak Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) South African Albums ( RiSA ) 18 South Korean Albums ( Gaon ) 37 South Korean International Albums ( Gaon ) Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) Swedish Compilation ( Sverigetopplistan ) Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Albums ( OCC ) UK Soundtrack Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 US Soundtrack Albums ( Billboard ) US Top Tastemaker Albums ( Billboard ) Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Various October 5 , 2018 Digital download Streaming CD LP Interscope Japan November 7 , 2018 CD LP See also ( edit ) Book : A Star Is Born ( 2018 film ) List of artists who have achieved simultaneous UK and US number - one hits List of Billboard 200 number - one albums of 2018 List of number - one albums of 2018 ( Australia ) List of number - one albums of 2018 ( Canada ) List of number - one albums of 2018 ( Ireland ) List of number - one albums from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) List of number - one albums of 2018 ( Scotland ) List of number - one hits of 2018 ( Switzerland ) List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 2010s List of UK Album Downloads Chart number ones of the 2010s References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Reed , Ryan ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga , Bradley Cooper Detail ' A Star Is Born ' Soundtrack '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Bradley Cooper To Make Directing Debut , Hopes To Star With Beyonce In ' A Star Is Born ' For Warner Bros '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Star Is Born ' Gets Warner Bros Green Light ; Bradley Cooper Directs , Stars With Lady Gaga '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rao , Sonia ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` What we know about the lengthy ' A Star Is Born ' soundtrack , like its copious amount of Bradley Cooper '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga on letting go for ' A Star Is Born ' and what Bradley Cooper insisted she do before filming '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Nolfi , Joey ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Get to know the songwriters behind Lady Gaga 's A Star Is Born '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( August 11 , 2018 ) . `` Inside the creation of the thrilling new A Star Is Born soundtrack '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Betts , Stephen ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Jason Isbell , Lukas Nelson Songs to Appear in Lady Gaga 's ' A Star Is Born ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` Lukas Nelson Talks Writing With Lady Gaga , Gigging With Neil Young '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Finn , Timothy ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` He 's worked with Neil Young , Gaga and his dad , Willie Nelson . Now he 's coming to KC '' . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Samantha ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` How Lady Gaga Brought Lukas Nelson and Promise of the Real 's `` Find Yourself '' to Life `` . CMT . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bliss , Karen ( September 10 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga Praises ' A Star Is Born ' Co-Star Bradley Cooper 's Talents at Toronto Premiere : ' He Sings From His Soul ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ @ Interscope ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` # AStarIsBornSoundtrack features 19 songs in a wide range of musical styles + 15 dialogue tracks that will take you on a journey that mirrors the experience of seeing the film . Pre-order the music from the film now , out Oct. 5 . smarturl.it/ASIBSoundtrack @ StarIsBornMovie # AStarIsBorn '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 3 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Balancia , Donna ( September 25 , 2018 ) . `` REVIEW : Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper Let the Music Shine in ' A Star Is Born ' '' . California Rocker . Retrieved September 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Star Is Born ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas Erlewine , Stephen ( October 5 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper - A Star Is Born ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McCormick , Neil ( October 5 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga & Bradley Cooper : A Star Is Born soundtrack , review : an enjoyable but very peculiar album '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved October 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Beaumont - Thomas , Ben ( October 5 , 2018 ) . `` A Star Is Born soundtrack review -- instant classics full of Gaga 's emotional might '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Reilly , Nick ( October 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Star Is Born ' -- soundtrack review '' . NME . Retrieved October 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fitzmaurice , Larry ( October 8 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper - A Star Is Born Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved October 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Spannos , Brittany ( October 5 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper Shine Bright on the ' A Star Is Born ' Soundtrack '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Winograd , Jeremy ( October 10 , 2018 ) . `` A Star Is Born Original Soundtrack '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved October 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Mark ( October 4 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' A Star Is Born ' soundtrack is a five - star marvel '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 14 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga & Bradley Cooper 's ' A Star Is Born ' Soundtrack Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Star Is Born ' Soundtrack Spends Second Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Star Is Born ' Soundtrack Earns Third Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart , Future & Juice WRLD Debut at No. 2 '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tuch , Paul ( October 15 , 2018 ) . `` A Star Is Reborn At No. 1 On This Week 's Albums Chart '' . FYIMusicNews . Retrieved October 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tuch , Paul ( October 22 , 2018 ) . `` Rap Dominates This Week 's Chart , But A Star Is Born Remains No. 1 '' . FYIMusicNews . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tuch , Paul ( October 29 , 2018 ) . `` Ginette Reno , Arkells Debut With Strong Numbers On This Week 's Chart '' . FYIMusicNews . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( October 12 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga tops Official Albums Chart for fourth time thanks to A Star Is Born '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( October 12 , 2018 ) . `` Charts analysis : A Star Is Born races to No. 1 '' . Music Week . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Ainsley , Helen ( October 19 , 2018 ) . `` Jess Glynne scores second Number 1 album with Always In Between '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( October 20 , 2018 ) . `` Charts analysis : Jess Glynne sophomore album races to No. 1 '' . Music Week . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( October 26 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper score the Official Chart double as Shallow becomes Gaga 's fifth UK Number 1 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( October 26 , 2018 ) . `` Charts analysis : A Star Is Reborn on albums chart '' . Music Week . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Mapstone , Lucy ( October 12 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper top charts with A Star Is Born soundtrack '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( October 12 , 2018 ) . `` The A Star Is Born soundtrack bests Twenty One Pilots for Official Irish Albums Chart Number 1 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( October 26 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga & Bradley Cooper 's A Star Is Born holds at Number 1 , Dua Lipa returns to Top 3 on the Official Irish Albums Chart '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ruelle , Yohann ( October 15 , 2018 ) . `` Top Albums : Trois Cafés Gourmands détrône Mylène Farmer , Angèle devant Lady Gaga '' . PureBreak Charts ( in French ) . Retrieved October 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ruelle , Yohann ( October 29 , 2018 ) . `` Top Albums : Johnny Hallyday entre dans l'histoire et fait le triplé , SCH dans le top 5 '' . PureBreak Charts ( in French ) . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( October 14 , 2018 ) . `` Australian Albums : twenty one pilots ' Trench ' Lands At No 1 '' . Noise11 . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born Jumps To # 1 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . October 27 , 2018 . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NZ Top 40 Albums Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . October 29 , 2018 . Retrieved October 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born Soundtrack Credits '' . A Star Is Born . Interscope Records . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2018 . Retrieved October 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Over the Rainbow : BMI Work # 21904915 '' . BMI . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born ( Without Dialogue ) '' . Spotify . Retrieved October 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Los discos más vendidos : `` TRENCH '' de TWENTY ONE PILOTS se quedó con en el primer puesto en la semana del 15 al 21 de Octubre `` . Diario de Cultura ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2018 . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . October 29 , 2018 . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Soundtrack / Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper -- A Star Is Born '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack / Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper -- A Star Is Born '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack / Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper -- A Star Is Born '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lista prodaje 41 . tjedan 2018 '' ( in Croatian ) . HDU . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Czech Albums -- Top 100 '' . ČNS IFPI . Note : On the chart page , select 201842 on the field besides the word `` Zobrazit '' , and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Soundtrack / Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper -- A Star Is Born '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nestor , Siim ( October 22 , 2018 ) . `` EESTI TIPP - 40 MUUSIKAS : Lenna kihutas koos nubluga , aga '' . Eesti Ekspress ( in Estonian ) . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Elokuvamusiikki : A Star Is Born '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Albums ( Week 41 , 2018 ) '' . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Soundtrack -- A Star Is Born '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official IFPI Charts Top - 75 Albums Sales Chart Εβδομάδα : 41 / 2018 '' ( in Greek ) . IFPI Greece . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2018 . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 album DVD és válogatáslemez - lista -- 2018 . 42 . hét '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Retrieved October 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tonlistinn Vika 42 -- 2018 '' ( in Icelandic ) . Tonlistinn . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2018 . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Irish Albums Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Album -- Classifica settimanale WK 42 ( dal 2018 - 10 - 12 al 2018 - 10 - 18 ) '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved October 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Albums uke 42 , 2018 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Soundtrack / Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper -- A Star Is Born '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Slovak Albums -- Top 100 '' . ČNS IFPI . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Note : On the chart page , select SK Albums and `` 201842 '' on the field besides the word `` Zobrazit '' , and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data . Jump up ^ `` South Africa Top 20 '' ( in Africans ) . Recording Industry of South Africa . October 27 , 2018 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2018 . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` South Korea Gaon Album Chart '' . On the page , select `` 2018.10. 14 ~ 2018.10. 20 '' to obtain the corresponding chart . Gaon Chart Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea Gaon International Album Chart '' . On the page , select `` 2018.10. 07 ~ 2018.10. 13 '' , then `` 국외 '' , to obtain the corresponding chart . Gaon Chart Retrieved October 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Albumes -- Semana 42 ( 12 / 10 a 18 / 10 ) '' . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Veckolista Samlingar -- Vecka 41 , 12 oktober 2018 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . October 12 , 2018 . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Soundtrack / Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper -- A Star Is Born '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Soundtrack Albums Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga Chart History ( Soundtrack Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga Chart History ( Top Tastemaker Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born -- Official store '' . Warner Bros. Retrieved September 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Star Is Born ( Movie ) ' Original Soundtrack '' ( in Japanese ) . CDJapan . Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) A Star Is Born Music Official website <Th_colspan="2"> A Star Is Born Films 1937 1954 1976 2018 Music 1954 soundtrack `` The Man That Got Away '' 1976 soundtrack `` Evergreen '' 2018 soundtrack `` La Vie en rose '' `` Shallow '' `` Always Remember Us This Way '' `` Is That Alright ? '' `` I 'll Never Love Again '' Related What Price Hollywood ? <Th_colspan="2"> Lady Gaga <Td_colspan="2"> Awards and nominations Discography Live performances Songs Videography Studio albums The Fame Born This Way Artpop Cheek to Cheek Joanne Soundtracks A Star Is Born Compilations The Remix Born This Way : The Remix Born This Way : The Collection Extended plays The Cherrytree Sessions Hitmixes The Fame Monster A Very Gaga Holiday Concert tours The Fame Ball Tour Fame Kills : Starring Kanye West and Lady Gaga The Monster Ball Tour Born This Way Ball ArtRave : The Artpop Ball Cheek to Cheek Tour Joanne World Tour One - off shows ArtRave Dive Bar Tour Residencies Lady Gaga Live at Roseland Ballroom Lady Gaga Enigma Documentaries Gaga : Five Foot Two Television Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour : At Madison Square Garden A Very Gaga Thanksgiving Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga : Cheek to Cheek Live ! Super Bowl LI halftime show Fragrances Lady Gaga Fame Eau de Gaga Bibliography Lady Gaga x Terry Richardson Related articles Aleiodes gaga Born This Way Foundation Doll Domination Tour Gaga ( plant ) Gagadon Haus of Gaga Joanne Trattoria Cookbook Lady Gaga : Queen of Pop `` Lisa Goes Gaga '' Meat dress `` Perform This Way '' TechHaus Volantis <Td_colspan="2"> Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Star_Is_Born_(2018_soundtrack)&oldid=866512109 '' Categories : 2018 soundtracks Film soundtracks Lady Gaga albums Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) CS1 Estonian - language sources ( et ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use mdy dates from October 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with input errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Polski Português Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 19 : 58 ( UTC ) . 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1. A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack) 2. Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper 3. Collaboration with country musicians 4. Commercial success and chart-topping album 5. Track listing and critical reception

which of the following is true of the molecule adenosine triphosphate

Adenosine triphosphate - wikipedia Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine - 5 ' - triphosphate <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers CAS Number 56 - 65 - 5 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI : 15422 ChEMBL ChEMBL14249 ChemSpider 5742 DrugBank DB00171 ECHA InfoCard 100.000. 258 IUPHAR / BPS 1713 KEGG C00002 PubChem CID 5957 UNII 8L70Q75FXE <Td_colspan="2"> InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / C10H16N5O13P3 / c11 - 8 - 5 - 9 ( 13 - 2 - 12 - 8 ) 15 ( 3 - 14 - 5 ) 10 - 7 ( 17 ) 6 ( 16 ) 4 ( 26 - 10 ) 1 - 25 - 30 ( 21 , 22 ) 28 - 31 ( 23 , 24 ) 27 - 29 ( 18 , 19 ) 20 / h2 - 4 , 6 - 7 , 10 , 16 - 17H , 1H2 , ( H , 21 , 22 ) ( H , 23 , 24 ) ( H2 , 11 , 12 , 13 ) ( H2 , 18 , 19 , 20 ) / t4 - , 6 - , 7 - , 10 - / m1 / s1 Key : ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA - KQYNXXCUSA - N Key : ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA - KQYNXXCUBG <Td_colspan="2"> SMILES ( show ) O = P ( O ) ( O ) OP ( = O ) ( O ) OP ( = O ) ( O ) OC ( C@H ) 3O ( C @ @ H ) ( n2cnc1c ( ncnc12 ) N ) ( C@H ) ( O ) ( C @ @ H ) 3O c1nc ( c2c ( n1 ) n ( cn2 ) ( C@H ) 3 ( C @ @ H ) ( ( C @ @ H ) ( ( C@H ) ( O3 ) COP ( = O ) ( O ) OP ( = O ) ( O ) OP ( = O ) ( O ) O ) O ) O ) N <Th_colspan="2"> Properties Chemical formula C H N O P Molar mass 507.18 g / mol Density 1.04 g / cm ( disodium salt ) Melting point 187 ° C ( 369 ° F ; 460 K ) disodium salt ; decomposes Acidity ( pK ) 6.5 <Td_colspan="2"> Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . <Td_colspan="2"> Y verify ( what is ? ) <Td_colspan="2"> Infobox references This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) is a complex organic chemical that provides energy to drive many processes in living cells , e.g. muscle contraction , nerve impulse propagation , chemical synthesis . Found in all forms of life , ATP is often referred to as the `` molecular unit of currency '' of intracellular energy transfer . When consumed in metabolic processes , it converts either to adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) or to adenosine monophosphate ( AMP ) . Other processes regenerate ATP so that the human body recycles its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day . It is also a precursor to DNA and RNA , and is used as a coenzyme . From the perspective of biochemistry , ATP is classified as a nucleoside triphosphate , which indicates that it consists of three components : a nitrogenous base ( adenine ) , the sugar ribose , and the triphosphate . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Binding of metal cations to ATP 2 Chemical properties 3 Production from AMP and ADP 3.1 Production , aerobic conditions 3.1. 1 Glycolysis 3.1. 1.1 Regulation 3.1. 2 Citric acid cycle 3.1. 2.1 Regulation 3.1. 3 Beta oxidation 3.1. 3.1 Regulation 3.2 Production , anaerobic conditions 3.3 ATP replenishment by nucleoside diphosphate kinases 3.4 ATP production during photosynthesis 3.5 ATP recycling 4 Other biochemical functions 4.1 Intracellular signaling 4.2 DNA and RNA synthesis 4.3 Amino acid activation in protein synthesis 4.4 ATP binding cassette transporter 4.5 Extracellular signalling and neurotransmision 5 ATP analogues 6 History 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure ( edit ) In terms of its structure , ATP consists of an adenine attached by the 9 - nitrogen atom to the 1 ′ carbon atom of a sugar ( ribose ) , which in turn is attached at the 5 ′ carbon atom of the sugar to a triphosphate group . In its many reactions related to metabolism , the adenine and sugar groups remain unchanged , but the triphosphate is converted to di - and monophosphate , giving respectively the derivatives ADP and AMP . The three phosphoryl groups are referred to as the alpha ( α ) , beta ( β ) , and , for the terminal phosphate , gamma ( γ ) . In neutral solution , ionized ATP exists mostly as ATP , with a small proportion of ATP . Binding of metal cations to ATP ( edit ) Being polyanionic and featuring a potentially chelatable polyphosphate group , ATP binds metal cations with high affinity . The binding constant for Mg is ( 9554 ) . The binding of a divalent cation , almost always magnesium , strongly affects the interaction of ATP with various proteins . Due to the strength of the ATP - Mg interaction , ATP exists in the cell mostly as a complex with Mg bonded to the phosphate oxygen centers . A second magnesium ion is critical for ATP binding in the kinase domain . The presence of Mg regulates kinase activity . Chemical properties ( edit ) Salts of ATP can be isolated as colorless solids . ATP is stable in aqueous solutions between pH 6.8 and 7.4 , in the absence of catalysts . At more extreme pHs , it rapidly hydrolyses to ADP and phosphate . Living cells maintain the ratio of ATP to ADP at a point ten orders of magnitude from equilibrium , with ATP concentrations fivefold higher than the concentration of ADP . In the context of biochemical reactions , the P-O-P bonds are frequently referred to as high - energy bonds . The hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate releases 30.5 kJ / mol of enthalpy , with a change in free energy of 3.4 kJ / mol . The energy released by cleaving either a phosphate ( P ) or pyrophosphate ( PP ) unit from ATP at standard state of 1 M are : ATP + H O → ADP + P ΔG ° = − 30.5 kJ / mol ( − 7.3 kcal / mol ) ATP + H O → AMP + PP ΔG ° = − 45.6 kJ / mol ( − 10.9 kcal / mol ) These abbreviated equations can be written more explicitly ( R = adenosyl ) : ( RO - P ( O ) - O-P ( O ) - O - PO ) + H O → ( RO - P ( O ) - O - PO ) + ( PO ) + 2 H ( RO - P ( O ) - O-P ( O ) - O - PO ) + H O → ( RO - PO ) + ( O P-O - PO ) + 2 H This image shows a 360 - degree rotation of a single , gas - phase magnesium - ATP chelate with a charge of − 2 . The anion was optimized at the UB3LYP / 6 - 311 + + G ( d , p ) theoretical level and the atomic connectivity modified by the human optimizer to reflect the probable electronic structure . Production from AMP and ADP ( edit ) Production , aerobic conditions ( edit ) With a typical intracellular concentration of 1 -- 10 mM , ATP is abundant . The dephosphorylation of ATP and rephosphorylation of ADP and AMP occur repeatedly in the course of aerobic metabolism . ATP can be produced by a number of distinct cellular processes ; the three main pathways in eukaryotes are ( 1 ) glycolysis , ( 2 ) the citric acid cycle / oxidative phosphorylation , and ( 3 ) beta - oxidation . The overall process of oxidizing glucose to carbon dioxide , the combination of pathways 1 and 2 , is known as cellular respiration , produces about 30 equivalents of ATP from each molecule of glucose . ATP production by a non-photosynthetic aerobic eukaryote occurs mainly in the mitochondria , which comprise nearly 25 % of the volume of a typical cell . Glycolysis ( edit ) Main article : Glycolysis In glycolysis , glucose and glycerol are metabolized to pyruvate . Glycolysis generates two equivalents of ATP through substrate phosphorylation catalyzed by two enzymes , PGK and pyruvate kinase . Two equivalents of NADH are also produced , which can be oxidized via the electron transport chain and result in the generation of additional ATP by ATP synthase . The pyruvate generated as an end - product of glycolysis is a substrate for the Krebs Cycle . Glycolysis is viewed as consisting of two phases with five steps each . Phase 1 , `` the preparatory phase '' , glucose is converted to 2 d - glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate ( g3p ) . One ATP is invested in the Step 1 , and another ATP is invested in Step 3 . Steps 1 and 3 of glycolysis are referred to as `` Priming Steps '' . In Phase 2 , two equivalents of g3p are converted to two pyruvates . In Step 7 , two ATP are produced . In addition , in Step 10 , two further equivalents of ATP are produced . In Steps 7 and 10 , ATP is generated from ADP . A net of two ATPs are formed in the glycolysis cycle . The glycolysis pathway is later associated with the Citric Acid Cycle which produces additional equivalents of ATP . Regulation ( edit ) In glycolysis , hexokinase is directly inhibited by its product , glucose - 6 - phosphate , and pyruvate kinase is inhibited by ATP itself . The main control point for the glycolytic pathway is phosphofructokinase ( PFK ) , which is allosterically inhibited by high concentrations of ATP and activated by high concentrations of AMP . The inhibition of PFK by ATP is unusual , since ATP is also a substrate in the reaction catalyzed by PFK ; the active form of the enzyme is a tetramer that exists in two conformations , only one of which binds the second substrate fructose - 6 - phosphate ( F6P ) . The protein has two binding sites for ATP -- the active site is accessible in either protein conformation , but ATP binding to the inhibitor site stabilizes the conformation that binds F6P poorly . A number of other small molecules can compensate for the ATP - induced shift in equilibrium conformation and reactivate PFK , including cyclic AMP , ammonium ions , inorganic phosphate , and fructose - 1 , 6 - and - 2 , 6 - biphosphate . Citric acid cycle ( edit ) Main articles : Citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation In the mitochondrion , pyruvate is oxidized by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to the acetyl group , which is fully oxidized to carbon dioxide by the citric acid cycle ( also known as the Krebs cycle ) . Every `` turn '' of the citric acid cycle produces two molecules of carbon dioxide , one equivalent of ATP guanosine triphosphate ( GTP ) through substrate - level phosphorylation catalyzed by succinyl - CoA synthetase , as succinyl - CoA is converted to Succinate , three equivalents of NADH , and one equivalent of FADH . NADH and FADH are recycled ( to NAD and FAD , respectively ) , generating additional ATP by oxidative phosphorylation . The oxidation of NADH results in the synthesis of 2 -- 3 equivalents of ATP , and the oxidation of one FADH yields between 1 -- 2 equivalents of ATP . The majority of cellular ATP is generated by this process . Although the citric acid cycle itself does not involve molecular oxygen , it is an obligately aerobic process because O is used to recycle the NADH and FADH . In the absence of oxygen , the citric acid cycle ceases . The generation of ATP by the mitochondrion from cytosolic NADH relies on the malate - aspartate shuttle ( and to a lesser extent , the glycerol - phosphate shuttle ) because the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NADH and NAD . Instead of transferring the generated NADH , a malate dehydrogenase enzyme converts oxaloacetate to malate , which is translocated to the mitochondrial matrix . Another malate dehydrogenase - catalyzed reaction occurs in the opposite direction , producing oxaloacetate and NADH from the newly transported malate and the mitochondrion 's interior store of NAD . A transaminase converts the oxaloacetate to aspartate for transport back across the membrane and into the intermembrane space . In oxidative phosphorylation , the passage of electrons from NADH and FADH through the electron transport chain pumps protons out of the mitochondrial matrix and into the intermembrane space . This pumping generates a proton motive force that is the net effect of a pH gradient and an electric potential gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane . Flow of protons down this potential gradient -- that is , from the intermembrane space to the matrix -- yields ATP by ATP synthase . Three ATP are produced per turn . Most of the ATP synthesized in the mitochondria will be used for cellular processes in the cytosol ; thus it must be exported from its site of synthesis in the mitochondrial matrix . ATP outward movement is favored by the membrane 's electrochemical potential because the cytosol has a relatively positive charge compared to the relatively negative matrix . For every ATP transported out , it costs 1 H. One ATP costs about 3 H. Therefore , making and exporting one ATP requires 4H The inner membrane contains an antiporter , the ADP / ATP translocase , which is an integral membrane protein used to exchange newly synthesized ATP in the matrix for ADP in the intermembrane space . This translocase is driven by the membrane potential , as it results in the movement of about 4 negative charges out of the mitochondrial membrane in exchange for 3 negative charges moved inside . However , it is also necessary to transport phosphate into the mitochondrion ; the phosphate carrier moves a proton in with each phosphate , partially dissipating the proton gradient . After completing glycolysis , the Citric Acid Cycle , electrons transport chain , and oxidative phosphorylation , approximately 30 - 38 ATP are produced per glucose . Regulation ( edit ) The citric acid cycle is regulated mainly by the availability of key substrates , particularly the ratio of NAD to NADH and the concentrations of calcium , inorganic phosphate , ATP , ADP , and AMP . Citrate -- the ion that gives its name to the cycle -- is a feedback inhibitor of citrate synthase and also inhibits PFK , providing a direct link between the regulation of the citric acid cycle and glycolysis . Beta oxidation ( edit ) Main article : Beta - oxidation In the presence of air and various cofactors and enzymes , fatty acids are converted to acetyl - CoA . The pathway is called beta - oxidation . Each cycle of beta - oxidation shortens the fatty acid chain by two carbon atoms and produces one equivalent each of acetyl - CoA , NADH , and FADH . The acetyl - CoA is metabolized by the citric acid cycle to generate ATP , while the NADH and FADH are used by oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP . Dozens of ATP equivalents are generated by the beta - oxidation of a single long acyl chain . Regulation ( edit ) In oxidative phosphorylation , the key control point is the reaction catalyzed by cytochrome c oxidase , which is regulated by the availability of its substrate -- the reduced form of cytochrome c . The amount of reduced cytochrome c available is directly related to the amounts of other substrates : ​ ⁄ NADH + cyt c + ADP + P ⇌ ​ ⁄ NAD + cyt c + ATP which directly implies this equation : ( c y t c r e d ) ( c y t c o x ) = ( ( N A D H ) ( N A D ) + ) 1 2 ( ( A D P ) ( P i ) ( A T P ) ) K e q ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( ( \ mathrm ( cyt ~ c_ ( red ) ) ) ) ( ( \ mathrm ( cyt ~ c_ ( ox ) ) ) ) ) = \ left ( ( \ frac ( ( \ mathrm ( NADH ) ) ) ( ( \ mathrm ( NAD ) ) ^ ( + ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( ( \ mathrm ( ADP ) ) ( \ mathrm ( P_ ( i ) ) ) ) ( ( \ mathrm ( ATP ) ) ) ) \ right ) K_ ( \ mathrm ( eq ) ) ) Thus , a high ratio of ( NADH ) to ( NAD ) or a high ratio of ( ADP ) ( P ) to ( ATP ) imply a high amount of reduced cytochrome c and a high level of cytochrome c oxidase activity . An additional level of regulation is introduced by the transport rates of ATP and NADH between the mitochondrial matrix and the cytoplasm . Production , anaerobic conditions ( edit ) Fermentation is the metabolism of organic compounds in the absence of air . It involves substrate - level phosphorylation in the absence of a respiratory electron transport chain . The equation for the oxidation of glucose to lactic acid is : C O → 2 CH CH ( OH ) COOH + 2 ATP Anaerobic respiration is respiration in the absence of O . Prokaryotes can utilize a variety of electron acceptors . These include nitrate , sulfate , and carbon dioxide . ATP replenishment by nucleoside diphosphate kinases ( edit ) ATP can also be synthesized through several so - called `` replenishment '' reactions catalyzed by the enzyme families of nucleoside diphosphate kinases ( NDKs ) , which use other nucleoside triphosphates as a high - energy phosphate donor , and the ATP : guanido - phosphotransferase family . ATP production during photosynthesis ( edit ) In plants , ATP is synthesized in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast . The process is called photophosphorylation . The `` machinery '' is similar to that in mitochondria except that light energy is used to pump protons across a membrane to produce a proton - motive force . ATP synthase then ensues exactly as in oxidative phosphorylation . Some of the ATP produced in the chloroplasts is consumed in the Calvin cycle , which produces triose sugars . ATP recycling ( edit ) The total quantity of ATP in the human body is about 0.2 moles . The majority of ATP is recycled from ADP by the aforementioned processes . Thus , at any given time , the total amount of ATP + ADP remains fairly constant . The energy used by human cells requires the hydrolysis of 100 to 150 moles of ATP daily , which is around 50 to 75 kg . A human will typically use up his or her body weight of ATP over the course of the day . Each equivalent of ATP is recycled 500 - 750 times during a single day ( 100 / 0.2 = 500 ) . An example of the Rossmann fold , a structural domain of a decarboxylase enzyme from the bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis ( PDB : 1G5Q ​ ) with a bound flavin mononucleotide cofactor . Other biochemical functions ( edit ) Intracellular signaling ( edit ) ATP is involved signal transduction by serving as substrate for kinases , enzymes that transfer phosphate groups . Kinases are the most common ATP - binding proteins . They share a small number of common folds . Phosphorylation of a protein by a kinase can activate a cascade such as the mitogen - activated protein kinase cascade . ATP is also a substrate of adenylate cyclase , most commonly in G protein - coupled receptor signal transduction pathways and is transformed to second messenger , cyclic AMP , which is involved in triggering calcium signals by the release of calcium from intracellular stores . This form of signal transduction is particularly important in brain function , although it is involved in the regulation of a multitude of other cellular processes . DNA and RNA synthesis ( edit ) ATP is one of four `` monomers '' required in the synthesis of RNA . The process is promoted by RNA polymerases . A similar process occurs in the formation of DNA , except that ATP is first converted to the deoxyribonucleotide dATP . Like many condensation reactions in nature , DNA replication and DNA transcription also consumes ATP . Amino acid activation in protein synthesis ( edit ) Main article : Amino acid activation Aminoacyl - tRNA synthetase enzymes consume ATP in the attachment tRNA to amino acids , forming aminoacyl - tRNA complexes . Aminoacyl transferase binds AMP - amino acid to tRNA . The coupling reaction proceeds in two steps : aa + ATP ⟶ aa - AMP + PP aa - AMP + tRNA ⟶ aa - tRNA + AMP The amino acid is coupled to the penultimate nucleotide at the 3 ′ - end of the tRNA ( the A in the sequence CCA ) via an ester bond ( roll over in illustration ) . ATP binding cassette Transporter ( edit ) Transporting chemicals out of a cell against a gradient is often associated with ATP hydrolysis . Transport is mediated by ATP binding cassette transporters . The human genome encodes 48 ABC transporters , that are used for exporting drugs , lipids , and other compounds . Extracellular signalling and neurotransmision ( edit ) Cells secrete ATP to communicate with other cells in a process called purinergic signalling . ATP serves as a neurotransmitter in many parts of the nervous system , modulates cilliary beating , affects vascular oxygen supply etc . ATP is either secreted directly across the cell membrane through channel proteins or is pumped into vesicles which then fuse with the membrane . Cells detect ATP using the purinergic receptor proteins P2X and P2Y . ATP analogues ( edit ) Biochemistry laboratories often use in vitro studies to explore ATP - dependent molecular processes . ATP analogs are also used in X-ray crystallography to determine a protein structure in complex with ATP , often together with other substrates . Enzyme inhibitors of ATP - dependent enzymes such as kinases are needed to examine the binding sites and transition states involved in ATP - dependent reactions . Most useful ATP analogs can not be hydrolyzed as ATP would be ; instead they trap the enzyme in a structure closely related to the ATP - bound state . Adenosine 5 ′ - ( γ - thiotriphosphate ) is an extremely common ATP analog in which one of the gamma - phosphate oxygens is replaced by a sulphur atom ; this anion is hydrolyzed at a dramatically slower rate than ATP itself and functions as an inhibitor of ATP - dependent processes . In crystallographic studies , hydrolysis transition states are modeled by the bound vanadate ion . Caution is warranted in interpreting the results of experiments using ATP analogs , since some enzymes can hydrolyze them at appreciable rates at high concentration . History ( edit ) ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann and Jendrassik and , independently , by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subba Rao of Harvard Medical School , both teams competing against each other to find an assay for phosphorus . It was proposed to be the intermediary between energy - yielding and energy - requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941 . It was first synthesized in the laboratory by Alexander Todd in 1948 . The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997 was divided , one half jointly to Paul D. Boyer and John E. Walker for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) and the other half to Jens C. Skou for the first discovery of an ion - transporting enzyme , Na+ , K+ - ATPase . See also ( edit ) Adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) Adenosine monophosphate ( AMP ) Adenosine - tetraphosphatase Adenosine methylene triphosphate ATPases ATP test ATP hydrolysis Citric acid cycle ( also called the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle ) Cyclic adenosine monophosphate ( cAMP ) Nucleotide exchange factor Phosphagen Photophosphorylation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Knowles , J. R. ( 1980 ) . `` Enzyme - catalyzed phosphoryl transfer reactions '' . Annu. Rev. Biochem. 49 : 877 -- 919 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. bi. 49.070180. 004305 . PMID 6250450 . Jump up ^ Törnroth - Horsefield , S. ; Neutze , R. ( December 2008 ) . `` Opening and closing the metabolite gate '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA . 105 ( 50 ) : 19565 -- 19566 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0810654106 . PMC 2604989 . PMID 19073922 . ^ Jump up to : Storer , A. ; Cornish - Bowden , A. ( 1976 ) . `` Concentration of MgATP and other ions in solution . Calculation of the true concentrations of species present in mixtures of associating ions '' . Biochem. J. 159 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 5 . doi : 10.1042 / bj1590001 . PMC 1164030 . PMID 11772 . Jump up ^ Wilson , J. ; Chin , A. ( 1991 ) . `` Chelation of divalent cations by ATP , studied by titration calorimetry '' . Anal . Biochem. 193 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 19 . doi : 10.1016 / 0003 - 2697 ( 91 ) 90036 - S. PMID 1645933 . Jump up ^ Garfinkel , L. ; Altschuld , R. ; Garfinkel , D. ( 1986 ) . `` Magnesium in cardiac energy metabolism '' . J. Mol . Cell . Cardiol. 18 ( 10 ) : 1003 -- 1013 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 2828 ( 86 ) 80289 - 9 . PMID 3537318 . Jump up ^ Saylor , P. ; Wang , C. ; Hirai , T. ; Adams , J. ( 1998 ) . `` A second magnesium ion is critical for ATP binding in the kinase domain of the oncoprotein v - Fps '' . Biochemistry . 37 ( 36 ) : 12624 -- 12630 . doi : 10.1021 / bi9812672 . PMID 9730835 . Jump up ^ Lin , X. ; Ayrapetov , M ; Sun , G. ( 2005 ) . `` Characterization of the interactions between the active site of a protein tyrosine kinase and a divalent metal activator '' . BMC Biochem. 6 : 25 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2091 - 6 - 25 . PMC 1316873 . PMID 16305747 . Jump up ^ Budavari , Susan , ed. ( 2001 ) , The Merck Index : An Encyclopedia of Chemicals , Drugs , and Biologicals ( 13th ed . ) , Merck , ISBN 0911910131 Jump up ^ Ferguson , S. J. ; Nicholls , David ; Ferguson , Stuart ( 2002 ) . Bioenergetics 3 ( 3rd ed . ) . San Diego , CA : Academic . ISBN 0 - 12 - 518121 - 3 . Jump up ^ Berg , J. M. ; Tymoczko , J. L. ; Stryer , L. ( 2003 ) . Biochemistry . New York , NY : W. H. Freeman . p. 376 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 4684 - 0 . Jump up ^ Chance , B. ; Lees , H. ; Postgate , J. G. ( 1972 ) . `` The Meaning of `` Reversed Electron Flow '' and `` High Energy Electron '' in Biochemistry `` . Nature . 238 ( 5363 ) : 330 -- 331 . doi : 10.1038 / 238330a0 . PMID 4561837 . Jump up ^ Gajewski , E. ; Steckler , D. ; Goldberg , R. ( 1986 ) . `` Thermodynamics of the hydrolysis of adenosine 5 ′ - triphosphate to adenosine 5 ′ - diphosphate '' ( PDF ) . J. Biol. Chem. 261 ( 27 ) : 12733 -- 12737 . PMID 3528161 . Jump up ^ Berg , Jeremy M. ; Tymoczko , John L. ; Stryer , Lubert ( 2007 ) . Biochemistry ( 6th ed . ) . New York , NY : W. H. Freeman . p. 413 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 8724 - 5 . Jump up ^ Beis , I. ; Newsholme , E. A. ( October 1 , 1975 ) . `` The contents of adenine nucleotides , phosphagens and some glycolytic intermediates in resting muscles from vertebrates and invertebrates '' . Biochem. J. 152 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 32 . doi : 10.1042 / bj1520023 . PMC 1172435 . PMID 1212224 . ^ Jump up to : Rich , P. R. ( 2003 ) . `` The molecular machinery of Keilin 's respiratory chain '' . Biochem. Soc . Trans . 31 ( 6 ) : 1095 -- 1105 . doi : 10.1042 / BST0311095 . PMID 14641005 . ^ Jump up to : Lodish , H. ; Berk , A. ; Matsudaira , P. ; Kaiser , C. A. ; Krieger , M. ; Scott , M. P. ; Zipursky , S. L. ; Darnell , J. ( 2004 ) . Molecular Cell Biology ( 5th ed . ) . New York , NY : W. H. Freeman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 4366 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Voet , D. ; Voet , J. G. ( 2004 ) . Biochemistry . 1 ( 3rd ed . ) . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 19350 - 0 . Jump up ^ Abrahams , J. ; Leslie , A. ; Lutter , R. ; Walker , J. ( 1994 ) . `` Structure at 2.8 Å resolution of F1 - ATPase from bovine heart mitochondria '' . Nature . 370 ( 6491 ) : 621 -- 628 . doi : 10.1038 / 370621a0 . PMID 8065448 . ^ Jump up to : Dahout - Gonzalez , C. ; Nury , H. ; Trézéguet , V. ; Lauquin , G. ; Pebay - Peyroula , E. ; Brandolin , G. ( 2006 ) . `` Molecular , functional , and pathological aspects of the mitochondrial ADP / ATP carrier '' . Physiology. 21 ( 4 ) : 242 -- 249 . doi : 10.1152 / physiol. 00005.2006 . PMID 16868313 . Jump up ^ Ronnett , G. ; Kim , E. ; Landree , L. ; Tu , Y. ( 2005 ) . `` Fatty acid metabolism as a target for obesity treatment '' . Physiol . Behav. 85 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 35 . doi : 10.1016 / j. physbeh. 2005.04. 014 . PMID 15878185 . Jump up ^ Allen , J. ( 2002 ) . `` Photosynthesis of ATP - electrons , proton pumps , rotors , and poise '' . Cell. 110 ( 3 ) : 273 -- 276 . doi : 10.1016 / S0092 - 8674 ( 02 ) 00870 - X . PMID 12176312 . Jump up ^ Scheeff , E. ; Bourne , P. ( 2005 ) . `` Structural evolution of the protein kinase - like superfamily '' . PLoS Comput. Biol. 1 ( 5 ) : e49 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pcbi. 0010049 . PMC 1261164 . PMID 16244704 . Jump up ^ Mishra , N. ; Tuteja , R. ; Tuteja , N. ( 2006 ) . `` Signaling through MAP kinase networks in plants '' . Arch . Biochem. Biophys. 452 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 68 . doi : 10.1016 / j. abb. 2006.05. 001 . PMID 16806044 . Jump up ^ Kamenetsky , M. ; Middelhaufe , S. ; Bank , E. ; Levin , L. ; Buck , J. ; Steegborn , C. ( 2006 ) . `` Molecular details of cAMP generation in mammalian cells : a tale of two systems '' . J. Mol. Biol. 362 ( 4 ) : 623 -- 639 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jmb. 2006.07. 045 . PMC 3662476 . PMID 16934836 . Jump up ^ Hanoune , J. ; Defer , N. ( 2001 ) . `` Regulation and role of adenylyl cyclase isoforms '' . Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 41 : 145 -- 174 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. pharmtox. 41.1. 145 . PMID 11264454 . Jump up ^ Joyce , C. M. ; Steitz , T. A. ( 1995 ) . `` Polymerase structures and function : variations on a theme ? '' . J. Bacteriol. 177 ( 22 ) : 6321 -- 6329 . doi : 10.1128 / jb. 177.22. 6321 - 6329.1995 . PMC 177480 . PMID 7592405 . Jump up ^ Borst , P. ; Elferink , R. Oude ( 2002 ) . `` Mammalian ABC transporters in health and disease '' ( PDF ) . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 71 : 537 -- 592 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biochem. 71.102301. 093055 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Romanov , Roman A. ; Lasher , Robert S. ; High , Brigit ; Savidge , Logan E. ; Lawson , Adam ; Rogachevskaja , Olga A. ; Zhao , Haitian ; Rogachevsky , Vadim V. ; Bystrova , Marina F. ; Churbanov , Gleb D. ; Adameyko , Igor ; Harkany , Tibor ; Yang , Ruibiao ; Kidd , Grahame J. ; Marambaud , Philippe ; Kinnamon , John C. ; Kolesnikov , Stanislav S. ; Finger , Thomas E. ( 2018 ) . `` Chemical synapses without synaptic vesicles : Purinergic neurotransmission through a CALHM1 channel - mitochondrial signaling complex '' . Science Signaling. 11 ( 529 ) : eaao1815 . doi : 10.1126 / scisignal. aao1815 . ISSN 1945 - 0877 . Jump up ^ Dahl , Gerhard ( 2015 ) . `` ATP release through pannexon channels '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 370 ( 1672 ) : 20140191 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2014.0191 . ISSN 0962 - 8436 . PMC 4455760 . Jump up ^ Larsson , Max ; Sawada , Keisuke ; Morland , Cecilie ; Hiasa , Miki ; Ormel , Lasse ; Moriyama , Yoshinori ; Gundersen , Vidar ( 2012 ) . `` Functional and Anatomical Identification of a Vesicular Transporter Mediating Neuronal ATP Release '' . Cerebral Cortex. 22 ( 5 ) : 1203 -- 1214 . doi : 10.1093 / cercor / bhr203 . ISSN 1460 - 2199 . Jump up ^ Resetar , A. M. ; Chalovich , J. M. ( 1995 ) . `` Adenosine 5 ′ - ( gamma - thiotriphosphate ) : an ATP analog that should be used with caution in muscle contraction studies '' . Biochemistry . 34 ( 49 ) : 16039 -- 16045 . doi : 10.1021 / bi00049a018 . PMID 8519760 . Jump up ^ `` Karl Lohmann '' . www.nndb.com . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Lohmann , K. ( August 1929 ) . `` Über die Pyrophosphatfraktion im Muskel '' ( On the pyrophosphate fraction in muscle ) . Naturwissenschaften ( in German ) . 17 ( 31 ) : 624 -- 625 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01506215 . Jump up ^ `` The Determination of Phosphorus and the Discovery of Phosphocreatine and ATP : the Work of Fiske and SubbaRow '' . Jump up ^ Maruyama , K. ( March 1991 ) . `` The discovery of adenosine triphosphate and the establishment of its structure '' . J. Hist. Biol. 24 ( 1 ) : 145 -- 154 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00130477 . Jump up ^ Lipmann , F. ( 1941 ) . `` Metabolic generation and utilization of phosphate bond energy '' . Adv . Enzymol. 1 : 99 -- 162 . ISSN 0196 - 7398 . Jump up ^ `` History : ATP first discovered in 1929 '' . The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997 . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997 '' . www.nobelprize.org . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adenosine triphosphate . ATP bound to proteins in the PDB ScienceAid : Energy ATP and Exercise PubChem entry for Adenosine Triphosphate KEGG entry for Adenosine Triphosphate <Th_colspan="2"> Nucleic acid constituents Nucleobase Purine Adenine Guanine Hypoxanthine Xanthine Purine analogue Pyrimidine Uracil Thymine Cytosine Pyrimidine analogue Unnatural base pair ( UBP ) Nucleoside Ribonucleoside Adenosine Guanosine 5 - Methyluridine Uridine 5 - Methylcytidine Cytidine Pseudouridine Inosine N - Methyladenosine Xanthosine Wybutosine Deoxyribonucleoside Deoxyadenosine Deoxyguanosine Thymidine Deoxyuridine Deoxycytidine Deoxyinosine Deoxyxanthosine Nucleotide ( Nucleoside monophosphate ) Ribonucleotide AMP GMP m UMP UMP CMP IMP XMP Deoxyribonucleotide dAMP dGMP dTMP dUMP dCMP dIMP dXMP Cyclic nucleotide cAMP cGMP c - di - GMP c - di - AMP cADPR Nucleoside diphosphate <Td_colspan="2"> ADP GDP m UDP UDP CDP <Td_colspan="2"> dADP dGDP dTDP dUDP dCDP Nucleoside triphosphate <Td_colspan="2"> ATP GTP m UTP UTP CTP ITP XTP <Td_colspan="2"> dATP dGTP dTTP dUTP dCTP dITP dXTP <Th_colspan="2"> Enzyme cofactors Active forms vitamins TPP / ThDP ( B ) FMN , FAD ( B ) NAD , NADH , NADP , NADPH ( B ) Coenzyme A ( B ) PLP / P5P ( B ) Biotin ( B ) THFA / H FA , DHFA / H FA , MTHF ( B ) AdoCbl , MeCbl ( B ) Ascorbic acid ( C ) Phylloquinone ( K ) , Menaquinone ( K ) Coenzyme F420 non-vitamins ATP CTP SAMe PAPS GSH Coenzyme B Cofactor F430 Coenzyme M Coenzyme Q Heme / Haem ( A , B , C , O ) Lipoic Acid Methanofuran Molybdopterin / Molybdenum cofactor PQQ THB / BH THMPT / H MPT metal ions Ca Cu Fe , Fe Mg Mn Mo Ni Zn Base forms vitamins : see vitamins <Th_colspan="2"> Neurotransmitters Amino acid - derived Major excitatory / inhibitory systems : Glutamate system : Agmatine Aspartic acid ( aspartate ) Cycloserine Glutamic acid ( glutamate ) Glutathione Glycine GSNO GSSG Kynurenic acid NAA NAAG Proline Serine ; GABA system : GABA GABOB GHB ; Glycine system : α - Alanine β - Alanine Glycine Hypotaurine Proline Sarcosine Serine Taurine ; GHB system : GHB T - HCA ( GHC ) Biogenic amines : Monoamines : 6 - OHM Dopamine Epinephrine ( adrenaline ) NAS ( normelatonin ) Norepinephrine ( noradrenaline ) Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) ; Trace amines : 3 - Iodothyronamine N - Methylphenethylamine N - Methyltryptamine m - Octopamine p - Octopamine Phenylethanolamine Phenethylamine Synephrine Tryptamine m - Tyramine p - Tyramine ; Others : Histamine Neuropeptides : See here instead . 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Click any text ( name of pathway or metabolites ) to link to the corresponding article . Single lines : pathways common to most lifeforms . Double lines : pathways not in humans ( occurs in e.g. plants , fungi , prokaryotes ) . Orange nodes : carbohydrate metabolism . Violet nodes : photosynthesis . Red nodes : cellular respiration . Pink nodes : cell signaling . Blue nodes : amino acid metabolism . Grey nodes : vitamin and cofactor metabolism . Brown nodes : nucleotide and protein metabolism . Green nodes : lipid metabolism . 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1. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 2. Energy transfer in living cells 3. ATP production pathways 4. Regulation of ATP synthesis 5. Role of ATP in cellular processes

the awareness set is usually larger than the evoked set

Brand awareness - wikipedia Brand awareness Jump to : navigation , search Marketing Marketing Marketing management Key concepts ( show ) Distribution Pricing Retail Service Activation Brand licensing Brand management Co-creation Corporate identity Dominance Effectiveness Ethics Operations Promotion Research Segmentation Strategy Account - based marketing Digital marketing Product marketing Social marketing Promotional content ( show ) Advertising Branding Corporate anniversary Direct marketing Loyalty marketing Mobile marketing On - hold messaging Personal selling Premiums Prizes Product placement Propaganda Publicity Sales promotion Sex in advertising Underwriting spot Promotional media ( show ) Behavioral targeting Brand ambassador Broadcasting Display advertising Drip marketing In - game advertising Mobile advertising Native advertising New media Online advertising Out - of - home advertising Point of sale Printing Product demonstration Promotional merchandise Publication Visual merchandising Web banner Word - of - mouth Brand awareness refers to the extent to which customers are able to recall or recognise a brand . Brand awareness is a key consideration in consumer behavior , advertising management , brand management and strategy development . The consumer 's ability to recognise or recall a brand is central to purchasing decision - making . Purchasing can not proceed unless a consumer is first aware of a product category and a brand within that category . Awareness does not necessarily mean that the consumer must be able to recall a specific brand name , but he or she must be able to recall sufficient distinguishing features for purchasing to proceed . For instance , if a consumer asks her friend to buy her some gum in a `` blue pack '' , the friend would be expected to know which gum to buy , even though neither friend can recall the precise brand name at the time . Different types of brand awareness have been identified , namely brand recall and brand recognition . Key researchers argue that these different types of awareness operate in fundamentally different ways and that this has important implications for the purchase decision process and for marketing communications . Brand awareness is closely related to concepts such as the evoked set and consideration set which describe specific aspects of the consumer 's purchase decision . Consumers are believed to hold between three and seven brands in their consideration set across a broad range of product categories . Consumers will normally purchase one of the top three brands in their consideration set . Brand awareness is a key indicator of a brand 's competitive market performance . Given the importance of brand awareness in consumer purchasing decisions , marketers have developed a number of metrics designed to measure brand awareness and other measures of brand health . These metrics are collectively known as Awareness , Attitudes and Usage ( AAU ) metrics . To ensure a product or brand 's market success , awareness levels must be managed across the entire product life - cycle - from product launch through to market decline . Many marketers regularly monitor brand awareness levels , and if they fall below a predetermined threshold , the advertising and promotional effort is intensified until awareness returns to the desired level . Contents ( hide ) 1 Importance of brand awareness 2 Types of brand awareness 2.1 Brand recall 2.2 Brand recognition 2.2. 1 Top - of - Mind Awareness 2.3 Marketing implications of brand awareness 3 Measuring brand awareness 4 Brand awareness and the hierarchy of effects 4.1 Marketing Implications of hierarchical models 5 Creating and maintaining brand awareness 6 Popular examples of brand advertising and promotion 6.1 Coca - Cola ' Share a Coke ' Campaign 6.2 Ronald McDonald and anthropomorphic brand characters 6.3 Mini 7 See also 8 References Importance of brand awareness ( edit ) Brand awareness is related to the functions of brand identities in consumers ' memory and can be measured by how well the consumers can identify the brand under various conditions . Brand awareness is also central to understanding the consumer purchase decision process . Strong brand awareness can be a predictor of brand success . It is an important measure of brand strength or brand equity and is also involved in customer satisfaction , brand loyalty and the customer 's brand relationships . Brand awareness is a key indicator of a brand 's market performance . Every year advertisers invest substantial sums of money attempting to improve a brand 's overall awareness levels . Many marketers regularly monitor brand awareness levels , and if they fall below a predetermined threshold , the advertising and promotional effort is intensified until awareness returns to the desired level . Setting brand awareness goals / objectives is a key decision in marketing planning and strategy development . Brand awareness is one of major brand assets that adds value to the product , service or company . Investments in building brand awareness can lead to sustainable competitive advantages , thus , leading to long - term value . Interbrand 's Top Ten Global Brands , ( by brand value ) 2016 Rank Logo Brand Value ( $ m ) Apple 178,119 Google 133,252 Coca - Cola 73,102 Microsoft 72,795 5 Toyota 53,580 6 IBM 52,850 7 Samsung 51,808 8 Amazon 50,338 9 Mercedes - Benz 43,400 10 G.E. 43,130 Types of brand awareness ( edit ) Marketers typically identify two distinct types of brand awareness ; namely brand recall ( also known as unaided recall or occasionally spontaneous recall ) and brand recognition ( also known as aided brand recall ) . These types of awareness operate in entirely different ways with important implications for marketing strategy and advertising . Brand recall ( edit ) Brand recall is also known as unaided recall or spontaneous recall and refers to the ability of the consumers to correctly elicit a brand name from memory when prompted by a product category . Brand recall indicates a relatively strong link between a category and a brand while brand recognition indicates a weaker link . When prompted by a product category , most consumers can only recall a relatively small set of brands , typically around 3 - 5 brand names . In consumer tests , few consumers can recall more than seven brand names within a given category and for low - interest product categories , most consumers can only recall one or two brand names . Research suggests that the number of brands that consumers can recall is affected by both individual and product factors including ; brand loyalty , awareness set size , situational , usage factors and education level . For instance , consumers who are involved with a category , such as heavy users or product enthusiasts , may be able to recall a slightly larger set of brand names than those who are less involved . Brand recognition ( edit ) Brand recognition is also known as aided recall and refers to the ability of the consumers to correctly differentiate the brand when they come into contact with it . This does not necessarily require that the consumers identify the brand name . Instead , it means that consumers can recognise the brand when presented with it at the point - of - sale or after viewing its visual packaging . In contrast to brand recall , where few consumers are able to spontaneously recall brand names within a given category , when prompted with a brand name , a larger number of consumers are typically able to recognise it . Top - of - mind awareness ( edit ) Consumers will normally purchase one of the top three brands in their consideration set . This is known as top - of - mind awareness . Consequently , one of the goals for most marketing communications is to increase the probability that consumers will include the brand in their consideration sets . By definition , top - of - mind awareness is `` the first brand that comes to mind when a customer is asked an unprompted question about a category . '' When discussing top - of - mind awareness among larger groups of consumers ( as opposed to a single consumer ) , it is more often defined as the `` most remembered '' or `` most recalled '' brand name ( s ) . A brand that enjoys top - of - mind awareness will generally be considered as a genuine purchase option , provided that the consumer is favourably disposed to the brand name . Top - of - mind awareness is relevant when consumers make a quick choice between competing brands in low - involvement categories or for impulse type purchases . Marketing implications of brand awareness ( edit ) Clearly brand awareness is closely related to the concepts of the evoked set ( defined as the set of brands that a consumer can elicit from memory when contemplating a purchase ) and the consideration set ( defined as the `` small set of brands which a consumer pays close attention to when making a purchase decision '' ) . One of the advertising 's central roles is to create both brand awareness and brand image , in order to increase the likelihood that a brand is included in the consumer 's evoked set or consideration set and regarded favourably . Consumers do not learn about products and brands from advertising alone . When making purchase decisions , consumers acquire information sources from a wide variety of information sources in order to inform their decisions . After searching for information about a category , consumers may become aware of a larger number of brands which collectively are known as the awareness set . Thus , the awareness set is likely to change as consumers acquire new information about brands or products . A review of empirical studies in this area suggests that the consideration set is likely to be at least three times larger than the evoked set . Awareness alone is not sufficient to trigger a purchase , consumers also need to be favourably disposed to a brand before it will be considered as a realistic purchase option . The process of moving consumers from brand awareness and a positive brand attitude through to the actual sale is known as conversion . While advertising is an excellent tool for creating awareness and brand attitude , it usually requires support from other elements in the marketing program to convert attitudes into actual sales . Other promotional activities , such as telemarketing , are vastly superior to advertising in terms of generating sales . Accordingly , the advertising message might attempt to drive consumers to direct sales call centres as part of an integrated communications strategy . Many different techniques can be used to convert interest into sales including special price offers , special promotional offers , attractive trade - in terms or guarantees . Percy and Rossiter argue that very few shoppers use lists and this has important implications for the purchase decision and advertising strategy Percy and Rossiter ( 1992 ) argue that the two types of awareness , namely brand recall and brand recognition , operate in fundamentally different ways in the purchase decision . For routine purchases such as fast moving consumer goods ( FMCG ) , few shoppers carry shopping lists . For them , the presentation of brands at the point - of - sale acts as a visual reminder and triggers category need . In this case , brand recognition is the dominant mode of awareness . For other purchases , where the brand is not present , the consumer first experiences category need then searches memory for brands within that category . Many services , such as home help , gardening services , pizza delivery fall into this category . In this case , the category need precedes brand awareness . Such purchases are recall dominant , and the consumer is more likely to select one of the brands elicited from memory . When brand recall is dominant , it is not necessary for consumers to like the advertisement , but they must like the brand . In contrast , consumers should like the ad when brand recognition is the communications objective . The distinction between brand recall and brand recognition has important implications for advertising strategy . When the communications objectives depend on brand recognition , the creative execution must show the brand packaging or a recognisable brand name . However , when the communications objectives rely on brand recall , the creative execution should encourage strong associations between the category and the brand . Advertisers also use jingles , mnemonics and other devices to encourage brand recall . Brand dominance occurs when , during brand recall tests , most consumers can name only one brand from a given category . Brand dominance is defined as an individual 's selection of only certain brand names in a related category during a brand recall procedure . While brand dominance might appear to be a desirable goal , overall dominance can be a double - edged sword . When a brand name becomes so well - known that the brand becomes synonymous with the category , the brand is said to have ' gone generic ' A brand name that is well known to the majority of people or households is also called a household name and may be an indicator of brand success . Occasionally a brand can become so successful that the brand becomes synonymous with the category . For example , British people often talk about `` Hoovering the house '' when they actually mean `` vacuuming the house . '' ( Hoover is a brand name ) . When this happens , the brand name is said to have `` gone generic . '' Examples of brands becoming generic abound ; Kleenex , Cellotape , Nescafe , Aspirin and Panadol . When a brand goes generic , it can present a marketing problem because when the consumer requests a named brand at the retail outlet , they may be supplied with a competing brand . For example , if a person enters a bar and requests `` a rum and Coke , '' the bartender may interpret that to mean a `` rum and cola - flavoured beverage , '' paving the way for the outlet to supply a cheaper alternative mixer . In such a scenario , Coca - Cola Ltd , who after investing in brand building for more than a century , is the ultimate loser because it does not get the sale . Measuring brand awareness ( edit ) Just as different types of brand awareness can be identified , there are a variety of methods for measuring awareness . Typically , researchers use surveys , carried out on a sample of consumers asking about their knowledge of the focus brand or category . Two types of recall test are used to measure brand awareness : Unaided recall tests : where the respondent is presented with a product category and asked to nominate as many brands as possible . Thus , the unaided recall test provides the respondent with no clues or cues . Unaided recall tests are used to test for brand recall . Aided recall test : where the respondent is prompted with a brand name and asked whether they have seen it or heard about it . In some aided recall tests , the respondent might also be asked to explain what they know about the brand e.g. to describe package , colour , logo or other distinctive features . Aided recall tests are used to test for brand recognition . Other brand - effects tests : In addition , to recall tests , brand research often employs a battery of tests , such as brand association tests , brand attitude , brand image , brand dominance , brand value , brand salience and other measures of brand health . Although these tests do not explicitly measure brand awareness , they provide general measures of brand health and often are used in conjunction with brand recall tests . To measure brand salience , for example , researchers place products on a shelf in a supermarket , giving each brand equal shelf space . Consumers are shown photographs of the shelf display and ask consumers to name the brands noticed . The speed at which consumers nominate a given brand is an indicator of brand 's visual salience . This type of research can provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of packaging design and brand logos . A number of commercial research firms ( e.g. Interbrand , Millward - Brown , Nielsen ( Asia ) ) monitor brand effects for key international brands and the topline survey findings are widely published in business press , trade press and online . It is worth noting that these commercially compiled lists are not popularity contests , but use clearly articulated methodologies to compile lists based on consumer responses collected in structured research . However , these listings use a variety of metrics , so the results are not directly comparable and it can not be assumed that they measure brand awareness . As with the interpretation of all research , it is important for readers to familiarise themselves with the methodologies used in order to clarify what exactly is being measured and how the data was collected . Obviously , most marketers aim to build high levels of brand awareness within relevant market segments , giving rise to a continuing interest in developing the right metrics to measure brand effects . Metrics used to measure brand effects are collectively termed AAU metrics ( Awareness , Attitudes and Usage ) . Brand awareness and the hierarchy of effects ( edit ) See also : DAGMAR and AIDA Brand awareness is a standard feature of a group of models known as hierarchy of effects models . Hierarchical models are linear sequential models built on an assumption that consumers move through a series of cognitive and affective stages , beginning with brand awareness ( or category awareness ) and culminating in the purchase decision . In these models , advertising and marketing communications operate as an external stimulus and the purchase decision is a consumer response . A number of hierarchical models can be found in the literature including DAGMAR and AIDA . In a survey of more than 250 papers , Vakratsas and Ambler ( 1999 ) found little empirical support for any of the hierarchies of effects . In spite of that , some authors have argued that hierarchical models continue to dominate theory , especially in the area of marketing communications and advertising . The hierarchy of effects developed by Lavidge in the 1960s is one of the original hierarchical models . It proposes that customers progress through a sequence of six stages from brand awareness through to the purchase of a product . Stage 1 : Awareness - The consumer becomes aware of a category , product or brand ( usually through advertising ) ↓ Stage 2 : Knowledge - The consumer learns about the brand ( e.g. sizes , colours , prices , availability etc ) ↓ Stage 3 : Liking - The consumer develops a favourable / unfavourable disposition towards the brand ↓ Stage 4 : Preference - The consumer begins to rate one brand above other comparable brands ↓ Stage 5 : Conviction - The consumer demonstrates a desire to purchase ( via inspection , sampling , trial ) ↓ Stage 6 : Purchase - The consumer acquires the product Hierarchical models have been widely adapted and many variations can be found , however , all follow the basic sequence which includes Cognition ( C ) - Affect ( A ) - Behaviour ( B ) and for this reason , they are sometimes known as C-A-B models . Some of the more recent adaptations are designed to accommodate the consumer 's digital media habits and opportunities for social influence . Selected alternative hierarchical models follow : Basic AIDA model : Awareness → Interest → Desire → Action Modified AIDA model : Awareness → Interest → Conviction → Desire → Action AIDAS Model : Attention → Interest → Desire → Action → Satisfaction AISDALSLove model : Awareness → Interest → Search → Desire → Action → Like / dislike → Share → Love / Hate Lavidge et al 's Hierarchy of Effects : Awareness → Knowledge → Liking → Preference → Conviction → Purchase DAGMAR Model : Awareness → Comprehension → Attitude / Conviction → Action Rossiter and Percy 's communications effects : Category Need → Brand Awareness → Brand Preference ( A ) → Purchase Intent → Purchase Facilitation Marketing implications of hierarchical models ( edit ) It should be evident that brand awareness constitutes just one of six stages that outline the typical consumer 's progress towards a purchase decision . While awareness is a necessary precondition for a purchase , awareness alone can not guarantee the ultimate purchase . Consumers may be aware of a brand , but for different reasons , may not like it or may fail to develop a preference for that brand . Hence , brand awareness is an indicator of sales performance , but does not account for all sales performance . For these reasons , marketers use a variety of metrics , including cognitive , affective and behavioral variables , to monitor a brand 's market performance . As consumers move through the hierarchy of effects ( awareness → knowledge → liking → preference → conviction → purchase ) , they rely on different sources of information to learn about brands . While main media advertising is useful for creating awareness , its capacity to convey long or complex messages is limited . In order to acquire more detailed knowledge about a brand , consumers rely on different sources such as product reviews , expert opinion , word - of - mouth referrals and brand / corporate websites . As consumers move closer to the actual purchase , they begin to rely on more personal sources of information such as recommendations from friends and relatives or the advice of sales representatives . For example , the opinion of an influential blogger might be enough to shore up preference / conviction while a salesperson might be necessary to close the actual purchase . The Purchase Funnel indicates that awareness is a necessary precondition for purchase All hierarchical models indicate that brand awareness is a necessary precondition to brand attitude or brand liking , which serves to underscore the importance of creating high levels of awareness as early as possible in a product or brand life - cycle . Hierarchical models provide marketers and advertisers with basic insights about the nature of the target audience , the optimal message and media strategy indicated at different junctures throughout a product 's life cycle . For new products , the main advertising objective should be to create awareness with a broad cross-section of the potential market . When the desired levels of awareness have been attained , the advertising effort should shift to stimulating interest , desire or conviction . The number of potential purchasers decreases as the product moves through the natural sales cycle in an effect likened to a funnel . Later in the cycle , and as the number of prospects becomes smaller , the marketer can employ more tightly targeted promotions such as personal selling , direct mail and email directed at those individuals or sub-segments likely to exhibit a genuine interest in the product or brand . Creating and maintaining brand awareness ( edit ) See also : Product life - cycle management ( marketing ) , Brand management , and Advertising management Brand advertising can increase the probability that a consumer will include a given brand in his or her consideration set . Brand - related advertising expenditure has a positive affect on brand awareness levels . Virtually anything that exposes consumers to a brand increases brand awareness . `` Repeat brand exposure in stores improves consumers ' ability to recognize and recall the brand . '' Increased exposure to brand advertising can increase consumer awareness and facilitate consumer processing of the included information , and by doing this it can heighten consumers brand recall and attitude towards the brand . Brand marketers must consider how to manage awareness throughout a product 's entire life - cycle To increase the probability of a product 's acceptance by the market , it is important to create high levels of brand awareness as early as practical in a product or brand 's life - cycle . To achieve top - of - mind awareness , marketers have traditionally , relied on intensive advertising campaigns , especially at the time of a product launch . To be successful , an intensive campaign utilises both broad reach ( expose more people to the message ) and high frequency ( expose people multiple times to the message ) . Advertising , especially main media advertising , was seen as the most cost efficient means of reaching large audiences with the relatively high frequency needed to create high awareness levels . Nevertheless , intensive advertising campaigns can become very expensive and can rarely be sustained for long periods . As new products enter the market growth stage , the number of competitors tends to increase with implications for market share . Marketers may need to maintain awareness at some predetermined level to ensure steady sales and stable market share . Marketers often rely on rough and ready ' rules - of - thumb ' to estimate the amount of advertising expenditure required to achieve a given level of awareness . For instance , it was often held that to increase brand awareness by just one per cent , it was necessary to double the dollars spent on advertising . When a brand becomes established and attains the desired awareness levels ( typically outlined in the marketing plan ) , the brand advertiser will shift from an intensive advertising campaign to a reminder campaign . The objective of a reminder campaign is simply to keep target audiences aware of the brand 's existence and to introduce new life into the brand offer . A reminder campaign typically maintains broad reach , but with reduced frequency and as a consequence is a less expensive advertising option . Reminder advertising is used by established brands , often when they are entering the maturity stage of the product lifecycle . In the decline stage , marketers often shift to a caretaker or maintenance program where advertising expenditure is cut back . The rise of digital media and social networks is changing the way that consumers search for product information While advertising remains important for creating awareness , a number of changes in the media landscape and to consumer media habits have reduced the reliance on main media advertising . Instead , marketers are seeking to place their brand messages across a much wider variety of platforms . An increasing amount of consumer time and attention is devoted to digital communications devices - from computers and tablets through to cellphones . It is now possible to engage with consumers in a more cost efficient manner using platforms such as social media networks that command massive audiences . For example , Facebook has become an extremely important communications channel . Moreover , social media channels allow for two - way , interactive communications that are not paralleled by traditional main media . Interactive communications provide more opportunities for brands to connect with audience members and to move beyond simple awareness , facilitating brand preference , brand conviction and ultimately brand loyalty . The rise of social media networks has increased the opportunities for opinion leaders to play a role in brand awareness . In theory , anyone can be an opinion leader e.g. celebrities , journalists or public figures , but the rise of the digital environment has changed our understanding of who is a potentially useful influencer . Indeed , the digital environment has created more opportunities for bloggers to become important influencers because they are seen as accessible , authentic and tend to have loyal followings . Bloggers have become key influencers in important consumer goods and services including fashion , consumer electronics , food and beverage , cooking , restaurant dining and bars . For example , a recent survey by Collective Bias , showed that when it comes to product endorsements digital influencers are more popular than celebrities . Findings showed that only 3 % of participants said they would consider buying a celebrity - endorsed item , in comparison to 60 % who said they had been influenced by a blog review or social media post when shopping . For marketers , the digital landscape has made it somewhat easier to identify social influencers . Popular examples of brand advertising and Promotion ( edit ) The following examples illustrate how brand awareness and brand advertising are used in practice . Coca - Cola ' share a Coke ' campaign ( edit ) Main article : Share a Coke The ' Share a Coke ' campaign received multiple creative effectiveness Lion Awards at Cannes Coca - Cola is a well - established brand with a long history and one that has achieved market dominance . For any brand , such as Coke , that controls some 70 percent of market share , there are relatively few opportunities to enlist new customers . Yet Coca - Cola is always on the lookout for novel communications that not only maintain its brand awareness , but that bring the brand to the attention of new audiences . The company launched a campaign which became known as ' Share a Coke ' , with the campaign objectives ; `` to strengthen the brand 's bond with Australia 's young adults -- and inspire shared moments of happiness in the real and virtual worlds . '' The campaign , originally launched in Australia became so successful that it was subsequently rolled out to other countries . The concept was to introduce personalized Coke bottles or cans . Popular names were written in a ' look - alike Spencerian script ' which is part of the Coke brand 's distinctive brand identity . The campaign organisers seeded social media by targeting opinion leaders and influencers to get them to them lead the conversation and encourage others to seek out `` Share a Coke '' for themselves . Within days celebrities and others with no connection to Coke were spreading the concept across social networks . The campaign extended the audience reach as more people were exposed to the messages . According to Coke 's creative team , `` That ( Australian ) summer , Coke sold more than 250 million named bottles and cans in a nation of just under 23 million people '' . This campaign helped Coke extend its awareness across a broader age profile as they interacted with each customer on a personal level . Ronald McDonald and anthropomorphic brand characters ( edit ) Ronald McDonald is an anthropomorphic brand character that has become part of McDonald 's brand identity . Consumers experience few difficuties assigning a personality to a brand and marketing communications often encourage consumers to think about brands as possessing human characteristics . When brands are infused with human - like characteristics , it can assist in communicating a brand 's values and creating distinctive brand identities that serve to differentiate an offering from competing brands . `` In an increasingly competitive marketplace , ( some ) companies rely on brand characters to create awareness , convey key product / service attributes or benefits , and attract consumers '' ( Keller , 2003 ) . The use of anthropomorphic characters has a long history . For example , the Michelin man , employed as a memorable character to sell Michelin car tyres , was introduced as early as 1894 . These characters benefit the brand by creating memorable images in the consumer 's mind while conveying meanings that are consistent with the brand 's values . McDonald 's created a similar `` anthropomorphic brand character '' known as Ronald Mcdonald as part of its brand identity . For younger consumers , Ronald McDonald injects a sense of fun and mystery into the McDonald 's brand . For parents , the character clearly signals that McDonald 's is a family friendly venue . Characters help to carry the brand 's identity and can be seen as non-human ' spokes - character ' , contributing to a strong brand differentiation . The likeability of the brands character can `` positively influence attitudes towards the brand and increase ( consumers ' ) purchase intention '' Mini ( edit ) The well - known automotive manufacturer , Mini , investigated its brand perception in the UK by carrying out 55 in - depth interview designed to elicit key feedback about the brand 's values . Consumers felt that the symbolic elements which represented the brand were that it was `` fun , stylish and sporty image '' . Customer engagement with the MINI on a Facebook fan - page , promoted `` positive effects on consumers ' brand awareness , through WOM activities and the purchase intention was achieved '' . The brand , therefore , connected with users at an emotional level . 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Jump up ^ Schmidt , S. , & Eisend , M. ( 2015 ) . Advertising Repetition : A Meta - Analysis on Effective Frequency in Advertising . Journal Of Advertising , 44 ( 4 ) , 415 - 428 . Jump up ^ Belch , G , Belch , M.A , Kerr , G. and Powell , I. , Advertising and Promotion Management : An Integrated Marketing Communication Perspective , McGraw - Hill , Sydney , Australia , 2009 , p. 126 Jump up ^ See for instance , Jones , J.P , The Ultimate Secrets of Advertising , Sage Publications , Thousand Oaks , CA , 2002 Jump up ^ Business Dictionary ( online ) , http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/reminder-advertising.html Jump up ^ Dokyun , L. , Hosanagar , K. , & Nair , H.S. ( 2015 ) . Advertising Content and Consumer Engagement on Social Media : Evidence from Facebook . Working Papers ( Faculty ) -- Stanford Graduate School Of Business , 1 - 41 . Jump up ^ Malaska , M. , Saraniemi , S. , & Tahtinen , J. ( 2010 , September ) . Co-creation of Branding by Network Actors . Paper presented at 10th Annual EBRF Conference : Co-Creation as a Way Forward , ( pp. 15 - 17 ) , Nokia , Finland . Jump up ^ Paul McIntyre , `` Independent bloggers overtake celebrities as key social media influencers '' , Australian Financial Review , 22 June 2015 Online : http://www.afr.com/business/independent-bloggers-overtake-celebrities-as-key-social-media-influencers-20150528-ghbovu Jump up ^ Singh , N. , `` Celebrity Vs Shopper '' Harper 's Bazaar ( Australia ) , 2 April 2016 Online : http://www.harpersbazaar.com.au/news/fashion-buzz/2016/4/bloggers-are-more-popular-than-celebrities/ Jump up ^ Coca - Cola company . `` Share a Coke : How the Groundbreaking Campaign Got Its Start ' Down Under ' '' , Retrieved from http://www.coca-colacompany.com/stories/share-a-coke-how-the-groundbreaking-campaign-got-its-start-down-under/ Jump up ^ Coca Cola , Share a Coke , ( Brand campaign website ) , https://www.shareacoke.com Jump up ^ Ogilvy , Share a Coke Campaign Brief and Creative Concept , ( Advertising agency ) , http://ogilvy.com.au/our-work/share-coke Jump up ^ Coca - Cola company . `` Share a Coke : How the Groundbreaking Campaign Got Its Start ' Down Under ' '' , Retrieved from http://www.coca-colacompany.com/stories/share-a-coke-how-the-groundbreaking-campaign-got-its-start-down-under/ Jump up ^ Puzakova , M. , Kwak , H. and Rocereto , J. , `` Pushing the Envelope of Brand and Personality : Antecedents and Moderators of Anthropomorphized Brands '' , in Advances in Consumer Research , Vol. 36 , Ann L. McGill and Sharon Shavitt , Duluth ( eds ) , MN : Association for Consumer Research , 2007 , pp 413 - 420. ( url ) : http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/14399/volumes/v36/NA-36 Jump up ^ Smith , A.C. , Graetz , B.R. and Westerbeek , H.M. , `` Brand personality in a membership ‐ based organisation '' , International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing , Vol. 11 No. 3 , 2006 , pp. 251 - 266 . Jump up ^ Hosany , S. , Prayag , G. , Martin , D. , & Lee , W. , `` Theory and Strategies of Anthropomorphic Brand Characters from Peter Rabbit , Mickey Mouse , and Ronald McDonald , to Hello Kitty . Journal of Marketing Management , vol. 29 , no 1 / 2 , 2013 , pp 48 - 68 ^ Jump up to : Simms , C.D. , & Trott , P. ( 2006 ) . `` The perceptions of the BMW Mini brand : the importance of historical associations and the development of a model , '' Journal of Product & Brand Management , 228 - 238 . Jump up ^ Hutter , K. , Hautz , J. , Dennhardt , S. , & Fuller , J. ( 2013 ) , `` The impact of user interactions in social media on brand awareness and purchase intention : the case of MINI on Facebook , '' Journal of Product & Brand Management , 342 - 351 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brand_awareness&oldid=805727177 '' Categories : Brand management Branding terminology Marketing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Lietuvių Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017 , at 07 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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all quiet on the western front characters deaths

All Quiet on the Western Front - wikipedia All Quiet on the Western Front Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1929 novel . For other uses , see All Quiet on the Western Front ( disambiguation ) . All Quiet on the Western Front <Td_colspan="2"> 1st edition cover Author Erich Maria Remarque Original title Im Westen nichts Neues Translator A.W. Wheen Illustrator Carl aemmle Cover artist Erich Maria Remarque Country Germany Language German Genre War novel Publisher Propyläen Verlag Publication date January 29 , 1929 Published in English Little , Brown and Company , 1929 Pages 296 OCLC 295972o All Quiet on the Western Front ( German : Im Westen nichts Neues , lit . ' In the West Nothing New ' ) is a novel by Erich Maria Remarque , a German veteran of World War I . The book describes the German soldiers ' extreme physical and mental stress during the war , and the detachment from civilian life felt by many of these soldiers upon returning home from the front . The novel was first published in November and December 1928 in the German newspaper Vossische Zeitung and in book form in late January 1929 . The book and its sequel , The Road Back ( 1930 ) , were among the books banned and burned in Nazi Germany . All Quiet on the Western Front sold 2.5 million copies in 22 languages in its first 18 months in print . In 1930 , the book was adapted as an Academy - Award - winning film of the same name , directed by Lewis Milestone . It was adapted again in 1979 by Delbert Mann , this time as a television film starring Richard Thomas and Ernest Borgnine . Contents ( hide ) 1 Title and translation 2 Plot summary 3 Themes 4 Main characters 4.1 Paul Bäumer 4.2 Albert Kropp 4.3 Haie Westhus 4.4 Fredrich Müller 4.5 Stanislaus `` Kat '' Katczinsky 4.6 Tjaden 5 Minor characters 5.1 Kantorek 5.2 Peter Leer 5.3 Bertinck 5.4 Himmelstoss 5.5 Detering 5.6 Josef Hamacher 5.7 Franz Kemmerich 5.8 Joseph Behm 6 Publication and reception 7 Adaptations 7.1 Film 7.2 TV film 7.3 Music 7.4 Radio 7.5 Audiobooks 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Title and translation ( edit ) The English translation by Arthur Wesley Wheen gives the title as All Quiet on the Western Front . The literal translation of `` Im Westen nichts Neues '' is `` In the West Nothing New , '' with `` West '' being the Western Front ; the phrase refers to the content of an official communiqué at the end of the novel . Brian Murdoch 's 1993 translation would render the phrase as `` there was nothing new to report on the Western Front '' within the narrative . Explaining his retention of the original book - title , he says : Although it does not match the German exactly , Wheen 's title has justly become part of the English language and is retained here with gratitude . The phrase `` all quiet on the Western Front '' has become a colloquial expression meaning stagnation , or lack of visible change , in any context . Plot summary ( edit ) The book tells the story of Paul Bäumer , a German soldier who -- urged on by his school teacher -- joins the German army shortly after the start of World War I. His class was `` scattered over the platoons amongst Frisian fishermen , peasants , and labourers . '' Bäumer arrives at the Western Front with his friends and schoolmates ( Leer , Müller , Kropp and a number of other characters ) . There they meet Stanislaus Katczinsky , an older soldier , nicknamed Kat , who becomes Paul 's mentor . While fighting at the front , Bäumer and his comrades have to engage in frequent battles and endure the treacherous and filthy conditions of trench warfare . At the very beginning of the book , Erich Maria Remarque says `` This book is to be neither an accusation nor a confession , and least of all an adventure , for death is not an adventure to those who stand face to face with it . It will try simply to tell of a generation of men who , even though they may have escaped ( its ) shells , were destroyed by the war . '' The book does not focus on heroic stories of bravery , but rather gives a view of the conditions in which the soldiers find themselves . The monotony between battles , the constant threat of artillery fire and bombardments , the struggle to find food , the lack of training of young recruits ( meaning lower chances of survival ) , and the overarching role of random chance in the lives and deaths of the soldiers are described in detail . The battles fought here have no names and seem to have little overall significance , except for the impending possibility of injury or death for Bäumer and his comrades . Only pitifully small pieces of land are gained , about the size of a football field , which are often lost again later . Remarque often refers to the living soldiers as old and dead , emotionally drained and shaken . `` We are not youth any longer . We do n't want to take the world by storm . We are fleeing from ourselves , from our life . We were eighteen and had begun to love life and the world ; and we had to shoot it to pieces . '' Paul 's visit on leave to his home highlights the cost of the war on his psyche . The town has not changed since he went off to war ; however , he finds that he does `` not belong here anymore , it is a foreign world . '' He feels disconnected from most of the townspeople . His father asks him `` stupid and distressing '' questions about his war experiences , not understanding `` that a man can not talk of such things . '' An old schoolmaster lectures him about strategy and advancing to Paris while insisting that Paul and his friends know only their `` own little sector '' of the war but nothing of the big picture . Indeed , the only person he remains connected to is his dying mother , with whom he shares a tender , yet restrained relationship . The night before he is to return from leave , he stays up with her , exchanging small expressions of love and concern for each other . He thinks to himself , `` Ah ! Mother , Mother ! How can it be that I must part from you ? Here I sit and there you are lying ; we have so much to say , and we shall never say it . '' In the end , he concludes that he `` ought never to have come ( home ) on leave . '' Paul feels glad to be reunited with his comrades . Soon after , he volunteers to go on a patrol and kills a man for the first time in hand - to - hand combat . He watches the man die , in pain for hours . He feels remorse and asks forgiveness from the man 's corpse . He is devastated and later confesses to Kat and Albert , who try to comfort him and reassure him that it is only part of the war . They are then sent on what Paul calls a `` good job . '' They must guard a supply depot in a village that was evacuated due to being shelled too heavily . During this time , the men are able to adequately feed themselves , unlike the near - starvation conditions in the German trenches . In addition , the men enjoy themselves while living off the spoils from the village and officers ' luxuries from the supply depot ( such as fine cigars ) . While evacuating the villagers ( enemy civilians ) , Paul and Albert are taken by surprise by artillery fired at the civilian convoy and wounded by a shell . On the train back home , Albert takes a turn for the worse and can not complete the journey , instead being sent off the train to recuperate in a Catholic hospital . Paul uses a combination of bartering and manipulation to stay by Albert 's side . Albert eventually has his leg amputated , while Paul is deemed fit for service and returned to the front . By now , the war is nearing its end and the German Army is retreating . In despair , Paul watches as his friends fall one by one . It is the death of Kat that eventually makes Paul careless about living . In the final chapter , he comments that peace is coming soon , but he does not see the future as bright and shining with hope . Paul feels that he has no aims or goals left in life and that their generation will be different and misunderstood . When he dies at the end of the novel , the situation report from the frontline states , `` All is Quiet on the Western Front . '' Themes ( edit ) One of the major themes of the novel is the difficulty of soldiers to revert to civilian life after having experienced extreme combat situations . Remarque comments in the preface that `` ( This book ) will try simply to tell of a generation of men who , even though they may have escaped its shells , were destroyed by the war . '' This internal destruction can be found as early as the first chapter as Paul comments that , although all the boys are young , their youth has left them . In addition , the massive loss of life and negligible gains from the fighting are constantly emphasized . Soldiers ' lives are thrown away by their commanding officers who are stationed comfortably away from the front , ignorant of the daily terrors of the front line . Main characters ( edit ) Cover of first English language edition . The design is based upon a German war bonds poster by Fritz Erler . Paul Bäumer ( edit ) Paul Bäumer is the main character and narrator . At 19 years of age , Paul enlists in the German Army and is deployed to the Western Front where he experiences the severe psychological and physical effects of the war . Before the war , Paul was a creative , sensitive and passionate person , writing poems and having a clear love for his family . But as the war changed his attitude and personality , poems and other aspects of his past life become something Paul was no longer linked to , since the horrors of war trained him to disconnect himself from his feelings . He feels he ca n't tell anyone about his experiences and feels like an outsider where his family is concerned . By the end of the book , Paul realises that he no longer knows what to do with himself and decides that he has nothing more to lose . The war appears to have snuffed out his hopes and dreams , which he feels he can never regain . After years of fighting in the war , Paul is finally killed in October 1918 , on an extraordinarily quiet , peaceful day . The army report that day contains only one phrase : `` All quiet on the Western Front . '' As Paul dies , his face is calm , `` as though almost glad the end had come . '' Albert Kropp ( edit ) Kropp was in Paul 's class at school and is described as the clearest thinker of the group as well as the smallest . Kropp is wounded towards the end of the novel and undergoes a leg amputation . Both he and Bäumer end up spending time in a Catholic hospital together , Bäumer suffering from shrapnel wounds to the leg and arm . Though Kropp initially plans to commit suicide if he requires an amputation , the book suggests he postponed suicide because of the strength of military camaraderie . Kropp and Bäumer part ways when Bäumer is recalled to his regiment after recovering . Paul comments that saying farewell was `` very hard , but it is something a soldier learns to deal with . '' Haie Westhus ( edit ) Haie is described as being tall and strong , and a peat - digger by profession . Overall , his size and behavior make him seem older than Paul , yet he is the same age as Paul and his school - friends ( roughly 19 at the start of the book ) . Haie , in addition , has a good sense of humor . During combat , he is injured in his back , fatally ( Chapter 6 ) -- the resulting wound is large enough for Paul to see Haie 's breathing lung when Himmelstoß ( Himmelstoss ) carries him to safety . Fredrich Müller ( edit ) Müller is about 18 and a half years of age , one of Bäumer 's classmates , when he also joins the German army as a volunteer to go to the war . Carrying his old school books with him to the battlefield , he constantly reminds himself of the importance of learning and education . Even while under enemy fire , he `` mutters propositions in physics '' . He became interested in Kemmerich 's boots and inherits them when Kemmerich dies early in the novel . He is killed later in the book after being shot point - blank in the stomach with a `` light pistol '' ( flare gun ) . As he was dying `` quite conscious and in terrible pain '' , he gave his boots which he inherited from Kemmerich to Paul . Stanislaus `` Kat '' Katczinsky ( edit ) Kat has the most positive influence on Paul and his comrades on the battlefield . Katczinsky was a cobbler ( shoemaker ) in civilian life ; he is older than Paul Bäumer and his comrades , about 40 years old , and serves as their leadership figure . He also represents a literary model highlighting the differences between the younger and older soldiers . While the older men have already had a life of professional and personal experience before the war , Bäumer and the men of his age have had little life experience or time for personal growth . Kat is also well known for his ability to scavenge nearly any item needed , especially food . At one point he secures four boxes of lobster . Bäumer describes Kat as possessing a sixth sense . One night , Bäumer along with a group of other soldiers are holed up in a factory with neither rations nor comfortable bedding . Katczinsky leaves for a short while , returning with straw to put over the bare wires of the beds . Later , to feed the hungry men , Kat brings bread , a bag of horse flesh , a lump of fat , a pinch of salt and a pan in which to cook the food . Kat is hit by shrapnel at the end of the story , leaving him with a smashed shin . Paul carries him back to camp on his back , only to discover upon their arrival that a stray splinter had hit Kat in the back of the head and killed him on the way . He is thus the last of Paul 's close friends to die in battle . It is Kat 's death that eventually makes Bäumer careless whether he survives the war or not , but that he can face the rest of his life without fear . `` Let the months and the years come , they can take nothing from me , they can take nothing more . I am so alone , and so without hope that I can confront them without fear . '' Tjaden ( edit ) One of Bäumer 's non-schoolmate friends . Before the war , Tjaden was a locksmith . A big eater with a grudge against the former postman - turned corporal Himmelstoß ( thanks to his strict `` disciplinary actions '' ) , he manages to forgive Himmelstoß later in the book . Throughout the book , Paul frequently remarks on how much of an eater he is , yet somehow manages to stay as `` thin as a rake '' . The fate of Tjaden is unknown but he appears in the sequel , The Road Back . Minor characters ( edit ) Kantorek ( edit ) Kantorek was the schoolmaster of Paul and his friends , including Kropp , Leer , Müller , and Behm . Behaving `` in a way that cost ( him ) nothing , '' Kantorek is a strong supporter of the war and encourages Bäumer and other students in his class to join the war effort . Among twenty enlistees was Joseph Behm , the first of the class to die in battle . In an example of tragic irony , Behm was the only one who did not want to enter the war . Kantorek is a hypocrite , urging the young men he teaches to fight in the name of patriotism , while not voluntarily enlisting himself . In a twist of fate , Kantorek is later called up as a soldier as well . He very reluctantly joins the ranks of his former students , only to be drilled and taunted by Mittelstädt , one of the students he had earlier persuaded to enlist . Peter Leer ( edit ) Leer is an intelligent soldier in Bäumer 's company , and one of his classmates . He is very popular with women ; when he and his comrades meet three French women , he is the first to seduce one of them . Bäumer describes Leer 's ability to attract women by saying `` Leer is an old hand at the game '' . In chapter 11 , Leer is hit by a shell fragment , which also hits Bertinck . The shrapnel tears open Leer 's hip , causing him to bleed to death quickly . His death causes Paul to ask himself , `` What use is it to him now that he was such a good mathematician in school ? '' Bertinck ( edit ) Lieutenant Bertinck is the leader of Bäumer 's company . His men have a great respect for him , and Bertinck has great respect for his men . He permits them to eat the rations of the men that had been killed in action , standing up to the chef Ginger who would only allow them their allotted share . Bertinck is genuinely despondent when he learns that few of his men had survived an engagement . When he and the other characters are trapped in a trench under heavy attack , Bertinck , who has been injured in the firefight , spots a flamethrower team advancing on them . He gets out of cover and takes aim on the flamethrower but misses , and gets hit by enemy fire . With his next shot he kills the flamethrower , and immediately afterwards an enemy shell explodes on his position blowing off his chin . The same explosion also fatally wounds Leer . Himmelstoß ( edit ) Corporal Himmelstoss ( spelled Himmelstoß in some editions ) was a postman before enlisting in the war . He is a power - hungry corporal with special contempt for Paul and his friends , taking sadistic pleasure in punishing the minor infractions of his trainees during their basic training in preparation for their deployment . Paul later figures that the training taught by Himmelstoss made them `` hard , suspicious , pitiless , and tough '' but most importantly it taught them comradeship . However , Bäumer and his comrades have a chance to get back at Himmelstoss because of his punishments , mercilessly whipping him on the night before they board trains to go to the front . Himmelstoss later joins them at the front , revealing himself as a coward who shirks his duties for fear of getting hurt or killed , and pretends to be wounded because of a scratch on his face . Paul Bäumer beats him because of it and when a lieutenant comes along looking for men for a trench charge , Himmelstoss joins and leads the charge . He carries Haie Westhus 's body to Bäumer after he is fatally wounded . Matured and repentant through his experiences Himmelstoß later asks for forgiveness from his previous charges . As he becomes the new staff cook , to prove his friendship he secures two pounds of sugar for Bäumer and half a pound of butter for Tjaden . Detering ( edit ) Detering is a farmer who constantly longs to return to his wife and farm . He is also fond of horses and is angered when he sees them used in combat . He says , `` It is of the vilest baseness to use horses in the war , '' when the group hears several wounded horses writhe and scream for a long time before dying during a bombardment . He tries to shoot them to put them out of misery , but is stopped by Kat to keep their current position hidden . He is driven to desert when he sees a cherry tree in blossom , which reminds him of home too much and inspires him to leave . He is found by military police and court - martialed , and is never heard from again . Josef hamacher ( edit ) Hamacher is a patient at the Catholic hospital where Paul and Albert Kropp are temporarily stationed . He has an intimate knowledge of the workings of the hospital . He also has a `` Special Permit , '' certifying him as sporadically not responsible for his actions due to a head wound , though he is clearly quite sane and exploiting his permit so he can stay in the hospital and away from the war as long as possible . Franz Kemmerich ( edit ) A young boy of only 19 years . Franz Kemmerich had enlisted in the army for World War I along with his best friend and classmate , Bäumer . Kemmerich is shot in the leg early in the story ; his injured leg has to be amputated , and he dies shortly after . In anticipation of Kemmerich 's imminent death , Müller was eager to get his boots . While in the hospital , someone steals Kemmerich 's watch that he intended to give to his mother , causing him great distress and prompting him to ask about his watch every time his friends visit him in the hospital . Paul later finds the watch and hands it over to Kemmerich 's mother , only to lie and say Franz died instantly and painlessly when questioned . Joseph Behm ( edit ) A student in Paul 's class who is described as youthful and overweight . Behm was the only student that was not quickly influenced by Kantorek 's patriotism to join the war , but eventually , due to pressure from friends and Kantorek , he joins the war . He is the first of Paul 's friends to die . He is blinded in no man 's land and believed to be dead by his friends . The next day , when he is seen walking blindly around no - man 's - land , it is discovered that he was only unconscious . However , he is killed before he can be rescued . Publication and Reception ( edit ) From November 10 to December 9 , 1928 , All Quiet on the Western Front was published in serial form in Vossische Zeitung magazine . It was released in book form the following year to smashing success , selling one and a half million copies that same year . Although publishers had worried that interest in World War I had waned more than 10 years after the armistice , Remarque 's realistic depiction of trench warfare from the perspective of young soldiers struck a chord with the war 's survivors -- soldiers and civilians alike -- and provoked strong reactions , both positive and negative , around the world . With All Quiet on the Western Front , Remarque emerged as an eloquent spokesman for a generation that had been , in his own words , `` destroyed by war , even though it might have escaped its shells . '' Remarque 's harshest critics , in turn , were his countrymen , many of whom felt the book denigrated the German war effort , and that Remarque had exaggerated the horrors of war to further his pacifist agenda . The strongest voices against Remarque came from the emerging National Socialist Party and its ideological allies . In 1933 , when the Nazis rose to power , All Quiet on the Western Front became one of the first degenerate books to be publicly burnt ; in 1930 screenings of the Academy Award - winning film based on the book were met with Nazi - organized protests and mob attacks on both movie theatres and audience members . However , objections to Remarque 's portrayal of the German army personnel during World War I were not limited to the Nazis . Dr. Karl Kroner ( de ) objected to Remarque 's depiction of the medical personnel as being inattentive , uncaring , or absent from frontline action . Dr. Kroner was specifically worried that the book would perpetuate German stereotypes abroad that had subsided since the First World War . He offered the following clarification : `` People abroad will draw the following conclusions : if German doctors deal with their own fellow countrymen in this manner , what acts of inhumanity will they not perpetuate against helpless prisoners delivered up into their hands or against the populations of occupied territory ? '' A fellow patient of Remarque 's in the military hospital in Duisburg objected to the negative depictions of the nuns and patients , and of the general portrayal of soldiers : `` There were soldiers to whom the protection of homeland , protection of house and homestead , protection of family were the highest objective , and to whom this will to protect their homeland gave the strength to endure any extremities . '' These criticisms suggest that perhaps experiences of the war and the personal reactions of individual soldiers to their experiences may be more diverse than Remarque portrays them ; however , it is beyond question that Remarque gives voice to a side of the war and its experience that was overlooked or suppressed at the time . This perspective is crucial to understanding the true effects of World War I . The evidence can be seen in the lingering depression that Remarque and many of his friends and acquaintances were suffering a decade later . In contrast , All Quiet on the Western Front was trumpeted by pacifists as an anti-war book . Remarque makes a point in the opening statement that the novel does not advocate any political position , but is merely an attempt to describe the experiences of the soldier . The main artistic criticism was that it was a mediocre attempt to cash in on public sentiment . The enormous popularity the work received was a point of contention for some literary critics , who scoffed at the fact that such a simple work could be so earth - shattering . Much of this literary criticism came from Salomo Friedlaender , who wrote a book Hat Erich Maria Remarque wirklich gelebt ? `` Did Erich Maria Remarque really live ? '' ( under pen name Mynona ) , which was , in its turn , criticized in : Hat Mynona wirklich gelebt ? `` Did Mynona really live ? '' by Kurt Tucholsky . Friedlaender 's criticism was mainly personal in nature -- he attacked Remarque as being ego - centric and greedy . Remarque publicly stated that he wrote All Quiet on the Western Front for personal reasons , not for profit , as Friedlaender had charged . Max Joseph Wolff ( de ) wrote a parody titled Vor Troja nichts Neues ( Compared to Troy , Nothing New ) under the pseudonym Emil Marius Requark . Adaptations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Poster for the movie All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1930 ) , featuring star Lew Ayres Main article : All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1930 film ) In 1930 , an American film of the novel was made , directed by Lewis Milestone ; with a screenplay by Maxwell Anderson , George Abbott , Del Andrews , C. Gardner Sullivan ; and with uncredited work by Walter Anthony and Milestone . It stars Louis Wolheim , Lew Ayres , John Wray , Arnold Lucy , and Ben Alexander . The film won the Academy Award for Best Picture in 1930 for its producer Carl Laemmle Jr. , the Academy Award for Directing for Lewis Milestone , and the Academy Award for Outstanding Production . It was the first all - talking non-musical film to win the Best Picture Oscar . It also received two further nominations : Best Cinematography , for Arthur Edeson , and Best Writing Achievement for Abbott , Anderson , and Andrews . In 2016 , it was confirmed that Roger Donaldson will direct a remake of All Quiet on the Western Front starring Travis Fimmel as Katczinsky . Tv film ( edit ) Main article : All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1979 film ) In 1979 , the film was remade for CBS television by Delbert Mann , starring Richard Thomas of The Waltons as Paul Bäumer and Ernest Borgnine as Kat . The movie was filmed in Czechoslovakia . Music ( edit ) Elton John 's album Jump Up ! ( 1982 ) features the song , `` All Quiet on the Western Front '' ( written by Elton and Bernie Taupin ) . The song is a sorrowful rendition of the novel 's story ( `` It 's gone all quiet on the Western Front / Male Angels sigh / ghosts in a flooded trench / As Germany dies '' ) . Bob Dylan , during his Nobel Laureate lecture , cited this book as one that had a profound effect on this songwriting . Radio ( edit ) On November 9 , 2008 , a radio adaptation of the novel was broadcast on BBC Radio 3 , starring Robert Lonsdale as Paul Bäumer and Shannon Graney as Katczinsky . Its screenplay was written by Dave Sheasby , and the show was directed by David Hunter . Audiobooks ( edit ) In 2000 , Recorded Books released an audiobook of the text , read by Frank Muller . In 2010 , Hachette Audio UK published an audiobook adaptation of the novel , narrated by Tom Lawrence . It was well received by critics and listeners . See also ( edit ) Novels portal Bildungsroman List of books with anti-war themes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eksteins , Modris ( April 1980 ) . `` All Quiet on the Western Front and the Fate of a War '' . Journal of Contemporary History . SAGE Publications . 15 ( 2 ) : 353 . doi : 10.1177 / 002200948001500207 . ^ Jump up to : Erich Maria Remarque 's All Quiet on the Western Front . 2009 . p. 48 . Jump up ^ Chapter Ten of All Quiet on the Western Front Jump up ^ All Quiet on the Western Front ( London : Putnam & Company Ltd , 1970 reprint ) , p. 240 . Jump up ^ `` Nov 10 , 1928 : Remarque publishes All Quiet on the Western Front '' . History.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sauer , Patrick ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` The Most Loved and Hated Novel About World War I '' . Smithsonian.com . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick Clardy . `` All Quiet on the Western Front : Reception '' . Yale Modernism Lab . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Barker , Christine R. ; Last , Rex William ( 1979 ) . Erich Maria Remarque . New York : Barnes & Noble Books . Jump up ^ Wagner , Hans ( 1991 ) . Understanding Erich Maria Remarque . Columbia , SC : University of South Carolina Press . Jump up ^ Kurt Tucholsky ( under pen name Ignaz Wrobel ) , Hat Mynona wirklich gelebt ? , Die Weltbühne , December 31 , 1929 , No. 1 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Catalogue entry for Vor Troja nichts Neues in the German National Library , retrieved January 29 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` The 3rd Academy Awards -- 1931 '' . Oscars . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Kay , Jeremy . `` ' Warcraft ' star Travis Fimmel to lead ' All Quiet On The Western Front ' '' . ScreenDaily . MBI Ltd . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1979 ) '' . IMDb . IMDb.com , Inc . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 3 -- Drama on 3 , All Quiet on the Western Front '' . Bbc.co.uk . November 9 , 2008 . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Quiet on the Western Front '' . recordedbooks.com . Recorded Books . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` All Quiet on the Western Front -- Audiobook Reviews In All Genres '' . audiobookjungle.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : All Quiet on the Western Front Wikimedia Commons has media related to All Quiet on the Western Front . CliffsNotes Spark Notes <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Novels by Erich Maria Remarque <Td_colspan="2"> The Dream Room ( 1920 ) Gam ( 1924 ) Station at the Horizon ( 1928 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 ) The Road Back ( 1931 ) Three Comrades ( 1936 ) Flotsam ( 1939 ) Arch of Triumph ( 1945 ) The Spark of Life ( 1952 ) A Time to Love and a Time to Die ( 1954 ) The Black Obelisk ( 1956 ) Heaven Has No Favorites ( 1961 ) The Night in Lisbon ( 1962 ) The Promised Land ( 1970 ) Shadows in Paradise ( 1971 ) VIAF : 310215030 GND : 4255329 - 5 SUDOC : 028874765 BNF : cb12061973m ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front&oldid=798967739 '' Categories : 1929 German language novels 20th - century German novels Anti-war novels Book censorship Censorship in the arts German novels German novels adapted into films Novels adapted into television programs Novels by Erich Maria Remarque Novels first published in serial form Roman à clef novels Works originally published in Vossische Zeitung World War I novels Novels set in Europe Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2016 Articles containing German - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Удмурт Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 21 : 29 . 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1. All Quiet on the Western Front - novel by Erich Maria Remarque 2. World War I - setting of the novel 3. German soldiers - main characters in the story 4. Trench warfare - conditions and experiences of the soldiers 5. Psychological effects of war - impact on the soldiers' mental health

how did we get the names for the days of the week

Names of the days of the week - wikipedia Names of the days of the week Jump to : navigation , search `` Days of the Week '' redirects here . For the song by Stone Temple Pilots , see Days of the Week ( song ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Italian cameo bracelet representing the days of the week , corresponding to the planets as Roman gods : Diana as the Moon for Monday , Mars for Tuesday , Mercury for Wednesday , Jupiter for Thursday , Venus for Friday , Saturn for Saturday , and Apollo as the Sun for Sunday . Middle 19th century , Walters Art Museum The names of the days of the week in many languages are derived from the names of the classical planets in Hellenistic astrology , which were in turn named after contemporary deities , a system introduced in by the Roman Empire during Late Antiquity . In some other languages , the days are named after corresponding deities of the regional culture , either beginning with Sunday or with Monday . In the international standard ISO 8601 , Monday is treated as the first day of the week . Contents ( hide ) 1 Days named after planets 1.1 Greco - Roman tradition 1.1. 1 Romance languages 1.1. 2 Celtic languages 1.1. 3 Adoptions from Romance 1.2 Germanic tradition 1.2. 1 Adoptions from Germanic 1.3 South Asian tradition 1.4 East Asian tradition 1.5 Southeast Asian tradition 2 Numbered days of the week 2.1 Days numbered from Sunday 2.2 Days numbered from Monday 2.3 Days numbered from Saturday 3 Mixing of numbering and astronomy 4 See also 5 Notes 5.1 Sunday 5.2 Monday 5.3 Tuesday 5.4 Wednesday 5.5 Thursday 5.6 Friday 5.7 Saturday 6 References 7 Further reading Days named after planets ( edit ) Greco - Roman tradition ( edit ) Further information : Week and Planetary hours Between the 1st and 3rd centuries , the Roman Empire gradually replaced the eight - day Roman nundinal cycle with the seven - day week . Our earliest evidence for this new system is a Pompeiian graffito referring to the 6th February ( viii idus Februarius ) of the year AD 60 as dies solis ( `` Sunday '' ) . Another early witness is a reference to a lost treatise by Plutarch , written in about AD 100 , which addressed the question of Why are the days named after the planets reckoned in a different order from the actual order ? . The days were named after the planets of Hellenistic astrology , in the order Sun , Moon , Mars ( Ares ) , Mercury ( Hermes ) , Jupiter ( Zeus ) , Venus ( Aphrodite ) and Saturn ( Cronos ) . The seven - day week spread throughout the Roman Empire in Late Antiquity . By the 4th century , it was in wide use throughout the Empire , and it had also reached India and China . The Greek and Latin names are as follows : Day : ( see Irregularities ) Sunday Sōl or Helios ( Sun ) Monday Luna or Selene ( Moon ) Tuesday Mars or Ares ( Mars ) Wednesday Mercurius or Hermes ( Mercury ) Thursday Iuppiter or Zeus ( Jupiter ) Friday Venus or Aphrodite ( Venus ) Saturday Saturnus or Kronos ( Saturn ) Greek ἡμέρᾱ Ἡλίου hēmérā Hēlíou ἡμέρᾱ Σελήνης hēmérā Selḗnēs ἡμέρᾱ Ἄρεως hēmérā Áreōs ἡμέρᾱ Ἑρμοῦ hēmérā Hermoû ἡμέρᾱ Διός hēmérā Diós ἡμέρᾱ Ἀφροδῑ́της hēmérā Aphrodī́tēs ἡμέρᾱ Κρόνου hēmérā Krónou Latin diēs Sōlis diēs Lūnae diēs Martis diēs Mercuriī diēs Iōvis diēs Veneris diēs Saturnī Romance languages ( edit ) Except for modern Portuguese , the Romance languages preserved the Latin names , except for the names of Sunday , which was replaced by ( dies ) Dominicus ( Dominica ) , i.e. `` Day of the Lord '' and of Saturday , which was named for the Sabbath . Day : ( see Irregularities ) Sunday Sōl ( Sun ) Monday Luna ( Moon ) Tuesday Mars ( Mars ) Wednesday Mercurius ( Mercury ) Thursday Iuppiter ( Jupiter ) Friday Venus ( Venus ) Saturday Saturnus ( Saturn ) Italian domenica lunedì martedì mercoledì giovedì venerdì sabato Lombard Milanese domenega lunedì martedì mercoldì giovedì venerdì sabet Old Portuguese domingo lues martes mércores joves vernes sábado Galician domingo luns martes mércores xoves venres sábado Spanish domingo lunes martes miércoles jueves viernes sábado Romanian duminică luni marți miercuri joi vineri sâmbătă French dimanche lundi mardi mercredi jeudi vendredi samedi Occitan dimenge diluns dimarts dimècres dijòus divendres dissabte Catalan diumenge dilluns dimarts dimecres dijous divendres dissabte Asturian domingu llunes martes miércoles xueves vienres sábadu Venetian domenega luni marti mèrcore zioba vénare sabo Friulian domenie lunis martars miercus joibe vinars sabide Neapolitan dummeneca lunnerì marterì miercurì gioverì viernarì sàbbatu Sardinian language dominiga lunis martis mercuris iobia chenabura Sappadu Sicilian dumínica luni marti mércuri juvi vénniri sábbatu Celtic languages ( edit ) Early Old Irish adopted the names from Latin , but introduced separate terms of Norse origin for Wednesday , Thursday and Friday , then later supplanted these with terms relating to church fasting practices . Day : ( see Irregularities ) Sunday Sōl ( Sun ) Monday Luna ( Moon ) Tuesday Mars ( Mars ) Wednesday Mercurius ( Mercury ) Thursday Iuppiter ( Jupiter ) Friday Venus ( Venus ) Saturday Saturnus ( Saturn ) Old Irish Diu srol Dies scrol Diu luna Diu mart Diu iath Diu eathamon Diu triach Diu saturn Old Irish ( later ) Diu domnica Diu luna Diu mart Diu cétaín Diu eter dib aínib Diu aíne Diu saturn Irish An Domhnach Dé Domhnaigh An Luan Dé Luain An Mháirt Dé Máirt An Chéadaoin Dé Céadaoin An Déardaoin Déardaoin An Aoine Dé hAoine An Satharn Dé Sathairn Scottish Gaelic Di - Dòmhnaich / Didòmhnaich Di - Luain / Diluain Di - Màirt / Dimàirt Di - Ciadain / Diciadain Di - Ardaoin / Diardaoin Di - Haoine / Dihaoine Di - Sàthairne / Disathairne Welsh dydd Sul dydd Llun dydd Mawrth dydd Mercher dydd Iau dydd Gwener dydd Sadwrn Cornish Dy ' Sul Dy ' Lun Dy ' Meurth Dy ' Mergher Dy ' Yow Dy ' Gwener Dy ' Sadorn Breton Disul Dilun Dimeurzh Dimerc'her Diriaou Digwener Disadorn Manx Jedoonee Jelune Jemayrt Jecrean Jerdein Jeheiney Jesarn Adoptions from Romance ( edit ) Albanian adopted the Latin terms . Other languages adopted the week together with the Latin ( Romance ) names for the days of the week in the colonial period . Some constructed languages also adopted the Latin terminology . Day : ( see Irregularities ) Sunday Sōl ( Sun ) Monday Luna ( Moon ) Tuesday Mars ( Mars ) Wednesday Mercurius ( Mercury ) Thursday Iuppiter ( Jupiter ) Friday Venus ( Venus ) Saturday Saturnus ( Saturn ) Albanian E diel E hënë E martë E mërkurë E enjte E premte E shtunë Filipino Linggò Dominggo in most other Philippine languages Lunes Martes Miyerkules Huwebes Biyernes Sábado Māori ( Rā Tapu ) ( not celestially named ) ( rā + tapu = `` holy day '' ) Rāhina ( rā + Māhina = day + Moon ) Rātū ( rā + Tūmatauenga = day + Mars ) Rāapa ( rā + Apārangi = day + Mercury ) Rāpare ( rā + Pareārau = day + Jupiter ) Rāmere ( rā + Mere = day + Venus ) ( Rā Horoi ) ( not celestially named ) ( rā + horoi = `` washing day '' ) Tetum Dumingu Segunda Tersa Kuarta Kinta Sesta Sabadu Interlingua Dominica Lunedi Martedi Mercuridi Jovedi Venerdi Sabbato Ido Sundio Lundio Mardio Merkurdio Jovdio Venerdio Saturdio Esperanto dimanĉo lundo mardo merkredo ĵaŭdo vendredo sabato Germanic tradition ( edit ) Further information : Germanic calendar The Germanic peoples adapted the system introduced by the Romans by substituting the Germanic deities for the Roman ones ( with the exception of Saturday ) in a process known as interpretatio germanica . The date of the introduction of this system is not known exactly , but it must have happened later than AD 200 but before the introduction of Christianity during the 6th to 7th centuries , i.e. , during the final phase or soon after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire . This period is later than the Common Germanic stage , but still during the phase of undifferentiated West Germanic . The names of the days of the week in North Germanic languages were not calqued from Latin directly , but taken from the West Germanic names . Sunday : Old English Sunnandæg ( pronounced ( ˈsunnɑndæj ) ) , meaning `` sun 's day '' . This is a translation of the Latin phrase dies Solis . English , like most of the Germanic languages , preserves the original pagan / sun associations of the day . Many other European languages , including all of the Romance languages , have changed its name to the equivalent of `` the Lord 's day '' ( based on Ecclesiastical Latin dies Dominica ) . In both West Germanic and North Germanic mythology the Sun is personified as Sunna / Sól . Monday : Old English Mōnandæg ( pronounced ( ˈmoːnɑndæj ) ) , meaning `` Moon 's day '' . This is equivalent to the Latin name dies lunae . In North Germanic mythology , the Moon is personified as Máni . Tuesday : Old English Tīwesdæg ( pronounced ( ˈtiːwezdæj ) ) , meaning `` Tiw 's day '' . Tiw ( Norse Týr ) was a one - handed god associated with single combat and pledges in Norse mythology and also attested prominently in wider Germanic paganism . The name of the day is also related to the Latin name dies Martis , `` Day of Mars '' . Wednesday : Old English Wōdnesdæg ( pronounced ( ˈwoːdnezdæj ) ) meaning the day of the Germanic god Woden ( known as Óðinn among the North Germanic peoples ) , and a prominent god of the Anglo - Saxons ( and other Germanic peoples ) in England until about the seventh century . It is also vaguely related to the Latin counterpart dies Mercurii , `` Day of Mercury '' . The connection between Mercury and Odin is more strained than the other syncretic connections . The usual explanation is that both Wodan and Mercury were considered psychopomps , or guides of souls after death , in their respective mythologies ; both are also associated with poetic and musical inspiration . The Icelandic Miðviku , German Mittwoch , Low German Middeweek and Finnish keskiviikko all mean mid-week . Thursday : Old English Þūnresdæg ( pronounced ( ˈθuːnrezdæj ) ) , meaning ' Þunor 's day ' . Þunor means thunder or its personification , the Norse god known in Modern English as Thor . Similarly Dutch donderdag , German Donnerstag ( ' thunder 's day ' ) , Finnish torstai , and Scandinavian Torsdag ( ' Thor 's day ' ) . Thor 's day corresponds to Latin dies Iovis , `` day of Jupiter '' . Friday : Old English Frīgedæg ( pronounced ( ˈfriːjedæj ) ) , meaning the day of the Anglo - Saxon goddess Fríge . The Norse name for the planet Venus was Friggjarstjarna , ' Frigg 's star ' . It is based on the Latin dies Veneris , `` Day of Venus '' . Saturday : the only day of the week to retain its Roman origin in English , named after the Roman god Saturn associated with the Titan Cronus , father of Zeus and many Olympians . Its original Anglo - Saxon rendering was Sæturnesdæg ( pronounced ( ˈsæturnezdæj ) ) . In Latin , it was dies Saturni , `` Day of Saturn '' . The Scandinavian Lørdag / Lördag deviates significantly as it has no reference to either the Norse or the Roman pantheon ; it derives from old Norse laugardagr , literally `` washing - day '' . The German Sonnabend ( mainly used in northern and eastern Germany ) and the Low German words Sünnavend mean `` Sunday Eve '' , the German word Samstag ( mainly used in southern and western Germany ) derives from the name for Shabbat . Day : ( see Irregularities ) Sunday Sunna / Sól Monday Mona / Máni Tuesday Tiw / Tyr Wednesday Woden / Odin Thursday Thunor / Thor Friday Frige or Freya Saturday Saturn Proto - Germanic * Sunnōniz dagaz * Mēniniz dagaz * Tīwas dagaz , * Þingsas dagaz * Wōdanas dagaz * Þunras dagaz * Frijjōz dagaz * Saturnas dagaz , * Laugōz dagaz Old English Sunnandæg Mōnandæg Tīwesdæg Wōdnesdæg Þunresdæg Frīgedæg Sæternesdæg Old Saxon Sunnundag * Mānundag * Tiuwesdag , * Thingesdag Wōdanesdag * Thunaresdag Frīadag * Sunnunāƀand , * Satarnesdag Old High German Sunnûntag Mânetag Zîestag Wuotanestag Donarestag Frîjatag Sunnûnâband , Sambaztag Middle Low German Sunnedag Manedag Dingesdag Wodenesdag Donersdag Vrīdag Sunnenavend , Satersdag German Sonntag Montag Dienstag , Ziestag ( Alemannic German ) Mittwoch ( older Wutenstag ) Donnerstag Freitag Sonnabend , Samstag Yiddish Zuntik -- זונטיק Montik -- מאנטיק Dinstik -- דינסטיק Mitvokh -- מיטוואך Donershtik -- דאנערשטיק Fraytik -- פרײַטיק Shabbes -- שבת Scots Saubath , Sunday Monanday Tysday Wadensday Fuirsday Friday Seturday Dutch zondag maandag dinsdag woensdag donderdag vrijdag zaterdag Afrikaans Sondag Maandag Dinsdag Woensdag Donderdag Vrydag Saterdag Luxembourgish Sonndeg Méindeg Dënschdeg Mëttwoch Donneschdeg Freideg Samschdeg West Frisian Snein Moandei Tiisdei Woansdei Tongersdei Freed Sneon , Saterdei Low Saxon Sünndag Maandag Dingsdag Middeweek , Goonsdag ( rarely Woonsdag ) Dünnerdag Freedag Sünnavend , Saterdag Old Norse sunnudagr mánadagr tysdagr óðinsdagr þórsdagr frjádagr laugardagr , sunnunótt Faroese sunnudagur mánadagur týsdagur mikudagur , ónsdagur ( Suðuroy ) hósdagur / tórsdagur ( Suðuroy ) fríggjadagur leygardagur Icelandic sunnudagur mánudagur þriðjudagur miðvikudagur fimmtudagur föstudagur laugardagur Norwegian Bokmål søndag mandag tirsdag onsdag torsdag fredag lørdag Norwegian Nynorsk sundag / søndag måndag tysdag onsdag torsdag fredag laurdag Danish søndag mandag tirsdag onsdag torsdag fredag lørdag Swedish söndag måndag tisdag onsdag torsdag fredag lördag Elfdalian sunndag mondag tisdag ųosdag tųosdag frjådag lovdag Adoptions from Germanic ( edit ) Day : ( see Irregularities ) Sunday Sunna / Sól Monday Mona / Máni Tuesday Tiw / Tyr Wednesday Woden / Odin Thursday Thunor / Thor Friday Frige or Freya Saturday Saturn Finnish sunnuntai maanantai tiistai keskiviikko torstai perjantai lauantai Estonian pühapäev esmaspäev teisipäev kolmapäev neljapäev reede laupäev Maori ( transliteration ; translation ) Wiki ; Rātapu Mane ; Rāhina Tūrei ; Rātū Wenerei ; Rāapa Tāite ; Rāpare Paraire ; Rāmere Hāterei ; Rāhoroi South Asian tradition ( edit ) Further information : Navagraha Hindu astrology adopted the concept of days under the regency of a planet under the term vāra , the days of the week being called āditya - , soma - , maṅgala - , budha - , guru - , śukra - , and śani - vāra . śukrá is a name of Venus ( regarded as a son of Bhṛgu ) ; guru is here a title of Bṛhaspati , and hence of Jupiter ; budha `` Mercury '' is regarded as a son of Soma , i.e. the Moon . Knowledge of Greek astrology existed since about the 2nd century BC , but references to the vāra occur somewhat later , during the Gupta period ( Yājñavalkya Smṛti , c. 3rd to 5th century ) , i.e. at roughly the same period the system was introduced in the Roman Empire . ( Source ? ) Sunday the Sun ( Aditya , Ravi ) Monday the Moon ( Soma , Chandra , Indu ) Tuesday Mars ( Mangala ) Wednesday Mercury ( Budha ) Thursday Jupiter ( Guru ) Friday Venus ( Shukra ) Saturday Saturn ( Shani ) Balti Adeed عدید ‬ Chamdral چامدرال ‬ Angaru انگارا ‬ Boru بورو ‬ Brespod بریس پود ‬ Shugoru شوگ ورو ‬ Shingsher شنگ شےر ‬ Bengali রবিবার Robibar সোমবার Shombar মঙ্গলবার Monggolbar বুধবার Budhbar বৃহস্পতিবার Brihôshpotibar শুক্রবার Shukrobar শনিবার Shonibar Bhojpuri एतवार Aitwār सोमार Somār मंगर Mangar बुध Budh बियफे Bi'phey सुक्क Sukk सनिच्चर Sanichchar Burushaski Adit ادیت ‬ Chandoro چندورؤ ‬ Angaro نگارو ‬ Bodo بوڈو ‬ Berayspat بیرے سپاٹ ‬ Shukuro شوک ورؤ ‬ Shemshayr شیم شےر ‬ Chitrali ( Khowar ) Yakshambey یک شمبے ‬ Doshambey دو شمبے ‬ Seshambey سہ شمبے ‬ Charshambey چار شمبے ‬ Pachambey پچھمبے ‬ Adina آدینہ ‬ Shambey شمبے ‬ Gujarati રવિવાર Ravivār સોમવાર Somvār મંગળવાર Mangaḷvār બુધવાર Budhvār ગુરૂવાર Guruvār શુક્રવાર Shukravār શનિવાર Shanivār Hindi रविवार Ravivār सोमवार Somavār मंगलवार Mangalavār बुधवार Budhavār गुरूवार Guruvār शुक्रवार Shukravār शनिवार Shanivār Hindko Atwaar اتوار ‬ Suwar سؤ وار ‬ Mungal منگل ‬ Bud بدھ ‬ Jumiraat جمعرات ‬ Jummah جمعہ ‬ Khali خالي ‬ Konkani आयतार Āytār सोमार Somaar मंगळार Mangaḷār बुधवार Budhavār भीरेस्तार Bhirestār शुक्रार Shukrār शेनवार Shenvār Maldivian އާދީއްތަ Aadheettha ހޯމަ Homa އަންގާރަ Angaara ބުދަ Budha ބުރާސްފަތި Buraasfathi ހުކުރު Hukuru ހޮނިހިރު Honihiru Marathi रविवार Ravivār सोमवार Somavār मंगळवार Mangaḷavār बुधवार Budhavār गुरूवार Guruvār शुक्रवार Shukravār Kashmiri Āthvār आथु'वार اَتھ وار ‬ Çāņdėrvār च़'न्दु'रवार ژندر وار ‬ Bomvār बोमवार پم وار ‬ Bödvār बॅदवार برھ وار ‬ Brêsvār ब्रसवार برس وار ‬ Shokụrvār / Jumāh शो'कु'रवार شۆکٕروار ‬ जुमाह جُمھ ‬ Baţėvār बटु'वार بٹ وار ‬ Kannada ಭಾನುವಾರ Bhanu Vaara ಸೋಮವಾರ Soma Vaara ಮಂಗಳವಾರ Mangala Vaara ಬುಧವಾರ Budha Vaara ಗುರುವಾರ Guru Vaara ಶುಕ್ರವಾರ Shukra Vaara ಶನಿವಾರ Shani Vaara Malayalam ഞായര്‍ Nhāyar തിങ്കള്‍ Tingal ചൊവ്വ Chovva ബുധന്‍ Budhan വ്യാഴം Vyāzham വെള്ളി Velli ശനി Shani Nepali आइतवार Aaitabar सोमवार Sombar मंगलवार Mangalbar बुधवार Budhabar बिहिवार Bihibar शुक्रवार Sukrabar शनिवार Sanibar Pashto Etwar اتوار Gul ګل Nehi نهه Shoro شورو Ziarat زيارت Jumma جمعه Khali خالي Punjabi ( Gurmukhi ) ਐਤਵਾਰ etvār ਸੋਮਵਾਰ sōmvār ਮੰਗਲਵਾਰ mangalvār ਬੁੱਧਵਾਰ búdvār ਵੀਰਵਾਰ vīrvār ਸ਼ੁੱਕਰਵਾਰ shukkarvār ਸ਼ਨਿੱਚਰਵਾਰ shaniccharvār Odia ରବିବାର Rabibār ସୋମବାର Sombār ମଙ୍ଗଳବାର Mangalbār ବୁଧବାର Buddhbār ଗୁରୁବାର Gurubār ଶୁକ୍ରବାର Shukrabār ଶନିବାର Shanibār Sinhala ඉරිදා Irida සඳුදා Sanduda අඟහරුවාදා Angaharuwada බදාදා Badada බ්‍රහස්පතින්දා Brahaspathinda සිකුරාදා Sikurada සෙනසුරාදා Senasurada Sylheti রবিবার Robibar সোমবার Shombar মঙ্গলবার Mongolbar বুধবার Budhbar বিষুধবার Bishudhbar সুক্ষুরবার / জুম'আবার Shukkurbar / Jum'abar শনিবার Shonibar Telugu ఆదివారం Aadi Vāram సోమవారం Soma Vāram మంగళవారం Mangala Vāram బుధవారం Budha Vāram గురువారం Bestha / Guru / Lakshmi Vāram శుక్రవారం Shukra Vāram శనివారం Shani Vāram Tamil ஞாயிறு Gnyāyiru திங்கள் Thingal செவ்வாய் Chevvāi புதன் Budhan வியாழன் Viyāzhan வெள்ளி Velli சனி Sani Sanskrit भानुवासरम् Bhānuvāsaram इन्दुवासरम् Induvāsaram भौमवासरम् Bhaumavāsaram सौम्यवासरम् Saumyavāsaram गुरुवासरम् Guruvāsaram भृगुवासरम् Bhṛguvāsaram स्थिरवासरम् Sthiravāsaram Shina Adit ادیت ‬ Tsunduro تساند ورؤ ‬ Ungaro نگارو ‬ Budo بوڈو ‬ Brespat بیرے سپاٹ ‬ Shukur شوکر ‬ Shimsher شیم شےر ‬ Sindhi Aacheru آچر Soomaru سومر Angaro انڱارو Arbau اربع Kameesa خميس Jum'o جمعو Chancher ڇنڇر Sylheti রবিবার Robibar সোমবার Shombar মঙ্গলবার Mongolbar বুধবার Budhbar বিশুদ্ধবার Bishudbar শুক্ষুরবার / জুমাবার ​ Shukkurbar / Jummabar শনিবার Shonibar Urdu Itwār اتوار ‬ Pīr پیر ‬ Mangal منگل ‬ Bodh بدھ ‬ Jumārāt جمعرات ‬ Jummah جمعہ ‬ Heftah ہفتہ ‬ Western Punjabi ( Shahmukhi ) Aitwār اتوار ‬ Pīr پیر ‬ Mangal منگل ‬ Budh بدھ ‬ Jumāy - rāt جمعرات ‬ Jummah جمعہ ‬ Hafta ہفتہ ‬ East Asian tradition ( edit ) The East Asian naming system for the days of the week closely parallels that of the Latin system and is ordered after the `` Seven Luminaries '' ( 七曜 qī yào ) , which consists of the Sun , Moon and the five planets visible to the naked eye . The Chinese seem to have adopted the seven - day week from the Hellenistic system by the 4th century , although by which route is not entirely clear . It was again transmitted to China in the 8th century by Manichaeans , via the country of Kang ( a Central Asian polity near Samarkand ) . The 4th - century date , according to the Cihai encyclopedia , is due to a reference to Fan Ning ( 範 寧 / 范 宁 ) , an astrologer of the Jin Dynasty . The renewed adoption from Manichaeans in the 8th century ( Tang Dynasty ) is documented with the writings of the Chinese Buddhist monk Yi Jing and the Ceylonese Buddhist monk Bu Kong . The Chinese transliteration of the planetary system was soon brought to Japan by the Japanese monk Kobo Daishi ; surviving diaries of the Japanese statesman Fujiwara Michinaga show the seven day system in use in Heian Period Japan as early as 1007 . In Japan , the seven day system was kept in use ( for astrological purposes ) until its promotion to a full - fledged ( Western - style ) calendrical basis during the Meiji era . In China , with the founding of the Republic of China in 1911 , Monday through Saturday in China are now named after the luminaries implicitly with the numbers . For more information on the Chinese ten - day week , see Chinese_calendar § Day. 2C_hour. 2C_and_week . For more information on the five elements and their relation to the planets , see Chinese astrology § Wu Xing , and Wu Xing . Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Celestial Object Sun ( 日 ) First Star Moon ( 月 ) Second Star Mars ( 火 ) Third Star Mercury ( 水 ) Fourth Star Jupiter ( 木 ) Fifth Star Venus ( 金 ) Sixth Star Saturn ( 土 ) Seventh Star Classical Chinese 日曜日 Rìyàorì 月曜日 Yuèyàorì 火曜日 Huǒyàorì 水曜日 Shuǐyàorì 木曜日 Mùyàorì 金曜日 Jīnyàorì 土曜日 Tǔyàorì Japanese 日曜日 Nichiyōbi 月曜日 Getsuyōbi 火曜日 Kayōbi 水曜日 Suiyōbi 木曜日 Mokuyōbi 金曜日 Kin'yōbi 土曜日 Doyōbi Korean 일요일 日曜日 Ilyoil 월요일 月曜日 Wolyoil 화요일 火曜日 Hwayoil 수요일 水曜日 Suyoil 목요일 木曜日 Mogyoil 금요일 金曜日 Geumyoil 토요일 土曜日 Toyoil Mongolian наран өдөр naraŋ ödör саран өдөр saraŋ ödör гал өдөр gal ödör усан өдөр usaŋ ödör модон өдөр modoŋ ödör төмөр өдөр , алтан өдөр tömör ödör , altaŋ ödör шороон өдөр shorooŋ ödör Tibetan གཟའ ་ ཉི ་ མ ། ( gza ' nyi ma ) Nyima གཟའ ་ ཟླ ་ བ ། ( gza ' zla wa ) Dawa གཟའ ་ མིག ་ དམར ། ( gza ' mig dmar ) Mikmar གཟའ ་ ལྷག ་ པ ། ( gza ' lhak pa ) Lhakpa གཟའ ་ ཕུར ་ བུ ། ( gza ' phur bu ) Purbu གཟའ ་ པ ་ སངས ། ( gza ' pa sangs ) Pasang གཟའ ་ སྤེན ་ པ ། ( gza ' spen ba ) Penba Pronunciations for Classical Chinese names are given in Standard Chinese . For Standard Chinese nomenclature of the days of the week , see Names of the days of the week § Mixing of numbering and astronomy . Southeast Asian tradition ( edit ) The Southeast Asian tradition also uses the Hindu names of the days of the week . Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Burmese တနင်္ဂနွေ IPA : ( tənɪ́ɴ ɡənwè ) ( ta. nangga. nwe ) တနင်္လာ IPA : ( tənɪ́ɴ là ) ( ta. nangla ) အင်္ဂါ IPA : ( ɪ̀ɴ ɡà ) ( Angga ) ဗုဒ္ဓဟူး IPA : ( boʊʔ dəhú ) ( Buddhahu ) ( afternoon = new day ) ရာဟု Rahu ကြာသာပတေး IPA : ( tɕà ðà bədé ) ( Krasapate ) သောကြာ IPA : ( θaʊʔ tɕà ) ( Saukra ) စနေ IPA : ( sənè ) ( Cane ) Mon တ္ၚဲ အဒိုတ် ( ŋoa ətɜ̀t ) from Sans . āditya တ္ၚဲ စန် ( ŋoa cɔn ) from Sans . candra တ္ၚဲ အၚါ ( ŋoa əŋɛ̀a ) from Sans . aṅgāra တ္ၚဲ ဗုဒ္ဓဝါ ( ŋoa pùt - həwɛ̀a ) from Sans . budhavāra တ္ၚဲ ဗြဴဗ္တိ ( ŋoa pɹɛ̀apətɔeʔ ) from Sans . bṛhaspati တ္ၚဲ သိုက် . ( ŋoa sak ) from Sans . śukra တ္ၚဲ သ္ၚိ သဝ် ( ŋoa hɔeʔ sɔ ) from Sans . śani Khmer ថ្ងៃ អាទិត្យ ( tŋaj ʔaːtɨt ) ថ្ងៃ ចន្ទ ( tŋaj can ) ថ្ងៃ អង្គារ ( tŋaj ʔɑŋkiə ) ថ្ងៃ ពុធ ( tŋaj put ) ថ្ងៃ ព្រហស្បត្ណិ ( tŋaj prɔhoə̯h ) ថ្ងៃ សុក្រ ( tŋaj sok ) ថ្ងៃ សៅរ៍ ( tŋaj saʋ ) Lao ວັນອາທິດ ( wán ʔàːthīt ) ວັນຈັນ ( wán càn ) ວັນອັງຄານ ( wán ʔàŋkháːn ) ວັນພຸດ ( wán phūt ) ວັນພະຫັດ ( wán phāhát ) ວັນສຸກ ( wán súk ) ວັນເສົາ ( wán sǎu ) Cham Adit Thôm Angar But jip Suk Thanưchăn Shan ဝၼ်းဢႃတိတ်ႉ IPA : ( wan ˦ ʔaː ˩ tit ˥ ) ဝၼ်းၸၼ် IPA : ( wan ˦ tsan ˩ ) ဝၼ်းဢင်းၵၼ်း IPA : ( wan ˦ ʔaŋ ˦ kan ˦ ) ဝၼ်းၽုတ်ႉ IPA : ( wan ˦ phut ˥ ) ဝၼ်းၽတ်း IPA : ( wan ˦ phat ˦ ) ဝၼ်းသုၵ်း IPA : ( wan ˦ shuk ˦ ) ဝၼ်းသဝ် IPA : ( wan ˦ shaw ˩ ) Thai วัน อาทิตย์ Wan Āthit วัน จันทร์ Wan Chan วัน อังคาร Wan Angkhān วัน พุธ Wan Phut วัน พฤหัสบดี Wan Phruehatsabodi วัน ศุกร์ Wan Suk วัน เสาร์ Wan Sao Mongolian адъяа ad'yaa сумъяа sum'yaa ангараг angarag буд bud бархабадь barhabad ' сугар sugar санчир sanchir Javanese Raditya Soma Anggara Buda Respati Sukra Tumpek Balinese Redite Soma Anggara Buda Wrespati Sukra Saniscara Sinhala ඉරිදා Iridaa සඳුදා Sandudaa අඟහරුවාදා Angaharuwaadaa බදාදා Badaadaa බ්‍රහස්පතින්දා Brahaspathindaa සිකුරාදා Sikuraadaa සෙනසුරාදා Senasuraadaa Numbered days of the week ( edit ) Days numbered from Sunday ( edit ) See also : Feria Sunday comes first in order in calendars shown in the table below . In the Judeo - Christian or Abrahamic tradition , the first day of the week is Sunday . Biblical Sabbath ( corresponding to Saturday ) , when God rested from six - day Creation , made the day following Sabbath the first day of the week ( corresponding to Sunday ) . Seventh - day Sabbaths were sanctified for celebration and rest . After the week was adopted in early Christianity , Sunday remained the first day of the week , but also gradually displaced Saturday as the day of celebration and rest , being considered the Lord 's Day . Saint Martin of Dumio ( c. 520 -- 580 ) , archbishop of Braga , decided not to call days by pagan gods and to use ecclesiastic terminology to designate them . While the custom of numbering the days of the week was mostly prevalent in the Eastern Church , Portuguese and Galician , due to Martin 's influence , are the only Romance languages in which the names of the days come from numbers rather than planetary names . Icelandic is a special case within the Germanic languages , maintaining only the Sun and Moon ( sunnudagur and mánudagur respectively ) , while dispensing with the names of the explicitly heathen gods in favour of a combination of numbered days and days whose names are linked to pious or domestic routine ( föstudagur , `` Fasting Day '' and laugardagur , `` Washing Day '' ) . The `` washing day '' is also used in other North Germanic languages , but otherwise the names correspond to those of English . Day Number From One Sunday Day One Monday Day Two Tuesday Day Three Wednesday Day Four Thursday Day Five Friday Day Six Saturday Day Seven Icelandic sunnudagur ( Sun ) mánudagur ( Moon ) þriðjudagur miðvikudagur fimmtudagur föstudagur laugardagur Faroese sunnudagur mánadagur týsdagur mikudagur hósdagur fríggjadagur leygardagur Hebrew ראשון ‬ rishon שני ‬ sheyni שלישי ‬ shlishi רביעי ‬ revi'i חמישי ‬ khamishi שישי ‬ shishi שבת ‬ Shabbat Ecclesiastical Latin Dominica feria secunda feria tertia feria quarta feria quinta feria sexta sabbatum Portuguese domingo segunda - feira terça - feira quarta - feira quinta - feira sexta - feira sábado Galician domingo segunda feira terza feira terceira feira corta feira quarta feira quinta feira sexta feira sábado Tetum loron - domingu loron - segunda loron - tersa loron - kuarta loron - kinta loron - sesta loron - sábadu Greek Κυριακή Kyriakí Δευτέρα Deftéra Τρίτη Tríti Τετάρτη Tetárti Πέμπτη Pémpti Παρασκευή Paraskeví Σάββατο Sávato Georgian კვირა k'vira ორშაბათი oršabati სამშაბათი samšabati ოთხშაბათი otxšabati ხუთშაბათი xutšabati პარასკევი p'arask'evi შაბათი šabati Armenian Կիրակի Kiraki Երկուշաբթի Yerkushabti Երեքշաբթի Yerekshabti Չորեքշաբթի Chorekshabti Հինգշաբթի Hingshabti Ուրբաթ Urbat Շաբաթ Shabat Vietnamese chủ nhật ( chúa nhật ) ( ngày ) thứ hai ( ngày ) thứ ba ( ngày ) thứ tư ( ngày ) thứ năm ( ngày ) thứ sáu ( ngày ) thứ bảy Somali Axad Isniin Talaado Arbaco Khamiis Jimco Sabti Amharic እሑድ əhud ሰኞ säñño ( Next ) ማክሰኞ maksäñño ረቡዕ , ሮብ räbu , rob ሐሙስ hamus ዓርብ arb ( Sunset ) ቅዳሜ ḳədame ( First ) Arabic يوم ) الأحد ) ( yawm ) al - aḥad يوم ) الإثنين ) ( yawm ) al - ithnayn يوم ) الثُّلَاثاء ) ( yawm ) ath - thulāthā ' يوم ) الأَرْبعاء ) ( yawm ) al - ' arbi'ā ' يوم ) الخَمِيس ) ( yawm ) al - khamīs يوم ) الجُمْعَة ) ( yawm ) al - jum'ah يوم ) السَّبْت ) ( yawm ) as - sabt Maltese il - Ħadd it - Tnejn it - Tlieta l - Erbgħa il - Ħamis il - Ġimgħa is - Sibt Malay Ahad Isnin Selasa Rabu Khamis Jumaat Sabtu Indonesian Minggu ( Portuguese ) Ahad Senin Selasa Rabu Kamis Jumat Sabtu Javanese Ngahad , Ngakad , Minggu ( Portuguese ) Senèn Selasa Rebo Kemis Jemuwah Setu Sundanese Minggu / Minggon ( Portuguese ) Senén Salasa Rebo Kemis Jumaah Saptu Persian یکشنبه yekšanbe Mehr ruz مهرروز دوشنبه došanbe Māh ruz ماه روز سه شنبه sešanbe Bahrām ruz بهرام روز چهارشنبه čāhāršanbe Tir ruz تیر روز پنجشنبه panjšanbe Hormazd ruz هرمزد روز آدینه or جمعه ādine or djome Nāhid ruz ناهید روز شنبه šanbe Keyvān ruz کیوان روز Khowar یک شمبے yak shambey دو شمبے du shambey سہ شمبے sey shambey چار شمبے char shambey پچھمبے pachhambey آدینہ adina شمبے shambey Kurdish Yekşem Duşem Sêşem Çarşem Pêncşem În Şemî Old Turkic birinç kün ikinç kün üçünç kün törtinç kün beşinç kün altınç kün yetinç kün Turkish Pazar Pazartesi Salı Çarşamba Perşembe Cuma Cumartesi Uzbek Yakshanba Dushanba Seshanba Chorshanba Payshanba Juma Shanba Navajo Damóo / Damíigo ( Spanish ) Damóo Biiskání Sunday has ended Damóo dóó Naakiską́o Sunday + 2 × sunrise Damóo dóó Tááʼ Yiką́o Sunday + 3 × sunrise Damóo dóó Dį́į́ʼ Yiką́o Sunday + 4 × sunrise Ndaʼiiníísh It ends / done for the week Yiką́o Damóo ( upon ) sunrise ( it is ) Sunday Days numbered from Monday ( edit ) The ISO prescribes Monday as the first day of the week with ISO - 8601 for software date formats . The Slavic , Baltic and Uralic languages ( except Finnish and partially Estonian ) adopted numbering but took Monday rather than Sunday as the `` first day '' . This convention is also found in some Austronesian languages whose speakers were converted to Christianity by European missionaries . In Slavic languages , some of the names correspond to numerals after Sunday : compare Russian vtornik `` Tuesday '' and vtoroj `` the following '' , chetverg `` Thursday '' and chetvertyj `` the fourth '' , pyatnitsa `` Friday '' and pyatyj `` the fifth '' ; see also the Notes . Day Number From One Monday Day One Tuesday Day Two Wednesday Day Three Thursday Day Four Friday Day Five Saturday Day Six Sunday Day Seven ISO 8601 # 5 6 7 Russian понедельник ponedel'nik вторник vtornik среда sreda четверг chetverg пятница pyatnitsa суббота subbota воскресенье voskresen'ye Belarusian панядзелак panyadzelak аўторак awtorak серада serada чацвер chats'ver пятніца pyatnitsa субота subota нядзеля nyadzelya Ukrainian понедiлок ponedilok вiвторок vivtorok середа sereda четвер chetver п'ятниця p'yatnitsya субота subota недiля nedilya Bulgarian понеделник ponedelnik вторник vtornik сряда sryada четвъртък chetvărtăk петък petăk събота săbota неделя nedelya Polish poniedziałek wtorek środa czwartek piątek sobota niedziela Kashubian pòniedzôłk wtórk strzoda czwiôrtk piątk sobòta niedzela Slovak pondelok utorok streda štvrtok piatok sobota nedeľa Czech pondělí or pondělek úterý or úterek středa čtvrtek pátek sobota neděle Slovene ponedeljek torek sreda četrtek petek sobota nedelja Bosnian ponedjeljak utorak srijeda četvrtak petak subota nedjelja Croatian ponedjeljak utorak srijeda četvrtak petak subota nedjelja Serbian понедељак ponedeljak уторак utorak среда sreda четвртак četvrtak петак petak субота subota недеља nedelja Macedonian понеделник ponedelnik вторник vtornik среда sreda четврток chetvrtok петок petok сабота sabota недела nedela Lithuanian pirmadienis antradienis trečiadienis ketvirtadienis penktadienis šeštadienis sekmadienis Latvian pirmdiena otrdiena trešdiena ceturtdiena piektdiena sestdiena svētdiena Hungarian hétfő kedd szerda Slavic csütörtök Slavic péntek Slavic szombat Slavic vasárnap Estonian esmaspäev teisipäev kolmapäev neljapäev reede laupäev pühapäev Mongolian ( numerical ) нэг дэх өдөр neg dekh ödör хоёр дахь өдөр hoyor dahi ödör гурав дахь өдөр gurav dahi ödör дөрөв дэх өдөр döröv dekh ödör тав дахь өдөр tav dahi ödör хагас сайн өдөр hagas sayn ödör бүтэн сайн өдөр büten sayn ödör Mongolian ( Tibetan ) даваа davaa мягмар myagmar лхагва lhagva пүрэв pürev баасан baasan бямба byamba ням nyam Luo Wuok tich Tich ariyo Tich adek Tich ang'uen Tich abich Chieng ' ngeso Juma pil Tok Pisin ( Melanesian Pidgin ) mande tunde trinde fonde fraide sarere sande Apma ( Vanuatu ) ren bwaleh / mande ren karu ren katsil ren kavet ren kalim lesaare sande In Standard Chinese , the week is referred to as the cycle of the stars ( Chinese : 星期 ; pinyin : Xīngqī ) . The modern Chinese names for the days of the week are based on a simple numerical sequence . The word for ' week ' ( which is literally translated to ' star day ' ) is followed by a number indicating the day : ' Monday ' is literally ' star day one ' , ' Tuesday ' is ' star day two ' , etc . The exception is Sunday , where rì ( 日 ) , meaning ' sun ' or ' day ' , is used instead of a number . Day Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Standard Chinese 星期 一 Xīngqīyī 星期二 Xīngqí'èr 星期三 Xīngqīsān 星期四 Xīngqīsì 星期五 Xīngqīwǔ 星期六 Xīngqīliù 星期日 Xīngqīrì Days numbered from Saturday ( edit ) In Swahili , the day begins at sunrise rather than sunset , and so are offset by twelve hours from the Arabic and Hebrew calendar . Saturday is therefore the first day of the week , as it is the day that includes the first night of the week in Arabic . Etymologically speaking , Swahili has two `` fifth '' days . The words for Saturday through Wednesday contain the Bantu - derived Swahili words for `` one '' through `` five '' . The word for Thursday , Alhamisi , is of Arabic origin and means `` the fifth '' ( day ) . The word for Friday , Ijumaa , is also Arabic and means ( day of ) `` gathering '' for the Friday noon prayers in Islam . Day Number from One Saturday Day One Sunday Day Two Monday Day Three Tuesday Day Four Wednesday Day Five Thursday Day Six Friday Day Seven Swahili jumamosi jumapili jumatatu jumanne jumatano alhamisi ijumaa Mixing of numbering and Astronomy ( edit ) In the Žejane dialect of Istro - Romanian , lur ( Monday ) and virer ( Friday ) follow the Latin convention , while utorek ( Tuesday ) , sredu ( Wednesday ) , and četrtok ( Thursday ) follow the Slavic convention . Day Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Istro - Romanian , Žejane dialect lur utorek sredu četrtok virer simbota dumireca There are several systems in the different Basque dialects . Day : Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Standard Basque , Guipuscoan Basque astelehena ( `` week - first '' ) asteartea ( `` week - between '' ) asteazkena ( `` week - last '' ) osteguna ( `` Ortzi / Sky day '' ) ostirala ( see Ortzi ) larunbata ( `` fourth '' , `` meeting of friends '' ) , neskenegun ( `` girls ' day '' ) igandea Biscayne Basque astelena ( `` week - first '' ) , ilen ( `` Moon day '' ) martitzena ( `` Mars day '' ) eguaztena ( `` day last '' ) eguena ( `` day of days '' , `` day of light '' ) barikua ( `` day without supper '' ) , egubakotx zapatua ( compare with Spanish sábado from Sabbath ) domeka ( from Latin Dominica ( dies ) ) In Judaeo - Spanish ( Ladino ) , which is mainly based on a medieval version of Spanish , the five days of Monday -- Friday closely follow the Spanish names . Sunday uses the Arabic name , which is based on numbering , because a Jewish language was not likely to adapt a name based on `` Lord 's Day '' for Sunday . As in Spanish , the Ladino name for Saturday is based on Sabbath . However , as a Jewish language -- and with Saturday being the actual day of rest in the Jewish community -- Ladino directly adapted the Hebrew name , Shabbat . Day Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Judaeo - Spanish ( Ladino ) Alhadh Lunes Martes Miércoles Juğeves Viernes Shabat See also ( edit ) Week wheel for children Akan names of the seven - day week , known as Nawotwe Bahá'í calendar ( section Weekdays ) Calculating the day of the week Week Work Week Notes ( edit ) Sunday ( edit ) From Latin Dominicus ( Dominica ) or Greek Κυριακή ( Christian Sabbath ) Holy Day and First - Day of the Week ( Day of the Sun - > Light - > Resurrection - > Born again ) ( Christianity ) Resurrection ( Christianity ) Bazaar Day Market Day No Work Full good day Borrowed from English week From an Old Burmese word , not of Indic origin . Monday ( edit ) After No Work . In Russian also `` Day After Week ( end ) '' - see понедельник After Bazaar Head of Week Master ( as in Pir , because Muhammad was born on a Monday ) From an Old Burmese word , not of Indic origin . Tuesday ( edit ) Thing ( Assembly ) , of which god Tyr / Ziu was the patron . Second day of the week ( cf . Hungarian kettő `` two '' ) Third day of the week . From Arabic `` ath - Thalaathaaʼ '' ( third day ) Wednesday ( edit ) Mid-week or Middle The First Fast ( Christianity ) Thursday ( edit ) The day between two fasts ( An Dé idir dhá aoin , contracted to An Déardaoin ) ( Christianity ) Five ( Arabic ) Fifth day of the week . Friday ( edit ) The Fast ( Celtic ) or Fasting Day ( Icelandic ) ( Christianity ) Good Friday or Preparation ( Christianity ) Jumu'ah ( Muslim Sabbath ) Gathering / Assembly / Meeting ( Islam ) -- in Malta with no Islamic connotations Saturday ( edit ) Shabbat ( Jewish Sabbath ) Wash or Bath day Sun - eve ( Eve of Sunday ) After the Gathering ( Islam ) End of the Week ( Arabic Sabt = Rest ) Week Half good day References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nerone Caesare Augusto Cosso Lentuol Cossil fil . Cos. VIII idus Febr ( u ) arius dies solis , luna XIIIIX nun ( dinae ) Cumis , V ( idus Februarias ) nun ( dinae ) Pompeis . Robert Hannah , `` Time in Written Spaces '' , in : Peter Keegan , Gareth Sears , Ray Laurence ( eds . ) , Written Space in the Latin West , 200 BC to AD 300 , A&C Black , 2013 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ E.G. Richards , Mapping Time , the Calendar and History , Oxford 1999 . p. 269 ( The treatise is lost , but the answer to the question is known , see planetary hours ) . Jump up ^ `` Days of the Week Meaning and Origin '' . Astrologyclub.org . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ replacing a system of n `` one - , three - , five - , ten - , or fifteen - day periods '' ( > Dáibhí Ó Cróinín , 2003 , p. 7 ) . MS . 17 ( now held at St. John 's College , Oxford ) , dating at least from 1043 , records five week - day lists , which it names as follows : secundum Hebreos ( according to the Hebrews ) ; secundum antiquos gentiles ( according to the ancient gentiles , i.e. , Romans ) ; secundum Siluestrum papam ( according to Pope Sylvester I , i.e. , a list derived from the apocryphal Acta Syluestri ) ; secundum Anglos ( according to the English ) ; secundum Scottos ( according to the Irish ) . Jump up ^ `` we have a clear reflex of the Indo - European nominative singular , with a lengthened grade , giving archaic Old Irish diu ; it is suggested that what we have in the Oxford list and in Cormac 's Glossary is the oldest form of Old Irish dia , representing the old nominative case of the noun in adverbial usage . '' Dáibhí Ó Cróinín , 2003 , p. 12 Jump up ^ The word scrol is glossed in Sanas Cormaic as Scroll . i . soillsi , unde est aput Scottos diu srol. i . dies solis `` Srcoll , that is brightness , whence ' diu srol ' among the Irish , that is Sunday '' . Jump up ^ Ó Cróinín has Diu luna as `` represent ( ing ) the transitional form between Latin dies lunae and the later , Classical Old Irish dia luain ... a translation of , not a calque on , the Latin ... ( It ) would seem to reflect a pre-assimilation state in respect of both words , '' Dáibhí Ó Cróinín , 2003 , p. 13 Jump up ^ `` The Irish word perhaps derives from Latin forms where cases other than the genitive were used , e.g. , Marte . '' Dáibhí Ó Cróinín , 2003 , p. 15 Jump up ^ A form unique to Irish , meaning uncertain . A `` very old '' word for Wednesday , Mercúir ( borrowed from the Latin ( dies ) Mercurii ) , does occur in early Leinster poems but Ó Cróinín is of the belief that Diu eathamon `` reflects a still older Irish word for ' Wednesday . ' '' Jump up ^ A form unique to Irish . Ó Cróinín writes , `` I suggest that it means simply ' on Thursday ' ... it is temporal dat. of an n - stem ( nom . sg . etham , gen . sg . ethamon -- as in our Oxford list -- and acc. / dat . sg . ethamain ) . '' ( 2003 , p. 17 ) He furthermore suggests that etham ( ' arable land ' ) `` may be a noun of agency from ith ( gen . sg . etho ) , with a meaning like corn - maker or some such thing ; Diu eathamon might then be a day for sowing seed in a weekly regimen of activities such as we find in Críth Gablach . '' Dáibhí Ó Cróinín , 2003 , p. 17 . The form Ethomuin is found in Rawlinson B 502 . Jump up ^ A form unique to Irish , its meaning unclear . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Māori Language Commission names for the days of the week '' on Te Kete Ipurangi website , viewed 2017 - 12 - 07 Jump up ^ `` Official Web Gateway to the Government of Timor - Leste - Tetum Phrases '' . gov.east-timor.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ see J. Grimm , Teutonic Mythology , p. 122 - 123 Jump up ^ Monier - Williams , Sanskrit - English Dictionary ( 1899 ) , s.v. vāra . Jump up ^ The Chinese encyclopaedia Cihai ( 辞海 ) under the entry for `` seven luminaries calendar '' ( 七曜 历 / 七曜 曆 , qī yào lì ) has : `` method of recording days according to the seven luminaries ( 七曜 qī yào ) . China normally observes the following order : Sun , Mon , Mars , Mercury , Jupiter , Venus , and Saturn . Seven days make one week , which is repeated in a cycle . Originated in ancient Babylon ( or ancient Egypt according to one theory ) . Used by the Romans at the time of the 1st century AD , later transmitted to other countries . This method existed in China in the 4th century . It was also transmitted to China by Manichaeans in the 8th century from the country of Kang ( 康 ) in Central Asia '' ( translation after Bathrobe 's Days of the Week in Chinese , Japanese & Vietnamese , plus Mongolian and Buryat ( cjvlang.com ) Jump up ^ Richard A. Fletcher ( 1999 ) . The Barbarian Conversion : From Paganism to Christianity . University of California Press . p. 257 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 21859 - 8 . McKenna , Stephen ( 1938 ) . `` Pagan Survivals in Galicia in the Sixth Century '' . Paganism and Pagan Survivals in Spain Up to the Fall of the Visigothic Kingdom . Catholic University of America . pp. 93 -- 94 . Retrieved 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Falk , Michael ( 19 March 1999 ) . `` Astronomical names for the days of the week '' . Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada . 93 ( 1999 -- 06 ) : 122 -- 133 . Bibcode : 1999JRASC ... 93 ... 122F . doi : 10.1016 / j. newast. 2003.07. 002 . Jump up ^ Gray , 2012 . The Languages of Pentecost Island . Jump up ^ Ren is `` day '' . Numbered weekdays are used for Tuesday - Friday and sometimes Monday ; the names for Saturday and Sunday come from English . Jump up ^ `` Days of the Week in Chinese : Three Different Words for ' Week ' '' . Cjvlang . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swahili days , months , dates '' . online.fr . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 20 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Astronomy and Basque Language , Henrike Knörr , Oxford VI and SEAC 99 `` Astronomy and Cultural Diversity '' , La Laguna , June 1999 . It references Alessandro Bausani , 1982 , The prehistoric Basque week of three days : archaeoastronomical notes , The Bulletin of the Center for Archaeoastronomy ( Maryland ) , v. 2 , 16 - 22 . Jump up ^ See the image in Anthony , Charlotte . `` Rushing to preserve Ladino legacies '' . Crescent City Jewish News . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . The Ladino names are in the right - hand column , written in Hebrew characters . Further reading ( edit ) Brown , Cecil H. ( 1989 ) . `` Naming the days of the week : A cross-language study of lexical acculturation '' . Current Anthropology. 30 ( 4 ) : 536 -- 550 . doi : 10.1086 / 203782 . JSTOR 2743391 . Falk , Michael ( 1999 ) . `` Astronomical Names for the Days of the Week '' . Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada . 93 : 122 -- 133 . Bibcode : 1999JRASC ... 93 ... 122F . doi : 10.1016 / j. newast. 2003.07. 002 . Neugebauer , Otto ( 1979 ) . Ethiopic astronomy and computus , Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften , philosophisch - historische klasse , sitzungsberichte , 347 ( Vienna ) <Th_colspan="2"> Days of the week <Td_colspan="2"> Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday <Th_colspan="2"> Time measurement and standards <Td_colspan="2"> Chronometry Orders of magnitude Metrology International standards Coordinated Universal Time offset UT ΔT DUT1 International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ISO 31 - 1 ISO 8601 International Atomic Time 6 - hour clock 12 - hour clock 24 - hour clock Barycentric Coordinate Time Barycentric Dynamical Time Civil time Daylight saving time Geocentric Coordinate Time International Date Line Leap second Solar time Terrestrial Time Time zone 180th meridian Obsolete standards Ephemeris time Greenwich Mean Time Prime meridian Time in physics Absolute time and space Spacetime Chronon Continuous signal Coordinate time Cosmological decade Discrete time and continuous time Planck time Proper time Theory of relativity Time dilation Gravitational time dilation Time domain Time translation symmetry T - symmetry Horology Clock Astrarium Atomic clock Complication History of timekeeping devices Hourglass Marine chronometer Marine sandglass Radio clock Watch Water clock Sundial Dialing scales Equation of time History of sundials Sundial markup schema Calendar Astronomical Dominical letter Epact Equinox Gregorian Hebrew Hindu Intercalation Islamic Julian Leap year Lunar Lunisolar Solar Solstice Tropical year Weekday determination Weekday names Archaeology and geology Chronological dating Geologic time scale International Commission on Stratigraphy Astronomical chronology Galactic year Nuclear timescale Precession Sidereal time Other units of time Shake Jiffy Second Minute Moment Hour Day Week Fortnight Month Year Lustrum Decade Century Saeculum Millennium Related topics Chronology Duration music Mental chronometry Metric time System time Time value of money Timekeeper <Th_colspan="2"> Time in religion and mythology <Td_colspan="2"> Time and fate deities Eternity Eschatology Golden Age Divination Prophecy Calendar Fate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Names_of_the_days_of_the_week&oldid=816233554 '' Categories : Units of time Days of the week History of astrology Names Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2013 Articles containing Pashto - language text Articles containing Sinhalese - language text Articles containing Sindhi - language text Articles needing the year an event occurred from April 2015 Articles containing Korean - language text Articles containing Burmese - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Navajo - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009 Use dmy dates from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 03 : 06 . 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the landmark album for the fusion style was

Jazz fusion - wikipedia Jazz fusion This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Jazz fusion Stylistic origins Jazz rock funk bebop psychedelia blues 20th - century classical music Cultural origins Late 1960s , United States Typical instruments Electric guitar piano electric piano drums saxophone trumpet electronic keyboard bass guitar synthesizer vocals Derivative forms Smooth jazz acid jazz punk jazz jazz metal progressive rock krautrock mathcore <Th_colspan="2"> Other topics <Td_colspan="2"> List of musicians Jazz fusion ( also known as fusion ) is a musical genre that developed in the late 1960s when musicians combined aspects of jazz harmony and improvisation with styles such as funk , rock , rhythm and blues , and Latin jazz . During this time many jazz musicians began experimenting with electric instruments and amplified sound for the first time , as well as electronic effects and synthesizers . Many of the developments during the late 1960s and early 1970s have since become established elements of jazz fusion musical practice . Fusion arrangements vary in complexity -- some employ groove - based vamps fixed to a single key , or even a single chord , with a simple melodic motif ( a lick ) . Others can feature odd or shifting time signatures with elaborate chord progressions , melodies , and counter-melodies . Typically , these arrangements , whether simple or complex , will feature extended improvised sections that can vary in length . As with jazz , fusion often employs brass and woodwind instruments such as trumpet and saxophone as melody and soloing instruments but other instruments often substitute for these . The rhythm section typically consists of electric bass ( in some cases fretless ) , electric guitar , electric piano / synthesizer ( in contrast to the double bass and piano used in earlier jazz ) and drums . As with traditional jazz improvisation , fusion instrumentalists generally require a high level of technical proficiency . The term `` jazz - rock '' is often used as a synonym for `` jazz fusion '' as well as for music performed by late 1960s and 1970s - era rock bands that added jazz elements to their music . After a decade of popularity during the 1970s , fusion expanded its improvisatory and experimental approaches through the 1980s , in parallel with the development of a radio - friendly style called smooth jazz . Experimentation continued in the 1990s and 2000s . Fusion albums , even those that are made by the same group or artist , may include a variety of musical styles . Rather than being a codified musical style , fusion can be viewed as a musical tradition or approach . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Precursors 1.2 1960s 1.2. 1 Jazz - rock 1.3 1970s 1.4 1980s 1.4. 1 Smooth jazz 1.4. 2 Other styles 1.4. 3 Acid jazz , nu jazz and jazz rap 1.4. 4 Punk jazz and jazzcore 1.4. 5 M - Base 1.5 1990s -- 2000s 2 Influence on rock music 3 Influential recordings 4 Jazz fusion record labels 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) Precursors ( edit ) Main article : Afro - Cuban jazz See also : Latin jazz Afro - Cuban jazz , one the earliest form of Latin jazz , is a fusion of Afro - Cuban clave - based rhythms with jazz harmonies and techniques of improvisation . Afro - Cuban jazz first emerged in the early 1940s with the Cuban musicians Mario Bauza and Frank Grillo `` Machito '' in the band Machito and his Afro - Cubans , based in New York City . In 1947 the collaborations of bebop innovator Dizzy Gillespie with Cuban percussionist Chano Pozo brought Afro - Cuban rhythms and instruments , most notably the congas and the bongos into the East Coast jazz scene . Early combinations of jazz with Cuban music , such as Dizzy 's and Pozo 's `` Manteca '' and Charlie Parker 's and Machito 's `` Mangó Mangüé '' , were commonly referred to as `` Cubop '' , short for Cuban bebop . During its first decades , the Afro - Cuban jazz movement was stronger in the United States than in Cuba itself . 1960s ( edit ) Allmusic Guide states that `` until around 1967 , the worlds of jazz and rock were nearly completely separate '' . While in the United States modern jazz and electric R&B may have represented opposite poles of blues - based Afro - American music , the British pop music of the beat boom developed out of the skiffle and R&B championed by well - known jazzmen such as Chris Barber . English fusion guitarist John McLaughlin , for example , had played what Allmusic describes as a `` blend of jazz and American R&B '' with Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames as early as 1962 and continued with The Graham Bond Organisation ( with Jack Bruce and Ginger Baker ) whose style Allmusic calls `` rhythm & blues with a strong jazzy flavor '' . Bond himself had begun playing straight jazz with Don Rendell , while Manfred Mann , who recorded a Cannonball Adderley tune on their first album , when joined by Bruce turned out the 1966 EP record Instrumental Asylum , which undoubtedly fused jazz and rock . Miles Davis ( performing here in 1971 ) was among the principal innovators of jazz fusion . Nevertheless , these developments made little impact in the United States . Jazz vibraphonist Gary Burton was an `` innovator '' in the 1960s . In 1967 , Burton worked with electric guitarist Larry Coryell and recorded Duster , which is considered one of the first fusion records . Texas - born guitarist Coryell was also a pioneer of electric jazz in the same era . Trumpeter and composer Miles Davis had a major influence on the development of jazz fusion with his 1968 album Miles in the Sky . It is the first of Davis ' albums to incorporate electric instruments , with Herbie Hancock and Ron Carter playing electric piano and bass guitar , respectively . Davis furthered his explorations into the use of electric instruments on another 1968 album , Filles de Kilimanjaro , with pianist Chick Corea and bassist Dave Holland . Davis ' 1969 album In a Silent Way is considered his first fusion album . Composed of two side - long improvised suites edited heavily by record producer Teo Macero , this quiet , static album would be equally influential upon the development of ambient music . It featured contributions from musicians who would all go on to spread the fusion evangel with their own groups in the 1970s : Wayne Shorter , Hancock , Corea , pianist Josef Zawinul , John McLaughlin , Holland , and drummer Tony Williams , who quit Davis to form The Tony Williams Lifetime with McLaughlin and jazz organist Larry Young . Their debut record Emergency ! of that year is also cited as one of the early acclaimed fusion albums . Jazz - rock ( edit ) See also : Jam band <Th_colspan="2"> Jazz rock Stylistic origins Jazz rock jazz fusion Cultural origins Late 1960s , United States Typical instruments Electric guitar piano electric piano drums saxophone trumpet electronic keyboard bass guitar vocals Derivative forms Jam band punk jazz jazz metal progressive rock krautrock <Th_colspan="2"> Other topics <Td_colspan="2"> Jazz pop The term `` jazz - rock '' ( or `` jazz / rock '' ) is sometimes used as a synonym for the term `` jazz fusion '' . However , some make a distinction between the two terms . The Free Spirits have sometimes been cited as the earliest jazz - rock band . During the late 1960s , at the same time that jazz musicians were experimenting with rock rhythms and electric instruments , rock groups such as Cream , the Grateful Dead and The Doors were `` beginning to incorporate elements of jazz into their music '' by `` experimenting with extended free - form improvisation '' . Other `` groups such as Blood , Sweat & Tears directly borrowed harmonic , melodic , rhythmic and instrumentational elements from the jazz tradition '' . The Grateful Dead ( pictured in 1970 ) grew to incorporate jazzy improvisations and grooves in the 1970s , influencing further generations of jam bands . The rock groups that drew on jazz ideas ( like Soft Machine , Colosseum , Caravan , Chicago , Spirit and The Mothers of Invention ) turned the blend of the two styles with electric instruments . Davis ' fusion jazz was `` pure melody and tonal color '' , while Frank Zappa 's music was more `` complex '' and `` unpredictable '' . Zappa released the solo album Hot Rats in 1969 , mainly consisting of long instrumental pieces exhibiting a major jazz influence . Zappa released two LPs in 1972 which were also very jazz - oriented , called The Grand Wazoo and Waka / Jawaka . Prolific jazz artists such as George Duke and Aynsley Dunbar played on these LPs . AllMusic states that the term jazz - rock `` may refer to the loudest , wildest , most electrified fusion bands from the jazz camp , but most often it describes performers coming from the rock side of the equation . '' The guide states that `` jazz - rock first emerged during the late ' 60s as an attempt to fuse the visceral power of rock with the musical complexity and improvisational fireworks of jazz . Since rock often emphasized directness and simplicity over virtuosity , jazz - rock generally grew out of the most artistically ambitious rock subgenres of the late ' 60s and early ' 70s : psychedelia , progressive rock , and the singer - songwriter movement . '' According to jazz writer Stuart Nicholson , jazz - rock paralleled free jazz in how it was `` on the verge of creating a whole new musical language in the 1960s '' . He said the albums Emergency ! ( 1970 ) by the Tony Williams Lifetime and Agharta ( 1975 ) by Miles Davis `` suggested the potential of evolving into something that might eventually define itself as a wholly independent genre quite apart from the sound and conventions of anything that had gone before . '' This development was stifled by commercialism , Nicholson said , as the genre `` mutated into a peculiar species of jazz - inflected pop music that eventually took up residence on FM radio '' at the end of the 1970s . 1970s ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Trumpeter Miles Davis performing in Rio de Janeiro in 1984 `` Go Ahead John '' Recorded on March 7 , 1970 , `` Go Ahead John '' is an out - take from Miles Davis 's Jack Johnson sessions . It features on the 1974 release Big Fun . <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . Davis ' Bitches Brew sessions , recorded in August 1969 and released the following year , mostly abandoned jazz 's usual swing beat in favor of a rock - style backbeat anchored by electric bass grooves . The recording `` ... mixed free jazz blowing by a large ensemble with electronic keyboards and guitar , plus a dense mix of percussion . '' Davis also drew on the rock influence by playing his trumpet through electronic effects and pedals . While the album gave Davis a gold record , the use of electric instruments and rock beats created a great deal of consternation amongst some more conservative jazz critics . During the 1970s , many of these critics in the jazz community perceived jazz music `` as high art in contrast with the more commercial and less sophisticated rock music '' with which it was being fused . Racial identity was also an essential component of genre conventions , and jazz critics often censured black musicians who deserted the purity of the jazz experience for the white world of rock music . Although Davis was originally denounced by purists , many credit Davis and records such as `` Bitches Brew '' with paving the way for the fusion movement . Davis also proved to be an able talent - spotter ; much of 1970s fusion was performed by bands started by alumni from Davis ' ensembles , including The Tony Williams Lifetime , Weather Report , The Mahavishnu Orchestra , Return to Forever , and Herbie Hancock 's funk - infused Headhunters band . In addition to Davis and the musicians who worked with him , additional important figures in early fusion were Larry Coryell and Billy Cobham , with his album Spectrum . Herbie Hancock first continued the path of Miles Davis with his experimental fusion albums , such as Crossings in 1972 , but soon after that he became an important developer of `` jazz - funk '' with his seminal albums Head Hunters in 1973 and Thrust in 1974 . Later in the 1970s and early 1980s Hancock took a more commercial approach . Hancock was one of the first jazz musicians to use synthesizers . Weather Report began as an experimental group , but eventually garnered a huge following . At its inception , Weather Report was an avant - garde experimental jazz group , following in the steps of In a Silent Way . The band received considerable attention for its early albums and live performances , which featured pieces that might last up to 30 minutes . The band later introduced a more commercial sound , which can be heard in Joe Zawinul 's hit song `` Birdland '' ( 1977 ) . Weather Report 's albums were also influenced by different styles of Latin , African , and European music , offering an early world music fusion variation . Jaco Pastorius , an innovative fretless electric bass player , joined the group in 1976 on the album Black Market , was co-producer ( with Zawinul ) on 1977 's Heavy Weather , and is prominently featured on the 1979 live recording 8 : 30 . Heavy Weather is the top - selling album of the genre . In England , the jazz fusion movement was headed by Nucleus , led by Ian Carr , and whose key players Karl Jenkins and John Marshall both later joined the seminal jazz rock band Soft Machine , leaders of what became known as the Canterbury scene . Their best - selling recording , Third ( 1970 ) , was a double album featuring one track per side in the style of the aforementioned recordings of Miles Davis . A prominent English band in the jazz - rock style of Blood , Sweat & Tears and Chicago was If , who released a total of seven records in the 1970s . Fusion band Return to Forever in 1976 Chick Corea formed his band Return to Forever in 1972 . The band started with Latin - influenced music ( including Brazilians Flora Purim as vocalist and Airto Moreira on percussion ) , but was transformed in 1973 to become a jazz - rock group that took influences from both psychedelic and progressive rock . The new drummer was Lenny White , who had also played with Miles Davis . Return to Forever 's songs were distinctively melodic due to the Corea 's composing style and the bass playing style of Stanley Clarke , who is often regarded with Pastorius as one of the most influential electric bassists of the 1970s . Guitarist Bill Connors joined Corea 's band in 1973 but soon left for his acoustic solo project . He was replaced by guitarist Al Di Meola , who became an important fusion guitarist as well . Guitarist John McLaughlin , during his Mahavishnu Orchestra period . John McLaughlin formed a fusion band , the Mahavishnu Orchestra , with drummer Billy Cobham , violinist Jerry Goodman , bassist Rick Laird and keyboardist Jan Hammer . The band released their first album , The Inner Mounting Flame , in 1971 . Hammer pioneered the use of the Minimoog synthesizer with distortion effects and , with his mastery of the pitch bend wheel , made it sound very much like an electric guitar . The sound of the Mahavishnu Orchestra was influenced by both psychedelic rock and Indian classical sounds . French jazz violinist Jean - Luc Ponty performed on acoustic violin and on amplified , electronic effect - modified electric violins . The band 's first lineup split after two studio albums and one live album , but McLaughlin formed another group under the same name which included Jean - Luc Ponty , a jazz violinist who also made a number of important fusion recordings under his own name as well as with Frank Zappa , drummer Narada Michael Walden , keyboardist Gayle Moran , and bassist Ralph Armstrong . McLaughlin also worked with Latin - rock guitarist Carlos Santana in the early 1970s . Initially Santana 's San Francisco - based band blended Latin salsa , rock , blues , and jazz , featuring Santana 's clean guitar lines set against Latin instrumentation such as timbales and congas . But in their second incarnation , heavy fusion influences had become central to the 1972 -- 1976 sound . These can be heard in Santana 's use of extended improvised solos and in the harmonic voicings of Tom Coster 's keyboard playing on some of the groups ' mid-1970s recordings . In 1973 Santana recorded a nearly two - hour live album of mostly instrumental , jazz - fusion music , Lotus , which was only released in Europe and Japan for more than twenty years . Other influential musicians during the 1970s include fusion guitarist Larry Coryell with his band The Eleventh House and electric guitarist Pat Metheny . The Pat Metheny Group , which was founded in 1977 , made both the jazz and pop charts with their second album , American Garage ( 1980 ) . Although jazz performers criticized the fusion movement 's use of rock styles and electric and electronic instruments , even seasoned jazz veterans like Buddy Rich , Maynard Ferguson and Dexter Gordon eventually modified their music to include fusion elements . The late 1970s saw the emergence of the Steve Morse - led fusion band , the Dixie Dregs . This band fused the sounds of rock , jazz , country , funk , classical , bluegrass and Celtic . The influence of jazz fusion did not only affect the US and Europe . The genre was very influential in Japan in the late 1970s , eventually leading to the formation of bands such as Casiopea and T - Square . T - Square 's song `` Truth '' would later become the theme for Japan 's Formula One racing events . 1980s ( edit ) Smooth jazz ( edit ) Main article : Smooth jazz Spyro Gyra combines jazz with R&B , funk and pop . By the early 1980s , much of the original fusion genre was subsumed into other branches of jazz and rock , especially smooth jazz , a radio - friendly subgenre of fusion which is influenced stylistically by R&B , funk and pop . Smooth jazz can be traced to at least the late 1960s , when producer Creed Taylor worked with guitarist Wes Montgomery on three popular music - oriented records . Taylor founded CTI Records and many established jazz performers recorded for CTI , including Freddie Hubbard , Chet Baker , George Benson and Stanley Turrentine . The records recorded under Taylor 's guidance were typically aimed as much at pop audiences as at jazz fans . In the mid - to late - 1970s , smooth jazz became established as a commercially viable genre . It was pioneered by such artists as Lee Ritenour , Larry Carlton , Grover Washington , Jr. , Spyro Gyra ( with songs such as `` Morning Dance '' ) , George Benson , Chuck Mangione , Sérgio Mendes , David Sanborn , Tom Scott , Dave and Don Grusin , Bob James and Joe Sample . David Sanborn had a string of crossover hits in the 1980s . The merging of jazz and pop / rock music took a more commercial direction in the late 1970s and early 1980s , in the form of compositions with a softer sound palette that could fit comfortably in a soft rock radio playlist . The AllMusic guide 's article on fusion states that `` unfortunately , as it became a money - maker and as rock declined artistically from the mid - ' 70s on , much of what was labeled fusion was actually a combination of jazz with easy - listening pop music and lightweight R&B . '' Artists such as Al Jarreau , Kenny G , Ritenour , James and Sanborn among others were leading purveyors of this pop - oriented mixture ( also known as `` west coast '' or `` AOR fusion '' ) . This genre is most frequently called `` smooth jazz '' and is not considered `` true fusion '' among the listeners of both mainstream jazz and jazz fusion , who find it too rarely contains the improvisational , melodic or harmonic qualities that originally surfaced in jazz decades earlier , deferring to a more commercially viable sound more widely enabled for commercial radio airplay in the United States . Michael and Randy Brecker produced funk - influenced jazz with soloists . Saxophonist David Sanborn was considered a `` soulful '' and `` influential '' voice . However , Kenny G was criticized by both fusion and jazz fans , and some musicians , while having become a huge commercial success . Music reviewer George Graham argues that the `` so - called ' smooth jazz ' sound of people like Kenny G has none of the fire and creativity that marked the best of the fusion scene during its heyday in the 1970s . '' Other styles ( edit ) Although the meaning of `` fusion '' became confused with the advent of `` smooth jazz '' , a number of groups helped to revive the jazz fusion genre beginning in the mid-to - late 1980s . In the 1980s , a critic argued that `` ... the promise of fusion went unfulfilled to an extent , although it continued to exist in groups such as Jeff Lorber , Yellowjackets , Tribal Tech and Chick Corea 's Elektric Band '' . Many of the most well - known fusion artists were members of earlier jazz fusion groups , and some of the fusion `` giants '' of the 1970s kept working in the genre . Miles Davis continued his career after having a lengthy break in the late 1970s . He recorded and performed fusion throughout the 1980s with new young musicians and continued to ignore criticism from fans of his older mainstream jazz . While Davis ' works of the 1980s remain controversial , his recordings from that period have the respect of many fusion and other listeners . In 1985 Chick Corea formed a new fusion band called the Chick Corea Elektric Band , featuring young musicians such as drummer Dave Weckl and bassist John Patitucci , as well as guitarist Frank Gambale and saxophonist Eric Marienthal . Acid jazz , nu jazz and jazz rap ( edit ) Acid jazz developed in the UK in the 1980s and 1990s , influenced by jazz - funk and electronic music . Acid jazz often contains various types of electronic composition ( sometimes including sampling or a live DJ cutting and scratching ) , but it is just as likely to be played live by musicians , who often showcase jazz interpretation as part of their performance . Jazz - funk musicians such as Roy Ayers and Donald Byrd are often credited as the forerunners of acid jazz . Nu jazz is influenced by jazz harmony and melodies , and there are usually no improvisational aspects . It can be very experimental in nature and can vary widely in sound and concept . It ranges from the combination of live instrumentation with the beats of jazz house ( as exemplified by St Germain , Jazzanova and Fila Brazillia ) to more band - based improvised jazz with electronic elements ( for example The Cinematic Orchestra , Kobol and the Norwegian `` future jazz '' style pioneered by Bugge Wesseltoft , Jaga Jazzist and Nils Petter Molvær ) . Jazz rap developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s , and incorporates jazz influences into hip hop . In 1988 , Gang Starr released the debut single `` Words I Manifest '' , which sampled Dizzy Gillespie 's 1962 `` Night in Tunisia '' , and Stetsasonic released `` Talkin ' All That Jazz '' , which sampled Lonnie Liston Smith . Gang Starr 's debut LP No More Mr. Nice Guy ( 1989 ) and their 1990 track `` Jazz Thing '' sampled Charlie Parker and Ramsey Lewis . The groups which made up the Native Tongues Posse tended towards jazzy releases : these include the Jungle Brothers ' debut Straight Out the Jungle ( 1988 ) , and A Tribe Called Quest 's People 's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm ( 1990 ) and The Low End Theory ( 1991 ) . Rap duo Pete Rock & CL Smooth incorporated jazz influences on their 1992 debut Mecca and the Soul Brother . Rapper Guru 's Jazzmatazz series began in 1993 , using jazz musicians during the studio recordings . Though jazz rap had achieved little mainstream success , Miles Davis ' final album Doo - Bop ( released posthumously in 1992 ) was based around hip hop beats and collaborations with producer Easy Mo Bee . Davis ' ex-bandmate Herbie Hancock also absorbed hip - hop influences in the mid-1990s , releasing the album Dis Is Da Drum in 1994 . Punk jazz and jazzcore ( edit ) John Zorn performing in 2006 The relaxation of orthodoxy which was concurrent with post-punk in London and New York City led to a new appreciation of jazz . In London , the Pop Group began to mix free jazz and dub reggae into their brand of punk rock . In New York , no wave took direct inspiration from both free jazz and punk . Examples of this style include Lydia Lunch 's Queen of Siam , Gray , the work of James Chance and the Contortions ( who mixed soul music with free jazz and punk rock ) and the Lounge Lizards ( the first group to call themselves `` punk jazz '' ) . John Zorn took note of the emphasis on speed and dissonance that was becoming prevalent in punk rock , and incorporated this into free jazz with the release of the Spy vs Spy album in 1986 , a collection of Ornette Coleman tunes done in the contemporary thrashcore style . In the same year , Sonny Sharrock , Peter Brötzmann , Bill Laswell and Ronald Shannon Jackson recorded the first album under the name Last Exit , a similarly aggressive blend of thrash and free jazz . These developments are the origins of `` jazzcore '' , the fusion of free jazz with hardcore punk . M - Base ( edit ) Main article : M - Base Steve Coleman in Paris , July 2004 M - Base ( short for `` macro-basic array of structured extemporization '' ) centers around a movement started in the 1980s . It was initially a loose collective of young African - American musicians in New York which included Steve Coleman , Greg Osby and Gary Thomas developing a complex but grooving sound . In the 1990s most M - Base participants turned to more conventional music , but Coleman , the most active participant , continued developing his music in accordance with the M - Base concept . Coleman 's audience decreased , but his music and concepts influenced many musicians , both in terms of music technique and of the music 's meaning . Hence , M - Base changed from a movement of a loose collective of young musicians to a kind of informal Coleman `` school '' , with a much advanced but already originally implied concept . Steve Coleman 's music and M - Base concept gained recognition as `` next logical step '' after Charlie Parker , John Coltrane and Ornette Coleman . 1990s -- 2000s ( edit ) Joe Zawinul 's fusion band , The Zawinul Syndicate , began adding more elements of world music during the 1990s . One of the notable bands that became prominent in the early 1990s is Tribal Tech , led by guitarist Scott Henderson and bassist Gary Willis . Henderson was a member of both Corea 's and Zawinul 's ensembles in the late 1980s while putting together his own group . Tribal Tech 's most common lineup also includes keyboardist Scott Kinsey and drummer Kirk Covington ; Willis and Kinsey have both recorded solo fusion projects . Henderson has also been featured on fusion projects by drummer Steve Smith of Vital Information which also include bassist Victor Wooten of the eclectic Bela Fleck and the Flecktones , recording under the banner Vital Tech Tones . Allan Holdsworth was a guitarist who performed in jazz , fusion , and rock styles . Other guitarists such as Eddie Van Halen , Steve Vai and Yngwie Malmsteen praised his fusion playing . Holdsworth often used experimental instruments such a SynthAxe guitar synthesizer in his recordings of the late 1980s , which he credited for expanding his composing and playing options . Holdsworth continued to release fusion recordings until 2001 and toured worldwide until the early 2010s . Another former Soft Machine guitarist , Andy Summers of The Police , released several fusion albums in the early 1990s . Guitarists John Scofield and Bill Frisell have both made fusion recordings over the past two decades while also exploring other musical styles . Scofield 's Pick Hits Live and Still Warm are fusion examples , while Frisell has maintained a unique approach in drawing heavy influences from traditional music of the United States . Japanese fusion guitarist Kazumi Watanabe released numerous fusion albums throughout the 1980s and 1990s , highlighted by his works such as Mobo Splash and Spice of Life . Brett Garsed and T.J. Helmerich are also watched as prominent fusion guitar players , having released several albums together since the beginning of the 1990s ( Quid Pro Quo ( 1992 ) , Exempt ( 1994 ) , Under the Lash of Gravity ( 1999 ) , Uncle Moe 's Space Ranch ( 2001 ) , Moe 's Town ( 2007 ) ) and collaborating in many other projects or releasing solo albums ( Brett Garsed -- Big Sky ) all them falling in the genre . The saxophonist Bob Berg , who originally came to prominence as a member of Miles Davis 's bands , recorded a number of fusion albums with fellow Miles band member and guitarist Mike Stern . Stern continues to play fusion regularly in New York City and worldwide . They often teamed with the world - renowned drummer Dennis Chambers , who has also recorded his own fusion albums . Chambers is also a member of CAB , led by bassist Bunny Brunel and featuring the guitar and keyboard of Tony MacAlpine . CAB 2 garnered a Grammy nomination in 2002 . MacAlpine has also served as guitarist of the metal fusion group Planet X , featuring keyboardist Derek Sherinian and drummer Virgil Donati . Another former member of Miles Davis 's bands of the 1980s that has released a number of fusion recordings is saxophonist Bill Evans , highlighted by 1992 's Petite Blonde . Fusion shred guitar player and session musician Greg Howe has released solo albums such as Introspection ( 1993 ) , Uncertain Terms ( 1994 ) , Parallax ( 1995 ) , Five ( 1996 ) , Ascend ( 1999 ) , Hyperacuity ( 2000 ) , Extraction ( 2003 ) with electric bassist Victor Wooten and drummer Dennis Chambers , and Sound Proof ( 2008 ) . Howe combines elements of rock , blues and Latin music with jazz influences using a technical , yet melodic guitar style . Ex-Dream Theater drummer Mike Portnoy formed the band Liquid Tension Experiment with guitarist John Petrucci , keyboardist Jordan Rudess and bass guitarist Tony Levin . Their style blended the complex rhythms of jazz fusion and progressive rock along with the heavy sound of progressive metal . Drummer Jack DeJohnette 's Parallel Realities band featuring fellow Miles ' alumni Dave Holland and Herbie Hancock , along with Pat Metheny , recorded and toured in 1990 , highlighted by a DVD of a live performance at the Mellon Jazz Festival in Philadelphia . Jazz bassist Christian McBride released two fusion recordings drawing from the jazz - funk idiom in Sci - Fi ( 2000 ) and Vertical Vision ( 2003 ) . Other significant recent fusion releases have come from keyboardist Mitchel Forman and his band Metro , former Mahavishnu bassist Jonas Hellborg with the late guitar virtuoso Shawn Lane , keyboardist Tom Coster , and Marbin with their unique blend of jazz , rock , blues , gospel , and Israeli folk music . Influence on rock music ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) According to bassist / singer Randy Jackson , jazz fusion is an exceedingly difficult genre to play ; `` I ... picked jazz fusion because I was trying to become the ultimate technical musician - able to play anything . Jazz fusion to me is the hardest music to play . You have to be so proficient on your instrument . Playing five tempos at the same time , for instance . I wanted to try the toughest music because I knew if I could do that , I could do anything . '' Jazz - rock fusion 's technically challenging guitar solos , bass solos and odd metered , syncopated drumming started to be incorporated in the technically focused progressive metal genre in the early 1990s . Progressive rock , with its affinity for long solos , diverse influences , non-standard time signatures and complex music had very similar musical values as jazz fusion . Some prominent examples of progressive rock mixed with elements of fusion is the music of Gong , King Crimson , Ozric Tentacles and Emerson , Lake & Palmer . The death metal band Atheist produced albums Unquestionable Presence in 1991 and Elements in 1993 containing heavily syncopated drumming , changing time signatures , instrumental parts , acoustic interludes , and Latin rhythms . Meshuggah first attracted international attention with the 1995 release Destroy Erase Improve for its fusion of fast - tempo death metal , thrash metal and progressive metal with jazz fusion elements . Cynic recorded a complex , unorthodox form of jazz - fusion - influenced experimental death metal with their 1993 album Focus . In 1997 , G.I.T. guitarist Jennifer Batten under the name of Jennifer Batten 's Tribal Rage : Momentum released Momentum -- an instrumental hybrid of rock , fusion and exotic sounds . Mudvayne is heavily influenced by jazz , especially in bassist Ryan Martinie 's playing . Puya frequently incorporates influences from American and Latin jazz music . Another , more cerebral , all - instrumental progressive jazz fusion - metal band Planet X released Universe in 2000 with Tony MacAlpine , Derek Sherinian ( ex-Dream Theater ) and Virgil Donati ( who has played with Scott Henderson from Tribal Tech ) . The band blends fusion - style guitar solos and syncopated odd - metered drumming with the heaviness of metal . Tech - prog - fusion metal band Aghora formed in 1995 and released their first album , self - titled Aghora , recorded in 1999 with Sean Malone and Sean Reinert , both former members of Cynic . Gordian Knot , another Cynic - linked experimental progressive metal band , released its debut album in 1999 which explored a range of styles from jazz - fusion to metal . The Mars Volta is extremely influenced by jazz fusion , using progressive , unexpected turns in the drum patterns and instrumental lines . The style of Uzbek prog band Fromuz is described as `` prog fusion '' . In lengthy instrumental jams , the band transitions from fusion of rock and ambient world music to jazz and progressive hard rock tones . Influential recordings ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Albums from the late 1960s and early 1970s include Miles Davis ' ambient - sounding In a Silent Way ( 1969 ) and his rock - infused Bitches Brew ( 1970 ) . Davis ' A Tribute to Jack Johnson ( 1971 ) has been cited as `` the purest electric jazz record ever made '' and `` one of the most remarkable jazz - rock discs of the era '' . Davis 's album On the Corner ( 1972 ) , at the time of release one of his most reviled , has since been viewed as having `` set the precedent for a whole subspecies of DJ culture . '' Throughout the 1970s , Weather Report released albums ranging from its 1971 self - titled disc Weather Report ( 1971 ) ( which continued the style of Miles Davis album Bitches Brew ) to 1979 's 8 : 30 . Chick Corea 's Latin - oriented fusion band Return to Forever released influential albums such as 1973 's Light as a Feather . In that same year , Herbie Hancock 's Head Hunters infused jazz - rock fusion with a heavy dose of Sly and the Family Stone - style funk . Virtuoso performer - composers played an important role in the 1970s . In 1976 , fretless bassist Jaco Pastorius released Jaco Pastorius ; electric and double bass player Stanley Clarke released School Days ; and keyboardist Chick Corea released his Latin - infused My Spanish Heart , which received a five - star review from Down Beat magazine . In the 1980s , Chick Corea produced well - regarded albums , including The Chick Corea Elektric Band ( 1986 ) , Light Years ( 1987 ) , and Eye of the Beholder ( 1988 ) . In the early 1990s , Tribal Tech produced two albums , Tribal Tech ( 1991 ) and Reality Check ( 1995 ) . Canadian bassist - composer Alain Caron released his album Rhythm ' n Jazz in 1995 . Mike Stern released Give and Take in 1997 . Jazz fusion record labels ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Top 50 jazz fusion record labels In the last 20 years there have been some important record labels which have specialized in jazz - fusion as well as jazz . Some of them include ESC Records , Tone Center on Shrapnel Records , Favoured Nations , AbstractLogix , Heads Up International , Mack Avenue Records , and Buckyball Music . Due to the small market for instrumental music such as jazz - fusion , artists often release music under their own label or under subdivisions of larger record companies . Some examples include Chick Corea / Ron Moss ' Stretch Records under the Concord Music Group , Dave Grusin and Larry Rosen ( producer ) Grusin / Rosen 's GRP Records through Verve Music Group , Carl Filipiak 's Geometric Records , Merck 's Alex Merck Music GmbH , Frank Gambale 's Wombat Records , Anders Johansson / Jens Johansson 's Heptagon Records and Richard Hallebeek 's Richie Rich Music to name a few . Other solo fusion artists release and promote their own music under their own names such as Allen Hinds , Frans Vollink , Bernhard Lackner , Doug Johns and Geraldo Henrique Bulhões . According to Steven 's Muschalik 's analysis of his Burning Jazz - fusion playlist these are the top 50 jazz - fusion labels from 1995 -- 2015 . See also ( edit ) Jazz portal List of jazz fusion musicians Jazz fusion ensembles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Garry , Jane ( 2005 ) . `` Jazz '' . In Haynes , Gerald D. Encyclopedia of African American Society . SAGE Publications . p. 465 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Raul A. ( 2006 ) . From Afro - Cuban rhythms to Latin jazz . University of California Press . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 93944 - 8 . Retrieved 17 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Acosta , Leonardo ( 2003 : 59 ) . Cubano be , cubano bop : one hundred years of jazz in Cuba . Washington , D.C : Smithsonian Books . ISBN 1 - 58834 - 147 - X Jump up ^ https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d299 Jump up ^ `` Georgie Fame -- Biography , Albums , Streaming Links -- AllMusic '' . allmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` Graham Bond -- Biography , Albums , Streaming Links -- AllMusic '' . allmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` Manfred Mann -- Biography , Albums , Streaming Links -- AllMusic '' . allmusic.com . Jump up ^ S.E. Erlewine , All Music Guide to Jazz ( Backbeat Books , 2002 ) . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 717 - X . Pages 180 - 181 Jump up ^ D. Dicaire , Jazz Musicians , 1945 to the Present ( McFarland , 2006 ) , ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2097 - 9 , p. 213 Jump up ^ Southall , Nick . Review : In a Silent Way . Stylus Magazine . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Unterberger 1998 , pg. 329 Jump up ^ `` The Jazz / Rock Fusion Page : a site is dedicated to Jazz Fusion and related genres with a special emphasis on Jazz / Rock fusion '' . liraproductions.com . ^ Jump up to : N. Tesser , The Playboy Guide to Jazz ( Plume , 1998 ) , ISBN 0 - 452 - 27648 - 9 , p. 178 Jump up ^ S.E. Erlewine , All Music Guide to Jazz ( Backbeat Books , 2002 ) . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 717 - X . p. 178 Jump up ^ Huey , Steve , Hot Rats . Review , Allmusic.com . Retrieved on January 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Miles , 2004 , Frank Zappa , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Lowe , 2006 , The Words and Music of Frank Zappa , p. 74 . Jump up ^ https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d2776 Jump up ^ Harrison , Max ; Thacker , Eric ; Nicholson , Stuart ( 2000 ) . The Essential Jazz Records : Modernism to Postmodernism . A&C Black . p. 614 . ISBN 0 - 7201 - 1822 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jurek , Thom ( November 1 , 2002 ) Review : Big Fun . Allmusic . Retrieved on 2011 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Jazzitude History of Jazz Part 8 : Fusion Archived 2015 - 01 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Briley , Ron ( 2013 ) . `` Review of Birds of Fire : Jazz , Rock , Funk , and the Creation of Fusion '' . 46 ( 3 ) : 465 -- 466 . JSTOR 43264136 . Jump up ^ `` What is smooth jazz ? '' . Smoothjazz.de . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Available online at : https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d299 ^ Jump up to : R. Lawn , Experiencing Jazz ( McGraw - Hill , 2006 ) , ISBN 0 - 07 - 245179 - 3 , p. 341 Jump up ^ George Graham review Jump up ^ Ginell , Richard S. `` allmusic on Roy Ayers '' . Allmusic.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dave Lang , Perfect Sound Forever , February 1999 . ( 1 ) Access date : November 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Bangs , Lester . `` Free Jazz / Punk Rock '' . Musician Magazine , 1979 . ( 2 ) Access date : July 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` '' House Of Zorn `` , Goblin Archives , at '' . Sonic.net . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2010 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Progressive Ears Album Reviews '' . Progressiveears.com . October 19 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2011 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ... circular and highly complex polymetric patterns which preserve their danceable character of popular Funk - rhythms despite their internal complexity and asymmetries ... '' ( Musicologist and musician Ekkehard Jost , Sozialgeschichte des Jazz , 2003 , p. 377 ) Jump up ^ Jazz , All About . `` All About Jazz '' . allaboutjazz.com . Jump up ^ Pianist Vijay Iyer ( who was chosen as `` Jazz musician of the year 2010 '' by the Jazz Journalists Association ) said : `` It 's hard to overstate Steve ( Coleman 's ) influence . He 's affected more than one generation , as much as anyone since John Coltrane . '' ( ( 3 ) ) Jump up ^ `` His recombinant ideas about rhythm and form and his eagerness to mentor musicians and build a new vernacular have had a profound effect on American jazz . '' ( Ben Ratliff , ( 4 ) ) Jump up ^ Vijay Iyer : `` It 's not just that you can connect the dots by playing seven or 11 beats . What sits behind his influence is this global perspective on music and life . He has a point of view of what he does and why he does it . '' ( ( 5 ) ) Jump up ^ Michael J. West ( June 2 , 2010 ) . `` Jazz Articles : Steve Coleman : Vital Information '' . Jazztimes.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What Is M - Base ? '' . M-base.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ In 2014 drummer Billy Hart said that `` Coleman has quietly influenced the whole jazz musical world , '' and is the `` next logical step '' after Charlie Parker , John Coltrane , and Ornette Coleman . ( Source : Kristin E. Holmes , Genius grant saxman Steve Coleman redefining jazz , October 09 , 2014 , web portal Philly.com , Philadelphia Media Network ) Already in 2010 pianist Vijay Iyer ( who was chosen as `` Jazz Musician of the Year 2010 '' by the Jazz Journalists Association ) said : `` To me , Steve ( Coleman ) is as important as ( John ) Coltrane . He has contributed an equal amount to the history of the music . He deserves to be placed in the pantheon of pioneering artists . '' ( Source : Larry Blumenfeld , A Saxophonist 's Reverberant Sound , June 11 , 2010 , The Wall Street Journal ) In September 2014 , Coleman was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship ( a.k.a. `` Genius Grant '' ) for `` redefining the vocabulary and vernaculars of contemporary music . '' ( Source : Kristin E. Holmes , Genius grant saxman Steve Coleman redefining jazz , October 09 , 2014 , web portal Philly.com , Philadelphia Media Network ) Jump up ^ `` ( 6 ) '' . books.google.com . Retrieved 24 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Ratliff , Ben ( September 28 , 2000 ) . `` Review of L.D. 50 '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jon Wiederhorn , `` Hellyeah : Night Riders '' , Revolver , March 2007 , p. 60 - 64 ( link to Revolver back issues Archived 2007 - 09 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . ) Jump up ^ Mateus , Jorge Arévalo ( 2004 ) . `` Boricua Rock '' . In Hernandez , Deborah Pacini . Rockin ' las Américas : the global politics of rock in Latin / o America . D. Fernández , Héctor l'Hoeste ; Zolov , Eric . University of Pittsburgh Press . pp. 94 -- 98 . ISBN 0 - 8229 - 5841 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Music review of Overlook CD by Fromuz ( 2008 ) ( RockReviews ) '' . rockreviews.org . Jump up ^ Jurek , Thom . Review : A Tribute to Jack Johnson . AllMusic . Retrieved on 2010 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Fordham , John . Review : A Tribute to Jack Johnson . The Guardian . Retrieved on 2010 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ ESC Records http://www.esc-records.de/public/index_en.html Jump up ^ Tone Center http://www.shrapnelrecords.com/content/shrapnel-label-group Jump up ^ AbstractLogix http://www.abstractlogix.com/ Jump up ^ Heads Up International http://www.concordmusicgroup.com/labels/heads-up/ Jump up ^ Mack Avenue Records http://www.mackavenue.com/ Jump up ^ Buckyball Music http://buckyballmusic.com/ Jump up ^ `` About Ron Moss '' . wordpress.com. 17 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Geometric Records `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Alex Merck Music GmbH https://www.discogs.com/label/130531-Alex-Merck-Music-GmbH Jump up ^ Wombat Records http://www.frankgambale.com/frank_gambale_discography.html Jump up ^ Heptagon Records https://www.discogs.com/label/70703-Heptagon-Records Jump up ^ Richie Rich Music http://www.richardhallebeek.com/bio/ Jump up ^ Top Jazz - Fusion Record Labels http://stevenmuschalik.com/top_jazzfusion_record_labels.html Further reading ( edit ) Julie Coryell & Laura Friedman , ed . Jazz Rock Fusion `` The People , The Music '' , Hal Leonard . ISBN 0 - 440 - 54409 - 2 pbk . Jazz Rock : A History , Stuart Nicholson , Éd . Canongate Power , Passion and Beauty -- The Story of the Legendary Mahavishnu Orchestra , Walter Kolosky , ed . Abstract Logix Books Jazz Hot Encyclopédie `` Fusion '' , Guy Reynard , ed. de L'instant Weather Report - Une Histoire du Jazz Electrique , Christophe Delbrouck , ed . Le Mot et le Reste , ISBN 978 - 2 - 915378 - 49 - 8 The Extraordinary and Tragic Life of Jaco Pastorius ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) backbeatbooks . by Bill Milkowski Jeff 's book : A chronology of Jeff Beck 's career 1965 -- 1980 : From the Yardbirds to Jazz - Rock . Rock ' n ' Roll Research Press , ( 2000 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9641005 - 3 - 4 Birds of Fire : Jazz , Rock , Funk , and the Creation of Fusion ( Refiguring American Music ) . Fellezs , Kevin ; Ronald Radano , Josh Kun , ( 2011 ) . Duke University Press Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 5047 - 7 External links ( edit ) Library resources about Jazz fusion Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Jazzfusion.tv , the Web 's largest open access source for non-commercially released classic jazz fusion audio recordings , circa 1970s -- 1980s , curated by Rich Rivkin , featuring works by most of the artists referenced in the above article A History of Jazz - Rock Fusion by Al Garcia , a writer for Guitar Player Magazine 's `` Spotlight '' column who also performs in the group Continuum BendingCorners , a monthly non-profit podcast site of jazz and jazz - inspired grooves including fusion , nu - jazz , and other subgenres <Th_colspan="2"> hide Jazz General topics Outline of jazz `` Jazz '' Jazz band Big band Improvisation Jam session Scat singing Swing performance Jazz bass Jazz drumming Jazz guitar Jazz piano Jazz violin Vocal jazz Women in jazz Genres Acid jazz Avant - garde jazz Azerbaijani jazz Jazz mugham Bebop Bossa nova Cape jazz Chamber jazz Cool jazz Crossover jazz Dixieland Folk jazz Free jazz European free jazz Free funk Free improvisation Gypsy jazz Hard bop Indo jazz Jazz blues Jazz - funk Jazz fusion Jazz rap Kansas City jazz Latin jazz Afro - Cuban jazz M - Base Mainstream jazz Modal jazz Neo-bop jazz Nu jazz Orchestral jazz Organ trio Post-bop Progressive jazz Punk jazz Ska jazz Smooth jazz Soul jazz Stride Swing Neo-swing Third stream Trad jazz West Coast jazz Yass Musicians Bassists Clarinetists Drummers Guitarists Organists Percussionists Pianists Saxophonists Trombonists Trumpeters Vibraphonists Violinists Vocalists Musicians by genre Bebop Chamber jazz Cool jazz & West Coast jazz Hard bop Jazz blues Jazz fusion Scat Smooth jazz Soul jazz Swing Standards Pre-1920 1920s 1930s 1940s post-1950 Discographies Bethlehem Blue Note BYG Actuel Cobblestone Contemporary CTI ECM ESP - Disk Flying Dutchman Freedom Groove Merchant Impulse ! 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1. Jazz fusion 2. Musical genre 3. Jazz rock 4. Electric instruments 5. Improvisation

where does the phrase apple of my eye come from

Apple of my eye - wikipedia Apple of my eye Jump to : navigation , search King games had fallen in love in the 1642 he called his love `` apple of his eyes '' so that no one would ever take her away ( from him ) although it work she never fell in love with him . This article is about the phrase . For the Badfinger song , see Apple of My Eye ( song ) . This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : lack of organizational structure Please help improve this article if you can . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The phrase apple of my eye refers to something or someone that one cherishes above all others . Its meaning does indeed derive from an expression signifying the pupil of the eye , one of the most sensitive parts of the body . For example , one can tolerate an eyelash on the white of his eye , but let it barely touch the pupil , and everything else is of secondary importance . Origin ( edit ) The Bible references below ( from the King James Version , translated in 1611 ) contain the English idiom `` apple of my eye . '' However the Hebrew literally says , `` little man of the eye . '' The Hebrew idiom also refers to the pupil , and has the same meaning , but does not parallel the English use of `` apple . '' The earliest appearance of the term is found in King Alfred 's writing in the ninth century AD . Originally this term simply referred to the `` aperture at the centre of the human eye '' viz . the pupil . Shakespeare also used it in the 1590s when he wrote A Midsummer Night 's Dream : `` Flower of this purple dye , / Hit with Cupid 's archery , / Sink in apple of his eye '' . It also appears in the King James Bible Translation from 1611 : Deuteronomy 32 : 10 He found him in a desert land , and in the waste howling wilderness ; he led him about , he instructed him , he kept him as the apple of his eye . in the Book of Psalms 17 : 8 Keep me as the apple of the eye , hide me under the shadow of thy wings in Proverbs 7 : 2 Keep my commandments , and live ; and my law as the apple of thine eye . Lamentations 2 : 18 Their heart cried unto the Lord , O wall of the daughter of Zion , let tears run down like a river day and night : give thyself no rest ; let not the apple of thine eye cease . as well as in Zechariah 2 : 8 For thus saith the LORD of hosts ; After the glory hath he sent me unto the nations which spoiled you : for he that toucheth you toucheth the apple of his eye . The original Hebrew for this idiom , in all but Zechariah 2 : 8 , was ' iyshown ' ayin ( אישון עין ) , and can be literally translated as `` Little Man of the Eye . '' This is a reference to the tiny reflection of yourself that you can see in other people 's pupils . Other KJV translations of the word ' iyshown include dark and obscure , as a reference to the darkness of the pupil . This Hebrew idiom is surprisingly close to the Latin version , pupilla , which means a little doll , and is a diminutive form of pupus , boy , or pupa , girl ( the source also for our other sense of pupil to mean a schoolchild . ) It was applied to the dark central portion of the eye within the iris because of the tiny image of oneself , like a puppet or marionette , that one can see when looking into another person 's eye . In the Old Babylonian period ( c. 1800 - 1600 BC ) in ancient Mesopotamia , the expression `` protective spirit of the eye '' is attested , perhaps describing the same phenomenon . In Zechariah 2 : 8 , the Hebrew phrase used is bava ' ayin ( בבה עין ) . The meaning of bava is disputed . It may mean `` apple '' ; and if so , the phrase used in Zechariah 2 : 8 literally refers to the `` apple of the eye . '' However , it appears that most Hebrew scholars think this Hebrew phrase communicated the meaning conveyed by the English word , `` eyeball '' ( E.g. , see The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament In popular culture ( edit ) In 1973 British pop band Badfinger released a single titled `` Apple of My Eye '' ( written by Pete Ham ) as a reference to Apple Records , the label which had been producing their albums , but that now they were leaving for Warner Bros. Records . Stevie Wonder also used the phrase in the third line of the lyrics to his song , `` You Are the Sunshine of My Life . '' Sources ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary : Apple ( section 6 B) `` the particular object of a person 's affection or regard Jump up ^ `` Apple of one 's eye '' . The Word Detective . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . `` ap ' - ' - l : '' . Bible Study Tools . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . `` The meanings and origins of sayings and phrases '' . Phrases.org.uk . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . `` Apple of My Eye '' . IdiomSite.com . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2012 . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . `` Apple of one 's eye '' . WorldWideWords.org . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Gregory I. Pope ( January 1 , 1999 ) . King Alfred 's West - Saxon Version of Gregory 's Pastoral Care . Elibron.com . p. 68 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4021 - 9636 - 2 . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association , Vol. 73 , 1942 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apple_of_my_eye&oldid=802318734 '' Categories : English phrases Biblical phrases Metaphors referring to food and drink Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from June 2016 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from June 2016 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from June 2016 Use mdy dates from October 2012 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 12 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Apple of my eye 2. Origin of the phrase 3. Meaning and significance 4. Biblical references 5. Use in popular culture

what is the purpose of a supplier invoice

Invoice processing - wikipedia Invoice processing Invoice processing involves the handling of incoming invoices from arrival to post . Invoices have many variations and types . In general , invoices are grouped into two types : 1 . Invoices associated with a request or purchase order 2 . Invoices that do not have an associated request ( no purchase order ) . Most organizations have clear instructions regarding processing incoming invoices . Different sets of instructions are commonly found in most organizations regarding the handling of purchase order invoices or non-purchase order invoices . The main department that processes invoices is known as accounts payable department . The process involving a supplier invoice is also known as purchase - to - pay . Contents ( hide ) 1 Typical Process 2 Automatic Process 3 Automation Software 4 References Typical process ( edit ) A typical process involving paying a supplier invoice begins at the arrival of invoice at the door of the organization regardless of the methods of arrival such as via email , postal mail , facsimile , etc . Once the invoice arrives , the accounts payable clerk must ensure that the document is indeed an invoice . Then the clerk classifies and sorts the invoice into various categories . The definition of various categories is not always the same across different organizations but is normally defined by each organization . Once its category defined , the invoice is forwarded to the responsible person for that particular invoice . This is normally the person who has placed that order . If there has been a purchase order involved when placing that order , the invoice must then be matched against the purchase order to ensure that the amount invoiced is correctly stated on the invoice . If the amount is right and the goods have arrived , the responsible person will have to approve the invoice by signing off on it . If the amount invoiced exceeds a certain amount that is limited by the organization , the superior of that person may have to approve the invoice as well . This , of course , differs from organization to organization . Once the invoice has been approved and there have been no variances , the invoice is posted into the accounting system . A manual invoice process can sometimes exceed 15 steps before the final posting is done . Automatic process ( edit ) Technology has long enabled the automation of invoice processing from arrival to post . This means that at arrival of the invoice , the same accounts payable clerk will only need to scan the invoice into an automation software . The automation software then converts the invoice 's scanned image into a text researchable document . The different fields on an invoice can also be defined into the software so that it remembers which fields it should capture and register into the ERP systems , for instance , the amount purchase , the quantity , the supplier name , the supplier code , and so on . The benefits of an automatic processing work flow may include reduced human error , on - demand reports , and data resilience . Most automation software today integrates into common organizational ERP systems such as those offered by Dajon Data Management SAP , and Microsoft . In an automatic process , once the data is extracted or captured from the invoice the data is sent into the system for automatic matching against the purchase order . This matching process can compare just the invoice data with that shown on the purchase order or be expanded to include a deeper level that looks at the receiving documents . Workflow steps can be configured such that the responsible person will then receive an email alert so that he or she can approve the invoice . If there are other people involved in the approval work flow , email alerts to them will also be automatically generated . The typical workflow is a four step process beginning with 1 . Import of the images through scanning or email , 2 . Identification of the vendor and business unit associated with the invoice , 3 . Data extraction , and 4 . Export of the extracted data and images . Automation software ( edit ) Pay Stream Advisors , an industry analyst , has defined accounts payable automation as the solutions and services which automate the people and paper - based processing invoices for approval and posting into the accounting system . According to the Document Imaging Report , issue no . 8 - 17 - 07 , there are around 3757 invoice processing applications in the world . In the 2008 report , `` Optical Character Recognition : Invoice Imaging and Data Capture for Accounts Payable , '' Pay Stream advisors writes : Intelligent Data Capture ( IDC ) or learning systems enable end users to extract content from invoices without the system having to learn the layout of the invoice . Some intelligent engines are able to correctly sort batches on the fly , locate data fields such as invoice and PO number , as well as line item information , and then extract the desired content from those data fields . Intelligent solutions do not require the coding of rules or design form templates . Rather the system learns by reviewing a relatively small number of invoice samples . This helps the system scale to large invoice volumes and widely varying document layouts without requiring a human operator to specify a template for each one , or explicitly create and tune an extensive library of keywords . Invoice processing automation software has emerged as what one consulting company has called a `` disruptive innovation '' whereby this new technological innovation has created a demand for a whole line of software products that previously did not exist . An example given was GPS tracking software for caregivers who were dealing with relatives suffering with dementia . Invoice processing software as a disruptive innovation has produced tremendous labor savings to the extent that many companies have begun to consider it as a commodity much like word processing software . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Business Process : Vendor Payment Process - PO Invoices '' . 11 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 11 March 2009 . Retrieved 6 September 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.obfs.uillinois.edu/obfshome.cfm?level=2&path=payments&xmldata=processinvoices Jump up ^ `` Invoice Processing Procedure ( Accounts Payable ) '' . 11 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 11 February 2012 . Retrieved 6 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fingate - iProcurement : How to Upload an Invoice '' . Retrieved 6 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two Way Match of AP Invoice and Purchase Order - UFCINC.COM '' . Retrieved 6 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Import von Rechnungen ( CSV ) '' . rechnungsverwalter.de . Jump up ^ `` OCR Invoice Processing Software '' . Jump up ^ `` Outsource invoice processing '' . Jump up ^ `` Document Imaging Report - DOCUMENT IMAGING TALK '' . Retrieved 6 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Optical Character Recognition : Invoice Imaging and Data Capture for Accounts Payable Jump up ^ Hill , Jim . `` Disruptive Innovation Part 1 : Software Impacting Daily Lives User Friendly Consulting , Inc Blog Company '' . UFC , Inc . Document Scanning and Forms Processing Software . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim . `` Disruptive Innovation Part 2 : Invoice Processing Software User Friendly Consulting , Inc Blog Company '' . UFC , Inc . Document Scanning and Forms Processing Software . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Invoice_processing&oldid=843612962 '' Categories : Accounting systems Accounts payable Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 08 : 28 . About Wikipedia

1. Invoice processing 2. Accounts payable department 3. Purchase-to-pay process 4. Manual invoice process 5. Automatic invoice processing

who's the lady that played wonder woman

Gal Gadot - wikipedia Gal Gadot This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 29 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Israeli actress and model <Th_colspan="2"> Gal Gadot <Td_colspan="2"> Gadot in July 2016 ( 1985 - 04 - 30 ) 30 April 1985 ( age 33 ) Petah Tikva , Israel Citizenship Israeli Alma mater IDC Herzliya Occupation Actress model Years active 2004 -- present Height 178 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) Spouse ( s ) Yaron Varsano ( m . 2008 ) Children Awards Miss Israel 2004 Website galgadot.com Gal Gadot - Varsano ( Hebrew : גל גדות ‎ ( ˈɡal ɡaˈdot ) ; born 30 April 1985 ) is an Israeli actress and model . She was born and raised in Israel . At age 18 she was crowned Miss Israel 2004 . She then served a mandatory two years in the Israel Defense Forces as a combat instructor . She began studying at IDC Herzliya college before pursuing modeling and acting . Gadot 's first film role came as Gisele Yashar in The Fast and the Furious film franchise . She went on to achieve wide recognition for portraying Wonder Woman in the DC Extended Universe , starting with Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) , and then the solo film Wonder Woman and the ensemble Justice League ( both 2017 ) . In 2018 , Gadot was included on Time 's annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 1.1 Military service 2 Career 2.1 Modeling and pageant career 2.2 Acting 3 Other work 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Commercials 5.4 Pageants 6 Awards and nominations 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Early Life ( edit ) Gal Gadot was born in Petah Tikva and raised in its neighbouring city of Rosh HaAyin . In Hebrew , her first name means `` wave '' and her surname means `` riverbanks '' . Her parents are Irit ( née Weiss ) , a teacher , and Michael Gadot , an engineer . Both her parents were born in Israel , and they Hebraized their surname from `` Greenstein '' . Her father is a sixth - generation Israeli . Her maternal grandparents were born in Europe ; her grandfather , who was imprisoned in the Auschwitz concentration camp , survived the Holocaust , and her grandmother left before the Nazi invasion . Gadot has stated that she was brought up in a `` very Jewish , Israeli family environment '' . Her ancestry is Polish - Jewish , Austrian - Jewish , German - Jewish , and Czech - Jewish . She has one younger sister , Dana . Her high school major was biology . She says that in high school she was good at basketball because of her height . As a teenager , her first jobs were babysitting and at Burger King . As an adult , Gadot studied law and international relations at the IDC Herzliya college . Military service ( edit ) Gadot served for two years as an enlisted soldier in the Israel Defense Forces , as a combat instructor . She said of her time in the IDF : `` You give two or three years , and it 's not about you . You learn discipline and respect . '' Gadot says that her background helped her to win the role of Gisele in Fast & Furious : `` I think the main reason was that the director Justin Lin really liked that I was in the military , and he wanted to use my knowledge of weapons . '' Career ( edit ) Gadot at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con panel for Justice League Modeling and pageant career ( edit ) At age 18 , Gadot won the 2004 Miss Israel beauty pageant , and next competed in the Miss Universe 2004 pageant in Ecuador . She carried out her two - year military service from the age of 20 , then studied law . Gadot has led international campaigns as a model for Miss Sixty , Huawei smartphones , Captain Morgan rum , Gucci fragrances and Vine Vera skincare ranges , and Jaguar Cars . In 2015 , she became the face of Gucci 's Bamboo perfume brand . She has featured as the covergirl on Cosmopolitan , Glamour , Bride Magazine , Entertainment Weekly , UMM , Cleo , Fashion , Lucire , FHM . Gadot has been the main model for fashion brand Castro in 2008 -- 16 . In 2013 , her combined annual modelling and acting salary was estimated at NIS 2.4 million , which was ahead of a number of other famous Israeli models such as Esti Ginzburg and Shlomit Malka , though significantly behind Bar Refaeli . In 2007 , 21 - year - old Gadot was in the Maxim photo shoot , `` Women of the IDF '' , and was then featured on the cover of the New York Post . In April 2012 , Shalom Life ranked her Number 5 on its list of `` the 50 most talented , intelligent , funny , and gorgeous Jewish women in the world '' , behind model Bar Refaeli and actress Eva Green . In 2014 , Gadot was one of two Israeli actresses , along with Odeya Rush , listed as an upcoming leading lady by InStyle magazine . Acting ( edit ) After Gadot had completed her first year of university , a casting director contacted her agent to have Gadot audition for the part of Bond girl Camille Montes in the spy film Quantum of Solace . Although the part eluded her , a few months later , Gadot starred in the 2008 Israeli drama Bubot . Three months later , the casting director from her Quantum of Solace audition cast Gadot for the role of Gisele Yashar in the action film Fast & Furious , the fourth film in The Fast & the Furious franchise , having earned the role over six other actresses . Gadot performed her own stuntwork in those films . In 2010 , she had small roles in the action - comedy Date Night and the action - adventure comedy Knight and Day . 2011 brought her back to The Fast & the Furious franchise , reprising her role as Gisele in Fast Five , and in 2013 's Fast & Furious 6 . Ben Affleck , Henry Cavill , and Gadot at the San Diego Comic - Con panel for Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice in 2014 Gadot played Wonder Woman in the superhero movie Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) . Gadot received swordsmanship , Kung Fu , kickboxing , capoeira and Brazilian jiu - jitsu training in preparation for the role . Gadot 's performance as the superhero , which is the first time for the character on film , was hailed as one of the best parts of the film . Also in 2016 , she had a small role in John Hillcoat 's crime - thriller Triple 9 , where she starred along with Kate Winslet and Aaron Paul . Later that year , she co-starred in the action crime thriller film Criminal , as the wife of Ryan Reynolds ' character , alongside Kevin Costner , Gary Oldman , and Tommy Lee Jones . Her final film of 2016 was the action comedy Keeping Up with the Joneses , in which she played a secret agent , alongside Isla Fisher and Jon Hamm . In 2017 , Gadot starred in a solo film for her character , Wonder Woman . She reprised the role in the ensemble film Justice League , which was released on 17 November 2017 , and was her third DC Extended Universe installment . In 2017 Gadot was also invited to become a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Other work ( edit ) Gadot with actor Jesse Eisenberg in 2015 Gadot , fellow Wonder Woman actress Lynda Carter , DC Entertainment President Diane Nelson , Wonder Woman director Patty Jenkins and U.N. Under - Secretary General Cristina Gallach appeared at the United Nations on 21 October 2016 , the 75th anniversary of the first appearance of Wonder Woman , to mark the character 's designation by the United Nations as its `` Honorary Ambassador for the Empowerment of Women and Girls '' . The gesture was intended to raise awareness of UN Sustainable Development Goal No. 5 , which seeks to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls by 2030 . The decision was met with protests from UN staff members who stated in their petition to UN Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon that the character is `` not culturally encompassing or sensitive '' , and served to objectify women . As a result , the character was stripped of the designation , and the project ended 16 December . Personal Life ( edit ) Gadot married Israeli real estate developer Yaron Varsano in 2008 . They have two daughters . Until 2015 , the couple owned a luxury hotel in Tel Aviv , which Gadot says she helped to run , including changing the bedsheets in the rooms herself . They sold their hotel to Roman Abramovich in 2015 for $ 26 million . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Director ( s ) Notes 2009 Fast & Furious Gisele Yashar Justin Lin Date Night Natanya Shawn Levy Knight and Day Naomi James Mangold 2011 Fast Five Gisele Yashar Justin Lin 2013 Fast & Furious 6 2014 Kicking Out Shoshana Mirit Ben Harush Shay Kanot Israeli film 2015 Furious 7 Gisele Yashar James Wan Credited and appears in a deleted scene 2016 Triple 9 Elena Vlaslov John Hillcoat Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Diana Prince / Wonder Woman Zack Snyder Criminal Jill Pope Ariel Vromen Keeping Up with the Joneses Natalie Jones Greg Mottola 2017 Wonder Woman Diana Prince / Wonder Woman Patty Jenkins Justice League Zack Snyder 2019 Wonder Woman 2 Patty Jenkins Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 Bubot Miriam `` Merry '' Elkayam Israeli series 2009 Entourage Lisa Episode : `` Amongst Friends '' The Beautiful Life Olivia 3 episodes 2011 Asfur Kika Israeli series 2012 Kathmandu Yamit Bareli Eretz Nehederet Herself 2017 Saturday Night Live Herself ( host ) Episode : `` Gal Gadot / Sam Smith '' Commercials ( edit ) Company Year Promoting Region Ref . Castro 2009 -- 14 Fashion Israel Vine Vera 2013 Cosmetics United States Careline 2014 -- 15 Cosmetics Israel Huawei 2015 Smartphone : Huawei P9 Israel Kering 2015 Fragrance : Gucci Bamboo United States Erroca 2017 Sunglasses Israel Wix Website United States GTArcade Video game : League of Angels : Paradise Island China Revlon 2018 Cosmetics United States Huawei 2018 Smartphone : Huawei P20 United States Pageants ( edit ) Year Title Status Notes Miss Israel 2004 Herself Winner Miss Universe 2004 Miss Israel Participant Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominated work Result Ref . 2016 Chinese American Film Festival Most Popular US Actress in China Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Breakout Star Nominated Choice Movie : Scene Stealer Nominated Critics ' Choice Awards Best Actress in an Action Movie Nominated Women Film Critics Circle Awards Best Female Action Hero Nominated 2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Comedy Actress Keeping Up with the Joneses Nominated Choice Movie : Action Actress Wonder Woman Won Choice Movie : Actress Summer Nominated Choice Movie : Ship ( shared with Chris Pine ) Nominated Choice Liplock ( shared with Chris Pine ) Nominated Detroit Film Critics Society Breakthrough Nominated North Texas Film Critics Association Best Actress Nominated National Board of Review Awards Spotlight Award Won 2018 Palm Springs International Film Festival Rising Star Award - Actress Won Santa Barbara Film Festival Virtuosos Award Won Critics ' Choice Awards # SeeHer Award N / A Won Saturn Awards Best Actress Wonder Woman Pending MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Fight ( Wonder Woman vs German Soldiers ) Pending Best Hero Pending See also ( edit ) Israeli fashion Women in Israel Women in the Israel Defense Forces References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kadmi , Sivan ( 1 April 2010 ) . `` גל גדות '' ( Gal Gadot ) ( in Hebrew ) . Ynet . Jump up ^ `` גל גדות על פרשת אופק בוכריס : `` איפה הצדק ? '' `` . Jump up ^ IMAX ( 15 May 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman : Gal Gadot and Chris Pine '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Gal Gadot '' . AllMovie.com . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Caity . `` Gal Gadot Kicks Ass '' . GQ Magazine . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( 4 December 2013 ) . `` Emerging Star Gal Gadot Set For Wonder Woman In ' Batman Vs. Superman ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gal Gadot to Play Wonder Woman in ' Batman vs. Superman ' '' . Variety . 4 December 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TIME 100 : The Most Influential People of 2018 '' . Time . April 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chatting With ' Fast Five ' Star Gal Gadot '' . The Forward. 2 May 2011 . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Halutz , Avshalom ( 6 December 2013 ) . `` Who is Gal Gadot , Hollywood 's next Wonder Woman ? '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott , Becky ( 30 May 2017 ) . `` Have You Been Pronouncing Gal Gadot Wrong ? '' . The Forward . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Gal Gadot May 29 , 2017 at 8 : 37pm UTC '' . Instagram . ^ Jump up to : Alex Morris ( 24 August 2017 ) . `` Gal Gadot on Becoming Wonder Woman , the Biggest Action Hero of the Year '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` יום השואה : מפורסמים משתפים בזכרון אישי -- וואלה ! סלבס '' ( in Hebrew ) . Jump up ^ `` מס ' 16 : גל גדות '' ( in Hebrew ) . Ynet. 9 February 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Features And Reviews '' . TotallyJewish.com . Archived from the original on 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Morrow , Brendan ( 1 June 2017 ) . `` Gal Gadot 's Family : 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know '' . Heavy.com . Archived from the original on 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Living in Los Angeles , Actress Gal Gadot Says She Misses Israeli ' Chutzpah ' '' . Algemeiner.com . Jump up ^ Hirschberg , Lynn . `` Gal Gadot Listened to Beyoncé to Prepare for Her Wonder Woman Audition '' . Jump up ^ `` Gal Gadot is Wonder Woman : ' She is Not Relying on a Man , and She 's Not There Because of a Love Story '' . Glamour . March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` סופר ־ גירל -- ידיעות אחרונות '' ( in Hebrew ) . Yediot.co.il. 22 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Chatting With ' Fast Five ' Star Gal Gadot , Curt Schleier , 2 May 2011 Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman Star Gal Gadot Dazzled as Miss Israel '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Batman v Superman Dawn of Justice - Gal Gadot Official Interview ( 2016 ) '' . Film Is Now . 25 March 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Romeyn , Kathryn ( 9 July 2015 ) . `` Wonder Woman Gal Gadot is the Face of Gucci 's New Fragrance '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Israeli Fashion Retailer Torn Between Daring Spirit and Need to Please the Masses '' . Haaretz . Jump up ^ הדוגמניות המרוויחות ביותר בישראל Forbes Israel , June 2013 Jump up ^ Ashley Baylen ( 12 April 2012 ) . `` Top 50 Hottest Jewish Women ( 10 -- 1 ) -- Page2 '' . Shalom Life . Archived from the original on 27 July 2013 . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Berger , Elia ( 8 June 2014 ) , Israel 's Gal Gadot and Odeya Rush get noticed as Hollywood 's newest leading ladies , The Jerusalem Post Jump up ^ `` IGN : New Furious Babe '' . IGN . Newscorp. 4 March 2008 . Retrieved 16 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gal Gadot : Too fast too furious ? '' . Israelenews.com . Retrieved 16 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Simone ( 4 December 2013 ) . `` Gal Gadot is Wonder Woman : Israeli badass takes on the boys in ' Batman vs. Superman ' '' . The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles . Jump up ^ `` JUF : Teens : Celebrities : Gal Gadot '' . JUF . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Get Ready to Experience the Wonder of Gal Gadot '' . Think Magazine . June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Doran , Michael ( 27 December 2013 ) . `` Gal Gadot Responds to Being ' Too Skinny ' for Wonder Woman '' . Newsarama . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Russell , Scarlett ( 27 March 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman reborn : how she stole limelight from Batman and Superman '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Flemming Jr. , Mike ( 5 February 2014 ) . `` Open Road Acquires Domestic On ' Triple Nine ; ' Michael B. Jordan , Aaron Paul , Gal Gadot , Michael Pena Join Killer Cast '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 12 August 2014 ) . `` Wonder Woman Actress Gal Gadot Joins Kevin Costner in ' Criminal ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Criminal ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 4 / 20 / 15 : Michael Bay Starts TMNT Sequel , Gal Gadot Begins Keeping Up With the Joneses , Natalie Dormer Wraps Shooting on Patient Zero '' . ssninsider.com. April 20 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2015 . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gal Gadot cast as Wonder Woman : Comics world reacts on Twitter '' . Los Angeles Times . 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Begley , Chris . `` Gal Gadot signed a 3 - movie deal as Wonder Woman ( video ) '' . Batman News . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Gal Gadot Signs Three - Picture Deal with Warner Bros '' . Variety . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Rottenberg , Josh ( 28 June 2017 ) . `` Motion picture academy opens its doors to 774 new members as push for diversity continues '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : Serrao , Nivea ( 13 October 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman named UN Honorary Ambassador for empowerment of women and girls '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : `` Wonder Woman Named the United Nations ' Honorary Ambassador for the Empowerment of Women and Girls '' . Business Wire. 21 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Elizabeth ( 13 December 2016 ) . `` UN drops Wonder Woman as honorary ambassador '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Vilkomerson , Sara . `` Gal Gadot Is Wonder Woman : `` She Is Not Relying on a Man , and She 's Not There Because of a Love Story '' `` . Glamour . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Wonderwall.com Editors 2 : 36 pm PDT , 26 July 2016 ( 26 July 2016 ) . `` Gal Gadot daughter Alma Varsano -- Gal Gadot Wonder Woman things to know Gallery '' . Wonderwall.com . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman Gal Gadot : My Daughter Made Me Appreciate the Importance of Female Superheroes '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 15 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` And then we were four '' . Twitter . 20 March 2017 . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Between the sheets with model Israeli '' , Jewish News , 2 June 2011 , archived from the original on 24 March 2016 Jump up ^ Shlomit Tsur ( 13 April 2015 ) . `` Roman Abramovich buys Tel Aviv hotel '' Archived 10 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Globes Jump up ^ `` Watch a Furious 7 Deleted Scene With Letty and Gisele '' . / Film . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Castro - Winter 2009 '' . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Castro Jeans '' . Vimeo . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GAL GADOT . VINE VERA . COMMERCIAL '' . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` מייק אפ StayLong במבצע אפריל ! '' . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Careline Perfume - Gal Gadot '' . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HUAWEI Commercial Gal Gadot - Director : Dror Shaul '' . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gal Gadot for Gucci Bamboo '' . Vimeo . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GAL GADOT FOR ERROCA 2017 '' . YouTube . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wix.com Big Game Ad with Jason Statham & Gal Gadot '' . Vimeo . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` League of Angels TV Commercial Endorsed By Gal Gadot '' . YouTube . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gal Gadot Revlon '' . Vimeo . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Huawei P20 Pro Trailer Official Ft . Gal Gadot '' . YouTube . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Monetti , Sandro ( 4 November 2016 ) . `` Blunder Woman ? Gal Gadot Gets Wrong Gong -- Entity '' . Entity . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 -- Captain America : Civil War Leads Second Wave of Nominations '' . E !. 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best Actress -- ' La La Land , ' ' Arrival , ' ' Moonlight ' Top Critics ' Choice Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Women Film Critics Circle Nomination Award Picks For 2016 '' . criticalwomen.blogspot.co.il . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : The Complete List '' . E ! News . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards '' . Detroit Film Critics Society . 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 from the NTFCA '' . North Texas Film Critics Association . 9 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Board Of Review Winners : ' The Post ' Comes Up Strong With Best Pic , Best Actress Meryl Streep , Best Actor Tom Hanks '' . 28 November 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Timothée Chalamet and Sam Rockwell Set for PSIFF Honors , Lois Smith Gets Lifetime Achievement Award , and More '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gal Gadot , Kumail Nanjiani , Timothee Chalamet Among Recipients for Virtuosos Award at Santa Barbara Film Festival '' . Variety . 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gal Gadot to Receive # SeeHer Award at 2018 Critics ' Choice Awards '' . EOnline. 21 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberley ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` MTV Movie & TV Awards : ' Black Panther , ' ' Stranger Things ' Top Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gal Gadot . Official website Gal Gadot on IMDb Preceded by Sivan Klein Miss Israel Succeeded by Elena Ralph <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Miss Universe 2004 , national titleholders <Td_colspan="2"> Jennifer Hawkins Raquel Horton Fabiane Niclotti Venessa Fisher Gabriela Barros Zhang Meng Catherine Daza Lucie Váchová Larimar Fiallo Susana Rivadeneira Shermine Shahrivar Menaye Donkor Valia Kakouti Tanushree Dutta Gal Gadot Andrea Fonseka Rosalva Luna Anita Uwagbale Kathrine Sørland Jessica Rodríguez Yanina González Maricar Balagtas Alba Reyes Katarina Wigander Morakot Sangtaweep Dragana Dujovic Oleksandra Nikolayenko Shandi Finnessey Ana Karina Áñez Hoàng Khánh Ngọc BNE : XX5646553 BNF : cb170963697 ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0004 5982 037X LCCN : no2016106183 VIAF : 6147121644526391529 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gal_Gadot&oldid=843416228 '' Categories : 1985 births 21st - century Israeli actresses 21st - century Israeli military personnel Israeli female models Israeli film actresses Israeli Jews Israeli people of Austrian - Jewish descent Israeli people of Czech - Jewish descent Israeli people of German - Jewish descent Israeli people of Polish - Jewish descent Israeli television actresses Jewish female models Jewish Israeli actresses Living people Miss Israel winners Miss Universe 2004 contestants People from Petah Tikva People from Rosh HaAyin Women in the Israeli military Hidden categories : CS1 Hebrew - language sources ( he ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles with short description Use dmy dates from January 2018 Articles with hCards Articles containing Hebrew - language text Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 56 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 01 : 00 . 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1. Gal Gadot - Israeli actress and model 2. Wonder Woman - Gadot's iconic role in the DC Extended Universe 3. Early life - Gadot's upbringing and family background 4. Modeling and pageant career - Gadot's success in beauty pageants and modeling 5. Filmography - Gadot's notable films and television appearances

when should tyramine be restricted and why what foods is tyramine found in

Tyramine - wikipedia Tyramine Jump to : navigation , search Tyramine <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Clinical data ATC code none <Th_colspan="2"> Pharmacokinetic data Metabolism CYP2D6 , FMO3 , MAO - A , MAO - B , PNMT , DBH , others Metabolites 4 - hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde , dopamine , N - methyltyramine , octopamine <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers <Td_colspan="2"> IUPAC name ( show ) 4 - ( 2 - aminoethyl ) phenol CAS Number 51 - 67 - 2 PubChem CID 5610 IUPHAR / BPS 2150 ChemSpider 5408 UNII X8ZC7V0OX3 KEGG C00483 ChEBI CHEBI : 15760 ChEMBL CHEMBL11608 ECHA InfoCard 100.000. 106 <Th_colspan="2"> Chemical and physical data Formula C H NO Molar mass 137.179 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image Melting point 164.5 ° C ( 328.1 ° F ) Boiling point 206 ° C ( 403 ° F ) at 25 mmHg ; 166 ° C at 2 mmHg <Td_colspan="2"> SMILES ( show ) Oc1ccc ( cc1 ) CCN <Td_colspan="2"> InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / C8H11NO / c9 - 6 - 5 - 7 - 1 - 3 - 8 ( 10 ) 4 - 2 - 7 / h1 - 4 , 10H , 5 - 6 , 9H2 Key : DZGWFCGJZKJUFP - UHFFFAOYSA - N Tyramine ( also spelled tyramin ) ( / ˈtaɪrəmin / TY - rə - meen ) , also known by several other names , is a naturally occurring trace amine derived from the amino acid tyrosine . Tyramine acts as a catecholamine releasing agent . Notably , it is unable to cross the blood - brain barrier , resulting in only non-psychoactive peripheral sympathomimetic effects following ingestion . A hypertensive crisis can result , however , from ingestion of tyramine - rich foods in conjunction with monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( MAOIs ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Occurrence 2 Physical effects and pharmacology 3 Biosynthesis 4 Chemistry 5 Legal status 5.1 United States 5.1. 1 Status in Florida 6 Notes 7 References Occurrence ( edit ) Tyramine occurs widely in plants and animals , and is metabolized by various enzymes , including monoamine oxidases . In foods , it often is produced by the decarboxylation of tyrosine during fermentation or decay . Foods containing considerable amounts of tyramine include meats that are potentially spoiled or pickled , aged , smoked , fermented , or marinated ( some fish , poultry , and beef ) ; most pork ( except cured ham ) . Other foods containing considerable amounts of tyramine are chocolate ; alcoholic beverages ; and fermented foods , such as most cheeses ( except ricotta , cottage , cream and Neufchâtel cheeses ) , sour cream , yogurt , shrimp paste , soy sauce , soybean condiments , teriyaki sauce , tempeh , miso soup , sauerkraut , kimchi , broad ( fava ) beans , green bean pods , Italian flat ( Romano ) beans , snow peas , edamame , avocados , bananas , pineapple , eggplants , figs , red plums , raspberries , peanuts , Brazil nuts , coconuts , processed meat , yeast , an array of cacti and the holiday plant mistletoe . Physical effects and pharmacology ( edit ) Evidence for the presence of tyramine in the human brain has been confirmed by postmortem analysis . Additionally , the possibility that tyramine acts directly as a neuromodulator was revealed by the discovery of a G protein - coupled receptor with high affinity for tyramine , called TAAR1 . The TAAR1 receptor is found in the brain , as well as peripheral tissues , including the kidneys . Tyramine binds to both TAAR1 and TAAR2 as an agonist in humans . Tyramine is physiologically metabolized by monoamine oxidases ( primarily MAO - A ) , FMO3 , PNMT , DBH , and CYP2D6 . In humans , if monoamine metabolism is compromised by the use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( MAOIs ) and foods high in tyramine are ingested , a hypertensive crisis can result , as tyramine also can displace stored monoamines , such as dopamine , norepinephrine , and epinephrine , from pre-synaptic vesicles . The first signs of this were discovered by a British pharmacist who noticed his wife , who at the time was on MAOI medication , had severe headaches when eating cheese . For this reason , the crisis is still called the `` cheese effect '' or `` cheese crisis '' , though other foods can cause the same problem . Most processed cheeses do not contain enough tyramine to cause hypertensive effects , although some aged cheeses ( such as Stilton ) do . A large dietary intake of tyramine ( or a dietary intake of tyramine while taking MAO inhibitors ) can cause the tyramine pressor response , which is defined as an increase in systolic blood pressure of 30 mmHg or more . The displacement of norepinephrine ( noradrenaline ) from neuronal storage vesicles by acute tyramine ingestion is thought to cause the vasoconstriction and increased heart rate and blood pressure of the pressor response . In severe cases , adrenergic crisis can occur . Although the mechanism is unclear , tyramine ingestion also triggers migraines in sensitive individuals . Vasodilation , dopamine , and circulatory factors are all implicated in migraine . Double - blind trials suggest that the effects of tyramine on migraines may be adrenergic . Migraineurs are over-represented among those with inadequate natural monoamine oxidase , resulting in similar problems individuals taking MAO inhibitors . Many migraine triggers are high in tyramine . If one has had repeated exposure to tyramine , however , there is a decreased pressor response ; tyramine is degraded to octopamine , which is subsequently packaged in synaptic vesicles with norepinephrine ( noradrenaline ) . Therefore , after repeated tyramine exposure , these vesicles contain an increased amount of octopamine and a relatively reduced amount of norepinephrine . When these vesicles are secreted upon tyramine ingestion , there is a decreased pressor response , as less norepinephrine is secreted into the synapse , and octopamine does not activate alpha or beta adrenergic receptors. :) When using a MAO inhibitor ( MAOI ) , the intake of approximately 10 to 25 mg of tyramine is required for a severe reaction compared to 6 to 10 mg for a mild reaction . Research reveals a possible link between migraine and elevated levels of tyramine . A 2007 review published in Neurological Sciences presented data showing migraine and cluster headaches are characterised by an increase of circulating neurotransmitters and neuromodulators ( including tyramine , octopamine and synephrine ) in the hypothalamus , amygdala and dopaminergic system . Biosynthesis ( edit ) Biochemically , tyramine is produced by the decarboxylation of tyrosine via the action of the enzyme tyrosine decarboxylase . Tyramine can , in turn , be converted to methylated alkaloid derivatives N - methyltyramine , N , N - dimethyltyramine ( hordenine ) , and N , N , N - trimethyltyramine ( candicine ) . Tyramine N - Methyltyramine N , N - Dimethyltyramine ( hordenine ) N , N , N - Trimethyltyramine ( candicine ) In humans , tyramine is produced from tyrosine , as shown in the following diagram . Biosynthetic pathways for catecholamines and trace amines in the human brain L - Phenylalanine L - Tyrosine L - DOPA Epinephrine Phenethylamine p - Tyramine Dopamine Norepinephrine N - Methylphenethylamine N - Methyltyramine p - Octopamine Synephrine 3 - Methoxytyramine AADC AADC AADC primary pathway PNMT PNMT PNMT PNMT AAAH AAAH brain CYP2D6 minor pathway COMT DBH DBH In humans , catecholamines and phenethylaminergic trace amines are derived from the amino acid L - phenylalanine . Chemistry ( edit ) In the laboratory , tyramine can be synthesized in various ways , in particular by the decarboxylation of tyrosine . Tyrosine decarboxylation Legal status ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Tyramine is not scheduled at the federal level in the United States and is therefore legal to buy , sell , or possess . Status in Florida ( edit ) Tyramine is a Schedule I controlled substance , categorized as a hallucinogen , making it illegal to buy , sell , or possess in the state of Florida without a license at any purity level or any form whatsoever . The language in the Florida statute says tyramine is illegal in `` any material , compound , mixture , or preparation that contains any quantity of ( tyramine ) or that contains any of ( its ) salts , isomers , including optical , positional , or geometric isomers , and salts of isomers , if the existence of such salts , isomers , and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation '' . This ban is likely the product of lawmakers overly eager to ban substituted phenethylamines , which tyramine is , in the mistaken belief that ring - substituted phenethylamines are hallucinogenic drugs like the 2C series of psychedelic substituted phenethylamines . The further banning of tyramine 's optical isomers , positional isomers , or geometric isomers , and salts of isomers where they exist , means that meta - tyramine and phenylethanolamine , a substance found in every living human body , and other common , non-hallucinogenic substances are also illegal to buy , sell or possess in Florida . Given that tyramine occurs naturally in many foods and drinks ( most commonly as a by - product of bacterial fermentation ) e.g. wine , cheese , chocolate , Florida 's total ban on the substance may prove difficult to enforce . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Synonyms and alternative names include : 4 - hydroxyphenethylamine , para-tyramine , mydrial , and uteramin ; the latter two names are not commonly used . The IUPAC name is 4 - ( 2 - aminoethyl ) phenol . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Merck Index , 10th Ed . ( 1983 ) , p. 1405 , Rahway : Merck & Co . Jump up ^ `` tyramine C8H11NO '' . PubChem . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ T.A. Smith ( 1977 ) Phytochemistry 16 9 - 18 . Jump up ^ Philips , Rozdilsky Boulton ( Feb 1978 ) . `` Evidence for the presence of m - tyramine , p - tyramine , tryptamine , and phenylethylamine in the rat brain and several areas of the human brain '' . Biological Psychiatry . 13 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 57 . PMID 623853 . Jump up ^ Navarro , Gilmour Lewin ( 10 July 2006 ) . `` A Rapid Functional Assay for the Human Trace Amine - Associated Receptor 1 Based on the Mobilization of Internal Calcium '' . J Biomol Screen. 11 ( 6 ) : 668 -- 693 . doi : 10.1177 / 1087057106289891 . PMID 16831861 . Jump up ^ Liberles , Buck ( 10 August 2006 ) . `` A second class of chemosensory receptors in the olfactory epithelium '' . Nature . 442 ( 7103 ) : 645 -- 650 . doi : 10.1038 / nature05066 . PMID 16878137 . Jump up ^ Xie , Westmoreland Miller ( May 2008 ) . `` Modulation of monoamine transporters by common biogenic amines via trace amine - associated receptor 1 and monoamine autoreceptors in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and brain synaptosomes '' . J. Pharm. 325 ( 2 ) : 629 -- 640 . doi : 10.1124 / jpet. 107.135079 . PMID 18310473 . Jump up ^ Khan MZ , Nawaz W ( October 2016 ) . `` The emerging roles of human trace amines and human trace amine - associated receptors ( hTAARs ) in central nervous system '' . Biomed . Pharmacother. 83 : 439 -- 449 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biopha. 2016.07. 002 . PMID 27424325 . Jump up ^ `` Trimethylamine monooxygenase ( Homo sapiens ) '' . BRENDA . Technische Universität Braunschweig . July 2016 . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Krueger SK , Williams DE ( June 2005 ) . `` Mammalian flavin - containing monooxygenases : structure / function , genetic polymorphisms and role in drug metabolism '' . Pharmacol. Ther. 106 ( 3 ) : 357 -- 387 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pharmthera. 2005.01. 001 . PMC 1828602 . PMID 15922018 . Table 5 : N - containing drugs and xenobiotics oxygenated by FMO ^ Jump up to : Broadley KJ ( March 2010 ) . `` The vascular effects of trace amines and amphetamines '' . Pharmacol. Ther. 125 ( 3 ) : 363 -- 375 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pharmthera. 2009.11. 005 . PMID 19948186 . ^ Jump up to : Lindemann L , Hoener MC ( May 2005 ) . `` A renaissance in trace amines inspired by a novel GPCR family '' . Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 26 ( 5 ) : 274 -- 281 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tips. 2005.03. 007 . PMID 15860375 . ^ Jump up to : Wang X , Li J , Dong G , Yue J ( February 2014 ) . `` The endogenous substrates of brain CYP2D '' . Eur. J. Pharmacol. 724 : 211 -- 218 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ejphar. 2013.12. 025 . PMID 24374199 . The highest level of brain CYP2D activity was found in the substantia nigra ... The in vitro and in vivo studies have shown the contribution of the alternative CYP2D - mediated dopamine synthesis to the concentration of this neurotransmitter although the classic biosynthetic route to dopamine from tyrosine is active ... Tyramine levels are especially high in the basal ganglia and limbic system , which are thought to be related to individual behavior and emotion ( Yu et al. , 2003c ) ... Rat CYP2D isoforms ( 2D2 / 2D4 / 2D18 ) are less efficient than human CYP2D6 for the generation of dopamine from p - tyramine . The K values of the CYP2D isoforms are as follows : CYP2D6 ( 87 -- 121 μm ) ≈ CYP2D2 ≈ CYP2D18 > CYP2D4 ( 256 μm ) for m - tyramine and CYP2D4 ( 433 μm ) > CYP2D2 ≈ CYP2D6 > CYP2D18 ( 688 μm ) for p - tyramine Jump up ^ Sathyanarayana Rao TS and Vikram K. Yeragani VK ( 2009 ) Hypertensive crisis and cheese Indian J Psychiatry . 51 ( 1 ) : 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ E. Siobhan Mitchell Antidepressants , chapter in Drugs , the Straight Facts , edited by David J. Triggle. 2004 , Chelsea House Publishers Jump up ^ Stahl SM , Felker A ( 2008 ) . `` Monoamine oxidase inhibitors : a modern guide to an unrequited class of antidepressants '' . Cns Spectrums. 13 ( 10 ) : 855 -- 870 . PMID 18955941 . Jump up ^ Tyramine - restricted Diet 1998 , W.B. Saunders Company . Jump up ^ Ghose , K. ; Coppen , A. ; Carrol , D. ( 1977 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Intravenous tyramine response in migraine before and during treatment with indoramin '' . Br Med J. 1 ( 6070 ) : 1191 -- 1193 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 1.6070. 1191 . ISSN 0007 - 1447 . PMC 1606859 . PMID 324566 . Jump up ^ `` Headache Sufferer 's Diet National Headache Foundation '' . National Headache Foundation . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ D'Andrea , G ; Nordera , GP ; Perini , F ; Allais , G ; Granella , F ( May 2007 ) . `` Biochemistry of neuromodulation in primary headaches : focus on anomalies of tyrosine metabolism '' . Neurological Sciences . 28 , Supplement 2 ( S2 ) : S94 -- S96 . doi : 10.1007 / s10072 - 007 - 0758 - 4 . PMID 17508188 Jump up ^ Tyrosine metabolism - Reference pathway , Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes ( KEGG ) Jump up ^ G. Barger ( 1909 ) . `` CXXVII. ? Isolation and synthesis of p - hydroxyphenylethylamine , an active principle of ergot soluble in water '' . J. Chem. Soc. 95 : 1123 . doi : 10.1039 / ct9099501123 . Jump up ^ Waser , Ernst ( 1925 ) . `` Untersuchungen in der Phenylalanin - Reihe VI . Decarboxylierung des Tyrosins und des Leucins '' . Helvetica Chimica Acta. 8 : 758 -- 773 . doi : 10.1002 / hlca. 192500801106 . Jump up ^ Buck , Johannes S. ( 1933 ) . `` Reduction of Hydroxymandelonitriles . A New Synthesis of Tyramine '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 55 ( 8 ) : 3388 -- 3390 . doi : 10.1021 / ja01335a058 . Jump up ^ § 1308.11 Schedule I Jump up ^ Florida Statutes - Chapter 893 - DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION AND CONTROL Jump up ^ Suzzi , Giovanna ; Torriani , Sandra ( 2015 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Editorial : Biogenic amines in foods '' . Frontiers in Microbiology. 6 . doi : 10.3389 / fmicb. 2015.00472 . ISSN 1664 - 302X . PMC 4435245 . PMID 26042107 . <Th_colspan="2"> Neurotransmitters Amino acid - derived Major excitatory / inhibitory systems : Glutamate system : Agmatine Aspartic acid ( aspartate ) Cycloserine Glutamic acid ( glutamate ) Glutathione Glycine GSNO GSSG Kynurenic acid NAA NAAG Proline Serine ; GABA system : GABA GABOB GHB ; Glycine system : α - Alanine β - Alanine Glycine Hypotaurine Proline Sarcosine Serine Taurine ; GHB system : GHB T - HCA ( GHC ) Biogenic amines : Monoamines : 6 - OHM Dopamine Epinephrine ( adrenaline ) NAS ( normelatonin ) Norepinephrine ( noradrenaline ) Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) ; Trace amines : 3 - Iodothyronamine N - Methylphenethylamine N - Methyltryptamine m - Octopamine p - Octopamine Phenylethanolamine Phenethylamine Synephrine Tryptamine m - Tyramine p - Tyramine ; Others : Histamine Neuropeptides : See here instead . Lipid - derived Endocannabinoids : 2 - AG 2 - AGE ( noladin ether ) 2 - ALPI 2 - OG AA - 5 - HT Anandamide ( AEA ) DEA LPI NADA NAGly OEA Oleamide PEA RVD - Hpα SEA Virodhamine ( O - AEA ) Neurosteroids : See here instead . Nucleobase - derived Nucleosides : Adenosine system : Adenosine ADP AMP ATP Vitamin - derived Cholinergic system : Acetylcholine Miscellaneous Gasotransmitters : Carbon monoxide ( CO ) Hydrogen sulfide ( H S ) Nitric oxide ( NO ) ; Candidates : Acetaldehyde Ammonia ( NH ) Carbonyl sulfide ( COS ) Nitrous oxide ( N O ) Sulfur dioxide ( SO ) <Th_colspan="2"> Monoamine releasing agents DRAs <Td_colspan="2"> Morpholines : Fenbutrazate Fenmetramide Morazone Morforex Phendimetrazine Phenmetrazine Pseudophenmetrazine <Td_colspan="2"> Oxazolines : 4 - MAR Aminorex Clominorex Cyclazodone Fenozolone Fluminorex Pemoline Thozalinone <Td_colspan="2"> Phenethylamines : 2 - OH - PEA 4 - CAB 4 - FA 4 - FMA 4 - MA 4 - MMA Alfetamine Amfecloral Amfepentorex Amfepramone Amphetamine ( Dextroamphetamine Levoamphetamine ) Amphetaminil β - Me - PEA BDB BOH Benzphetamine Buphedrone Butylone Cathine Cathinone Clobenzorex Clortermine D - Deprenyl DMA DMMA Dimethylamphetamine Ephedrine Ethcathinone EBDB Ethylone Etilamfetamine Famprofazone Fenethylline Fenproporex Flephedrone Fludorex Furfenorex Hordenine 4 - Hydroxyamphetamine Iofetamine ( 123I ) Lophophine Mefenorex Mephedrone Metamfepramone Methamphetamine Dextromethamphetamine Levomethamphetamine Methcathinone Methedrone MMDA MMDMA MBDB MDA ( tenamfetamine ) MDEA MDMA ( midomafetamine ) MDMPEA MDOH MDPEA Methylone Morforex Ortetamine pBA pCA pIA Pholedrine Phenethylamine Pholedrine Phenpromethamine Prenylamine Propylamphetamine Pseudoephedrine Tiflorex Tyramine Xylopropamine Zylofuramine <Td_colspan="2"> Piperazines : 2C - B - BZP BZP MBZP MDBZP MeOPP oMPP <Td_colspan="2"> Others : 2 - ADN 2 - AI 2 - AT 4 - BP 5 - APDI 5 - IAI Amineptine Clofenciclan Cyclopentamine Cypenamine Cyprodenate Feprosidnine Gilutensin Heptaminol Hexacyclonate Indanorex Isometheptene Methylhexanamine Naphthylaminopropane Octodrine Phthalimidopropiophenone Phenylbiguanide Propylhexedrine Levopropylhexedrine NRAs <Td_colspan="2"> Morpholines : Fenbutrazate Fenmetramide Morazone Morforex Phendimetrazine Phenmetrazine Pseudophenmetrazine <Td_colspan="2"> Oxazolines : 4 - MAR Aminorex Clominorex Cyclazodone Fenozolone Fluminorex Pemoline Thozalinone <Td_colspan="2"> Phenethylamines : 2 - OH - PEA 4 - CAB 4 - FA 4 - FMA 4 - MA 4 - MMA Alfetamine Amfecloral Amfepentorex Amfepramone Amphetamine Dextroamphetamine Levoamphetamine Amphetaminil β - Me - PEA BDB Benzphetamine BOH Buphedrone Butylone Cathine Cathinone Clobenzorex Clortermine Dimethylamphetamine DMA DMMA EBDB Ephedrine Ethcathinone Ethylone Etilamfetamine Famprofazone Fenethylline Fenproporex Flephedrone Fludorex Furfenorex Hordenine 4 - Hydroxyamphetamine 5 - APDI ( IAP ) 5 - MAPDI ( IMP ) Iofetamine ( 123I ) Lisdexamfetamine Lophophine MBDB MDA ( tenamfetamine ) MDEA MDMA ( midomafetamine ) Metamfepramone MDMPEA MDOH MDPEA Mefenorex Mephedrone Mephentermine Methamphetamine Dextromethamphetamine Levomethamphetamine Methcathinone Methedrone Methylone Morforex Naphthylaminopropane Ortetamine pBA pCA Pentorex Phenethylamine Pholedrine Phenpromethamine Phentermine Phenylpropanolamine pIA Prenylamine Propylamphetamine Pseudoephedrine Selegiline ( also D - Deprenyl ) Tiflorex Tyramine Xylopropamine Zylofuramine <Td_colspan="2"> Piperazines : 2C - B - BZP BZP MBZP mCPP MDBZP MeOPP oMPP pFPP <Td_colspan="2"> Others : 2 - ADN 2 - AI 2 - AT 2 - BP 4 - BP 5 - IAI Clofenciclan Cyclopentamine Cypenamine Cyprodenate Feprosidnine Gilutensin Heptaminol Hexacyclonate Indanorex Isometheptene Methylhexanamine Octodrine Phthalimidopropiophenone Propylhexedrine ( Levopropylhexedrine ) Tuaminoheptane SRAs <Td_colspan="2"> Aminoindanes : 5 - IAI AMMI ETAI MDAI MDMAI MMAI TAI <Td_colspan="2"> Aminotetralins : 6 - CAT 8 - OH - DPAT MDAT MDMAT <Td_colspan="2"> Oxazolines : 4 - Methylaminorex Aminorex Clominorex Fluminorex <Td_colspan="2"> Phenethylamines : 2 - Methyl - MDA 4 - CAB 4 - FA 4 - FMA 4 - HA 4 - MTA 5 - APDB 5 - Methyl - MDA 6 - APDB 6 - Methyl - MDA AEMMA Amiflamine BDB BOH Brephedrone Butylone Chlorphentermine Cloforex Amfepramone Metamfepramone DCA Dexfenfluramine DFMDA DMA DMMA EBDB EDMA Ethylone Etolorex Fenfluramine Flephedrone Flucetorex IAP IMP Iofetamine Levofenfluramine Lophophine MBDB MDA ( tenamfetamine ) MDEA MDHMA MDMA ( midomafetamine ) MDMPEA MDOH MDPEA Mephedrone Methedrone Methylone MMA MMDA MMDMA MMMA NAP Norfenfluramine 4 - TFMA pBA pCA pIA PMA PMEA PMMA TAP <Td_colspan="2"> Piperazines : 2C - B - BZP 3 - MeOPP BZP DCPP MBZP mCPP MDBZP MeOPP Mepiprazole oMPP pCPP pFPP pTFMPP TFMPP <Td_colspan="2"> Tryptamines : 4 - Methyl - αET 4 - Methyl - αMT 5 - CT 5 - MeO - αET 5 - MeO - αMT 5 - MT αET αMT DMT Tryptamine <Td_colspan="2"> Others : Indeloxazine Viqualine Others Monoamine activity enhancers : BPAP PPAP DAT modulators : Agonist - like : SoRI - 9804 SoRI - 20040 ; Antagonist - like : SoRI - 20041 Adrenergic release blockers : Bethanidine Bretylium Guanadrel Guanazodine Guanethidine Guanoxan <Td_colspan="2"> See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Monoamine reuptake inhibitors Adrenergics Dopaminergics Serotonergics Monoamine metabolism modulators Monoamine neurotoxins <Th_colspan="2"> Human trace amine - associated receptor ligands TAAR1 Agonists Endogenous Classical monoamine neurotransmitters Dopamine Histamine Norepinephrine Serotonin Trace amines 3 - Iodothyronamine 3 - Methoxytyramine N - Methylphenethylamine N - Methyltyramine m - Octopamine p - Octopamine Phenethylamine Phenylethanolamine Synephrine Tryptamine m - Tyramine p - Tyramine Synthetic Amphetamine DOB DOET 4 - Hydroxyamphetamine Isoprenaline MDA ( tenamfetamine ) MDMA ( midomafetamine ) 2 - Methylphenethylamine 3 - Methylphenethylamine 4 - Methylphenethylamine β - Methylphenethylamine Methamphetamine 3 - MMA Norfenfluramine Phentermine o - PIT Propylhexedrine RO5166017 N , N - Dimethylphenethylamine SEP - 363856 Neutral antagonists Inverse agonists EPPTB ( RO5212773 ) TAAR2 Agonists 3 - Iodothyronamine Phenethylamine Tyramine Neutral antagonists TAAR5 Agonists Dimethylethylamine Trimethylamine Neutral antagonists Inverse agonists 3 - Iodothyronamine <Td_colspan="2"> References for all endogenous human TAAR1 ligands are provided at List of trace amines References for synthetic TAAR1 agonists can be found at TAAR1 or in the associated compound articles . For TAAR2 and TAAR5 agonists and inverse agonists , see TAAR for references . See also : Receptor / signaling modulators <Th_colspan="2"> Phenethylamines Phenethylamines Psychedelics : 25B - NBOMe 25C - NBOMe 25D - NBOMe 25I - NBOMe 25N - NBOMe 2C - B 2C - B - AN 2C - Bn 2C - Bu 2C - C 2C - CN 2C - CP 2C - D 2C - E 2C - EF 2C - F 2C - G 2C - G - 1 2C - G - 2 2C - G - 3 2C - G - 4 2C - G - 5 2C - G - 6 2C - G-N 2C - H 2C - I 2C - iP 2C - N 2C - NH2 2C - O 2C - O - 4 2C - P 2C - Ph 2C - SE 2C - T 2C - T - 2 2C - T - 3 2C - T - 4 2C - T - 5 2C - T - 6 2C - T - 7 2C - T - 8 2C - T - 9 2C - T - 10 2C - T - 11 2C - T - 12 2C - T - 13 2C - T - 14 2C - T - 15 2C - T - 16 2C - T - 17 2C - T - 18 2C - T - 19 2C - T - 20 2C - T - 21 2C - T - 22 2C - T - 22.5 2C - T - 23 2C - T - 24 2C - T - 25 2C - T - 27 2C - T - 28 2C - T - 30 2C - T - 31 2C - T - 32 2C - T - 33 2C - TFE 2C - TFM 2C - YN 2C - V Allylescaline DESOXY Escaline Isoproscaline Jimscaline Macromerine MEPEA Mescaline Metaescaline Methallylescaline Proscaline Psi - 2C - T - 4 TCB - 2 Stimulants : Phenylethanolamine Hordenine Phenethylamine α - Methylphenethylamine ( amphetamine ) β - Methylphenethylamine m - Methylphenethylamine N - Methylphenethylamine o - Methylphenethylamine p - Methylphenethylamine Entactogens : Lophophine MDPEA MDMPEA Others : BOH DMPEA Amphetamines Psychedelics : 3C - BZ 3C - E 3C - P Aleph Beatrice Bromo - DragonFLY D - Deprenyl DMA DMCPA DMMDA DOB DOC DOEF DOET DOI DOM DON DOPR DOTFM Ganesha MMDA MMDA - 2 Psi - DOM TMA TeMA Stimulants : 2 - FA 2 - FMA 3 - FA 3 - FMA Acridorex Alfetamine Amfecloral Amfepentorex Amphetamine ( Dextroamphetamine , Levoamphetamine ) Amphetaminil Benfluorex Benzphetamine Cathine Clobenzorex Dimethylamphetamine Ephedrine Etilamfetamine Fencamfamin Fencamine Fenethylline Fenfluramine ( Dexfenfluramine , Levofenfluramine ) Fenproporex Flucetorex Fludorex Formetorex Furfenorex Gepefrine 4 - Hydroxyamphetamine Iofetamine Isopropylamphetamine Lefetamine Lisdexamfetamine Mefenorex Metaraminol Methamphetamine ( Dextromethamphetamine , Levomethamphetamine ) Methoxyphenamine MMA Morforex Norfenfluramine L - Norpseudoephedrine N , alpha - Diethylphenylethylamine Oxifentorex Oxilofrine Ortetamine PBA PCA Phenpromethamine PFA PFMA PIA PMA PMEA PMMA Phenylpropanolamine Pholedrine Prenylamine Propylamphetamine Pseudoephedrine Sibutramine Tiflorex Tranylcypromine Xylopropamine Zylofuramine Entactogens : 4 - FA 4 - FMA 4 - MA 4 - MMA 4 - MTA 5 - APB 5 - APDB 5 - EAPB 5 - IT 5 - MAPB 5 - MAPDB 6 - APB 6 - APDB 6 - Chloro - MDMA 6 - EAPB 6 - IT 6 - MAPB 6 - MAPDB EDA IAP 2 , 3 - MDA 3 , 4 - MDA ( tenamfetamine ) MDEA MDHMA MDMA ( midomafetamine ) MDOH Methamnetamine MMDMA Naphthylaminopropane TAP Others : 3 , 4 - DCA Amiflamine DiFMDA Selegiline ( also D - Deprenyl ) Phentermines Stimulants : Chlorphentermine Cloforex Clortermine Etolorex Mephentermine Pentorex Phentermine Entactogens : MDPH MDMPH Others : Cericlamine Cathinones Stimulants : 3 - FMC 4 - MC 4 - BMC 4 - CMC 4 - EMC 4 - FMC 4 - MEC 4 - MeMABP 4 - MPD Amfepramone Benzedrone Brephedrone Buphedrone Bupropion Cathinone Dimethylcathinone Ethcathinone Eutylone Hydroxybupropion Methcathinone Methedrone NEB Pentedrone Pentylone Radafaxine Entactogens : 3 , 4 - DMMC 3 - MMC Butylone Ethylone Methylone Methylenedioxycathinone Mephedrone Phenylisobutylamines Entactogens : 4 - CAB 4 - MAB Ariadne BDB Butylone EBDB Eutylone MBDB Stimulants : Phenylisobutylamine Phenylalkylpyrrolidines Stimulants : α - PBP α - PHP α - PPP α - PVP MDPBP MDPPP MDPV 4 - MePBP 4 - MePHP 4 - MePPP MOPPP MOPVP MPBP MPHP MPPP Naphyrone PEP Prolintane Pyrovalerone Catecholamines ( and close relatives ) 6 - FNE 6 - OHDA a-Me - DA a-Me - TRA Adrenochrome Ciladopa D - DOPA ( Dextrodopa ) Dimetofrine Dopamine Epinephrine Epinine Etilefrine Ethylnorepinephrine Fenclonine Ibopamine Isoprenaline Isoetarine L - DOPA ( Levodopa ) L - DOPS ( Droxidopa ) L - Phenylalanine L - Tyrosine m - Tyramine Metanephrine Metaraminol Metaterol Metirosine Methyldopa N , N - Dimethyldopamine Nordefrin ( Levonordefrin ) Norepinephrine Norfenefrine ( m - Octopamine ) Normetanephrine Orciprenaline p - Octopamine p - Tyramine Phenylephrine Synephrine Miscellaneous AL - LAD Amidephrine Arbutamine Cafedrine Denopamine Desvenlafaxine Diphenidine Dizocilpine Dobutamine Dopexamine Ephenidine Etafedrine ETH - LAD Famprofazone Fluorolintane Hexapradol IP - LAD Lysergic acid amide Lysergic acid 2 - butyl amide Lysergic acid 2 , 4 - dimethylazetidide Lysergic acid diethylamide Methoxamine Methoxphenidine MT - 45 PARGY - LAD Phenibut PRO-LAD Pronethalol Salbutamol ( Levosalbutamol ) Solriamfetol Theodrenaline Thiamphenicol UWA - 101 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyramine&oldid=814226400 '' Categories : Use dmy dates from March 2014 Drugs not assigned an ATC code Migraine Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Norepinephrine - dopamine releasing agents Peripherally selective drugs Phenethylamine alkaloids Phenethylamines TAAR1 agonists Trace amines Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Chemical pages without DrugBank identifier Drugs with no legal status Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 15 : 29 . 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1. Tyramine metabolism and pharmacokinetics 2. Tyramine as a catecholamine releasing agent 3. Tyramine-rich foods and hypertensive crisis 4. Tyramine and its effects on migraines 5. Biosynthesis and chemistry of tyramine

who wrote the song a house is not a home

A House Is Not a Home ( song ) - wikipedia A House Is Not a Home ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` A House Is Not a Home '' <Td_colspan="2"> French EP release <Th_colspan="2"> Song by Dionne Warwick <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Make Way for Dionne Warwick A-side `` You 'll Never Get to Heaven ( If You Break My Heart ) '' Released 1964 Recorded 1964 at Bell Sound Studios , Manhattan , Ed Smith , Engineer Genre Soul Length 3 : 08 Label Scepter Songwriter ( s ) Burt Bacharach , Hal David Producer ( s ) Burt Bacharach , Hal David `` A House Is Not a Home '' is a 1964 ballad recorded by American singer Dionne Warwick , and written by the team of Burt Bacharach and Hal David for the 1964 film of the same name , starring Shelley Winters and Robert Taylor . The song was a modest hit in the United States for Warwick , peaking at # 71 on the pop singles chart as the B - side of the top 40 single , `` You 'll Never Get to Heaven ( If You Break My Heart ) '' . Another version of the song , by Brook Benton , which was the version that appeared in the film , was released at nearly the same time . It debuted two weeks earlier on the Billboard Hot 100 . Benton 's version split airplay with Warwick 's , and ultimately peaked at # 75 . Warwick 's version of `` A House Is Not a Home '' fared better in Canada , where it was a top 40 hit , peaking at # 37 . The ballad made the R&B top 10 in Cashbox by both Warwick and Benton , with neither artist specified as best seller . Despite its modest initial success , the song went on to achieve greater renown through frequent recordings by other artists , including a hit version in 1981 by Luther Vandross . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Luther Vandross version 3 Other versions 3.1 Instrumental versions 4 In popular culture 5 References 6 External links Production ( edit ) The Warwick single was performed in the key of F major . Luther Vandross version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` A House Is Not a Home '' <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Luther Vandross <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Never Too Much Released 1981 Genre Soul , R&B Length 7 : 07 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Burt Bacharach , Hal David Producer ( s ) Luther Vandross `` A House Is Not a Home '' A sample of Luther Vandross 's cover of Dionne Warwick 's `` A House Is Not a Home '' from Never Too Much <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . The song was recorded by R&B singer Luther Vandross on his 1981 debut album Never Too Much . The track , which was recorded at seven minutes long , was released as a single and became an R&B hit , and later one of Vandross 's signature songs . His performance of the song at the 1988 NAACP Awards telecast would bring Warwick to tears . Vandross 's version was sampled on the 2004 Kanye West / Jamie Foxx / Twista hit `` Slow Jamz '' . Other versions ( edit ) Following the original singles by Warwick and Benton , Bacharach himself recorded the song for his 1965 debut Hit Maker ! : Burt Bacharach plays the Burt Bacharach Hits . The Anita Kerr Singers recorded an a cappella arrangement on their 1969 album Reflect . Stevie Wonder included the song on his 1968 album Eivets Rednow . English rock duo The Marbles performed the song and was released on the group 's 1970 self - titled album . Dusty Springfield performed the song with Bacharach on the 1970 television special Another Evening With Burt Bacharach ( a performance she was `` quite proud of '' ) . Barbra Streisand recorded a medley of the song with `` One Less Bell to Answer '' ( the 5th Dimension hit ) for her 1971 album Barbra Joan Streisand . Ronald Isley would record his own version with Bacharach , using essentially the same template as Luther Vandross . In 2001 , Japanese reggae artists Reggae Disco Rockers , released a reggae version of the song that very closely follows the melodies and styles of the original . In 2002 , Lynne Arriale recorded the song on her album Inspiration . In 2005 , Aretha Franklin recorded it for the tribute album So Amazing : An All - Star Tribute to Luther Vandross . The song won her the Grammy Award for Best Traditional R&B Performance at the 46th Grammy Awards , her second in the category . In 2007 , Marcia Hines recorded the songs for her album Life . In 2010 , the song was reused in the revival of Promises , Promises . In 2012 , Steps included the song on their festive themed album , Light Up the World . In 2014 , Warwick released a duet version of the song with singer Ne - Yo on Feels So Good . Instrumental versions ( edit ) Various jazz musicians have performed and recorded the song , and it has thus acquired the status of a jazz standard . Sonny Rollins recorded a version at the 1974 Montreux Jazz Festival , released on The Cutting Edge . Bill Evans recorded the song for his 1977 album I Will Say Goodbye in the key of B flat major In 1993 , pianist Joe Sample included the song on the album Invitation . In 1995 , another instrumental rendition was released on saxophonist Nelson Rangell 's album Destiny . In 2004 , Eliane Elias included the song in her album Dreamer . In 1968 , Stevie Wonder recorded an instrumental version of this song on his album `` Eivets Rednow '' . In popular culture ( edit ) Psychedelic band Love parodied the song 's title on their album Forever Changes in 1967 , by naming one of their songs `` A House Is Not a Motel '' . The song is parodied in SpongeBob SquarePants episode , `` Welcome to the Chum Bucket '' . Peter Hammill parodied the title on his album The Silent Corner and the Empty Stage in 1974 , naming the lengthy final number `` A Louse Is Not a Home '' . In the song `` Coming Home '' by P. Diddy , the song is referenced . `` A House Is Not a Home '' was one of several Bacharach / David hits added to the score of the 2010 Broadway revival of Promises , Promises ( a Bacharach / David musical from 1968 ) . It was performed by Kristin Chenoweth and later recorded again for her album `` The Art of Elegance '' . The song was performed twice in `` Home '' , the sixteenth episode of the television series Glee , once by Chris Colfer and Cory Monteith , and once by Matthew Morrison and Kristin Chenoweth as part of a medley with `` One Less Bell to Answer '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richie Unterberger . `` The Marbles - The Marbles - Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Dusty : Full Circle -- Taragon Video Jump up ^ `` Reggae Disco Rockers - A House Is Not A Home ( Flower Records JPN ) '' . Reggaecollector.com . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Erika ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` Dionne Warwick , ' A House Is Not A Home ' Feat . Ne - Yo : Exclusive Song Premiere '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Destiny overview '' . Allmusic.com . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Dionne Warwick <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Studio albums Presenting Dionne Warwick ( 1963 ) Anyone Who Had a Heart ( 1964 ) Make Way for Dionne Warwick ( 1964 ) The Sensitive Sound of Dionne Warwick ( 1965 ) Here I Am ( 1965 ) Here Where There Is Love ( 1966 ) On Stage and in the Movies ( 1967 ) The Windows of the World ( 1967 ) Dionne Warwick in Valley of the Dolls ( 1968 ) Promises , Promises ( 1968 ) Soulful ( 1969 ) I 'll Never Fall in Love Again ( 1970 ) Very Dionne ( 1970 ) Dionne ( 1979 ) No Night So Long ( 1980 ) Friends in Love ( 1982 ) Heartbreaker ( 1982 ) How Many Times Can We Say Goodbye ( 1983 ) Finder of Lost Loves ( 1985 ) Friends ( 1985 ) Reservations for Two ( 1987 ) Friends Can Be Lovers ( 1993 ) My Friends & Me ( 2006 ) Live albums Dionne Warwick in Paris ( 1966 ) Hot ! Live and Otherwise ( 1981 ) Christmas in Vienna II ( 1993 ) Compilation albums The Love Collection ( 2008 ) Singles `` Do n't Make Me Over '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' `` Walk On By '' `` You 'll Never Get to Heaven ( If You Break My Heart ) '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` Reach Out for Me '' `` Who Can I Turn To ? '' `` Are You There ( With Another Girl ) '' `` Message to Michael '' `` I Just Do n't Know What to Do with Myself '' `` Alfie '' `` The Windows of the World '' `` I Say a Little Prayer '' `` ( Theme from ) Valley of the Dolls '' `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose '' `` ( There 's ) Always Something There to Remind Me '' `` This Girl 's in Love with You '' `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feeling '' `` I 'll Never Fall in Love Again '' `` Make It Easy on Yourself '' `` The Good Life '' `` Then Came You '' `` By the Time I Get to Phoenix `` Only Love Can Break a Heart '' `` I 'll Never Love This Way Again '' `` Déjà Vu '' `` After You '' `` No Night So Long '' `` Easy Love '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` All the Love in the World '' `` Run to Me '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` Love Power '' `` It 's All Over '' `` What the World Needs Now Is Love '' <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Perry Como Albums So Smooth ( 1955 ) We Get Letters ( 1956 ) Saturday Night with Mr. C ( 1958 ) When You Come to the End of the Day ( 1958 ) Como Swings ( 1959 ) Season 's Greetings from Perry Como ( 1959 ) For the Young at Heart ( 1960 ) Sing to Me Mr. C ( 1961 ) By Request ( 1962 ) The Best of Irving Berlin 's Songs from Mr. President ( 1962 ) The Songs I Love ( 1963 ) The Scene Changes ( 1965 ) Lightly Latin ( 1966 ) Perry Como in Italy ( 1966 ) The Perry Como Christmas Album ( 1968 ) Look to Your Heart ( 1968 ) Seattle ( 1969 ) Perry Como in Person at the International Hotel , Las Vegas ( 1970 ) It 's Impossible ( 1970 ) I Think of You ( 1971 ) And I Love You So ( 1973 ) Perry ( 1974 ) Just Out of Reach ( 1975 ) 40 Greatest Hits ( 1975 ) The Best of British ( UK and Canada ) ( 1977 ) Where You 're Concerned ( US ) ( 1978 ) Perry Como ( 1980 ) Perry Como Live on Tour ( 1981 ) So It Goes / Goodbye for Now ( 1983 ) Today ( 1987 ) Perry Como 's Christmas Concert ( 1994 ) On the Radio -- The Perry Como Shows 1943 ( 2009 ) At the Supper Club ( 2010 ) At the Supper Club Part II ( 2011 ) At the Supper Club Part III ( 2011 ) Songs `` ' A ' You 're Adorable '' `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` And I Love You So '' `` As Time Goes By '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` Because '' `` Beyond Tomorrow '' `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo '' `` Blue Room '' `` A Bushel and a Peck '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Catch a Falling Star '' `` Chi - Baba , Chi - Baba ( My Bambino Go to Sleep ) '' `` Confessin ' '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Deep in the Heart of Texas '' `` Delaware '' `` Do n't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes '' `` Dream Along with Me ( I 'm on My Way to a Star ) '' `` A Dreamer 's Holiday '' `` El Cóndor Pasa '' `` Feelings '' `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` For the Good Times '' `` Forever and Ever '' `` Forget Domani '' `` Give Me Your Hand '' `` Glendora '' `` The Gypsy in My Soul '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` He 's Got the Whole World in His Hands '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Here , There and Everywhere '' `` Home for the Holidays '' `` Hot Diggity ( Dog Ziggity Boom ) '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` I Do n't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore '' `` I Dream of You ( More Than You Dream I Do ) '' `` I Think I Love You '' `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' `` If ( They Made Me a King ) '' `` It 's Been a Long , Long Time '' `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' `` Kewpie Doll '' `` The Lord 's Prayer '' `` Magic Moments '' `` Mandolins in the Moonlight '' `` Maria '' `` Moon River '' `` More '' `` No Other Love '' `` Papa Loves Mambo '' `` Prisoner of Love '' `` Round and Round '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Seattle '' `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' `` The Songs I Love '' `` Stop ! And Think It Over '' `` Surrender '' `` Till the End of Time '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` Wanted '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` What 'll I Do '' `` When You and I Were Young , Maggie '' `` Young at Heart '' Related Perry Como discography Perry Como television and radio shows Beat the Band The Chesterfield Supper Club List of songs recorded by Perry Como Goodman Ace Mitchell Ayres Ray Charles Frank Gallop Nick Perito <Td_colspan="2"> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_House_Is_Not_a_Home_(song)&oldid=839385849 '' Categories : 1964 songs 1964 singles 1981 singles Aretha Franklin songs Barbra Streisand songs Brook Benton songs Dionne Warwick songs Luther Vandross songs Perry Como songs Songs written for films Songs with lyrics by Hal David Songs with music by Burt Bacharach Viola Wills songs Grammy Award for Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance 1960s jazz standards The Marbles ( duo ) songs Jazz compositions in F major Scepter Records singles Soul ballads Rhythm and blues ballads Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 02 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. "A House Is Not a Home" - Dionne Warwick's 1964 ballad 2. Burt Bacharach and Hal David - songwriters of "A House Is Not a Home" 3. Luther Vandross - recorded a cover of "A House Is Not a Home" in 1981 4. Other versions of "A House Is Not a Home" by various artists 5. Instrumental versions of "A House Is Not a Home" by jazz musicians

the difference in temperature between the boiling point of a solution and the pure solvent

Boiling - point elevation - wikipedia Boiling - point elevation Jump to : navigation , search Boiling - point elevation describes the phenomenon that the boiling point of a liquid ( a solvent ) will be higher when another compound is added , meaning that a solution has a higher boiling point than a pure solvent . This happens whenever a non-volatile solute , such as a salt , is added to a pure solvent , such as water . The boiling point can be measured accurately using an ebullioscope . Contents ( hide ) 1 Explanation 2 The general equation for calculations at dilute concentration 2.1 Ebullioscopic constants 3 Uses 4 See also 5 References Explanation ( edit ) The change in chemical potential of a solvent when a solute is added explains why boiling point elevation takes place . The boiling point elevation is a colligative property , which means that it is dependent on the presence of dissolved particles and their number , but not their identity . It is an effect of the dilution of the solvent in the presence of a solute . It is a phenomenon that happens for all solutes in all solutions , even in ideal solutions , and does not depend on any specific solute -- solvent interactions . The boiling point elevation happens both when the solute is an electrolyte , such as various salts , and a nonelectrolyte . In thermodynamic terms , the origin of the boiling point elevation is entropic and can be explained in terms of the vapor pressure or chemical potential of the solvent . In both cases , the explanation depends on the fact that many solutes are only present in the liquid phase and do not enter into the gas phase ( except at extremely high temperatures ) . Put in vapor pressure terms , a liquid boils at the temperature when its vapor pressure equals the surrounding pressure . For the solvent , the presence of the solute decreases its vapor pressure by dilution . A non-volatile solute has a vapor pressure of zero , so the vapor pressure of the solution is less than the vapor pressure of the solvent . Thus , a higher temperature is needed for the vapor pressure to reach the surrounding pressure , and the boiling point is elevated . Put in chemical potential terms , at the boiling point , the liquid phase and the gas ( or vapor ) phase have the same chemical potential ( or vapor pressure ) meaning that they are energetically equivalent . The chemical potential is dependent on the temperature , and at other temperatures either the liquid or the gas phase has a lower chemical potential and is more energetically favorable than the other phase . This means that when a non-volatile solute is added , the chemical potential of the solvent in the liquid phase is decreased by dilution , but the chemical potential of the solvent in the gas phase is not affected . This means in turn that the equilibrium between the liquid and gas phase is established at another temperature for a solution than a pure liquid , i.e. , the boiling point is elevated . The phenomenon of freezing - point depression is analogous to boiling point elevation . However , the magnitude of the freezing point depression is larger than the boiling point elevation for the same solvent and the same concentration of a solute . Because of these two phenomena , the liquid range of a solvent is increased in the presence of a solute . The general equation for calculations at dilute concentration ( edit ) The extent of boiling - point elevation can be calculated by applying Clausius -- Clapeyron relation and Raoult 's law together with the assumption of the non-volatility of the solute . The result is that in dilute ideal solutions , the extent of boiling - point elevation is directly proportional to the molal Concentration of the solution according to the equation : ΔT = K b where ΔT , the boiling point elevation , is defined as T - T . K , the ebullioscopic constant , which is dependent on the properties of the solvent . It can be calculated as K = RT M / ΔH , where R is the gas constant , and T is the boiling temperature of the pure solvent ( in K ) , M is the molar mass of the solvent , and ΔH is the heat of vaporization per mole of the solvent . b is the molality of the solution , calculated by taking dissociation into account since the boiling point elevation is a colligative property , dependent on the number of particles in solution . This is most easily done by using the van ' t Hoff factor i as b = b i . The factor i accounts for the number of individual particles ( typically ions ) formed by a compound in solution . Examples : i = 1 for sugar in water i = 1.9 for sodium chloride in water , due to the near full dissociation of NaCl into Na and Cl ( often simplified as 2 ) i = 2.3 for calcium chloride in water , due to nearly full dissociation of CaCl into Ca and 2Cl ( often simplified as 3 ) Non integer i factors result from ion pairs in solution , which lower the effective number of particles in the solution . Equation after including the van ' t Hoff factor ΔT = K b i At high concentrations , the above formula is less precise due to nonideality of the solution . If the solute is also volatile , one of the key assumptions used in deriving the formula is not true , since it derived for solutions of non-volatile solutes in a volatile solvent . In the case of volatile solutes it is more relevant to talk of a mixture of volatile compounds and the effect of the solute on the boiling point must be determined from the phase diagram of the mixture . In such cases , the mixture can sometimes have a boiling point that is lower than either of the pure components ; a mixture with a minimum boiling point is a type of azeotrope . Ebullioscopic constants ( edit ) Values of the ebullioscopic constants K for selected solvents : Compound Boiling point in ° C Ebullioscopic constant K in units of ( ( ° C kg ) / mol ) or ( ° C / molal ) Acetic acid 118.1 3.07 Benzene 80.1 2.53 Carbon disulfide 46.2 2.37 Carbon tetrachloride 76.8 4.95 Naphthalene 217.9 5.8 Phenol 181.75 3.04 Water 100 0.512 Uses ( edit ) Together with the formula above , the boiling - point elevation can in principle be used to measure the degree of dissociation or the molar mass of the solute . This kind of measurement is called ebullioscopy ( Greek `` boiling - viewing '' ) . However , since superheating is difficult to avoid , precise ΔT measurements are difficult to carry out , which was partly overcome by the invention of the Beckmann thermometer . Furthermore , the cryoscopic constant that determines freezing - point depression is larger than the ebullioscopic constant , and since the freezing point is often easier to measure with precision , it is more common to use cryoscopy . Among many urban legends related to the effect of ebullioscopic increase , one of them leads to adding salt when cooking pasta only after water has started boiling . The misconception is that since the water boils at a higher temperature , food will cook faster . However , at the approximate concentration of salt in water for cooking ( 10 g of salt per 1 kg of water , or 1 teaspoon per quart ) , the ebullioscopic increase is approximately 0.17 ° C ( 0.31 ° F ) , which will arguably make no practical difference for cooking , although salt may add to flavors . See also ( edit ) Colligative properties Freezing point depression Dühring 's rule List of boiling and freezing information of solvents References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : P.W. Atkins , Physical Chemistry , 4th Ed. , Oxford University Press , Oxford , 1994 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 269042 - 6 , p. 222 - 225 Jump up ^ P.W. Atkins , Physical Chemistry , 4th Ed. , p . C17 ( Table 7.2 ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Articles related to solutions Solution Ideal solution Aqueous solution Solid solution Buffer solution Flory -- Huggins Mixture Suspension Colloid Phase diagram Eutectic point Alloy Saturation Supersaturation Serial dilution Dilution ( equation ) Apparent molar property Miscibility gap Concentration and related quantities Molar concentration Mass concentration Number concentration Volume concentration Normality Percentage solution Molality Mole fraction Mass fraction Isotopic abundance Mixing ratio Ternary plot Solubility Solubility equilibrium Total dissolved solids Solvation Solvation shell Enthalpy of solution Lattice energy Raoult 's law Henry 's law Solubility table ( data ) Solubility chart Solvent ( Category ) Acid dissociation constant Protic solvent Inorganic nonaqueous solvent Solvation List of boiling and freezing information of solvents Partition coefficient Polarity Hydrophobe Hydrophile Lipophilic Amphiphile Lyonium ion Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boiling-point_elevation&oldid=802718386 '' Categories : Amount of substance Chemical properties Physical chemistry Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Galego Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 00 : 57 . 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1. Boiling-point elevation 2. Colligative property 3. Non-volatile solute 4. Ebullioscopic constant 5. Freezing-point depression

what is the width of the amazon river

Amazon river - wikipedia Amazon river Jump to : navigation , search <Td_colspan="2"> Amazon River ( Amazonia ) <Td_colspan="2"> Apurímac , Ene , Tambo , Ucayali , Amazonas , Solimões <Td_colspan="2"> River <Td_colspan="2"> Sunset over the Amazon near Leticia , Colombia Countries Brazil , Colombia , Peru <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Tributaries - left Marañón , Japurá / Caquetá , Rio Negro / Guainía , Putumayo - right Ucayali , Purús , Madeira , Tapajós , Xingu City Iquitos ( Peru ) ; Leticia ( Colombia ) ; Tabatinga ( Brazil ) ; Tefé ( Brazil ) ; Itacoatiara ( Brazil ) Parintins ( Brazil ) ; Óbidos ( Brazil ) ; Santarém ( Brazil ) ; Almeirim ( Brazil ) ; Macapá ( Brazil ) ; Manaus ( Brazil ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Source Rio Mantaro - location Huancayo , Huancayo Province , Peru - elevation 5,220 m ( 17,126 ft ) - coordinates 10 ° 43 ′ 55 '' S 76 ° 38 ′ 52 '' W  /  10.73194 ° S 76.64778 ° W  / - 10.73194 ; - 76.64778 Mouth Atlantic Ocean - elevation 0 m ( 0 ft ) - coordinates 0 ° 42 ′ 28 '' N 50 ° 5 ′ 22 '' W  /  0.70778 ° N 50.08944 ° W  / 0.70778 ; - 50.08944 Coordinates : 0 ° 42 ′ 28 '' N 50 ° 5 ′ 22 '' W  /  0.70778 ° N 50.08944 ° W  / 0.70778 ; - 50.08944 <Td_colspan="2"> Length 6,400 km ( 3,977 mi ) Basin 7,050,000 km ( 2,722,000 sq mi ) Discharge - average 209,000 m / s ( 7,381,000 cu ft / s ) - max 340,000 m / s ( 12,007,000 cu ft / s ) - min 180,000 m / s ( 6,357,000 cu ft / s ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Amazon River and its drainage basin Topography of the Amazon River Basin The Amazon River , usually abbreviated to The Amazon ( US : / ˈæməzɒn / or UK : / ˈæməzən / ; Spanish and Portuguese : Amazonas ) , in South America is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world and according to most authorities , the second longest in length ( though some authors have argued that the Amazon is longer than the Nile ) The headwaters of the Apurímac River on Nevado Mismi had been considered for nearly a century as the Amazon 's most distant source , until a 2014 study found it to be the Cordillera Rumi Cruz at the headwaters of the Mantaro River in Peru . The Mantaro and Apurímac join , and with other tributaries form the Ucayali River , which in turn meets the Marañón River upstream of Iquitos , Peru , to form what countries other than Brazil consider to be the main stem of the Amazon . Brazilians call this section the Solimões River above its confluence with the Rio Negro to form what Brazilians call the Amazon at the Meeting of Waters ( Portuguese : Encontro das Águas ) at Manaus , the river 's largest city . At an average discharge of about 209,000 cubic metres per second ( 7,400,000 cu ft / s ; 209,000,000 L / s ; 55,000,000 USgal / s ) -- approximately 6,591 cubic kilometres per annum ( 1,581 cu mi / a ) , greater than the next seven largest independent rivers combined -- the Amazon represents 20 % of the global riverine discharge to the ocean . The Amazon basin is the largest drainage basin in the world , with an area of approximately 7,050,000 square kilometres ( 2,720,000 sq mi ) . The portion of the river 's drainage basin in Brazil alone is larger than any other river 's basin . The Amazon enters Brazil with only one - fifth of the flow it finally discharges into the Atlantic Ocean , yet already has a greater flow at this point than the discharge of any other river . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Pre-Columbian era 1.2 European discovery 1.3 Exploration 1.4 Scientific exploration 1.5 Post-colonial exploitation and settlement 1.6 20th - century development 2 Course 2.1 Origins 2.2 The Upper Amazon or Solimões 2.3 The Lower Amazon 2.4 Mouth 2.5 Dispute regarding length 3 Watershed 3.1 Flooding 4 Geology 5 Protected areas 6 Flora and fauna 6.1 Flora 6.2 Fauna 6.2. 1 Mammals 6.2. 2 Birds 6.2. 3 Reptiles 6.2. 4 Fish 6.2. 5 Microbiota 7 Major tributaries 7.1 List by length 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Bibliography 10 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of Amazon history Pre-Columbian era ( edit ) The Jivaro people were famous for their head - hunting raids and shrinking the heads from these raids . During what many archaeologists call the formative stage , Amazonian societies were deeply involved in the emergence of South America 's highland agrarian systems . The trade with Andean civilisations in the terrains of the headwaters in the Andes , formed an essential contribution to the social and religious development of the higher altitude civilisations of among others the Muisca and Incas . Early human settlements were typically based on low - lying hills or mounds . Five types of archaeological mound have been noted in the Amazon region : shell refuse and artificial mounds , artificial earth platforms for entire villages , earth mounds and ridges for cultivation , causeways and canals , and figurative mounds , both geometric and biomorphic . Shell mounds were the earliest evidences of habitation ; they represent piles of human refuse and are mainly dated between 7500 and 4000 years BP . They are associated with ceramic age cultures ; no preceramic shell mounds have been documented so far by archaeologists . Artificial earth platforms for entire villages are the second type of mounds . They are best represented by the Marajoara culture . Figurative mounds are the most recent types of occupation . There is ample evidence that the areas surrounding the Amazon River were home to complex and large - scale indigenous societies , mainly chiefdoms who developed large towns and cities . Archaeologists estimate that by the time the Spanish conquistador De Orellana travelled across the Amazon in 1541 , more than 3 million indigenous people lived around the Amazon . These pre-Columbian settlements created highly developed civilisations . For instance , pre-Columbian indigenous people on the island of Marajó may have developed social stratification and supported a population of 100,000 people . In order to achieve this level of development , the indigenous inhabitants of the Amazon rainforest altered the forest 's ecology by selective cultivation and the use of fire . Scientists argue that by burning areas of the forest repetitiously , the indigenous people caused the soil to become richer in nutrients . This created dark soil areas known as terra preta de índio ( `` indian dark earth '' ) . Because of the terra preta , indigenous communities were able to make land fertile and thus sustainable for the large - scale agriculture needed to support their large populations and complex social structures . Further research has hypothesised that this practice began around 11,000 years ago . Some say that its effects on forest ecology and regional climate explain the otherwise inexplicable band of lower rainfall through the Amazon basin . Many indigenous tribes engaged in constant warfare . James Stuart Olson wrote : `` The Munduruku expansion dislocated and displaced the Kawahíb , breaking the tribe down into much smaller groups ... ( Munduruku ) first came to the attention of Europeans in 1770 when they began a series of widespread attacks on Brazilian settlements along the Amazon River . '' European discovery ( edit ) Amazon tributaries near Manaus In March 1500 , Spanish conquistador Vicente Yáñez Pinzón was the first documented European to sail up the Amazon River . Pinzón called the stream Río Santa María del Mar Dulce , later shortened to Mar Dulce , literally , sweet sea , because of its fresh water pushing out into the ocean . Another Spanish explorer , Francisco de Orellana , was the first European to travel from the origins of the upstream river basins , situated in the Andes , to the mouth of the river . In this journey , Orellana baptised some of the affluents of the Amazonas like Rio Negro , Napo and Jurua . The name Amazonas is taken from the native warriors that attacked this expedition , mostly women , that reminded De Orellana of the female Amazon warriors from the ancient Hellenic culture in Greece . Exploration ( edit ) Samuel Fritz 's 1707 map showing the Amazon and the Orinoco Native Mundurukú Painting by Hercules Florence Gonzalo Pizarro set off in 1541 to explore east of Quito into the South American interior in search of El Dorado , the `` city of gold '' and La Canela , the `` valley of cinnamon '' . He was accompanied by his second - in - command Francisco de Orellana . After 170 kilometres ( 110 mi ) , the Coca River joined the Napo River ( at a point now known as Puerto Francisco de Orellana ) ; the party stopped for a few weeks to build a boat just upriver from this confluence . They continued downriver through an uninhabited area , where they could not find food . Orellana offered and was ordered to follow the Napo River , then known as Río de la Canela ( `` Cinnamon River '' ) and return with food for the party . Based on intelligence received from a captive native chief named Delicola , they expected to find food within a few days downriver by ascending another river to the north . De Orellana took about 57 men , the boat , and some canoes and left Pizarro 's troops on 26 December 1541 . However , De Orellana apparently missed the confluence ( probably with the Aguarico ) where he was searching supplies for his men . By the time he and his men reached another village , many of them were sick from hunger and eating `` noxious plants '' , and near death . Seven men died at that village . His men threatened to mutiny if he followed his orders and the expedition turned back to join Pizarro 's larger party . He accepted to change the purpose of the expedition to discover new lands in the name of the king of Spain , and the men built a larger boat in which to navigate downstream . After a journey of 600 km down the Napo River they reached a further major confluence , at a point near modern Iquitos , and then followed the upper Amazon , now known as the Solimões , for a further 1,200 kilometres ( 750 mi ) to its confluence with the Rio Negro ( near modern Manaus ) , which they reached on 3 June 1542 . On the Nhamunda River , a tributary of the Amazon downstream from Manaus , Orellana 's party had a fierce battle with warriors who , they reported , were led by fierce female warriors who beat the men to death with clubs if they tried to retreat . Orellana 's men began referring to the women as Amazons , a reference to the tribe of women warriors from Greek mythology . The river was initially known as the Marañón ( the name by which the Peruvian part of the river is still known today ) or Rio de Orellana . It later became known as the Rio Amazonas , the name by which it is still known in both Spanish and Portuguese . Regarding the initial mission of finding cinnamon , Pizarro reported to the king that they had found cinnamon trees , but that they could not be profitably harvested . In fact , true cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum ) is not native to South America . Other related cinnamon - containing plants ( of the family Lauraceae ) are fairly common in that part of the Amazon and Pizarro probably saw some of these . The expedition reached the mouth of the Amazon on 24 August 1542 , demonstrating the practical navigability of the Great River . In 1560 another Spanish conquistador , Lope de Aguirre , may have made the second descent of the Amazon . Historians are uncertain whether the river he descended was the Amazon or the Orinoco River , which runs more or less parallel to the Amazon further north . Portuguese explorer Pedro Teixeira was the first European to travel up the entire river . He arrived in Quito in 1637 , and returned via the same route . From 1648 to 1652 , Portuguese Brazilian bandeirante António Raposo Tavares led an expedition from São Paulo overland to the mouth of the Amazon , investigating many of its tributaries , including the Rio Negro , and covering a distance of more than 10,000 km ( 6,214 mi ) . In what is currently Brazil , Ecuador , Bolivia , Colombia , Peru , and Venezuela , a number of colonial and religious settlements were established along the banks of primary rivers and tributaries for the purpose of trade , slaving and evangelisation among the indigenous peoples of the vast rainforest , such as the Urarina . In the late 1600s Spanish Jesuit Father Samuel Fritz , apostle of the Omaguas , established some forty mission villages . Scientific exploration ( edit ) Henry Walter Bates was most famous for his expedition to the Amazon ( 1848 -- 1859 ) . Early scientific , zoological and botanical exploration of the Amazon River and basin took place from the 18th century through the first half of the 19th century . Charles Marie de La Condamine explored the river in 1743 . Alexander von Humboldt , 1799 -- 1804 Johann Baptist von Spix and Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius , 1817 -- 1820 Henry Walter Bates and Alfred Russel Wallace , 1848 -- 1859 Post-colonial exploitation and settlement ( edit ) Amazonas state Amazon Theatre opera house in Manaus built in 1896 during the rubber boom This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Cabanagem revolt ( 1835 -- 1840 ) was directed against the white ruling class . It is estimated that from 30 to 40 % of the population of Grão - Pará , estimated at 100,000 people , died . The total population of the Brazilian portion of the Amazon basin in 1850 was perhaps 300,000 , of whom about two - thirds were Europeans and slaves , the slaves amounting to about 25,000 . The Brazilian Amazon 's principal commercial city , Pará ( now Belém ) , had from 10,000 to 12,000 inhabitants , including slaves . The town of Manáos , now Manaus , at the mouth of the Rio Negro , had a population between 1,000 and 1,500 . All the remaining villages , as far up as Tabatinga , on the Brazilian frontier of Peru , were relatively small . On 6 September 1850 , Emperor Pedro II of Brazil sanctioned a law authorising steam navigation on the Amazon and gave the Viscount of Mauá ( Irineu Evangelista de Sousa ) the task of putting it into effect . He organised the `` Companhia de Navegação e Comércio do Amazonas '' in Rio de Janeiro in 1852 ; in the following year it commenced operations with four small steamers , the Monarca ( ' Monarch ' ) , the Cametá , the Marajó and the Rio Negro . At first , navigation was principally confined to the main river ; and even in 1857 a modification of the government contract only obliged the company to a monthly service between Pará and Manaus , with steamers of 200 tons cargo capacity , a second line to make six round voyages a year between Manaus and Tabatinga , and a third , two trips a month between Pará and Cametá . This was the first step in opening up the vast interior . The success of the venture called attention to the opportunities for economic exploitation of the Amazon , and a second company soon opened commerce on the Madeira , Purús and Negro ; a third established a line between Pará and Manaus ; and a fourth found it profitable to navigate some of the smaller streams . In that same period , the Amazonas Company was increasing its fleet . Meanwhile , private individuals were building and running small steam craft of their own on the main river as well as on many of its tributaries . On 31 July 1867 the government of Brazil , constantly pressed by the maritime powers and by the countries encircling the upper Amazon basin , especially Peru , decreed the opening of the Amazon to all countries , but they limited this to certain defined points : Tabatinga -- on the Amazon ; Cametá -- on the Tocantins ; Santarém -- on the Tapajós ; Borba -- on the Madeira , and Manaus -- on the Rio Negro . The Brazilian decree took effect on 7 September 1867 . Thanks in part to the mercantile development associated with steamboat navigation coupled with the internationally driven demand for natural rubber , the Peruvian city of Iquitos became a thriving , cosmopolitan centre of commerce . Foreign companies settled in Iquitos , from whence they controlled the extraction of rubber . In 1851 Iquitos had a population of 200 , and by 1900 its population reached 20,000 . In the 1860s , approximately 3,000 tons of rubber were being exported annually , and by 1911 annual exports had grown to 44,000 tons , representing 9.3 % of Peru 's exports . During the rubber boom it is estimated that diseases brought by immigrants , such as typhus and malaria , killed 40,000 native Amazonians . The first direct foreign trade with Manaus commenced around 1874 . Local trade along the river was carried on by the English successors to the Amazonas Company -- the Amazon Steam Navigation Company -- as well as numerous small steamboats , belonging to companies and firms engaged in the rubber trade , navigating the Negro , Madeira , Purús and many other tributaries , such as the Marañón , to ports as distant as Nauta , Peru . By the turn of the 20th century , the exports of the Amazon basin were India - rubber , cacao beans , Brazil nuts and a few other products of minor importance , such as pelts and exotic forest produce ( resins , barks , woven hammocks , prized bird feathers , live animals ) and extracted goods , such as lumber and gold . 20th - century development ( edit ) Manaus , the largest city in Amazonas , as seen from a NASA satellite image , surrounded by the dark Rio Negro and the muddy Amazon River Floating houses in Leticia , Colombia Since colonial times , the Portuguese portion of the Amazon basin has remained a land largely undeveloped by agriculture and occupied by indigenous people who survived the arrival of European diseases . Four centuries after the European discovery of the Amazon river , the total cultivated area in its basin was probably less than 65 square kilometres ( 25 sq mi ) , excluding the limited and crudely cultivated areas among the mountains at its extreme headwaters . This situation changed dramatically during the 20th century . Wary of foreign exploitation of the nation 's resources , Brazilian governments in the 1940s set out to develop the interior , away from the seaboard where foreigners owned large tracts of land . The original architect of this expansion was president Getúlio Vargas , with the demand for rubber from the Allied forces in World War II providing funding for the drive . In the 1960s , economic exploitation of the Amazon basin was seen as a way to fuel the `` economic miracle '' occurring at the time . This resulted in the development of `` Operation Amazon '' , an economic development project that brought large scale agriculture and ranching to Amazonia . This was done through a combination of credit and fiscal incentives . However , in the 1970s the government took a new approach with the National Integration Programme . A large - scale colonisation programme saw families from northeastern Brazil relocated to the `` land without people '' in the Amazon Basin . This was done in conjunction with infrastructure projects mainly the Trans - Amazonian Highway ( Transamazônica ) . The Trans - Amazonian Highway 's three pioneering highways were completed within ten years but never fulfilled their promise . Large portions of the Trans - Amazonian and its accessory roads , such as BR - 319 ( Manaus - Porto Velho ) , are derelict and impassable in the rainy season . Small towns and villages are scattered across the forest , and because its vegetation is so dense , some remote areas are still unexplored . Many settlements grew along the road from Brasília to Belém with the highway and National Integration Programme however the programme failed as the settlers were unequipped to live in the delicate rainforest ecosystem . This , although the government believed it could sustain millions , instead could sustain very few . With a population of 1.9 million people in 2014 , Manaus is the largest city on the Amazon . Manaus alone makes up approximately 50 % of the population of the largest Brazilian state of Amazonas . The racial makeup of the city is 64 % pardo ( mulatto and mestizo ) and 32 % white . Although the Amazon river remains largely undammed , around 412 dams are in operation in the Amazon 's tributary rivers . From these 412 dams , 151 are constructed over six of the main tributary rivers that drain into the Amazon . Since only four percent of the Amazon 's hydropower potential has been developed in countries like Brazil , more damming projects are underway and hundreds more are planned . After witnessing the negative effects of environmental degradation , sedimentation , navigation and flood control caused by the Three Gorges Dam in the Yangtze River , scientists are worried that constructing more dams in the Amazon will harm its biodiversity in the same way by `` blocking - fish spawning runs , reducing the flows of vital oil nutrients and clearing forests '' . Damming the Amazon River could potentially bring about the `` end of free flowing rivers '' and contribute to an `` ecosystem collapse '' that will cause major social problems . Course ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) The Amazon was thought to originate from the Apacheta cliff in Arequipa at the Nevado Mismi , marked only by a wooden cross . Source of the Amazon Marañón River in Peru The most distant source of the Amazon was thought to be in the Apurímac river drainage for nearly a century . Such studies continued to be published even recently , such as in 1996 , 2001 , 2007 , and 2008 , where various authors identified the snowcapped 5,597 m ( 18,363 ft ) Nevado Mismi peak , located roughly 160 km ( 99 mi ) west of Lake Titicaca and 700 km ( 430 mi ) southeast of Lima , as the most distant source of the river . From that point , Quebrada Carhuasanta emerges from Nevado Mismi , joins Quebrada Apacheta and soon forms Río Lloqueta which becomes Río Hornillos and eventually joins the Río Apurímac . A 2014 study by Americans James Contos and Nicolas Tripcevich in Area , a peer - reviewed journal of the Royal Geographic Society , however , identifies the most distant source of the Amazon as actually being in the Río Mantaro drainage . A variety of methods were used to compare the lengths of the Mantaro river vs. the Apurímac river from their most distant source points to their confluence , showing the longer length of the Mantaro . Then distances from Lago Junín to several potential source points in the uppermost Mantaro river were measured , which enabled them to determine that the Cordillera Rumi Cruz was the most distant source of water in the Mantaro basin ( and therefore in the entire Amazon basin ) . The most accurate measurement method was direct GPS measurement obtained by kayak descent of each of the rivers from their source points to their confluence ( performed by Contos ) . Obtaining these measurements was difficult given the class IV -- V nature of each of these rivers , especially in their lower `` Abyss '' sections . Ultimately , they determined that the most distant point in the Mantaro drainage is nearly 80 km farther upstream compared to Mt . Mismi in the Apurímac drainage , and thus the maximal length of the Amazon river is about 80 km longer than previously thought . Contos continued downstream to the ocean and finished the first complete descent of the Amazon river from its newly identified source ( finishing November 2012 ) , a journey repeated by two groups after the news spread . After about 700 km ( 430 mi ) , the Apurímac then joins Río Mantaro to form the Ene , which joins the Perene to form the Tambo , which joins the Urubamba River to form the Ucayali . After the confluence of Apurímac and Ucayali , the river leaves Andean terrain and is surrounded by floodplain . From this point to the confluence of the Ucayali and the Marañón , some 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) , the forested banks are just above the water and are inundated long before the river attains its maximum flood stage . The low river banks are interrupted by only a few hills , and the river enters the enormous Amazon rainforest . The upper Amazon or Solimões ( edit ) Amazon River near Iquitos , Peru Although the Ucayali -- Marañón confluence is the point at which most geographers place the beginning of the Amazon River proper , in Brazil the river is known at this point as the Solimões das Águas . The river systems and flood plains in Brazil , Peru , Ecuador , Colombia and Venezuela , whose waters drain into the Solimões and its tributaries , are called the `` Upper Amazon '' . The Amazon proper runs mostly through Brazil and Peru , and is part of the border between Colombia and Perú . It has a series of major tributaries in Colombia , Ecuador and Peru , some of which flow into the Marañón and Ucayali , and others directly into the Amazon proper . These include rivers Putumayo , Caquetá , Vaupés , Guainía , Morona , Pastaza , Nucuray , Urituyacu , Chambira , Tigre , Nanay , Napo , and Huallaga . At some points the river divides into anabranches , or multiple channels , often very long , with inland and lateral channels , all connected by a complicated system of natural canals , cutting the low , flat igapó lands , which are never more than 5 metres ( 16 ft ) above low river , into many islands . From the town of Canaria at the great bend of the Amazon to the Negro , vast areas of land are submerged at high water , above which only the upper part of the trees of the sombre forests appear . Near the mouth of the Rio Negro to Serpa , nearly opposite the river Madeira , the banks of the Amazon are low , until approaching Manaus , they rise to become rolling hills . The lower Amazon ( edit ) Meeting of Waters ; the confluence of Rio Negro ( black ) and Amazon ( sandy ) near Manaus , Brazil Water samples of the Solimões ( left ) and Rio Negro ( right ) The Lower Amazon begins where the darkly coloured waters of the Rio Negro meet the sandy coloured Rio Solimões , and for over 6 km ( 4 mi ) these waters run side by side without mixing . At Óbidos , a bluff 17 m ( 56 ft ) above the river is backed by low hills . The lower Amazon seems to have once been a gulf of the Atlantic Ocean , the waters of which washed the cliffs near Óbidos . Only about ten percent of the Amazon 's water enters downstream of Óbidos , very little of which is from the northern slope of the valley . The drainage area of the Amazon basin above Óbidos city is about 5,000,000 square kilometres ( 1,900,000 sq mi ) , and , below , only about 1,000,000 square kilometres ( 390,000 sq mi ) ( around 20 % ) , exclusive of the 1,400,000 square kilometres ( 540,000 sq mi ) of the Tocantins basin . The Tocantins River enters the southern portion of the Amazon delta . In the lower reaches of the river , the north bank consists of a series of steep , table - topped hills extending for about 240 kilometres ( 150 mi ) from opposite the mouth of the Xingu as far as Monte Alegre . These hills are cut down to a kind of terrace which lies between them and the river . On the south bank , above the Xingu , a line of low bluffs bordering the floodplain extends nearly to Santarém in a series of gentle curves before they bend to the southwest , and , abutting upon the lower Tapajós , merge into the bluffs which form the terrace margin of the Tapajós river valley . Mouth ( edit ) Satellite image of the mouth of the Amazon River , from the north looking south Belém is the major city and port at the mouth of the river at the Atlantic Ocean . The definition of where exactly the mouth of the Amazon is located , and how wide it is , is a matter of dispute , because of the area 's peculiar geography . The Pará and the Amazon are connected by a series of river channels called furos near the town of Breves ; between them lies Marajó , the world 's largest combined river / sea island . If the Pará river and the Marajó island ocean frontage are included , the Amazon estuary is some 325 kilometres ( 202 mi ) wide . In this case , the width of the mouth of the river is usually measured from Cabo Norte , the cape located straight east of Pracuúba in the Brazilian state of Amapá , to Ponta da Tijoca near the town of Curuçá , in the state of Pará . A more conservative measurement excluding the Pará river estuary , from the mouth of the Araguari River to Ponta do Navio on the northern coast of Marajó , would still give the mouth of the Amazon a width of over 180 kilometres ( 110 mi ) . If only the river 's main channel is considered , between the islands of Curuá ( state of Amapá ) and Jurupari ( state of Pará ) , the width falls to about 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) . The plume generated by the river 's discharge covers up to 1.3 million square kilometres and is responsible for muddy bottoms influencing a wide area of the tropical north Atlantic in terms of salinity , pH , light penetration , and sedimentation . Dispute regarding length ( edit ) River taxi in Peru While debate as to whether the Amazon or the Nile is the world 's longest river has gone on for many years , the historic consensus of geographic authorities has been to regard the Amazon as the second longest river in the world , with the Nile being the longest . However , the Amazon has been measured by different geographers as being anywhere between 6,259 and 6,992 kilometres ( 3,889 and 4,345 mi ) long . It is often said to be `` at least '' 6,400 kilometres ( 4,000 mi ) long . The Nile is reported to be anywhere from 5,499 to 6,690 kilometres ( 3,417 to 4,157 mi ) . Often it is said to be `` about '' 6,650 kilometres ( 4,130 mi ) long . There are many factors that can affect these measurements . A study by Brazilian scientists concluded that the Amazon is actually longer than the Nile . Using Nevado Mismi , which in 2001 was labelled by the National Geographic Society as the Amazon 's source , these scientists made new calculations of the Amazon 's length . They calculated the Amazon 's length as 6,992 kilometres ( 4,345 mi ) . Using the same techniques , they calculated the length of the Nile as 6,853 kilometres ( 4,258 mi ) , which is longer than previous estimates but still shorter than the Amazon . They made it possible by measuring the Amazon downstream to the beginning of the tidal estuary of Canal do Sul and then , after a sharp turn back , following tidal canals surrounding the isle of Marajó and finally including the marine waters of the Río Pará bay in its entire length . Guido Gelli , director of science at the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics ( IBGE ) , told the Brazilian TV network Globo in June 2007 that it could be considered as a fact that the Amazon was the longest river in the world . However , other geographers have had access to the same data since 2001 , and a consensus has yet to emerge to support the claims of these Brazilian scientists . The length of both the Amazon and the Nile remains open to interpretation and continued debate . Watershed ( edit ) Main article : Amazon basin The Amazon basin , the largest in the world , covers about 40 % of South America , an area of approximately 7,050,000 square kilometres ( 2,722,020 sq mi ) . It drains from west to east , from Iquitos in Peru , across Brazil to the Atlantic . It gathers its waters from 5 degrees north latitude to 20 degrees south latitude . Its most remote sources are found on the inter-Andean plateau , just a short distance from the Pacific Ocean . The locals often refer to it as `` El Jefe Negro '' , referring to an ancient god of fertility . The Amazon River and its tributaries are characterised by extensive forested areas that become flooded every rainy season . Every year , the river rises more than 9 metres ( 30 ft ) , flooding the surrounding forests , known as várzea ( `` flooded forests '' ) . The Amazon 's flooded forests are the most extensive example of this habitat type in the world . In an average dry season , 110,000 square kilometres ( 42,000 sq mi ) of land are water - covered , while in the wet season , the flooded area of the Amazon basin rises to 350,000 square kilometres ( 140,000 sq mi ) . The quantity of water released by the Amazon to the Atlantic Ocean is enormous : up to 300,000 cubic metres per second ( 11,000,000 cu ft / s ) in the rainy season , with an average of 209,000 cubic metres per second ( 7,400,000 cu ft / s ) from 1973 to 1990 . The Amazon is responsible for about 20 % of the Earth 's fresh water entering the ocean . The river pushes a vast plume of fresh water into the ocean . The plume is about 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) long and between 100 and 200 kilometres ( 62 and 124 mi ) wide . The fresh water , being lighter , flows on top of the seawater , diluting the salinity and altering the colour of the ocean surface over an area up to 2,500,000 km ( 970,000 sq mi ) in extent . For centuries ships have reported fresh water near the Amazon 's mouth yet well out of sight of land in what otherwise seemed to be the open ocean . The Atlantic has sufficient wave and tidal energy to carry most of the Amazon 's sediments out to sea , thus the Amazon does not form a true delta . The great deltas of the world are all in relatively protected bodies of water , while the Amazon empties directly into the turbulent Atlantic . There is a natural water union between the Amazon and the Orinoco basins , the so - called Casiquiare canal . The Casiquiare is a river distributary of the upper Orinoco , which flows southward into the Rio Negro , which in turn flows into the Amazon . The Casiquiare is the largest river on earth that links two major river systems , a so - called bifurcation . Flooding ( edit ) NASA satellite image of a flooded portion of the river Not all of the Amazon 's tributaries flood at the same time of the year . Many branches begin flooding in November and may continue to rise until June . The rise of the Rio Negro starts in February or March and begins to recede in June . The Madeira River rises and falls two months earlier than most of the rest of the Amazon . The depth of the Amazon between Manacapuru and Óbidos has been calculated as between 20 to 26 metres ( 66 to 85 ft ) . At Manacapuru , the Amazon 's water level is only about 24 metres ( 79 ft ) above mean sea level . More than half of the water in the Amazon downstream of Manacapuru is below sea level . In its lowermost section , the Amazon 's depth averages 20 to 50 metres ( 66 to 164 ft ) , in some places as much as 100 metres ( 330 ft ) . The main river is navigable for large ocean steamers to Manaus , 1,500 kilometres ( 930 mi ) upriver from the mouth . Smaller ocean vessels of 3,000 or 9,000 tonnes ( 3,000 or 8,900 long tons ; 3,300 or 9,900 short tons ) and 5.5 metres ( 18 ft ) draft can reach as far as Iquitos , Peru , 3,600 kilometres ( 2,200 mi ) from the sea . Smaller riverboats can reach 780 kilometres ( 480 mi ) higher , as far as Achual Point . Beyond that , small boats frequently ascend to the Pongo de Manseriche , just above Achual Point in Peru . Annual flooding occurs in late northern latitude winter at high tide when the incoming waters of the Atlantic are funnelled into the Amazon delta . The resulting undular tidal bore is called the pororoca , with a leading wave that can be up to 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) high and travel up to 500 miles ( 800 km ) inland . Geology ( edit ) The Amazon River originated as a transcontinental river in the Miocene epoch between 11.8 million and 11.3 million years ago and took its present shape approximately 2.4 million years ago in the Early Pleistocene . The proto - Amazon during the Cretaceous flowed west , as part of a proto - Amazon - Congo river system , from the interior of present - day Africa when the continents were connected , forming western Gondwana . Fifteen million years ago , the main tectonic uplift phase of the Andean chain started . This tectonic movement is caused by the subduction of the Nazca Plate underneath the South American Plate . The rise of the Andes and the linkage of the Brazilian and Guyana bedrock shields , blocked the river and caused the Amazon Basin to become a vast inland sea . Gradually , this inland sea became a massive swampy , freshwater lake and the marine inhabitants adapted to life in freshwater . For example , over 20 species of stingray , most closely related to those found in the Pacific Ocean , can be found today in the freshwaters of the Amazon . Eleven to ten million years ago , waters worked through the sandstone from the west and the Amazon began to flow eastward , leading to the emergence of the Amazon rainforest . During glacial periods , sea levels dropped and the great Amazon lake rapidly drained and became a river , which would eventually become the world 's largest , draining the most extensive area of rainforest on the planet . Paralleling the Amazon River is a large aquifer , dubbed the Hamza River , the discovery of which was made public in August 2011 . Protected areas ( edit ) Name Country Coordinates Image ( hide ) Notes Allpahuayo - Mishana National Reserve Peru 3 ° 56 ′ S 73 ° 33 ′ W  /  3.933 ° S 73.550 ° W  / - 3.933 ; - 73.550 Amacayacu National Park Colombia 3 ° 29 ′ S 72 ° 12 ′ W  /  3.483 ° S 72.200 ° W  / - 3.483 ; - 72.200 Amazônia National Park Brazil 4 ° 26 ′ S 56 ° 50 ′ W  /  4.433 ° S 56.833 ° W  / - 4.433 ; - 56.833 Anavilhanas National Park Brazil 2 ° 23 ′ S 60 ° 55 ′ W  /  2.383 ° S 60.917 ° W  / - 2.383 ; - 60.917 Flora and fauna ( edit ) See also : Biodiversity of Colombia § Amazon natural region Flora ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2017 ) Fauna ( edit ) The tambaqui , an important species in Amazonian fisheries , breeds in the Amazon River More than one - third of all known species in the world live in the Amazon rainforest , a giant tropical forest and river basin with an area that stretches more than 5,400,000 square kilometres ( 2,100,000 sq mi ) . It is the richest tropical forest in the world in terms of biodiversity . There are over 3,000 species of fish currently recognised in the Amazon basin , with more being discovered every year . In addition to the thousands of species of fish , the river supports crabs , algae , and turtles . Mammals ( edit ) Amazon river dolphin Along with the Orinoco , the Amazon is one of the main habitats of the boto , also known as the Amazon river dolphin ( Inia geoffrensis ) . It is the largest species of river dolphin , and it can grow to lengths of up to 2.6 metres ( 8 ft 6 in ) . The colour of its skin changes with age ; young animals are gray , but become pink and then white as they mature . The dolphins use echolocation to navigate and hunt in the river 's tricky depths . The boto is the subject of a legend in Brazil about a dolphin that turns into a man and seduces maidens by the riverside . The tucuxi ( Sotalia fluviatilis ) , also a dolphin species , is found both in the rivers of the Amazon basin and in the coastal waters of South America . The Amazonian manatee ( Trichechus inunguis ) , also known as `` seacow '' , is found in the northern Amazon River basin and its tributaries . It is a mammal and a herbivore . Its population is limited to freshwater habitats , and , unlike other manatees , it does not venture into salt water . It is classified as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature . The Amazon and its tributaries are the main habitat of the giant otter ( Pteronura brasiliensis ) . It is a member of the weasel family and is the largest of its kind . Because of habitat destruction and hunting , its population has dramatically decreased . Birds ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2017 ) Reptiles ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2017 ) The anaconda is found in shallow waters in the Amazon basin . One of the world 's largest species of snake , the anaconda , spends most of its time in the water with just its nostrils above the surface . Species of caimans , that are related to alligators and other crocodilians , also inhabit the Amazon as do varieties of turtles . Fish ( edit ) Characins , such as the piranha species , are prey for the giant otter , but these aggressive fish may also pose a danger to humans . The Amazonian fish fauna is the centre of diversity for neotropical fishes . 5,600 species are currently known , and approximately fifty new species are discovered each year . The arapaima , known in Brazil as the pirarucu , is a South American tropical freshwater fish , one of the largest freshwater fish in the world , with a length of up to 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) . Another Amazonian freshwater fish is the arowana ( or aruanã in Portuguese ) , such as the silver arowana ( Osteoglossum bicirrhosum ) , which is a predator and very similar to the arapaima , but only reaches a length of 120 centimetres ( 47 in ) . Also present in large numbers is the notorious piranha , an omnivorous fish that congregates in large schools and may attack livestock and even humans . There are approximately 30 to 60 species of piranha . However , only a few of its species are known to attack humans , most notably Pygocentrus nattereri , the red - bellied piranha . The candirú , native to the Amazon River , is a species of parasitic fresh water catfish in the family Trichomycteridae , just one of more than 1200 species of catfish in the Amazon basin . Other catfish ' walk ' overland on their ventral fins , while the kumakuma ( Brachyplatystoma filamentosum ) , aka piraiba or `` goliath catfish '' , can reach 3.6 metres ( 12 ft ) in length and 200 kilograms ( 440 lb ) in weight . The electric eel ( Electrophorus electricus ) and more than 100 species of electric fishes ( Gymnotiformes ) inhabit the Amazon basin . River stingrays ( Potamotrygonidae ) are also known . The bull shark ( Carcharhinus leucas ) has been reported 4,000 kilometres ( 2,500 mi ) up the Amazon River at Iquitos in Peru . Microbiota ( edit ) Freshwater microbes are generally not very well known , even less so for a pristine ecosystem like the Amazon . Recently , metagenomics has provided answers to what kind of microbes inhabit the river . The most important microbes in the Amazon River are Actinobacteria , Alphaproteobacteria , Betaproteobacteria , Gammaproteobacteria and Crenarchaeota . Major tributaries ( edit ) Solimões , the section of the upper Amazon River Aerial view of an Amazon tributary The Amazon has over 1,100 tributaries , 12 of which are over 1,500 kilometres ( 930 mi ) long . Some of the more notable ones are : Branco Casiquiare canal Caqueta River Huallaga Putumayo ( or Içá River ) Javary Juruá Madeira Marañón Morona Nanay Napo Negro Pastaza Purús Tambo Tapajós Tigre Tocantins Trombetas Ucayali Xingu Yapura List by length ( edit ) 6,259 km ( 3,889 mi ) to 6,992 km ( 4,345 mi ) -- Amazon , South America 3,250 km ( 2,020 mi ) -- Madeira , Bolivia / Brazil 3,211 km ( 1,995 mi ) -- Purús , Peru / Brazil 2,820 km ( 1,750 mi ) -- Japurá or Caquetá , Colombia / Brazil 2,639 km ( 1,640 mi ) -- Tocantins , Brazil 2,627 km ( 1,632 mi ) -- Araguaia , Brazil ( tributary of Tocantins ) 2,400 km ( 1,500 mi ) -- Juruá , Peru / Brazil 2,250 km ( 1,400 mi ) -- Rio Negro , Brazil / Venezuela / Colombia 1,992 km ( 1,238 mi ) -- Tapajós , Brazil 1,979 km ( 1,230 mi ) -- Xingu , Brazil 1,900 km ( 1,200 mi ) -- Ucayali River , Peru 1,749 km ( 1,087 mi ) -- Guaporé , Brazil / Bolivia ( tributary of Madeira ) 1,575 km ( 979 mi ) -- Içá ( Putumayo ) , Ecuador / Colombia / Peru 1,415 km ( 879 mi ) -- Marañón , Peru 1,370 km ( 850 mi ) -- Teles Pires , Brazil ( tributary of Tapajós ) 1,300 km ( 810 mi ) -- Iriri , Brazil ( tributary of Xingu ) 1,240 km ( 770 mi ) -- Juruena , Brazil ( tributary of Tapajós ) 1,130 km ( 700 mi ) -- Madre de Dios , Peru / Bolivia ( tributary of Madeira ) 1,100 km ( 680 mi ) -- Huallaga , Peru ( tributary of Marañón ) See also ( edit ) Geography portal Brazil portal Colombia portal Ecuador portal Peru portal Amazon natural region 1930 Curuçá River event Hamza River Peruvian Amazon References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Amazon River at GEOnet Names Server ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon River '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Seyler , Patrick ; Laurence Maurice - Bourgoin ; Jean Loup Guyot . `` Hydrological Control on the Temporal Variability of Trace Element Concentration in the Amazon River and its Main Tributaries '' . Geological Survey of Brazil ( CPRM ) . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What is the world 's longest river '' . National Geographic . Jump up ^ Roach , J. ( 18 June 2007 ) . `` Amazon Longer Than Nile River , Scientists Say '' . National Geographic . ^ Jump up to : James Contos ; Nicholas Tripcevich ( March 2014 ) . `` Correct placement of the most distant source of the Amazon River in the Mantaro River drainage '' . Area . 46 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 39 . doi : 10.1111 / area. 12069 . ^ Jump up to : Penn , James R. ( 2001 ) . Rivers of the World . ABC - CLIO . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 042 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Moura , Rodrigo L. ; Amado - Filho , Gilberto M. ; Moraes , Fernando C. ; Brasileiro , Poliana S. ; Salomon , Paulo S. ; Mahiques , Michel M. ; Bastos , Alex C. ; Almeida , Marcelo G. ; Silva , Jomar M. ; Araujo , Beatriz F. ; Brito , Frederico P. ; Rangel , Thiago P. ; Oliveira , Braulio C.V. ; Bahia , Ricardo G. ; Paranhos , Rodolfo P. ; Dias , Rodolfo J.S. ; Siegle , Eduardo ; Figueiredo , Alberto G. ; Pereira , Renato C. ; Leal , Camellia V. ; Hajdu , Eduardo ; Asp , Nils E. ; Gregoracci , Gustavo B. ; Neumann - Leitão , Sigrid ; Yager , Patricia L. ; Francini - Filho , Ronaldo B. ; Fróes , Adriana ; Campeão , Mariana ; Silva , Bruno S. ; Moreira , Ana P.B. ; Oliveira , Louisi ; Soares , Ana C. ; Araujo , Lais ; Oliveira , Nara L. ; Teixeira , João B. ; Valle , Rogerio A.B. ; Thompson , Cristiane C. ; Rezende , Carlos E. ; Thompson , Fabiano L. ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` An extensive reef system at the Amazon River mouth '' . Science Advances . American Association for the Advancement of Science . 2 ( 4 ) : e1501252 . ISSN 2375 - 2548 . PMC 4846441 . doi : 10.1126 / sciadv. 1501252 . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tom Sterling : Der Amazonas . Time - Life Bücher 1979 , 7th German Printing , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Nigel J.H. ( 2003 ) . Amazon Sweet Sea : Land , Life , and Water at the River 's Mouth . University of Texas Press . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 77770 - 5 . Jump up ^ Anna Roosevelt ( 1996 ) . Silberman , Neil Asher , ed . The Oxford Companion to Archaeology ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . pp. 429 -- 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 973578 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wohl , 2011 , pp. 24 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Wohl , 2011 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Olson , James Stuart ( 1991 ) . The Indians of Central and South America : an ethnohistorical dictionary . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 57 -- 248 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 26387 - 6 . Jump up ^ Morison , Samuel ( 1974 ) . The European Discovery of America : The Southern Voyages , 1492 -- 1616 . New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Francisco de Orellana Francisco de Orellana ( Spanish explorer and soldier ) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Graham , Devon . `` A Brief History of Amazon Exploration '' . Project Amazonas . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charles - Marie de La Condamine ( French naturalist and mathematician ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Renato Cancian . `` Cabanagem ( 1835 -- 1840 ) : Uma das mais sangrentas rebeliões do período regencial '' . Universo Online Liçao de Casa ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on 2 November 2007 . Retrieved 12 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Church 1911 , p. 789 . Jump up ^ `` Sobre Escravos e Regatões '' ( pdf ) ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Historia del Peru , Editorial Lexus . p. 93 . Jump up ^ La Republica Oligarquica . Editorial Lexus 2000 p. 925 . Jump up ^ Church 1911 , p. 790 . ^ Jump up to : Campari , João S. ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ) . The Economics of Deforestation in the Amazon : Dispelling the Myths . Edward Elgar Publishing . ISBN 9781845425517 . Jump up ^ Hecht , Susanna B. ; Cockburn , Alexander ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . The Fate of the Forest : Developers , Destroyers , and Defenders of the Amazon , Updated Edition . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226322728 . Jump up ^ Síntese de Indicadores Sociais 2000 ( PDF ) ( in Portuguese ) . Manaus , Brazil : IBGE. 2000 . ISBN 85 - 240 - 3919 - 1 . Retrieved 31 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , David ( 6 May 2014 ) . `` More than 400 dams planned for the Amazon and headwaters '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Ellen Wohl , `` The Amazon : Rivers of Blushing Dolphins '' in A World of Rivers ( Chicago : The University of Chicago Press , 2011 ) , 35 . ^ Jump up to : Fraser , Barbara ( 19 April 2015 ) . `` Amazon Dams Keep the Lights On But Could Hurt Fish , Forests '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Ellen Wohl , `` The Amazon : Rivers of Blushing Dolphins '' in A World of Rivers ( Chicago : The University of Chicago Press , 2011 ) , 279 . Jump up ^ `` Source of the Amazon River Identificated ( Jacek Palkiewicz ) '' . Palkiewicz.com. 19 November 1999 . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Donald ( 21 December 2000 ) . `` Explorers Pinpoint Source of the Amazon ( National Geographic News ) '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon river ' longer than Nile ' '' . BBC News . 16 June 2007 . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Studies from INPE indicate that the Amazon River is 140 km longer than the Nile '' . Brazilian National Institute for Space Research . Archived from the original on 11 April 2011 . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Contos , James ( Rocky ) ( 3 April 2014 ) . `` Redefining the Upper Amazon River '' . Geography Directions . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Church 1911 , p. 788 . Jump up ^ Church 1911 , pp. 788 -- 89 . ^ Jump up to : Guo , Rongxing ( 2006 ) . Territorial Disputes and Resource Management : A Global Handbook . Nova . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60021 - 445 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon River '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 September 2010 . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nile River '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010 . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Roach , John ( 18 June 2007 ) . `` Amazon Longer Than Nile River , Scientists Say '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Church 1911 , p. 784 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon River and Flooded Forests '' . World Wide Fund for Nature . Retrieved 4 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Molinier M ; et al. ( 22 November 1993 ) . `` Hydrologie du Bassin de l'Amazone '' ( PDF ) ( in French ) . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Junk , Wolfgang J. ( 1997 ) . The Central Amazon Floodplain : Ecology of a Pulsing System . Springer . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 59276 - 1 . Jump up ^ Whitton , B.A. ( 1975 ) . River Ecology . University of California Press . p. 462 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03016 - 9 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Jon ( 14 May 2014 ) . Environmental Geology : Facing the Challenges of Our Changing Earth . Infobase Publishing . pp. 110 -- 11 . ISBN 9781438109633 . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Lynch , David K. ( 1982 ) . `` Tidal Bores '' ( PDF ) . Scientific American . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Figueiredo , J. ; Hoorn , C. ; van der Ven , P. ; Soares , E. ( 2009 ) . `` Late Miocene onset of the Amazon River and the Amazon deep - sea fan : Evidence from the Foz do Amazonas Basin '' . Geology. 37 ( 7 ) : 619 -- 22 . doi : 10.1130 / g25567a. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Massive River Found Flowing Beneath the Amazon '' . Archived from the original on 10 November 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 08 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Allpahuayo Mishana '' ( in Spanish ) . Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado . Jump up ^ `` Parque Nacional Natural Amacayacu '' ( in Spanish ) . Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia . Jump up ^ `` Parna da Amazônia '' . Instituto Socioambiental ( ISA ) . Jump up ^ `` Parna de Anavilhanas '' . Instituto Socioambiental ( ISA ) . Jump up ^ World Bank ( 15 December 2005 ) . `` Brazilian Amazon rain forest fact sheet '' . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Albert , J.S. ; Reis , R.E. , eds. ( 2011 ) . Historical Biogeography of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes . Berkeley : University of California Press . Jump up ^ `` Amazon River Dolphin '' . Rainforest Alliance . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Cuvier 's smooth - fronted caiman ( Paleosuchus palpebrosus ) Jump up ^ James S. Albert ; Roberto E. Reis ( 8 March 2011 ) . Historical Biogeography of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes . University of California Press . p. 308 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 26868 - 5 . Retrieved 28 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Wohl , Ellen ( 2011 ) . A World of Rivers : Environmental Change on Ten of the World 's Great Rivers . Chicago . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 90478 - 4 . Jump up ^ Megafishes Project to Size Up Real `` Loch Ness Monsters '' . National Geographic . Jump up ^ `` Candiru ( fish ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Wohl , Ellen ( 2011 ) . A World of Rivers : Environmental Change on Ten of the World 's Great Rivers . Chicago . pp. 27 -- 29 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 90478 - 4 . Jump up ^ Helfman , Gene S. ( 15 July 2007 ) . Fish Conservation : A Guide to Understanding and Restoring Global Aquatic Biodiversity and Fishery Resources . Island Press . p. 31 . ISBN 9781597267601 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Ghai R , Rodriguez - Valera F , McMahon KD , et al. ( 2011 ) . `` Metagenomics of the water column in the pristine upper course of the Amazon river '' . PLoS ONE . 6 ( 8 ) : e23785 . PMC 3158796 . PMID 21915244 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0023785 . Jump up ^ Tom Sterling : Der Amazonas . Time - Life Bücher 1979 , 8th German Printing , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Extreme Science ( 2015 ) . `` World 's Greatest River : The Amazon '' . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Madeira ( river ) '' . Talktalk.co.uk . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Purus River : Information from '' . Answers.com . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Amy ( 9 February 2007 ) . `` Japurá River ( river , South America ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Infoplease ( 2012 ) . `` Tocantins '' . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Araguaia River ( river , Brazil ) -- Encyclopædia Britannica '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Juruá River : Information from '' . Answers.com . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Negro River : Information from '' . Answers.com . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tapajos River ( river , Brazil ) -- Encyclopædia Britannica '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Xingu River '' . International Rivers . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` HowStuffWorks `` The Ucayali River '' `` . Geography.howstuffworks.com. 30 March 2008 . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guapore River ( river , South America ) -- Encyclopædia Britannica '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Bibliography ( edit ) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Church , George Earl ( 1911 ) . `` Amazon '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 783 -- 90 . Wohl , Ellen ( 2011 ) . The Amazon : Rivers of Blushing Dolphins . A World of Rivers . The University of Chicago Press . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Find more aboutAmazon riverat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Texts from Wikisource Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Information on the Amazon from Extreme Science A photographic journey up the Amazon River from its mouth to its source Amazon Alive : Light & Shadow documentary film about the Amazon river Amazon River Ecosystem Research on the influence of the Amazon River on the Atlantic Ocean at the University of Southern California Geographic data related to Amazon River at OpenStreetMap <Th_colspan="2"> Treasures of Colombia <Td_colspan="2"> Archaeological sites Colombia magia salvaje National monuments National parks World Heritage sites <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Heritage of humanity <Td_colspan="2"> Bolívar Cartagena Mompox <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> National heritage <Td_colspan="2"> Antioquia Puente de Occidente Atlántico Complejo Cultural de la Antigua Aduana Boyacá Estación de Chiquinquirá Tunja Vargas Swamp Lancers Villa de Leyva Caldas Palacio de la Gobernación de Caldas Salamina Cauca Popayán Tierradentro Cundinamarca Bolívar Square Casa de Moneda de Colombia Estación de la Sabana Museo del Oro Museo Nacional San Francisco Church San Francisco Palace Santa Clara Church and Museum Santamaría Bullring Teatro Colón Huila San Agustín Quindío National Coffee Park Santander San Juan de Girón Valle del Cauca San Francisco Church <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Architectural , artistic and archaeological treasures <Td_colspan="2"> Antioquia Botero Collection Haciendas cafeteras Boyacá Ráquira Caldas Haciendas cafeteras Manizales Cathedral Cundinamarca Haciendas cafeteras Monserrate Sanctuary Quinta de Bolívar Salt Cathedral of Zipaquirá Magdalena Ciudad Perdida Haciendas cafeteras Quinta de San Pedro Alejandrino Nariño Las Lajas Sanctuary Norte de Santander Haciendas cafeteras Quindío Haciendas cafeteras Risaralda Haciendas cafeteras Santander Barichara Haciendas cafeteras Tolima Haciendas cafeteras Valle del Cauca La Ermita Church Hacienda El Paraíso Haciendas cafeteras <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> National natural parks and treasures <Td_colspan="2"> Amazonas Amacayacu Amazon River Angostura del Caquetá Araracuara Canyon La Chorrera Putumayo River Raudal de Jirijirimo Antioquia Los Katíos Piedra del Peñol Arauca Sierra Nevada del Cocuy Bolívar Rosario Islands Boyacá Lake Iguaque Páramo de Ocetá Sierra Nevada del Cocuy Siscuinsí Lake Lake Tota Caldas Los Nevados Caquetá Angostura del Caquetá Araracuara Canyon Caño Paujil Chiribiquete Claro River Mirití River Casanare Sierra Nevada del Cocuy Cauca Gorgona Island Lagunas de la Magdalena y de Santiago Nevado del Huila Puracé Volcano Cesar Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Chocó Cabo Marzo Ensenada de Utría Los Katíos Cundinamarca Chingaza Lake Guatavita Rocas de Suesca Guainía Atabapo River Cerros de Mavecure La Guajira Alta Guajira Cabo de la Vela Los Flamencos Sanctuary Salinas de Manaure Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Guaviare Cerro Pintado Chiribiquete Ciudades de Piedra Inírida River Raudales Huila Claro River Estrecho del Magdalena Lagunas de la Magdalena y de Santiago Nevado del Huila Tatacoa Desert Magdalena Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Meta Caño Cristales Chingaza Nariño Cumbal Volcano Galeras Volcano Laguna de la Cocha Laguna Verde del Azufral Putumayo River Sanquianga Norte de Santander Los Estoraques Putumayo Cascada del Indio La Paya Putumayo River Quindío Cocora valley Los Nevados Risaralda Los Nevados San Andrés y Providencia Isla de Providencia Santander Chicamocha Canyon El Gallineral Tolima Cerro Bravo Nevado del Huila Los Nevados Valle del Cauca Farallones de Cali Malpelo Island Vaupés Apaporis River Tunnel Raudal de Jirijirimo Raudal de Yuruparí Vichada El Tuparro <Td_colspan="2"> Source : Wills , Fernando et al. 2001 . Nuestro patrimonio - 100 tesoros de Colombia - Our heritage - 100 treasures of Colombia , 1 - 311 . El Tiempo . <Th_colspan="2"> New 7 Wonders of Nature <Td_colspan="2"> Amazon rainforest and river Hạ Long Bay Iguazu / Iguaçu Falls Jeju Island Komodo Island Puerto Princesa Underground River Table Mountain VIAF : 127841845 GND : 4001626 - 2 BNF : cb13963444t ( data ) NDL : 00628108 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazon_River&oldid=806881235 '' Categories : Amazon River Amazon basin Amazon rainforest Upper Amazon Rivers of South America International rivers of South America Rivers of Colombia Rivers of Ecuador Rivers of Peru Colombia -- Peru border Rivers of Amapá Rivers of Amazonas ( Brazilian state ) Rivers of Loreto Region Rivers of Pará Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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1. Amazon River - largest river by discharge volume in the world 2. Tributaries - Marañón, Japurá/Caquetá, Rio Negro/Guainía, Ucayali, Purús, Madeira, Tapajós, Xingu 3. Exploration - European discovery, scientific exploration, post-colonial exploitation and settlement 4. Flora and fauna - diverse ecosystem, including mammals, birds, reptiles

where did the pirates of the caribbean take place

List of locations in Pirates of the Caribbean - wikipedia List of locations in Pirates of the Caribbean Jump to : navigation , search `` Isla de Muerta '' redirects here . For other uses , see Isla Muerta ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of islands and other locations in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Davy Jones 's Locker 2 Isla Cruces 3 Isla de Muerta 4 Pelegosto 5 Port Royal 6 Rum - runner 's Isle 7 Shipwreck Cove 8 Singapore 9 Tortuga 10 See also 11 References Davy Jones 's Locker ( edit ) Davy Jones 's Locker is a fictional place featured prominently in At World 's End . It is based on a real superstition . The arid plain where the Pearl is beached was filmed at the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah . The shore where the Pearl reenters the ocean was filmed at the Guadalupe - Nipomo Dunes in California . The Locker is similar to purgatory , and is the destination for souls that die at sea . Davy Jones was entrusted with the task of ferrying the souls of the deceased into the next world by the goddess Calypso . After Jack Sparrow is killed by the Kraken in Dead Man 's Chest , Calypso organizes a mission to rescue his soul from the Locker back to the land of the living . In the third film , Calypso is accompanied by Elizabeth Swann , Will Turner , and Hector Barbossa , among others . They reach the Locker by the use of magical charts leading to World 's End . Sao Feng , one of the nine Pirate Lords , was the previous owner of these charts . After the crew reach the Locker , they find Jack and the Black Pearl stranded in the desert . Jack , unable to move the ship , has begun to hallucinate . The ship is transported to the ocean by many crabs under the control of Calypso . While on the ocean , the crew see the ghost of Governor Weatherby Swann , who has been murdered on the orders of Cutler Beckett . By deciphering the clues on Sao Feng 's charts , Jack discovers the way to escape the Locker . At sunset , the crew capsizes the ship ; this triggers a green flash and returns the Pearl to the world of the living , effectively reviving Jack . Isla Cruces ( edit ) Isla Cruces is a fictional island . The ruined church , graveyard , and mill were filmed in Vieille Case , Dominica . The beach where Norrington , Sparrow , and Turner duel was filmed near Little Exuma in The Bahamas . In Dead Man 's Chest , Isla Cruces is a tropical island where Davy Jones buried the Dead Man 's Chest . This chest contains his beating heart ; stabbing the heart is the only way to kill Jones . The island appears to have been abandoned . The previous occupants are unknown , but there are crumbling buildings indicating that it was once inhabited . On the island , Jack Sparrow , Will Turner , and James Norrington duel for control of the chest . James Norrington escapes with the chest , and gives it to Cutler Beckett in exchange for a full pardon . It is not revealed in the film why Davy Jones buried the Dead Man 's Chest on Isla Cruces . However , the film 's writers , Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio , imply in the Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest DVD audio commentary , that Jones chose it because it is a plague island that remains deserted . Isla de Muerta ( edit ) Isla de Muerta is an island featured in The Curse of the Black Pearl . It is a mysterious land where the Black Pearl 's pirate crew hide their looted treasure . It is the location of the Aztec treasure that has cursed Hector Barbossa and the other members of his crew . According to Jack Sparrow , Isla de Muerta is an island that can not be found , except by those who already know where it is hidden . From the air , the island resembles a human skull . Mysteriously shrouded in fog , the isle is surrounded by a graveyard of sunken ships ; its waters swarm with hammerhead sharks and shoaling fish . The island contains a series of connected caves , which contain the crew 's loot and the Chest of Cortes . Before the events of the film , Hector Barbossa leads a mutiny against Jack Sparrow and becomes the captain of Black Pearl . Later , the crew finds cursed Aztec treasure on Isla de Muerta . By removing the golden medallions from their chest , the crew become undead and lose the ability to feel physical pleasure . In order to remove the curse , the crew collect the medallions and return them . Barbossa , believing that Elizabeth Swann is the key to breaking his curse , kidnaps her and brings her to Isla de Muerta . Captain Sparrow uses his magical compass , which points to the thing the user wants most , to follow him . With the help of Will Turner , Elizabeth , and Jack fight against the pirates in the caves under the island . James Norrington and his men fight against Barbossa 's crew in the bay just offshore . By using Will 's blood , the curse is broken and Jack kills Barbossa . In Dead Man 's Chest , it 's learned that the island was reclaimed by the sea , taking with it both the cursed Aztec treasure and the mountains of gold that Barbossa 's crew had hoarded while they were cursed . It was with this gold that Jack Sparrow had agreed to pay his new crew . Pelegosto ( edit ) Pelegosto , also known as Cannibal Island , is a fictional island . Scenes set on the island were filmed on Dominica . The Pelegosto tribe 's main village was built south of the island 's capital , Roseau . Other scenes were filmed in Morne Trois Pitons National Park and Indian River . In Dead Man 's Chest , Bootstrap Bill Turner , acting as Davy Jones 's agent , delivers the Black Spot to Captain Jack Sparrow , a mark indicating that his blood debt to Jones is due . To avoid the monstrous Kraken that is hunting him , Jack commands the crew of the Black Pearl to land as fast as possible . They alight on Pelegosto , a typical Caribbean island with sandy beaches and lush , mountainous jungles . But it is hardly the paradise it appears to be ; it is inhabited by a vicious cannibal tribe that captures the Pearl 's crew . They believe Jack Sparrow is a god in human form and intend to eat him to `` release him from his fleshy prison '' . Will Turner arrives and helps them escape . Jack seeks out Tia Dalma , an obeah woman , for help . Dalma lives in shack on the other side of the island . He trades Barbossa 's undead monkey for a jar of dirt , which she claims will protect him from Davy Jones . After Jack 's death at the hands of the Kraken , his crew return to Tia Dalma 's shack on Pelegosto . Tia Dalma reveals that she has resurrected Barbossa , and they will lead a mission to rescue Jack from Davy Jones 's Locker . Port Royal ( edit ) Port Royal is a British colony . It is based on the historical Port Royal , a city located at the end of the Palisadoes at the mouth of the Kingston Harbour , in southeastern Jamaica . Scenes set in the harbor of Port Royal were filmed at Wallilabou Bay , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines . A replica of Fort Charles was built on the Palos Verdes Peninsula near Los Angeles , as was Governor Swann 's mansion . The scenes set inside the mansion were filmed in Manhattan Beach , California . Port Royal appears in all movies except in On Stranger Tides . Elizabeth Swann arrives in Port Royal as a child , after her father Weatherby Swann is appointed governor . In the first film , Will Turner works in the town as a blacksmith 's apprentice . Port Royal is attacked by the crew of the Black Pearl after Elizabeth accidentally summons the pirates . Pintel and Ragetti kidnap Elizabeth from her mansion , which is located in the town . Jack is imprisoned in the jail there , but Will Turner helps him escape . In Dead Man 's Chest , Cutler Beckett uses Port Royal as his base of operations . Rum - runner 's isle ( edit ) The scenes on Rum - runner 's Isle were filmed in Petit Tabac , one of five islands known as the Tobago Cays , in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines . Before the events of the first film , Barbossa leads a mutiny against Jack and strands him on a small island . He leaves Jack a pistol holding a single shot ; he could use this to commit suicide before starving to death . For many years , Barbossa assumes that Jack has died ; he is surprised to learn of his survival during the events of the first film . Jack repeatedly claims that he used a raft made of sea turtles and his own back hair to escape the island . In reality , the island was a haven for rum - runners . Jack discovers their stash of liquor , lies on a beach drinking rum for three days , and barters passage off the isle when the bootleggers return . During The Curse of the Black Pearl , Barbossa captures Elizabeth and Jack . Will Turner barters for their safety . Barbossa uses a loophole in their agreement to maroon Elizabeth and Jack on the same island . Elizabeth burns the stash of rum in order to create a signal fire , and they are rescued by James Norrington . Shipwreck Cove ( edit ) Shipwreck Cove is an inlet on the fictional Shipwreck Island , appearing in At World 's End . Shipwreck Cove is considered to be an impregnable fortress , well - supplied , and able to withstand nearly any siege . It serves as the meeting place for the Brethren Court , which is a gathering of the world 's nine Pirate Lords . Scenes set on Shipwreck Island were filmed in Dominica . The Fourth Brethren Court meet to discuss the threat of the East India Trading Company and the ways in which to combat this threat . Barbossa insists that the Court must free Calypso , a sea goddess who was trapped in human form by the first Brethren Court . Sparrow and Elizabeth prefer to fight directly against the EITC . Elizabeth is elected Pirate King by the Court , and she declares war on Cutler Beckett . The Pirate 's Code is kept at Shipwreck Cove . This rulebook serves as the source of law for all pirates . Jack Sparrow 's father , Captain Teague , is the Keeper of the Code . Singapore ( edit ) The fictionalised Singapore is filled with bridge - covered waterways and crude wooden buildings , and differs markedly from the actual historical Singapore . The sets for the bathhouse , harbor , and stilt houses were constructed at Universal Studios in Los Angeles . It appears in At World 's End . Hector Barbossa and Elizabeth Swann visit Sao Feng to steal his navigational charts , which lead to World 's End . They request a ship and a crew to rescue Jack Sparrow from Davy Jones 's Locker . Sao Feng has captured Will Turner , who attempted to steal the charts from Feng . After a tense standoff , the pirates form a temporary alliance when they are attacked by Ian Mercer and the East India Trading Company . After a series of skirmishes and negotiations , Feng grants them a ship and a crew . Tortuga ( edit ) Tortuga is an island off the northern coast of Saint - Domingue ( Haiti ) , out of the jurisdiction of the Royal Navy and the East India Trading Company . While it remains a free port where traders can escape the high East India tariffs , it is a dangerous one where illegal transactions are common . Scenes set in Tortuga were filmed in Wallilabou Bay , St. Vincent and the Grenadines . In the first film , Captain Jack Sparrow and Will Turner moor their stolen ship , the Interceptor , in Tortuga to recruit a crew . Their crew included Joshamee Gibbs , Anamaria , Cotton , and Marty . Here , Jack Sparrow also encounters Giselle and Scarlett , with whom has he had past romantic relationships . In Dead Man 's Chest , Will goes to Tortuga to hunt for Jack Sparrow . A denizen tells Will that he saw a ship with black sails ( the Black Pearl ) beached on Pelegosto . Jack returns to Tortuga to try to enlist ninety - nine unsuspecting sailors to pay off his blood debt to Davy Jones . Although he falls far short of his goal , the new crew proves useful during the final confrontation with the Kraken . Jack is reunited with Elizabeth Swann while in Tortuga and also recruits the disgraced James Norrington , who resigned his commission after losing his ship in a hurricane . At the conclusion of At World 's End , Barbossa leaves Jack and Gibbs in Tortuga by once again hijacking the Black Pearl . Gibbs remains in Tortuga with Giselle and Scarlett . At the end of On Stranger Tides , Barbossa is in command of Blackbeard 's ship , the Queen Anne 's Revenge . He yells out that they will travel back to Tortuga , although this is not shown onscreen . See also ( edit ) Locations in prequel series List of fictional islands References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Film locations for Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End '' . The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations . Retrieved 31 Mar 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film locations for Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest '' . The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations . Retrieved 31 Mar 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film locations for Pirates of the Caribbean : Curse of the Black Pearl '' . The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations. 2 Aug 2015 . Retrieved 25 Mar 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean '' . St. Vincent and the Grenadines Tourism Authority . Retrieved 25 Mar 2017 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Pirates of the Caribbean Film series The Curse of the Black Pearl video game soundtrack Dead Man 's Chest video game soundtrack At World 's End video game soundtrack On Stranger Tides soundtrack Dead Men Tell No Tales ‎ soundtrack Characters Jack Sparrow Hector Barbossa Will Turner Elizabeth Swann Joshamee Gibbs James Norrington Davy Jones Pintel and Ragetti Bootstrap Bill Cutler Beckett Tia Dalma Universe Black Pearl Flying Dutchman Queen Anne 's Revenge Kraken Locations Music List of songs in the film series `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' Soundtrack Treasures Collection Swashbuckling Sea Songs 1966 soundtrack `` He 's a Pirate '' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Remixes Theme park attractions Pirates of the Caribbean Battle for the Sunken Treasure The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Video games Adventures in the Magic Kingdom Pirates of the Caribbean Pirates of the Caribbean : The Legend of Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean Online Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile Kingdom Hearts II Pirates of the Caribbean : Armada of the Damned Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Infinity Books Jack Sparrow Legends of the Brethren Court The Price of Freedom Other Trading Card Game Pinball machine Lego Pirates of the Caribbean Accolades for the film series Rob Kidd <Td_colspan="2"> Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_locations_in_Pirates_of_the_Caribbean&oldid=807583218 '' Categories : Pirates of the Caribbean Fictional islands Fictional locations by series Disney - related lists Lists of fictional locations Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Bahasa Indonesia Magyar Nederlands Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 21 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Locations in Pirates of the Caribbean film series 2. Davy Jones's Locker 3. Isla Cruces 4. Isla de Muerta 5. Port Royal

who plays kitty softpaws in puss in boots

Puss in Boots ( 2011 film ) - wikipedia Puss in Boots ( 2011 film ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Puss in Boots <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Chris Miller Produced by Latifa Ouaou Joe M. Aguilar Written by Tom Wheeler Will Davies Brian Lynch Starring Antonio Banderas Zach Galifianakis Salma Hayek Billy Bob Thornton Amy Sedaris Constance Marie Music by Henry Jackman Edited by Eric Dapkewicz Production company DreamWorks Animation Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date October 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 16 ) ( Allure of the Seas ) October 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 28 ) ( United States ) Running time 90 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $130 million Box office $555 million Puss in Boots is a 2011 American 3D computer - animated fantasy action comedy film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures . It was directed by Chris Miller ( who also directed 2007 's Shrek the Third ) and written by Brian Lynch and Tom Wheeler . It stars Antonio Banderas , Salma Hayek , Zach Galifianakis , Billy Bob Thornton and Amy Sedaris . The film was released in theaters on October 28 , 2011 in Digital 3D and IMAX 3D . Although the character of Puss in Boots originated in a European fairy tale in 1697 , the film is a spin - off prequel to the Shrek franchise . It follows the character Puss in Boots on his adventures before his first appearance in Shrek 2 in 2004 . Accompanied by his friends , Humpty Dumpty and Kitty Softpaws , Puss is pitted against Jack and Jill , two murderous outlaws in ownership of legendary magical beans which lead to great fortune . Puss in Boots grossed $554.9 million at the box office . It was nominated for Best Animated Feature at the 84th Academy Awards . A television series , titled The Adventures of Puss in Boots , premiered on Netflix in 2015 . A sequel film , titled Puss in Boots 2 : Nine Lives & 40 Thieves , was scheduled to be released in 2018 , but removed from the DreamWorks schedule in early 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Box office 6.3 Accolades 7 Expanded franchise 7.1 Sequel 7.2 Animated series 8 Video games 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Puss in Boots ( Antonio Banderas ) is a talking cat named for his signature pair of boots . Puss is a fugitive on the run from the law , looking to restore his lost honor . He learns that the outlaw couple Jack ( Billy Bob Thornton ) and Jill ( Amy Sedaris ) have the magic beans he 's been looking for most of his life , which can lead him to a giant 's castle holding valuable golden goose eggs . When Puss tries to steal them from the outlaws ' room , a female cat named Kitty Softpaws interrupts , and both fail . Kitty is allied with Humpty Alexander Dumpty , a talking egg and Puss ' long - estranged childhood friend from the orphanage where he was raised . Puss tells Kitty his origin story and of his feelings of betrayal for a youthful misadventure when Humpty tricked Puss into helping commit a bank robbery in his hometown of San Ricardo ; Puss has been on the run ever since . Humpty eventually convinces Puss to join them in finding the beans and retrieving the golden eggs . The trio steal the beans from Jack and Jill and plant them in the desert . Puss and Kitty 's relationship becomes romantic . The trio ride the beanstalk into the clouds to find the castle of the late giant , while avoiding the Great Terror , a giant goose that guards the Golden Goose . When they realize the golden eggs are too heavy to carry , they steal the Goose , which is just a gosling , and escape the castle . While celebrating their victory , the group is ambushed by Jack and Jill , who knock Puss unconscious . When Puss wakes up , he tracks Jack and Jill to San Ricardo where he learns the entire heist was a plot by Humpty to lure him home to be arrested , as revenge for abandoning him to the authorities when Humpty 's youthful heist went bad . Jack , Jill , and Kitty were involved in the con . After pleas from Imelda , his adoptive mother , Puss turns himself in to the guards while Humpty donates many golden eggs to the town and becomes a hero . While in prison , Puss meets the original Jack from `` Jack and the Beanstalk '' who warns him that the Great Terror is in fact the Goose 's mother , and it will stop at nothing to get its child back . Realizing Humpty intended to destroy the town all along , Puss lets a repentant Kitty help him break out of prison and she also tells him she loves him . Tracking him down just as the Great Terror arrives , Puss convinces Humpty to help him fight off the Great Terror , saying he knows Humpty is a good person at heart . Using the Goose as bait , Puss and Humpty lure the Great Terror out of the town . During the chase , Jack and Jill betray Humpty and try to take the Goose , but get crushed by the Great Terror . Humpty and the Goose are knocked off a bridge with Puss holding onto them . Humpty knows Puss can not hold both of them , so he lets go , sacrificing himself to save the Goose and the town . Humpty 's shell cracks open to reveal he was a golden egg on the inside . The Great Terror then takes the Goose and Humpty back to the giant 's castle . Puss ' efforts to save San Ricardo make him a hero among the townspeople and Imelda . In the epilogue , Jack and Jill are recovering from their injuries , Humpty is shown once again in his regular egg form , wearing a golden egg suit , as he rides the Great Terror into the clouds , and Puss and Kitty kiss . Cast ( edit ) Salma Hayek , Antonio Banderas and Puss in Boots at a premiere of the film in Paris . Antonio Banderas as Puss in Boots , a fugitive from the law and a hero of San Ricardo . Zach Galifianakis as Humpty Alexander Dumpty , the mastermind who intends to retrieve the Golden Eggs from the one - of - a-kind Goose . Salma Hayek as Kitty Softpaws , a street - savvy Tuxedo cat who is Puss ' female counterpart and love interest . Billy Bob Thornton and Amy Sedaris as Jack and Jill , a murderous outlaw husband and wife couple . Constance Marie as Imelda , Puss ' human adoptive mother Guillermo del Toro as Comandante , Moustache Man Mike Mitchell as Andy `` Jack '' Beanstalk Production ( edit ) The film had been in development since 2004 , when Shrek 2 was released . As a Shrek 2 spin - off , it was initially planned for release in 2008 as a direct - to - video film , then titled Puss in Boots : The Story of an Ogre Killer . By October 2006 , the film was re-slated as a theatrical release due to market conditions , and due to DreamWorks Animation 's realization that the Puss character deserved more . In September 2010 , Guillermo del Toro signed on as executive producer . Discussing del Toro , Miller stated : `` We worked out a system for him to come in once every few months or whenever we had something new to show him . If we needed someone to bounce ideas off of , he was always there , and if we had a problem we were tackling , we 'd get Guillermo on the red phone -- our emergency phone -- and ask him advice on what we should do with a certain character or scene . It was like having our own film school . '' Miller stated that del Toro was particularly involved in Humpty 's character design . `` Guillermo loved the dreamy quality of Humpty Dumpty . He suggested we push that further , make him more like da Vinci . '' It was del Toro 's idea to make Humpty `` an ingenious freak of nature '' who builds contraptions such as a flying machine . Del Toro rewrote the ending to redeem the character and deepen his relationship with Puss -- an unconventional conclusion for a children 's film . He helped design the fantasy elements of the giant 's castle , as well as the architecture of the town , which he conceived as `` an amalgam of Spain and Mexico '' . Except for Puss , the film features new characters . Citing the co-writer , David H. Steinberg , `` It does n't overlap with Shrek at all . Partly that was done to tell an original Puss story , but partly because we did n't know what Shrek 4 were going to do with the characters and we could n't write conflicting storylines . '' The film was teased in Shrek Forever After , when Shrek finally shuts the book titled `` Shrek '' , and puts it away next to a book titled `` Puss in Boots '' . Puss in Boots is the first DreamWorks Animation feature film that was partly made in India . A Bangalore studio owned by Technicolor , which had mainly worked on TV specials and DVD bonus material , spent six months animating three major scenes in the film . The outsourcing had financial advantages , with 40 % less labor costs than in the US , but the primary reason for outsourcing to India was lack of personnel , due to the studio producing as many as three films a year . The release date was originally set for November 4 , 2011 , but was pushed a week earlier to October 28 , 2011 . Anne Globe , head of worldwide marketing for DreamWorks Animation , said the decision to move the film 's release date a week earlier was to attract parents and their children to see the film before other family - friendly movies were released in November 2011 . The film was renamed Cat in Boots in the United Arab Emirates for officially unknown reasons , but it is suspected for religious and cultural reasons . According to UAE 's The National Media Council , which is responsible for censorship , UAE did n't have any involvement in the rename and that `` the decision to change the name had been made by the Hollywood studio and the movie distributors in the UAE . '' Consequently , since the film 's distributor was based in the UAE , the same print was syndicated to all theaters throughout the Middle East . However , the name change was limited to the film 's original theatrical run , as merchandise and later regional home media release retained the film 's original title . Soundtrack ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Puss in Boots <Th_colspan="2"> Film score by Henry Jackman Released October 24 , 2011 Genre Score Length 65 : 51 Label Sony Classical Henry Jackman , the composer for Puss in Boots , utilized folk instruments of traditional Latin music . Inspired by Spanish composer Manuel de Falla , Jackman blended guitars and Latin percussion with an orchestral sound influenced by Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel . Mexican guitar duo Rodrigo y Gabriela contributed to Jackman 's score , and two of their songs , Diabolo Rojo and Hanuman were included in the soundtrack . Lady Gaga 's song `` Americano '' was also featured in the film . The soundtrack for the film , featuring the original score by Jackman , was released on October 24 , 2011 , by Sony Classical . Release ( edit ) Puss in Boots had its world premiere on October 16 , 2011 , aboard the Royal Caribbean International 's cruise ship Allure of the Seas , docked in Fort Lauderdale , Florida at the time . It was theatrically released in the United States on October 28 , 2011 . The film was digitally re-mastered into IMAX 3D , and was released in 268 North American IMAX theaters and at least 47 IMAX theaters outside North America . Home media ( edit ) Puss in Boots was released on DVD , Blu - ray and Blu - ray 3D on February 24 , 2012 . The movie was accompanied by a short animated film called Puss in Boots : The Three Diablos . As of July 2013 , 7.2 million home entertainment units were sold worldwide . Another featured extra short is `` Klepto Kitty '' ; a three - minute profile of Dusty the Klepto Kitty , a notorious cat in California who steals items from neighbors ' yards , some of it captured on a night vision kitty - cam , hung around Dusty 's neck by the Animal Planet network for their own documentary . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 84 % based on reviews from 142 , with an average rating of 6.8 out of 10 . The website 's consensus is , `` It is n't deep or groundbreaking , but what it lacks in profundity , Puss in Boots more than makes up for with an abundance of wit , visual sparkle , and effervescent charm . '' Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , gives the film a score of 65 % based on 24 reviews . CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was an `` A - '' on an A+ to F scale . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review , saying `` Puss in Boots is a perfectly diverting romp that happens to showcase some of the best 3D work yet from a mainstream animated feature . Colorful , clever enough , free of cloying showbiz in - jokes , action - packed without being ridiculous about it and even well choreographed . '' Peter Debruge of Variety gave the film a positive review , saying `` Puss ' origin story could easily stand on its own -- a testament to clever writing on the part of its creative team and an irresistible central performance by Antonio Banderas . '' Christy Lemire of the Associated Press gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` For quick , lively , family friendly entertainment , `` Puss in Boots '' works just fine , even in 3 - D , which is integrated thoughtfully into the narrative and does n't just feel like a gimmick . '' Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film three and a half stars out of five , saying `` As good as Banderas and Hayek are together , Galifianakis is better , making Humpty - Dumpty , of all people , one of the more intriguing animated characters to come along in a while . He 's a nice surprise . '' Moira MacDonald of The Seattle Times gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` I left dreaming of a world in which cats could tango - and when 's the last time a movie did that ? '' Marjorie Baumgarten of The Austin Chronicle gave the film three out of five stars , saying `` The seductive interplay of Banderas and Hayek , the barely recognizable vocal contributions of Galifianakis , and the Southern backwoods speech of Thornton and Sedaris all keep us attuned to the events on the screen . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a C , saying `` In the Shrek films , the joke of Puss in Boots , with his trilled consonants and penchant for chest - puffing sword duels , is that no one this cuddly should try to be this dashing . But in Puss in Boots , that joke wears out its welcome in 15 minutes . '' Ty Burr of The Boston Globe gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` Puss in Boots does n't break any new ground in the storytelling department , and its reliance on go - go - go state - of - the - art action sequences grows wearying by the end , but the movie has a devilish wit that works for parent and child alike . '' Elizabeth Weitzman of the New York Daily News gave the film four out of five stars , saying `` It 's always a pleasure to find a family film that respects its audience all the way up the line . '' Colin Covert of the Star Tribune gave the film one and a half stars out of four , saying `` Remember that toy where you yank a string and hear the sound of a barnyard animal ? `` Puss in Boots '' has about half as much entertainment value . '' Olly Richards of Empire gave the film three out of five stars , saying `` Like most kittens , it 's not always perfectly behaved , but at least this new Puss adventure does n't have you reaching for the cinematic spray bottle . And thank goodness the spin - off does nothing to neuter the charismatic cat 's appeal . '' Stan Hall of The Oregonian gave the film a B , saying `` Puss in Boots is n't particularly deep , nor does it take itself seriously -- it just wants to seek glory , win affection and cash in . Done , done and done . '' Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times gave the film four out of five stars , saying `` Perhaps the most engaging thing about `` Puss in Boots '' is that it never takes itself too seriously . '' Stephen Holden of The New York Times gave the film three and a half stars out of five , saying `` It is a cheerfully chaotic jumble of fairy tale and nursery rhyme characters parachuted into a Spanish storybook setting . '' Lou Lumenick of the New York Post gave the film one and a half stars out of four , saying `` Basically , this toon is a tired riff on Sergio Leone 's spaghetti Westerns , punctuated by more puns and cat jokes than you can shake a litter box at . '' Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` With his impeccable comic timing and lyrical Spanish accent , Banderas ' swashbuckling charmer is an undeniable treat . '' Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` Puss in Boots '' proves there is at least one cat with multiple lives . The feature - length animated spinoff - a star turn for the popular `` Shrek '' supporting character voiced by Antonio Banderas - is almost shockingly good . And not just because a lot of you will approach it with lowered expectations . '' Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star - Ledger gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` An almost purr - fect little film that even a dog owner can enjoy . '' Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal gave the film a positive review , saying `` Puss made his debut in `` Shrek 2 , '' then did time in the two decreasingly funny sequels . Now he 's got a movie of his own , and not a moment too soon . '' Lisa Kennedy of The Denver Post gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` It would overstate matters to say Puss in Boots leaves its cat holding the bag ( we had to get that in ) . But it also leaves its hero awaiting a richer fable , one befitting his charms and his portrayer 's talents . '' Anna Smith of Time Out gave the film three out of five stars , saying `` Puss in Boots is uneven , but when it 's on course , cat fans will be in heaven . '' Amy Biancolli of the Houston Chronicle gave the film three out of five stars , saying `` Puss in Boots prances along on three basic truths . One , cats are funny . Two , vain Spanish cats in high - heeled musketeer boots are even funnier . Lastly , booted , vain Spanish cats voiced by a breathy Antonio Banderas are flat - out hilarious . '' Tasha Robinson of The A.V. Club gave the film a C+ , saying `` Puss In Boots makes a great theme - park ride , a thrill - a-minute feast for the eyes and the semicircular canals . But while the settings are impressively multidimensional , the characters are flatter than old - school cel drawings . '' Box Office ( edit ) The film grossed $149,260,504 in North America , and $405,726,973 in other countries , for a worldwide total of $554,987,477 . It is the eleventh highest - grossing film of 2011 and is also the third highest - grossing animated film that year behind Kung Fu Panda 2 ( $665.7 million ) and Cars 2 ( $559.9 million ) . In North America , the film topped the box office on its opening day with $9.6 million . On its opening weekend , the film made $34,077,439 , topping Saw III 's record ( $33.6 million ) for the highest Halloween weekend opening ever . It retained first place during its second weekend , with $33,054,644 , declining only 3 % . Outside North America , on its opening weekend , it earned second place with $17.2 million . The film opened at # 1 in both the UK with a weekend gross of £ 1.98 million ( $3.1 million ) , and Australia , with $2.98 million . It topped the box office outside North America on its seventh weekend with $47.1 million from 40 countries . It ranks as the ninth highest - grossing film of 2011 outside North America . Its highest - grossing country after North America was Russia and the CIS ( $50.6 million ) , followed by Germany ( $33.9 million ) and France and the Maghreb region ( $33.2 million ) . Accolades ( edit ) Award Recipient Result Academy Awards Best Animated Feature Chris Miller Nominated Alliance of Women Film Journalists Best Animated Film Best Animated Female Salma Hayek Annie Awards Best Animated Feature Animated Effects in an Animated Production Can Yuksel Character Animation in a Feature Production Olivier Staphylas Character Design in a Feature Production Patrick Mate Directing in a Feature Production Chris Miller Music in a Feature Production Henry Jackman Storyboarding in a Feature Production Bob Logan Voice Acting in a Feature Production Zach Galifianakis Editing in a Feature Production Eric Dapkewicz Critics ' Choice Awards Best Animated Feature Chicago Film Critics Association Awards Animated Film Golden Globe Awards Best Animated Feature Film Kids Choice Awards Favorite Animated Movie Won Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie Antonio Banderas Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards Best Animated Theatrical Motion Pictures Joe M. Aguilar , Latifa Ouaou Satellite Awards Best Animated or Mixed Media Film Toronto Film Critics Association Best Animated Feature Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards Best Animated Feature Women Film Critics Circle Best Animated Females Won Saturn Awards Best Animated Film Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actress Action / Adventure Salma Hayek Nominated Expanded franchise ( edit ) Sequel ( edit ) In November 2012 , executive producer Guillermo del Toro said that they already did a couple of script drafts for a sequel , and that the director Chris Miller wants to take Puss on an adventure to exotic places . In April 2014 , Antonio Banderas , the voice of Puss , said that the work on the sequel had just begun . In June 2014 , the movie was titled Puss in Boots 2 : Nine Lives & 40 Thieves and was scheduled to be released on November 2 , 2018 . Two months later , it was moved back to December 21 , 2018 . In January 2015 , Puss in Boots 2 was removed from the release schedule following corporate restructuring and DreamWorks Animation 's new policy to release two films a year . Two months later , Banderas said in an interview that the script was under restructuring , and that Shrek may appear in the film . Animated series ( edit ) Main article : The Adventures of Puss in Boots The film also spawned an animated series that premiered on Netflix on January 16 , 2015 . Video Games ( edit ) Puss in Boots , a video game based on the film , developed by Blitz Games , and published by THQ on October 25 , 2011 for Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , Wii , and Nintendo DS . It features support for Kinect and PlayStation Move on the respective platforms . Fruit Ninja : Puss in Boots , a Puss in Boots - themed Fruit Ninja video game , which was released on October 20 , 2011 , on the iOS App Store , and was released for Android devices on November 28 , 2011 , on the Amazon Appstore . Notes ( edit ) ^ In July 2014 , the film 's distribution rights were purchased by DreamWorks Animation from Paramount Pictures . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( October 27 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Projector : ' Puss in Boots ' to stomp on competition '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved October 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Puss in Boots '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Holiday Movie Release Date Moves : A Recap '' . Deadline . September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : IMAX Corporation ( October 21 , 2011 ) . `` Dreamworks Animation 's Puss in Boots Charms Its Way Into IMAX October 28 '' ( Press release ) . GlobeNewswire . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : DreamWorks Animation ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` Puss in Boots And King Julien Add Their Legendary Panache To DreamWorks Animation 's Netflix Original Series Line - Up '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` DreamWorks Animation Shifts Two Sequels Back Slightly '' . ComingSoon.net . August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lieberman , David ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Restructuring To Cut 500 Jobs With $290 M Charge '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Australian Associated Press ( June 10 , 2004 ) . `` Banderas walks Shrek 's green carpet '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( September 14 , 2005 ) . `` D'Works will rely on animal instinct '' . Variety . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Larry ( March 30 , 2006 ) . `` Movie File : Antonio Banderas , Rob Schneider , Jack Black , Vince Vaughn , Jennifer Aniston '' . MTV . Retrieved October 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ DreamWorks Animation ( October 31 , 2006 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Reports Third Quarter 2006 Financial Results '' ( Press release ) . PRNewswire . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lynn , Cari ( February 19 , 2012 ) . `` OSCARS : Puss In Boots -- Chris Miller '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 27 , 2009 ) . `` Guillermo del Toro , DreamWorks Ani strike deal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dodes , Rachel ( October 21 , 2011 ) . `` An Odd Couple and a Well - Shod Cat '' . online.wsj.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` Guillermo del Toro Talks PUSS IN BOOTS 2 , KUNG FU PANDA 3 & TROLLHUNTERS ; Says PANDA 3 Has the `` Most Formidable Villain in the Series '' `` . Collider.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Caffeinated '' Clint ( June 8 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : Puss in Boots scribe talks '' . Moviehole.net . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Verrier , Richard ( October 29 , 2011 ) . `` ' Puss in Boots ' showcases work by India animators for DreamWorks '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( October 30 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office : ' Puss in Boots ' wins weekend by more than a whisker ( Updated ) '' . Los Angelese Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mottram , James ( November 24 , 2011 ) . `` Cat In Boots in 3D '' . The National . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Censors ' claws out for film '' . 7Days . November 23 , 2011 . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sambidge , Andy ( November 25 , 2011 ) . `` UAE says it had no role in ' Puss in Boots ' renaming '' . Arabian Business . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . ' Jump up to : ^ Noyer , Jérémie ( July 18 , 2011 ) . `` Winnie The Poohs Henry Jackman , a `` First Class '' composer `` . AnimatedViews.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mexican Guitarists Come Home From the Cold '' . The New York Times . January 23 , 2012 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Puss In Boots Sneak Featuring Lady Gaga 's Americano '' . October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' Puss In Boots ' and Lady Gaga 's ' Americano ' : The Story Behind The Track '' . MTV . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Puss in Boots ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Royal Caribbean International ( October 17 , 2011 ) . `` Royal Caribbean and Dreamworks Animation Host Red Carpet Premiere of Puss in Boots Onboard Royal Caribbean 's Allure Of The Seas '' ( Press release ) . PRWeb . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Golden , Fran ( October 19 , 2011 ) . `` Allure of the Seas hosts ' Puss in Boots ' premiere '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . This is the greatest ship in the world , and we could n't be any more excited to have the world premiere here . Jump up ^ Zahed , Ramin ( February 17 , 2012 ) . `` Check Out Exclusive Clip from `` Puss In Boots '' `` . Animation Magazine . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Animation Reports Second Quarter 2013 Financial Results '' . DreamWorks Animation . July 31 , 2013 . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vic Lee ( 5 November 2012 ) . `` Klepto 's Owners Find Out How He Operates '' . ABC News : San Francisco 7 News . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Puss in Boots Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( October 30 , 2011 ) . `` Snow Ices Box Office : ' Puss In Boots ' # 1 , ' Paranormal ' # 2 , ' In Time ' # 3 , ' Rum Diary ' # 4 '' . Deadline.com . PMC . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( October 23 , 2011 ) . `` Puss in Boots : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 23 , 2011 ) . `` Puss in Boots '' . Variety . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lemire , Christy ( October 24 , 2011 ) . `` Review : ` Puss in Boots ' a lively spin - off '' . Boston.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Puss in Boots , ' 3.5 stars '' . The Arizona Republic . January 12 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Moira ( October 27 , 2011 ) . `` Movies ' Puss in Boots ' : Catnip for kids Seattle Times Newspaper '' . Seattletimes.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Puss in Boots - Film Calendar '' . The Austin Chronicle . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Owen Gleiberman ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` Puss in Boots Review Movie Reviews and News '' . EW.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` '' Puss in Boots '' movie review - `` Puss in Boots '' showtimes - The Boston Globe `` . Boston.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Puss In Boots ' review : Antonio Banderas ' feline charmer carries entire ' Shrek ' spinoff '' . New York : NY Daily News . October 27 , 2011 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Puss in Boots ' has feline anemia '' . StarTribune.com . October 27 , 2011 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 's Puss In Boots Movie Review '' . Empireonline.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ AP Photo / Paramount Pictures ( October 27 , 2011 ) . `` ' Puss in Boots ' review : ' Shrek ' spinoff laps up laughs '' . OregonLive.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` Movie review : ' Puss in Boots ' - Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( January 12 , 2014 ) . `` Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lumenick , Lou ( October 27 , 2011 ) . `` Antonio Banderas voices ' Puss in Boots , ' boring animated ' Shrek ' spinoff '' . NYPOST.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Puss in Boots ' is knee - high in family fun -- USATODAY.com '' . Usatoday30.usatoday.com . October 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Critic Review for Puss in Boots on '' . Washingtonpost.com . October 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DreamWorks Animation . `` ' Puss in Boots ' review : Furry swashbuckler takes center stage '' . NJ.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Joe ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` Like Crazy Puss in Boots Anonymous In Time From Cupid 's Blunders , Wonders Film Reviews by Joe Morgenstern - WSJ.com '' . Online.wsj.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Lisa ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` Movie review : `` Puss in Boots '' plies its puns with catlike dexterity `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Anna Smith ( December 6 , 2011 ) . `` Puss in Boots review , synopsis , book tickets , showtimes , movie release date Time Out London '' . Timeout.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Review of Puss in Boots - 29-95.com '' . Events.chron.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Tasha ( October 27 , 2011 ) . `` Puss In Boots Film Movie Review '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Grady ( October 29 , 2011 ) . `` Box office update : ' Puss in Boots ' the cat 's meow on Friday with $9.6 million '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Grady ( October 30 , 2011 ) . `` Box office report : ' Puss in Boots ' walks all over ' In Time ' and ' The Rum Diary ' with $34 million debut '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` October 28 - 30 , 2011 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( October 31 , 2011 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Puss ' Purrs Softly '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Young , John ( November 6 , 2011 ) . `` Box office report : ' Puss in Boots ' stuns ' Tower Heist ' by topping weekend with $33 mil '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Segers , Frank ( October 30 , 2011 ) . `` Foreign Box Office : Spielberg 's ' Adventures Of Tintin ' Opens Solid No. 1 Overseas '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Nissim ( December 13 , 2011 ) . `` ' Puss in Boots ' beats ' Arthur Christmas ' : UK box office top 10 in full '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Australia Box Office December 8 -- 11 , 2011 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( December 11 , 2011 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Puss ' Climbs to First '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Total Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Puss In Boots - International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cornet , Roth ( December 23 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Artist ' leads with 9 Alliance of Women Journalists nominations '' . Hitfix . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 39th Annual Annie Nominations & Winners '' . International Animated Film Society ASIFA Hollywood . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Karger , Dave ( December 13 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Artist ' and ' Hugo ' lead Broadcast Film Critics nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( December 16 , 2011 ) . `` ' Tree of Life ' leads Chicago film critics nods '' . Hitfix . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nickelodeon ( March 31 , 2012 ) . `` Tom Cruise , Lady Gaga , Tim Tebow , Johnny Depp , Big Time Rush , Daniel Radcliffe and Other Top Stars Receive Nominations for Nickelodeon 's 25th Annual Kids ' Choice Awards Hosted by Mega-Star Will Smith '' . PRNewswire . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Jennifer ( March 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Chipmunks ' , ' Puss in Boots ' Win Kids ' Choice Film Awards '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 3 , 2012 ) . `` Producers Guild Nominates 10 Movies From ' The Artist ' to ' War Horse ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lodge , Guy ( December 2 , 2011 ) . `` Satellite Award nominations topped by ' War Horse ' ... and ' Drive ' '' . Hitfix . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kay , Jeremy ( December 14 , 2011 ) . `` Toronto critics honour Tree Of Life with best film , director '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 2011 WAFCA Awards '' . The Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association . December 5 , 2011 . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cornet , Roth ( December 20 , 2012 ) . `` Women critics like ' The Help , ' ' Iron Lady ' and ' Whistleblower ' '' . Hitfix . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for the 38th Annual Saturn Awards '' . Saturn Award . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . February 29 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2012 : ' Vampire Diaries ' Leads Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` Antonio Banderas Says He Just Started Work on PUSS IN BOOTS 2 '' . Collider.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dates Set for Madagascar 4 , The Croods 2 , Puss in Boots 2 , Captain Underpants , and Hitman '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Dates & Changes '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2015 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Semlyen , Phil ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Shrek To Return For Puss In Boots 2 ? '' . Empire . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks ' Puss in Boots '' . THQ . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Step into the Boots of the Swashbuckling Feline Hero with the Puss in Boots Video Game from THQ '' . THQ via Business Wire . September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Ben ( October 7 , 2011 ) . `` Fruit Ninja : Puss in Boots is a thing , really ; coming to iOS on Oct. 20 '' . Joystiq . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hinkle , David ( November 25 , 2011 ) . `` Fruit Ninja : Puss in Boots heading to Android on Monday '' . Joystiq . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chney , Alexandra ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Q2 Earnings Fall Short of Estimates , SEC Investigation Revealed '' . Variety . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Puss in Boots ( 2011 film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Puss in Boots ( 2011 film ) . Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Comedy portal Cartoon portal Official website Puss in Boots on IMDb Puss in Boots at The Big Cartoon DataBase Puss in Boots at Rotten Tomatoes Puss in Boots at Box Office Mojo <Th_colspan="2"> Shrek Films Main films Shrek ( 2001 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) Spin - off films Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) Shorts Shrek the Halls ( 2007 ) Scared Shrekless ( 2010 ) The Three Diablos ( 2012 ) TV series The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( 2015 -- ) Attractions Shrek 4 - D Donkey 's Photo Finish Enchanted Airways Shrek 's Faire Faire Away Characters Shrek Donkey Princess Fiona Lord Farquaad Video games Shrek Treasure Hunt Hassle at the Castle Shrek Super Party Shrek 2 Shrek SuperSlam Shrek Smash n ' Crash Racing Shrek the Third Shrek Forever After DreamWorks Super Star Kartz Puss in Boots Miscellaneous Shrek ! by William Steig Shrek The Musical Music on the Internet <Th_colspan="2"> DreamWorks Animation <Td_colspan="2"> A subsidiary of NBCUniversal , a Comcast company Feature films Computer - animated Antz ( 1998 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Shark Tale ( 2004 ) Madagascar ( 2005 ) Over the Hedge ( 2006 ) Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) Bee Movie ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa ( 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) Megamind ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda 2 ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) The Croods ( 2013 ) Turbo ( 2013 ) Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( 2014 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Penguins of Madagascar ( 2014 ) Home ( 2015 ) Kung Fu Panda 3 ( 2016 ) Trolls ( 2016 ) The Boss Baby ( 2017 ) Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( 2017 ) Traditionally animated The Prince of Egypt ( 1998 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) Joseph : King of Dreams ( 2000 ) Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron ( 2002 ) Sinbad : Legend of the Seven Seas ( 2003 ) Produced with Aardman Chicken Run ( 2000 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Flushed Away ( 2006 ) Upcoming How to Train Your Dragon 3 ( 2019 ) Everest ( 2019 ) Trolls 2 ( 2020 ) The Boss Baby 2 ( 2021 ) Franchises Shrek ( 2001 -- ) Madagascar ( 2005 -- ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 -- ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 -- 14 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 -- ) Trolls ( 2016 -- ) TV series Computer - animated Father of the Pride ( 2004 -- 2005 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2008 -- 15 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2011 -- 16 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( 2012 -- ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2013 -- 14 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) All Hail King Julien ( 2014 -- ) The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( 2015 -- ) Dinotrux ( 2015 -- ) DreamWorks Trollhunters ( 2016 -- ) VeggieTales in the City ( 2017 -- ) Spirit Riding Free ( 2017 -- ) Traditionally animated Toonsylvania ( 1998 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) Alienators : Evolution Continues ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Dawn of the Croods ( 2015 -- ) Voltron : Legendary Defender ( 2016 -- ) Flash animated Neighbors from Hell ( 2010 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show ( 2015 -- ) Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh ( 2016 -- ) Television specials Shrek the Halls ( 2007 ) Monsters vs. Aliens : Mutant Pumpkins from Outer Space ( 2009 ) Merry Madagascar ( 2009 ) Scared Shrekless ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda Holiday ( 2010 ) Madly Madagascar ( 2013 ) Trolls Hoilday ( 2017 ) Short films Shrek 4 - D ( 2003 ) Far Far Away Idol ( 2004 ) The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper ( 2005 ) First Flight ( 2006 ) Hammy 's Boomerang Adventure ( 2006 ) Secrets of the Furious Five ( 2008 ) B.O.B. 's Big Break ( 2009 ) Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon ( 2010 ) Megamind : The Button of Doom ( 2011 ) Night of the Living Carrots ( 2011 ) Gift of the Night Fury ( 2011 ) Book of Dragons ( 2011 ) Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots : The Three Diablos ( 2012 ) Dawn of the Dragon Racers ( 2014 ) Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Scroll ( 2016 ) People Bill Damaschke Chris Meledandri Jeffrey Katzenberg Subsidiaries DreamWorks Channel DreamWorks Classics Big Idea Entertainment Harvey Entertainment Jay Ward Productions DreamWorks New Media ( AwesomenessTV ( 51 % ) ) Oriental DreamWorks ( 45 % ) Related topics Amblimation DreamWorks DreamWorks Records DreamWorks Television DreamWorks Interactive Go Fish Pictures In amusement parks DreamWorks Experience Pacific Data Images List of DreamWorks Animation programs <Th_colspan="2"> Saturn Award for Best Animated Film <Td_colspan="2"> Watership Down ( 1978 ) The Secret of NIMH ( 1982 ) Spirited Away ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Tim Burton 's Corpse Bride ( 2005 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Finding Dory ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Puss in Boots Film Puss in Boots ( 1922 ) The Wonderful World of Puss ' n Boots ( 1969 Japanese ) Puss in Boots ( 1988 ) Puss in Boots ( 1999 ) The True History of Puss ' N Boots ( 2009 ) Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots 2 : Nine Lives & 40 Thieves ( 2018 ) Video games Nagagutsu o Haita Neko : Sekai Isshū 80 Nichi Dai Bōken ( 1986 Japanese ) Puss ' n Boots : Pero 's Great Adventure ( 1990 Japanese ) Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) Other Puss in Boots ( opera ) Reserved for the Cat ( 2007 ) The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( 2015 ) Related Adaptations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puss_in_Boots_(2011_film)&oldid=800996211 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films American films 2010s American animated films 2010s action films 2010s adventure films 2010s comedy films 2010s fantasy films 2011 3D films 2011 computer - animated films American animated fantasy films American action comedy films American children 's animated films American children 's fantasy films American coming - of - age films American computer - animated films Prequel films Animated action films Animated coming - of - age films Animated films about cats Animated films about orphans Animated films about revenge Fairy tale parody films Film spin - offs Films about orphans Films about revenge Films based on Puss in Boots Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in Spain Films using computer - generated imagery Heist films Shrek films DreamWorks Animation animated films IMAX films Paramount Pictures films Paramount Pictures animated films Film scores by Henry Jackman Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 01 : 30 . 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1. Puss in Boots (2011 film) 2. Animated fantasy action comedy 3. Spin-off prequel to the Shrek franchise 4. Adventure with magical beans and golden goose eggs 5. Critical and commercial success

accredited by the joint commission on accreditation of healthcare organizations

Joint Commission - wikipedia Joint Commission For other uses , see Joint Commission ( disambiguation ) . The Joint Commission <Td_colspan="2"> Type Non-profit organization Industry Health care Founded 1951 Headquarters Oakbrook Terrace , Illinois , United States Area served World wide Website www.jointcommission.org The Joint Commission is a United States - based nonprofit tax - exempt 501 ( c ) organization that accredits more than 21,000 US health care organizations and programs . The international branch accredits medical services from around the world . A majority of US state governments recognize Joint Commission accreditation as a condition of licensure for the receipt of Medicaid and Medicare reimbursements . The Joint Commission is based in the Chicago suburb of Oakbrook Terrace , Illinois . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Operation 3 Alternatives in the United States 4 Goals and initiatives 5 International healthcare accreditation 5.1 Cost of accreditation 6 See also 7 Notes 8 External links History ( edit ) The Joint Commission was formerly the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations ( JCAHO ) and previous to that the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals ( JCAH ) . The Joint Commission was renamed The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals in 1951 , but it was not until 1965 , when the federal government decided that a hospital meeting Joint Commission accreditation met the Medicare Conditions of Participation , that accreditation had any official impact . However , Section 125 of the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008 ( MIPPA ) removed the Joint Commission 's statutorily - guaranteed accreditation authority for hospitals , effective July 15 , 2010 . At that time , the Joint Commission 's hospital accreditation program would be subject to Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) requirements for organizations seeking accrediting authority . To avoid a lapse in accrediting authority , the Joint Commission would have to submit an application for hospital accrediting authority consistent with these requirements and within a time frame that would enable CMS to review and evaluate their submission . CMS would make the decision to grant deeming authority and determine the term . The Joint Commission 's predecessor organization grew from the efforts of Ernest Codman to promote hospital reform based on outcomes management in patient care . Codman 's efforts led to the founding of the American College of Surgeons Hospital Standardization Program . In 1951 the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals was created by merging the Hospital Standardization Program with similar programs run by the American College of Physicians , the American Hospital Association , the American Medical Association , and the Canadian Medical Association . In 1987 the company was renamed the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations ( JCAHO , pronounced `` Jay - co '' ) . In 2007 the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations underwent a major rebranding and simplified its name to The Joint Commission . The rebranding included the name , logo , and tag line change to `` Helping Health Care Organizations Help Patients . '' The change was part of an effort to make the name more memorable and to assist the commission in its continued responsiveness to the needs of organizations seeking fee - based accreditation . The Joint Commission advocates the use of patient safety measures , the spread of information , the measurement of performance , and the introduction of public policy recommendations . Joint Commission International ( JCI ) was established in 1998 as a division of Joint Commission Resources , Inc . ( JCR ) , a not - for - profit , private affiliate of the Joint Commission . Through international accreditation , consultation , publications , and education programs , JCI extends the Joint Commission 's mission worldwide by helping to improve the quality of patient care ; assisting international health care organizations , public health agencies , health ministries , and others in evaluating , improving , and demonstrating the quality of patient care ; and enhancing patient safety in more than 60 countries . International hospitals may seek accreditation to demonstrate quality , and JCI accreditation may be considered a seal of approval by medical travelers from the U.S. Operation ( edit ) All member health care organizations are subject to a three - year accreditation cycle , and laboratories are surveyed every two years . The organization does not make its hospital survey findings public . However , it does provide the organization 's accreditation decision , the date that accreditation was awarded , and any standards that were cited for improvement . Organizations deemed to be in compliance with all or most of the applicable standards are awarded the decision of Accreditation . The unannounced full survey is a key component of The Joint Commission accreditation process . `` Unannounced '' means the organization does not receive advanced notice of its survey date . The Joint Commission began conducting unannounced surveys on January 1 , 2006 . Surveys occur 18 to 39 months after the organization 's previous unannounced survey . There has been criticism in the past within the U.S. about how the Joint Commission operates . The Commission 's practice had been to notify hospitals in advance of the timing of inspections . A 2007 article in the Washington Post noted that about 99 % of inspected hospitals are accredited , and serious problems in the delivery of care are sometimes overlooked or missed . Similar concerns have been expressed by the Boston Globe who stated `` The Joint Commission , whose governing board has long been dominated by representatives of the industries it inspects , has been the target of criticism about the validity of its evaluations . '' The Joint Commission over time has responded to these criticisms . However , when it comes to the international dimension , surveys undertaken by JCI still take place at a time known in advance by the hospitals being surveyed , often after considerable preparation by those hospitals . Preparing for a Joint Commission survey can be a challenging process for any healthcare provider . At a minimum , a hospital must be completely familiar with the current standards ; examine current processes , policies , and procedures relative to the standards ; and prepare to improve any areas that are not currently in compliance . The hospital must be in compliance with the standards for at least four months prior to the initial survey . The hospital should also be in compliance with applicable standards during the entire period of accreditation , which means that surveyors will look for a full three years of implementation for several standards - related issues . The Joint Commission and JCI employ salaried individuals as surveyors who generally work or have worked within health care services but are able to devote half or less of their time for the accrediting organization . The surveyors travel to health care organizations to evaluate their operational practices and facilities against established Joint Commission standards and elements of performance . Substantial time and resources are devoted by health care organizations ranging from medical equipment suppliers and staffing firms to tertiary care academic medical centers to prepare for and undergo Joint Commission surveys . There is growing concern , however , over the lack of verifiable progress towards meeting the organization 's stated goals . Although the Joint Commission increasingly cites and demands `` evidence - based medicine '' in its regulatory requirements , there is a relative paucity of evidence demonstrating any significant quality improvement due to its efforts , while there is a growing body of literature showing no improvement or actual deterioration in quality despite the increasingly stringent and expensive requirements . A facility requesting accreditation pays a substantial fee to the Joint Commission ( the `` accrediting '' agency ) and , upon receiving a `` passing '' grade , is able to purchase associated mementos of accomplishment to display to the public . No other entity certifies the Joint Commission . Alternatives in the United states ( edit ) The Joint Commission is not a complete monopoly , and while many states in the U.S. make use of their services , they are not used by all . Some states have set up their own alternative assessment procedures ; the Joint Commission is not recognized for state licensure in the states of Oklahoma ( except for hospital - based outpatient mental health services ) , Pennsylvania , and Wisconsin . In California , The Joint Commission is part of a joint survey process with state authorities . There are also other healthcare accreditation organizations in the U.S. unrelated to the Joint Commission . These include Accreditation Commission for Health Care , Inc . ( ACHC ) , the American Osteopathic Association ( AOA ) , the Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities ( CARF ) , the Community Health Accreditation Program ( CHAP ) , the `` Exemplary Provider Program '' of The Compliance Team , the Healthcare Facilities Accreditation Program ( HFAP ) , the ( http://www.ncchc.org/health-service-accreditation National Commission on Correctional Health Care , Utilization Review Accreditation Commission ( URAC ) , and the Healthcare Quality Association on Accreditation ( HQAA ) who are recognised in the state of Ohio . HFAP is actually older than the Joint Commission and has been in operation since 1945 . On September 26 , 2008 , the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) granted deeming authority for hospitals to DNV Healthcare Inc . ( DNVHC ) , an operating company of Det Norske Veritas ( DNV ) , a Norwegian international company that has been operating in the U.S. since 1898 . The Center for Improvement in Healthcare Quality ( CIHQ ) , based in Round Rock , Texas , was granted deeming authority for hospitals by the CMS In July 2013 . Goals and initiatives ( edit ) The stated mission of The Joint Commission is : `` To continuously improve health care for the public , in collaboration with other stakeholders , by evaluating health care organizations and inspiring them to excel in providing safe and effective care of the highest quality and value . '' The company updates its accreditation standards , expands patient safety goals on a yearly basis , and posts them on its web site for all interested persons to review making the information and process transparent to all stakeholders ranging from institutions and practitioners to patients and their advocates . The purpose of The Joint Commission 's National Patient Safety Goals ( NPSGs ) is to promote specific improvements in patient safety . The NPSGs highlight problematic areas in health care and describe evidence and expert - based solutions to these problems . Recognizing that sound system design is intrinsic to the delivery of safe , high quality health care . The Goals focus on system - wide solutions , wherever possible . The NPSGs have become a critical method by which The Joint Commission promotes and enforces major changes in patient safety for thousands of participating health care organizations in the United States and around the world . The 2009 NPSGs included regulations targeting the spread of infection due to multidrug - resistant organisms , catheter - related bloodstream infections ( CRBSI ) , and surgical site infections ( SSI ) . The new regulations for CRBSI and SSI prevention apply not only to hospitals , but also to ambulatory care and ambulatory surgery centers . Engaging patients in patient safety efforts is also a major new component of the NPSGs . The Universal Protocol to reduce surgical errors and existing regulations on medication reconciliation have been modified for 2009 , based on feedback received by The Joint Commission . International Healthcare Accreditation ( edit ) Gold Seal of Accreditation Joint Commission International , or JCI is one group that provides international health care accreditation services to hospitals around the world and brings income into the U.S. - based parent organization . This not - for - profit tax - exempt private corporation ( a 501 ( c ) organization ) currently accredits hospitals in Asia , Europe , the Middle East , Africa , and South America and is seeking to expand its business further . The JCI has a small staff which includes principal consultants and a number of other consultants from around the world . Cost of Accreditation ( edit ) JCI publishes an average fee of $46,000 for a full hospital survey . Reimbursement for surveyors ' travel , living expenses , and accommodations is required in addition to the survey fee . For hospital to be successful in the accreditation process , there may be additional costs related to consultancy work prior to accreditation . International accreditors incur different levels of costs with some costing less than JCI . See also ( edit ) Patient safety Patient safety organization URAC Hospital accreditation List of International Healthcare Accreditation Organizations Evidence - based medicine Medical ethics Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Joint Commission On Accreditation Of Healthcare Organizations in Oakbrook Ter , Illinois ( IL ) '' . faqs.org . June 30 , 1975 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Joint Commission - About page '' . Jump up ^ `` Joint Commission ( JCAHO Standards ) Regulations / Requirements Compliance '' . www.successfactors.com . Jump up ^ About Us , Joint Commission . Jump up ^ A History of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals James S. Roberts , MD ; Jack G. Coale , MA ; Robert R. Redman , MA , JAMA. 1987 ; 258 ( 7 ) : 936 - 940 , Jump up ^ HHS Action Plan to Prevent Healthcare - Associated Infections 06222009 Section 8 : Incentives and Oversight -- June 22 , 2009 Excerpt : pages 58 -- 59 Jump up ^ `` The Joint Commission Launches New Brand Identity '' . The Joint Commission . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Joint Commission Changes Its Name and Logo '' . American Association for Respiratory Care . February 28 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2009 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Patients Meet to Promote Mother and Child Health in the Americas '' . Paho.org . June 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` de beste bron van informatie over med trip info . Deze website is te koop ! '' . medtripinfo.com . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kowalczyk , Liz ( March 17 , 2007 ) . `` Surprise check faults MGH quality of care '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived July 4 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Fisher , Ian ( January 21 , 1998 ) . `` Public Advocate Says Hospital Accreditation System Is Faulty '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gaul , Gilbert M. ( 2005 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Accreditors Blamed for Overlooking Problems '' . The Washington Post . pp. A01 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Healthcare Compliance 360 HIPAA Compliance Policy Management JCAHO Accreditation '' . Compliance360.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived June 25 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Account Suspended '' ( PDF ) . Competingbid.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Medicare Deeming Authority for Home Health , Hospice , & DMEPOS '' . ACHC . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CARF International , www.carf.org , Commission on the Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities , CCAC '' . Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CHAP -- Home Page '' . Chapinc.org . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CMS approved Accreditation Organization for all DMEPOS providers '' . Exemplaryprovider.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` HFAP '' . HFAP . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Correctional Health Care Standards - National Commission on Correctional Health Care '' . Jump up ^ `` Promoting Quality Health Care '' . URAC . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to HQAA -- Healthcare Quality Association on Accreditation '' . HQAA.org . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Approval of Deeming Authority of Det Norske Veritas Healthcare , Inc. for Hospitals '' ( PDF ) . Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Approval of the Center for Improvement in Healthcare Quality 's ( CIHQ ) Hospital Accreditation Program '' . Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Patient Safety Goals '' . The Joint Commission . Jump up ^ `` AHRQ Patient Safety Network '' . Psnet.ahrq.gov . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About JCI '' . Joint Commission International . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Our Team '' . Jump up ^ `` Bio - Our Team - Joint Commission International '' . Jump up ^ `` Cost of Accreditation '' . Joint Commission International . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2011 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) The Joint Commission Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joint_Commission&oldid=840097303 '' Categories : Accreditation Healthcare quality Medical and health organizations based in Illinois Medicare and Medicaid ( United States ) Organizations established in 1951 Quality assurance Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 7 May 2018 , at 18 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Joint Commission: A non-profit organization that accredits healthcare organizations worldwide. 2. Accreditation: The process by which the Joint Commission evaluates and approves healthcare organizations. 3. Patient safety: A major focus of the Joint Commission, promoting safe and effective care for patients. 4. International healthcare accreditation: The Joint Commission's international branch, JCI, provides accreditation to hospitals around the world. 5. Alternatives in the United States: Other healthcare accreditation organizations in the US besides the Joint Commission.

who is the first country to go to the moon

Moon landing - wikipedia Moon landing Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the general topic . For the first manned Moon landing , see Apollo 11 and Apollo program . For other uses , see Moon landing ( disambiguation ) . `` Race to the Moon '' redirects here . For the Cold War topic , see Space Race . Clickable map of the locations of all successful soft landings on the Moon to date ( top ) . Luna programme ( USSR ) Chang'e 3 ( China ) Surveyor program ( USA ) Apollo program ( USA ) Dates are landing dates in Coordinated Universal Time . Except for the Apollo program , all soft landings were unmanned . Luna 2 was the first man - made object to reach the surface of the Moon ( bottom - left ) . Still frame from a video transmission , taken moments before Neil Armstrong became the first human to step onto the surface of the Moon , at 02 : 56 UTC on 21 July 1969 . An estimated 500 million people worldwide watched this event , the largest television audience for a live broadcast at that time . A Moon landing is the arrival of a spacecraft on the surface of the Moon . This includes both manned and unmanned ( robotic ) missions . The first human - made object to reach the surface of the Moon was the Soviet Union 's Luna 2 mission , on 13 September 1959 . The United States ' Apollo 11 was the first manned mission to land on the Moon , on 20 July 1969 . There have been six manned U.S. landings ( between 1969 and 1972 ) and numerous unmanned landings , with no soft landings happening from 22 August 1976 until 14 December 2013 . To date , the United States is the only country to have successfully conducted manned missions to the Moon , with the last departing the lunar surface in December 1972 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Unmanned landings 2 Manned landings 3 Scientific background 4 Political background 5 Early Soviet unmanned lunar missions ( 1958 -- 1965 ) 6 Early U.S. unmanned lunar missions ( 1958 -- 1965 ) 6.1 Pioneer missions 6.2 Ranger missions 7 Soviet unmanned soft landings ( 1966 -- 1976 ) 8 U.S. unmanned soft landings ( 1966 -- 1968 ) 9 Transition from direct ascent landings to lunar orbit operations 10 Soviet lunar orbit satellites ( 1966 -- 1974 ) 11 U.S. lunar orbit satellites ( 1966 -- 1967 ) 12 Soviet circumlunar loop flights ( 1967 -- 1970 ) 13 Manned Moon landings ( 1969 -- 1972 ) 13.1 US strategy 13.2 Soviet strategy 13.3 Apollo missions 13.4 Manned Moon landings 13.5 Other aspects of the Apollo Moon successful landings 14 Late 20th -- 21st century unmanned crash landings 14.1 Hiten ( Japan ) 14.2 Lunar Prospector ( USA ) 14.3 SMART - 1 ( ESA ) 14.4 SELENE ( Japan ) 14.5 Chang'e 1 ( China ) 14.6 Chandrayaan - 1 and Chandrayaan - 2 ( India ) 14.7 LCROSS ( USA ) 14.8 GRAIL ( USA ) 14.9 LADEE ( USA ) 15 21st century unmanned soft landings 15.1 Chang'e 3 ( China ) 16 Landings on moons of other Solar System bodies 17 Proposed future missions 18 Historical empirical evidence 19 See also 20 References and notes 21 External links Unmanned landings ( edit ) After the unsuccessful attempt by the Luna 1 to land on the moon in 1959 , the Soviet Union performed the first hard ( unpowered ) moon landing later that same year with the Luna 2 spacecraft , a feat the U.S. duplicated in 1962 with Ranger 4 . Since then , twelve Soviet and U.S. spacecraft have used braking rockets to make soft landings and perform scientific operations on the lunar surface , between 1966 and 1976 . In 1966 the USSR accomplished the first soft landings and took the first pictures from the lunar surface during the Luna 9 and Luna 13 missions . The U.S. followed with five unmanned Surveyor soft landings . The Soviet Union achieved the first unmanned lunar soil sample return with the Luna 16 probe on 24 September 1970 . This was followed by Luna 20 and Luna 24 in 1972 and 1976 , respectively . Following the failure at launch in 1969 of the first Lunokhod , Luna E-8 No. 201 , the Luna 17 and Luna 21 were successful unmanned lunar rover missions in 1970 and 1973 . Many missions were failures at launch . In addition , several unmanned landing missions achieved the Lunar surface but were unsuccessful , including : Luna 15 , Luna 18 , and Luna 23 all crashed on landing ; and the U.S. Surveyor 4 lost all radio contact only moments before its landing . More recently , other nations have crashed spacecraft on the surface of the Moon at speeds of around 8,000 kilometres per hour ( 5,000 mph ) , often at precise , planned locations . These have generally been end - of - life lunar orbiters that , because of system degradations , could no longer overcome perturbations from lunar mass concentrations ( `` masscons '' ) to maintain their orbit . Japan 's lunar orbiter Hiten impacted the Moon 's surface on 10 April 1993 . The European Space Agency performed a controlled crash impact with their orbiter SMART - 1 on 3 September 2006 . Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) performed a controlled crash impact with its Moon Impact Probe ( MIP ) on 14 November 2008 . The MIP was an ejected probe from the Indian Chandrayaan - 1 lunar orbiter and performed remote sensing experiments during its descent to the lunar surface . The Chinese lunar orbiter Chang'e 1 executed a controlled crash onto the surface of the Moon on 1 March 2009 . The rover mission Chang'e 3 was launched on 1 December 2013 and soft - landed on 14 December . Manned landings ( edit ) The lunar surface through a Lunar Module window shortly after landing A total of twelve men have landed on the Moon . This was accomplished with two US pilot - astronauts flying a Lunar Module on each of six NASA missions across a 41 - month period starting on 20 July 1969 UTC , with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on Apollo 11 , and ending on 14 December 1972 UTC with Gene Cernan and Jack Schmitt on Apollo 17 . Cernan was the last to step off the lunar surface . All Apollo lunar missions had a third crew member who remained on board the Command Module . The last three missions had a rover for increased mobility . Scientific background ( edit ) In order to go to the Moon , a spacecraft must first leave the gravity well of the Earth . The only practical way of accomplishing this currently is with a rocket . Unlike other airborne vehicles such as balloons or jets , a rocket is the only known form of propulsion which can continue to increase its speed at high altitudes in the vacuum outside the Earth 's atmosphere . Upon approach of the target moon , a spacecraft will be drawn ever closer to its surface at increasing speeds due to gravity . In order to land intact it must decelerate to less than about 160 kilometres per hour ( 99 mph ) and be ruggedized to withstand a `` hard landing '' impact , or it must decelerate to negligible speed at contact for a `` soft landing '' ( which is the only viable option with human occupants ) . The first three attempts by the U.S. to perform a successful hard moon landing with a ruggedized seismometer package in 1962 all failed . The Soviets first achieved the milestone of a hard lunar landing with a ruggedized camera in 1966 , followed only months later by the first unmanned soft lunar landing by the U.S. The speed of a crash landing on its surface is typically between 70 and 100 % of the escape velocity of the target moon , and thus this is the total velocity which must be shed from the target moon 's gravitational attraction for a soft landing to occur . For Earth 's Moon , the escape velocity is 2.38 kilometres per second ( 1.48 mi / s ) . The change in velocity ( referred to as a delta - v ) is usually provided by a landing rocket , which must be carried into space by the original launch vehicle as part of the overall spacecraft . An exception is the soft moon landing on Titan carried out by the Huygens probe in 2005 . As the moon with the thickest atmosphere , landings on Titan may be accomplished by using atmospheric entry techniques that are generally lighter in weight than a rocket with equivalent capability . The Soviets succeeded in making the first crash landing on the Moon in 1959 . Crash landings may occur because of malfunctions in a spacecraft , or they can be deliberately arranged for vehicles which do not have an onboard landing rocket . There have been many such moon crashes , often with their flight path controlled to impact at precise locations on the lunar surface . For example , during the Apollo program the S - IVB third stage of the Saturn V moon rocket as well as the spent ascent stage of the lunar module were deliberately crashed on the Moon several times to provide impacts registering as a moonquake on seismometers that had been left on the lunar surface . Such crashes were instrumental in mapping the internal structure of the Moon . To return to Earth , the escape velocity of the Moon must be overcome for the spacecraft to escape the gravity well of the Moon . Rockets must be used to leave the Moon and return to space . Upon reaching Earth , atmospheric entry techniques are used to absorb the kinetic energy of a returning spacecraft and reduce its speed for safe landing . These functions greatly complicate a moon landing mission and lead to many additional operational considerations . Any moon departure rocket must first be carried to the Moon 's surface by a moon landing rocket , increasing the latter 's required size . The Moon departure rocket , larger moon landing rocket and any Earth atmosphere entry equipment such as heat shields and parachutes must in turn be lifted by the original launch vehicle , greatly increasing its size by a significant and almost prohibitive degree . Political background ( edit ) Main article : Space Race This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article 's subject matter . Please help improve this section by clarifying or removing superfluous information . If importance can not be established , the section is likely to be moved to another article , pseudo-redirected , or removed . Find sources : `` Moon landing '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The intense efforts devoted in the 1960s to achieving first an unmanned and then ultimately a manned moon landing become easier to understand in the political context of its historical era . World War II had introduced many new and deadly innovations including blitzkrieg - style surprise attacks used in the invasion of Poland and in the attack on Pearl Harbor ; the V - 2 rocket , a ballistic missile which killed thousands in attacks on London and Antwerp ; and the atom bomb , which killed hundreds of thousands in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . In the 1950s , tensions mounted between the two ideologically opposed superpowers of the United States and the Soviet Union that had emerged as victors in the conflict , particularly after the development by both countries of the hydrogen bomb . The first image of another world from space , returned by Luna 3 , showed the far side of the Moon in October 1959 . Willy Ley wrote in 1957 that a rocket to the Moon `` could be built later this year if somebody can be found to sign some papers '' . On 4 October 1957 , the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1 as the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth and so initiated the Space Race . This unexpected event was a source of pride to the Soviets and shock to the U.S. , who could now potentially be surprise attacked by nuclear - tipped Soviet rockets in under 30 minutes . Also , the steady beeping of the radio beacon aboard Sputnik 1 as it passed overhead every 96 minutes was widely viewed on both sides as effective propaganda to Third World countries demonstrating the technological superiority of the Soviet political system compared to that of the U.S. This perception was reinforced by a string of subsequent rapid - fire Soviet space achievements . In 1959 , the R - 7 rocket was used to launch the first escape from Earth 's gravity into a solar orbit , the first crash impact onto the surface of the Moon and the first photography of the never - before - seen far side of the Moon . These were the Luna 1 , Luna 2 and Luna 3 spacecraft . A 1963 conceptual model of the Apollo Lunar Excursion Module The U.S. response to these Soviet achievements was to greatly accelerate previously existing military space and missile projects and to create a civilian space agency , NASA . Military efforts were initiated to develop and produce mass quantities of intercontinental ballistic missiles ( ICBMs ) that would bridge the so - called missile gap and enable a policy of deterrence to nuclear war with the Soviets known as mutual assured destruction or MAD . These newly developed missiles were made available to civilians of NASA for various projects ( which would have the added benefit of demonstrating the payload , guidance accuracy and reliabilities of U.S. ICBMs to the Soviets ) . While NASA stressed peaceful and scientific uses for these rockets , their use in various lunar exploration efforts also had secondary goal of realistic , goal - oriented testing of the missiles themselves and development of associated infrastructure , just as the Soviets were doing with their R - 7 . Early Soviet unmanned lunar missions ( 1958 -- 1965 ) ( edit ) Luna 3 transmitted the first photos of the far side of the Moon After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 , historical records were released to allow the true accounting of Soviet lunar efforts . Unlike the U.S. tradition of assigning a particular mission name in advance of a launch , the Soviets assigned a public `` Luna '' mission number only if a launch resulted in a spacecraft going beyond Earth orbit . The policy had the effect of hiding Soviet Moon mission failures from public view . If the attempt failed in Earth orbit before departing for the Moon , it was frequently ( but not always ) given a `` Sputnik '' or `` Cosmos '' Earth - orbit mission number to hide its purpose . Launch explosions were not acknowledged at all . Mission Mass ( kg ) Launch vehicle Launch date Goal Result Semyorka -- 8K72 23 September 1958 Impact Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 93 s Semyorka -- 8K72 12 October 1958 Impact Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 104 s Semyorka -- 8K72 4 December 1958 Impact Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 254 s Luna - 1 361 Semyorka -- 8K72 2 January 1959 Impact Partial success -- first spacecraft to reach escape velocity , lunar flyby , solar orbit ; missed the Moon Semyorka -- 8K72 18 June 1959 Impact Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 153 s Luna - 2 390 Semyorka -- 8K72 12 September 1959 Impact Success -- first lunar impact Luna - 3 270 Semyorka -- 8K72 4 October 1959 Flyby Success -- first photos of lunar far side Semyorka -- 8K72 15 April 1960 Flyby Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Semyorka -- 8K72 16 April 1960 Flyby Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 1 s Sputnik - 25 Semyorka -- 8K78 4 January 1963 Landing Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Semyorka -- 8K78 3 February 1963 Landing Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 105 s Luna - 4 1422 Semyorka -- 8K78 2 April 1963 Landing Failure -- lunar flyby at 8,000 kilometres ( 5,000 mi ) Semyorka -- 8K78 21 March 1964 Landing Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Semyorka -- 8K78 20 April 1964 Landing Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Cosmos - 60 Semyorka -- 8K78 12 March 1965 Landing Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Semyorka -- 8K78 10 April 1965 Landing Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Luna - 5 1475 Semyorka -- 8K78 9 May 1965 Landing Failure -- lunar impact Luna - 6 1440 Semyorka -- 8K78 8 June 1965 Landing Failure -- lunar flyby at 160,000 kilometres ( 99,000 mi ) Luna - 7 1504 Semyorka -- 8K78 4 October 1965 Landing Failure -- lunar impact Luna - 8 1550 Semyorka -- 8K78 3 December 1965 Landing Failure -- lunar impact during landing attempt Early U.S. unmanned lunar missions ( 1958 -- 1965 ) ( edit ) Artist 's portrayal of a Ranger spacecraft right before impact One of the last photos of the Moon transmitted by Ranger 8 right before impact In contrast to Soviet lunar exploration triumphs in 1959 , success eluded initial U.S. efforts to reach the Moon with the Pioneer and Ranger programs . Fifteen consecutive U.S. unmanned lunar missions over a six - year period from 1958 to 1964 all failed their primary photographic missions ; however , Rangers 4 and 6 successfully repeated the Soviet lunar impacts as part of their secondary missions . Failures included three U.S. attempts in 1962 to hard land small seismometer packages released by the main Ranger spacecraft . These surface packages were to use retrorockets to survive landing , unlike the parent vehicle , which was designed to deliberately crash onto the surface . The final three Ranger probes performed successful high altitude lunar reconnaissance photography missions during intentional crash impacts between 2.62 and 2.68 kilometres per second ( 9,400 and 9,600 km / h ) . Mission Mass ( kg ) Launch vehicle Launch date Goal Result Pioneer 0 38 Thor - Able 17 August 1958 Lunar orbit Failure -- first stage explosion ; destroyed Pioneer 1 34 Thor - Able 11 October 1958 Lunar orbit Failure -- software error ; reentry Pioneer 2 39 Thor - Able 8 November 1958 Lunar orbit Failure -- third stage misfire ; reentry Pioneer 3 6 Juno 6 December 1958 Flyby Failure -- first stage misfire , reentry Pioneer 4 6 Juno 3 March 1959 Flyby Partial success -- first US craft to reach escape velocity , lunar flyby too far to shoot photos due to targeting error ; solar orbit Pioneer P - 1 168 Atlas - Able 24 September 1959 Lunar orbit Failure -- pad explosion ; destroyed Pioneer P - 3 168 Atlas - Able 29 November 1959 Lunar orbit Failure -- payload shroud ; destroyed Pioneer P - 30 175 Atlas - Able 25 September 1960 Lunar orbit Failure -- second stage anomaly ; reentry Pioneer P - 31 175 Atlas - Able 15 December 1960 Lunar orbit Failure -- first stage explosion ; destroyed Ranger 1 306 Atlas -- Agena 23 August 1961 Prototype test Failure -- upper stage anomaly ; reentry Ranger 2 304 Atlas -- Agena 18 November 1961 Prototype test Failure -- upper stage anomaly ; reentry Ranger 3 330 Atlas -- Agena 26 January 1962 Landing Failure -- booster guidance ; solar orbit Ranger 4 331 Atlas -- Agena 23 April 1962 Landing Partial success -- first U.S. spacecraft to reach another celestial body ; crash impact -- no photos returned Ranger 5 342 Atlas -- Agena 18 October 1962 Landing Failure -- spacecraft power ; solar orbit Ranger 6 367 Atlas -- Agena 30 January 1964 Impact Failure -- spacecraft camera ; crash impact Ranger 7 367 Atlas -- Agena 28 July 1964 Impact Success -- returned 4308 photos , crash impact Ranger 8 367 Atlas -- Agena 17 February 1965 Impact Success -- returned 7137 photos , crash impact Ranger 9 367 Atlas -- Agena 21 March 1965 Impact Success -- returned 5814 photos , crash impact Pioneer missions ( edit ) Three different designs of Pioneer lunar probes were flown on three different modified ICBMs . Those flown on the Thor booster modified with an Able upper stage carried an infrared image scanning television system with a resolution of 1 milliradian to study the Moon 's surface , an ionization chamber to measure radiation in space , a diaphragm / microphone assembly to detect micrometeorites , a magnetometer , and temperature - variable resistors to monitor spacecraft internal thermal conditions . The first , a mission managed by the United States Air Force , exploded during launch ; all subsequent Pioneer lunar flights had NASA as the lead management organization . The next two returned to Earth and burned up upon reentry into the atmosphere after achieved maximum altitudes of around 110,000 kilometres ( 68,000 mi ) and 1,450 kilometres ( 900 mi ) , far short of the roughly 400,000 kilometres ( 250,000 mi ) required to reach the vicinity of the Moon . NASA then collaborated with the United States Army 's Ballistic Missile Agency to fly two extremely small cone - shaped probes on the Juno ICBM , carrying only photocells which would be triggered by the light of the Moon and a lunar radiation environment experiment using a Geiger - Müller tube detector . The first of these reached an altitude of only around 100,000 kilometres ( 62,000 mi ) , serendipitously gathering data that established the presence of the Van Allen radiation belts before reentering Earth 's atmosphere . The second passed by the Moon at a distance of more than 60,000 kilometres ( 37,000 mi ) , twice as far as planned and too far away to trigger either of the on - board scientific instruments , yet still becoming the first U.S. spacecraft to reach a solar orbit . The final Pioneer lunar probe design consisted of four `` paddlewheel '' solar panels extending from a one - meter diameter spherical spin - stabilized spacecraft body that was equipped to take images of the lunar surface with a television - like system , estimate the Moon 's mass and topography of the poles , record the distribution and velocity of micrometeorites , study radiation , measure magnetic fields , detect low frequency electromagnetic waves in space and use a sophisticated integrated propulsion system for maneuvering and orbit insertion as well . None of the four spacecraft built in this series of probes survived launch on its Atlas ICBM outfitted with an Able upper stage . Following the unsuccessful Atlas - Able Pioneer probes , NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory embarked upon an unmanned spacecraft development program whose modular design could be used to support both lunar and interplanetary exploration missions . The interplanetary versions were known as Mariners ; lunar versions were Rangers . JPL envisioned three versions of the Ranger lunar probes : Block I prototypes , which would carry various radiation detectors in test flights to a very high Earth orbit that came nowhere near the Moon ; Block II , which would try to accomplish the first Moon landing by hard landing a seismometer package ; and Block III , which would crash onto the lunar surface without any braking rockets while taking very high resolution wide - area photographs of the Moon during their descent . Ranger missions ( edit ) See also : Ranger program The Ranger 1 and 2 Block I missions were virtually identical . Spacecraft experiments included a Lyman - alpha telescope , a rubidium - vapor magnetometer , electrostatic analyzers , medium - energy - range particle detectors , two triple coincidence telescopes , a cosmic - ray integrating ionization chamber , cosmic dust detectors , and scintillation counters . The goal was to place these Block I spacecraft in a very high Earth orbit with an apogee of 110,000 kilometres ( 68,000 mi ) and a perigee of 60,000 kilometres ( 37,000 mi ) . From that vantage point , scientists could make direct measurements of the magnetosphere over a period of many months while engineers perfected new methods to routinely track and communicate with spacecraft over such large distances . Such practice was deemed vital to be assured of capturing high - bandwidth television transmissions from the Moon during a one - shot fifteen - minute time window in subsequent Block II and Block III lunar descents . Both Block I missions suffered failures of the new Agena upper stage and never left low Earth parking orbit after launch ; both burned up upon reentry after only a few days . The first attempts to perform a Moon landing took place in 1962 during the Rangers 3 , 4 and 5 missions flown by the United States . All three Block II missions basic vehicles were 3.1 m high and consisted of a lunar capsule covered with a balsa wood impact - limiter , 650 mm in diameter , a mono - propellant mid-course motor , a retrorocket with a thrust of 5,050 pounds - force ( 22.5 kN ) , and a gold - and chrome - plated hexagonal base 1.5 m in diameter . This lander ( code - named Tonto ) was designed to provide impact cushioning using an exterior blanket of crushable balsa wood and an interior filled with incompressible liquid freon . A 42 kg ( 56 pounds ) 30 - centimetre - diameter ( 0.98 ft ) metal payload sphere floated and was free to rotate in a liquid freon reservoir contained in the landing sphere . This payload sphere contained six silver - cadmium batteries to power a fifty - milliwatt radio transmitter , a temperature sensitive voltage controlled oscillator to measure lunar surface temperatures , and a seismometer that was designed with sensitivity high enough to detect the impact of a 5 lb ( 2.3 kg ) meteorite on the opposite side of the Moon . Weight was distributed in the payload sphere so it would rotate in its liquid blanket to place the seismometer into an upright and operational position no matter what the final resting orientation of the external landing sphere . After landing , plugs were to be opened allowing the freon to evaporate and the payload sphere to settle into upright contact with the landing sphere . The batteries were sized to allow up to three months of operation for the payload sphere . Various mission constraints limited the landing site to Oceanus Procellarum on the lunar equator , which the lander ideally would reach 66 hours after launch . No cameras were carried by the Ranger landers , and no pictures were to be captured from the lunar surface during the mission . Instead , the 3.1 metres ( 10 ft ) Ranger Block II mother ship carried a 200 - scan - line television camera which was to capture images during the free - fall descent to the lunar surface . The camera was designed to transmit a picture every 10 seconds . Seconds before impact , at 5 and 0.6 kilometres ( 3.11 and 0.37 mi ) above the lunar surface , the Ranger mother ships took picture ( which may be viewed here ) . Other instruments gathering data before the mother ship crashed onto the Moon were a gamma ray spectrometer to measure overall lunar chemical composition and a radar altimeter . The radar altimeter was to give a signal ejecting the landing capsule and its solid - fueled braking rocket overboard from the Block II mother ship . The braking rocket was to slow and the landing sphere to a dead stop at 330 metres ( 1,080 ft ) above the surface and separate , allowing the landing sphere to free fall once more and hit the surface . On Ranger 3 , failure of the Atlas guidance system and a software error aboard the Agena upper stage combined to put the spacecraft on a course that would miss the Moon . Attempts to salvage lunar photography during a flyby of the Moon were thwarted by in - flight failure of the onboard flight computer . This was probably because of prior heat sterilization of the spacecraft by keeping it above the boiling point of water for 24 hours on the ground , to protect the Moon from being contaminated by Earth organisms . Heat sterilization was also blamed for subsequent in - flight failures of the spacecraft computer on Ranger 4 and the power subsystem on Ranger 5 . Only Ranger 4 reached the Moon in an uncontrolled crash impact on the far side of the Moon . Heat sterilization was discontinued for the final four Block III Ranger probes . These replaced the Block II landing capsule and its retrorocket with a heavier , more capable television system to support landing site selection for upcoming Apollo manned Moon landing missions . Six cameras were designed to take thousands of high - altitude photographs in the final twenty - minute period before crashing on the lunar surface . Camera resolution was 1,132 scan lines , far higher than the 525 lines found in a typical U.S. 1964 home television . While Ranger 6 suffered a failure of this camera system and returned no photographs despite an otherwise successful flight , the subsequent Ranger 7 mission to Mare Cognitum was a complete success . Breaking the six - year string of failures in U.S. attempts to photograph the Moon at close range , the Ranger 7 mission was viewed as a national turning point and instrumental in allowing the key 1965 NASA budget appropriation to pass through the United States Congress intact without a reduction in funds for the Apollo manned Moon landing program . Subsequent successes with Ranger 8 and Ranger 9 further buoyed U.S. hopes . Soviet unmanned soft landings ( 1966 -- 1976 ) ( edit ) Model of Luna 16 Moon soil sample return lander Model of Soviet Lunokhod automatic moon rover The Luna 9 spacecraft , launched by the Soviet Union , performed the first successful soft Moon landing on 3 February , 1966 . Airbags protected its 99 kilograms ( 218 lb ) ejectable capsule which survived an impact speed of over 15 metres per second ( 54 km / h ) . Luna 13 duplicated this feat with a similar Moon landing on 24 December 1966 . Both returned panoramic photographs that were the first views from the lunar surface . Luna 16 was the first robotic probe to land on the Moon and safely return a sample of lunar soil back to Earth . It represented the first lunar sample return mission by the Soviet Union , and was the third lunar sample return mission overall , following the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 missions . This mission was later successfully repeated by Luna 20 ( 1972 ) and Luna 24 ( 1976 ) . In 1970 and 1973 two Lunokhod ( `` Moonwalker '' ) robotic lunar rovers were delivered to the Moon , where they successfully operated for 10 and 4 months respectively , covering 10.5 km ( Lunokhod 1 ) and 37 km ( Lunokhod 2 ) . These rover missions were in operation concurrently with the Zond and Luna series of Moon flyby , orbiter and landing missions . Mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launch date Goal Result Landing zone Lat / Lon Luna - 9 1580 Semyorka -- 8K78 31 January 1966 Landing Success -- first lunar soft landing , numerous photos Oceanus Procellarum 7.13 ° N 64.37 ° W Luna - 13 1580 Semyorka -- 8K78 21 December 1966 Landing Success -- second lunar soft landing , numerous photos Oceanus Procellarum 18 ° 52'N 62 ° 3'W Proton 19 February 1969 Lunar rover Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Proton 14 June 1969 Sample return Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Luna - 15 5,700 Proton 13 July 1969 Sample return Failure -- lunar crash impact Mare Crisium unknown Cosmos - 300 Proton 23 September 1969 Sample return Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Cosmos - 305 Proton 22 October 1969 Sample return Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Proton 6 February 1970 Sample return Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Luna - 16 5,600 Proton 12 September 1970 Sample return Success -- returned 0.10 kg of Moon soil back to Earth Mare Fecunditatis 000.68 S 056.30 E Luna - 17 5,700 Proton 10 November 1970 Lunar rover Success -- Lunokhod - 1 rover traveled 10.5 km across lunar surface Mare Imbrium 038.28 N 325.00 E Luna - 18 5,750 Proton 2 September 1971 Sample return Failure -- lunar crash impact Mare Fecunditatis 003.57 N 056.50 E Luna - 20 5,727 Proton 14 February 1972 Sample return Success -- returned 0.05 kg of Moon soil back to Earth Mare Fecunditatis 003.57 N 056.50 E Luna - 21 5,950 Proton 8 January 1973 Lunar rover Success -- Lunokhod - 2 rover traveled 37.0 km across lunar surface LeMonnier Crater 025.85 N 030.45 E Luna - 23 5,800 Proton 28 October 1974 Sample return Failure -- Moon landing achieved , but malfunction prevented sample return Mare Crisium 012.00 N 062.00 E Proton 16 October 1975 Sample return Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Luna - 24 5,800 Proton 9 August 1976 Sample return Success -- returned 0.17 kg of Moon soil back to Earth Mare Crisium 012.25 N 062.20 E U.S. unmanned soft landings ( 1966 -- 1968 ) ( edit ) Launch of Surveyor 1 . Pete Conrad , commander of Apollo 12 , stands next to Surveyor 3 lander . In the background is the Apollo 12 lander , Intrepid . The U.S. robotic Surveyor program was part of an effort to locate a safe site on the Moon for a human landing and test under lunar conditions the radar and landing systems required to make a true controlled touchdown . Five of Surveyor 's seven missions made successful unmanned Moon landings . Surveyor 3 was visited two years after its Moon landing by the crew of Apollo 12 . They removed parts of it for examination back on Earth to determine the effects of long - term exposure to the lunar environment . Mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launch date Goal Result Landing zone Lat / Lon Surveyor 1 292 Atlas -- Centaur 30 May 1966 Landing Success -- 11,000 pictures returned , first U.S. Moon landing Oceanus Procellarum 002.45 S 043.22 W Surveyor 2 292 Atlas -- Centaur 20 September 1966 Landing Failure -- midcourse engine malfunction , placing vehicle in unrecoverable tumble ; crashed southeast of Copernicus Crater Sinus Medii 004.00 S 011.00 W Surveyor 3 302 Atlas -- Centaur 20 April 1967 Landing Success -- 6,000 pictures returned ; trench dug to 17.5 cm depth after 18 hr of robot arm use Oceanus Procellarum 002.94 S 336.66 E Surveyor 4 282 Atlas -- Centaur 14 July 1967 Landing Failure -- radio contact lost 2.5 minutes before touchdown ; perfect automated Moon landing possible but outcome unknown Sinus Medii unknown Surveyor 5 303 Atlas -- Centaur 8 September 1967 Landing Success -- 19,000 photos returned , first use of alpha scatter soil composition monitor Mare Tranquillitatis 001.41 N 023.18 E Surveyor 6 300 Atlas -- Centaur 7 November 1967 Landing Success -- 30,000 photos returned , robot arm & alpha scatter science , engine restart , second landing 2.5 m away from first Sinus Medii 000.46 N 358.63 E Surveyor 7 306 Atlas -- Centaur 7 January 1968 Landing Success -- 21,000 photos returned ; robot arm & alpha scatter science ; laser beams from Earth detected Tycho Crater 041.01 S 348.59 E Transition from direct ascent landings to lunar orbit operations ( edit ) Within four months of each other in early 1966 the Soviet Union and the United States had accomplished successful Moon landings with unmanned spacecraft . To the general public both countries had demonstrated roughly equal technical capabilities by returning photographic images from the surface of the Moon . These pictures provided a key affirmative answer to the crucial question of whether or not lunar soil would support upcoming manned landers with their much greater weight . However , the Luna 9 hard landing of a ruggedized sphere using airbags at a 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) - per - hour ballistic impact speed had much more in common with the failed 1962 Ranger landing attempts and their planned 160 kilometres ( 99 mi ) - per - hour impacts than with the Surveyor 1 soft landing on three footpads using its radar - controlled , adjustable - thrust retrorocket . While Luna 9 and Surveyor 1 were both major national accomplishments , only Surveyor 1 had reached its landing site employing key technologies that would be needed for a manned flight . Thus as of mid-1966 , the United States had begun to pull ahead of the Soviet Union in the so - called Space Race to land a man on the Moon . A timeline of the space race between 1957 and 1975 , with missions from the USA and USSR . Advances in other areas were necessary before manned spacecraft could follow unmanned ones to the surface of the Moon . Of particular importance was developing the expertise to perform flight operations in lunar orbit . Ranger , Surveyor and initial Luna Moon landing attempts all utilized flight paths from Earth that traveled directly to the lunar surface without first placing the spacecraft in a lunar orbit . Such direct ascents use a minimum amount of fuel for unmanned spacecraft on a one - way trip . In contrast , manned vehicles need additional fuel after a lunar landing to enable a return trip back to Earth for the crew . Leaving this massive amount of required Earth - return fuel in lunar orbit until it is used later in the mission is far more efficient than taking such fuel down to the lunar surface in a Moon landing and then hauling it all back into space yet again , working against lunar gravity both ways . Such considerations lead logically to a lunar orbit rendezvous mission profile for a manned Moon landing . Accordingly , beginning in mid-1966 both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. naturally progressed into missions which featured lunar orbit operations as a necessary prerequisite to a manned Moon landing . The primary goals of these initial unmanned orbiters were extensive photographic mapping of the entire lunar surface for the selection of manned landing sites and , for the Soviets , the checkout of radio communications gear that would be used in future soft landings . An unexpected major discovery from initial lunar orbiters were vast volumes of dense materials beneath the surface of the Moon 's maria . Such mass concentrations ( `` mascons '' ) can send a manned mission dangerously off course in the final minutes of a Moon landing when aiming for a relatively small landing zone that is smooth and safe . Mascons were also found over a longer period of time to greatly disturb the orbits of low - altitude satellites around the Moon , making their orbits unstable and forcing an inevitable crash on the lunar surface in the relatively short period of months to a few years . Controlling the location of impact for spent lunar orbiters can have scientific value . For example , in 1999 the NASA Lunar Prospector orbiter was deliberately targeted to impact a permanently shadowed area of Shoemaker Crater near the lunar south pole . It was hoped that energy from the impact would vaporize suspected shadowed ice deposits in the crater and liberate a water vapor plume that would be detectable from Earth . No such plume was observed . However , a small vial of ashes from the body of pioneer lunar scientist Eugene Shoemaker was delivered by the Lunar Prospector to the crater named in his honor -- currently the only human remains on the Moon . Soviet lunar orbit satellites ( 1966 -- 1974 ) ( edit ) U.S.S.R. mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launched Mission goal Mission result Cosmos -- 111 Molniya - M 1 March 1966 Lunar orbiter Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Luna - 10 1,582 Molniya - M 31 March 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 2,738 km x 2,088 km x 72 deg orbit , 178 m period , 60 - day science mission Luna - 11 1,640 Molniya - M 24 August 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 2,931 km x 1,898 km x 27 deg orbit , 178 m period , 38 - day science mission Luna - 12 1,620 Molniya - M 22 October 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 2,938 km x 1,871 km x 10 deg orbit , 205 m period , 89 - day science mission Cosmos - 159 1,700 Molniya - M 17 May 1967 Prototype test Success -- high Earth orbit manned landing communications gear radio calibration test Molniya - M 7 February 1968 Lunar orbiter Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit -- attempted radio calibration test ? Luna - 14 1,700 Molniya - M 7 April 1968 Lunar orbiter Success -- 870 km x 160 km x 42 deg orbit , 160 m period , unstable orbit , radio calibration test ? Luna - 19 5,700 Proton 28 September 1971 Lunar orbiter Success -- 140 km x 140 km x 41 deg orbit , 121 m period , 388 - day science mission Luna - 22 5,700 Proton 29 May 1974 Lunar orbiter Success -- 222 km x 219 km x 19 deg orbit , 130 m period , 521 - day science mission Luna 10 became the first spacecraft to orbit the Moon on 3 April 1966 . U.S. lunar orbit satellites ( 1966 -- 1967 ) ( edit ) U.S. mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launched Mission goal Mission result Lunar Orbiter 1 386 Atlas -- Agena 10 August 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 1,160 km X 189 km x 12 deg orbit , 208 m period , 80 - day photography mission Lunar Orbiter 2 386 Atlas -- Agena 6 November 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 1,860 km X 52 km x 12 deg orbit , 208 m period , 339 - day photography mission Lunar Orbiter 3 386 Atlas -- Agena 5 February 1967 Lunar orbiter Success -- 1,860 km X 52 km x 21 deg orbit , 208 m period , 246 - day photography mission Lunar Orbiter 4 386 Atlas -- Agena 4 May 1967 Lunar orbiter Success -- 6,111 km X 2,706 km x 86 deg orbit , 721 m period , 180 - day photography mission Lunar Orbiter 5 386 Atlas -- Agena 1 August 1967 Lunar orbiter Success -- 6,023 km X 195 km x 85 deg orbit , 510 m period , 183 - day photography mission Soviet circumlunar loop flights ( 1967 -- 1970 ) ( edit ) Main article : Soviet manned lunar programs Zond mounted on top stage of Proton booster in assembly hangar . It is possible to aim a spacecraft from Earth so that it will loop around the Moon and return to Earth without entering lunar orbit , following the so - called free return trajectory . Such circumlunar loop missions are simpler than lunar orbit missions because rockets for lunar orbit braking and Earth return are not required . However , a manned circumlunar loop trip poses significant challenges above and beyond those found in a manned low - Earth - orbit mission , offering valuable lessons in preparation for a manned Moon landing . Foremost among these are mastering the demands of re-entering the Earth 's atmosphere upon returning from the Moon . Manned Earth - orbiting vehicles such as the Space Shuttle return to Earth from speeds of around 17,000 miles per hour ( 27,000 km / h ; 7,600 m / s ) . Due to the effects of gravity , a vehicle returning from the Moon hits Earth 's atmosphere at a much higher speed of around 25,000 miles per hour ( 40,000 km / h ; 11,000 m / s ) . The g - loading on astronauts during the resulting deceleration can be at the limits of human endurance even during a nominal reentry . Slight variations in the vehicle flight path and reentry angle during a return from the Moon can easily result in fatal levels of deceleration force . Achieving a manned circumlunar loop flight prior to a manned lunar landing became a primary goal of the Soviets with their Zond spacecraft program . The first three Zonds were unmanned planetary probes ; after that , the Zond name was transferred to a completely separate manned program . The initial focus of these later Zonds was extensive testing of required high - speed reentry techniques . This focus was not shared by the U.S. , who chose instead to bypass the stepping stone of a manned circumlunar loop mission and never developed a separate spacecraft for this purpose . Initial manned spaceflights in the early 1960s placed a single person in low Earth orbit during the Soviet Vostok and U.S. Mercury programs . A two - flight extension of the Vostok program known as Voskhod effectively used Vostok capsules with their ejection seats removed to achieve Soviet space firsts of multiple person crews in 1964 and spacewalks in early 1965 . These capabilities were later demonstrated by the U.S. in ten Gemini low Earth orbit missions throughout 1965 and 1966 , using a totally new second - generation spacecraft design that had little in common with the earlier Mercury . These Gemini missions went on to prove critical techniques for orbital rendezvous and docking that were crucial to a manned lunar landing mission profile . After the end of the Gemini program , the Soviets Union began flying their second - generation Zond manned spacecraft in 1967 with the ultimate goal of looping a cosmonaut around the Moon and returning him immediately to Earth . The Zond spacecraft was launched with the simpler and already operational Proton launch rocket , unlike the parallel Soviet manned Moon landing effort also underway at the time based on third - generation Soyuz spacecraft requiring development of the advanced N - 1 booster . The Soviets thus believed they could achieve a manned Zond circumlunar flight years before a U.S. manned lunar landing and so score a propaganda victory . However , significant development problems delayed the Zond program and the success of the U.S. Apollo lunar landing program led to the eventual termination of the Zond effort . Like Zond , Apollo Moon flights were generally launched on a free return trajectory that would return them to Earth via a circumlunar loop in the event that a Service Module malfunction failed to place them in lunar orbit as planned . This option was implemented after an explosion aboard the Apollo 13 mission in 1970 , which is the only manned circumlunar loop mission flown to date . U.S.S.R mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launched Mission goal Payload Mission result Cosmos - 146 5,400 Proton 10 March 1967 High Earth Orbit unmanned Partial success -- Successfully reached high Earth orbit , but became stranded and was unable to initiate controlled high speed atmospheric reentry test Cosmos - 154 5,400 Proton 8 April 1967 High Earth Orbit unmanned Partial success -- Successfully reached high Earth orbit , but became stranded and was unable to initiate controlled high speed atmospheric reentry test Proton 28 September 1967 High Earth Orbit unmanned Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Proton 22 November 1967 High Earth Orbit unmanned Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Zond - 4 5,140 Proton 2 March 1968 High Earth Orbit unmanned Partial success -- launched successfully to 300,000 km high Earth orbit , high speed reentry test guidance malfunction , intentional self - destruct to prevent landfall outside Soviet Union Proton 23 April 1968 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit ; launch preparation tank explosion kills three in pad crew Zond - 5 5,375 Proton 15 September 1968 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Success -- looped around Moon , returned live biological payload safely to Earth despite landing off - target outside the Soviet Union in the Indian Ocean Zond - 6 5,375 Proton 10 November 1968 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Partial success -- looped around Moon , successful reentry , but loss of cabin air pressure caused biological payload death , parachute system malfunction and severe vehicle damage upon landing Proton 20 January 1969 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Zond - 7 5,979 Proton 8 August 1969 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Success -- looped around Moon , returned biological payload safely to Earth and landed on - target inside Soviet Union . Only Zond mission whose reentry G - forces would have been survivable by human crew had they been aboard . Zond - 8 5,375 Proton 20 October 1970 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Success -- looped around Moon , returned biological payload safely to Earth despite landing off - target outside Soviet Union in the Indian Ocean Zond 5 was the first spacecraft to carry life from Earth to the vicinity of the Moon and return , initiating the final lap of the Space Race with its payload of turtles , insects , plants and bacteria . Despite the failure suffered in its final moments , the Zond 6 mission was reported by Soviet media as being a success as well . Although hailed worldwide as remarkable achievements , both of these Zond missions flew off - nominal reentry trajectories resulting in deceleration forces that would have been fatal to human crewmembers had they been aboard . As a result , the Soviets secretly planned to continue unmanned Zond tests until their reliability to support manned flight had been demonstrated . However , due to NASA 's continuing problems with the lunar module , and because of CIA reports of a potential Soviet manned circumlunar flight in late 1968 , NASA fatefully changed the flight plan of Apollo 8 from an Earth - orbit lunar module test to a lunar orbit mission scheduled for late December 1968 . In early December 1968 the launch window to the Moon opened for the Soviet launch site in Baikonur , giving the USSR their final chance to beat the US to the Moon . Cosmonauts went on alert and asked to fly the Zond spacecraft then in final countdown at Baikonur on the first manned trip to the Moon . Ultimately , however , the Soviet Politburo decided the risk of crew death was unacceptable given the combined poor performance to that point of Zond / Proton and so scrubbed the launch of a manned Soviet lunar mission . Their decision proved to be a wise one , since this unnumbered Zond mission was destroyed in another unmanned test when it was finally launched several weeks later . By this time flights of the third generation U.S. Apollo spacecraft had begun . Far more capable than the Zond , the Apollo spacecraft had the necessary rocket power to slip into and out of lunar orbit and to make course adjustments required for a safe reentry during the return to Earth . The Apollo 8 mission carried out the first manned trip to the Moon on 24 December 1968 , certifying the Saturn V booster for manned use and flying not a circumlunar loop but instead a full ten orbits around the Moon before returning safely to Earth . Apollo 10 then performed a full dress rehearsal of a manned Moon landing in May 1969 . This mission orbited within 47,400 feet ( 14.4 km ) altitude above the lunar surface , performing necessary low - altitude mapping of trajectory - altering mascons using a factory prototype lunar module that was too overweight to allow a successful landing . With the failure of the unmanned Soviet sample return Moon landing attempt Luna 15 in July 1969 , the stage was set for Apollo 11 . Manned Moon landings ( 1969 -- 1972 ) ( edit ) The U.S. Saturn V and the Soviet N1 . U.S. strategy ( edit ) Main article : Apollo program § Political pressure builds Plans for manned Moon exploration originated during the Eisenhower administration . In a series of mid-1950s articles in Collier 's magazine , Wernher von Braun had popularized the idea of a manned expedition to the Moon to establish a lunar base . A manned Moon landing posed several daunting technical challenges to the US and USSR . Besides guidance and weight management , atmospheric re-entry without ablative overheating was a major hurdle . After the Soviet Union 's launch of Sputnik , von Braun promoted a plan for the United States Army to establish a military lunar outpost by 1965 . After the early Soviet successes , especially Yuri Gagarin 's flight , US President John F. Kennedy looked for a US project that would capture the public imagination . He asked Vice President Lyndon Johnson to make recommendations on a scientific endeavor that would prove US world leadership . The proposals included non-space options such as massive irrigation projects to benefit the Third World . The Soviets , at the time , had more powerful rockets than the United States , which gave them an advantage in some kinds of space mission . Advances in US nuclear weapon technology had led to smaller , lighter warheads , and consequently , rockets with smaller payload capacities . By comparison , Soviet nuclear weapons were much heavier , and the powerful R - 7 rocket was developed to carry them . More modest potential missions such as flying around the Moon without landing or establishing a space lab in orbit ( both were proposed by Kennedy to von Braun ) were determined to offer too much advantage to the Soviets , since the US would have to develop a heavy rocket to match the Soviets . A Moon landing , however , would capture world imagination while functioning as propaganda . Apollo landing sites Johnson had championed the US manned space program ever since the Sputnik scare , sponsoring the legislation which created NASA when he was in the Senate in 1958 . When Kennedy asked him in 1961 to research the best manned space achievement to counter the Soviets ' lead , Johnson responded that the US had an even chance of beating the USSR to a manned lunar landing , but not for anything less . Kennedy seized on Apollo as the ideal focus for efforts in space . He ensured continuing funding , shielding space spending from the 1963 tax cut , but diverting money from other NASA scientific projects . This last dismayed NASA 's leader , James E. Webb , who perceived the need for NASA 's support from the scientific community . The Moon landing required development of the large Saturn V launch vehicle , which achieved a perfect record of zero catastrophic failures or launch vehicle - caused mission failures , in thirteen launches . For the program to succeed , its proponents would have to defeat criticism from politicians on the left , who wanted more money spent on social programs , and on those on the right , who favored a more military project . By emphasizing the scientific payoff and playing on fears of Soviet space dominance , Kennedy and Johnson managed to swing public opinion : by 1965 , 58 percent of Americans favored Apollo , up from 33 percent two years earlier . After Johnson became President in 1963 , his continuing defense of the program allowed it to succeed in 1969 , as Kennedy planned . Soviet strategy ( edit ) Main article : Soviet Moonshot Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev said in October 1963 that the USSR was `` not at present planning flight by cosmonauts to the Moon , '' while insisting that the Soviets had not dropped out of the race . Only after another year would the USSR fully commit itself to a Moon - landing attempt , which ultimately failed . At the same time , Kennedy had suggested various joint programs , including a possible Moon landing by Soviet and U.S. astronauts and the development of better weather - monitoring satellites . Khrushchev , sensing an attempt by Kennedy to steal Russian space technology , rejected the idea : if the USSR went to the Moon , it would go alone . Sergey Korolev , the Soviet space program 's chief designer , had started promoting his Soyuz craft and the N1 launcher rocket that would have the capability of carrying out a manned Moon landing . Khrushchev directed Korolev 's design bureau to arrange further space firsts by modifying the existing Vostok technology , while a second team started building a completely new launcher and craft , the Proton booster and the Zond , for a manned cislunar flight in 1966 . In 1964 the new Soviet leadership gave Korolev the backing for a Moon landing effort and brought all manned projects under his direction . With Korolev 's death and the failure of the first Soyuz flight in 1967 , the co-ordination of the Soviet Moon landing program quickly unraveled . The Soviets built a landing craft and selected cosmonauts for the mission that would have placed Aleksei Leonov on the Moon 's surface , but with the successive launch failures of the N1 booster in 1969 , plans for a manned landing suffered first delay and then cancellation . Apollo missions ( edit ) In total , twenty - four U.S. astronauts have traveled to the Moon . Three have made the trip twice , and twelve have walked on its surface . Apollo 8 was a lunar - orbit - only mission , Apollo 10 included undocking and Descent Orbit Insertion ( DOI ) , followed by LM staging to CSM redocking , while Apollo 13 , originally scheduled as a landing , ended up as a lunar fly - by , by means of free return trajectory ; thus , none of these missions made landings . Apollo 7 and Apollo 9 were Earth - orbit - only missions . Apart from the inherent dangers of manned Moon expeditions as seen with Apollo 13 , one reason for their cessation according to astronaut Alan Bean is the cost it imposes in government subsidies . Manned Moon landings ( edit ) Mission name Lunar lander Lunar landing date Lunar liftoff date Lunar landing site Duration on lunar surface Crew Number of EVAs Total EVA Time ( HH : MM ) Apollo 11 Eagle 20 July 1969 21 July 1969 Sea of Tranquility 21 : 31 Neil Armstrong , Edwin `` Buzz '' Aldrin 2 : 31 Apollo 12 Intrepid 19 November 1969 21 November 1969 Ocean of Storms 1 - day , 7 : 31 Charles `` Pete '' Conrad , Alan Bean 7 : 45 Apollo 14 Antares 5 February 1971 6 February 1971 Fra Mauro 1 - day , 9 : 30 Alan B. Shepard , Edgar Mitchell 9 : 21 Apollo 15 Falcon 30 July 1971 2 August 1971 Hadley Rille 2 days , 18 : 55 David Scott , James Irwin 18 : 33 Apollo 16 Orion 21 April 1972 24 April 1972 Descartes Highlands 2 days , 23 : 02 John Young , Charles Duke 20 : 14 Apollo 17 Challenger 11 December 1972 14 December 1972 Taurus -- Littrow 3 days , 2 : 59 Eugene Cernan , Harrison `` Jack '' Schmitt 22 : 04 Other aspects of the Apollo Moon successful landings ( edit ) Unlike other international rivalries , the Space Race has remained unaffected in a direct way regarding the desire for territorial expansion . After the successful landings on the Moon , the U.S. explicitly disclaimed the right to ownership of any part of the Moon . President Richard Nixon had speechwriter William Safire prepare a condolence speech for delivery in the event that Armstrong and Aldrin became marooned on the Moon 's surface and could not be rescued . In 1951 , science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke forecast that man would reach the Moon by 1978 . On 16 August 2006 , the Associated Press reported that NASA is missing the original Slow - scan television tapes ( which were made before the scan conversion for conventional TV ) of the Apollo 11 Moon walk . Some news outlets have mistakenly reported that the SSTV tapes were found in Western Australia , but those tapes were only recordings of data from the Apollo 11 Early Apollo Surface Experiments Package . Scientists believe the six American flags planted by astronauts have been bleached white because of more than 40 years of exposure to solar radiation . Using LROC images , five of the six American flags are still standing and casting shadows at all of the sites , except Apollo 11 . Astronaut Buzz Aldrin reported that the flag was blown over by the exhaust from the ascent engine during liftoff of Apollo 11 . Late 20th -- 21st century unmanned crash landings ( edit ) Hiten ( japan ) ( edit ) Launched on 24 January 1990 , 11 : 46 UTC . At the end of its mission , the Japanese lunar orbiter Hiten was commanded to crash into the lunar surface and did so on 10 April 1993 at 18 : 03 : 25.7 UT ( 11 April 03 : 03 : 25.7 JST ) . Lunar Prospector ( USA ) ( edit ) Lunar Prospector was launched on 7 January 1998 . The mission ended on 31 July 1999 , when the orbiter was deliberately crashed into a crater near the lunar south pole after the presence of water ice was successfully detected . SMART - 1 ( ESA ) ( edit ) Launched 27 September 2003 , 23 : 14 UTC from the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou , French Guiana . At the end of its mission , the ESA lunar orbiter SMART - 1 performed a controlled crash into the Moon , at about 2 km / s . The time of the crash was 3 September 2006 , at 5 : 42 UTC . Selene ( japan ) ( edit ) SELENE or Kaguya was launched on 14 September 2007 . After successfully orbiting the Moon for a year and eight months , the main orbiter was instructed to impact on the lunar surface near the crater Gill at 18 : 25 UTC on 10 June 2009 . Chang'e 1 ( China ) ( edit ) The Chinese lunar orbiter Chang'e 1 , launched 24 October 2007 , 10 : 05 UTC , executed a controlled crash onto the surface of the Moon on 1 March 2009 , 20 : 44 GMT , after a 16 - month mission . Chandrayaan - 1 and Chandrayaan - 2 ( India ) ( edit ) Chandrayaan - 1 was launched on 22 October 2008 , 00 : 52 UTC . The impactor , the Moon Impact Probe , impacted near Shackleton Crater at the south pole of the lunar surface at 14 November 2008 , 20 : 31 IST . Chandrayaan - 2 is scheduled for launch in 2018 . LCROSS ( USA ) ( edit ) The LCROSS data collecting shepherding spacecraft was launched together with the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ( LRO ) on 18 June 2009 on board an Atlas V rocket with a Centaur upper stage . On 9 October 2009 , at 11 : 31 UTC , the Centaur upper stage impacted the lunar surface , releasing the kinetic energy equivalent of detonating approximately 2 tons of TNT ( 8.86 GJ ) . Six minutes later at 11 : 37 UTC , the LCROSS shepherding spacecraft also impacted the surface . GRAIL ( USA ) ( edit ) The GRAIL mission consisted of two small spacecraft : GRAIL A ( Ebb ) , and GRAIL B ( Flow ) . They were launched on 10 September 2011 on board a Delta II rocket . GRAIL A separated from the rocket about nine minutes after launch , and GRAIL B followed about eight minutes later . The first probe entered orbit on 31 December 2011 and the second followed on 1 January 2012 . The two spacecraft impacted the Lunar surface on 17 December 2012 . LADEE ( USA ) ( edit ) LADEE was launched on 7 September 2013 . The mission ended on 18 April 2014 , when the spacecraft 's controllers intentionally crashed LADEE into the far side of the Moon , which , later , was determined to be near the eastern rim of Sundman V crater . 21st century unmanned soft landings ( edit ) Chang'e 3 ( China ) ( edit ) On 14 December 2013 at 13 : 12 UTC Chang'e 3 soft - landed a rover on the Moon . This was the first lunar soft landing since Luna 24 on 22 August 1976 . Landings on moons of other solar system bodies ( edit ) Progress in space exploration has recently broadened the phrase moon landing to include other moons in the Solar System as well . The Huygens probe of the Cassini -- Huygens mission to Saturn performed a successful unmanned moon landing on Titan in 2005 . Similarly , the Soviet probe Phobos 2 came within 120 mi ( 190 km ) of performing an unmanned moon landing on Mars ' moon Phobos in 1989 before radio contact with that lander was suddenly lost . A similar Russian sample return mission called Fobos - Grunt ( `` grunt '' means `` soil '' in Russian ) launched in November 2011 , but stalled in low Earth orbit . There is widespread interest in performing a future moon landing on Jupiter 's Europa moon to drill down and explore the possible liquid water ocean beneath its icy surface . Proposed future missions ( edit ) Astronaut Buzz Aldrin , lunar module pilot of the first lunar landing mission , poses for a photograph beside the deployed United States flag during an Apollo 11 Extravehicular Activity ( EVA ) on the lunar surface . Main article : List of proposed missions to the Moon China is planning to land another rover and collect samples in the Chang'e 4 mission and return lunar soil samples by 2018 in the Chang'e 5 mission . ISRO , the Indian National Space agency , is planning a second version of Chandrayaan named Chandrayaan 2 . According to former ISRO Chairman G. Madhavan Nair , `` The Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) hopes to land two rovers -- one Indian and another Russian -- on the Moon in 2018 , as a part of its second Chandrayaan mission . The rover will be designed to move on wheels on the lunar surface , pick up samples of soil or rocks , do on - site chemical analysis and send the data to the mother - spacecraft Chandrayaan II , which will be orbiting above . Chandrayaan II will transmit the data to Earth . '' The payloads have already been finalized . ISRO has mentioned that due to weight restrictions it will not be carrying any overseas payloads on this mission . The lander weight is projected to be 1,250 kg , and the spacecraft will be launched by the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle . Russia 's Luna - Glob 1 is expected to be launched in 2018 . In 2007 the head of the Russian Space Agency announced plans to send cosmonauts to the Moon by 2025 and establish a permanent robotically operated base there in 2027 -- 2032 . In 2015 , Roscosmos stated that Russia plans to place a cosmonaut on the Moon by 2030 , leaving Mars to NASA . The purpose is to work jointly with NASA and avoid another Space Race . The Lunar Precursor Robotic Program ( LPRP ) is a program of robotic spacecraft missions which NASA will use to prepare for future Moon landings . Three orbiters have been launched in the program , the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ( LRO ) , the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite ( LCROSS ) , and the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer ( LADEE ) , launched in 2013 , but no Moon landings are scheduled yet . The Google Lunar X Prize competition offers a $20 million award for the first privately funded team to land a robotic probe on the Moon . Like the Ansari X Prize before it , the competition aims to advance the state of the art in private space exploration . Of the several competing teams , Puli Space Technologies at one time ( 2012 ) planned to launch in 2014 and Astrobotic Technology plans to launch in the second half of 2016 with their own rover plus another team 's lunar rovers from Hakuto . Historical empirical evidence ( edit ) Main article : Moon landing conspiracy theories Many conspiracy theorists hold that the Apollo Moon landings were a hoax ; however , empirical evidence is readily available to show that manned moon landings did indeed occur . Anyone on Earth with an appropriate laser and telescope system can bounce laser beams off three retroreflector arrays left on the Moon by Apollo 11 , 14 and 15 , verifying deployment of the Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment at historically documented Apollo Moon landing sites and so proving equipment constructed on Earth was successfully transported to the surface of the Moon . In addition , in August 2009 NASA 's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter began to send back high resolution photos of the Apollo landing sites . These photos show not only the large Descent Stages of the lunar landers left behind but also tracks of the astronauts ' walking paths in the lunar dust . See also ( edit ) Spaceflight portal Lunar Escape Systems Robert Goddard Soyuz 7K - L1 Zond program First on the Moon ( disambiguation ) References and notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Manned Space Chronology : Apollo_11 '' . spaceline.org . Retrieved 6 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo Anniversary : Moon Landing `` Inspired World '' `` . National Geographic . Retrieved 6 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Luna 2 '' . NASA -- NSSDC . Jump up ^ NASA Apollo 11 40th anniversary . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 3 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Escape from the Moon ! '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Lun 2 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Homepage of V.V Pustynski for students of YFT0060 '' . Estonia : Tartu Observatory . Archived from the original on 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Ley , Willy ( July 1957 ) . `` For Your Information '' . Galaxy Science Fiction ( 61 -- 71 ) . p. 69 . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ JPL Pioneer Mission Archived 28 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Lunar Impact `` Lunar Missions 1958 through 1965 '' ( PDF ) . Nasa History Series . Retrieved 9 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 4 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 6 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 5 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 7 Details '' . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 8 Details '' . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 9 Details '' . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 1 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 2 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Astronautix Luna E-6 '' . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Moon Exploration '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 17 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Burrows , William E. ( 1999 ) . This New Ocean : The Story of the First Space Age . Modern Library . p. 432 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 75485 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` In the Shadow of the Moon '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved 7 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` White House ' Lost In Space ' Scenarios '' . thesmokinggun.com . Retrieved 7 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Arthur C. Clarke '' . Jump up ^ `` Apollo TV Tapes : The Search Continues '' . space.com . Retrieved 8 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The American Flags On The Moon Have All Turned White -- Business Insider '' . businessinsider.com . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apollo Moon Landing Flags Still Standing , Photos Reveal '' . Space.com . Retrieved 10 October 2014 Jump up ^ Hiten , NSSDC , NASA . Accessed on line 18 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eureka ! Ice Found At Lunar Poles '' . NASA . 2012 . Archived from the original on 9 December 2006 . Retrieved 29 December 2012 . Jump up ^ SMART 1 , NSSDC , NASA . Accessed on line 18 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` KAGUYA Lunar Impact '' . JAXA . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese probe crashes into moon '' , BBC News , 1 March 2009 . Retrieved 18 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan - I Impact Probe lands on the Moon '' . The Times of India . 15 November 2008 . Retrieved 14 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NASA 's LCROSS Mission Changes Impact Crater '' . NASA . 2009 - 09 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ TheStar.com , `` NASA crashes rocket into moon '' . Jump up ^ `` Moon - bound twin GRAIL spacecraft launch success - EarthSky.org '' . Jump up ^ Spaceflight101 Archived 11 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` First of NASA 's GRAIL Spacecraft Enters Moon Orbit '' . NASA . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ GRAIL Twins crash into the Moon to complete highly successful Mission Archived 11 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer ( LADEE ) '' . National Space Science Data Center Master Catalog . NASA . Jump up ^ Chang , Kenneth ( 18 April 2014 ) . `` With Planned Crash , NASA Lunar Mission Comes to End '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Dunn , Marcia ( 18 April 2014 ) . `` NASA 's Moon - Orbiting Robot Crashes Down as Planned '' . ABC News . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Neal - Jones , Nancy ( 28 October 2014 ) . `` NASA 's LRO Spacecraft Captures Images of LADEE 's Impact Crater '' . NASA . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Dwayne ; Hoover , Rachel ; Washington , Dewayne ( 18 April 2014 ) . `` NASA Completes LADEE Mission with Planned Impact on Moon 's Surface '' . NASA.gov . Release 14 -- 113 . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` China lands Jade Rabbit robot rover on Moon '' . BBC . 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Simon Denyer ( 14 December 2013 ) . `` China carries out first soft landing on moon in 37 years '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` China to Launch Lunar Probe Chang'e - 2 before 2011 '' . english.cas.ac.cn . Retrieved 29 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Johnson ( 31 August 2010 ) . `` Three new Indian payloads for Chandrayaan 2 , decides ISRO '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Payloads for Chandrayaan - 2 Mission Finalised '' . Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) . ISRO. 30 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2012 . Retrieved 2 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ИКИ : РФ начнет запуск автоматических станций к Луне в 2018 году '' . Jump up ^ `` Lavochkin begins phase B work for Luna - Glob 1 orbiter '' . http://www.flightglobal.com . Retrieved 29 September 2009 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ K , Jayalakshmi ( 27 June 2015 ) . `` Russia to place man on Moon by 2030 leaving Mars to Nasa '' . Jump up ^ `` Lunar Precursor Robotic Program '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 21 April 2008 . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` About Google Lunar X prize '' . Retrieved 10 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Our Mission '' . Puli Space Technologies . 4 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2012 . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Two Google Lunar XPRIZE Teams Announce Rideshare Partnership For Mission To The Moon In 2016 '' . xprize.org . Xprize Foundation . 23 February 2015 . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Hakuto ( ... and fellow competitor ) Astrobotic ( will ) carry a pair of rovers to the moon . Astrobotic plans to launch its Google Lunar XPRIZE mission on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral , Fla. , during the second half of 2016 . HAKUTO 's twin rovers , Moonraker and Tetris , will piggyback on Astrobotic 's Griffin lander to reach the lunar surface . Upon touchdown , the rovers will be released simultaneously ... in pursuit of the $20 M Google Lunar XPRIZE Grand Prize . Jump up ^ Loren Grush ( 27 October 2011 ) . `` Race to Mine the Moon Heats Up '' . Fox News Channel . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Photos : 8 Moon - Landing Hoax Myths -- Busted '' . National Geographic . 16 July 2009 . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 11 Experiment Still Going Strong after 35 Years '' , JPL 20 July 2004 . Jump up ^ `` LRO Sees Apollo Landing Sites '' . NASA . 17 July 2009 . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . External links ( edit ) NASA 's page on moon landings , missions , etc. ( includes information on other space agencies ' missions . ) Moon missions ( United States ) at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Project Apollo Archive Flickr Gallery : an independently organized collection of high - res photos for the Moon Landing and the Apollo Missions . <Th_colspan="3"> Spacecraft missions to the Moon <Td_colspan="3"> American Apollo Lunar Orbiter Lunar Precursor Pioneer Ranger Surveyor Chinese ( CLEP ) Indian ( Chandrayaan ) Japanese Russian Luna - Glob Soviet Crewed Luna Zond Lunokhod Current Orbiters ARTEMIS Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Past Orbiters Apollo 8 10 Apollo 15 Subsatellite ( PFS - 1 ) Apollo 16 Subsatellite ( PFS - 2 ) Chandrayaan - 1 Chang'e 1 Chang'e 2 Clementine Explorer 35 Explorer 49 GRAIL Hiten LADEE Luna 10 11 12 14 19 22 Lunar Orbiter 1 5 Lunar Prospector SELENE ( Kaguya , Okina & Ouna ) SMART - 1 Chang'e 5 - T1 ( Service Module ) Flybys 4M Apollo 13 AsiaSat - 3 Cassini -- Huygens Chang'e 5 - T1 ( Xiaofei ) Galileo Geotail Luna 1 Luna 3 Mariner 10 Nozomi Pioneer 4 Pioneer 10 Ranger 5 STEREO Zond 3 5 6 7 8 Impactors LCROSS Luna 2 MIP Ranger 4 6 7 8 9 Landers Apollo Lunar Module x6 ALSEP ( x5 ) and EASEP ( x1 ) Chang'e 3 Luna 9 13 17 21 Surveyor 1 5 6 7 Rovers Apollo 15 16 17 Lunokhod 1 Lunokhod 2 Yutu Sample return Apollo x6 Luna 16 20 24 Human landing Apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 Planned GLXP Moon Express ( 2018 ) Synergy Moon ( 2018 ) TeamIndus / Hakuto ( 2018 ) SpaceIL ( 2018 ) EM - 1 ( 2019 ) Orion EM - 1 ArgoMoon BioSentinel Cislunar Explorers CuSP CU - E EQUULEUS LunaH - Map Lunar Flashlight Lunar IceCube NEA Scout OMOTENASHI SkyFire Team Miles Luna - Glob Luna 25 ( 2019 ) Luna 26 ( 2020 ) Luna 27 ( 2022 ) Luna 28 Luna 29 Others Chandrayaan - 2 ( 2018 ) Chang'e 4 ( 2018 ) PTScientists ( 2018 ) SpaceX lunar tourism mission ( 2018 ) TESS ( 2018 ) Astrobotic / Hakuto / AngelicvM ( 2019 ) Chang'e 5 ( 2019 ) Chang'e 6 ( 2020 ) SLIM ( 2021 ) EM - 2 ( 2023 ) Proposed Baden - Württemberg 1 Blue Origin Blue Moon Deep Space Gateway DSE - Alpha International Lunar Network Lunar Lander Lunar Mission One Lunar Orbital Station MoonLITE OpenLuna SELENE - R Cancelled Altair European Lunar Explorer LEO LK Lunar - A Lunar Observer Lunokhod 3 MoonRise Prospector Ukrselena See also Colonization of the Moon Exploration of the Moon Google Lunar X Prize List of Apollo astronauts List of lunar probes List of artificial objects on the Moon List of missions to the Moon Moon landing Conspiracy theories <Td_colspan="3"> Manned missions in italics . <Th_colspan="3"> Manned lunar spacecraft Orbiters Retired Apollo Command / Service Module Cancelled LK - 1 / LK - 700 ( VA ) Zond ( Soyuz 7K - L1 ) LOK ( Soyuz 7K - L3 ) Future Orion Federation Landers Retired Apollo Lunar Module Cancelled Lunniy Korabl Altair See also Moon landing conspiracy theories List of lunar probes List of artificial objects on the Moon List of missions to the Moon <Th_colspan="2"> People who have walked on the Moon <Td_colspan="2"> Neil Armstrong ( CDR , Apollo 11 ) Buzz Aldrin ( LMP , Apollo 11 ) Pete Conrad ( CDR , Apollo 12 ) Alan Bean ( LMP , Apollo 12 ) Alan Shepard ( CDR , Apollo 14 ) Edgar Mitchell ( LMP , Apollo 14 ) David Scott ( CDR , Apollo 15 ) James Irwin ( LMP , Apollo 15 ) John Young ( CDR , Apollo 16 ) Charles Duke ( LMP , Apollo 16 ) Eugene Cernan ( CDR , Apollo 17 ) Harrison Schmitt ( LMP , Apollo 17 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Moon landing Apollo program Apollo Lunar Module Lunar Roving Vehicle <Th_colspan="3"> The Moon Physical features Face on the Moon Internal structure Gravity field Topography Magnetic field Atmosphere Ion tail Moonlight Lunar swirls Orbit Orbit of the Moon Phases Lunation Lunar libration Full Moon Lunar terminator Full moon cycle Earthshine Lunar eclipse Solar eclipse Solar eclipses on the Moon Tide Surface Selenography Near side Far side North pole South pole Lunar mare List Craters List Calderas Mountains Valleys Volcanic features South Pole -- Aitken basin Shackleton crater Water Soil Ray systems Peak of eternal light Crater of eternal darkness Space weathering Transient lunar phenomenon Lunar basalt 70017 Science Geology timescale Giant - impact hypothesis Hill sphere Moon rocks Lunar meteorites KREEP Late Heavy Bombardment Lunar laser ranging ALSEP Observation Origin Lunar sample displays Apollo 11 lunar sample display Apollo 17 lunar sample display Exploration Apollo program Exploration of the Moon Colonization of the Moon List of lunar probes List of missions to the Moon Moon landing conspiracy theories Related topics Lunar calendar Lunisolar calendar Craters named after people Double planet Lunar effect Man in the Moon Memorials on the Moon Month Lunar month Moon illusion Harvest moon Hunter 's moon Moon in art and literature Moon in mythology Hjúki and Bil ( Norse legends ) Moon is made of green cheese Natural satellite Solar System Supermoon Theia Tourism Phases / Occurrence Black moon Blue moon Lunar phase New moon Dark moon Wet moon Lilith ( hypothetical moon ) <Td_colspan="3"> Moon portal Earth sciences portal Solar System portal GND : 4170439 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moon_landing&oldid=815924880 '' Categories : Exploration of the Moon History of television Missions to the Moon 1959 introductions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 errors : external links Use dmy dates from January 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from January 2016 All articles needing style editing Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2015 Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ বাংলা Български Català Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Español فارسی Français 贛 語 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Patois Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 02 : 55 . 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1. Moon landing missions 2. Manned and unmanned landings 3. Soviet and US lunar exploration 4. Scientific and political background 5. Successes and failures in lunar missions

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K.M. Panikkar - Wikipedia K.M. Panikkar For other people with similar names , see Kavalam Narayana Panicker , K.N. Panikkar , and K. Ayyappa Panicker . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> K.M. Panikkar ( 1895 - 06 - 03 ) 3 June 1895 Kingdom of Travancore ( Modern day Kerala ) , India 10 December 1963 ( 1963 - 12 - 10 ) ( aged 68 ) Mysore , Karnataka , India Occupation Novelist , journalist , historian , administrator , diplomat Sardar Kavalam Madhava Panikkar ( 3 June 1895 -- 10 December 1963 ) was an Indian statesman and diplomat also famed as a Professor , newspaper editor , historian and novelist . He was born in Travancore , then a princely state in the British Indian Empire and was educated in Madras and at the University of Oxford . After a period as a professor at Aligarh Muslim University and later at University of Calcutta , he became editor of Hindustan Times in 1925 . Later , he was appointed Secretary to the Chamber of Princes , whence he moved to Patiala State and then to Bikaner State as Foreign Minister later becoming the latter 's Prime Minister . When India achieved political independence , Sardar Madhava Panikkar represented the country at the 1947 session of the UN General Assembly . In 1950 , he was appointed India 's ( the first non-Socialist country to recognize People 's Republic of China ) Ambassador to China . After a successful tenure there , he went as Ambassador to Egypt in 1952 . He was appointed a member of the States Reorganisation Commission set up in 1953 . He was also India 's Ambassador to France and a member of Rajya Sabha , the upper house of the Indian parliament . He also served as Vice-Chancellor of the University of Kashmir and the University of Mysore . Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 Academics and scholarship 4 Bibliography 5 References 6 External links Early Life and education ( edit ) Madhava Panikkar was born to Puthillathu Parameswaran Namboodiri and Chalayil Kunjikutti Kunjamma in the princely state of Travancore in 1894 . He completed his basic studies at CMS College School , Kottayam and St. Paul 's School , Vepery , Madras . Later on he joined Madras Christian College for intermediate classes . At MCC he was a contemporary of Puthezhath Raman Menon , Nandyelath Padmanabha Menon and Sadasiva Reddy among others . He left for England in April 1914 to read history at Christ Church , University of Oxford . After leaving Oxford , Panikkar read for the bar at the Middle Temple , London . He was the first president of the Kerala Sahitya Academy . After his studies , Panikkar travelled to Portugal and Holland to research the involvement of these countries with Malabar , the results of which were published in the books Malabar and the Portuguese ( 1929 ) and Malabar and the Dutch ( 1931 ) . He was the maternal uncle of the noted poet , dramatist and lyricist Kavalam Narayana Panicker . Career ( edit ) Panikkar presents his credentials to Mao Zedong On returning to India , he first taught at the Aligarh Muslim University and later at the University of Calcutta . He turned to journalism in 1925 as editor of the Hindustan Times . For the next 20 years , Madhava Panikkar served the Princely States , becoming secretary to the chancellor of the Chamber of Princes . He also served as the foreign minister of the state of Patiala and as foreign minister of Bikaner , and became the dewan of Bikaner in 1944 . He served in China until 1952 , building a relationship with Chiang Kai - shek , and remaining there through the Communist takeover in 1949 and the following period . He wrote of his experiences in the book In Two Chinas ( 1955 ) . This period also saw the completion of his work Asia and Western Dominance ( 1953 ) . He subsequently served as ambassador to Egypt ( 1952 -- 1953 ) , and France ( 1956 -- 1959 ) , before a severe stroke forced him to return to India . On recovering , he took up his academic career again , becoming Vice-Chancellor of Jammu and Kashmir University and later of Mysore University . During his political career Panikkar continued to publish articles and poems , and also translated several Greek plays into Malayalam verse . Academics and scholarship ( edit ) Early on Madhava Panikkar had cultivated an interest in Malayalam literature , and was a lifelong friend of the poet Vallathol . He published scholarly works extensively and worked on ancient Indian history and more recent historical developments . Cambridge historian Arthur Hassall wrote that in his `` long career as tutor of history at Christ Church '' he had `` never had a more brilliant student . '' Madhava Panikkar 's interests stretched into diverse fields such as , art , notably novels , poetry and Kathakali and he wrote equally well in both Malayalam and English and published over 50 books and numerous articles . Madhava Panikkar 's interest in European influence on Asia was reflected in his studies of the Portuguese and the Dutch in Malabar ( in South India ) and especially in his Asia and Western Dominance ( 1953 ) . In Two Chinas ( 1955 ) revealed his sympathy with Communist China . Bibliography ( edit ) Notable works in English : 1920 : Essays on Educational Reconstruction in India 1922 : Sri Harsha of Kanauj : a monograph on the history of India in the first half of the 7th century A.D. 1923 : Indian Nationalism : its origin , history , and ideals 1928 : The Working of Dyarchy in India , 1919 -- 1928 1929 : The Evolution of British Policy towards Indian States , 1774 -- 1858 1929 : Malabar and the Portuguese : being a history of the relations of the Portuguese with Malabar from 1500 to 1663 1930 : The Founding of the Kashmir State : a biography of Maharajah Gulab Singh , 1792 -- 1858 1930 : Federal India 1932 : Indian States and the Government of India 1934 : The New Empire : letters to a Conservative Member of Parliament on the future of England and India 1936 : The Indian Princes in Council : a record of the chancellorship of His Highness , the Maharaja of Patiala , 1926 -- 1931 and 1933 -- 1936 1937 : His Highness the Maharaja of Bikaner : a biography 1938 : Hinduism and the modern world 1942 : The States and the Constitutional Settlement 1943 : Indian States 1944 : The Strategic Problems of the Indian Ocean 1945 : India and the Indian Ocean : an essay on the influence of sea power on Indian history 1947 : India through the Ages 1953 : Asia and Western Dominance : a survey of the Vasco Da Gama epoch of Asian history , 1498 -- 1945 1954 : A Survey of Indian History 1954 : In Two Chinas : memoirs of a diplomat 1956 : The Principles and Practice of Diplomacy 1957 : Voice of Truth , a topical symposium : replies to attacks on Christians and missionaries in India 1957 : India and China : a study of cultural relations 1958 : The Determining Periods of Indian History 1960 : A History of Kerala , 1498 -- 1801 1960 : The State and the Citizen 1961 : Hindu Society at Cross Roads 1961 : Essential Features of India Culture 1962 : In Defence of Liberalism 1963 : Studies in Indian History 1963 : The Ideas of Sovereignty and State in Indian Political Thought 1963 : The Foundations of New India 1963 : The Himalayas in Indian Life 1964 : A Survey of Indian History 1964 : Hinduism & the West : a study in challenge and response 1964 : The Serpent and the Crescent : a history of the Negro empires of western Africa 1965 : Lectures on India 's Contact with the World in the pre-British Period 1966 : The Twentieth Century 1967 : Caste and Democracy & Prospects of Democracy in India 1969 : Geographical Factors in Indian History 1977 : An Autobiography References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Students ' Britannica India '' . Popular Prakashan. 22 April 2018 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Kavalam Madhava Panikkar - Indian statesman '' . Jump up ^ `` Panikkar , Kavalam Madhava , ( 1895 -- 10 Dec. 1963 ) , Vice-Chancellor Jammu and Kashmir University , Srinagar , since 1961 ; Ex-Member of Parliament , Rajya Sabha - WHO 'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO '' . doi : 10.1093 / ww / 9780199540891.001. 0001 / ww - 9780199540884 - e-55219 . Jump up ^ An Autobioagraphy , KM Panikkar , ( Madras : Oxford University Press , 1977 ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : K.M. Panikkar The Hindu Reformation K.M. Panikkar The Principle and Practices of Diplomacy K.M. Panikkar A tribute to smaller states ; The Hindu Sardar K.M. Panikkar biography ; Kerala Sahitya Akademi ( in Malayalam ) WorldCat Identities BNF : cb12186619s ( data ) GND : 118891227 ISNI : 0000 0001 2127 3460 LCCN : n50078834 NDL : 00524994 SELIBR : 397687 SNAC : w69335s5 SUDOC : 030455286 VIAF : 34501707 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._M._Panikkar&oldid=865960431 '' Categories : 1895 births 1963 deaths Administrators in the princely states of India University of Calcutta faculty Ambassadors of India to Egypt Ambassadors of India to China Ambassadors of India to France Historians of India Indian barristers Indian civil servants Indian dewans Indian diplomats 20th - century Indian historians Malayali people Alumni of Christ Church , Oxford University of Mysore faculty Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha Aligarh Muslim University faculty Scientists from Kerala 20th - century Indian lawyers People of the Kingdom of Travancore 20th - century Indian writers Writers from Kerala People from Kottayam district CMS College Kottayam alumni University of Kashmir faculty Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2015 Use Indian English from April 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles needing additional references from October 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Français हिन्दी മലയാളം Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 09 : 17 ( UTC ) . 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1. K.M. Panikkar - Indian statesman and diplomat 2. Career of K.M. Panikkar - Novelist, journalist, historian, administrator, and diplomat 3. Early life and education of K.M. Panikkar 4. K.M. Panikkar's contributions to academia and scholarship 5. Notable works by K.M. Panikkar in English and Malayalam

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Doctor Who ( series 11 ) - wikipedia Doctor Who ( series 11 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2018 series . For the 1973 -- 74 season , see Doctor Who ( season 11 ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Doctor Who ( series 11 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Promotional poster Starring Jodie Whittaker Tosin Cole Mandip Gill Bradley Walsh Country of origin United Kingdom <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network BBC One <Th_colspan="2"> Series chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Series 10 <Td_colspan="2"> List of Doctor Who episodes ( 2005 -- present ) The eleventh series of the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who is set to premiere in October 2018 , and will consist of ten episodes . The series will be the first to be led by Chris Chibnall as head writer and executive producer , alongside executive producers Matt Strevens and Sam Hoyle , after Steven Moffat and Brian Minchin stepped down after the tenth series . This series will be the eleventh to air following the programme 's revival in 2005 , and will be the thirty - seventh season overall . It also marks the beginning of the third production era of the revived series , following Russell T. Davies ' run from 2005 -- 2010 , and Moffat 's from 2010 -- 2017 . The series will introduce Jodie Whittaker as the Thirteenth Doctor , the most recent incarnation of the Doctor , an alien Time Lord who travels through time and space in her TARDIS , which appears to be a British police box on the outside . The series will also introduce Bradley Walsh , Tosin Cole , and Mandip Gill as the Doctor 's newest companions , Graham , Ryan , and Yasmin , respectively . Filming for the series commenced in November 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Casting 3 Production 3.1 Writing and development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Design changes 4 References Episodes See also : List of Doctor Who episodes ( 2005 -- present ) Story Episode Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) AI 277 TBA Jamie Childs TBA October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 ) TBD TBD Casting See also : List of Doctor Who cast members We 'll cast the role in the traditional way : write the script , then go and find the best person for that part in that script . You could n't go out and cast an abstract idea ... The creative possibilities are endless , but I have a very clear sense of what we 're going to do , without even knowing who 's going to play the part . -- Chris Chibnall , executive producer , on the approach to casting the newest incarnation of the lead character . The series will introduce Jodie Whittaker as the Thirteenth Doctor . Her predecessor Peter Capaldi departed from his role as the Twelfth Doctor after the tenth series , having played the role for three series . His final appearance was in the 2017 Christmas special , `` Twice Upon a Time '' . Moffat stated in February 2017 that Chibnall tried to persuade the actor to continue into the eleventh series , but despite this , Capaldi still decided to depart . The search for the actor to portray the Thirteenth Doctor , led by Chibnall , began later in 2017 , after he completed work on the third series of the ITV series Broadchurch , for which he is also the head writer and executive producer . Chibnall had the final say on the actor , although the decision also involved Charlotte Moore and Piers Wenger , the director of content and head of drama for the BBC respectively . Media reports and bookmakers speculated as to who would replace Capaldi as the Thirteenth Doctor , with Ben Whishaw and Kris Marshall among the most popular predictions . On 16 July 2017 , it was announced after the 2017 Wimbledon Championships men 's finals that Whittaker would portray the thirteenth incarnation of the Doctor . After Michelle Gomez reprised her role of Missy in the tenth series , she stated in May 2017 that it would be her last series in the role , and she would not be returning for the eleventh series or beyond . After the tenth series concluded , it was confirmed that neither companion from that series would be reprising their roles for the eleventh series ; Matt Lucas left his role as Nardole after the finale of the tenth series , and Pearl Mackie stated at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con that she would not return as Bill Potts after the 2017 Christmas special , `` Twice Upon a Time '' . Consequently , series 11 will introduce a new set of companions , including Bradley Walsh , Tosin Cole , and Mandip Gill as Graham , Ryan , and Yasmin , respectively . Walsh had been a favourite for the role since rumours of his casting began in August 2017 . Actress Sharon D. Clarke is also set to have a recurring role throughout the series , as Graham 's wife . On 8 March 2018 , Alan Cumming announced that he had been cast as King James I in an episode of the series . On 25 March , comedian Lee Mack stated that he would make a brief appearance in one episode . Production Writing and development In April 2015 , Steven Moffat confirmed that Doctor Who would run for at least another five years , extending the show until 2020 . It was announced in January 2016 that the tenth series would be Moffat 's final series as executive producer and head writer , after seven years as showrunner , for which he will be replaced in the role by Chris Chibnall in 2018 . Matt Strevens will serve as executive producer alongside Chibnall , as well as Sam Hoyle . With Moffat 's departure from the role of head writer , he also stated in February 2017 that he was not planning on continuing as an episodic writer for the eleventh series . The series will consist of 10 episodes , a shorter run compared to the 12 and 13 episodes that have comprised the previous ten series of the revived era . Episodes will run for an average of 50 minutes each , with the premiere running for 65 minutes . Jamie Childs is set to direct the first and seventh episode of the series in the opening production block , having directed Whittaker 's introduction as the Thirteenth Doctor . Sallie Aprahamian will direct the third filming block , consisting of two episodes . Murray Gold announced in February 2018 that he would step down as the programme 's composer , having served as the musical director since 2005 , and that he would not be composing the music for the eleventh series . Filming Pre-production for the eleventh series began in late October 2017 . After filming for the series was expected to begin in late 2017 , it officially began in November 2017 , for an expected release in October 2018 . The eleventh series will be shot using Cooke and Angénieux anamorphic lenses for the first time in the series ' history , a creative decision made in order to make the show look more cinematic . Production blocks are arranged as follows : Block Episode Title Director Writer Producer Ref ( s ) Episode 1 Episode 7 Jamie Childs TBA Nikki Wilson TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA Sallie Aprahamian TBA Alex Mercer TBA TBA Jennifer Perrott TBA TBA TBA TBA Jamie Childs TBA TBA Design changes New Doctor Who logo and insignia for the eleventh series A new logo was unveiled at the BBC Worldwide showcase on 20 February 2018 . This logo was designed by the creative agency Little Hawk , who also created a stylized insignia of the word `` who '' enclosed in a circle with an intersecting line . References ^ Jump up to : `` Ratings Guide '' . Doctor Who News . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sarah Davies 1st Assistant Director '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Doctor Who logo revealed for upcoming 11th series '' . BBC . 21 February 2018 . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ryan ( 19 February 2017 ) . `` Showrunner Reveals Plan to Cast All - New Doctor Who for Season 11 '' . TVWeb . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doctor Who : Jodie Whittaker is to replace Peter Capaldi in the Time Lord regeneration game '' . The Telegraph . 16 July 2017 . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Capaldi announces he will stand down as Doctor Who at the end of the year '' . BBC . 30 January 2017 . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Moffat : Chris Chibnall tried to persuade Peter Capaldi to stay on Doctor Who '' . Radio Times . 17 February 2017 . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dowell , Ben ( 31 January 2017 ) . `` New Doctor Who boss Chris Chibnall will lead the hunt for Peter Capaldi 's replacement '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Littlejohn , Georgina ( 8 February 2017 ) . `` WHO WILL BE WHO ? Who will be the next Doctor Who ? Latest odds on who will replace Peter Capaldi , from Richard Ayoade to Olivia Coleman '' . The Sun . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Gomez confirms she 's leaving Doctor Who with Peter Capaldi : `` It 's the end of an era '' `` . DigitalSpy. 16 May 2017 . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Two Doctor Who stars say goodbye to their characters '' . DigitalSpy. 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Mackie confirms that she will not return to Doctor Who beyond the Christmas special '' . Radio Times . 23 July 2017 . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doctor Who : Bradley Walsh , Tosin Cole , Mandip Gill and Sharon D Clarke join Jodie Whittaker as regular cast members '' . Radio Times . 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 22 August 2017 ) . `` Is Bradley Walsh REALLY the new Doctor Who companion ? '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ http://metro.co.uk/2018/03/26/sharon-d-clarke-dishes-huge-doctor-spoilers-ahead-new-series-7416576/ Jump up ^ `` Alan Cumming set to play King James I in Doctor Who '' . Radio Times . 8 March 2017 . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lee Mack `` harassed '' Doctor Who team for series 11 role `` . Digital Spy. 2018 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who ' to remain on - screen until at least 2020 ' '' . BBC . 7 April 2015 . Retrieved 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Dowell , Ben ( 22 January 2016 ) . `` Doctor Who showrunner Steven Moffat quits to be replaced by Broadchurch creator Chris Chibnall '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Everything we know so far about ' Doctor Who ' Season 11 '' . CultBox. 8 February 2017 . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sandwell , Ian ( 27 October 2017 ) . `` Doctor Who series 11 lands its first director as work gets under way on Jodie Whittaker 's debut '' . DigitalSpy . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Mlot , Stephanie ( 14 February 2017 ) . `` Steven Moffat 's Story Arcs End With ' Doctor Who ' Season 10 '' . Geek . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doctor Who : Bradley Walsh among new cast members '' . BBC News . 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who - how long is the new series ? Extra-long opening episode for Jodie Whittaker 's Doctor '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rochelle Stevens & Co : Sallie Aprahamian '' . Rochelle Stevens & Co . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Berlin Associates : Helen Murphy '' . Berlin Associates . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Rory ( 20 February 2018 ) . `` Doctor Who : Bradley Walsh WON 'T work with two big stars after they confirm their exits '' . Express . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : First look at Jodie Whittaker in character '' . BBC . 10 November 2017 . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Will . `` Films at 59 supplies filmic kit for the next Doctor Who '' . Broadcast . Broadcast . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ http://nrff.co.uk/the-ravens Jump up ^ https://www.independenttalent.com/directors/jamie-childs/ Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 20 February 2018 ) . `` New Doctor Who logo revealed for Jodie Whittaker 's Thirteenth Doctor era '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Doctor Who episodes <Td_colspan="2"> 1963 -- 1989 episodes 2005 -- present episodes Original series ( 1963 -- 1989 ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 1996 film Doctor Who Revived series ( 2005 -- present ) 2008 -- 2010 specials 5 6 7 2013 specials 8 9 10 11 Episodes 840 ( 97 missing ) Stories 276 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doctor_Who_(series_11)&oldid=841981036 '' Categories : Doctor Who lists Doctor Who series Upcoming television seasons Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from February 2017 Use British English from February 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Français Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 11 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Doctor Who series 11 2. Jodie Whittaker as the Thirteenth Doctor 3. New companions: Bradley Walsh, Tosin Cole, and Mandip Gill 4. Filming and production details 5. Changes in writing and development for the series

so fresh the hits of spring 2009 songs

SO Fresh : the Hits of Spring 2009 - Wikipedia SO Fresh : the Hits of Spring 2009 The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for music . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` So Fresh : The Hits of Spring 2009 '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> So Fresh : The Hits of Spring 2009 <Th_colspan="2"> Compilation album by Various artists Released September 11 , 2009 Recorded 2009 Genre Pop Label Sony Music <Th_colspan="2"> So Fresh chronology <Td_colspan="2"> So Fresh : The Hits of Winter 2009 ( 2009 ) So Fresh : The Hits of Winter 2009 2009 So Fresh : The Hits of Spring 2009 ( 2009 ) So Fresh : The Hits of Summer 2010 + the Best of 2009 ( 2009 ) So Fresh : The Hits of Summer 2010 + the Best of 2009 2009 So Fresh - The Hits of Spring 2009 is a compilation of hit songs in Australia from Spring 2009 . The album was released on September 11 , 2009 . Contents 1 Track listing 1.1 CD 1.2 DVD 2 Charts 2.1 Year - end charts 3 Certifications 4 References Track listing ( edit ) CD ( edit ) The Black Eyed Peas -- `` I Gotta Feeling '' ( 4 : 50 ) Kate Miller - Heidke -- `` The Last Day on Earth '' ( 4 : 47 ) Guy Sebastian -- `` Like It Like That '' ( 3 : 50 ) Lady Gaga -- `` Paparazzi '' ( 3 : 29 ) Jordin Sparks -- `` Battlefield '' ( 4 : 01 ) Gossip -- `` Heavy Cross '' ( 4 : 04 ) Taylor Swift -- `` You Belong with Me '' ( 3 : 52 ) Pink -- `` Funhouse '' ( 3 : 25 ) Kelly Clarkson -- `` Already Gone '' ( 4 : 41 ) Short Stack -- `` Sway , Sway Baby ! '' ( 2 : 51 ) The Pussycat Dolls -- `` Hush Hush ; Hush Hush '' ( 4 : 12 ) Cascada -- `` Evacuate the Dancefloor '' ( 3 : 26 ) Dizzee Rascal and Armand Van Helden -- `` Bonkers '' ( 2 : 57 ) Pitbull -- `` I Know You Want Me ( Calle Ocho ) '' ( 3 : 04 ) La Roux -- `` In for the Kill '' ( 4 : 09 ) Paloma Faith -- `` Stone Cold Sober '' ( 2 : 55 ) Jessica Mauboy -- `` Up / Down '' ( 3 : 26 ) Calvin Harris -- `` I 'm Not Alone '' ( 3 : 31 ) Cassie Davis -- `` Do It Again '' ( 2 : 52 ) Tommy Trash -- `` Need Me to Stay '' ( 3 : 38 ) DVD ( edit ) The Black Eyed Peas -- `` I Gotta Feeling '' Lady Gaga -- `` Paparazzi '' Jordin Sparks -- `` Battlefield '' Gossip -- `` Heavy Cross '' Taylor Swift -- `` You Belong with Me '' Guy Sebastian -- `` Like It Like That '' Kate Miller - Heidke -- `` The Last Day on Earth '' Pink -- `` Funhouse '' Kelly Clarkson -- `` Already Gone '' Short Stack -- `` Sway , Sway Baby ! '' The Pussycat Dolls -- `` Hush Hush ; Hush Hush '' Cascada -- `` Evacuate the Dancefloor '' Charts ( edit ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position Australian ARIA Compilations Chart Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` SO FRESH SPRING 2009 ( CD / DVD ) Music , Music Genres , Pop / Rock : JB HI - FI '' . 2010 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 50 Compilations 2008 '' . www.aria.com.au . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts Accreditations 2009 '' . ARIA . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . <Th_colspan="2"> So Fresh Summer 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2012 2016 Autumn 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2012 2014 2015 2016 Winter 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2014 2016 Spring 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2014 2015 This article on a 2000s compilation album is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Spring_2009&oldid=845633786 '' Categories : 2009 compilation albums So Fresh albums 2009 in Australian music 2000s compilation album stubs Hidden categories : Articles with topics of unclear notability from September 2009 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for Australia All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 June 2018 , at 03 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. So Fresh: The Hits of Spring 2009 2. Compilation album 3. Australian music 4. Track listing 5. Chart positions

when did turkic peoples migrate to the anatolian peninsula

Turkic migration - wikipedia Turkic migration Jump to : navigation , search Map from Mahmud al - Kashgari 's Divanu Lughat at - Turk , showing the 11th century distribution of Turkic tribes The Pontic steppe , c. 650 , showing the early territories of the Khazars , Bulgars , and Avars Europe , showing the area of main Pecheneg settlement , c. 1015 The Great Seljuq Empire in 1092 , upon the death of Malik Shah I Cumania in Eurasia circa 1200 Turkic migration refers to the expansion of the Turkic tribes and Turkic languages into Central Asia , Europe and the Middle East , mainly between the 6th and 11th centuries . The region of origin of the Turkic peoples is Mongolia , southern Siberia , Xinjiang and East Central Asia . Certainly identified Turkic tribes were known by the 6th century and by the 10th century most of Central Asia was settled by Turkic tribes . The Seljuq dynasty invaded Anatolia starting in the 11th century , ultimately resulting in permanent Turkic settlement there . Meanwhile , other Turkic tribes either ultimately formed independent nations , such as Kyrgyzstan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan or formed enclaves within other nations , such as Chuvashia . Turkic peoples also survived in their original range , such as the Uyghurs in China and the Sakha Republic of Siberia , as well as in other scattered places of the Far East and Central Asia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ancestral populations 1.1 Records of the Grand Historian 1.2 Equestrian pastorals of the northeast 1.3 Xiong - nu 2 Huns 2.1 Identity of the Huns 3 Göktürks 3.1 Five Hu 3.2 Rouran and Tie - le 3.3 Tu - jue ( Turks ) 4 Uyghurs 5 Turkmens 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Ancestral populations ( edit ) The earliest documented Turkic peoples appear as nomadic tribes on the plains of the Far East north of the Great Wall of China , which was constructed as a fortified border essentially between Han dynasty ( 206 BCE - 220 CE ) China ( though started earlier ) and the Xiongnu . Records of the Grand Historian ( edit ) The population ancestral to the Turks is thought to have included the Xiongnu of Mongolia or along the upper Yenisei in Siberia ( the area of the contemporary Tuvan language ) , known from historical sources . The Han chronicle of the Xiongnu , included in the Records of the Grand Historian of the second century BCE , traces a legendary history of them back a thousand years before the Han to a legendary ancestor , Chunwei , a supposed descendant of the Chinese rulers of the Xia dynasty ( c. 2070 -- c. 1600 BCE ) . Chunwei lived among the `` Mountain Barbarians '' Xianyun or Hunzhu . Xianyun and Hunzhu 's names may connect them to the Turkic people , who later were said to have been iron - workers and to have kept a national shrine in a mountain cave in Mongolia . Apparently the Xiong - nu comprised a number of tribes and geographic groups , not all of which were probably Turkic ( considering the later mixed ethnicity ) . The Records of the Grand Historian mention the Mianshu , Hunrong and Diyuan west of Long ; the Yiqu , Dali , Wiezhi and Quyan north of the Qi and Liang mountains and Jing and Qi Rivers ; the Forest Barbarians and Loufan north of Jin and the Eastern Barbarians and Mountain Barbarians north of Yan . Later the treatise mentions others . There were apparently many of the latter . At the end of the Xia , about 1569 BCE by the reckoning of the Records of the Grand Historian , the Chinese founded a city , Bin , among the Rong tribe of barbarians . In 1269 the Rong and the Di forced the relocation of Bin . About 1169 BCE the Quanyishi tribe was attacked by the Zhou Dynasty , which in 1159 forced all the barbarians into `` the submissive wastes '' north of the Jing and Luo Rivers . In 969 BCE `` King Mu attacked the Quanrong and brought back with him four white wolves and four white deer ... '' The early Turkic peoples believed that shamans could shape - shift into wolves . In 769 Marquis Shen of the Zhou enlisted the assistance of the Quanrong in rebelling against the emperor You . The barbarians did not then withdraw but took Jiaohuo between the Jing and Wei Rivers and from there went marauding into central China , but were driven out . In 704 the Mountain Barbarians marauded through Yan , and in 660 BC attacked the Zhou emperor Xiang in Luo . He had discarded a barbarian queen . The barbarians put another on the throne . They went on plundering until driven out in 656 BC . Subsequently the Chinese drove out the Di and subordinated all the Xiong - nu ( temporarily at least ) . Around 456 BC the Chinese took Dai from them . The Yiqu tribe tried building fortifications but lost them to the Chinese in this period of their expansion . Here the detail of the narrative increases as it deals with the rise of the Qin Dynasty of 221 - 206 BCE , which is no doubt mainly historical rather than legendary . The Qin kept the Xiong - nu at bay . Equestrian pastorals of the northeast ( edit ) The physical characteristics of populations of speakers of Turkic language stretch across a range as wide as the land they inhabit . The Turkic peoples in Europe look European - with the exception of some Crimean Tatars and Turkics in the Caucasus ( Kumyks , Nogays , etc . ) who look European + Northeast Asian , while Turkics in the Middle East resemble the peoples of the Middle East , those in Central Asia mostly look mixed but have mostly northeast Asian features . Turkics in northeast Asia resemble populations in that region . In trying to answer such questions as what `` race '' were the Proto - Turkic speakers , neither anthropometric nor genetic studies have been of much assistance to date . What few DNA analyses have been done arrive at the problem as an answer : affinity to primarily western populations in the west , eastern in the east , and a mixture on a gradient from east to west or vice versa in between . These biological circumstances suggest that racial evolution over the region is earlier than can be considered in the time of the distribution of languages ; i.e. , the languages may have evolved among populations that were already mixed . Grassland in Inner Mongolia Concerning the cultural genesis of the Huns , the Cambridge Ancient History of China asserts : `` Beginning in about the eighth century BC , throughout inner Asia horse - riding pastoral communities appeared , giving origin to warrior societies . '' These were part of a larger belt of `` equestrian pastoral peoples '' stretching from the Black Sea to Mongolia , and known to the Greeks as the Scythians . The Scythians in the west were Iranian , speaking one among very many languages ultimately descended from Proto - Indo - European , whose speakers themselves are also hypothesised to have occupied the Pontic - Caspian Steppe , according to the leading theory of Indo - European origins , the Kurgan model . The communities of the northern belt north of China , a historically Inner Mongolia region were the Proto - Xiongnu . Xiong - nu ( edit ) Further information : Han -- Xiongnu War For more details on this topic , see Xiongnu . The Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu Qin 's campaign against the Xiongnu of 215 BCE kept the Xiongnu at bay , driving them out of and seizing the Ordos region . Problems re-emerged after the Qin Dynasty . The Xiong - nu attacked Shanxi of the Han in 201 BCE . Emperor Gaozu of Han bought them off with jade , silk and a Chinese wife for the Shanyu , or leader . Relations with the Xiongnu continued to be troubled and in 133 BC Emperor Wu of Han proceeded against them with 300,000 men . Eighty - one years and fourteen expeditions later in 52 BC the southern Xiongnu surrendered and the northern desisted from raiding . The Han Dynasty military expeditions continued near the frontier of China , in the Han -- Xiongnu War , and in 89 AD the Xiongnu state was defeated and soon ended . One especially severe round of nomadic rebellion in the early 4th century has led to the certain identification of the Xiongnu with the Huns . A letter ( Letter II ) written in the ancient Sogdian language excavated from a Han Dynasty watchtower in 1911 identified the perpetrators of these events as the xwn , `` Huns '' , supporting de Guignes ' 1758 identification . The equivalence was not without its critics , notably Otto J. Maenchen - Helfen , who argued that xwn was a general name and could refer to anyone . More recently other evidence was noticed : Zhu Fahu , a monk , translated Sanskrit Hūṇa in the Tathāgataguhya Sūtra and in the Lalitavistara Sūtra as `` Xiongnu '' . Vaissière reconstructs the pronunciation as * Xi ong nuo . Moreover , the Book of Wei states that the king of the Xiongnu killed the king of Sogdia and took the country , an event is datable to the time of the Huns , who did exactly that ; in short , `` ... the name of the Huns is a precise referent and not generic . '' Huns ( edit ) The Hunnic Empire of about AD 450 as seen by European authors . The star marks where the nomadic Huns chose to encamp , the Hungarian plain , a sort of enclave of steppe country in a mountainous region . Identity of the Huns ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Huns . While their actual identity is still debated , the Huns have often been considered a Turkic people , and sometimes associated with the Xiongnu . Orosius has the Huns riding down upon the Ostrogoths in the year AD 377 totally by surprise , `` long shut off by inaccessible mountains '' and apparently of hitherto unsuspected existence . Whatever may have been his reasons for making such a statement , he and Goths might have found ample reference to the Huns in the classical geographers , such as Pliny and Ptolemy ; in fact , some were already in Europe . The mountains were mythical as the Ostrogoths were located on the Pontic steppe , an easy target for Hunnic cavalry . While in Europe they incorporated others , such as Goths , Slavs , and Alans . The Huns were not literate ( according to Procopius ) and left nothing linguistic with which to identify them except their names , which derive from Germanic , Iranian , Turkic , unknown and a mixture . Some , such as Ultinčur and Alpilčur , are like Turkish names ending in - čor , Pecheneg names in - tzour and Kirghiz names in - čoro . Names ending in - gur , such as Utigur and Onogur , and - gir , such as Ultingir , are like Turkish names of the same endings . The Huns called themselves the Acatir ( Greek Akatiroi , Latin Acatiri ) , which Wilhelm Tomaschek derived from Agac - ari , `` forest men '' , reminiscent of the `` Forest Barbarians '' of the Shi - Ji . The Agaj - eri are mentioned in an AD 1245 Turko - Arabian Dictionary . The name Agac - eri occurred in later history in Anatolia and Khuzistan ( e.g. city of Aghajari ) . Maenchen - Helfen rejects this etymology on the grounds that g is not k and there appears to be no linguistic rule to make the connection . Herodotus , however , mentions the Agathyrsi , whom Latham connects with some early Acatiri in Dacia . Jordanes places the `` most mighty race of the Acatziri , ignorant of agriculture , which lives upon its herds and upon hunting '' south of the Aesti ( in part Prussians ) . A number of sources identify the Bulgars with the Huns . Another branch were the Saviri , or Sabir people . The strongest candidate for a remnant of the speakers of the Hunnic language are the Chuvash , who are on or near the location of the Volga Bulgars . Göktürks ( edit ) The end of the Huns as a Eurasian political unity is not known . A token end point for the Huns of the west , perhaps all the Huns , is the fixation of the head of Dengizich , a son of Attila , on a pole at Constantinople in 469 . He had been defeated in Thrace in that year by Anagastes , a Gothic general in the service of the Roman Empire . Various peoples continued to call themselves Huns even though acting autonomously , such as the Sabir people . According to the Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia , the last state to call itself Hunnic was the Caucasian Kingdom of the Huns , visited in 682 by an Albanian bishop . Many of these peoples were Turkic but meanwhile other coalitions leading to explicitly named Turkic empires had been forming on the original range of the Xiong - nu . Their expansion has been conventionally called the `` Turkic migration '' but in fact the Turkics had already been `` migrating '' for some centuries . Five Hu ( edit ) The early - fourth - century saw a rebellion , with sacking of northern Chinese cities , by the Xiong - nu . However , most of the Xiongnu were later wiped out by the Chinese Ran Wei state ( 350 -- 352 ) after Ran Min 's cull order following the end of the Wei -- Jie war , which annihilated three of the `` Five Hu '' tribes . In that century some of the Xiong - nu broke away and joined with the Di as the Five Hu , or `` Five Barbarian Peoples '' ( Wu Hu 五 胡 ) , as the Chinese called them , for purposes of ruling the north of China . The Five Hu were the Xiong - nu , Jie , Zhi , Chiang people and Xianbei , although different groups of historians and historiographers have their own definitions . Rouran and tie - le ( edit ) However , the Chinese name `` tie - le '' , corresponding to `` Türük '' , was used much earlier , around the period when the Mongolic tribes Tuoba and Rouran vied for hegemony over the Mongolian steppes around the 5th and 6th centuries . Tu - jue ( Turks ) ( edit ) The term Türk or Türküt , corresponding to the Chinese name tu - jue , was first used as an endonym in the Orkhon inscriptions of the Göktürks ( English : ' Celestial Turks ' ) of Central Asia . The first reference to `` Turks '' ( Tujue ) appears in Chinese sources of the 6th century . The earliest evidence of Turkic languages as a separate group comes from the Orkhon inscriptions of the early 8th century . The precise date of the initial expansion from the early homeland remains unknown . The first state known as `` Turk '' , giving its name to the many states and peoples afterwards , was that of the Göktürks ( gök = ' blue ' or ' celestial ' , however in this context `` gok '' refers to the direction `` east '' . Therefore , Gokturks are the Eastern Turks ) in the 6th century . The head of the Ashina clan led his people from Li - jien ( modern Zhelaizhai ) to the Rouran seeking inclusion in their confederacy and protection from China . His tribe comprised famed metal smiths and was granted land near a mountain quarry that looked like a helmet , from which they got their name 突厥 . A century later their power had increased such that they conquered the Rouruan and set about establishing a Göktürk Empire ( reference required ) . The Turkic family of languages were spoken by Bulgars , Pechenegs , Cumans , Dingling , Gaoche peoples long before the Göktürk Khanate came into prominence . Many groups speaking ' Turkic ' languages never adopted the name `` Turk '' for their own identity . Among the peoples that came under Göktürk dominance and adopted its political culture and lingua - franca , the name `` Turk '' was n't always the preferred identity . In other words , there was n't a unified movement westward by a culture under one unified ethnic identity , such as that of the Mongol conquest of Eurasia under the Chinggisid political leadership . Rather , Turkic languages -- both peripheral ones like the Bulgar branch and central ones like the Oghuz and Karluk - Chagatay branches -- drifted westward by autonomous movements of diverse tribes and migrating traders , soldiers and townspeople , outnumbering and assimilating non-Turkic indigenous peoples along the way , and being partly replaced by other language families that have become prominent in the east , such as Mongolic languages on the Mongolian steppes , Indic languages in India , and Persian in post-Timurid Iran ( reference required ) . Uyghurs ( edit ) Later Turkic peoples include the Karluks ( mainly 8th century ) , Uyghurs , Kyrgyz , Oghuz ( or Guz , Uz , Ghuzz , etc . ) Turks , and Turkmens . As these peoples were founding states in the area between Mongolia and Transoxiana , they came into contact with Muslims , and most gradually adopted Islam . However , there were also some other groups of Turkic people who belonged to other religions , including Christians , Jews ( see Khazars ) , Buddhists , and Zoroastrians . Turkmens ( edit ) Settlements and regions affected during the first wave of Turkish invasions in Asia Minor ( 1050 - 1204 ) . While the Karakhanid state remained in this territory until its conquest by Genghis Khan , the Turkmen group of tribes was formed around the core of westward Oghuz . The name `` Turkmen '' originally simply meant `` I am Turk '' in the language of the diverse tribes living between the Karakhanid and Samanid states . Thus , the ethnic consciousness among some , but not all Turkic tribes as `` Turkmens '' in the Islamic era came long after the fall of the non-Muslim Gokturk ( and Eastern and Western ) Khanates . The name `` Turk '' in the Islamic era became an identity that grouped Islamized Turkic tribes in contradistinction to Turkic tribes that were not Muslim ( that mostly have been referred to as `` Tatar '' ) , such as the Nestorian Naiman ( which became a major founding stock for the Muslim Kazakh nation ) and Buddhist Tuvans . Thus the ethnonym `` Turk '' for the diverse Islamized Turkic tribes somehow served the same function as the name `` Tajik '' did for the diverse Iranian peoples who converted to Islam and adopted Persian as their lingua - franca . Both names first and foremost labeled Muslimness , and to a lesser extent , common language and ethnic culture . Long after the departure of the Turkmens from Transoxonia towards the Karakum and Caucasus , consciousness associated with the name `` Turk '' still remained , as Chagatay and Timurid period Central Asia was called `` Turkestan '' and the Chagatay language called `` Turki '' , even though the people only referred to themselves as `` Mughals '' , `` Sarts '' , `` Taranchis '' and `` Tajiks '' . This name `` Turk '' , was not commonly used by most groups of the Kypchak branch , such as the Kazakhs , although they are closely related to the Oghuz ( Turkmens ) and Karluks ( Karakhanids , Sarts , Uyghurs ) . Neither did Bulgars ( Kazan Tatars , Chuvash ) and non-Muslim Turkic groups ( Tuvans , Yakuts , Yugurs ) come close to adopting the ethnonym `` Turk '' in its Islamic Era sense . Among the Karakhanid period Turkmen tribes rose the Atabeg Seljuq of the Kinik tribe , whose dynasty grew into a great Islamic empire stretching from India to Anatolia . Turkic soldiers in the army of the Abbasid caliphs emerged as the de facto rulers of much of the Muslim Middle East ( apart from Syria and North Africa ) from the 13th century . The Oghuz and other tribes captured and dominated various countries under the leadership of the Seljuk dynasty , and eventually captured the territories of the Abbasid dynasty and the Byzantine Empire . Meanwhile , the Kyrgyz and Uyghurs were struggling with one another and with the Chinese Empire . The Kyrgyz people ultimately settled in the region now referred to as Kyrgyzstan . The Batu hordes conquered the Volga Bulgars in what is today Tatarstan and Kypchaks in what is now Southern Russia , following the westward sweep of the Mongols in the 13th century . Other Bulgars settled in Europe in the 7 - 8th centuries , but were assimilated by the Slavs , giving the name to the Bulgarians and the Slavic Bulgarian language . It was under Seljuq suzerainty that numerous Turkmen tribes , especially those that came through the Caucasus via Azerbaijan , acquired fiefdoms ( beyliks ) in newly conquered areas of Anatolia , Iraq and even the Levant . Thus , the ancestors of the founding stock of the modern Turkish nation were most closely related to the Oghuz Turkmen groups that settled in the Caucasus and later became the Azerbaijani nation . By early modern times , the name `` Turkestan '' has several definitions : land of sedentary Turkic - speaking townspeople that have been subjects of the Central Asian Chagatayids , i.e. Sarts , Central Asian Mughals , Central Asian Timurids , Uyghurs of Chinese Turkestan and the later invading Tatars that came to be known as Uzbeks ; This area roughly coincides with `` Khorasan '' in the widest sense , plus Tarim Basin which was known as Chinese Turkestan . It is ethnically diverse , and includes homelands of non-Turkic peoples like the Tajiks , Pashtuns , Hazaras , Dungans , Dzungars . Turkic peoples of the Kypchak branch , i.e. Kazakhs and Kyrgyz , are not normally considered `` Turkestanis '' but are also populous ( as pastoralists ) in many parts of Turkestan . a specific district governed by a 17th - century Kazakh Khan , in modern - day Kazakhstan , which were more sedentary than other Kazakh areas , and were populated by towns - dwelling Sarts See also ( edit ) Migration Period Nomadic empire Turkic tribal confederations History of Central Asia Hephthalites Xionites Islamicisation and Turkicisation of Xinjiang . Tatar invasions Genetic history of the Turkish people Haplogroup N - M231 Khazar theory Sun Language Theory Mongol invasions and conquests Ottoman Empire Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sima , Qian ; Burton Watson ( 1993 ) . Records of the Grand Historian . Columbia University Press . pp. 129 -- 162 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 08166 - 9 . Jump up ^ Khusnutdinova , E. ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` POSTER NO : 548 : Mitochondrial DNA variety in Turkic and Uralic - speaking people '' . Shanghai : HGM2002 . Jump up ^ Di Cosmo , Nicola ( 1999 ) . `` The Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China '' . In Loewe , Michael ; Shaughnessy , Edward L. The Cambridge History of Ancient China : From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C . Cambridge University Press . p. 886 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 47030 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wood , Frances ( 2002 ) . The Silk Road : Two Thousand years in the Heart of Asia . University of California Press . p. 50 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23786 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ebrey , Patricia Buckley ; Walthall , Anne ; Palais , James B. ( 2009 ) . East Asia : A cultural , social , and political history ( 2nd ed . ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 00534 - 8 . Jump up ^ Morton , W. Scott ; Charlton M. Lewis ( 2004 ) . China : Its History and Culture : Fourth Edition . McGraw - Hill Professional . p. 52 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 141279 - 4 . Jump up ^ Morton ( 2004 ) , page 55 . Jump up ^ Book of Later Han , vols. 04 , 19 , 23 , 88 , 89 , 90 . Jump up ^ Zizhi Tongjian , vol. 47 . Jump up ^ Vaissière , Etienne de la ( 2004 ) . `` The Rise of Sogdian Merchants and the Role of the Huns : The Historical Importance of the Sodgian Ancient Letters '' . In Whitfield , Susan . The Silk Road : Trade , travel , War and Faith . Chicago : Serindia Publications Inc . pp. 22 -- 23 . ISBN 1 - 932476 - 12 - 1 . first2 = missing last2 = in Editors list ( help ) Jump up ^ Orosius . `` Historiarum Adversum Paganos Libri VII '' . Book VII Section 33.10 . The Latin Library . Jump up ^ Maenchen - Helfen , Otto J. ( 1973 ) . Max Knight , ed . The World of the Huns . The University of California Press . pp. 444 -- 455 . ^ Jump up to : Maenchen - Helfen ( 1973 ) page 376 . Jump up ^ Maenchen - Helfen ( 1973 ) pages 441 -- 442 . Jump up ^ Maenchen - Helfen ( 1973 ) pages 427 -- 428 . Jump up ^ Maenchen - Helfen ( 1973 ) page 437 . Jump up ^ Latham , Robert Gordon ( 2003 from 1863 ) . The Nationalities of Europe : Volume 2 . Adamant Media Corporation . p. 391 . ISBN 1 - 4021 - 8765 - 3 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Maenchen - Helfen ( 1973 ) page 432 . Jump up ^ Maenchen - Helfen ( 1973 ) , Page 168 . Jump up ^ Sinor , Denis ( 1990 ) . The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia . Cambridge University Press . p. 201 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 24304 - 1 . Jump up ^ Holcombe , Charles ( 2001 ) . The Genesis of East Asia , 221 B.C. - A.D. 907 . University of Hawaii Press . p. 114 . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 2465 - 2 . Jump up ^ Saso , Michael R. ( 1991 ) . Buddhist Studies in the People 's Republic of China , 1990 -- 1991 . University of Hawaii Press . p. 141 . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1363 - 4 . References ( edit ) Findley , Carter Vaughnm , The Turks in World History , Oxford University Press : Oxford ( 2005 ) . Holster , Charles Warren , The Turks of Central Asia Praeger : Westport , Connecticut ( 1993 ) . External links ( edit ) The Turkic Expansion <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Turkic topics Languages Afshar Altay Äynu Azerbaijani Bashkir Bulgar Chagatai Chulym Chuvash Crimean Tatar Cuman Dolgan Fuyü Gïrgïs Gagauz Ili Turki Karachay - Balkar Karaim Karakalpak Karamanli Turkish Kazakh Khakas Khalaj Khazar Khorasani Turkic Kipchak Krymchak Kumyk Kipchak languages Kyrgyz Nogai Old Turkic Ottoman Turkish Pecheneg Qashqai Sakha / Yakut Salar Shor Siberian Tatar Tatar Tofa Turkish Turkmen Tuvan Urum Uyghur Uzbek Western Yugur Peoples Afshar Ahiska Altays Azerbaijanis Balkars Bashkirs Bulgars Chulyms Chuvash Crimean Tatars Cumans Dolgans Dughlats Gagauz Iraqi Turkmens Karachays Karaites Karakalpaks Karluks Kazakhs Khakas Khalajs Khazars Khorasani Turks Kimek Kipchaks Krymchaks Kumandins Kumyks Kyrgyz Nogais Oghuz Turks Qarapapaqs Qashqai Salar Shatuo Shors Sybyrs Syrian Turkmen Tatars Telengits Teleuts Tofalar Turgesh Turkish people in Bulgaria Turkish Cypriots in Kosovo in the Republic of Macedonia in Romania in Western Thrace Turkmens Tuvans Uyghurs Uzbeks Western Yugurs Yakuts Yueban Politics Grey Wolves Kemalism Burkhanism Pan-Turkism Turanism Origins Turkestan History Timeline of the Göktürks Timeline 500 -- 1300 migration Nomadic empire Tian Shan / Altai Mountains Otuken Locations Sovereign states Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Turkey Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Autonomous areas Altai Republic Bashkortostan Chuvashia Gagauzia Kabardino - Balkaria Karachay - Cherkessia Karakalpakstan Khakassia Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic Sakha Republic Tatarstan Tuva Xinjiang Studies Old Turkic alphabet Proto - Turkic language Turkology Religions Turkic mythology Tengrism Shamanism Islam Alevism Batiniyya Bayramiye Bektashi Order Christianity Hurufism Kadiri Khalwati order Malamatiyya Qalandariyya Qizilbash Rifa'i * Safaviyya Zahediyeh Vattisen Yaly Traditional sports Kyz kuu Jereed Kokpar Dzhigit Chovgan Organizations Turkic Council International Organization of Turkic Culture ( TÜRKSOY ) Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status ( TAKM ) World Turks Qurultai <Td_colspan="2"> State with limited international recognition . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkic_migration&oldid=815491774 '' Categories : Turkic peoples Migration Period History of Central Asia Human migrations Hidden categories : CS1 errors : missing author or editor CS1 errors : dates All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2016 Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català فارسی Italiano Latviešu کوردی 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 04 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Turkic migration 2. Expansion of Turkic tribes 3. Central Asia, Europe, and Middle East 4. Seljuq dynasty and Anatolia 5. Uyghurs, Turkmens, and other Turkic peoples

who plays farren in the spy next door

The Spy Next Door - wikipedia The Spy Next Door <Th_colspan="2"> The Spy Next Door <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Brian Levant Produced by Robert Simonds Screenplay by Jonathan Bernstein James Greer Gregory Poirier Story by Jonathan Bernstein James Greer Starring Jackie Chan Amber Valletta Magnús Scheving Billy Ray Cyrus George Lopez Madeline Carroll Music by David Newman Cinematography Dean Cundey Edited by Lawrence Jordan Production company Relativity Media Distributed by Lionsgate Release date January 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 15 ) Running time 94 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $28 million Box office $45.2 million The Spy Next Door is a 2010 American comedy film directed by Brian Levant , written by Jonathan Bernstein , James Greer and Gregory Poirier , produced by Robert Simonds with music by David Newman and starring Jackie Chan , Amber Valletta , Magnús Scheving , Madeline Carroll , Will Shadley , Alina Foley , Billy Ray Cyrus and George Lopez . Filming started in late October 2008 in Rio Rancho , New Mexico and was finished in late December 2008 . The film was released on January 15 , 2010 in the United States by Lionsgate . The film was released on DVD , and Blu - ray on May 18 , 2010 . The film tributes Chan 's films by showing clips , references and even referencing Chan 's real life childhood . The film received negative reviews from critics and it earned $45.2 million on a $28 million budget . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 4.3 Home media 5 Awards and nominations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Bob Ho is a MSS operative on loan to the CIA as a undercover agent , who decides to retire after putting Russian terrorist Anton Poldark behind bars and marry his longtime girlfriend Gillian , who lives next door and has three children from previous relationships , Farren ( a step - daughter ) , Ian and Nora . None of them know about his job . One day , Gillian leaves to visit her father in a hospital in Denver , Colorado and leaves Bob to take care of her children , who all despise him and plot to get rid of him . Using some technology from the CIA , Bob is able to get control of them . His partner , Colton James , informs him that Poldark has escaped prison and they suspect there is a mole in the CIA . Colton sends a file to Bob 's computer for a top - secret formula for an oil - eating bacteria Poldark is working on . While snooping around Bob 's house , Ian downloads the file , which he mistakes for music , onto his iPod . Poldark discovers the download and sends some of his people to Bob 's house , but Bob overpowers them . After the attack , Bob and the children hide at a Chinese restaurant , where Poldark 's teenage henchman , Larry , tries to kill Bob . Bob defeats him and is forced to tell the children about his job . His boss Glaze then arrives , points a gun at him and demands the downloaded file , revealing himself as the mole working for Poldark . Bob knocks out Glaze with Nora 's turtle , then hides in a hotel with the children . He tells Gillian over the phone about his job . Fearing for her children 's safety , she flies home to take them and breaks up with him after discovering he is a spy . Bob heads to an abandoned factory to confront the Russian terrorists but finds that Ian , wanting to become a spy , and Farren has run away from home . The trio is captured by the Russians , who force Ian to reveal that the file is on his iPod . As Poldark , his partner Tatiana , and Glaze go to Gillian 's house , Bob and the children escape and defeat the remaining terrorists . They then go to Gillian 's house and Poldark and his crew arrive soon after . Bob and the terrorists fight , with the children using Bob 's secret weapons to defeat some of them . Soon after , Colton and his crew arrive to arrest the Russians and Glaze . Gillian initially rejects Bob , but soon realizes that he is a good man after Nora says she wants him to be her dad and Farren and Ian confess that Bob lied to protect them . Bob and Gillian then get married . Cast ( edit ) Jackie Chan as Bob Ho , a spy on loan to the CIA and Gillian 's neighbor , boyfriend and eventual husband Amber Valletta as Gillian , Bob 's neighbor , girlfriend and eventual wife Magnús Scheving as Anton Poldark , a Russian terrorist Madeline Carroll as Farren , Gillian 's step - daughter Will Shadley as Ian , Gillian 's son Alina Foley as Nora , Gillian 's daughter Billy Ray Cyrus as Colton James , Bob 's partner George Lopez as Glaze , Bob 's corrupt boss Lucas Till as Larry , a teenager working with Poldark Katherine Boecher as Tatiana Creel Jeff Chase as Russian thug Soundtrack ( edit ) `` Secret Agent Man '' -- Performed by Johnny Rivers `` The Way It Was '' -- Written and Performed by Daniel May `` Ba Ma De Hua '' -- Performed by Jackie Chan ( theme song of Rob - B - Hood , a film also made by Chan ) `` One Way or Another '' -- Performed by Blondie Release ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) In its first weekend , in the US , The Spy Next Door made $9.7 million in 2,924 theaters , opening at # 6 . It grossed $12.9 million over the four - day period , ranking # 5 on that term . The film grossed $45.1 million on a $28 million budget . Critical reception ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 12 % based on 89 reviews , with an average rating of 3.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Lacking a script funny enough to cover up for Jackie Chan 's fading physical gifts , The Spy Next Door fails on every conceivable level . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , it holds an average score of 27 out of 100 based on 21 critics , indicating `` generals unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Most film critics targeted the film for `` lacking a script , '' such as Michael Phillips of The Chicago Tribune for being `` True Lies without the striptease or the Arab - maiming '' and Kyle Smith of The New York Post who also claimed the film is `` ripping off True Lies . '' Lael Loewenstein of Variety gave the film a negative review saying the film 's `` cartoonish jokes and misfired gags are likely to elicit more eye rolls than laughs . '' Daniel Eagan of The Hollywood Reporter also disliked the film saying most of the film is `` pretty tired stuff from Pacifier - style slapstick to comic relief delivered by , of all people , erstwhile country star Billy Ray Cyrus '' and that Chan `` seems stiff '' and `` clad in unattractive clothes and forced into dumbed - down situations . '' David Stratton of At the Movies dismissed the film calling it `` a sad viewing experience '' . He added `` The woeful screenplay , the mundane direction , by Brian Levant , and the indifferent acting all combine to sink a stupid plot which should never have got off the ground . '' Carrie Rickey of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film 21⁄2 stars . Rickey , giving the film the benefit of the doubt , wrote `` The plot may be forgettable , but the execution is frantic and funny . The Spy Next Door is a movie that will bring smiles to kids -- and their grandparents . '' Home Media ( edit ) The Spy Next Door was released on DVD and Blu - ray on May 18 , 2010 . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Subject Nominee Result Razzie Award Worst Supporting Actor Billy Ray Cyrus Nominated George Lopez See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal 2010s portal The Pacifier True Lies Man of the House Kindergarten Cop Big Momma 's House References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Spy Next Door ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo. 2010 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ The Spy Next Door IMDb Jump up ^ `` The Spy Next Door ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Spy Next Door reviews '' . Metacritic . CNET Networks . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` ' The Spy Next Door ' -- 1 ​ ⁄ stars '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` He 's Bland , James Bland '' . New York Post . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Lael Loewenstein ( January 9 , 2010 ) . `` The Spy Next Door Review '' . Variety . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Daniel Eagan ( January 11 , 2010 ) . `` The Spy Next Door -- Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stratton , David ; Pomeranz , Magaret ( March 31 , 2010 ) . `` The Spy Next Door review '' . At the Movies . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Rickey , Carrie ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` It 's Bob , the bouncing babysitting spy '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . External links ( edit ) The Spy Next Door on IMDb The Spy Next Door at AllMovie The Spy Next Door at Rotten Tomatoes The Spy Next Door at Metacritic The Spy Next Door at Box Office Mojo <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Brian Levant <Td_colspan="2"> Problem Child 2 ( 1991 ) Beethoven ( 1992 ) The Flintstones ( 1994 ) Jingle All the Way ( 1996 ) The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas ( 2000 ) Snow Dogs ( 2002 ) Are We There Yet ? ( 2005 ) Scooby - Doo ! The Mystery Begins ( 2009 ) The Spy Next Door ( 2010 ) Scooby - Doo ! Curse of the Lake Monster ( 2010 ) A Christmas Story 2 ( 2012 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Spy_Next_Door&oldid=853677193 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films 2010s comedy films 2010s spy films American comedy films American films American spy films Central Intelligence Agency in fiction Films scored by David Newman Films about dysfunctional families Films about Halloween Films about interracial romance Films directed by Brian Levant Films shot in New Mexico Lions Gate Entertainment films Relativity Media films Spy comedy films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 08 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. The Spy Next Door - American comedy film 2. Directed by Brian Levant 3. Starring Jackie Chan, Amber Valletta, and George Lopez 4. Plot: A spy on loan to the CIA decides to retire and marry his girlfriend, but his secret life is revealed when he must protect her children from Russian terrorists. 5. Critical reception: The film received negative reviews from critics.

who is the guinness book of world records named after

Guinness World Records - wikipedia Guinness World Records Jump to : navigation , search Guinness World Records <Td_colspan="2"> Editor Craig Glenday ( ed . ) Cover artist Simon Jones Language English , Arabic , Bulgarian , Chinese , Croatian , Czech , Danish , Dutch , Estonian , Filipino , Finnish , French , German , Greek , Hebrew , Hungarian , Icelandic , Italian , Japanese , Korean , Latvian , Lithuanian , Norwegian , Persian , Polish , Portuguese , Romanian , Russian , Slovak , Slovene , Spanish , Swedish , Scottish and Turkish Subject World Records Genre Reference Publisher Jim Pattison Group Publication date 10 November 1951 -- present Published in English 1955 -- present Media type Book , television Guinness World Records , known from its inception in 1955 until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records and in previous United States editions as The Guinness Book of World Records , is a reference book published annually , listing world records both of human achievements and the extremes of the natural world . The brainchild of Sir Hugh Beaver , the book was co-founded by brothers Norris and Ross McWhirter in Fleet Street , London in August 1954 . The book itself holds a world record , as the best - selling copyrighted book of all time . As of the 2017 edition , it is now in its 62nd year of publication , published in 100 countries and 23 languages . The international franchise has extended beyond print to include television series and museums . The popularity of the franchise has resulted in Guinness World Records becoming the primary international authority on the cataloguing and verification of a huge number of world records ; the organisation employs official record adjudicators authorised to verify the authenticity of the setting and breaking of records . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Evolution 3 Defining records 3.1 Ethical and safety issues 3.2 Difficulty in defining records 4 Verifying existing records 5 Museums 6 Television series 7 Gamer 's edition 8 British pop music volume 9 Other media 9.1 Video games 9.2 Film 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) On 10 November 1951 , Sir Hugh Beaver , then the managing director of the Guinness Breweries , went on a shooting party in the North Slob , by the River Slaney in County Wexford , Ireland . After missing a shot at a golden plover , he became involved in an argument over which was the fastest game bird in Europe , the golden plover or the red grouse ( it is the plover ) . That evening at Castlebridge House , he realized that it was impossible to confirm in reference books whether or not the golden plover was Europe 's fastest game bird . Beaver knew that there must be numerous other questions debated nightly in pubs throughout Ireland and abroad , but there was no book in the world with which to settle arguments about records . He realised then that a book supplying the answers to this sort of question might prove successful . Beaver 's idea became reality when Guinness employee Christopher Chataway recommended University friends Norris and Ross McWhirter , who had been running a fact - finding agency in London . The twin brothers were commissioned to compile what became The Guinness Book of Records in August 1954 . A thousand copies were printed and given away . After the founding of The Guinness Book of Records at 107 Fleet Street , London , the first 198 - page edition was bound on 27 August 1955 and went to the top of the British best seller lists by Christmas . The following year , it launched in the US , and sold 70,000 copies . Since then , Guinness World Records has become a household name and the global leader in world records . The book has gone on to become a record breaker in its own right ; with sales of more than 100 million copies in 100 different countries and 37 languages , Guinness World Records is the world 's best selling copyright book ever . A Japanese competitive eater with two Guinness World Record certificates Because the book became a surprise hit , many further editions were printed , eventually settling into a pattern of one revision a year , published in September / October , in time for Christmas . The McWhirters continued to compile it for many years . Both brothers had an encyclopedic memory ; on the TV series Record Breakers , based upon the book , they would take questions posed by children in the audience on various world records and were able to give the correct answer . Ross McWhirter was assassinated by the Provisional Irish Republican Army in 1975 . Following Ross ' assassination , the feature in the show where questions about records posed by children were answered was called Norris on the Spot . Guinness Superlatives ( later Guinness World Records ) Limited was formed in 1954 to publish the first book . Sterling Publishing owned the rights to the Guinness book in the US for decades . The group was owned by Guinness PLC and subsequently Diageo until 2001 , when it was purchased by Gullane Entertainment . Gullane was itself purchased by HIT Entertainment in 2002 . In 2006 , Apax Partners purchased HiT and subsequently sold Guinness World Records in early 2008 to the Jim Pattison Group , the parent company of Ripley Entertainment , which is licensed to operate Guinness World Records ' Attractions . With offices in New York City and Tokyo , Guinness World Records ' global headquarters remain in London , while its museum attractions are based at Ripley headquarters in Orlando , Florida , US . Evolution ( edit ) Lucky Diamond Rich is `` the world 's most tattooed person '' , and has tattoos covering his entire body . He holds the Guinness world record as of 2006 , being 100 percent tattooed . Recent editions have focused on record feats by person competitors . Competitions range from obvious ones such as Olympic weightlifting to the longest egg tossing distances , or for longest time spent playing Grand Theft Auto IV or the number of hot dogs that can be consumed in ten minutes , although eating and alcohol consumption entries are no longer accepted , possibly for fear of litigation . Besides records about competitions , it contains such facts as the heaviest tumour , the most poisonous plant , the shortest river ( Roe River ) , the two longest - running dramas ( General Hospital and Guiding Light ) in the US , and the world 's most successful salesman ( Joe Girard ) , among others . Many records also relate to the youngest person who achieved something , such as the youngest person to visit all nations of the world , being Maurizio Giuliano . Clyde Beatty holds the record for mixing 40 lions and tigers in one cage with himself Each edition contains a selection of the records from the Guinness database , as well as select new records ; the criteria for inclusion having changed over the years . The ousting of Norris McWhirter from his consulting role in 1995 and the subsequent decision by Diageo Plc to sell the Guinness World Records brand have shifted it from a text - oriented to an illustrated reference book ( `` style over substance '' ) . The majority of world records are no longer listed in the book or on the website , and can only be determined by a written application to Guinness to ' break ' the record . For those unable to wait the 4 -- 6 weeks for a reply , Guinness will process a ' fast - track ' application for £ 300 ( US $450 ) . The Guinness Book of Records is the world 's most sold copyrighted book , earning it an entry within its own pages . A number of spin - off books and television series have also been produced . Guinness World Records bestowed the record of `` Person with the most records '' on Ashrita Furman of Queens , NY in April 2009 . At that time , he held 100 records . In 2005 , Guinness designated 9 November as International Guinness World Records Day to encourage breaking of world records . In 2006 , an estimated 100,000 people participated in over 10 countries . Guinness reported 2,244 new records in 12 months , which was a 173 % increase over the previous year . In February 2008 , NBC aired The Top 100 Guinness World Records of All Time and Guinness World Records made the complete list available on their website . Defining Records ( edit ) Sultan Kösen ( Turkey ) is the tallest living person since 17 September 2009 , as verified by Guinness World Records . Play media Cracking open a wheel of Parmigiano - Reggiano cheese as a part of a 2013 world record by Whole Foods Market . For many records , Guinness World Records is the effective authority on the exact requirements for them and with whom records reside , the company providing adjudicators to events to determine the veracity of record attempts . The list of records which the Guinness World Records covers is not fixed ; records may be added and also removed for various reasons . The public are invited to submit applications for records , which can be either the bettering of existing records or substantial achievements which could constitute a new record . The company also provides corporate services for companies to `` harness the power of record - breaking to deliver tangible success for their businesses . '' Ethical and safety issues ( edit ) Steven Petrosino drinking 1 litre of beer in 1.3 seconds in June 1977 . Petrosino set record times for 250 ml , 500 ml and 1.5 litres as well , but Guinness accepted only the record for one litre . They later dropped all beer and alcohol records from their compendium in 1991 , and reinstated the records in 2008 . Guinness World Records states several types of records it will not accept for ethical reasons , such as those related to the killing or harming of animals . Several world records that were once included in the book have been removed for ethical reasons , including concerns for the well being of potential record breakers . For example , following publication of a `` heaviest fish '' record , many fish owners overfed their pets beyond the bounds of what was healthy , and therefore such entries were removed . The Guinness Book also dropped records within their `` eating and drinking records '' section of Human Achievements in 1991 over concerns that potential competitors could harm themselves and expose the publisher to potential litigation . These changes included the removal of all spirit , wine , and beer drinking records , along with other unusual records for consuming such unlikely things as bicycles and trees . Other records , such as sword swallowing and rally driving ( on public roads ) , were closed from further entry as the current holders had performed beyond what are considered safe human tolerance levels . There have been instances of closed records being reopened . For example , the sword swallowing record was listed as closed in the 1990 Guinness Book of World Records , but the Guinness World Records Primetime TV show , which started in 1998 , accepted three sword swallowing challenges ( and so did the 2007 edition of the Guinness World Records onwards ) . Similarly , the speed beer drinking records which were dropped from the book in 1991 , reappeared 17 years later in the 2008 edition , but were moved from the `` Human Achievements '' section of the older book to the `` Modern Society '' section of the newer edition . As of 2011 , it is required in the guidelines of all `` large food '' type records that the item be fully edible , and distributed to the public for consumption , to prevent food wastage . Chain letters are also not allowed : `` Guinness World Records does not accept any records relating to chain letters , sent by post or e-mail . If you receive a letter or an e-mail , which may promise to publish the names of all those who send it on , please destroy it , it is a hoax . No matter if it says that Guinness World Records and the postal service are involved , they are not . '' Difficulty in defining Records ( edit ) For some potential categories , Guinness World Records has declined to list some records that are too difficult or impossible to determine . For example , its website states : `` We do not accept any claims for beauty as it is not objectively measurable . '' On 10 December 2010 , Guinness World Records stopped its new `` dreadlock '' category after investigation of its first and only female title holder , Asha Mandela , determining it was impossible to judge this record accurately . Verifying existing Records ( edit ) Guinness World Records website publishes selected records and is not supposed to be used for the record verification purposes , as it explains : `` There are more than 40,000 current records in our database and we try our best to feature as many as possible online . We currently include over 15,000 records online which we update every week , so make sure to check the site regularly ! '' . The book printed annually contains only 4000 records . The only way to verify a record is by contacting Guinness , expecting average response time of 2 weeks . Museums ( edit ) Guinness Museum in Hollywood In 1976 , a Guinness Book of World Records museum opened in the Empire State Building . Speed shooter Bob Munden then went on tour promoting The Guinness Book of World Records by performing his record fast draws with a standard weight single - action revolver from a western movie type holster . His fastest time for a draw was . 02 seconds . Among exhibits were life - size statues of the world 's tallest man ( Robert Wadlow ) and world 's largest earth worm , an X-ray photo of a sword swallower , repeated lightning strike victim Roy Sullivan 's hat complete with lightning holes and a pair of gem - studded golf shoes on sale for $6500 . The museum closed in 1995 . In more recent years , the Guinness company has permitted the franchising of small museums with displays based on the book , all currently ( as of 2010 ) located in towns popular with tourists : Tokyo , Copenhagen , San Antonio . There were once Guinness World Records museums and exhibitions at the London Trocadero , Bangalore , San Francisco , Myrtle Beach , Orlando , Atlantic City , New Jersey , and Las Vegas , Nevada . The Orlando museum , which closed in 2002 , was branded The Guinness Records Experience ; the Hollywood , Niagara Falls , Copenhagen , and Gatlinburg , Tennessee museums also previously featured this branding . Television series ( edit ) Guinness World Records has commissioned various television series documenting world record breaking attempts , including : Country Name Network Broadcast Host ( s ) Australia Australia 's Guinness World Records Seven Network 2005 Grant Denyer Shelley Craft Australia Smashes Guinness World Records James Kerley Bulgaria Световните рекорди Гинес bTV 2006 -- 2007 Krasimir Vankov China The Night of Guinness in China CCTV 2006 -- Wang Xuechun Zhu Xun Lin Hai France L'émission des records ( 1999 -- 2002 ) L'été des records ( 2001 ) TF1 1999 -- 2002 Vincent Perrot L'été de tous les records ( 2003 -- 2005 ) 50 ans , 50 records ( 2004 ) France 3 2003 -- 2005 Pierre Sled La nuit des records France 2 2006 Olivier Minne Adriana Karembeu Le monde des records W9 2008 -- 2010 Alexandre Devoise Karine Ferri Les trésors du livre des records Gulli 2015 Fauve Hautot Willy Rovelli Germany Guinness World Records - Die größten Weltrekorde RTL Television 2004 -- 2008 Oliver Welke ( 2004 ) Oliver Geissen ( 2005 -- 2008 ) India Guinness World Records -- Ab India Todega Colors TV 2011 Preity Zinta Shabbir Ahluwalia Italy Lo show dei record Canale 5 2006 ( pilot ) 2008 -- 2012 2015 Barbara d'Urso ( 1 -- 2 ) Paola Perego ( 3 ) Gerry Scotti ( 4 , 6 ) Teo Mammucari ( 5 ) New Zealand NZ Smashes Guinness World Records TV2 2009 Marc Ellis Philippines Guinness Book of World Records Philippine Edition ABC ? ? Poland Światowe Rekordy Guinnessa Polsat 2009 -- 2011 Maciej Dowbor Portugal Guinness World Records Portugal SIC 2014 Rita Andrade João Ricardo Spain El show de los récords Antena 3 2001 -- 2002 Mar Saura Manu Carreño Mónica Martínez Guinness World Records Telecinco 2009 Carmen Alcayde Luis Alfonso Muñoz Sweden Guinness rekord - TV TV3 1999 -- 2000 Mårten Andersson ( 1999 ) Linda Nyberg ( 1999 ) Harald Treutiger ( 2000 ) Suzanne Sjögren ( 2000 ) United Kingdom Record Breakers BBC1 1972 -- 2001 Roy Castle ( 1972 -- 1993 ) Norris McWhirter ( 1972 -- 85 ) Ross McWhirter ( 1972 -- 75 ) Guinness World Records ( UK ) ITV 1999 -- 2001 Ian Wright Kate Charman Ultimate Guinness World Records Challenge Jamie Rickers Guinness World Records Smashed Sky1 2008 -- 2009 Steve Jones Konnie Huq Totally Bonkers Guinness Book of Records ITV2 2012 -- 2015 Matt Edmondson Officially Amazing CBBC 2013 -- Ben Shires United States The Guinness Game Syndicated 1979 -- 1980 Bob Hilton Don Galloway Guinness World Records Primetime Fox 1998 -- 2001 Cris Collinsworth Mark Thompson Guinness World Records Unleashed / Gone Wild truTV 2013 -- 2014 Dan Cortese Specials : Guinness World Records : 50 Years , 50 Records - on ITV ( UK ) , 11 September 2004 With the popularity of reality television , Guinness World Records began to market itself as the originator of the television genre , with slogans such as we wrote the book on Reality TV . Suresh Joachim Arulanantham is a Tamil Canadian film actor and producer and multiple - Guinness World Record holder who has broken over 50 world records set in several countries in attempts to benefit the underprivileged children around the world . Some world record attempts are more unusual than others : he is pictured here minutes away from breaking the ironing world record at 55 hours and 5 minutes , at Shoppers World , Brampton . Gamer 's edition ( edit ) Not to be confused with Guinness World Records : The Video Game . In 2008 , Guinness World Records released its gamer 's edition in association with Twin Galaxies . The Gamer 's Edition contains 258 pages , over 1236 video game related world records and four interviews including one with Twin Galaxies founder Walter Day . The most recent edition is the Guinness World Records Gamer 's Edition , 2017 , which was released 30 August 2016 . British pop music volume ( edit ) Main article : British Hit Singles & Albums The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles & Albums was published from 2003 to 2012 , based on two earlier , separate HiT publications , British Hit Singles and British Hit Albums , which began in 1977 . It was effectively replaced ( in singles part ) by the Virgin Book of British Hit Singles from 2007 onward . Other media ( edit ) Video games ( edit ) A video game , Guinness World Records : The Video Game , was developed by TT Fusion and released for Nintendo DS , Wii and iOS in November 2008 . Film ( edit ) In 2012 , Warner Bros. announced the development of a live - action film version of Guinness World Records with Daniel Chun as scriptwriter . The film version will apparently use the heroic achievements of record holders as the basis for a narrative that should have global appeal . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Corporate '' . Guinness World Records . Archived from the original on 19 March 2010 . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Guinness World Records . Archived from the original on 24 January 2012 . Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Book '' . Guinness Record Book Collecting . Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Fionn Davenport ( 2010 ) . Ireland . Lonely Planet . p. 193 . ISBN 9781742203508 . Jump up ^ `` Early history of Guinness World Records '' . 2005 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on 1 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Cavendish , Richard ( August 2005 ) . `` Publication of the Guinness Book of Records : 27 August 1955 '' . History Today . 55 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records 2005 . Guinness ; 50th Anniversary edition . 2004 . p. 6 . ISBN 1892051222 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness Book History 1950 - Present '' . spyhunter007.com . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Records Corporate - Home '' . guinnessworldrecords.com . Archived from the original on 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Record Breakers ' McWhirter dies '' . BBC News . 20 April 2004 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Guinness Book of World Records ( UK ed . ) . 2006 . p. 126 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Records honors one man 's historic milestone -- 100 Records Broken ! -- Guinness World Records Blog post '' . community.guinnessworldrecords.com . Archived from the original on 12 June 2009 . Retrieved 29 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records Shatter Across the Globe in Honor of Guinness World Records Day 2006 '' . Retrieved 29 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records Live : Top 100 . Guinness World Records . Retrieved on 6 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Whey to go : Whole Foods Market ® cracks Parmigiano Reggiano Guinness World Records ® Title '' . Yahoo Finance . 22 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2013 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Records Corportate '' . Guinness World Records . Archived from the original on 12 May 2012 . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Beer Record '' . 11 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Video clip '' . Retrieved 29 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` IS YOUR PROPOSAL A POTENTIAL GUINNESS WORLD RECORDS TM ACHIEVEMENT ? '' . `` Guinness World Records '' . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Fish World Records . Fish - World . Retrieved on 19 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Guinness Book of World Records . 1990 . p. 464 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Record Book Entry '' . Guinness World Beer Record . 11 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Record Book Entry 2008 '' . Guinness World Beer Record . 11 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Dreadlock Record -- Rested -- Guinness World Records Blog post -- Home of the Longest , Shortest , Fastest , Tallest facts and feats '' . Community.guinnessworldrecords.com . Archived from the original on 5 October 2011 . Retrieved 4 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Munden Six - Gun Magic Custom Gunsmithing - Bob & Becky Munden - Six - Gun Magic Gunwork '' . bobmunden.com . Jump up ^ In Praise of Facts , by John Leonard , the introduction to the New York Times Desk Reference Jump up ^ `` Travel & Outdoors - The Good , The Bad , The Ugly : A 1995 Travel Retrospective - Seattle Times Newspaper '' . nwsource.com . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Robert H. `` The Guinness World Records Experience : one of Florida 's Lost Tourist Attractions '' . Retrieved 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Ripley Entertainment , Inc . `` Guinness World Records Experience locations '' . Archived from the original on 20 January 2009 . Retrieved 1 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ripley Entertainment , Inc. ( 20 November 2002 ) . `` Guinness World Records Experience locations '' . Internet Archive Wayback Machine . Archived from the original on 20 November 2002 . Retrieved 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness Book of World Records could be next big brand name to hit cinemas '' . Guardian . 8 June 2012 . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guinness World Records . 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what kind of tea do the english drink at tea time

Tea in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Tea in the United Kingdom A ceramic teapot on a metal trivet , a cream jug , and a full teacup on a saucer Since the eighteenth century , the United Kingdom has been one of the world 's greatest tea consumers , with an average annual per capita tea supply of 1.9 kg ( 4.18 lbs ) . The British Empire was instrumental in spreading tea from China to India ; British interests controlled tea production in the subcontinent . Tea , which was an upper - class drink in continental Europe , became the infusion of every social class in Great Britain throughout the course of the eighteenth century and has remained so . Tea is a prominent feature of British culture and society . In both the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland , the drinking of tea is so varied that it is quite hard to generalise . While it is usually served with milk , it is not uncommon to drink it black or with lemon , with sugar being a popular addition to any of the above . Strong tea , served in a mug with milk and sugar , is a popular combination known as builder 's tea . An English tea caddy , a box to store loose tea leaves Contents 1 British - style tea 1.1 Brewing the tea 1.2 The question of milk 1.3 Drinking etiquette 2 Tea as a break 3 Tea as a meal 4 Tea cards 5 History 5.1 Historiography 5.2 Seventeenth century : a medicinal and luxury import 5.2. 1 Early mentions 5.2. 2 Sale of tea begins 5.2. 3 A medicinal drink 5.2. 4 Popularity among aristocrats 5.3 Eighteenth century : a marker of middle - class upward mobility and patriotism 5.3. 1 Colonial trade 5.3. 2 Introduction of milk and sugar 5.3. 3 Popularity among the middle classes 5.4 Nineteenth century : universal consumption 5.4. 1 Adoption by the working classes 5.4. 2 Cultivation in India 5.4. 3 Gender 5.5 Tea today 6 See also 6.1 Drinks 6.2 Food 6.3 Appliances 6.4 Other 7 Footnotes 8 References 8.1 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External Links British - style tea ( edit ) In the mid-18th century , tea still had exotic connotations : salt - glazed stoneware teapot , Staffordshire , ca. 1750 ( Victoria and Albert Museum ) Brewing the tea ( edit ) Even very slightly formal events can be a cause for cups and saucers to be used instead of mugs . A typical semi-formal British tea ritual might run as follows ( the host performing all actions unless noted ) : The kettle is brought to a rolling boil ( with fresh water to ensure good oxygenation which is essential for proper diffusion of the tea leaves ) . Enough boiling water is swirled around the teapot to warm it and then poured out . Add loose tea leaves ( usually black tea ) or tea bags , always added before the boiled water . Fresh boiling water is poured over the tea in the pot and allowed to brew for 2 to 5 minutes while a tea cosy may be placed on the pot to keep the tea warm . A tea strainer is placed over the top of the cup and the tea poured in , unless tea bags are used . Tea bags may be removed , if desired , once desired strength is attained . White sugar and milk ( in that order ) may be added , usually by the guest . The pot will normally hold enough tea so as not to be empty after filling the cups of all the guests . If this is the case , the tea cosy is replaced after everyone has been served . Hot water may be provided in a separate pot , and is used only for topping up the pot , never the cup . The question of milk ( edit ) Tea with milk that has not yet been stirred `` By putting the tea in first and stirring as one pours , one can exactly regulate the amount of milk , whereas one is likely to put in too much milk if one does it the other way round '' -- One of Orwell 's eleven rules for making tea from his essay `` A Nice Cup of Tea '' , appearing in the London Evening Standard , 12 January 1946 . Whether to put milk into the cup before or after the tea has been a matter of debate since at least the mid-twentieth century ; in his 1946 essay `` A Nice Cup of Tea '' , author George Orwell wrote , `` tea is one of the mainstays of civilisation in this country and causes violent disputes over how it should be made '' . Whether to put tea in the cup first and add the milk after , or the other way around , has split public opinion , with Orwell stating , `` indeed in every family in Britain there are probably two schools of thought on the subject '' . Another aspect of the debate are claims that adding milk at the different times alters the flavour of the tea ( for instance , see ISO 3103 and the Royal Society of Chemistry 's `` How to make a Perfect Cup of Tea '' . ) Some studies suggest that the heating of milk above 75 degrees Celsius ( adding milk after the tea is poured , not before ) does cause denaturation of the lactalbumin and lactoglobulin . Other studies argue brewing time has a greater importance . Regardless , when milk is added to tea , it may affect the flavour . In addition to considerations of flavour , the order of these steps is thought to have been , historically , an indication of class . Only those wealthy enough to afford good - quality porcelain would be confident of its being able to cope with being exposed to boiling water unadulterated with milk . A further point of discussion on when to add milk is how it affects the time taken for the liquid to reach a drinkable temperature . While adding milk first will cause an initial drop in temperature which leads to a more shallow cooling curve ( thus slower cooling ) while also increasing volume ( which would slightly increase the surface area through which the tea could lose heat ) , one study noted that adding milk first leads to the tea retaining heat out of all proportion with these effects . The major mechanism by which hot tea cools is not conduction or radiation but evaporative loss which is affected by the physical properties of the milk . The study concluded that lipids in milk prevent water evaporating so rapidly thus retaining heat longer . Drinking etiquette ( edit ) Old Woman Drinking Tea ( Antonio Mancini , 1852 -- 1930 ) There are opinions as to the proper manner in which to drink tea when using a cup and saucer . Historically , during the 1770s and 1780s , it was fashionable to drink tea from saucers . Saucers were deeper than is the current fashion and so more similar to bowls like their Chinese antecedents . If one is seated at a table , the proper manner to drink tea is to raise the teacup only , placing it back into the saucer in between sips . When standing or sitting in a chair without a table , one holds the tea saucer with the off hand and the tea cup in the dominant hand . When not in use , the tea cup is placed back in the tea saucer and held in one 's lap or at waist height . In either event , the tea cup should never be held or waved in the air . Fingers should be curled inwards , no finger should extend away from the handle of the cup . Tea as a break ( edit ) British workers by law , have the right to a minimum of a twenty - minute break in a shift of six hours ; government guidelines describe this as `` a tea or lunch break '' . More informally , this is known as elevenses , i.e. a couple of hours before the midday meal , traditionally served at 11 am . Builder 's tea in a mug is typical of a quick tea break in the working day . Tea as a meal ( edit ) Main article : Tea ( meal ) A cream tea underway at Bourton - on - the - Water , 1990 Tea is not only the name of the beverage but also of a light meal . Anna Maria , Duchess of Bedford , is credited with its creation , circa 1840 , to ward off hunger between luncheon and dinner , as the latter was being served later and later . The tradition continues to this day in tea rooms in the UK . While these establishments have declined in popularity since World War II , there are still many to be found in the countryside . In the West Country , cream teas are a speciality : scones , clotted cream and jam accompany the drink . Afternoon tea , in contemporary British usage , usually indicates a special occasion , perhaps in a hotel dining room , with savoury snacks ( tea sandwiches ) as well as small sweet pastries . A social event to enjoy tea together , usually in a private home , is a tea party . `` Tea '' ( sometimes `` high tea '' ) can also mean the savoury , hot early evening meal . This usage is common in working - class British English and in Northern England , Scotland , and Northern Ireland ) . See Tea as the evening meal . Tea cards ( edit ) Union Pacific Tea Co. advertising card In the United Kingdom , a number of varieties of loose tea sold in packets from the 1940s to the 1980s contained tea cards . These were illustrated cards roughly the same size as cigarette cards and intended to be collected by children . Perhaps the best known were Typhoo tea and Brooke Bond ( manufacturer of PG Tips ) , the latter of whom also provided albums for collectors to keep their cards in . In the brand named Brooke Bond Dividend D , the card was a dividend ( `` divvy '' ) against the cost of the tea . Some renowned artists were commissioned to illustrate the cards , including Charles Tunnicliffe . Many of these card collections are now valuable collectors ' items . A related phenomenon arose in the early 1990s when PG Tips released a series of tea - based pogs , with pictures of cups of tea and chimpanzees on them . Tetley 's tea released competing pogs but never matched the popularity of the PG Tips variety . History ( edit ) A tea plantation in China , showing workers packing the tea into boxes Philippe Sylvestre Dufour , ' A treatise on tea ' , in his A treatise on the novelties and curiosities of coffee , tea and chocolate , c. 1671 The rise in popularity of tea between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries had major social , political , and economic implications for Great Britain . It defined respectability and domestic rituals , supported the rise and dominance of the British Empire , and contributed to the rise of the Industrial Revolution by supplying both the capital for factories and calories for labourers . It also demonstrates the power of globalization and imperialism to transform a country and shape it into the modern society it is known as today . Tea remains a popular drink in Britain in the modern day and is still considered to be the epitome of British ritual and identity . Historiography ( edit ) Historians debate the causes of tea 's popularity and many attribute it to one or two factors , but a range of different factors are apparent at different times . Ukers argues in All About Tea : Volume I that the rise in popularity of tea in Great Britain was largely due to tea 's reputation among men as a medicinal drink that could cure a wide array of ailments , along with its burgeoning presence in the coffeehouses where elite men congregated . As for tea 's popularity among women , he briefly acknowledges that Princess Catherine of Braganza , portuguese princess , made tea fashionable among aristocratic women , but largely attributes its popularity to its ubiquity in the medical discourse of seventeenth century . Ellis , Coulton , and Mauger trace tea 's popularity back to three distinct groups in Empire of Tea : The Asian Leaf that Conquered the World . These groups were virtuosi , merchants , and elite female aristocrats . They argue that the influence of these three groups combined launched tea as a popular beverage in Great Britain . Smith , in his article `` Complications of the Commonplace : Tea , Sugar , and Imperialism '' differs from Ukers and Ellis , Coulton , and Mauger in that he argues that tea only became popular once sugar was added to the drink and tea with sugar became associated with a domestic ritual that indicated respectability . Mintz , in both `` The Changing Roles of Food in the Story of Consumption '' and Sweetness and Power , agrees and disagrees with Smith . Mintz acknowledges that sugar played a monumental role in the rise of tea , but contradicts Smith 's connection of tea to respectability . While Smith argues that tea first became popular in the home , Mintz believes tea first became popular in the workplace , as people drank tea during the workday for its warm sweetness and stimulating properties . It was later that it entered the home and became an `` integral part of the social fabric . '' Seventeenth century : a medicinal and luxury import ( edit ) Early mentions ( edit ) Iohn Huighen van Linschoten , Discours of Voyages into ye Easte & West Indies , title page The history of European interactions with tea dates back to the mid-sixteenth century . The earliest mention of tea in European literature was by Giambattista Ramusio , a Venetian explorer , as Chai Catai or `` Tea of China '' in 1559 . Tea was mentioned several more times in various European countries afterwards , but Jan Hugo van Linschooten , a Dutch navigator , was the first to write a printed reference of tea in 1598 in his Discours of Voyages . However , it was several years later , in 1615 , that the earliest known reference to tea by an Englishman took place in a letter exchanged between Mr. R. Wickham , an agent for the British East India Company stationed at Japan to a Mr. Eaton , who was stationed in Macao , China . In this letter , Wickham asked Eaton to send him `` a pot of the best sort of chaw , '' phonetically how one would write chàh , the local ( Cantonese ) dialect word for tea . Another early reference to tea appears in the writings of trader Samuel Purchas in 1625 . Purchas describes how the Chinese consume tea as `` the powder of a certaine herbe called chia of which they put as much as a walnut shell may contain , into a dish of Porcelane , and drink it with hot water . '' In 1637 , Peter Mundy , a traveller and merchant who came across tea in Fujian , China , wrote , `` chaa -- only water with a kind of herb boyled in it '' . Sale of tea begins ( edit ) 1746 map showing Exchange Alley , where tea was first sold in England Though there were a number of early mentions , it was several more years before tea was actually sold in England . Green tea exported from China was first introduced in the coffeehouses of London shortly before the Stuart Restoration ( 1660 ) . Thomas Garway ( or Garraway ) , a tobacconist and coffee house owner , was the first person in England to sell tea as a leaf and beverage at his London coffeehouse in Exchange Alley in 1657 . He had to explain the new beverage in a pamphlet . Immediately after Garway began selling it , the Sultaness Head Coffee House began selling tea as a beverage and posted the first newspaper advertisement for tea in Mercurius Politicus on 30 September 1658 . The announcement proclaimed `` That Excellent , and by all Physicians approved , China drink , called by the Chinese , Tcha , by other nations Tay alias Tee , ... sold at the Sultaness - head , ye Cophee - house in Sweetings - Rents , by the Royal Exchange , London '' . In London `` Coffee , chocolate and a kind of drink called tee '' were `` sold in almost every street in 1659 '' , according to Thomas Rugge 's Diurnall . Tea was mainly consumed by upper and mercantile classes : Samuel Pepys , curious for every novelty , tasted the new drink on 25 September 1660 and recorded the experience in his diary : `` I did send for a cup of tee , ( a China drink ) of which I had never had drunk before '' . The British East India company made its first order for the importation of tea in 1667 to their agent in Bantam , and two canisters of tea weighing 143 lbs 8 oz arrived from Bantam in 1669 . In 1672 , a servant of Baron Herbert in London sent his instructions for tea making , and warming the delicate cups , to Shropshire : The directions for the tea are : a quart of spring water just boiled , to which put a spoonful of tea , and sweeten to the palate with candy sugar . As soon as the tea and sugar are in , the steam must be kept in as much as may be , and let it lie half or quarter of an hour in the heat of the fire but not boil . The little cups must be held over the steam before the liquid be put in . The earliest English equipages for making tea date to the 1660s . Small porcelain tea bowls were used by the fashionable ; they were occasionally shipped with the tea itself . Tea - drinking spurred the search for a European imitation of Chinese porcelain , first successfully produced in England at the Chelsea porcelain manufactory , established around 1743 - 45 and quickly imitated . See tea set . A medicinal drink ( edit ) Philippe Sylvestre Dufour , ' A treatise on the novelties and curiosities of coffee , tea and chocolate ' , c. 1671 The first factor that contributed to the rise in popularity of tea was its reputation as a medical drink . Tea first became labeled as a medical drink in 1641 by the Dutch physician Nikolas Dirx , who wrote under the pseudonym `` Nicolas Tulp '' -- though he was also a director of the Dutch East India Company , so his praise of tea was likely a marketing tactic . In his book Observationes Medicae , he claimed that `` nothing is comparable to this plant '' and that those who use it are `` exempt from all maladies and reach an extreme old age . '' He goes into detail on the specific merits of tea , such as curing `` headaches , colds , ophthalmia , catarrh , asthma , sluggishness of the stomach , and intestinal troubles . '' Thomas Garway , the first English shopkeeper to sell tea , published a broadsheet in 1660 titled `` An Exact Description of the Growth , Quality , and Vertues of the Leaf TEA '' which also praised tea 's medical benefits . Garway claims that `` the Drink is declared to be most wholesome , preserving in perfect health until extreme Old Age '' , as well as `` maketh the body active and lusty '' , `` helpeth the Headache '' , `` taketh away the difficulty of breathing '' , `` strengtheneth the Memory '' , and `` expelleth infection '' . There were many more published works on the health benefits of tea , including those by Hartlib in 1657 , Bontekoe in 1678 , Povey in 1686 , and Tryon in the 1690s , and the Royal College of Physicians debated whether any of the exotic new hot drinks would `` agree with the Constitutions of our English bodies '' . In 1667 , Pepys noted that his wife was taking tea on medical advice -- `` a drink which Mr Pelling the Pottecary tells her is good for her colds and defluxions '' . John Locke , the famous English philosopher , developed a fondness for tea after spending time with Dutch medical men in the 1680s . Ellis , Coulton , and Mauger refer to these men as `` virtuosi '' : scientists , philosophers , and doctors who first took an interest in tea and contributed to its early popularity as a pharmaceutical . But , such as with the case of Tulp , some of these men may have been influenced by Indies companies and merchants who wished to create a market for tea . Nevertheless , there is little doubt that these writings about the so - called health benefits of tea contributed to rise in popularity of tea in England . Popularity among aristocrats ( edit ) Lady drinking tea by Niclas Lafrensen According to Ellis , Coulton , Maugher , `` tea was six to ten times more expensive than coffee '' in the 1660s , making it an extremely expensive and luxurious commodity . Moreover , the proliferation of works on the health benefits of tea came at a time when people in the upper classes of English society began to take an interest in their health . In 1660 , two pounds and two ounces of tea bought from Portugal were formally presented to Charles II by the British East India Company . The drink , already common in Europe , was a favourite of his new Portuguese bride , Catherine of Braganza , who introduced it at court after she married Charles II in 1662 , and made it fashionable among the ladies of the court as her temperance drink of choice . Catherine of Braganza 's use of tea as a court beverage , rather than a medicinal drink , influenced its popularity in literary circles around 1685 . Whenever it was consumed in the court , it was `` conspicuously on display '' so as to show it off . Accordingly , tea drinking became a central aspect of aristocratic society in England by the 1680s , particularly among women who drank it while gossiping in the home . Catherine of Braganza 's introduction of tea to ladies was significant because it made tea an acceptable drink for both sexes , when it easily could have been categorized as a men 's drink if it had remained only available in the coffeehouses that only men frequented . Wealthy ladies ' desire to show off their luxurious commodities in front of other ladies also increased demand for tea and made it more popular . Another factor that made tea desirable among the elite crowd was the addition of sugar , another luxurious commodity which was already well - established among the upper classes . Eighteenth century : a marker of middle - class upward mobility and patriotism ( edit ) Colonial trade ( edit ) William Daniell , ' A View in China -- Cultivating the Tea Plant ' , c. 1810 . While tea slowly became more common in coffeehouses during the second half of the seventeenth century , the first tea shop in London did not open until the early eighteenth century . Thomas Twining 's tea shop has been claimed as the first , opening in 1706 , and still remained at 216 Strand , London . However , 1717 is also given as a date for the first tea shop . In between tea 's earliest mentions in England and its widespread popularity little over a century later , many factors contributed the craze for this previously unknown foreign commodity . Tea would not have become the English staple it is known as if not for the increase in its supply that made it more accessible . Between 1720 and 1750 the imports of tea to Britain through the British East India Company more than quadrupled . By 1766 , exports from Canton stood at six million pounds on British boats , compared with 4.5 on Dutch ships , 2.4 on Swedish , 2.1 on French . Veritable `` tea fleets '' grew up . Tea was particularly interesting to the Atlantic world not only because it was easy to cultivate but also because of how easy it was to prepare and its ability to revive the spirits and , reputedly , cure mild colds . When tea was first introduced to England , the British East India Company was not directly trading with China and merchants relied on tea imports from Holland . Because this tea was so expensive and difficult to get , there was very little demand for it , except among the elite who could afford it and made special orders . It was not until after 1700 that the British East India Company began to trade regularly with China and ordering tea , though not in large quantities . Smith argues that the tea trade was actually a side effect of the silk and textile trade because these were the Chinese commodities that were most desired at the time . In 1720 , however , Parliament banned the importation of finished Asian textiles and traders began to focus on tea instead . This new focus marked a turning point for the English tea trade and is arguably why tea became more popular than coffee . Once the British East India company focused on tea as its main import , tea soon attained price stability . Conversely , the price of coffee remained unpredictable and high , allowing tea to grow in popularity before coffee became more accessible . Furthermore , the rising demand for tea and sugar was easily met with increased supply as the tea industry grew in India , which prevented sharp price increases that would have discouraged people from buying it . In fact , the price of tea actually fell as it was becoming more popular among the upper - middle and middle classes . The significant drop in tea 's price between 1720 and 1750 was a major turning point for tea in England . The increase in supply of tea was one of the most important factors that boosted its popularity in Britain and opened up the world of tea to new levels of society . Introduction of milk and sugar ( edit ) A modern British teaset , in which sugarbowl and milk jug accompany the teapot Though by the beginning of the eighteenth century tea was already gaining popularity on its own , the addition of sugar helped tea 's popularity to soar . The English began adding sugar to their tea between 1685 and the early eighteenth century . At this time , sugar was already being used to enhance the flavor of other foods among the elite and had a reputation as an ostentatious luxury . Because both tea and sugar had status implications it made sense to drink them together , and the growth in the import of tea parallels that of sugar in the eighteenth century , which itself was booming due to the growth of sugar plantations in the Americas . But , as previously mentioned , the elite classes of England were starting to care more about their health and literature on the unhealthiness of sugar was beginning to circulate in the late seventeenth century . Adding sugar to tea , however , was seen as an acceptable way to consume sugar because it suggested that `` one had the self - control to consume sugar in a healthy way . '' Sugar also masks tea 's bitterness , so it simply made tea more desirable because it tasted better . As the supply of both tea and sugar grew during the early eighteenth century , the combination of the two commodities became more universal and increased the popularity and demand for both products . Black tea overtook green tea in popularity in the 1720s when sugar and milk were added to tea , a practice that was not done in China . Popularity among the middle classes ( edit ) Jan Josef Horemans the Younger , ' Tea Time ' ( 18th century ) Johann Zoffany , ' The Garden at Hampton House , with Mr and Mrs David Garrick taking tea ' Because tea began in Britain as a luxury for the super-rich , it had a reputation in the eighteenth century as a high - class commodity . But as prices slowly fell , more people at the middle levels of society had access to it . Accordingly , drinking tea became associated with respectability among upwardly mobile middle - class people . When people drank tea , they were expected to possess certain manners and behave in a particular way . Soon , drinking tea became a domestic ritual among families , colleagues , and friends who were just wealthy enough to afford it , which also increased demand . The association between tea and respectability became so ingrained in both British and Irish culture that it reached a point where it could not go out of fashion . Tea - drinking among these groups was also soon considered patriotic . Because the British East India Company had a monopoly over the tea industry in England , tea became more popular than coffee , chocolate , and alcohol . Tea was seen as inherently British and tea - drinking was encouraged by the British government because of the revenue gained from taxing tea . Unlike coffee and chocolate , which came from the colonies of Britain 's rivals in various regions of the world , tea was produced in a single massive colony and served as a means of not only profit , but colonial power . Mintz goes so far as to argue that the combination of ritualization and increased production in the British colonies was how tea became inherently British . As the British continued to import more and more tea throughout the eighteenth century , tea slowly went from a respectable commodity consumed by the well - mannered classes in domestic rituals to an absolute necessity in the British diet , even among the poor working classes . John Hanway , an eighteenth - century social reformer , observed the widespread consumption of tea by the poor in 1767 . He described `` a certain lane ... where beggars are often seen ... drinking their tea '' , as well as `` laborers mending their roads drinking their tea '' and tea `` in the cups of haymakers '' . Just two centuries after the first appearance of tea in English society as a beverage for aristocrats , tea had become so widely popular and available that those at the absolute bottom of the social hierarchy were consuming it as their beverage of choice . It was at this point that tea became universal among all levels of society . Fernand Braudel asked , `` is it true to say the new drink replaced gin in England ? '' Nineteenth century : universal consumption ( edit ) Adoption by the working classes ( edit ) Workers taking a tea break during the First World War By the nineteenth century , tea 's popularity had reached the working class and it was soon considered an everyday necessity among poor labourers . According to the Scottish historian David MacPherson , tea had become cheaper than beer in the early nineteenth century . Furthermore , sugar had also become extremely cheap by this time and the two were almost always consumed together . Though the price of coffee had also gone down by this point , tea was the preferred drink because , unlike coffee , it still tasted good when diluted , which is often how the poor consumed it in order to save money . Tea had other attractions as well . Drinking a hot , sweet beverage transformed their meals , which generally consisted of dry bread and cheese , and made them go down more easily . The warm beverage was especially appealing given Britain 's cold and wet climate . Further , tea helped alleviate some of the consequences of the urbanization that accompanied the industrial revolution : drinking tea required boiling the water , thereby killing water - borne diseases like dysentery , cholera , and typhoid . However , the poor consumed tea very differently to the well - mannered ritual adopted by the upper classes . According to Mintz , `` tea - drinking among the poor probably began in connection with work , not in the home '' , and some scholars suggest that tea played a role in the British Industrial Revolution . Day labourers brewed their tea out in the open and brought their tea equipment with them to work , as opposed to the private domestic ritual that had previously surrounded tea - drinking . Afternoon tea possibly became a way to increase the number of hours labourers could work ; the stimulants in the tea , accompanied by the calorie boost from the sugar and accompanying snacks , would give workers energy to finish the day 's work . Cultivation in India ( edit ) The tea clipper Thermopylae , launched in 1868 The popularity of tea occasioned the furtive export of slips , a small shoot for planting or twig for grafting to tea plants , from China to British India and its commercial cultivation there , beginning in 1840 . Between 1872 and 1884 the supply of tea to the British Empire increased with the expansion of the railway to the east . The demand , however , was not proportional , which caused the prices to rise . Nevertheless , from 1884 onward , due to innovation in tea preparation , the price of tea dropped and remained relatively low throughout the first half of the twentieth century . Soon afterwards London became the centre of the international tea trade . With high tea imports also came a large increase in the demand for porcelain . The demand for tea cups , pots and dishes increased to go along with this popular new drink . Gender ( edit ) Roger Fulford argues that tea rooms benefited women in the Victorian era , in that these neutral public spaces were instrumental in the `` spread of independence '' for women and their struggle for the vote . Paul Chrystal characterizes tea rooms as `` popular and fashionable , especially with women '' , providing them a dignified and safe place to meet and eat -- and strategize on political campaigns . Tea today ( edit ) The Willow Tearooms , Glasgow Tea rooms in Britain , 2010 In 2003 , DataMonitor reported that regular tea drinking in the United Kingdom was on the decline . There was a 10.25 per cent decline in the purchase of normal teabags in Britain between 1997 and 2002 . Sales of ground coffee also fell during the same period . Britons were instead drinking health - oriented beverages like fruit or herbal teas , consumption of which increased 50 per cent from 1997 to 2002 . A further , unexpected , statistic is that the sales of decaffeinated tea and coffee fell even faster during this period than the sale of the more common varieties . Declining tea sales were matched by an increase in espresso sales . Nevertheless , tea still remains an extremely popular drink and is still engrained in British culture and society . In 1787 , Twinings Tea created its logo , still in use today , which is thought to be the world 's oldest commercial logo that has been in continuous use since its inception . Under Associated British Foods since 1964 , Stephen Twining now represents the company 's tenth generation . In 2006 , Twinings celebrated its 300th anniversary with a special tea and associated tea caddies . Twining 's is a Royal Warrant holder ( appointed by HM The Queen ) . See also ( edit ) Drinks ( edit ) Earl Grey tea , a classic English blended tea , flavored with bergamot essential oil English breakfast tea Prince of Wales tea blend Gunfire ( drink ) , a cocktail made of tea and rum served in the British Army Food ( edit ) Teacake Tea sandwich Appliances ( edit ) Teasmade , an English appliance that combines a kettle and a teapot to make tea automatically by alarm clock Brown Betty ( teapot ) , an iconic type of teapot made from British red clay , known for being rotund and glazed with brown manganese Cube teapot , a heavy - duty type of teapot invented for making tea on ships Tea set , the pot , sugar bowl , milk jug , etc . Other ( edit ) List of tea companies # United Kingdom London Tea Auction , 1679 - 1998 TV pickup , a daily spike in power consumption in the UK due to the use of electric kettles Tea lady National Tea Day Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Water molecules whose temperature is far above the average temperature of the tea escape and it is only these above average temperature molecules that have sufficient energy to escape the surface of the tea . As the tea 's temperature drops the rate of evaporation , and thus rate of heat loss by evaporation , also drops and evaporative loss becomes a minor mechanism . Jump up ^ For this reason Chinese tea cups come with lids to retain heat as it is common practise in China to add tea leaves to a cup and brew in the cup and so the water temperature must be kept high for sufficient time . Also , insulated cups / travel mugs for hot beverages come with lids as it is anticipated that the beverage will be imbibed some while after being heated . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Food Balance Sheets '' . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . Jump up ^ `` A very British beverage : Why us Brits just love a cuppa '' . Express . 23 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` All About British Tea '' . URBANARA Infographic . Guide to British Tea Time . Jump up ^ `` The perfect cup '' . Twinings . Jump up ^ Alleyne , Richard ( 15 Jun 2011 ) . `` How to make the perfect cup of tea -- be patient '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How to make a perfect cuppa : put milk in first '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : George Orwell , Ian Angus , Sheila Davison ( 1998 ) . `` The Complete Works of George Orwell : Smothered under journalism , 1946 '' . p. 34 . Secker & Warburg Jump up ^ `` How to make a Perfect Cup of Tea '' ( PDF ) . Royal Society of Chemistry . 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Rowland , S.J. ( December 1933 ) . `` The Heat Denaturation of Albumin and Globulin in Milk '' . Journal of Dairy Research . 5 ( 1 ) : 46 -- 53 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022029900000911 . Jump up ^ Kyle , J.A. ; Morrice , P.C. ; McNeill , G. ; Duthie , G.G. ( 2007 ) . `` Effects of Infusion Time and Addition of Milk on Content and Absorption of Polyphenols from Black Tea '' . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry . 55 ( 12 ) : 4889 -- 4894 . doi : 10.1021 / jf070351y . Jump up ^ Beverly Dubrin ( 1 October 2010 ) . Tea Culture : History , Traditions , Celebrations , Recipes & More . Charlesbridge Publishing . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60734 - 363 - 9 . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Sapsted , David ( 8 Aug 2007 ) . `` Tea room outlaws biscuit dunking '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Titus , Susan . `` Tea : A Brief History '' . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rest breaks at work '' . gov.uk . Retrieved 9 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mintz 1993 , p. 266 Jump up ^ Ukers 1935 , pp. 23 -- 46 Jump up ^ Ellis , Coulton & Mauger 2015 , pp. 31 -- 76 Jump up ^ Woodruff D. Smith , `` Complications of the Commonplace : Tea , Sugar , and Imperialism '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary History ( Autumn 1992 ) , 259 - 277 . Jump up ^ Mintz 1993 , pp. 261 -- 270 Jump up ^ Mintz 1985 , pp. 110 -- 117 Jump up ^ Giambattista Ramusio , Navigatione et Viaggi , Vol. II , Venice , 1559 , in Ukers 1935 , pp. 23 -- 24 Jump up ^ Jan Hugo Van Linschooten , Discours of Voyages , London , 1598 , in Ukers 1935 , p. 26 ^ Jump up to : Ukers 1935 , p. 37 ^ Jump up to : Samuel Purchas , Purchas His Pilgrimes , Vol . III , London , 1625 , in Ukers 1935 , p. 38 Jump up ^ Chrystal , Paul ( October 17 , 2014 ) . Tea : A Very British Beverage . Amberley Publishing Limited . Jump up ^ Ukers 1935 , p. 38 Jump up ^ Mair , Victor H. ; Hoh , Erling ( 2009 ) . The True History of Tea . Thames & Hudson . p. 169 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 25146 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Ukers 1935 , p. 41 Jump up ^ Ferguson , Niall ( 2004 ) . Empire : the rise and demise of the British world order . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Rugge 's Diurnall is preserved in the British Library ( Add . MSS. 10,116 - 117 ) ; it was published as The diurnal of Thomas Rugg , 1659 - 1661 , William Lewis Sachse ed. , ( 1961 ) . Jump up ^ MP John MacGregor . Commercial Statistics . a Digest of the Productive Resources , Commercial Legislation , Customs Tariffs , Navigation , Port , and Quarantine Laws , and Charges , Shipping , Imports and Exports , and the Monies , Weights , and Measures of All Nations . p. 47 . ISBN 9781130006230 . Jump up ^ Smith , W.J. , ed. , Herbert Correspondence , University of Wales ( 1963 ) , pp. 204 - 5 no . 353 , John Read to Richard Herbert of Oakly Park , Ludlow , 29 June 1672 . Jump up ^ Ukers 1935 , p. 31 ^ Jump up to : Smith , 268 . ^ Jump up to : Nicolas Tulp , Obersaciones Medicae , Amsterdam , 1641 , in Ukers 1935 , pp. 31 -- 32 Jump up ^ Thomas Garway , `` An Exact Description of the Growth , Quality , and Vertues of the Leaf TEA , '' c. 1660 , preserved in the British Museum , in Ukers 1935 , pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Ellis , Coulton & Mauger 2015 , pp. 32 , 34 Jump up ^ Thomas Povey , Esq. , `` A Famous Tea Manuscript of 1686 , '' Oct. 20 , 1686 , in Ukers 1935 , p. 40 Jump up ^ Smith , 296 . Jump up ^ Shapin , Steven ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` Pretence for Prattle '' . The London Review of Books . 37 ( 15 ) : 17 -- 18 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Coulton & Mauger 2015 , p. 43 ^ Jump up to : Ellis , Coulton & Mauger 2015 , p. 31 Jump up ^ Ellis , Coulton & Mauger 2015 , p. 36 Jump up ^ Richard , Lord Braybrooke , ed. , note in The Diary and Correspondence of Samuel Pepys , F.R.S. , vol . I : 109 . Jump up ^ Mintz 1993 , p. 110 Jump up ^ Wilhelm , Kendra Hunt . `` Tea Comes to England '' . Tea . Jump up ^ Ellis , Coulton & Mauger 2015 , p. 39 Jump up ^ Ukers 1935 , p. 46 Jump up ^ Sir George Staunton 's figure , starting in 1693 , is quoted , e.g. , in Walvin , James . 1997 . `` A taste of empire , 1600 - 1800 '' . ( cover story ) . History Today 47. 1 ( 2001 : 11 ) . Jump up ^ Braudel 1981 : 251 . ^ Jump up to : Guerty , P.M. ; Switaj , Kevin ( 1 April 2004 ) . `` Tea , porcelain , and sugar in the British Atlantic world '' . OAH Magazine of History . 18 ( 3 ) : 56 -- 59 . doi : 10.1093 / maghis / 18.3. 56 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Coulton & Mauger 2015 , p. 37 ^ Jump up to : Smith , 273 . Jump up ^ Smith , 274 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , 275 . Jump up ^ Smith , 263 . Jump up ^ Smith , 266 . Jump up ^ Smith , 270 . Jump up ^ `` Tea '' . In Our Time . 29 April 2004 . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ Smith , 271 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , 277 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , 276 . Jump up ^ Mintz 1985 , p. 113 ^ Jump up to : Mintz 1985 , p. 114 ^ Jump up to : Mintz 1985 , p. 110 Jump up ^ Jonas Hanway , 1767 , in Mintz , 117 . Jump up ^ Braudel 1981 : 252 . Jump up ^ David MacPherson , The History of European Commerce with India ( London : Longman , Hurst , Rees , Orme , & Brown , 1812 ) , 132 , in Mintz 1993 , p. 264 Jump up ^ Mintz 1993 , p. 264 Jump up ^ Mintz 1985 , p. 112 ^ Jump up to : Macfarlane , Alan . `` Tea and the Industrial Revolution '' ( MOVie ) . Jump up ^ Mintz 1993 , p. 265 Jump up ^ Nguyen , D.T. ; Rose , M. ( 1987 ) . `` Demand for tea in the UK 1874 - 1938 : An econometric study '' . Journal of Development Studies . 24 ( 1 ) : 43 . doi : 10.1080 / 00220388708422054 . Jump up ^ Votes for Women 1957 , quoted in Tea : A Very British Beverage by Paul Chrystal 2014 . Jump up ^ Chrystal , Paul ( 2014 ) . Tea : A Very British Beverage . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Britons have less time for tea '' . Food & Drink . 16 June 2003 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Espresso cups outsell mugs '' . The Telegraph . 11 Nov 2011 . Jump up ^ Standage , T. ( 2005 ) . A History of the World in Six Glasses . New York : Walker . p. 202 . Sources ( edit ) Ellis , Markman ; Coulton , Richard ; Mauger , Matthew ( 2015 ) . Empire of Tea : The Asian Leaf that Conquered the World . Islington , United Kingdom : Reaktion Books . Mintz , Sidney W. ( 1993 ) . `` The Changing Roles of Food in the Study of Consumption '' . In Brewer , John ; Porter , Roy . Consumption and the World of Goods . New York : Routledge . Mintz , Sidney W. ( 1985 ) . Sweetness and Power . New York : Penguin Books . Ukers , William H. ( 1935 ) . All About Tea : Vol . I. New York : The Tea and Coffee Trade Journal . Further reading ( edit ) Julie E. Fromer . A Necessary Luxury : Tea in Victorian England ( Ohio University Press , 2008 ) , 375pp Hobhouse , Henry ( 1987 ) . Seeds of Change : Six Plants that Transformed Mankind. Harper . ISBN 978 - 0060914400 . External links ( edit ) Tea , BBC Radio 4 discussion with Huw Bowen , James Walvin & Amanda Vickery ( In Our Time , Apr. 29 , 2004 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Tea ( Camellia sinensis ) Common varieties Black tea Assam Bohea Ceylon Congou Darjeeling Dianhong Kangra Keemun Lapsang souchong ( Jin Jun Mei ) Nilgiri Tibeti Rize Yingdehong Oolong tea Bai Jiguan Ban Tian Yao Bu Zhi Chun Da Hong Pao Darjeeling oolong Dong ding Dongfang Meiren Gaoshan Huangjin Gui Huang Meigui Qilan Pouchong Rougui Ruanzhi Shui Jin Gui Shui Hsien Tieluohan Tieguanyin Green tea Anji bai cha Aracha Baimao Hou Bancha Biluochun Chun Mee Dafang Genmaicha Lu'an Melon Seed Gunpowder Gyokuro Hojicha Taiping houkui Huangshan Maofeng Hyson Kabusecha Kamairicha Konacha Kukicha Longjing Matcha Maojian Mecha Mengding Ganlu Sencha Shincha Tamaryokucha White tea Bai Mudan Baihao Yinzhen Darjeeling White Shoumei Yellow tea Junshan Yinzhen Huoshan Huangya Fermented tea Pu - erh Lahpet Blended or flavoured teas Earl Grey ( Lady Grey ) Breakfast tea ( English , Irish ) Jasmine tea Lapsang souchong Masala chai Mint tea Moroccan mint tea Prince of Wales Russian Caravan General Australian Chinese British Korean Nepali Taiwanese Turkish Vietnamese Culture Customs Afternoon / High tea / Evening meal Tea party Tasseography Tea ceremony Japanese Chinese Korean Yum cha Areas Tea garden Teahouse Tearoom Cha chaan teng Chashitsu Mizuya Sukiya - zukuri Roji By country American Argentine Azerbaijani Brazilian Chinese Dominican Hong Kong Indian Mexican Pakistani Russian Senegalese Taiwanese History China India Japan Production and distribution Leaf grading Processing Decaffeination Tasting Cultivation Diseases Predation Companies Consumption by country Auctions London Chittagong Guwahati By country Bangladesh Kenya Sri Lanka United States Preparation Flowering teas Infusion Decoction ISO Procedure Steeping Tea bag Tea brick Health Health effects Phenolic content Compounds Caffeine Theanine Flavan - 3 - ol Catechin Epigallocatechin gallate Theaflavin Tea - based drinks Bubble tea Builder 's tea Butter tea Doodh pati chai Hong Kong - style milk tea Iced tea Arnold Palmer Jagertee Kahwah Lei cha Milk tea Noon chai Seven - layered tea Shahi haleeb Suutei tsai Sweet tea Teh tarik Thai tea Troq chai Yuenyeung See also Teaware Chest Caddy Strainer Infuser Teacup Teapot Tea set Literature Classical Coffee Herbal tea Dried lime Ginger Guayusa Kuding Mate Kombucha Bak kut teh List of Chinese teas Lipton Institute of Tea Teas of related species Camellia japonica Camellia sasanqua Camellia taliensis Tea seed oil <Td_colspan="2"> Category : Tea Drink Portal Coffee & Tea Task Force Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=853635050 '' Categories : Tea in the United Kingdom British culture Tea ceremony Tea culture by country Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use British English Oxford spelling from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 02 : 16 ( UTC ) . 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1. Tea consumption in the United Kingdom 2. Brewing and drinking etiquette of British-style tea 3. Tea as a break and a meal in British culture 4. History and popularity of tea in Great Britain 5. Tea cards and their significance in the UK

when did the air force switch to abus

Airman Battle uniform - wikipedia Airman Battle uniform <Th_colspan="2"> Airman Battle Uniform <Td_colspan="2"> Close - up view of the ABU 's camouflage pattern Type Combat uniform Place of origin United States of America <Th_colspan="2"> Service history In service 2007 -- present ( USAF ) 2016 -- present ( Civil Air Patrol ) Used by United States Air Force Civil Air Patrol See Users for non-U.S. users Wars Global War on Terrorism <Th_colspan="2"> Production history Designed 2003 -- 2006 Produced 2006 -- present Variants Airman Battle Shirt ( ABS ) The Airman Battle Uniform ( ABU ) is U.S. camouflage battledress uniform ; it is a service - distinctive uniform as it is primarily used by the United States Air Force and its civilian auxiliary . It replaced the Battle Dress Uniform on 1 November 2011 after a four - year phase - in period . On 14 May 2018 , The U.S. Air Force announced that all airmen will transition from the Airman Battle Uniform to the Army Combat Uniform Operation Camouflage Pattern ( OCP ) , which the Air Force refers to as Operational Camouflage Pattern . All airmen will be allowed to wear OCP - patterned ACUs beginning on 1 October 2018 , and the wear out date for the ABU is 1 April 2021 . Contents 1 History 1.1 2000s 1.1. 1 2003 -- 2006 : Prototypes and testing 1.1. 2 2007 : The ABU makes its debut 1.1. 3 2009 : Airman Battle Shirt introduced 1.2 2010s 1.2. 1 2016 : Civil Air Patrol adopts the ABU 1.2. 2 2018 : Air Force switches to Operational Camouflage Pattern 2 Features and attributes 3 Criticism 4 Users 5 See also 5.1 Current 5.2 Former 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) 2000s ( edit ) 2003 -- 2006 : prototypes and testing ( edit ) The ABU as shown with optical brightening lights . The first prototype of the ABU was unveiled in the summer of 2003 , based on the Vietnam War - era Tigerstripe pattern . The early uniform prototypes consisted of trousers , an embroidered undershirt , and a blouse . The camouflage pattern , developed by Tiger Stripe Products and based upon their popular copyrighted Original Vietnam Tiger Stripe , was a blue / gray , tiger stripe pattern . After months of `` wear testing '' , Air Force officials revised the color scheme and camouflage pattern due to feedback received from airmen . The new elementary semi-pixelated tiger pattern would trade its dominant blue overtones for a more subdued palette , which still includes some blue tones . However , few of the functional recommendations made by airmen in the field were implemented into the uniform which remains very similar in design to the older BDU style uniforms . This has been a subject of many complaints from airmen returning from duty in Iraq and Afghanistan who had been wearing the Army Combat Uniform ( ACU ) as a temporary issue uniform . These complaints include the ABU 's inability to keep the wearer cool while working in desert conditions due to the thickness of the material ( 13 ounces ) and large interior `` map '' pockets , lack of storage space and the low ease of use with government issue personal body armor . While not officially recommended , airmen can cut the pockets out of the inside of the blouse because it does not alter the outer appearance of the uniform . 2007 : the ABU makes its debut ( edit ) On 2 October 2007 , the Air Force began issuing the ABU to enlisted trainees in Basic Military Training at Lackland AFB and was issued to the Class of 2012 at the United States Air Force Academy on 26 June 2008 , and is now available for purchase by all airmen . Since 2008 , it has been issued to airmen deploying to locations in CENTCOM , including Kuwait , Iraq , and Afghanistan . Personnel in other countries were issued DCU uniforms while inventory lasted . The ABU is available at Army and Air Force Exchange Service ( AAFES ) military clothing stores . Although the Air Force has officially recognized color variations in different set of ABUs , all variations are currently authorized to wear and the problem should be fixed when the patterns are finalized within a year . 2009 : Airman Battle shirt introduced ( edit ) Starting in 2009 , airmen who were deployed or training for deployment were issued the new Airman Battle Shirt ( ABS ) . The ABS was developed by Massif Mountain Gear and based on the Army Combat Shirt ( ACS ) . Like the ACS , the ABS is a stand - alone shirt designed specifically for use with Improved Outer Tactical Vest armor in warm and hot weather . It is intended to greatly increase user comfort through the use of lightweight , moisture - wicking , and breathable fabrics . Since it is only issued to deployed or predeployed airmen , the ABS is not authorized for wear outside of the deployed setting . The ABS features the same tiger stripe pattern on the sleeves as the ABU features . 2010s ( edit ) In 2010 , MultiCam was authorized to replace the ABU - pattern on the Airman Battle System - Ground in the War in Afghanistan by Air Force ground forces . In June 2011 , The Air Force Times released the announcement of a summer weight ABU to be available in 2012 . The Improved Airman Battle Uniform will be made of a 50 -- 50 nylon - cotton blend and is the same material used by the Army for the ACU . Just like the ABU , the IABU is machine washable and also wrinkle resistant . Chief of Staff of the Air Force Gen. Norton A. Schwartz gave approval of the IABU coat and pants which will be available to trainees at Basic Military Training first . No special allowance will be given to troops since they are not being forced to buy the uniform , although it will cost about the same as the current ABU . The ABU became mandatory ( completely replacing the BDU and DCU ) on 1 Oct 2011 , marking the beginning of fiscal year 2012 , though most airmen had been wearing the ABU for several years by that point . In May 2012 , the Air Force changed the terminology of the new ABU uniforms to RABU ( Rip - stop Airman Battle Uniform ) . 2016 : Civil Air Patrol adopts the ABU ( edit ) Members of the Civil Air Patrol being inspected indoors . Most members are wearing Airman Battle Uniforms , and some are wearing the older Battle Dress Uniform ( BDU ) . The Air Force 's civilian auxiliary , Civil Air Patrol , wear - tested the ABU in late 2015 . In May 2016 , the national commander of the Civil Air Patrol issued a memorandum allowing the wear of the ABU effective June 15 , 2016 . However , the uniform is worn with dark blue name tapes ( with white lettering ) and insignia cloth ( similar to those used by the USAF in the 1970s ) and black boots in order to distinguish CAP personnel . 2018 : Air Force switches to Operational camouflage pattern ( edit ) All airmen will be allowed to wear the Operation Camouflage Pattern instead of ABUs beginning 1 October 2018 . recruits in basic training , and cadets in Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps , and Officer Training School will start being issued OCPs on 1 October 2019 . The Airman Battle Uniform will no longer be authorized to wear after 1 April 2021 . Features and attributes ( edit ) U.S. airmen in 2010 wearing the Airman Battle Uniform The Airman Battle Uniform is similar to the Universal Camouflage Pattern ( UCP ) in color , with the inclusion of slate blue , but is otherwise nearly identical to the BDU layout . The ABU is to be worn with low - maintenance sage green suede combat boots . The ABU does not have features of the U.S. Army ACU , such as tilted / slanted pockets , sleeve pockets , hook - and - loop attachment points and closures , gusseted back , mandarin collar , etc . However , the ABU does have essential NIR ( near - infra red ) qualities . The sleeves are authorized to be rolled up . The heavy weight of the material , along with the multiple layers used to make the interior pockets , retains more heat than the ACU or BDU in hot climates such as the Middle East . A new version of the ABU blouse has the multiple layers and inside pockets removed . Overview of the Airman Battle Uniform is as follows : Headwear Patrol cap 's shape remains the same , including sewn vent holes instead of grommetted vent hole . Boonie cover is available for the ABU for use only in deployed locations . Organizational ( e.g. , squadron , group or wing ) ballcaps are not authorized ( exceptions being authorized bush hats , berets , and RED HORSE ) Sage - green watch cap for cold climate garrison and deployed locations with the All Purpose Environmental Clothing System ( APECS ) parka . The Army 's sage - green ACU fleece watch cap was authorized in 2010 . Sand T - shirt ( cotton , cotton blend , flame - retardant , or wicking material ) Organizational T - shirts are authorized for wear on Fridays as a morale booster , but are subject to command level discretion . The change came with a revision of AFI36 - 2903 in 2014 . Blouse All insignia , including occupational badges ( aeronautical wings , occupational badges , etc . ) , are embroidered in midnight - blue thread with urban - gray background with the exception of rank insignia for 2nd Lieutenant and Major , which incorporate brown thread . Name and service tapes are embroidered in midnight - blue thread on ABU background tapes . Patches ( e.g. , MAJCOM , wing , group , squadron , etc . ) are not worn with the ABU , with the exception of aeronautical and chaplain badges and duty shields for Security Forces and Fire Protection ; however , occupational badges ( up to 3 ) are authorized and encouraged . 2 internal map pockets ( allowed to be removed and no longer a feature in current production runs ) . Pen pocket on left forearm ( holds two pens ) . No other patches are authorized -- except the Commander 's badge . Outerwear such as APECS parka , rain jacket are available for the ABU The sage - green fleece jacket is now authorized as an outer garment . Rigger 's belt , sand Trousers Elastic stretch waist Additional pocket inside thigh cargo pockets Two lower leg cargo pockets Tool pouches on lower leg pockets ( with two pen pockets on the right pocket ) Combat boots are rough - out sage green Boots are available from a number of manufacturers ( Belleville , Corcoran , Bates , Danner , Rocky , Converse , Rockport , etc . ) . Sock color must match boots . U.S. airmen wearing ABUs on an exercise in 2011 The ABU comes in 236 different size options in both male and female sizes which are only offered in temperate weight . Additionally , its permanent press finish means the uniform can not be starched , pressed or dry - cleaned . Airmen are able to pull the ABU from the dryer and wear it without further treatment . Any further treatment would degrade the effectiveness of the uniform and damage the NIR capability . No mixing of camouflage patterns is currently authorized with the ABU except when in deployed locations such as the U.S. Central Command ( USCENTCOM ) Area of Responsibility ( AOR ) , or when ACU or camouflage field items , such as magazine / utility pouches , personal body armor , helmet covers , knee / elbow pads , etc. , are authorized . Exception to this policy is the ECWCS Gore - Tex parka which , with installation commander approval , is authorized for wear with the ABU . Only the AF APECS Parka or DCU Gore - Tex is authorized in the USCENTCOM AOR . Backpacks and other accessories must be sage , black , or ABU pattern . As many accessories are not made in ABU specifically , ACU pattern accessories are authorized . Criticism ( edit ) Airmen generally rejected the `` map '' pockets inside the blouse because they are difficult to access without unbuttoning the shirt , are poorly placed for use due to sweat , and act as an additional layer of an already heavy uniform . Newer production blouses lack these pockets . Despite improvements to the uniform such as wash and wear fabrics and improved NIR coverage , the uniform still has known problems . One of the most common complaints is that the uniform is too hot for wear in high temperature environments . In 2008 , responding to these criticisms that the new Airman Battle Uniform was too heavy and hot , the USAF 's 648th Aeronautical Systems Squadron at Brooks City - Base revealed their plans for a switch to a lighter , more breathable fabric with the combat blouse section of the ABU . The original heavyweight nylon / cotton blend was changed to a lighter - weight nylon / cotton poplin material . Priority will go to those serving in the Middle East or other hot - weather theaters . A second criticism is that the suede boots are too easily damaged and impossible to clean if they are exposed to grease , oil , or other petroleum products . In 2011 , a new `` Maintainer '' style of boot , made with sage green full grain leather , was authorized for wear by all airmen to address these concerns . Additionally , the uniform has been criticized for failing to incorporate any but the most superficial features designed into the ACU and MCCUU . The semi-digitized , tiger - stripe pattern has been criticized for being ineffective and unrealistic . These issues were addressed in an open letter from the pattern developer , Tiger Stripe Products , to servicemembers of the USAF , in which the developer agreed with the criticisms , but blamed the Air Force leadership for them . For a time , airmen deployed to locations in Southwest Asia abandoned their ABUs in favor of DCUs because ABUs were not suitable for the intense heat of the environment . However , as of 1 November 2011 , the DCU was officially phased out and no longer authorized for wear at any deployed location . As of 1 February 2012 , the ABU is no longer authorized within Afghanistan , though still used by a few airmen . To have uniformity with the U.S. Army and U.S. Navy , and seeing the need to better blend with the landscape and provide a lighter & cooler uniform for the desert environment , the Air Force approved and adopted the wear of the Operation Enduring Freedom Camouflage Pattern ( OCP ) , or Multicam , when on deployment to Afghanistan . The ABU is still worn outside of Afghanistan , as Multicam was not authorized outside Afghanistan operations . However , some AFSOC and ACC units began utilizing the Multicam / Scorpion W2 uniform in - garrison as well under local commanders ' policies , and AFCENTCOM officially rechristened the uniform the `` Airman Combat Uniform '' in an August 2017 supplement to AFI 36 - 2903 Dress and Appearance . As DoD regulations require uniforms that do not melt when exposed to fire or high voltage for certain AFSCs , a cotton variant is in initial production ( 2010 ) for fire fighters , electricians , mechanical personnel who work with electrical power for HVAC , and several other AFSCs . This version is a 100 % cotton ABU coat and pant that is Certified to NFPA 1975 Standards for Station / Work Uniforms for Emergency Services ( 2009 edition ) by Underwriters Laboratories , Inc . An additional feature of this NFPA ABU is the lack of the interior `` map pockets '' ( a common complaint regarding the ABU ) . The NFPA ABU can be used upon approval by unit commanders by personnel requiring a fire - retardant fabric . The fabric is also NIR Compliant . There is another 100 % cotton ABU version that is discontinued but available in limited quantities in both men 's and women 's sizes but this version is not fire retardant . Since the NFPA ABU 's are 100 % cotton , they are not nearly as durable , nor as `` wash and wear '' as the regular ABU 's , but they are much cooler in extremely hot weather . Users ( edit ) United States : United States Air Force , slowly changing to OCP . Also used by the Civil Air Patrol . Ukraine : Used by Ternopil Company in limited numbers . See also ( edit ) United States Air Force portal Current ( edit ) Operational Camouflage Pattern , U.S. Army pattern , replacing UCP Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform , current USMC uniform MARPAT , current USMC uniform pattern Navy Working Uniform , the naval equivalent Operational Dress Uniform , current U.S. Coast Guard uniform Former ( edit ) Battle Dress Uniform Desert Battle Dress Uniform Desert Night Camouflage Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Formally ; limited prototype testing from 2006 to 2007 . Used alongside the Battle Dress Uniform ( BDU ) until 2011 . To be discontinued altogether in 2021 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Uniform phase - out date set for Nov. 1 Archived 2 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Cox , Matthew ( 14 May 2018 ) . `` Air Force transitions to a single combat uniform '' . AF.mil . Jump up ^ U.S. Air Force Tiger Archived 14 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ About.com US Military , ( 2004 ) . Air Force Changes Color for Proposed Utility Uniform . Retrieved 7 April 2006 . Archived 12 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : TigerStripe , ( 2006 ) . `` U.S. Air Force Uniform Project '' Archived 14 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ New uniforms : Comfortable , functional are goals . New uniforms : Comfortable , functional are goals . Retrieved 14 May 2009 . Archived 2 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bruce Rolfsen . `` Airmen will receive MultiCam , eventually '' . Army Times Publishing Company . Retrieved 13 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Lighter ABUs to help Airmen to beat heat in 2012 , ( 2011 ) . `` ( 1 ) '' Jump up ^ Air Force Link , ( 2006 ) . `` Airman Battle Uniform finalized , ready for production '' Jump up ^ `` U.S. Air Force - Mobile '' ^ Jump up to : `` ABUs - CAP Talk , the unofficial Civil Air Patrol forum '' . captalk.net . ^ Jump up to : http://www.capmembers.com/media/cms/CAP_Transition_to_ABUs_06DC64FB17483.pdf Jump up ^ Mancaso , Shon J. ( 13 July 2018 ) . Dress and Personal Appearance of Air Force Personnel ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Department of the Air Force . p. 9 of PDF . Jump up ^ `` Sleeves can now be rolled up '' . Jump up ^ Air Force Link , ( 2007 ) . Airman Battle Uniform poster . Retrieved 10 July 2007 . Archived 23 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` News '' . www.af.mil . Jump up ^ Air Force Link Airman Roll Call 2007 . U.S. Air Force - Mobile Retrieved 30 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Winn , Patrick , Better , Lighter ABU Blouse Is On The Way , Air Force Times , 9 May 2008 Jump up ^ `` AFCENT Updates Dress And Appearance Instruction ; Does This Signal Changes Coming Air Force - Wide ? '' . Soldier Systems . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : The Air Force Is Switching to the Army 's OCP Uniform '' . 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pentagon spends billions on duplicative camouflage outfits , GAO says '' . Jump up ^ `` Ternopil Company - Military Land '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Airman Battle Uniform . ABU Information History of U.S. Air Force Uniform Project -- Tiger Stripe Products <Th_colspan="3"> United States Air Force Leadership Secretary of the Air Force Under Secretary of the Air Force Chief of Staff Vice Chief of Staff Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force Four - star generals House Armed Services Committee House Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Senate Committee on Armed Services Senate Subcommittee on Airland Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Structure Commands Reserve Air National Guard Field Operating Agencies Installations Direct Reporting Units District of Washington Operational Test and Evaluation Center USAF Academy Major Commands ACC AETC AFGSC AFMC AFRC AFSPC AFSOC AMC PACAF USAFE - AFA Numbered Air Forces First Second Third Fourth Fifth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Fourteenth Seventeenth Eighteenth Nineteenth Twentieth Twenty - Second Twenty - Fourth Twenty - Fifth Air Forces Central <Td_colspan="2"> Wings ANG Groups ANG Squadrons ANG Security Forces Civilian auxiliary : Civil Air Patrol Personnel and training Airmen Rank officers enlisted Specialty Code Aeronautical ratings Judge Advocate General 's Corps RED HORSE Security Forces Medical Service Chief of Chaplains Chief Scientist Training : Air Force Academy Officer Training School Reserve Officer Training Corps Basic Training Airman Leadership School SERE Fitness Assessment Uniforms and equipment Awards and decorations Badges Equipment Uniforms History and traditions History Aeronautical Division / Aviation Section / Division of Military Aeronautics / Army Air Service / Army Air Corps / Army Air Forces `` The U.S. Air Force '' Air Force Band Airman 's Creed Core Values Flag Symbol Memorial National Museum Women Airforce Service Pilots Air Force One Honor Guard Thunderbirds Service numbers <Td_colspan="3"> United States Air Force portal <Th_colspan="2"> Equipment of the United States Air Force Active service & Aircraft designation A - Attack A / OA - 10A / C Thunderbolt II AC - 130H / U / J / W Spectre / Spooky II / Ghostrider / Stinger II B - Strategic bomber B - 1B Lancer B - 2A Spirit B - 52H Stratofortress C - Cargo transport C - 5A / B / C Galaxy C - 5M Super Galaxy C - 12C / D / F Huron C - 17A Globemaster III C - 20B Gulfstream III C - 20H Gulfstream IV C - 21A Learjet C - 27J Spartan C - 37A Gulfstream V C - 40B / C Clipper C - 130E / H / J / J - 30 Hercules CV - 22B Osprey E - Electronic warfare E-3B / C Sentry E-4B E-8C Joint STARS E-9A Widget E-11A BACN EC - 130H Compass Call EC - 130J Commando Solo F - Air superiority & Multirole fighter F - 15C / D Eagle F - 15E Strike Eagle F - 16C / D Fighting Falcon F - 22A Raptor F - 35A Lightning II H - Search and rescue HC - 130P / N King HC - 130J Combat King II HH - 60G / MH - 60G Pave Hawk K - Tanker KC - 10A Extender KC - 135E / R / T Stratotanker L - Cold weather LC - 130H M - Multi-mission CV - 22 Osprey MC - 130E / H / J / P Combat Talon I / Combat Talon II / Commando II / Combat Shadow MC - 12W Liberty O - Observation OC - 135B Open Skies Q - Remotely Piloted MQ - 1 Predator MQ - 9 Reaper RQ - 4A Global Hawk RQ - 11B Raven RQ - 170 Sentinel R - Reconnaissance RC - 26B Condor RC - 135S / U / V / W COBRA BALL / Combat Sent / Rivet Joint Scan Eagle RU - 2S Dragon Lady Wasp III T - Trainer T - 1A Jayhawk T - 6A Texan II ( A ) T - 38A / B / C Talon II TG - 10B / C / D TG - 15A / B Diamond T - 52A U - Utility UH - 1N Iroquois UH - 1H / N / V Huey UV - 18A / B Twin Otter U-28A V -- VIP / staff transport VC - 9C VC - 25A ( Air Force One ) C - 32A / B ( Air Force Two ) C - 40B / C Clipper W -- Weather reconnaissance WC - 130J Hercules WC - 135W Constant Phoenix Other / undesignated An - 26 ( 6th SOS ) CN - 235 - 100 ( 427th SOS ) Mi - 8 ( 6th SOS ) Space systems Launch vehicle Atlas V Delta II Delta IV Satellite Advanced Extremely High Frequency ( AEHF ) Defense Meteorological Satellite Program ( DMSP ) Defense Satellite Communications System ( DSCS ) Defense Support Program ( DSP ) Global Positioning System ( GPS ) Milstar Satellite Communications System Space - Based Infrared System ( SBIRS ) Wideband Global SATCOM Ground systems C2 AN / USQ - 163 Falconer AN / GSQ - 272 Sentinel Ground - based radar AN / FPQ - 16 Perimeter Acquisition Attack Characterization System ( PARCS ) AN / FPS - 123 Early Warning Radar ( EWR ) AN / FPS - 132 Upgraded Early Warning Radar ( UEWR ) AN / FPS - 85 AN / FPS - 133 Air Force Space Surveillance System ( AFSSS ) AN / FSQ - 114 Ground - Based Electro - Optical Deep Space Surveillance ( GEODSS ) AN / FSQ - 224 Morón Optical Space Surveillance ( MOSS ) Rapid Attack , Identification , Detection , and Reporting System ( RAIDRS ) Ground vehicle HMMWV LSSV R - 5 Refueler R - 9 Refueler R - 11 Refueler C300 Munitions Bomb Mk - 82 Mk - 84 GBU - 8 GBU - 10 Paveway II GBU - 12 Paveway II GBU - 15 GBU - 24 Paveway III GBU - 27 Paveway III GBU - 28 GBU - 31 JDAM GBU - 32 JDAM GBU - 38 JDAM GBU - 39 Small Diameter Bomb GBU - 44 / B Viper Strike GBU - 53 / B Small Diameter Bomb II GBU - 54 Laser JDAM CBU - 87 Combined Effects Munition CBU - 89 Gator CBU - 97 Sensor Fuzed Weapon BLU - 109 / B Bomb BLU - 116 Bunker Buster B61 Nuclear Bomb B83 Nuclear Bomb Gun GAU - 8 Avenger M61 Vulcan GAU - 12 GAU - 13 GAU - 19 M240 L / 60 Bofors M102 ATK GAU - 23 / A M2 Browning Minigun Missile AIM - 7M Sparrow AIM - 9M / X Sidewinder LGM - 30G Minuteman III AGM - 65A / B / D / E / G / G2 / H / K Maverick AGM - 84 Harpoon AGM - 84E Standoff Land Attack Missile AGM - 84H / K Standoff Land Attack Missile - Expanded Response AGM - 86B / C / D Air - Launched Cruise Missile ( ALCM ) AGM - 88A / B / C High - speed Anti-radiation Missile ( HARM ) AGM - 114 Hellfire Air - to - Surface Missile ( ASM ) AIM - 120B / C Advanced Medium - Range Air - to - Air Missile ( AMRAAM ) AGM - 130 Powered Standoff Weapon AGM - 154A Joint Standoff Weapon ( JSOW ) AGM - 158 Joint Air - to - Surface Stand - off Missile ( JASSM ) AGM - 176 Griffin Zuni rocket Target BQM - 34 Firebee BQM - 167 Subscale Aerial Target MQM - 107 Streaker QF - 4 Aerial Target Small arms Sidearm / PDW M11 Pistol M9 Pistol M17 Pistol MP5 submachine gun USAF Pilot 's Survival Knife Rifle / Carbine GUU - 5 / P Carbine M4 carbine M14 Stand - off Munitions Disruptor ( SMUD ) M16A2 Rifle M24 Sniper Weapon System M107 Long Range Sniper Rifle Mk 14 Mod 0 Enhanced Battle Rifle Support / CQB M60 machine gun M2HB Browning machine gun M240B Medium Machine Gun M249 light machine gun M1014 shotgun Remington 870 MCS shotgun Ordnance M136 AT4 Light Anti-tank Weapon M18A1 Claymore Mine M67 Fragmentation Grenade M72 Light Anti-tank Weapon ( LAW ) M79 grenade launcher MK - 19 automatic grenade launcher Uniforms & other equipment Airman Battle Uniform ( ABU ) Airman Combat Uniform ( ACU ) Flight Suit Physical Training Uniform Service Dress Uniform Mess dress CMU -- 33A / P22P - 18 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Airman_Battle_Uniform&oldid=857114840 '' Categories : United States Air Force uniforms American military uniforms Camouflage patterns Air force uniforms Military camouflage Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2014 Use dmy dates from March 2018 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 17 : 21 ( UTC ) . 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1. Airman Battle Uniform (ABU) 2. Combat uniform 3. United States Air Force 4. Operational Camouflage Pattern (OCP) 5. Criticisms of the ABU

where does the index go in a book

Index ( publishing ) - wikipedia Index ( publishing ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses of `` Index '' , see Index ( disambiguation ) . For other uses of `` Indexer '' , see Indexer ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An index ( plural : usually indexes , more rarely indices ; see below ) is a list of words or phrases ( ' headings ' ) and associated pointers ( ' locators ' ) to where useful material relating to that heading can be found in a document or collection of documents . Examples are an index in the back matter of a book and an index that serves as a library catalog . In a traditional back - of - the - book index , the headings will include names of people , places , events , and concepts selected by the indexer as being relevant and of interest to a possible reader of the book . The indexer may be the author , the editor , or a professional indexer working as a third party . The pointers are typically page numbers , paragraph numbers or section numbers . In a library catalog the words are authors , titles , subject headings , etc. , and the pointers are call numbers . Internet search engines ( such as Google ) and full - text searching help provide access to information but are not as selective as an index , as they provide non-relevant links , and may miss relevant information if it is not phrased in exactly the way they expect . Perhaps the most advanced investigation of problems related to book indexes is made in the development of topic maps , which started as a way of representing the knowledge structures inherent in traditional back - of - the - book indexes . The concept embodied by book indexes lent its name to database indexes , which similarly provide an abridged way to look up information in a larger collection , albeit one for computer use rather than human use . Contents ( hide ) 1 Earliest examples in English 2 Etymology and plural 3 Indexing process 3.1 Conventional indexing 4 Indexing software 4.1 Embedded indexing 5 Purpose 6 Index quality 7 Indexer roles 8 References in popular culture 9 Standards 10 Societies 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Earliest examples in English ( edit ) In the English language , indexes have been referred to as early as 1593 , as can be seen from lines in Christopher Marlowe 's Hero and Leander of that year : Therefore , even as an index to a book So to his mind was young Leander 's look . A similar reference to indexes is in Shakespeare 's lines from Troilus and Cressida ( I. 3.344 ) , written nine years later : And in such indexes , although small pricks To their subsequent volumes , there is seen The baby figure of the giant mass Of things to come at large . But according to G. Norman Knight , `` at that period , as often as not , by an ' index to a book ' was meant what we should now call a table of contents . '' Among the first indexes -- in the modern sense -- to a book in the English language was one in Plutarch 's Parallel Lives , in Sir Thomas North 's 1595 translation . A section entitled `` An Alphabetical Table of the most material contents of the whole book '' may be found in Henry Scobell 's Acts and Ordinances of Parliament of 1658 . This section comes after `` An index of the general titles comprised in the ensuing Table '' . Both of these indexes predate the index to Alexander Cruden 's Concordance ( 1737 ) , which is erroneously held to be the earliest index found in an English book . Etymology and plural ( edit ) The word is derived from Latin , in which index means `` one who points out '' , an `` indication '' , or a `` forefinger '' . In Latin , the plural form of the word is indices . In English , the plural `` indices '' is commonly used in mathematical and computing contexts , and sometimes in bibliographical contexts -- for example , in the 17 - volume Women in World History : A Biographical Encyclopedia ( 1999 -- 2002 ) . However , this form is now seen as an archaism by many writers and commentators , who prefer the anglicised plural `` indexes '' . `` Indexes '' is widely used in the publishing industry ; in the International Standard ISO 999 , Information and documentation -- Guidelines for the content , organization and presentation of indexes ; and is preferred by the Oxford Style Manual . The Chicago Manual of Style allows both forms . G. Norman Knight quotes Shakespeare 's lines from Troilus and Cressida ( I. 3.344 ) -- `` And in such indexes ... '' -- and comments : `` But the real importance of this passage is that it establishes for all time the correct literary plural ; we can leave the Latin form `` indices '' to the mathematicians ( and similarly `` appendices '' to the anatomists ) . '' Indexing process ( edit ) The first page of the index of Novus Atlas Sinensis by Martino Martini ( published as a section of Volume 10 of Joan Blaeu 's Atlas Maior in 1655 ) Conventional indexing ( edit ) The indexer reads through the text , identifying indexable concepts ( those for which the text provides useful information and which will be of relevance for the text 's readership ) . The indexer creates index headings to represent those concepts , which are phrased such that they can be found when in alphabetical order ( so , for example , one would write ' indexing process ' rather than ' how to create an index ' ) . These headings and their associated locators ( indicators to position in the text ) are entered into specialist indexing software which handles the formatting of the index and facilitates the editing phase . The index is then edited to impose consistency throughout the index . Indexers must analyze the text to enable presentation of concepts and ideas in the index that may not be named within the text . The index is intended to help the reader , researcher , or information professional , rather than the author , find information , so the professional indexer must act as a liaison between the text and its ultimate user . In the United States , according to tradition , the index for a non-fiction book is the responsibility of the author , but most authors do n't actually do it . Most indexing is done by freelancers hired by authors , publishers or an independent business which manages the production of a book , publishers or book packagers . Some publishers and database companies employ indexers . Indexing software ( edit ) Commercial software is available to aid the indexer in building a book index . There are several dedicated , indexing software programs available to assist with the special sorting and copying needs involved in index preparation . The most widely known include Cindex , Macrex and SkyIndex . TExtract is a hybrid semi-automatic program combining conventional manual indexing with automated indexing features and text linking . Embedded indexing ( edit ) Embedded indexing involves including the index headings in the midst of the text itself , but surrounded by codes so that they are not normally displayed . A usable index is then generated automatically from the embedded text using the position of the embedded headings to determine the locators . Thus , when the pagination is changed the index can be regenerated with the new locators . LaTeX documents support embedded indexes primarily through the MakeIndex package . Several widely used XML DTDs , including DocBook and TEI , have elements that allow index creation directly in the XML files . Most word processing software , such as StarWriter / OpenOffice.org Writer , Microsoft Word , and WordPerfect , as well as some desktop publishing software ( for example , FrameMaker and InDesign ) , as well as other tools ( MadCap Software 's Flare ) ) have some facility for embedded indexing as well . TExtract supports embedded indexing of Microsoft Word documents . An embedded index requires more time to create than a conventional static index ; however , an embedded index can save time in the long run when the material is updated or repaginated . This is because , with a static index , if even a few pages change , the entire index must be revised or recreated while , with an embedded index , only the pages that changed need updating or indexing . Purpose ( edit ) Indexes are designed to help the reader find information quickly and easily . A complete and truly useful index is not simply a list of the words and phrases used in a publication ( which is properly called a concordance ) , but an organized map of its contents , including cross-references , grouping of like concepts , and other useful intellectual analysis . Sample back - of - the - book index excerpt : sage , 41 - 42 . See also Herbs ← directing the reader to related terms Scarlet Sages . See Salvia coccinea ← redirecting the reader to term used in the text shade plants ← grouping term ( may not appear in the text ; may be generated by indexer ) hosta , 93 ← subentries myrtle , 46 Solomon 's seal , 14 sunflower , 47 ← regular entry In books , indexes are usually placed near the end ( this is commonly known as `` BoB '' or back - of - book indexing ) . They complement the table of contents by enabling access to information by specific subject , whereas contents listings enable access through broad divisions of the text arranged in the order they occur . It has been remarked that , while `` ( a ) t first glance the driest part of the book , on closer inspection the index may provide both interest and amusement from time to time . '' Index quality ( edit ) Some principles of good indexing include : Ensuring each topic / section includes a variety of relevant index entries ; use two or three entries per topic Understanding the audience and understand what kind of index entries they 're likely to look for Use the same form throughout ( singular vs. plural , capitalisation , etc . ) , using standard indexing conventions Indexing pitfalls : Significant topics with no index entries at all Indexing ' mere mentions ' -- - `` But John Major was no Winston Churchill ... '' indexed under ' Churchill , Winston ' Circular cross-references : ' Felidae . See Cats ' -- - ' Cats . See Felidae ' References to discussions of a single topic scattered among several main headings : ' Cats , 50 - 62 ' -- - ' Felidae , 175 - 183 ' Inconsistently indexing similar topics Confusing similar names : Henry V of England , Henri V of France Incorrect alphabetization : ' α - Linolenic acid ' under ' A ' instead of ' L ' Inappropriate inversions : ' processors , word ' for ' word processors ' Inappropriate subheadings : ' processors : food , 213 - 6 ; word , 33 - 7 ' Computer indexing from section headings : e.g. ' Getting to know your printer ' under ' G ' Indexer roles ( edit ) Some indexers specialize in specific formats , such as scholarly books , microforms , web indexing ( the application of a back - of - book - style index to a website or intranet ) , search engine indexing , database indexing ( the application of a pre-defined controlled vocabulary such as MeSH to articles for inclusion in a database ) , and periodical indexing ( indexing of newspapers , journals , magazines ) . Some indexers with expertise in controlled vocabularies also work as taxonomists and ontologists . Some indexers specialize in particular subject areas , such as anthropology , business , computers , economics , education , government documents , history , law , mathematics , medicine , psychology , and technology . An indexer can be found for any subject . References in popular culture ( edit ) In `` The Library of Babel '' , a short story by Jorge Luis Borges , there is an index of indexes that catalogues all of the books in the library , which contains all possible books . Kurt Vonnegut 's novel Cat 's Cradle includes a character who is a professional indexer and believes that `` indexing ( is ) a thing that only the most amateurish author ( undertakes ) to do for his own book . '' She claims to be able to read an author 's character through the index he created for his own history text , and warns the narrator , an author , `` Never index your own book . '' Vladimir Nabokov 's novel Pale Fire includes a parody of an index , reflecting the insanity of the narrator . Mark Danielewski 's novel House of Leaves contains an exhaustive 41 page index of words in the novel , including even large listings for inconsequential words such as the , and , and in . Standards ( edit ) ISO 999 : 1996 Guidelines for the Content , Organization , and Presentation of Indexes ( this is also the national standard in the UK , Australia , and New Zealand ) Societies ( edit ) The American Society for Indexing , Inc . ( ASI ) is a national association founded in 1968 to promote excellence in indexing and increase awareness of the value of well - designed indexes . ASI serves indexers , librarians , abstractors , editors , publishers , database producers , data searchers , product developers , technical writers , academic professionals , researchers and readers , and others concerned with indexing . It is the only professional organization in the United States devoted solely to the advancement of indexing , abstracting and related methods of information retrieval . Other similar societies include : Association of Southern African Indexers and Bibliographers ( ASAIB ) Australian and New Zealand Society of Indexers British Record Society China Society of Indexers German Network of Indexers / Deutsches Netwerk der Indexer ( DNI ) Indexing Society of Canada / Société canadienne d'indexation ( ISC / SCI ) Nederlands Indexers Netwerk ( NIN ) Society of Indexers See also ( edit ) Concordance ( publishing ) Indexing and abstracting service Subject ( documents ) Subject indexing Web indexing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Human or computer produced indexes ? '' . Indexers.org.uk. 2013 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Knight , G. Norman ( 1979 ) Indexing , the Art of : A Guide to the Indexing of Books and Periodicals ( HarperCollins ) , pp. 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ Commire , Anne , ed. ( 1999 -- 2002 ) . Women in World History : a biographical encyclopedia . Detroit : Yorkin Publications . ISBN 0 - 7876 - 3736 - X . Jump up ^ Ritter , R.M. , ed. ( 2003 ) . The Oxford Style Manual . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 772 . Jump up ^ `` 7.6 : Alternative plural forms '' . The Chicago Manual of Style ( 16th ed . ) . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 10420 - 1 . Jump up ^ http://www.asindexing.org/about-indexing/what-is-indexing/#FAQ1004 Jump up ^ `` Software '' . The American Society for Indexing . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Robert L. Collison , Book Collecting , London , 1957 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ `` Creating Online Help ( Part 2 ) : Strategies and Implementation '' . Adobe.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Carolyn . `` The Gist of Journal Indexing '' , Key Words 10.1 ( Jan. / Feb. 2002 ) , 16 -- 22 . Jump up ^ `` ASAIB -- Home '' . asaib.org.za . Jump up ^ `` Home -- Australian and New Zealand Society of Indexers '' . anzsi.org . Jump up ^ `` Home -- British Record Society '' . britishrecordsociety.org . Jump up ^ `` 中国 索引 学会 '' . Cnindex.fudan.edu.cn . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Indexers , German Network of . `` German Network of Indexers : Welcome '' . d-indexer.org . Jump up ^ `` Home Accueil -- Indexing Society of Canada '' . indexers.ca . Jump up ^ `` NIN -- Nederlands Indexers Netwerk '' . indexers.nl . Jump up ^ `` Home : : The Society of Indexers '' . indexers.org.uk . Further reading ( edit ) This article 's further reading may not follow Wikipedia 's content policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing less relevant or redundant publications with the same point of view ; or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Booth , Pat ( 2001 ) Indexing : The Manual of Good Practice ( K.G. Saur ) , ISBN 3 - 598 - 11536 - 9 Borko , Harold & Bernier , Charles L. ( 1978 ) Indexing Concepts and Methods , ISBN 0 - 12 - 118660 - 1 Browne , Glenda and Jermey , Jon ( 2007 ) , The Indexing Companion ( Cambridge University Press ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 68988 - 5 Diodato , V. ( 1994 ) . User preferences for features in back of book indexes . Journal of the American Society for Information Science . 45 ( 7 ) , 529 - 536 . Diodato , V. & Gandt , G. ( 1991 ) . Back of book indexes and the characteristics of author and nonauthor indexing : Report of an exploratory study . Journal of the American Society for Information Science . 42 ( 5 ) , 341 - 350 . Enser , P.G.B. ( 1985 ) . Automatic classification of book material represented by back - of - the - book index . Journal of Documentation. 41 ( 3 ) , 135 - 155 . Fugmann , R. ( 2006 ) . Das Buchregister Methodische Grundlagen und praktische Anwendung . Frankfurt am Main : DGI . ( DGI Schrift ; Informationswissenschaft -- 10 ) . Grosch , A.N. ( 1986 ) . Index - aid : Computer assisted back - of - the - book indexing . Electronic Library . 4 ( 5 ) , 278 - 280 . Hornyak , B. ( 2002 ) . Indexing Specialties : Psychology . Medford , NJ : Information Today , Inc . Kendrick , P. & Zafran , E.L. ( Eds . ) . ( 2001 ) . Indexing Specialties : Law . Medford , NJ : Information Today , Inc . Mulvany , Nancy ( 2005 ) Indexing Books , 2nd ed . ( University of Chicago Press ) ISBN 0 - 226 - 55276 - 4 School of Library , archival and information studies , The University of British Columbia . Indexing resources on the WWW . Back - of - the - Book indexing . Hentet fra : http://www.slais.ubc.ca/resources/indexing/backof2.htm Schütze , H. ( 1998 ) . The Hypertext Concordance : A Better Back - of - the - Book Index . I : Proceedings of Computerm _́ 98 ( Montreal , Canada , 1998 ) . D. Bourigault , C. Jacquemin , and M. - C. L _́ Homme , Eds. , pp. 101 -- 104 . Smith , Sherry & Kells , Kari ( 2005 ) Inside Indexing : the Decision - Making Process ( Northwest Indexing Press ) , ISBN 0 - 9771035 - 0 - 1 Stauber , Do Mi ( 2004 ) Facing the Text : Content and Structure in Book Indexing ( Cedar Row Press ) ISBN 0 - 9748345 - 0 - 5 Towery , M. ( Ed . ) . ( 1998 ) . Indexing Specialties : History . Medford , NJ : Information Today , Inc . Wellisch , Hans ( 1995 ) Indexing from A to Z , 2nd ed . ( H.W. Wilson ) ISBN 0 - 8242 - 0807 - 2 Witty , F.J. ( 1965 ) . Early indexing techniques . Library Quarterly 35 , 141 - 148 . Wu , Z. etc . ( 2013 ) . Can Back - of - the - Book Indexes be Automatically Created ? In Proceedings of CIKM 2013 . San Francisco , CA , USA . Wyman , L.P. ( Ed . ) . ( 1999 ) . Indexing Specialities : Medicine . Medford , NJ : Information Today , Inc . External links ( edit ) The Indexer ( the international journal ) Consideration in Indexing Online Documents Usability studies for indexes Reflections on Authorship and Indexing `` The Definite Article : Acknowledging ' The ' in Index Entries '' , Glenda Browne , The Indexer , vol. 22 , no . 3 April 2001 , pp. 119 -- 22 . The role of indexing in technical communication Indexing FAQ / Intro Author - Created Indexes Should Authors Index Their Own Books ? <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Book design General page layout and typography choices Fonts Front and back covers Buckram Leather Anthropodermic bibliopegy Treasure binding Endpapers Marbled Front matter Half title bastard title Frontispiece Title page Edition notice Dedication Epigraph Table of contents List of figures List of tables Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Introduction Prologue Printer 's mark Body matter , which may include : Body text Chapters Parts Sections Tipped - in pages Back matter Afterword Conclusion Epilogue Outro Postscript Appendix / Addendum Glossary Bibliography Index Errata Colophon Postface Other elements Bookplate or ex-librīs Catchword Die cutting Fore - edge painting Pop - ups Thumb index NDL : 00570062 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Index_(publishing)&oldid=810029829 '' Categories : Book publishing Book terminology Book design Index ( publishing ) Information science Publishing Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2010 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia spam cleanup from June 2015 Wikipedia further reading cleanup Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aymar aru Bân - lâm - gú Brezhoneg Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 پښتو Polski Русский Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 November 2017 , at 23 : 58 . 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1. Indexing process 2. Embedded indexing 3. Index quality 4. Indexer roles 5. Standards

who starred in the original movie the fly

The Room ( film ) - wikipedia The Room ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Room ( 2005 film ) or Room ( 2015 film ) . <Th_colspan="2"> The Room <Td_colspan="2"> US film poster Directed by Tommy Wiseau Produced by Tommy Wiseau Written by Tommy Wiseau Starring Tommy Wiseau Juliette Danielle Greg Sestero Philip Haldiman Carolyn Minnott Music by Mladen Milicevic Cinematography Tommy Wiseau Edited by Tommy Wiseau Production company Wiseau - Films Distributed by Chloe Productions TPW Films Release date June 27 , 2003 ( 2003 - 06 - 27 ) Running time 99 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6 million Box office $1,800 The Room is a 2003 American independent drama film written , directed , produced by and starring Tommy Wiseau , and co-starring Greg Sestero and Juliette Danielle . The film centers on a melodramatic love triangle between amiable banker Johnny ( Wiseau ) , his deceptive fiancée Lisa ( Danielle ) and his conflicted best friend Mark ( Sestero ) . Lisa is tearing Tommy apart . A significant portion of the film is dedicated to a series of unrelated subplots , most of which involve at least one supporting character , and are unresolved due to the film 's inconsistent narrative structure . According to Wiseau , the title alludes to the potential of a room to be the site of both good and bad events ; the stage play from which the screenplay is derived takes place in a single room . Sestero has explained that the film is semi-autobiographical , and attempts to serve as `` an advisory warning about the perils of having friends '' . A number of publications have labeled The Room one of the worst films ever made . Ross Morin , an assistant professor of film studies at St. Cloud State University in Minnesota , described The Room as `` the Citizen Kane of bad movies '' ( i.e. , the `` best '' of bad movies ) . Originally shown only in a limited number of California theaters , The Room quickly became a cult film due to its bizarre and unconventional storytelling , technical and narrative flaws , and Wiseau 's off - kilter performance . Although Wiseau has retrospectively described the film as a black comedy , audiences have generally viewed it as a poorly - made drama , an opinion shared by some of the cast . The Disaster Artist , Sestero 's memoir of the making of The Room , was co-written with Tom Bissell and published in 2013 . A film of the same name based on the book , directed by and starring James Franco , was released on December 1 , 2017 ; both the book and film received widespread acclaim and numerous award nominations . The Room also inspired an unofficial video game adaptation , The Room Tribute , released on Newgrounds in 2010 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Script 3.4 Filming 3.5 Soundtrack 3.6 Directorial credit dispute 4 Analysis 4.1 Influences 4.2 Inconsistencies and narrative flaws 5 Release 5.1 Promotion 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Midnight circuit 5.4 Home media 6 Other media 6.1 Book 6.2 Video game 6.3 Live performances 6.4 Web series 6.5 Music 7 In popular culture 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Johnny is a successful banker who lives in a San Francisco townhouse with Lisa , his fiancée . Lisa , however , having become dissatisfied with her life and Johnny , seduces his best friend Mark and the two begin a secret affair . As the wedding date approaches and Johnny 's influence at his bank slips , Lisa alternates between glorifying and vilifying Johnny to her family and friends , both making false accusations of domestic abuse and defending Johnny against criticisms . Meanwhile , Johnny , having overheard Lisa confess her infidelity to her mother , attaches a tape recorder to their phone in an attempt to identify her lover . Denny , a neighboring student whom Johnny financially and emotionally supports , has a run - in with an armed drug dealer named Chris - R , whom Johnny and Mark overpower and take into custody . Denny also lusts after Lisa , ultimately confessing to Johnny his attraction . Johnny slowly begins spiraling into a mental haze and calls upon Peter , his and Mark 's psychologist friend . Peter alternates between defending Lisa and assessing her as a sociopath , which results in Mark , feeling guilty about his and Lisa 's affair , briefly trying to murder him . At a surprise birthday party for Johnny , one of his friends catches Lisa kissing Mark while the rest of the guests are outside and confronts her about the affair . Johnny announces to the guests that he and Lisa are expecting a child , only for Lisa to tell the other guests that she lied about it . At the end of the evening , Lisa flaunts her affair in front of Johnny , who attacks Mark . After the party , Johnny locks himself in the bathroom in despair . Upon coming out , he retrieves the cassette recorder that he attached to the phone and listens to an intimate call between Lisa and Mark . Outraged , Johnny berates Lisa for betraying him , prompting her to end their relationship and live with Mark . Johnny has an emotional breakdown , destroying his apartment and committing suicide via gunshot . Hearing the commotion , Denny , Mark , and Lisa rush up the stairs to find his body . Mark blames Lisa for Johnny 's death . Denny asks Lisa and Mark to leave him with Johnny , but they stay and comfort each other as the police arrive . Cast ( edit ) Greg Sestero , who portrayed Mark in The Room and served as its line producer , wrote The Disaster Artist based on his experiences working on the film . Tommy Wiseau as Johnny , a successful banker who is engaged to Lisa Greg Sestero as Mark , Johnny 's best friend , who is having an affair with Lisa Juliette Danielle as Lisa , Johnny 's sociopathic fiancée , who engages in an affair with Mark Philip Haldiman as Denny , a young neighbor whom Johnny treats as a son Carolyn Minnott as Claudette , Lisa 's mother Robyn Paris as Michelle , Lisa 's best friend Scott Holmes as Mike , Michelle 's boyfriend Dan Janjigian as Chris - R , a drug dealer who threatens Denny Kyle Vogt as Peter , a psychologist and friend of Mark and Johnny Greg Ellery as Steven , a friend of Johnny and Lisa Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Tommy Wiseau originally wrote The Room as a play in 2001 . He then adapted the play into a 500 - page book , which he was unable to get published . Frustrated , Wiseau decided to adapt the work into a film , producing it himself to maintain creative control . Wiseau has been secretive about how he obtained funding for the project , but told Entertainment Weekly that he made some of the money by importing leather jackets from Korea . According to The Disaster Artist ( Greg Sestero 's book based on the making of The Room ) , Wiseau was already independently wealthy at the time production began . Over several years , he had amassed a fortune through entrepreneurship and real estate development in Los Angeles and San Francisco . Wiseau spent the entire US $ 6,000,000 ( equivalent to about $8,000,000 in 2017 ) budget for The Room on production and marketing . Wiseau stated that the film was relatively expensive because many members of the cast and crew had to be replaced . According to Sestero , Wiseau made numerous poor decisions during filming that unnecessarily inflated the film 's budget -- Wiseau built sets for sequences that could have been filmed on location , purchased unnecessary equipment , and filmed scenes multiple times using different sets . Wiseau also forgot his lines and place on camera , resulting in minutes - long dialogue sequences taking hours or days to shoot . Wiseau 's actions further caused the film 's budget to skyrocket , according to Sestero . According to Sestero and Greg Ellery , Wiseau rented a studio at the Birns and Sawyer film lot and bought a `` complete Beginning Director package '' , which included two film and HD cameras . Wiseau was confused about the differences between 35 mm film and high - definition video . He wanted to be the first director to film an entire movie simultaneously in two formats . He achieved this by using a custom - built apparatus that housed both cameras side - by - side and required two crews to operate . Only the 35 mm footage was used in the final edit . Casting ( edit ) Tommy Wiseau in a promotional image for The Room as Johnny . Wiseau hired actors from thousands of head shots , and most of the cast had never been in a full - length film . Sestero had limited film experience and only agreed to work as part of the production crew because he had known Wiseau for some time before production began . Sestero then agreed to play the Mark character after Wiseau fired the original actor on the first day of filming . He was uncomfortable filming his sex scenes and was allowed to keep his jeans on while shooting them . According to Greg Ellery , Juliette Danielle had `` just gotten off the bus from Texas '' when shooting began , and `` the cast watched in horror '' as Wiseau jumped on Danielle , immediately beginning to film their `` love scene '' . Sestero disputed this , stating that the sex scenes were among the last filmed . Wiseau said that Danielle was originally one of three or four understudies for the Lisa character , and was selected after the original actress left the production . According to Sestero , the original actress was `` Latina '' and came from an unidentified South American country ; per Danielle , the actress was closer to Wiseau 's age with a `` random '' accent . Danielle stated that she had been cast as Michelle , but was given the Lisa role when the original actress was dismissed because her `` personality ... did n't seem to fit '' the character . Danielle corroborates that multiple actors were dismissed from the production prior to filming , including another actress hired to play Michelle . Even though Kyle Vogt ( who played Peter ) told the production team that he only had a limited amount of time for the project , not all of his scenes were filmed by the time his schedule ran out . Despite the fact that Peter was to play a pivotal role in the climax , Vogt left the production ; his lines in the last half of the film were given to Ellery , whose character is never introduced , explained , or addressed by name . Script ( edit ) The original script was significantly longer than the one used and featured a series of lengthy monologues ; it was edited on - set by the cast and script supervisor , who found much of the dialogue incomprehensible . An anonymous cast member told Entertainment Weekly that the script contained `` stuff that was just unsayable . I know it 's hard to imagine there was stuff that was worse . But there was . '' Regarding dialogue , Sestero mentions that Wiseau was adamant characters say their lines as written , but that several cast members slipped in ad libs that made the final cut . Much of the dialogue is repetitive , especially Johnny 's . His speech contains several catchphrases : he begins almost every conversation with `` Oh , hi ! '' and ends with `` That 's the idea '' . To dismissively end conversations , many characters use the phrase `` Do n't worry about it '' , and almost every male character discusses Lisa 's physical attractiveness ( including an unnamed character whose only line is `` Lisa looks hot tonight '' ) . Lisa often stops discussions about Johnny by saying `` I do n't want to talk about it '' . Despite the significant amount of dialogue regarding Johnny and Lisa 's forthcoming wedding , characters only use the words `` future husband '' or `` future wife '' rather than `` fiancé '' or `` fiancée '' . In The Disaster Artist , Sestero recalls that Wiseau planned a subplot in which Johnny was revealed to be a vampire because of Wiseau 's fascination with the creatures . Sestero recounts how Wiseau tasked the crew with devising a way for Johnny 's Mercedes - Benz to fly across the San Francisco skyline , revealing Johnny 's vampiric nature . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography lasted six months . It was mainly shot on a Los Angeles soundstage , with some second unit shooting in San Francisco , California . The many rooftop sequences were shot on the soundstage , and exteriors of San Francisco greenscreened in . A behind - the - scenes feature shows that some of the roof scenes were shot in August 2002 . The film employed over 400 people , and Wiseau is credited as an actor , writer , producer , director , and executive producer . Other executive producer credits include Chloe Lietzke and Drew Caffrey , Lietzke had no involvement in the film and Caffrey had died years prior to filming , according to Sestero . Wiseau had several problems with his behind - the - camera team , and claims to have replaced the entire crew four times . Some people had multiple jobs on the film : Sestero played the role of Mark , worked as a line producer , helped with casting , and assisted Wiseau . Wiseau required numerous retakes and direction from the script supervisor ; because he frequently forgot his own lines or missed cues . Much of his dialogue had to be re-dubbed in post production . Soundtrack ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> The Room <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Mladen Milicevic Released July 27 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 27 ) Genre Film score , R&B Length 56 : 28 Label TPW Records The score was written by Mladen Milicevic , a music professor at Loyola Marymount University . Milicevic later provided the score for Wiseau 's 2004 documentary Homeless in America and Room Full of Spoons , the 2016 documentary on The Room . The soundtrack features four R&B slow jams which play during four of the film 's five love scenes ; Michelle and Mike 's oral sex scene uses only instrumental music . The songs are `` I Will '' by Jarah Gibson , `` Crazy '' by Clint Gamboa , `` Baby You and Me '' by Gamboa with Bell Johnson , and `` You 're My Rose '' by Kitra Williams & Reflection . `` You 're My Rose '' is also reprised during the end credits . The soundtrack was released by Wiseau 's TPW Records on July 27 , 2003 . All music composed by Mladen Milicevic , except where noted . <Th_colspan="4"> ( show ) Track listing No . Title Lead vocals Length 1 . `` The Room '' 2 : 14 2 . `` Red Dress '' 1 : 09 3 . `` I Will '' ( Kitra Williams , Jarah Gibson ) Wayman Davis 3 : 28 4 . `` Lisa and Mark '' 1 : 30 5 . `` You 're My Rose '' ( Kitra Williams , Wayman Davis ) Kitra Williams 2 : 22 6 . `` Red Roses '' 3 : 15 7 . `` Street '' 0 : 53 8 . `` Life '' 2 : 43 9 . `` Street Two '' 1 : 05 10 . `` Crazy '' ( Clint Gamboa , Wayman Davis ) Clint Gamboa 2 : 52 11 . `` Chocolate is the symbol of love . '' 1 : 52 12 . `` Chris - R '' 1 : 43 13 . `` Reason '' 0 : 52 14 . `` Johnny Mark and Denny on the Roof '' 1 : 09 15 . `` Lisa , Michelle , and Johnny '' 1 : 55 16 . `` Yes or No '' 1 : 20 17 . `` I 'll record everything . '' 1 : 13 18 . `` XYZ '' 1 : 05 19 . `` Mark and Peter '' 1 : 08 20 . `` Jogging '' 1 : 36 21 . `` Baby You and Me '' ( Kitra Williams , Clint Gamboa , Jarah Gibson ) Clint Gamboa , Bell Johnson 3 : 17 22 . `` Happy birthday , Johnny . '' 1 : 36 23 . `` Lisa and Mark '' 0 : 52 24 . `` Fight During the Party '' 1 : 16 25 . `` Johnny in the Bathroom '' 1 : 42 26 . `` Tape Recorder '' 3 : 56 27 . `` Johnny Becomes Crazy '' 2 : 48 28 . `` Why ? Why Johnny ? '' 2 : 39 29 . `` Reflection ( You 're My Rose ) '' ( Kitra Williams , Wayman Davis ) Kitra Williams 2 : 42 Directorial credit dispute ( edit ) In a February 11 , 2011 Entertainment Weekly article , veteran script supervisor Sandy Schklair announced that he desired credit for directing The Room . Schklair told EW that Wiseau became too engrossed with his acting duties to direct the film properly and asked him to `` tell the actors what to do , and yell ' Action ' and ' Cut ' and tell the cameraman what shots to get . '' The script supervisor also said that Wiseau asked Schklair to `` direct ( his ) movie '' , but refused to give up the `` director '' title . The story is corroborated by one of the film 's actors ( who requested anonymity ) and also Sestero in The Disaster Artist . Sestero describes Schklair taking charge of numerous sequences in which Wiseau found himself unable to remember lines or adequately interact with the rest of the cast , but jokes that claiming directorial credit was like `` claiming to have been the Hindenburg 's principal aeronautics engineer '' . Wiseau has dismissed Schklair 's comments , saying , `` Well , this is so laughable that ... you know what ? I do n't know , probably only in America it can happen , this kind of stuff . '' Analysis ( edit ) Influences ( edit ) The basic premise of The Room draws on specific incidents from Wiseau 's own life , including the details of how Johnny came to San Francisco and met Lisa , and the nature of Johnny and Mark 's friendship . According to Greg Sestero , the character of Lisa is based on a woman to whom Wiseau once proposed with a US $1,500 diamond engagement ring , but who `` betrays him multiple times '' , resulting in the breakup of their relationship . Sestero further postulates that Wiseau based Lisa 's explicit conniving on the character Tom Ripley , after Wiseau had a profound emotional reaction to the film The Talented Mr. Ripley , and matches elements of its three main characters to those in The Room ; Sestero has likewise indicated that the character Mark was named for the Ripley actor Matt Damon , whose first name Wiseau had misheard . Wiseau also drew on the chamber plays of Tennessee Williams , whose highly emotional scenes he enjoyed acting out in drama school -- many advertising materials for The Room make explicit parallels to Williams 's work . In his direction and performance , Wiseau attempted to emulate Orson Welles , Clint Eastwood and James Dean , especially Dean 's performance in the film Giant , and went as far to directly use quotes from their films -- the line `` You are tearing me apart , Lisa ! '' is derived from a similar line performed by Dean in Rebel Without a Cause . Inconsistencies and narrative flaws ( edit ) The script is characterized by numerous inexplicable mood and personality shifts in characters . In analyzing the film 's abrupt tone shifts , Greg Sestero highlighted two scenes in particular . In the first scene , Johnny enters the rooftop in the middle of a tirade about being accused of domestic abuse , only to become abruptly cheerful upon seeing Mark ; a few moments later , he laughs inappropriately upon learning that a friend of Mark 's had been severely beaten . On set , Sestero and script supervisor Sandy Schklair repeatedly tried to convince Wiseau that the line should not be delivered as comical , but Wiseau refused to refrain from laughing . In the second instance , occurring later in the film , Mark attempts to kill Peter by throwing him off a roof after Peter expresses his belief that Mark is having an affair with Lisa ; seconds later however , Mark pulls Peter back from the edge of the roof , apologizes , and the two continue their previous conversation with no acknowledgement of what just occurred . In addition to being rife with continuity errors , the film has several plots , subplots and character details whose inconsistencies have been commented on by critics and audiences . The Portland Mercury has stated that a number of `` plot threads are introduced , then instantly abandoned . '' In an early scene , halfway through a conversation about planning a birthday party for Johnny , Claudette off - handedly tells Lisa : `` I got the results of the test back . I definitely have breast cancer . '' The issue is casually dismissed and never revisited during the rest of the film . In addition , the audience never learns the details surrounding Denny 's drug - related debt to Chris - R or what led to their violent confrontation on the roof . Beyond being Johnny 's friend , Mark 's background receives no exposition ; when he is first introduced he claims to be `` very busy '' while sitting in a parked car in the middle of the day , with no explanation ever given as to his occupation or what he was doing . In The Disaster Artist , Sestero stated that he created a backstory for the character in which Mark was an undercover vice detective , which Sestero felt united several otherwise disparate aspects of Mark 's character : the secretive nature of various aspects of his behavior , including marijuana use , his mood swings , and his handling of the Chris - R incident . However , Wiseau dismissed adding any reference to Mark 's past to the script . The makers of The Room video game would later introduce a similar idea as part of a subplot involving Mark 's unexplained backstory , much to Sestero 's amusement . At one point , the principal male characters congregate in an alley behind Johnny 's apartment to play catch with a football while wearing tuxedos . When Mark arrives , he is revealed to have shaved his beard , and the camera slowly zooms in on his face while dramatic music plays on the soundtrack . Nothing that is said or occurs during the scene has any effect on the plot ; the scene ends abruptly when the men decide to return to Johnny 's apartment after Peter trips . Wiseau received enough questions about the scene that he decided to address it on a Q&A segment featured on the DVD release ; rather than explaining the scene , though , Wiseau only states that playing football without the proper protective equipment is fun and challenging . Greg Sestero has been questioned about the significance of Mark 's shaving , though his only response for several years was `` if people only knew . '' Sestero describes in The Disaster Artist that Wiseau insisted he shave his beard on - set just so that Wiseau would have an excuse for Johnny to call Mark `` Babyface , '' Wiseau 's own nickname for Sestero , and that the revealing of beardless Mark would be `` a moment '' . Sestero further detailed how the football - in - tuxedos scene was concocted on set by Wiseau , who never explained the significance of the scene to the cast or crew and insisted that the sequence be filmed at the expense of other , relevant scenes . Release ( edit ) Promotion ( edit ) The film was promoted almost exclusively through a single billboard in Hollywood , located on Highland Avenue just north of Fountain , featuring an image Wiseau refers to as `` Evil Man '' : an extreme close - up of his own face with one eye in mid-blink . Although more conventional artwork was created for the film , featuring the main characters ' faces emblazoned over the Golden Gate Bridge , Wiseau chose the `` Evil Man '' for what he regarded as its provocative quality ; around the time of the film 's release , the image led many passers - by to believe that The Room was a horror film . Wiseau also paid for a small television and print campaign in and around Los Angeles , with taglines calling The Room `` a film with the passion of Tennessee Williams '' . Wiseau hired publicist Edward Lozzi in his efforts to promote the film after Paramount Studios rejected distributing it . Despite the film 's failure to enjoy immediate success , Wiseau paid to keep the billboard up for over five years , at the cost of US $5,000 a month . Its bizarre imagery and longevity led to it becoming a minor tourist attraction . When asked how he managed to afford to keep the billboard up for so long in such a prominent location , Wiseau responded : `` Well , we like the location , and we like the billboard . So we feel that people should see The Room . ( ... ) we are selling DVDs , which are selling okay . '' Critical reception ( edit ) The Room premiered on June 27 , 2003 at the Laemmle Fairfax and Fallbrook theaters in Los Angeles . Wiseau additionally arranged a screening for the cast and the press at one of the venues , renting a spotlight to sit in front of the theater and arriving in a limousine . Ticket buyers were given a free copy of the film 's soundtrack on CD . Actress Robyn Paris described the audience laughing at the film , and Variety reporter Scott Foundas , who was also in attendance , would later write that the film prompted `` most of its viewers to ask for their money back -- before even 30 minutes ( had ) passed . '' IFC.com described Wiseau 's speaking voice in the film as `` Borat trying to do an impression of Christopher Walken playing a mental patient . '' The Guardian described the film as a mix of `` Tennessee Williams , Ed Wood , R. Kelly 's Trapped in the Closet '' . The Room has received negative reviews for its acting , screenplay , dialogue , production values , score , direction , and cinematography . The film is described as one of the worst films ever made by several publications . As of 2017 , the film has a score of 26 % on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 27 reviews , with an average rating of 2.9 out of 10 . The critical consensus states `` A bona - fide classic of midnight cinema , Tommy Wiseau 's misguided masterpiece subverts the rules of filmmaking with a boundless enthusiasm that renders such mundanities as acting , screenwriting , and cinematography utterly irrelevant . You will never see a football the same way again . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics , the film has a score of 9 ( indicating `` overwhelming dislike '' ) , based on five reviews . Despite the criticism , the film has received a positive reception from audiences for its perceived shortcomings , with some viewers calling it the `` best worst movie ever '' . In 2013 , The Atlantic 's Adam Rosen wrote an article entitled `` Should Gloriously Terrible Movies Like The Room Be Considered ' Outsider Art ' ? '' where he made the argument `` The label ( of outsider art ) has traditionally applied to painters and sculptors ... but it 's hard to see why it could n't also refer to Wiseau or any other thwarted , un-self - aware filmmaker . '' In a 2017 interview for a Vox video , The Disaster Artist co-writer Tom Bissell explained his views on The Room 's popularity , as well as his personal enjoyment of the film , by noting that : `` It is like a movie made by an alien who has never seen a movie , but has had movies thoroughly explained to him . There 's not often that a work of film has every creative decision that 's made in it on a moment - by - moment basis seemingly be the wrong one . ( ... ) The Room , to me , shatters the distinction between good and bad . Do I think it 's a good movie ? No . Do I think it 's a strong movie that moves me on the level that art usually moves me ? Absolutely not . But I ca n't say it 's bad because it 's so watchable . It 's so fun . It 's brought me so much joy . How can something that 's bad do those things for me ? '' Midnight circuit ( edit ) Wiseau and Sestero taking questions from audience members before a showing of The Room . The Room played in the Laemmle Fairfax and Fallbrook for the next two weeks , grossing a total of US $1,800 ( equivalent to $2,395 in 2017 ) before it was pulled from circulation . Toward the end of its run , the Laemmle Fallbrook theatre displayed two signs on the inside of the ticket window in relation to the film : one that read `` NO REFUNDS '' and another citing a blurb from an early review : `` This film is like being stabbed in the head . '' During one showing in the second week of its run , one of the few audience members in attendance was 5 - Second Films ' Michael Rousselet , who found unintentional humor in the film 's poor dialogue and production values . After treating the screening as his `` own private Mystery Science Theater '' , Rousselet began encouraging friends to join him for future showings to mock the film , starting a word - of - mouth campaign that resulted in about 100 attending the film 's final screening . Rousselet and his friends saw the film `` four times in three days , '' and it was in these initial screenings that many of The Room traditions were born , such as the throwing of spoons and footballs during the film . After the film was pulled from theaters , those who had attended the final showing began e-mailing Wiseau telling him how much they had enjoyed the film . Encouraged by the volume of messages he received , Wiseau booked a single midnight screening of The Room in June 2004 , which proved successful enough that Wiseau booked a second showing in July , and a third in August . Celebrity fans of the film included Paul Rudd , David Cross , Will Arnett , Patton Oswalt , Tim Heidecker , Eric Wareheim , Seth Rogen , and James and Dave Franco . Kristen Bell acquired a film reel and hosted private viewing parties ; Veronica Mars creator Rob Thomas would also slip references into episodes of Mars `` as much as possible '' . The film eventually developed a national and international cult status , with Wiseau arranging screenings around the United States and in Canada , Scandinavia , the United Kingdom , Australia and New Zealand . The film had regular showings in many theaters worldwide , with many as a monthly event . Fans interact with the film in a similar fashion to The Rocky Horror Picture Show ; audience members dress up as their favorite characters , throw plastic spoons in reference to an unexplained framed photo of a spoon on a table in Johnny 's living room , toss footballs to each other from short distances , and yell insulting comments about the quality of the film as well as lines from the film itself . Wiseau has claimed that it was his intent for audiences to find humor in the film , although viewers and some of the cast members generally have viewed it as a poorly - made drama . Home Media ( edit ) The Room was released on DVD in December 2005 , and Blu - ray in December 2012 . The DVD 's special features include an interview with Wiseau , who is asked questions by an off - screen Greg Sestero . Wiseau sits directly in front of a fireplace , with a mantel cluttered by various props from the film ; next to him sits a large framed theatrical poster for the film . A few of Wiseau 's answers are dubbed in , although it is evident that the dubbed responses match what he was originally saying . Wiseau fails to answer several of the questions , instead offering non sequiturs . Among the outtakes included on the Blu - ray is an alternate version of the Chris - R scene , set in a back alley ; instead of tossing a football , Denny is playing basketball and attempts to get the drug dealer to `` shoot some H-O-R-S-E '' with him to distract him from the debt . Another bonus feature on the Blu - ray is a more than half - hour long fly - on - the - wall style documentary about the making of The Room . The documentary includes no narration , very little dialogue , and only one interview ( with cast member Carolyn Minnott ) , and consists largely of clips of the crew preparing to shoot . Wiseau announced plans in April 2011 for a 3D version of The Room , scanned from the 35 mm film version . Other Media ( edit ) Book ( edit ) Main article : The Disaster Artist In June 2011 , it was announced that Greg Sestero had signed a deal with Simon & Schuster to write a book based on his experiences making the film . The book , titled The Disaster Artist , was published in October 2013 . A film adaptation of The Disaster Artist was announced in February 2014 , produced by Seth Rogen and directed by James Franco . Franco has stated The Disaster Artist was `` a combination of Boogie Nights and The Master '' . The film stars Franco as Wiseau and his brother Dave Franco as Sestero , with the script written by The Fault in Our Stars screenwriters Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber . On October 15 , 2015 , it was announced Seth Rogen would co-star ( playing Sandy Schklair ) , and cinematographer Brandon Trost served as the DP . On October 29 , 2015 , it was announced that Warner Bros. and New Line Cinema would distribute The Disaster Artist . Filming began December 7 , 2015 . A work - in - progress version was screened at South by Southwest in March 2017 , with the wide release beginning on December 8 , 2017 . Video game ( edit ) Main article : The Room ( 2010 video game ) In September 2010 , Newgrounds owner Tom Fulp released a Flash game tribute , in the form of a 16 - bit styled adventure game played entirely from Johnny 's point of view . The game 's artwork was provided by staff member Jeff `` JohnnyUtah '' Bandelin , with music transcribed by animator Chris O'Neill from the Mladen Milicevic score and soundtrack . Live performances ( edit ) On June 10 , 2010 , the AFI Silver Theatre and Cultural Center presented a live play / reading based on the original script for the movie . Wiseau reprised his role of Johnny and was joined by Greg Sestero playing the role of Mark . In 2011 , Wiseau mentioned plans for a Broadway adaptation of the film , in which he would appear only on opening night : `` It will be similar to what you see in the movie , except it will be musical . As well as , you will see ... like , for example , Johnny , we could have maybe 10 Johnnys at the same time singing , or playing football . So , the decision have to be made at the time when we actually doing choreography , ' cause I 'll be doing choreography , as well I 'll be in it only one time , that 's it , as Johnny . '' He mentioned the plans again during a 2016 interview , describing his idea for it to be a `` musical slash comedy . '' Web series ( edit ) On October 21 , 2014 , cast member Robyn Paris launched a Kickstarter campaign to raise the budget for her comedy mockumentary web series , The Room Actors : Where Are They Now ? A Mockumentary . On completion , the campaign had raised US $31,556 ( equivalent to $32,621 in 2017 ) from 385 backers . Although a number of the original cast appeared in the series , Wiseau , Sestero and Holmes are not involved . The series premiered at the 24th Raindance Film Festival on September 30 , 2016 , and debuted on the website Funny or Die on November 30 , 2017 . Music ( edit ) There is a fan - made musical called OH HAI ! : The Rise of Chris - R . In popular culture ( edit ) The comedy show Tim and Eric Awesome Show , Great Job ! on Adult Swim featured Wiseau prominently in the fourth season March 9 , 2009 episode titled Tommy . Recruited as a `` guest director '' , Wiseau is interviewed in mockumentary style , along with the show 's leading actors , during the production of a fake film titled The Pig Man . Two scenes from The Room are featured during the episode . Adult Swim broadcast the movie three times from 2009 to 2011 as part of their April Fools ' Day programming . In 2012 , they showed the first 20 seconds of it before switching to Toonami for the remainder of the night . On June 18 , 2009 , a RiffTrax for The Room was released , featuring commentary by Michael J. Nelson , Bill Corbett and Kevin Murphy , formerly of Mystery Science Theater 3000 . This was followed up with a live theater show by RiffTrax on May 6 , 2015 , which was shown in 700 theaters across the U.S. and Canada . The show screened once more on January 28 , 2016 as part of the Best of RiffTrax Live series . On his 2009 DVD My Weakness Is Strong , comedian Patton Oswalt parodied The Room with a fake infomercial . The spoof also features a cameo from Jon Hamm . In 2010 , the film was mocked on the Internet comedy series Nostalgia Critic , which highlighted the film 's bad acting and writing , but encouraged viewers to see the movie : `` It truly is one of those films you have to see to believe . '' The episode was taken down following claims of copyright infringement from Wiseau - Films . It was replaced by a short video titled `` The Tommy Wi - Show '' , in which host Doug Walker , dressed as Wiseau , mocked the threatened legal actions . The main review was later reinstated . Both Greg Sestero and Juliette Danielle have praised the review , and Sestero later made a cameo appearance on The Nostalgia Critic episode `` Dawn of the Commercials '' , reprising his role of Mark . Both Wiseau and Sestero appeared in separate episodes on Walker 's talk show , Shut Up and Talk . In Wiseau 's 2014 sitcom pilot The Neighbors , the character Troy watches The Room in a scene . In 2015 , Sestero starred in the 5 - Second Films feature Dude Bro Party Massacre III , directed by Michael Rousselet , the patient zero of The Room cult movement . The Sunday , July 5 , 2015 , installment of Amy Dickinson 's advice column Ask Amy unwittingly featured a hoax letter that derived its situational premise from The Room and , even after being edited for publication , retained phrases from the film 's dialogue ; Dickinson addressed the hoax in the following Saturday 's July 11 edition of the National Public Radio comedy and quiz show Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! , where she appears as a regular panelist , and in her July 20 , 2015 column . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Foundas , Scott ( July 17 , 2003 ) . `` Review : ' The Room ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Nate ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` How The Room Became the Biggest Cult Film of the Past Decade '' . Vulture . 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Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Doug ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Shut up and Talk : Greg Sestero '' . Channel Awesome . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Neighbors '' . The Neighbors . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 26 , 2014 . Hulu . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` Dude Bro Party Massacre III trailer : Patton Oswalt explains why the movie is n't what it seems '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dickinson , Amy ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Amy : She has n't been faithful to me '' . Omaha World - Herald . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bluff The Listener '' . Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! . July 11 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dickinson , Amy ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Amy : Dysfunctional relationship should not progress to marriage '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dickinson , Amy ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Amy : Father and sons flee when mom starts to attack '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Sestero , Greg ; Bissell , Tom ( October 2013 ) . The Disaster Artist : My Life Inside The Room , the Greatest Bad Movie Ever Made ( First Hardcover ed . ) . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 6119 - 4 . James MacDowell and James Zborowski , `` The Aesthetics of ' So Bad It 's Good ' : Value , Intention , and The Room '' , Intensities : The Journal of Cult Media , 6 ( Autumn / Winter 2013 ) , pp. 1 -- 30 . Richard McCulloch , `` ' Most People Bring Their Own Spoons ' : The Room 's Participatory Audiences as Comedy Mediators '' , Participations : Journal of Audience & Reception Studies , 8.2 ( November 2011 ) , pp. 189 -- 218 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutThe Room ( film ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website The Room on IMDb The Room at Metacritic The Room at Rotten Tomatoes VIAF : 300052073 LCCN : n2013021379 GND : 1045897744 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Room_(film)&oldid=818341779 '' Categories : 2003 films English - language films 2000s romantic drama films American independent films American romantic drama films American black comedy films Directorial debut films Films about infidelity Films adapted into video games Films set in San Francisco Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in San Francisco Internet memes Suicide in films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Good articles Use mdy dates from April 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Dansk Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 00 : 25 . 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1. The Room (film) 2. Tommy Wiseau 3. Cult film 4. Worst films ever made 5. The Disaster Artist

who played mystique in the original x-men movies

List of X-Men films cast members - wikipedia List of X-Men films cast members Jump to : navigation , search This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following is a list of cast members who have portrayed characters appearing in the X-Men film series , based upon the comic books of the same name . Hugh Jackman appeared in the first seven films : he played James `` Logan '' Howlett / Wolverine in the original trilogy ( X-Men , X2 - X-Men United , and X-Men : The Last Stand ) and reprised his role in the prequel films X-Men Origins : Wolverine and X-Men : First Class , the latter in a cameo appearance . He again starred in The Wolverine and X-Men : Days of Future Past . He appeared in photographic form in Deadpool and reprised his role as Wolverine in X-Men : Apocalypse and one last stand - alone Wolverine film . Patrick Stewart , Ian McKellen , Famke Janssen , Halle Berry , Anna Paquin , James Marsden and Shawn Ashmore have also appeared in the original trilogy and Days of Future Past , with Stewart also making a cameo appearance in Origins : Wolverine and The Wolverine , and Janssen and McKellen in The Wolverine . Rebecca Romijn also appeared in the original trilogy and made a cameo appearance in First Class . Contents ( hide ) 1 Original Timeline ( 2000 - 2014 ) 1.1 Introduced in X-Men 1.2 Introduced in X2 1.3 Introduced in X-Men : The Last Stand 1.4 Introduced in X-Men Origins : Wolverine 1.5 Introduced in X-Men : First Class 1.6 Introduced in The Wolverine 1.7 Introduced in X-Men : Days of Future Past 2 New timeline ( 2014 - present ) 2.1 Re-introduced from Original timeline 2.2 Introduced in X-Men : Days of Future Past 2.3 Introduced in Deadpool 2.4 Introduced in X-Men : Apocalypse 2.5 Introduced in Logan 2.6 Introduced in The New Mutants 2.7 Introduced in Deadpool 2 2.8 Introduced in X-Men : Dark Phoenix 2.9 Introduced in Gambit 3 Notes 4 References Original timeline ( 2000 - 2014 ) ( edit ) List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates that the character was not in the film or that the character 's presence in the film has yet to be announced . A indicates a role as a younger version of the character . An indicates a role as an older version of the character . A indicates an uncredited role . A indicates a cameo role . A indicates a voice - only role . A indicates a role appears from an archived footage or stills . Character <Th_colspan="7"> Film X-Men X2 X-Men : The Last Stand X-Men Origins : Wolverine X-Men : First Class The Wolverine X-Men : Days of Future Past <Th_colspan="8"> Introduced in X-Men ( edit ) John Allerdyce Pyro <Td_colspan="1"> Alexander Burton <Td_colspan="2"> Aaron Stanford <Td_colspan="4"> Victor Creed Sabretooth <Td_colspan="1"> Tyler Mane <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Liev Schreiber , Michael James Olsen <Td_colspan="3"> Raven Darkhölme Mystique <Td_colspan="3"> Rebecca Romijn <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Jennifer Lawrence , Morgan Lily , Rebecca Romijn <Td_colspan="1"> Jennifer Lawrence Bobby Drake Iceman <Td_colspan="3"> Shawn Ashmore <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Shawn Ashmore Jean Grey <Td_colspan="2"> Famke Janssen <Td_colspan="1"> Famke Janssen , Haley Ramm <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Famke Janssen Famke Janssen James `` Logan '' Howlett Wolverine <Td_colspan="3"> Hugh Jackman <Td_colspan="1"> Hugh Jackman , Troye Sivan <Td_colspan="1"> Hugh Jackman <Td_colspan="2"> Hugh Jackman Robert Kelly <Td_colspan="2"> Bruce Davison <Td_colspan="5"> Jubilation Lee Jubilee <Td_colspan="1"> Katrina Florece <Td_colspan="2"> Kea Wong <Td_colspan="4"> Erik Lehnserr Magneto <Td_colspan="1"> Ian McKellen , Brett Morris <Td_colspan="2"> Ian McKellen <Td_colspan="1"> Michael Fassbender , Bill Milner <Td_colspan="1"> Ian McKellen <Td_colspan="1"> Ian McKellen Marie D'Ancanto Rogue <Td_colspan="3"> Anna Paquin <Td_colspan="3"> Anna Paquin Ororo Munroe Storm <Td_colspan="3"> Halle Berry <Td_colspan="1"> April Elleston Enahoro <Td_colspan="1"> Unknown model <Td_colspan="1"> Halle Berry <Td_colspan="1"> Halle Berry Kitty Pryde <Td_colspan="1"> Sumela Kay <Td_colspan="1"> Katie Stuart <Td_colspan="1"> Ellen Page <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Ellen Page Piotr Rasputin Colossus Donald Mackinnon <Td_colspan="2"> Daniel Cudmore <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Daniel Cudmore Scott Summers Cyclops <Td_colspan="3"> James Marsden <Td_colspan="1"> Tim Pocock <Td_colspan="2"> James Marsden Mortimer Toynbee Toad <Td_colspan="1"> Ray Park <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Unknown model <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Evan Jonigkeit Charles Xavier Professor X <Td_colspan="3"> Patrick Stewart <Td_colspan="1"> Patrick Stewart <Td_colspan="1"> James McAvoy , Laurence Belcher <Td_colspan="1"> Patrick Stewart <Td_colspan="1"> Patrick Stewart <Th_colspan="8"> Introduced in X2 ( edit ) Theresa Cassidy Siryn <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> Shauna Kain <Td_colspan="4"> Artie Maddicks <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Bryce Hodgson <Td_colspan="5"> Hank McCoy Beast <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Steve Bacic <Td_colspan="1"> Kelsey Grammer <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Nicholas Hoult <Td_colspan="1"> Nicholas Hoult , Kelsey Grammer Yuriko Oyama Lady Deathstrike <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Kelly Hu <Td_colspan="5"> Dale Rice <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Bryan Singer <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Bryan Singer President of the United States <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Cotter Smith as McKenna <Td_colspan="1"> Josef Sommer <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> John F. Kennedy <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Mark Camacho as Richard Nixon Jason Stryker Mutant 143 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Michael Reid McKay <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Unknown model <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Mentioned only William Stryker <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Brian Cox Brad Loree <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Danny Huston <Td_colspan="1"> Mentioned only <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Josh Helman Kurt Wagner Nightcrawler <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Alan Cumming <Td_colspan="5"> <Th_colspan="8"> Introduced in X-Men : The Last Stand ( edit ) Arclight <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Omahyra Mota <Td_colspan="4"> Callisto <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Dania Ramirez <Td_colspan="4"> Glob Herman <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Clayton Dean Watmough <Td_colspan="4"> Jimmy Leech <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Cameron Bright <Td_colspan="4"> Moira MacTaggert <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Olivia Williams <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Rose Byrne <Td_colspan="2"> Jamie Madrox Multiple Man <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Mentioned only <Td_colspan="1"> Eric Dane <Td_colspan="4"> Cain Marko Juggernaut <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Vinnie Jones <Td_colspan="4"> Kid Omega <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Ken Leung <Td_colspan="4"> Psylocke <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Meiling Melançon <Td_colspan="4"> Kavita Rao <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Shohreh Aghdashloo <Td_colspan="4"> Spike <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Lance Gibson <Td_colspan="4"> Secretary Trask <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Bill Duke <Td_colspan="4"> Warren Worthington II <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Michael Murphy <Td_colspan="4"> Warren Worthington III Angel / Archangel <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Ben Foster , Cayden Boyd <Td_colspan="4"> <Th_colspan="8"> Introduced in X-Men Origins : Wolverine ( edit ) Agent Zero <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Daniel Henney <Td_colspan="3"> Chris Bradley <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Dominic Monaghan <Td_colspan="3"> Fred J. Dukes Blob <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Mentioned only <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Kevin Durand <Td_colspan="3"> Emma `` Frost '' Silverfox <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Tahyna Tozzi <Td_colspan="3"> Dr. Carol Frost <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Asher Keddie <Td_colspan="3"> Elizabeth Howlett <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Alice Parkinson <Td_colspan="3"> John Howlett <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Peter O'Brien <Td_colspan="3"> Heather Hudson <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Julia Blake <Td_colspan="3"> Travis Hudson <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Max Cullen <Td_colspan="3"> Remy LeBeau Gambit <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Mentioned only James Bamford <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Taylor Kitsch <Td_colspan="3"> Thomas Logan <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Aaron Jeffery <Td_colspan="3"> Kayla Silverfox <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Lynn Collins <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Lynn Collins <Td_colspan="1"> Wade Wilson Deadpool <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Mentioned only <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Ryan Reynolds , Scott Adkins ( Weapon XI ) <Td_colspan="3"> John Wraith <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> will.i.am <Td_colspan="3"> <Th_colspan="8"> Introduced in X-Men : First Class ( edit ) Amy <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Annabelle Wallis <Td_colspan="2"> Azazel <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Jason Flemyng <Td_colspan="1"> Jason Flemyng Sean Cassidy Banshee <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Mentioned only <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Unknown model <Td_colspan="1"> Caleb Landry Jones <Td_colspan="2"> Emma Frost <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> January Jones <Td_colspan="1"> Mentioned only Colonel Robert Hendry <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Glenn Morshower <Td_colspan="2"> Man In Black Suit <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Oliver Platt <Td_colspan="2"> John A. McCone <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Matt Craven <Td_colspan="2"> Armando Muñoz Darwin <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Edi Gathegi <Td_colspan="2"> Janos Quested Riptide <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Unknown model <Td_colspan="1"> Álex González <Td_colspan="2"> Angel Salvadore <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Zoë Kravitz <Td_colspan="1"> Zoë Kravitz Sebastian Shaw <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Charles Siegel ( voice ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Kevin Bacon <Td_colspan="2"> Agent Stryker <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Don Creech <Td_colspan="1"> Don Creech Alex Summers Havok <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Lucas Till <Td_colspan="1"> Lucas Till <Th_colspan="8"> Introduced in The Wolverine ( edit ) Dr. Green Viper <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="1"> Svetlana Khodchenkova <Td_colspan="1"> Kenuichio Harada <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Mentioned only <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Will Yun Lee <Td_colspan="1"> Noburo Mori <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="1"> Brian Tee <Td_colspan="1"> Ichirō Yashida Silver Samurai <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Mentioned only as ' Silver Samurai ' <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Haruhiko Yamanouchi , Ken Yamamura <Td_colspan="1"> Mariko Yashida <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="1"> Tao Okamoto <Td_colspan="1"> Shingen Yashida <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="1"> Hiroyuki Sanada <Td_colspan="1"> Yukio <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="1"> Rila Fukushima <Td_colspan="1"> <Th_colspan="8"> Introduced in X-Men : Days of Future Past ( edit ) Bishop <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="1"> Omar Sy Blink <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="1"> Fan Bingbing Roberto da Costa Sunspot <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Mentioned only <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Adan Canto Warpath <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="1"> Booboo Stewart New timeline ( 2014 - present ) ( edit ) List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates that the character was not in the film or that the character 's presence in the film has yet to be announced . A indicates a role as a younger version of the character . An indicates a role as an older version of the character . A indicates an uncredited role . A indicates a cameo role . A indicates a voice - only role . A indicates a role appears from an archived footage or stills . Character <Th_colspan="9"> Film X-Men : Days of Future Past Deadpool X-Men : Apocalypse Deadpool : No Good Deed Logan The New Mutants Deadpool 2 X-Men : Dark Phoenix Gambit <Th_colspan="10"> Re-introduced from Original timeline ( edit ) Roberto da Costa Sunspot <Td_colspan="5"> Henry Zaga <Td_colspan="3"> Raven Darkhölme Mystique <Td_colspan="1"> Jennifer Lawrence <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Jennifer Lawrence <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Jennifer Lawrence <Td_colspan="1"> Bobby Drake Iceman <Td_colspan="1"> Shawn Ashmore <Td_colspan="8"> Fred J. Dukes Blob <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Gustav Claude Ouimet <Td_colspan="6"> Jean Grey <Td_colspan="1"> Famke Janssen <Td_colspan="1"> Sophie Turner <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Sophie Turner <Td_colspan="1"> James `` Logan '' Howlett Wolverine <Td_colspan="1"> Hugh Jackman <Td_colspan="1"> Hugh Jackman <Td_colspan="1"> Hugh Jackman <Td_colspan="1"> Hugh Jackman <Td_colspan="1"> Hugh Jackman <Td_colspan="4"> Remy LeBeau Gambit <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="1"> Channing Tatum Jubilation Lee Jubilee <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Lana Condor <Td_colspan="6"> Erik Lehnserr Magneto <Td_colspan="1"> Michael Fassbender <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Michael Fassbender <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Michael Fassbender <Td_colspan="1"> Moira MacTaggert <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Rose Byrne <Td_colspan="6"> Marie D'Ancanto Rogue <Td_colspan="1"> Anna Paquin <Td_colspan="8"> Henry `` Hank '' McCoy Beast <Td_colspan="1"> Nicholas Hoult Kelsey Grammer <Td_colspan="1"> Mentioned only <Td_colspan="1"> Nicholas Hoult <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Nicholas Hoult <Td_colspan="1"> Ororo Munroe Storm <Td_colspan="1"> Halle Berry <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Alexandra Shipp <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Alexandra Shipp <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Alexandra Shipp <Td_colspan="1"> Kitty Pryde <Td_colspan="1"> Ellen Page <Td_colspan="8"> Psylocke <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Olivia Munn <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Olivia Munn <Td_colspan="3"> Piotr Rasputin Colossus <Td_colspan="1"> Daniel Cudmore <Td_colspan="1"> Stefan Kapičić Andre Tricoteux <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Stefan Kapičić <Td_colspan="8"> Dale Rice Bryan Singer Bryan Singer <Td_colspan="1"> Mentioned only <Td_colspan="8"> William Stryker <Td_colspan="1"> Josh Helman <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Josh Helman <Td_colspan="8"> Alex Summers Havok <Td_colspan="1"> Lucas Till <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Lucas Till <Td_colspan="8"> Scott Summers Cyclops <Td_colspan="1"> James Marsden <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Tye Sheridan <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Tye Sheridan <Td_colspan="1"> Toad <Td_colspan="1"> Evan Jonigkeit <Td_colspan="8"> Kurt Wagner Nightcrawler <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Kodi Smit - McPhee <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Kodi Smit - McPhee <Td_colspan="1"> Wade Wilson Deadpool <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Ryan Reynolds <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Ryan Reynolds <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Ryan Reynolds <Td_colspan="8"> Warren Worthington III Angel / Archangel <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Ben Hardy <Td_colspan="8"> Charles Xavier Professor X <Td_colspan="1"> James McAvoy , Patrick Stewart <Td_colspan="1"> Mentioned only <Td_colspan="1"> James McAvoy <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Patrick Stewart <Td_colspan="1"> James McAvoy <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> James McAvoy <Td_colspan="1"> <Th_colspan="10"> Introduced in X-Men : Days of Future Past ( edit ) Senator Brickman <Td_colspan="1"> Michael Lerner <Td_colspan="8"> Eric Gitter Ink <Td_colspan="1"> Gregg Lowe <Td_colspan="8"> Ms. Maximoff <Td_colspan="1"> Zehra Leverman <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Zehra Leverman <Td_colspan="8"> Peter Maximoff Quicksilver <Td_colspan="1"> Evan Peters <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Evan Peters <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Evan Peters <Td_colspan="1"> En Sabah Nur Apocalypse <Td_colspan="1"> Brendan Pedder <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Oscar Isaac Berdj Garabedian <Td_colspan="8"> Bolivar Trask <Td_colspan="1"> Peter Dinklage <Td_colspan="8"> <Th_colspan="10"> Introduced in Deadpool ( edit ) Blind Al <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Leslie Uggams <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Leslie Uggams <Td_colspan="8"> Bob <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Rob Hayter <Td_colspan="8"> Vanessa Carlysle <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Morena Baccarin <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Morena Baccarin <Td_colspan="8"> Dopinder <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Karan Soni <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Karan Soni <Td_colspan="8"> Angel Dust <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Gina Carano <Td_colspan="8"> Francis Freeman Ajax <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Ed Skrein <Td_colspan="8"> Marrow <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Unknown actor <Td_colspan="8"> Negasonic Teenage Warhead <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Brianna Hildebrand <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Brianna Hildebrand <Td_colspan="8"> Agent Smith / The Recruiter <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Jed Rees <Td_colspan="8"> Weasel <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> T.J. Miller <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> T.J. Miller <Td_colspan="8"> <Th_colspan="10"> Introduced in X-Men : Apocalypse ( edit ) Archangel <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Ben Hardy <Td_colspan="8"> Caliban <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Tómas Lemarquis <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Stephen Merchant <Td_colspan="8"> Death <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Monique Ganderton <Td_colspan="8"> Famine <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Rochelle Okoye <Td_colspan="8"> Magda Lehnserr <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Carolina Bartczak <Td_colspan="8"> Nina Lehnserr <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> T.J. McGibbon <Td_colspan="8"> Pestilence <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Warren Scherer <Td_colspan="8"> <Th_colspan="10"> Introduced in Logan ( edit ) Delilah <Td_colspan="4"> Alison Fernandez <Td_colspan="8"> Laura Kinney X-23 <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Dafne Keen Dafne Keen <Td_colspan="4"> Gabriela Lopez <Td_colspan="4"> Elizabeth Rodriguez <Td_colspan="8"> Maria <Td_colspan="4"> Doris Morgado <Td_colspan="8"> Mohawk <Td_colspan="4"> Krzysztof Soszynski <Td_colspan="8"> Kathryn Munson <Td_colspan="4"> Elise Neal <Td_colspan="8"> Nate Munson <Td_colspan="4"> Quincy Fouse <Td_colspan="8"> Will Munson <Td_colspan="4"> Eriq La Salle <Td_colspan="8"> Donald Pierce <Td_colspan="4"> Boyd Holbrook <Td_colspan="4"> Danny Rhodes <Td_colspan="4"> David Kallaway <Td_colspan="4"> Dr. Zander Rice <Td_colspan="4"> Richard E. Grant <Td_colspan="4"> Rictor <Td_colspan="4"> Jayson Genao <Td_colspan="4"> Valet <Td_colspan="4"> Han Soto <Td_colspan="4"> X-24 <Td_colspan="4"> Hugh Jackman <Td_colspan="4"> <Th_colspan="10"> Introduced in The New Mutants ( edit ) Demon Bear <Td_colspan="5"> TBA <Td_colspan="3"> Samuel Guthrie Cannonball <Td_colspan="5"> Charlie Heaton <Td_colspan="3"> Danielle Moonstar Mirage <Td_colspan="5"> Blu Hunt <Td_colspan="3"> Lockheed <Td_colspan="5"> TBA <Td_colspan="3"> Illyana Rasputin Magik <Td_colspan="5"> Anya Taylor - Joy <Td_colspan="3"> Cecilia Reyes <Td_colspan="5"> Alice Braga <Td_colspan="3"> Rahne Sinclair Wolfsbane <Td_colspan="5"> Maisie Williams <Td_colspan="3"> Reverend Craig Sinclair <Td_colspan="5"> Happy Anderson <Td_colspan="3"> Warlock <Td_colspan="5"> TBA <Td_colspan="3"> <Th_colspan="10"> Introduced in Deadpool 2 ( edit ) Nathan Summers Cable <Td_colspan="1"> Mentioned only <Td_colspan="1"> Mentioned only <Td_colspan="2"> Josh Brolin <Td_colspan="2"> Neena Thurman Domino <Td_colspan="6"> Zazie Beetz <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="10"> Introduced in X-Men : Dark Phoenix ( edit ) Alison Blaire Dazzler <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Painting , Deleted Scene <Td_colspan="4"> TBA <Td_colspan="1"> Lilandra Neramani <Td_colspan="7"> Jessica Chastain <Td_colspan="1"> <Th_colspan="10"> Introduced in Gambit ( edit ) Belladonna Boudreaux <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="1"> Léa Seydoux Notes ( edit ) While Wolverine does n't appear in person in Deadpool , he and Hugh Jackman are referenced in a comical fashion multiple times . Near the end of the film , a mask made from a photograph of Hugh Jackman is worn by Deadpool to represent the character of Wolverine . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Youtube , IGN . `` IGN 's Top 100 Villains : Wolverine vs Sabertooth '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Tilly , Chris ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` X-Men : First Class - Mystique Interview '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( June 6 , 2011 ) . `` Film Interview Part 2 : Matthew Vaughn Talks Major ' X-Men : First Class ' Spoiler '' . / Film . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved December 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Singer , Bryan ( January 26 , 2013 ) . `` Very excited to welcome # annapaquin , @ ellenpage & @ shawnrashmore to # XMen # DaysofFuturePast -- thank you @ BrettRatner for letting them live ! '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Hugh Jackman Digs Into ' The Wolverine ' Trailer '' . MTV.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Karl Schneider ( October 15 , 2006 ) . `` Jackman says Wolverine script is ready '' . Mania Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2008 . Retrieved October 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Leslie ( February 6 , 2008 ) . `` Smit - McPhee Takes ' Road ' Less Traveled '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2008 . Retrieved January 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` Hugh Jackman on How His ' X-Men : First Class ' Cameo Almost Did n't Happen '' . Moviefone . Retrieved December 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Rick ( August 10 , 2009 ) . `` Hugh Jackman Offers ' Wolverine 2 ' Update : ' We 're Starting To Work On It Now ' '' . MTV . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Singer , Bryan ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` I would officially like to welcome @ RealHughJackman to the cast of # Xmen Days of Future Past . Very excited ! More to come ... '' Twitter . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tilly , Chris . `` X-Men : First Class -- Michael Fassbender Interview '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Giroux , Jesse ( 2013 - 05 - 08 ) . `` Exclusive : A re-shoot for The Wolverine had a familiar face show up ! Spoiler warning ! - Movie News '' . JoBlo.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Singer , Bryan ( November 27 , 2012 ) . `` Thrilled to announce @ ianmckellen118 & @ SirPatStew are joining the cast of # XMEN # DaysOfFuturePast # magneto # professorX More to come ... '' Twitter . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Erin ( March 3 , 2013 ) . `` Halle Berry : I 'm In for X-Men : Days of Future Past '' . Access Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Stephanie ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` X-Men : Days of Future Past Interview with Daniel Cudmore '' . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cast of X-Men Origins : Wolverine '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved May 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Which Classic ' X-Men ' Character Is Making A ' Days Of Future Past ' Comeback ? '' . Jump up ^ Lovece , Frank ( April 30 , 2009 ) . `` Film Review : X-Men Origins : Wolverine '' . Film Journal International . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tilly , Chris ( March 30 , 2011 ) . `` X-Men : First Class : James McAvoy Interview '' . IGN . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BrentJS ( September 7 , 2010 ) . `` Laurence Belcher Joins X-Men : First Class as Young Charles Xavier '' . ReelzChannel . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nicholas Hoult : From ' Boy ' to ' Man ' '' . Variety . 2010 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Purdin , Rickey ( August 2 , 2007 ) . `` Dig Your Claws into ' Wolverine : The Movie ' -- Wizard Serves Up the Full Scoop as Hugh Jackman Slices and Dices His Way Back to the Big Screen as Wolverine '' . Wizard . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved January 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' X-Men : Days of Future Past ' Casts Rising Aussie Actor Josh Helman ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Interview with Rose Byrne ! '' . InStyle UK . May 20 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sampson , Mike ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' Casts Olivia Munn as Psylocke '' . Screen Crush . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Henney exclusive interview : Most wants to act in a romance film with Zhang Ziyi '' ( in Chinese ) . Sina.com . June 14 , 2009 . Retrieved July 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seigel , Tatiana ( February 21 , 2008 ) . `` Dominic Monaghan joins ' Wolverine ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durand Talks Wolverine 's Blob '' . IESB.net . July 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2008 . Retrieved July 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ none ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` How is Emma in both ' X-Men Origins : Wolverine ' and ' X-Men : First Class ' ? '' . emmafrostfiles.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Emily Dunn ; Josephine Tovey ( April 21 , 2008 ) . `` A little offstage bonding '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved April 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Kitsch on Being Gambit in X-Men Origins : Wolverine '' . Movie Web . October 13 , 2008 . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Howie ( April 2009 ) . `` Wolverine Has a Girlfriend '' . GQ . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rick Marshall ( December 11 , 2008 ) . `` Deadpool And Gambit : The Long Road To ' X-Men Origins : Wolverine ' ... And Beyond ? '' . MTV Movies Blog . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Ryan Reynolds On Deadpool & Mystery Mutant In ' Wolverine ' Movie Trailer : ' That 's Me ' '' . MTV . March 17 , 2009 . Retrieved May 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shawn Adler ( February 21 , 2008 ) . `` Will.I.Am Sings On ' Wolverine , ' Becomes Teleporting Mutant '' . MTV . Retrieved February 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bentley , David ( May 23 , 2011 ) . `` Jason Flemyng on X-Men : First Class and nearly playing Beast in X-Men : The Last Stand '' . Coventry Telegraph . Coventry , UK : The Geek Files . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2011 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tilly , Chris ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` X-Men : First Class - Banshee Interview '' . IGN . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( August 17 , 2010 ) . `` January Jones joins ' X-Men ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2011 . Retrieved August 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( August 16 , 2010 ) . `` Oliver Platt Joins ' X-Men : First Class ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Morales , Wilson ( May 27 , 2011 ) . `` X-Men : First Class / Exclusive Edi Gathegi '' . Blackfilm.com . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ator de novo X-Men fala sobre vilão do filme '' ( in Portuguese ) . R7.com . June 1 , 2011 . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Knolle , Sharon ( January 19 , 2011 ) . `` Kevin Bacon on ' X-Men : First Class ' and Whether He 'll See the ' Footloose ' Remake '' . MovieFone ( AOL ) . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Rick ( June 3 , 2011 ) . `` ' X-Men : First Class ' Easter Eggs : Five Things To Look For This Weekend ! '' . MTV . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eggertsen , Chris ( September 7 , 2011 ) . `` Lucas Till talks playing Havok in `` X-Men : First Class '' `` . HitFix . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brown , Todd ( July 19 , 2012 ) . `` 20th Century Fox in Talks with Svetlana Khodchenkova for Viper in ' The Wolverine ' '' . Twitch Film . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Borys , Kit ( July 9 , 2012 ) . `` ' Wolverine ' Sequel Casts Two Villains '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hall , Sandra . `` The Wolverine 3D review : Much pain , little gain for superhero '' . Movies . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exclusive The Wolverine Casting News ! '' . Superhero Hype ! . July 9 , 2012 . Retrieved July 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rila Fukushima on Yukio in THE WOLVERINE '' . Movies . Comics Blend . Retrieved 18 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Singer , Bryan ( March 2 , 2013 ) . `` Thrilled to welcome the brilliant # OmarSy from the amazing film # TheIntouchables to the cast of # Xmen # DaysofFuturePast ! '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Singer , Bryan ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` 3 # Oscars , 6 # GoldenGlobes , 1 # BAFTA , 2 # Emmys , 2 # Tonys , 5 # Oliviers , 1 # Ceaser -- Now let 's blow s * * t up ! # XMEN '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2013 . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eggertsen , Chris ( April 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Following 's ' Adan Canto joins ' X-Men : Days of Future Past ' '' . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` X-Men : Days of Future Past : Booboo Stewart Says Role Is ' A Dream Come True ' '' . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Mutants Lineup Revealed by Director - SuperHeroHype '' . May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` '' STRANGER THINGS '' STAR CHARLIE HEATON TO PLAY CANNONBALL IN `` NEW MUTANTS '' `` . The Tracking Board . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Singer , Bryan ( November 27 , 2012 ) . `` I 'd like to officially welcome back James McAvoy , Jennifer Lawrence , Michael Fassbender , & Nicholas Hoult to # XMEN for # DaysOfFuturePast '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' Is the `` Culmination '' of a Trilogy , Says Simon Kinberg `` . Collider.com . September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First Look At The Blob In X-Men : Apocalypse '' . ^ Jump up to : http://www.geek.com/review/x-men-days-of-future-past-rights-past-wrongs-sort-of-1593628/ ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Sophie Turner , Tye Sheridan , Alexandra Shipp join ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Jackman Just Teased an X-Men : Apocalypse Wolverine Cameo '' . Time . April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( March 28 , 2015 ) . `` Hugh Jackman Teases ' One Last Time ' as Wolverine '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lauren Shuler Donner confirms Channing Tatum Gambit casting '' . Total Film . May 13 , 2014 . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Singer , Bryan ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Bryan Singer on Instagram : `` I 'd officially like to welcome our newest mutant # JubilationLee , # Armor @ LanaCondor to # XMEN # Apocalypse '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' : Rose Byrne returning as Moira MacTaggert -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( June 23 , 2014 ) . `` How ' X-Men : Days Of Future Past ' Made One Of Its Top - Secret Cameos Possible '' . MTV.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McWeeny , Drew ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Are These Josh Boone 's First Three ' New Mutants ' ? '' . HitFix . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` X-Men : Apocalypse star Olivia Munn on Psylocke 's latex costume '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Olivia Munn on ' The LEGO Ninjago Movie ' & Returning for ' X-Men : Dark Phoenix ' '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McGovern , Joe ( December 23 , 2015 ) . `` Meet Stefan Kapicic , the Serbian actor inside the 7 - and - a-half - foot tall mutant Colossus in Deadpool '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Failes , Ian ( February 15 , 2016 ) . `` Deep inside Deadpool 's deadliest effects '' . fxguide . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2016 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes , Adam ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) . `` Deadpool 2 Is Bringing Back These Three Supporting Characters - CINEMABLEND '' . CINEMABLEND . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Coco , Team . `` The `` X-Men : Apocalypse '' Cast 's Violent Games -- CONAN on TBS `` . YouTube . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Singer , Bryan ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Bryan Singer on Instagram : `` Excited to welcome @ kodismitmcphee to the cast of # XmenApocalypse as young # Nightcrawler . '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Everett , Cristina ( July 11 , 2015 ) . `` Ryan Reynolds explains how Deadpool corrects the mistakes of X-Men Origins : Wolverine '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` No Good Deed '' - Ryan Reynolds Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Confirmed With Ryan Reynolds , Director Tim Miller Returning '' . Variety . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hewitt , Chris ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Bryan Singer Confirms Ben Hardy Is Angel In X-Men : Apocalypse '' . Empire . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Stewart raves about Portland while discussing his new film ' Match ' '' . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Mutants Movie Will Star Professor X ; Filming in 2017 ? '' . May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Singer , Bryan ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Thrilled to say # EvanPeters is joining # XMen # DaysOfFuturePast as # Quicksilver '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the X-Men : Apocalypse cast : Storm , Magneto , Cyclops , Psylocke & more ! '' . Joblo . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' X-Men : Dark Phoenix ' : Evan Peters Returning as Quicksilver ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Actor revealed from X-MEN : DAYS OF FUTURE PAST end credits teaser '' . May 27 , 2014 . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Webb , Beth ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Oscar Isaac to play title villain in X-Men : Apocalypse '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Webb , Beth ( June 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Montreal real estate agent who moonlights as X-Men villain '' . CBC News . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Singer , Bryan ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` Officially like to welcome # PeterDinklage from # GameOfThrones to # XMEN # DaysofFuturePast Very very excited ! '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Leslie Uggams Cast in Deadpool Movie for 20th Century Fox '' . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Marvel Character Deadpool Legally Was n't Able To Use , But Did Anyway '' . Cinema Blend . February 15 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Morena Baccarin Nabs Female Lead in ' Deadpool ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Karan Soni Talks Deadpool , Improvising with Ryan Reynolds '' . ComicBook.com . October 30 , 2015 . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Gina Carano Joins Ryan Reynolds in Fox 's ' Deadpool ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ed Skrein ( @ edskrein ) ( 7 April 2015 ) . `` # deadpool # ajax '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ' Deadpool ' Casts Newcomer as Negasonic Teenage Warhead ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Owen ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive Deadpool Trailer Breakdown '' . Empire . p. 1 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ t.j. miller ( @ nottjmiller ) ( 19 March 2015 ) . `` Yes yes y'all . Weasel in the house . # Vancouver '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Feldberg , Isaac ( July 12 , 2015 ) . `` Tomas Lemarquis May Be Playing Caliban In X-Men : Apocalypse '' . We Got this Covered . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Inside ' Logan ' : Wolverine 3 Plot Details Revealed ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . October 5 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peris , Sebastian ( November 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Logan ' Director James Mangold On Making A `` Human '' Wolverine Film ; Praises Dafne Keen `` . Heroic Hollywood . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2016/10/logan-trailer-hugh-jackman-wolverine-film-1201839705/ Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Boyd Holbrook to Play Villain in ' Wolverine 3 ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Umberto ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Logan ' : Wolverine 3 Key Roles Revealed ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.slashfilm.com/new-mutants-video/ Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' New Mutants ' Finds Its Cannonball with ' Stranger Things ' Star Charlie Heaton '' . Collider . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.comingsoon.net/movies/trailers/788819-exclusive-an-animatic-from-the-new-mutants-movie-lands-online#/slide/1 Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay ( February 12 , 2017 ) . `` X-Men : The New Mutants Director Seemingly Confirms Maisie Williams is Wolfsbane '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://x-menfilms.com/blog/2017/08/04/new-casting-additions-for-minor-roles-in-x-men-universe-film-the-new-mutants/ Jump up ^ `` Deadpool : Easter Eggs , References & X-Men Connections '' . ScreenRant . February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://collider.com/deadpool-2-domino-casting/ Jump up ^ Reynolds , Ryan ( @ VancityReynolds ) ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Domino Effect '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` The X-Men : Apocalypse Deleted Mall Scene - What 's In It , And Why It Was Cut '' . CINEMABLEND . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Dark Phoenix : Dazzler will appear in the upcoming X-Men film '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deadpool ( 2016 ) : Trivia '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Deadpool ( 2016 ) : Connections '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) X-Men in other media Films <Td_colspan="2"> X-Men X2 X-Men : The Last Stand soundtrack X-Men Origins : Wolverine X-Men : First Class The Wolverine X-Men : Days of Future Past Deadpool soundtrack X-Men : Apocalypse Logan The New Mutants Deadpool 2 X-Men : Dark Phoenix Development of Gambit Characters List of X-Men films cast members Television <Td_colspan="2"> Pryde of the X-Men X-Men characters episodes Night of the Sentinels Days of Future Past releases Generation X X-Men : Evolution characters episodes Wolverine and the X-Men episodes Marvel Anime : X-Men Legion season 1 `` Chapter 1 '' characters The Gifted `` eXposed '' `` rX '' Characters Firestar Spyke X-23 Video games X-Men Questprobe The Uncanny X-Men X-Men : Madness in Murderworld X-Men II : The Fall of the Mutants X-Men ( 1992 ) Spider - Man and the X-Men in Arcade 's Revenge X-Men ( 1993 ) X-Men : Mutant Apocalypse X-Men : Children of the Atom X-Men ( Game Gear ) X-Men : Gamesmaster 's Legacy X-Men 2 : Clone Wars X-Men vs. Street Fighter X-Men : Mojo World X-Men : The Ravages of Apocalypse X-Men : Mutant Academy X-Men : Mutant Wars X-Men : Mutant Academy 2 X-Men : Reign of Apocalypse X-Men : Next Dimension X-Men Legends X-Men Legends II : Rise of Apocalypse X-Men : The Official Game X-Men : Destiny Wolverine Wolverine Wolverine : Adamantium Rage X-Men : Wolverine 's Rage X2 : Wolverine 's Revenge X-Men Origins : Wolverine Characters in other media Apocalypse Cyclops Gambit Magneto Jean Grey Professor X Psylocke Rogue Storm Wolverine <Td_colspan="2"> See also X-Men storylines X-Men comics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_X-Men_films_cast_members&oldid=814930038 '' Categories : X-Men films Lists of actors by role Lists of actors by film series X-Men lists Lists of X-Men characters Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from March 2017 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 19 : 06 . 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1. X-Men film series cast members 2. Hugh Jackman as Wolverine 3. Patrick Stewart, Ian McKellen, Famke Janssen, Halle Berry, Anna Paquin, James Marsden, and Shawn Ashmore in original trilogy 4. Introduction of characters in different X-Men films 5. New timeline cast members in X-Men films

where is the biggest macy's in new york

Macy 's Herald Square - wikipedia Macy 's Herald Square <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> R.H. Macy and Company Store <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. National Register of Historic Places <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. National Historic Landmark <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ( 1907 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Macy 's Herald Square Macy 's Herald Square Macy 's Herald Square Show map of Manhattan Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all Location 151 West 34th Street Manhattan , New York City Coordinates 40 ° 45 ′ 1 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 18 '' W  /  40.75028 ° N 73.98833 ° W  / 40.75028 ; - 73.98833 Coordinates : 40 ° 45 ′ 1 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 18 '' W  /  40.75028 ° N 73.98833 ° W  / 40.75028 ; - 73.98833 Built 1901 Architect De Lemos & Cordes NRHP reference # 78001873 <Th_colspan="2"> Significant dates Added to NRHP June 2 , 1978 Designated NHL June 2 , 1978 Macy 's Herald Square ( originally named the R.H. Macy and Company Store ) is the flagship of the Macy 's department store chain ; it is located on Herald Square in Manhattan , New York City . The building 's 2.5 million square feet ( 232,257.6 m ) , which includes 1.25 million square feet ( 116,128.8 m ) of retail space , makes it the largest department store in the United States and the second largest in the world . As of 2018 , the store has stood at the site for 116 years . The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark in 1978 . Contents 1 History 2 Christmas and Holiday window displays 3 Events 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Macy 's entrance Macy 's was founded by Rowland Hussey Macy , who between 1843 and 1855 opened four retail dry goods stores , including the original Macy 's store in downtown Haverhill , Massachusetts , established in 1851 to serve the mill industry employees of the area . They all failed , but he learned from his mistakes . He moved to New York City in 1858 and established a new store named `` R.H Macy Dry Goods '' at Sixth Avenue on the corner of 14th Street . On the company 's first day of business on October 28 , 1858 , sales totaled $ 11.08 , equivalent to $312.83 today . From the very beginning , Macy 's logo has included a star in one form or another , echoing a red star - shaped tattoo that Macy got as a teenager when he worked on a Nantucket whaling ship . As the business grew , Macy 's expanded into neighboring buildings , opening more department stores , and used publicity devices such as a store Santa Claus , themed exhibits , and illuminated window displays to draw in customers . The store later moved to 18th Street and Broadway , on the `` Ladies ' Mile '' , the elite shopping district of the time , where it remained for nearly forty years . In 1875 , Macy took on two partners , Robert M. Valentine ( 1850 -- 1879 ) , a nephew ; and Abiel T. La Forge ( 1842 -- 1878 ) of Wisconsin , who was the husband of a cousin . Macy died just two years later in 1877 from Bright 's disease , The following year La Forge died and Valentine died in 1879 . Ownership of the company was passed down through the Macy family until 1895 , when the company , now called `` R.H. Macy & Co . '' , was acquired by Isidor Straus and his brother Nathan Straus , who had previously held a license to sell china and other goods in the Macy 's store . In 1902 , the flagship store moved uptown to Herald Square at 34th Street and Broadway , so far north of the other main dry goods emporia that it had to offer a steam wagonette to transport customers from 14th Street to 34th Street . Although the Herald Square store initially consisted of just one building , it expanded through new construction , eventually occupying almost the entire block bounded by Seventh Avenue on the west , Broadway on the east , 34th Street on the south and 35th Street on the north , with the exception of a small pre-existing building on the corner of 35th Street and Seventh Avenue and another on the corner of 34th Street and Broadway . Robert H. Smith purchased this latter 5 - story building in 1900 for $375,000 -- an incredible sum at the time -- with the idea of getting in the way of Macy 's becoming the largest store in the world : it is largely supposed that Smith , who was a neighbor of the Macy 's store on 14th Street , was acting on behalf of Siegel - Cooper , which had built what they thought was the world 's largest store on Sixth Avenue in 1896 . Macy 's ignored the tactic , and simply built around the building , which now carries Macy 's `` shopping bag '' sign by lease arrangement . That building earned the name Million Dollar Corner when it was finally sold for a then record $1,000,000 on December 6 , 1911 . The original Broadway store , designed by architects De Lemos & Cordes and built in 1901 -- 02 by the Fuller Company . It has a Palladian facade , but has been updated in many details . Other additions to the west were completed in 1924 and 1928 , and the Seventh Avenue building in 1931 , all designed by architect Robert D. Kohn , the newer buildings becoming increasingly Art Deco in style . The store boasts several wooden escalators still in operation . The building in 2010 In 2012 , Macy 's began the first full renovation of the iconic Herald Square flagship store at a reported cost of $400 million . Studio V Architecture , a New York - based firm , was the overall master plan architect of the project , with Kevin Kennon Architects providing the exterior and entry way designs . The firms ' design raised controversy over the nature of contemporary design and authentic restoration . The renovations completed in November 2015 but continues to modify the store to suit changing customer tastes and maximize return on the real estate . Also in 2016 , the company explored adding one or two towers to the building to house hotel or office space , in 2017 it considered turning the structure 's roof into a park . In August 2014 , Macy 's agreed to a $650,000 penalty proposed by the New York Attorney General to settle a number of claims of racial profiling and false detention involving nearly two dozen African - American , Latino and other customers at the Herald Square store , who had lodged complaints in February 2013 . As part of the deal , the retail group agreed to introduce policies to ensure all customers were treated equally regardless of race or ethnicity . Through a partnership with tech retailer b8ta , this Macy 's location has a `` The Market @ Macy 's '' section , which features pop - up spaces for new brands . Christmas and holiday window displays ( edit ) Every year , Macy 's is noted for its elaborate animated holiday and Christmas window displays in many locations across the U.S. , but most notably at the Herald Square location . Each year presents a different theme shown in six windows on the Broadway side of the building . Each window includes animated displays with complex scenery , attracting thousands of people to view them . Since 2012 , the windows have been designed , fabricated and animated by Standard Transmission Productions , located in Red Hook , Brooklyn . In 2007 , Macy 's launched a curated public art exhibition at the Herald Square flagship using its windows as a means to display pieces from several fashion designers including Misaki Kawai , Anna Sui and John F. Simon Jr ... The exhibit was titled Art Under Glass and was viewable to the public during the summer of 2007 through that year 's fashion week . Events ( edit ) Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade ( 1924 -- present ) Broadway Side ( 1924 -- 2008 ) 34th Street Side ( 2009 -- present ) Macy 's Santa Land Macy 's Flower Show Macy 's Believe campaign See also ( edit ) Rowland Hussey Macy , for the founder of the store Macy 's , for a history of the chain Macy 's , Inc. , for a history of the company formerly known as Federated Department Stores , owners of Macy 's An early Macy 's building , dating from 1894 , at 56 West 14th Street , designated a NYC landmark in 2012 References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : National Park Service ( 2007 - 01 - 23 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` R.H. Macy and Company Store '' . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . 2007 - 09 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Oh , Inae ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` Macy 's $400 Million Grand Makeover To Flagship Store '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Adams , George R. ( February 1977 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination : R.H. Macy and Company Store '' ( pdf ) . National Park Service . and Accompanying 4 photos , exterior , undated ( 1.03 MB ) Jump up ^ L.H. Robbins , `` The City Department Store : Evolution of 75 Years '' ( pay wall ) , The New York Times , 12 February 1933 , 130 . Jump up ^ Stephen Evans , `` The death of the department store '' , BBC News , 1 March 2005 Jump up ^ Burrows , Edwin G. & Wallace , Mike ( 1999 ) , Gotham : A History of New York City to 1898 , New York : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 195 - 11634 - 8 , pp. 945 - 946 ^ Jump up to : `` Abiel T. La Forge '' . The New York Times . February 13 , 1878 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert M. Valentine 's Will '' . The New York Times . February 26 , 1879 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 14 . The will of Robert M. Valentine , late partner in the firm of R.H. Macy Co. , was offered for probate yesterday in the Surrogate 's office . Jump up ^ `` Rowland H. Macy , Merchant '' . The New York Times . March 31 , 1877 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Abelson , Elaine S. `` R.H. Macy '' in Jackson , Kenneth T. , ed. ( 2010 ) , The Encyclopedia of New York City ( 2nd ed . ) , New Haven : Yale University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11465 - 2 , p. 1102 ^ Jump up to : White , Norval & Willensky , Elliot ( 2000 ) , AIA Guide to New York City ( 4th ed . ) , New York : Three Rivers Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 3107 - 5 , pp. 225 - 226 Jump up ^ `` THE REAL ESTATE FIELD ; $1,000,000 Paid for Small Broadway and 34th Street Corner '' . The New York Times . December 7 , 1911 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . OCLC 1645522 . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wurman , Richard Saul ( 2008 ) . Access New York City . HarperCollins . p. 133 . ISBN 978 - 0061350375 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Singer , Natasha ( November 1 , 2014 ) . `` For Macy 's , a Makeover on 34th Street '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Top 2012 Retail Projects '' ( PDF ) . Architectural Record : 32 . September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Macy 's flagship 's $400 M makeover creating stir '' . CBS News . Associated Press . September 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Palmieri , Jean E. ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Macy 's Completes Renovation of Men 's Department at Herald Square '' . Women 's Wear Daily . Jump up ^ Fickenscher , Lisa ; Weiss , Lois ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Macy 's considers adding a tower to iconic Herald Square store '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ Fickenscher , Lisa ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Macy 's considering turning Herald Square roof into public park '' . New York Post . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Kenneth ( August 20 , 2014 ) . `` Macy 's agrees to pay $650 G to settle state probe into racial profiling at its Herald Square store '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Alan ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Macy 's Taps b8ta For In - Store Pop - Up Shops '' . Twice . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Photos : Go Behind The Scenes Of The Macy 's Herald Square Christmas Windows '' . Gothamist . Archived from the original on 2017 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Miracle on 34th Street Comes to Life in Red Hook '' . DNAinfo New York . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Cerullo , Megan ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Window Dressing '' . Brown Alumni Magazine . Jump up ^ Nathan , Lillien ( July 11 , 2007 ) . `` Anna Sui Opens Macy 's Art Exhibit , Loves Psychedelia '' . New York . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Further reading Hungerford , Edward `` Early History of Macy 's '' in The Romance of a Great Store ( 1922 ) External links ( edit ) Official website Media related to Macy 's Herald Square at Wikimedia Commons <Th_colspan="3"> U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings ( Brooklyn ) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York ( Manhattan ) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond ( Staten Island ) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Lists by city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St . 14th -- 59th St . 59th -- 110th St . Above 110th St . Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks <Td_colspan="3"> List National Register of Historic Places Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Macy 's , Inc . <Td_colspan="2"> Bloomingdale 's Bluemercury Macy 's Key people Terry Lundgren Fred Lazarus Jr . Simon Lazarus Rowland Hussey Macy Isidor Straus Nathan Straus Events Glamorama Macy 's Great Tree Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade My Macy 's Holiday Parade Related Macy 's Herald Square Miracle on 34th Street Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macy%27s_Herald_Square&oldid=863345531 '' Categories : Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan National Historic Landmarks in Manhattan Commercial buildings completed in 1902 Tourist attractions in Manhattan Macy 's Midtown Manhattan Department stores on the National Register of Historic Places Real estate holdout Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Pages containing links to subscription - only content Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 October 2018 , at 05 : 56 ( UTC ) . 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1. Macy's Herald Square - flagship store of Macy's department store chain 2. Historic landmark in Manhattan, New York City 3. Largest department store in the United States 4. Christmas and holiday window displays 5. Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade

when was the new world discovered by european explorers

Timeline of European exploration - wikipedia Timeline of European exploration Jump to : navigation , search Columbus before the Queen , imagined by Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze , 1843 The following timeline covers European exploration from 1418 to 1957 . The 15th century witnessed the rounding of the feared Cape Bojador and Portuguese exploration of the west coast of Africa , while in the last decade of the century the Spanish sent expeditions to the New World , focusing on exploring the Caribbean Sea , and the Portuguese discovered the sea route to India . In the 16th century , various countries sent exploring parties into the interior of the Americas , as well as to their respective west and east coasts north to California and Labrador and south to Chile and Tierra del Fuego . In the 17th century , the Russians explored and conquered Siberia in search of sables , while the Dutch roughly worked on the chart for Australia . The 18th century saw the first extensive exploration of the South Pacific and the discovery of Alaska , while the nineteenth was dominated by exploration of the polar regions ( not to mention excursions into the heart of Africa ) . By the 20th century , the poles themselves had been reached . Contents ( hide ) 1 15th century 2 16th century 3 17th century 4 18th century 5 19th century 6 20th century 7 References 15th century ( edit ) Vasco da Gama lands at Calicut , illustration for Os Lusíadas , 1880 by Ernesto Casanova . 1418 -- João Gonçalves Zarco and Tristão Vaz Teixeira discover Porto Santo . 1419 -- Gonçalves and Vaz discover Madeira . 1427 -- Diogo de Silves discovers the Azores . 1434 -- Gil Eanes passes Cabo de Não and rounds Cape Bojador . 1443 -- Nuno Tristão passes Cape Blanco . 1444 -- Dinis Dias reaches the mouth of the Senegal River . 1446 -- The Portuguese reach Cape Verde and the Gambia River . 1456 -- Alvise Cadamosto and Diogo Gomes explored the Cape Verde Islands . 1460 -- Pêro de Sintra reaches Sierra Leone . 1470 -- Cape Palmas is passed . 1472 -- Fernão do Pó discovers Bioko . 1473 -- Lopo Gonçalves is the first to cross the equator . 1474 -- 75 -- Ruy de Sequeira discovers São Tomé and Príncipe . 1482 -- Diogo Cão reaches the Congo River , where he erects a `` padrão '' ( pillar of stone ) . 1485 -- 86 -- Cão reaches Cape Cross , where he erects his last padrão . 1487 -- 92 -- Pêro da Covilhã travels to Arabia , down to the mouth of the Red Sea , eastward by sail to the Malabar Coast ( visiting Calicut and Goa ) ; later sails down the east coast of Africa ( visiting the trading stations of Mombasa , Zanzibar , and Sofala ) ; on his return he visits Mecca and Medina before reaching Ethiopia in search of the mythical Prester John . 1488 -- Bartolomeu Dias rounds the `` Cape of Storms '' ( Cape of Good Hope ) . 1492 -- Christopher Columbus discovers the Bahamas , Cuba , and `` Española '' ( Hispaniola ) . 1493 -- 94 -- Columbus discovers Dominica and Guadeloupe , among other islands of the Lesser Antilles ; also discovers Puerto Rico and Jamaica . 1497 -- John Cabot discovers Newfoundland . 1497 -- 98 -- Vasco da Gama sails to India and back . 1498 -- Columbus discovers the mainland of South America . 1499 -- Alonso de Ojeda explores the South American mainland from about Cayenne ( in modern French Guiana ) to Cabo de la Vela ( in modern Colombia ) , discovering the mouths of the Orinoco and entering Lake Maracaibo . 1499 -- Amerigo Vespucci discovers the mouth of the Amazon River and reaches 6 ° S , in present - day northern Brazil . 1499 -- João Fernandes Lavrador , together with Pêro de Barcelos , sight Labrador . 1499 -- Gaspar and Miguel Corte - Real reach and map Greenland . 16th century ( edit ) Cabral 's ship on the fleet that sighted the Brazilian mainland for the first time on 22 April 1500 . From the manuscript Memória das Armadas que de Portugal passaram à Índia Balboa claiming possession of the Mar del Sur ( `` South Sea '' ) . Map of the island city Tenochtitlán and Mexico gulf made by one of Cortés ' men , 1524 , Newberry Library , Chicago Discovery of the Mississippi by William H. Powell ( 1823 -- 1879 ) is a Romantic depiction of de Soto seeing the Mississippi River for the first time . It hangs in the United States Capitol rotunda . Coronado Sets Out to the North , by Frederic Remington , 1861 -- 1909 The Cabrillo National Monument in San Diego , California Crew of Willem Barentsz fighting a polar bear , 1596 1500 -- Vicente Yáñez Pinzón reaches the northeast coast of what today is Brazil at a cape he names `` Santa Maria de la Consolación '' ( Cabo de Santo Agostinho ) and sails fifty miles up a river he names the `` Marañón '' ( Amazon ) . 1500 -- Pedro Álvares Cabral makes the `` official '' discovery of Brazil , leading the first expedition that united Europe , America , Africa , and Asia . 1500 -- João Fernandes reaches Cape Farewell , Greenland ( `` Terra do Lavrador '' , or Land of the Husbandman ) . 1500 -- 02 -- Gaspar and Miguel Corte Real discover and name the coasts of `` Terra Verde '' ( likely Newfoundland ) and Labrador . 1500 - 01 -- Diogo Dias discovers Madagascar and reaches the gate of the Red Sea , the Bab - el - Mandeb Strait . 1500 -- Rodrigo de Bastidas explores the Colombian coast from Cabo de la Vela to the Gulf of Urabá . 1501 - 02 -- Gonçalo Coelho discovers `` Rio de Janeiro '' ( Guanabara Bay ) . 1502 -- 03 -- Columbus explores the North American mainland from Guanaja off modern Honduras to the present - day border of Panama and Colombia . 1505 -- Juan de Bermúdez discovers Bermuda . 1506 -- Lourenço de Almeida reaches the Maldives and Sri Lanka . 1506 -- Tristão da Cunha discovers the island of Tristan da Cunha . 1509 -- Diogo Lopes de Sequeira reaches Sumatra and Malacca . 1511 -- Duarte Fernandes leads a diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya Kingdom ( Siam or Thailand ) . 1511 -- Rui Nunes da Cunha leads a diplomatic mission to Pegu ( Burma or Myanmar ) . 1511 -- 12 -- João de Lisboa and Estevão de Fróis discover the `` Cape of Santa Maria '' ( Punta Del Este ) in the River Plate , exploring its estuary , and traveling as far south as the Gulf of San Matias at 42oS , in present - day Uruguay and Argentina ( penetrating 300 km ( 186 mi ) `` around the Gulf '' ) . 1511 -- 12 -- António de Abreu sails through the Strait of Malacca , between Sumatra and Bangka , and along the coasts of Java , Bali , Lombok , Sumbawa , and Flores to the `` Spice Islands '' ( Maluku ) . 1513 -- Jorge Álvares lands off the coast of China , on Nei Lingding Island at the Pearl River Delta . 1513 -- Vasco Núñez de Balboa crosses the Isthmus of Panama and reaches the Bay of San Miguel , discovering the `` Mar del Sur '' ( Pacific Ocean ) . 1513 -- Juan Ponce de León discovers `` La Florida '' ( Florida ) and the Yucatan . 1514 -- 15 -- António Fernandes reaches present - day Zimbabwe . 1515 -- Gonzalo de Badajoz crosses the Isthmus of Panama at the site of Nombre de Dios , reaching as far as the interior of the Azuero Peninsula . 1516 -- Juan Díaz de Solís explores the River Plate estuary and names it `` La Mar Dulce '' ( `` The Fresh - Water Sea '' ) . 1516 -- Portuguese traders land in Da Nang , Champa , naming it Cochinchina ( modern Vietnam ) . 1518 -- Lourenço Gomes reaches Borneo . 1518 -- Juan de Grijalva explores the Mexican coast from `` Patouchan '' ( Champotón ) to just north of the Pánuco River . 1519 -- Hernán Cortés travels from Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan on Lake Texcoco . 1519 -- Alonzo Alvarez de Pineda sails around the Gulf of Mexico to the Pánuco , proving its insularity ; also discovers the `` Father of Waters '' ( the Mississippi ) . 1519 -- Gaspar de Espinosa sails west along the west coasts of modern Panama and Costa Rica as far as the Gulf of Nicoya . 1519 -- 22 -- Ferdinand Magellan 's expedition completes the first circumnavigation of the globe , exploring the coast of Patagonia and discovering and traversing the Strait of Magellan . 1520 -- 21 -- João Alvares Fagundes explores Burgeo and Saint Pierre and Miquelon in Newfoundland , and Nova Scotia . 1521 -- Francisco Gordillo and Pedro de Quexos find the mouth of a river they name `` Rio de San Juan Bautista '' ( perhaps Winyah Bay at the mouth of the Pee Dee River in modern South Carolina ) . 1521 -- Cristóvão Jacques explores the Plate River and discovers the Parana River , entering it for about 23 leagues ( around 140 km ) , to near the present city of Rosario . 1522 -- Gil González Dávila explores inland from the Gulf of Nicoya , discovering Lake Nicaragua , while his pilot Andrés Niño explores along the coast to the west , discovering the Gulf of Fonseca and perhaps reaching as far as the southwestern coast of modern Guatemala . 1524 -- Giovanni da Verrazzano explores the eastern seaboard of the present United States from about Cape Fear to Maine ; discovers the mouth of the Hudson River . c. 1524 -- Aleixo Garcia travels westward from Santa Catarina , across the Paraná ( perhaps sighting Iguazu Falls ) to the Paraguay near the site of Asunción , then across the Gran Chaco to the Andes and the Inca frontier , somewhere between Mizque and Tomina in modern Bolivia . 1524 -- 25 -- Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro explore from Punta Piña ( 7 ° 56 ' N ) on the southern coast of Panama to the San Juan River ( 4 ° N ) , on the west coast of Colombia . 1525 -- Estêvão Gomes probes Penobscot Bay , Maine . 1525 -- The Portuguese reach `` Celebes '' ( Sulawesi ) . 1525 -- Diogo da Rocha and Gomes de Sequeira discover the Caroline Islands . 1526 -- Alonso de Salazar discovers the Marshall Islands ( Bokak Atoll ) . 1526 -- 28 -- Pizarro and his pilot Bartolomé Ruiz explore the west coast of South America from the San Juan River south to the Santa River ( about 9 ° S ) , becoming the first to sight the coasts of Ecuador and Peru . 1526 -- 27 -- Jorge de Menezes discovers New Guinea . 1527 -- 28 -- Sebastian Cabot explores several hundred miles up the Paraná River , past its confluence with the Paraguay . 1528 -- Diogo Rodrigues explores the Mascarene Islands ( which he names after Pedro Mascarenhas ) , naming the islands of Réunion , Mauritius , and Rodrigues . 1528 -- 36 -- Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and three others are the only survivors of a group of several hundred colonists who travel from the coast of western Florida to the Rio Sinaloa in northern Mexico , where they encounter Spanish slavers . 1531 -- Diego de Ordaz ascends the Orinoco to the Atures rapids , just past its confluence with the Meta . 1532 -- 33 -- Pizarro explores and conquers inland to Cajamarca and Cuzco . 1533 -- Fortún Ximénez finds the tip of Baja California . 1534 -- Jacques Cartier explores the Gulf of St. Lawrence , discovering Anticosti Island and Prince Edward Island . 1535 -- Fray Tomás de Berlanga discovers the Galapagos Islands . 1535 -- Cartier ascends `` La Grande Rivière '' or `` La Rivière de Hochelaga '' ( the St. Lawrence River ) to the village of Hochelaga ( present - day Montreal ) . 1535 -- 37 -- Diego de Almagro leads en expedition from Cuzco to the south , taking the Inca highway to the southwest shore of Lake Titicaca , through the altiplano and the Salta valley to Copiapó ; a detachment continues south to the Maule River . Almagro takes the coastal route back , through the Atacama Desert . 1539 -- Francisco de Ulloa sails to the head of the Gulf of California and around Baja California to Cedros Island , establishing that Baja is a peninsula . 1539 -- 43 -- Hernando de Soto 's expedition explores much of the modern American South , becoming the first to cross the Appalachians ( over the Blue Ridge Mountains ) and the Mississippi . 1540 -- 42 -- Francisco Vásquez de Coronado searches for the mythical Seven Cities of Cibola , only to find villages of mud and thatch . He sends out smaller parties , one of which , under García López de Cárdenas , discovers the Grand Canyon ; another finds a city of gold called Quivira ( in modern Kansas ) , which Coronado later visits -- although he finds no gold . 1540 -- Hernando de Alarcón ascends the Colorado River to the confluence of the Gila River ( near present - day Yuma , Arizona ) . 1541 -- 42 -- Francisco de Orellana sails down the length of the Amazon . 1542 -- 43 -- Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo explores the coasts of modern Baja and California from Punta Baja to the Russian River , discovering the Channel Islands ; after his death , his second - in - command , Bartolomé Ferrer , reaches Point Arena . 1542 or 1543 -- Fernão Mendes Pinto , António Mota and Francisco Zeimoto reach Tanegashima , Japan . 1543 -- Ruy López de Villalobos discovers three islands ( Fais , Ulithi and Yap ) in the Carolines and eight atolls ( Kwajalein , Lae , Ujae , Wotho , Likiep , Wotje , Erikub and Maloelap ) in the Marshall Islands . 1543 -- Jean Alfonce explores up the Saguenay River , believing it to be `` la mer du Cattay '' . 1553 -- Hugh Willoughby seeks a Northeast Passage over Russia ; reaches either Kolguyev Island or Novaya Zemlya . 1556 -- Steven Borough reaches as far as Kara Strait , between Novaya Zemlya and Vaygach Island . 1557 -- 59 -- Juan Fernández Ladrillero and Cortés Hojea explore the Chilean coast from Valdivia ( 39 ° 48 ' S ) to Canal Santa Barbara ( 54 ° S ) ; the former passes through the western entrance of the Strait of Magellan to its eastern entrance and back . 1565 -- Miguel López de Legazpi discovers Mejit , Ailuk and Jemo in the Marshall Islands , while his subordinate Alonso de Arellano discovers Lib in the same island group , as well as five islands ( Oroluk , Chuuk , Pulap , Sorol and Ngulu ) in the Caroline Islands . 1568 -- Álvaro de Mendaña discovers the Solomon Islands . 1576 -- Martin Frobisher discovers `` Meta Incognita '' ( `` the unknown bourne '' ; Baffin Island ) and what he believes to be a passage to Cathay : `` Frobishers Streytes '' ( Frobisher Bay ) . 1577 -- 80 -- Sir Francis Drake completes the second circumnavigation of the globe . 1578 -- Frobisher sails part way up the `` Mistaken Straites '' ( Hudson Strait ) . 1581 -- 82 -- Yermak Timofeyevich and his men cross the Ural Mountains and reach as far as Isker on the banks of the Irtysh ( near modern Tobolsk ) . 1585 -- John Davis explores Davis Strait , reaching 66 ° 40 ′ N ; also sails up Cumberland Sound , thinking it to be a `` passage to Cathay '' . 1587 -- Davis sails up the west coast of Greenland as far as 72 ° 46 ′ N ( about modern Upernavik ) . 1589 -- João da Gama reaches `` Yezo '' ( Hokkaido ) . 1592 -- Davis discovers the Falkland Islands . 1595 -- Mendaña discovers the Marquesas . 1596 -- Willem Barentsz discovers Spitsbergen . 17th century ( edit ) John Collier 's painting of Henry Hudson cast adrift . A 17th - century koch in a museum in Krasnoyarsk . Kochi were used to explore the Siberian watershed and coasts by men such as Kurochkin , Perfilyev and Dezhnev . `` Murderers ' Bay '' , on the South Island of New Zealand , where several of Tasman 's men were killed by Maori in December 1642 . The expedition of Semyon Dezhnyov by Klavdy Lebedev Pere Marquette and the Indians at the Mississippi River , oil painting ( 1869 ) by Wilhelm Lamprecht ( 1838 -- 1906 ) , at Marquette University . 1600 -- 01 -- Prince Miron Shakhovskoi and D. Khripunov descend the Ob to the Ob Estuary and ascend the Taz River , establishing the ostrog of Mangazeya about 161 kilometres ( 100 mi ) to 240 kilometres ( 150 mi ) from its mouth . 1602 -- 06 -- Bento de Góis travels overland from India to China , via Afghanistan and the Pamirs . 1605 -- Ketsk serving men ascend the Ket , portage to the Yenisei , and descend it to its confluence with the Sym . 1606 -- Willem Janszoon discovers Australia at the mouth of the Pennefather River on the western coast of the Cape York Peninsula , exploring its coast from Badu Island south to Cape Keerweer ( 13 ° 58 ′ S ) . 1606 -- Pedro Fernandes de Queirós discovers Espiritu Santo , the largest island in what is now the nation of Vanuatu . 1606 -- Luís Vaz de Torres sails through the strait that now bears his name . 1607 -- Mangazeyan promyshlenniki and traders reach the lower Yenisei , establish Turukhansk , and ascend the Lower Tunguska , while Ketsk serving men ascend the Yenisei to the Angara , which they also ascend . 1607 -- Henry Hudson coasts the east coast of Greenland , naming `` Hold - with - Hope '' ( around 73 ° N ) . 1609 -- Hudson sails the Halve Maen up the Hudson River as fall north as present day Albany , New York . 1610 -- Étienne Brûlé ascends the Ottawa River and reaches Lake Nipissing and Georgian Bay in Lake Huron . 1610 -- Kondratiy Kurochkin leads an expedition , sailing in kochi , from Turukhansk to the mouth of the Yenisei and east to the mouth of the Pyasina on the Taymyr Peninsula . 1610 -- A detachment from Mangazeya ascends the Yenisei a further 640 kilometres ( 400 mi ) to its confluence with the Sym . 1610 -- 11 -- Hudson sails through Hudson Strait into Hudson Bay , where he overwinters in James Bay . 1611 -- Mangazeyan men reach the Khatanga . 1612 -- 13 -- Thomas Button is the first to explore the western shores of Hudson Bay , where he winters in the mouth of the Nelson River ; also discovers Coats and Southampton Islands . 1614 -- Whalers discover Jan Mayen . 1615 -- 16 -- Étienne Brûlé sights the western shore of Lake Ontario , descends the Niagara River , explores what are now parts of modern New York and Pennsylvania , and descends the Susquehanna River to Chesapeake Bay . 1616 -- Jacob Le Maire and Willem Schouten discover and name Le Maire Strait , Staten Island , and Cape Horn ; also discover Tonga ( Niuafo'ou , Niuatoputapu , and Tafahi ) , Futuna and Alofi ( in modern Wallis and Futuna ) , and several islands in the Tuamotu ( Takaroa , Takapoto , Manihi , Ahe and Rangiroa ) and Bismarck Archipelagos ( including New Hanover and New Ireland ) . 1616 -- Robert Bylot and William Baffin reach 77 ° 30 ′ N , enter Baffin Bay , discover Smith , Jones , and Lancaster Sounds and sight the coasts of Ellesmere , Devon , and Bylot Islands . 1616 -- Dirk Hartog explores some 576 kilometres ( 358 mi ) of coastline ( the coast of Western Australia from about 22 ° to 28 ° S ) , discovering Dirk Hartog Island and Shark Bay . 1617 -- English walrus hunters sight the southern coast of `` Sir Thomas Smith 's Island '' ( Nordaustlandet ) . 1618 -- Pedro Páez is believed to be the first European to see and describe the source of the Blue Nile in Ethiopia . 1618 -- Lenaert Jacobszoon discovers an `` island '' at 22 ° S ( the coast of Western Australia from Point Cloates to North West Cape ) . 1619 -- Frederick de Houtman sights the coast of Western Australia near Fremantle and sails along the coast north for over 640 kilometres ( 400 mi ) . 1620 -- Mangazeyan serving men reach the Vilyuy River and descend it to its confluence with the Lena . 1621 -- 23 -- Étienne Brûlé and his companion Grenolle travel along the North Channel of Lake Huron ( probably sighting Manitoulin Island ) to `` Grand Lac '' ( Lake Superior ) via St. Mary 's River . 1622 -- The Dutch ship Leeuwin discovers land near present - day Cape Leeuwin . 1623 -- Jan Carstenszoon discovers the western coast of Cape York Peninsula from Cape Keerweer to the southern mouth of the Gilbert River ; while his consort Willem Joosten van Colster discovers `` Arnhemsland '' and `` Speultsland '' ( modern Arnhem Land and perhaps Groote Eylandt ) . 1624 -- António de Andrade crosses the Himalayas through the Mana Pass and reaches Tibet . 1627 -- Jesuit missionaries Estêvão Cacella and João Cabral cross the Himalayas and are the first to enter Bhutan . 1627 -- François Thijssen , accompanied by Pieter Nuyts , discovers over 1,609 kilometres ( 1,000 mi ) of coastline east of Cape Leeuwin to the eastern end of the Great Australian Bight . 1628 -- Cabral is the first to enter Nepal . 1628 -- Gerrit Frederikszoon de Witt captain of the Vianen discovers `` Witsland '' about 21 ° S , sailing 320 kilometres ( 200 mi ) along the coast and discovering Barrow Island and parts of the Dampier Archipelago . 1628 -- 30 -- Vasilii Bugor ascends the Upper Tunguska and portages to the upper Lena , descending it to its confluence with the Kirenga . 1631 -- 32 -- Luke Foxe and Thomas James , in separate expeditions , both circumnavigate Hudson Bay in search of a Northwest Passage ; Foxe sails through the channel and into the basin now named after him to 66 ° 47 ′ N , while James winters in the bay named after him . 1632 -- 33 -- Pyotr Beketov descends the Lena as far as its great bend , erects the ostrog Yakutsk , and sends a detachment some 720 kilometres ( 450 mi ) downriver ( where the zimovie Zhigansk is built ) and another east up the Aldan as far as the Amga ( which they also ascend in search of yasak ) . 1633 -- 34 -- Jean Nicolet discovers Lake Michigan and likely reaches Green Bay , Wisconsin . 1633 -- 38 -- Ilya Perfilyev and Ivan Rebrov sail from Zhigansk in kochi some 800 kilometres ( 500 mi ) downriver to the mouth of the Lena and sail along the coast east and west , reaching the mouths of the Olenyok , Yana , and Indigirka rivers . 1638 -- 40 -- Poznik Ivanov crosses the Verkhoyansk Range into the upper reaches of the Yana , and then portages over the Chersky Range into the Indigirka River system . 1639 -- 40 -- Maksim Perfilyev ascends the Vitim River to the Tsipa , which he also ascends ( until rapids force him to turn back ) , becoming the first Russian to enter Transbaikal . 1639 -- 41 -- Ivan Moskvitin ascends the Maya , portages across the Dzhugdzhur Mountains , and descends the Ulya to the Sea of Okhotsk ; two groups are sent to the north and south , reaching the mouths of the Taui and Uda rivers , respectively . 1641 -- Dmitri Zyrian discovers the Alazeya , which he ascends as far as the tree line . 1642 -- 43 -- Abel Tasman discovers `` Anthony van Diemenslandt '' ( Tasmania ) and `` Staten Landt '' ( New Zealand ) ; following year discovers `` 't Eylandt Amsterdam '' ( Tongatapu ) , Fiji and New Britain . 1643 -- Kurbat Ivanov reaches the western shores of Lake Baikal , opposite Olkhon . 1643 -- Maarten Gerritsz Vries sails along the eastern coast of `` Yezo '' ( Hokkaidō ) , between Iturup and Urup , to Sakhalin . 1643 -- Vasiliy Sychev discovers the Anabar , where he establishes the zimovie Anabarskoye . 1643 -- 45 -- Vassili Poyarkov crosses the Stanovoy Range and descends the Zeya to the Amur , which he follows to its mouth ; from here , he coasts along the Sea of Okhotsk to the Ulya ( on the way sighting the Shantar Islands ) . 1644 -- Tasman maps the northern coast of Australia , connecting `` Nova Guinea '' ( the Cape York Peninsula ) with `` the land of D'Eendracht '' ( Western Australia ) . 1644 -- Mikhail Stadukhin reaches the Kolyma . 1644 -- 47 -- Ivan Pokhabov is the first to ascend the Angara to Lake Baikal , which he crosses to the Selenga ; he later ascends it and reaches Urga ( in present - day Mongolia ) . 1646 -- Isaya Ignatyev reaches Chaunskaya Bay . 1648 -- 49 -- Semyon Dezhnyov sails from the Kolyma , rounds Cape Dezhnev ( thus proving Asia and America are separate ) , and reaches the Anadyr River , which he ascends for some 563 kilometres ( 350 mi ) ( here he builds the zimovie Anadyrsk ) . 1649 -- 51 -- Yerofey Khabarov ascends the Olyokma River , crosses the northern Yablonoi Mountains , and descends the Amur to its confluence with the Songhua . 1650 -- Stadukhin and Semen Motora travel from the Kolyma , across the Anyuyskiy Range , to Anadyrsk . 1651 -- 57 -- Stadukhin travels from Anadyrsk to the mouth of the Penzhina River , then west along the northern coast of the Sea of Okhotsk to Okhotsk . 1653 -- 54 -- Beketov ascends the Khilok , crosses the southern Yablonoi Mountains , and descends the Ingoda and Shilka rivers to the latter 's confluence with the Nercha ( where his men build the ostrog Nerchinsk ) . 1654 -- Médard Chouart des Groseilliers explores the entire western shore of Lake Michigan . 1659 -- Groseilliers and Pierre - Esprit Radisson explore the southern shore of Lake Superior as far west as Chequamegon Bay . 1661 -- Johann Grueber and Albert Dorville are the first to visit Lhasa . 1669 -- Robert de la Salle discovers the Ohio , descending it as far as the Falls of Ohio at the site of modern Louisville , Kentucky . 1673 -- Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette reach the upper Mississippi , descending it to its confluence with the Arkansas ; also discover the Missouri . 1675 -- Anthony de la Roché discovers South Georgia . 1682 -- Robert de La Salle descends the `` Rivière de Colbert '' ( Mississippi ) to its mouth . 1688 -- 89 -- Jacques de Noyon discovers Rainy Lake and Lake of the Woods . 1690 -- 92 -- Henry Kelsey travels from York Factory southwestward , probably reaching the Saskatchewan and the headwaters of the Assiniboine -- in the process becoming the first European to see the Canadian Prairies . 1696 -- Luka Morozko travels almost halfway down the west coast of Kamchatka , reaching the Tigil River . 1697 -- 99 -- Vladimir Atlasov reaches as far as the Golygina River on the southwest coast of Kamchatka , from which he sights Atlasov Island ; also crosses the Sredinny Range ( twice ) , reaching Olyutorsky Gulf and the Kamchatka River . 18th century ( edit ) Cook 's map of New Zealand Resolution and Adventure in Matavai Bay by William Hodges `` Mount Rainier from the south Part of Admiralty Inlet '' . The mountain was discovered by Vancouver during his exploration of Puget Sound in the spring of 1792 . Inscription at the end of the Alexander Mackenzie 's Canada crossing located at 52 ° 22 ′ 43 '' N 127 ° 28 ′ 14 '' W  /  52.37861 ° N 127.47056 ° W  / 52.37861 ; - 127.47056 1706 -- Mikhail Nasedkin reaches Cape Lopatka and sights Shumshu , northernmost of the Kuril Islands . 1710 -- Yakov Permyakov discovers Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island . 1713 -- Ivan Kozyrevsky reaches Shumshu and Paramushir . 1714 -- Étienne de Veniard , Sieur de Bourgmont ascends the Missouri as far as the Platte , becoming the first to enter the present - day Nebraska . 1720 -- Pedro de Villasur travels from Santa Fe , through what is now part of southeastern Colorado , to the lower Platte in eastern Nebraska . 1722 -- Jakob Roggeveen discovers `` Paasch Eiland '' ( Easter Island ) and Tutuila and Upolu . 1728 -- Vitus Bering sails through the strait that now bears his name ; also discovers and names Saint Lawrence Island . 1732 -- Mikhail Gvozdev discovers the `` Large Country '' ( Alaska ) . 1734 -- Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye discovers Lake Winnipeg . 1734 -- 37 -- Stepan Muravev and Mikhail Pavlov chart the Russian coast from Arkhangelsk to just east of the Pechora , while Stepan Malygin charts it from there to the Ob River , including the Yamal Peninsula . 1735 -- 36 -- Vasili Pronchishchev charts the Russian coast from the Lena west to the Khatanga . 1737 -- Dmitry Ovtsyn charts the Russian coast from the mouth of the Ob to the Yenisei . 1738 -- Pierre de La Vérendrye visits Mandan villages near the site of present - day Bismarck , North Dakota . 1738 -- 40 -- Fyodor Minin charts the Russian coast from the Yenisei to the Pyasina . 1739 -- Jean Bouvet de Lozier discovers `` Cape Circumcision '' ( Bouvet Island ) . 1739 -- 41 -- Dmitry Laptev charts the Russian coast from the Lena to just east of the Kolyma . 1741 -- Bering sights Mount St. Elias , the entrance of Prince William Sound , the Alaska Peninsula ( from Cape Providence to Chignik Bay ) and several of the Aleutian Islands ( discovering Great Sitkin , Atka , and Kiska ) , as well as discovering Kayak , Montague , Hinchinbrook , Sitkalidak , and the Shumagin and Commander Islands ; his second - in - command , Aleksei Chirikov , sights Mounts Fairweather and Douglas and discovers Noyes and Baker Islands ( both off the west coast of Prince of Wales Island ) , as well as Baranof , Chichagof , Kruzof , Yakobi , Kodiak , Afognak , the Aleutian Islands ( Umnak , Adak , Agattu , Attu , and the Islands of Four Mountains ) , and the Kenai Peninsula . 1741 -- 42 -- Khariton Laptev and Semion Chelyuskin chart the Taymyr Peninsula , with the latter reaching Cape Chelyuskin , the northernmost point of Asia . 1742 -- Christopher Middleton discovers Wager Bay and Repulse Bay . 1742 -- 43 -- Louis - Joseph Gaultier de La Vérendrye and his brother François reach the Big Horn Mountains of modern Wyoming ; on their return they reach the vicinity of present - day Pierre , South Dakota . 1747 -- Jeremiah Westall discovers Chesterfield Inlet and sails about sixty miles up it . 1761 -- 62 -- William Christopher sails 370 kilometres ( 230 mi ) into Chesterfield Inlet to the western end of Baker Lake . 1767 -- Samuel Wallis discovers `` King George 's Land '' ( Tahiti ) . 1769 -- José Ortega discovers San Francisco Bay . 1769 -- 70 -- James Cook circumnavigates both islands of New Zealand , proving they are n't part of Terra Australis Incognita ; also discovers the east coast of Australia from Cape Howe to Cape York . 1771 -- 72 -- Samuel Hearne reaches the Coppermine , descending it to what would become known as Coronation Gulf ; the following year , on his way back , he becomes the first to sight and cross Great Slave Lake . 1772 -- Yves - Joseph de Kerguelen - Trémarec discovers the Kerguelen Islands . 1772 -- Pedro Fages sights the Sierra Nevada . 1773 -- Ivan Lyakhov reaches Kotelny Island . 1773 -- 75 -- Cook is the first to cross the Antarctic Circle , reaching 71 ° 10 ' S , thus finally disproving the existence of Terra Australis Incognita ; also discovers New Caledonia and the South Sandwich Islands . 1774 -- Juan José Pérez Hernández explores the western coast of North America from Cape Mendocino northwards , discovering the Queen Charlotte Islands , Vancouver Island , and Dall Island . 1775 -- Bruno de Heceta discovers the mouth of the Columbia River ; his consort Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra discovers Prince of Wales Island ( Bucareli Bay ) . 1776 -- Francisco Atanasio Domínguez and Silvestre Vélez de Escalante follow the Rio Grande north to the modern state of Colorado , where they travel west , discovering Utah Lake . 1777 -- 78 -- Cook discovers Christmas Island and Hawaii ; also explores the Alaskan coast as far north as Icy Cape , discovering Cook Inlet and Prince William Sound . 1787 -- Charles William Barkley discovers the Strait of Juan de Fuca . 1788 -- Captain Arthur Phillip arrives with The First Fleet in Botany Bay on the coast of Sydney , Australia . 1789 -- Alexander Mackenzie descends the Mackenzie River to its mouth in the Arctic Ocean . 1791 -- Francisco de Eliza discovers the `` Canal de Nuestra Señora del Rosario '' ( Strait of Georgia ) ; José María Narváez explores up it , passing the mouth of the Fraser River and reaching as far north as Texada Island . 1791 -- 94 -- George Vancouver , together with William Broughton , Peter Puget , Joseph Whidbey , and James Johnstone , charts the modern states of Oregon and Washington , the coast of British Columbia , and the Alaska Panhandle , discovering Admiralty , Mitkof and Wrangell Islands in the Alexander Archipelago , as well as proving the insularity of Kuiu and Revillagigedo Islands ; also charts Admiralty Inlet and Puget Sound and discovers the Chatham Islands and The Snares . 1792 -- Dionisio Alcalá Galiano and Cayetano Valdés y Flores circumnavigate Vancouver Island , proving its insularity . 1792 -- Jacinto Caamaño enters Clarence Strait , showing that much of the Alaska Panhandle is an archipelago , not mainland , as had been presumed ; also sights the southwest coast of Revillagigedo Island . 1792 -- 93 -- Mackenzie ascends the Peace and Parsnip , crosses the Canadian Rockies to the headwaters of the Fraser , ascends the West Road River and crosses the Coast Mountains , reaching the Bella Coola , which he descends to North Bentinck Arm and Dean Channel . 1796 -- Mungo Park reaches the upper Niger , exploring it from Ségou to Silla . 1797 -- 98 -- George Bass explores from Cape Howe to Western Port , discovering Bass Strait . 1798 -- John Fearn discovers `` Pleasant Island '' ( Nauru ) . 1798 -- Francisco de Lacerda travels from Tete northwest to Lake Mweru . 1798 -- 99 -- Matthew Flinders and George Bass circumnavigate Tasmania , proving its insularity . 19th century ( edit ) The famous map of Lewis and Clark 's expedition . It changed mapping of northwest America by providing the first accurate depiction of the relationship of the sources of the Columbia and Missouri rivers , and the Rocky Mountains . Colour drawing of Simon Fraser 's 1808 descent of the Fraser River . `` The Crews of H.M.S. Hecla & Griper Cutting Into Winter Harbour , Sept. 26th , 1819 '' . An engraving from the journal published in 1821 . John Franklin 's party encamped at Point Turnagain , the furthest point he reached . HMS Investigator , on the northwestern coast of Banks Island , 20 August 1851 . Map drawn by Robert McClure detailing the Northwest Passage , including the 1851 route of the Investigator . The first ascent of the Matterhorn , by Gustave Doré . The original survey map created by L.M. D'Albertis in 1876 . Nansen and Johansen finally depart on their polar journey , 14 March 1895 . Nansen is the tall figure , second from left ; Johansen is standing second from right . 1800 -- James Grant discovers the Australian coastline from Cape Banks to Cape Otway . c. 1801 -- 04 -- A fur trading post is built on Great Bear Lake . 1802 -- John Murray discovers Port Phillip Bay . 1802 -- Matthew Flinders explores the coast from Fowlers Bay to Encounter Bay , discovering Spencer Gulf , Kangaroo Island , and Gulf St. Vincent . 1802 -- Nicolas Baudin explores the coast from Cape Banks to Encounter Bay , where he meets Flinders . 1802 -- 03 -- Flinders circumnavigates Australia . 1805 -- 06 -- Meriwether Lewis and William Clark , from Fort Mandan , ascend the Missouri to its headwaters , cross the Continental Divide via Lemhi Pass in the Bitterroot Range to enter the present state of Idaho , and descend the Clearwater and Snake rivers to the Columbia , which they descend to its mouth ; on the way back Lewis explores the Blackfoot and Sun rivers , as well as the headwaters of the Marias , while Clark travels through Bozeman Pass and descends the Yellowstone to its confluence with the Missouri . 1805 -- 06 -- Mungo Park descends the Niger as far as the Bussa rapids , where he is drowned . 1806 -- Yakov Sannikov discovers New Siberia Island . 1806 -- Abraham Bristow discovers the Auckland Islands . 1808 -- Simon Fraser descends the Fraser River for some 800 kilometres ( 500 mi ) to its mouth , reaching the Strait of Georgia . 1810 -- Frederick Hasselborough discovers Campbell and Macquarie Islands . 1811 -- 12 -- Wilson Price Hunt discovers Union Pass in the Wind River Range and reaches the upper Snake River , while Robert Stuart discovers South Pass -- his route would later become the Oregon Trail . 1816 -- Otto von Kotzebue discovers Kotzebue Sound . 1819 -- William Smith discovers the South Shetland Islands . 1819 -- 20 -- William Edward Parry enters Lancaster Sound and reaches Melville Island , discovering and naming Cornwallis , Bathurst , and Somerset Islands ; the following year sights `` Banks Land '' ( Banks Island ) . 1820 -- Edward Bransfield sights the Antarctic Peninsula ; also discovers northernmost islands of the South Shetlands . 1820 -- 21 -- Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen discovers the northernmost islands of the South Sandwich group ; following year discovers Peter I and Alexander Islands . 1821 -- John Franklin explores over 800 kilometres ( 500 mi ) of coastline from the mouth of the Coppermine River to Point Turnagain on the Kent Peninsula . 1821 -- Sealers Nathaniel Palmer and George Powell discover `` Powell 's Islands '' ( South Orkney Islands ) . 1821 -- 23 -- Parry explores the eastern side of the Melville Peninsula , reaching the western entrance of Fury and Hecla Strait ; also explores the northern coast of Foxe Basin . 1823 -- Dixon Denham , Walter Oudney , and Hugh Clapperton are the first Europeans to sight Lake Chad . 1823 -- Sealer James Weddell sails to 74 ° 15 ′ S into `` King George IV 's Sea '' ( Weddell Sea ) . 1824 -- Samuel Black ascends the Finlay to Thutade Lake , source of the Finlay - Peace - Slave - Mackenzie river system ; then portages to the Stikine and Turnagain . 1824 -- 25 -- Étienne Provost , Jim Bridger , and Peter Skene Ogden independently reach Great Salt Lake . 1825 -- 26 -- Franklin explores the Arctic coastline from the mouth of the Mackenzie River west to Point Beechey , while his partner John Richardson explores east to the Coppermine River , naming Dolphin and Union Strait and discovering `` Wollaston Land '' ( part of the southern coast of Victoria Island ) -- combining to chart over 1,930 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) of coastline ; Richardson also surveys the five arms of Great Bear Lake . 1826 -- Frederick William Beechey charts the Alaskan coastline from Icy Cape to Point Barrow ; also discovers Vanavana , Fangataufa , and Ahunui in the Tuamotu archipelago . 1826 -- Alexander Gordon Laing becomes the first European to reach the fabled city of Timbuktu . 1827 -- Jedediah Smith crosses the Sierra Nevada ( via Ebbetts Pass ) and Great Basin . 1828 -- René Caillié is the first European to return alive from Timbuktu . 1829 -- 30 -- John Ross discovers `` Boothia Felix '' ( the Boothia Peninsula ) ; the following year his nephew James Clark Ross crosses its narrow isthmus and reaches King William Island . 1830 -- Richard Lander and his brother John descend the Niger for more than 643 kilometres ( 400 mi ) from Bussa to its mouth . 1831 -- 32 -- John Biscoe discovers Enderby Land ; following year discovers Adelaide , Anvers , and Biscoe Islands . 1833 -- Andrei Glazunov and Semyon Lukin discover the mouth of the Yukon River . 1833 -- 35 -- Pyotr Pakhtusov and Avgust Tsivolko chart the entire east coast of Yuzhny Island , as well as the east coast of Severny Island north to nearly 74 ° 24 ' N . 1834 -- George Back descends the Back River to Chantrey Inlet . 1837 -- Glazunov ascends the Unalakleet and portages to the middle Yukon . 1837 -- 39 -- Peter Warren Dease and Thomas Simpson reach Point Barrow from the east ; following two summers they map the region from Point Turnagain to just north of the Castor and Pollux River on the Boothia Peninsula and chart the coastline of `` Victoria Land '' ( Victoria Island ) from Point Back to Point Parry . 1838 -- Pyotr Malakhov reaches Nulato , near the confluence of the Koyukuk and Yukon . 1838 -- 40 -- Jules Dumont d'Urville discovers the Joinville Island group and Adélie Land ( 138 ° 21 ′ E ) . 1839 -- John Balleny discovers the Balleny Islands and sights the Sabrina Coast ( 121 ° E ) . 1840 -- Charles Wilkes discovers Wilkes Land , mapping 2,414 kilometres ( 1,500 mi ) of the Antarctic coast from Piner Bay ( 140 ° E ) to the Shackleton Ice Shelf ( 97 ° E ) , proving that Antarctica is a continent . 1841 -- 43 -- James Clark Ross discovers the Ross Sea , reaches 78 ° 09 ′ 30 '' S , and discovers the active volcano Mount Erebus on Ross Island , the Ross Ice Shelf , and Victoria Land ; also sights Snow Hill , Seymour , and James Ross Islands . 1845 -- John Bell discovers the Porcupine , which he descends to its confluence with the Yukon . 1846 -- Candido José da Costa Cardoso discovers Lake Malawi . 1846 -- Rodrigues Graça travels from Angola to southwestern Katanga . 1846 -- 47 -- John Rae maps over 1,046 kilometres ( 650 mi ) of coastline , from Lord Mayor Bay to Cape Crozier , discovering Committee Bay . c. 1847 -- 48 -- António da Silva Porto reaches the upper Zambezi . 1848 -- Johannes Rebmann is the first to sight Mount Kilimanjaro . 1849 -- David Livingstone and William Cotton Oswell cross the Kalahari Desert to Lake Ngami . 1849 -- James Clark Ross charts 240 kilometres ( 150 mi ) of the west coast of Somerset Island south to Cape Coulman , discovering Peel Sound . 1850 -- Edwin De Haven sails up Wellington Channel , discovering and naming `` Grinnell Land '' ( the Grinnell Peninsula , which forms the northwestern corner of Devon Island ) . 1850 -- 54 -- Robert McClure transits the Northwest Passage ( by boat and sledge ) ; he and his men also chart some 2,736 kilometres ( 1,700 mi ) of new coastline , consisting of the entire coast of Banks Island and much of the northwestern coast of Victoria Island ( from just east of Point Reynolds in the north to Prince Albert Sound in the south ) , in the process discovering Prince of Wales Strait and McClure Strait . 1851 -- Rae charts over 965 kilometres ( 600 mi ) of the southern coastline of Victoria Island , from Cape Back to Pelly Point . 1851 -- Erasmus Ommanney , Sherard Osborn and William Browne chart the northern half of Prince of Wales Island , Osborn west to Sherard Osborn Point ( 72 ° 20 ' N ) and Browne east to Pandora Island ; meanwhile , Robert D. Aldrich charts the west coast of the Bathurst Island group north to Cape Aldrich ( about 76 ° 11 ' N , on Île Vanier ) and Dr. Abraham Bradford charts the east coast of Melville Island north to Bradford Point . 1851 -- Robert Campbell descends the Pelly to the Yukon , which he descends to its confluence with the Porcupine , reaching Fort Yukon . 1851 -- 52 -- William Kennedy and Joseph René Bellot discover Bellot Strait and cross Prince of Wales Island east to west , reaching Ommanney Bay . 1852 -- Edward Augustus Inglefield reaches 78 ° 28 ' N , entering Smith Sound ; also charts Jones Sound as far west as 84 ° 10 ' W . 1852 -- 53 -- Edward Belcher sails two of his squadron to the northwestern coast of the Grinnell Peninsula , wintering at 77 ° 52 ' N , 97 ° W ; later circumnavigates the peninsula via Arthur Strait ( now Fiord ) , discovering Cornwall and North Kent . 1853 -- Richard Vesey Hamilton and George Henry Richards chart the Sabine Peninsula of Melville Island from Cape Mudge east to Bradford Point ; the latter , along with Sherard Osborn , also charts the northern coast of Bathurst Island . 1853 -- George Mecham discovers Prince Patrick and Eglinton Islands and charts the southwest corner of Melville Island ; along with Francis Leopold McClintock , he charts nearly the entire coast of Prince Patrick ; McClintock also charts the northwest coast of Melville Island , from Cape Fisher northwest to Cape Scott and south along its west coast to Cape Purchase . 1853 -- 54 -- Elisha Kent Kane and his men chart the Kane Basin and discover Kennedy Channel ; one of his men , William Morton , reaches as far north as Kap Constitution ( 81 ° 22 ' N ) . 1853 -- 56 -- Livingstone becomes the first to traverse Africa from west to east , traveling from Luanda in Angola to Quelimane in Mozambique ; also explores much of the upper Zambezi and discovers and names Victoria Falls . 1854 -- Rae charts the Boothia Peninsula from the Castor and Pollux River north to Point de la Guiche , discovering Rae Strait and proving the insularity of King William Island . 1858 -- Richard Francis Burton and John Hanning Speke discover Lake Tanganyika and Lake Victoria . 1859 -- McClintock charts the remaining 193 kilometres ( 120 mi ) of the continental coastline of America ( on the west coast of the Boothia Peninsula ) , while his companion Allen Young charts the southern half of Prince of Wales Island . 1860 -- 61 -- Robert O'Hara Burke and William Wills are the first to cross Australia from south to north , traveling from Melbourne to the Flinders River . 1862 -- Speke discovers the Nile flowing from the northern end of Lake Victoria . 1862 -- Ivan Lukin ascends the Yukon to Fort Yukon . 1864 -- Samuel Baker discovers `` Luta Nzige '' ( Lake Albert ) ; in the distance he sights the Mountains of the Moon ( the Rwenzori ) . 1865 -- Edward Whymper is the first to ascend the Matterhorn . 1869 -- 70 -- Carl Koldewey and Julius von Payer explore the east coast of Greenland from 74 ° 18 ' to 77 ° 01'N . 1871 -- Charles Francis Hall reaches Robeson Channel , sailing his ship as far north as 82 ° 11 ' N ; he later travels by sledge to 83 ° 05 ' N . 1872 -- William Adams proves the insularity of Bylot Island . 1873 -- 74 -- Karl Weyprecht and Von Payer discover and name Franz Josef Land . 1875 -- 76 -- George Nares sails as far north as 82 ° 24 ' N ; following year Albert Hastings Markham sledges to 83 ° 20 ' 26 '' N , while Pelham Aldrich sledges along the northern coast of Ellesmere Island east to Alert Point and Lewis A. Beaumont explores the northwestern coast of Greenland . 1875 -- 77 -- Henry Morton Stanley circumnavigates both Lakes Tanganyika and Victoria , sights Lake George , and descends the Lualaba and Congo to the sea . 1876 -- Luigi D'Albertis ascends over 800 kilometres ( 500 mi ) up the Fly River in New Guinea . 1878 -- 79 -- Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld is the first to transit the Northeast Passage . 1881 -- 83 -- Adolphus Greely explores the interior of Ellesmere Island , discovering Lake Hazen ; one of his men , James Booth Lockwood , crosses the island and reaches Greely Fiord , as well as sledging eastwards to the vicinity of Kap Washington ( reaching 83 ° 23'08 '' N in the process ) . 1883 -- 84 -- Franz Boas is the first to see Nettilling Lake . 1887 -- 89 -- Stanley traverses the Ituri Rainforest , explores the Rwenzori , and follows the Semliki to its source ( which he names Lake Edward ) . 1892 -- Robert Peary discovers and names Independence Bay and Peary Land . 1893 -- 96 -- Fridtjof Nansen and Hjalmar Johansen sledge to 86 ° 13'06 '' N ; their ship , the Fram , under Otto Sverdrup , drifts in the ice from the New Siberian Islands west to the northwest coast of Spitsbergen , reaching 85 ° 55'05 '' N -- a new record for a ship . 1898 -- 1902 -- Sverdrup and Gunnar Isachsen chart the western coast of Ellesmere Island and discover and name Axel Heiberg , Ellef Ringnes , Amund Ringnes , and King Christian Islands . 20th century ( edit ) Amundsen 's party at the South Pole , December 1911 . From left to right : Amundsen , Hanssen , Hassel and Wisting ( photo by fifth member Bjaaland ) . Scott 's party at the South Pole , 18 January 1912 . L to R : ( standing ) Wilson , Scott , Oates ; ( seated ) Bowers , Edgar Evans . Severnaya Zemlya -- raising of the Russian flag in 1913 . 1900 -- Peary explores the north coast of Greenland from Kap Washington to Kap Clarence Wyckoff , on the way reaching Cape Morris Jesup , the most northern point of mainland Greenland . 1902 -- 04 -- Robert Falcon Scott traces the length of the Ross Ice Shelf , discovers the Edward VII Peninsula , reaches about 82 ° 11 ' S ( in the process tracing 600 kilometres ( 370 mi ) of the west coast of the shelf ) , crosses the Transantarctic Mountains and discovers the Antarctic Plateau , penetrating nearly 240 kilometres ( 150 mi ) into it ; he is also the first to see the dry valleys of the Antarctic . 1903 -- 06 -- Roald Amundsen transits the Northwest Passage in the sloop Gjøa ; Godfred Hansen , his second - in - command , charts the east coast of Victoria Island north to Cape Nansen ( 72 ° 02 ' N , 104 ° 45 ' W ) . 1906 -- 07 -- Ludvig Mylius - Erichsen and Johan Peter Koch chart the northeast coast of Greenland from Kap Bismarck ( 76 ° 42 ' N ) to Kap Clarence Wyckoff ( 82 ° 52 ' N ) , discovering Danmark Fjord . 1908 -- 09 -- Frederick Cook and Peary each claim to have reached the North Pole -- the former is a fraud , the latter widely doubted . 1910 -- 11 -- Bernhard Hantzsch crosses Baffin Island from Cumberland Sound to the Koukdjuak River , exploring the west coast of the island north to 68 ° 45'N . 1911 -- 12 -- Amundsen is the first to reach the South Pole ; Scott and his team reach the Pole over a month later , all perishing on the return journey . 1913 -- 14 -- Boris Vilkitsky and Per Novopashennyy discover Severnaya Zemlya , surveying parts of its eastern coast from Mys Arkticheskiy to Mys Vaygacha ( its southeast point ) , as well as much of its south coast west to Mys Neupokoyeva . 1915 -- 17 -- Vilhjalmur Stefansson discovers Brock , Mackenzie King , Borden , Meighen , and Lougheed Islands ; one of his men , Storker T. Storkerson , charts part of the northeast coast of Victoria Island , discovering the Storkerson Peninsula and Stefansson Island . 1924 -- 29 -- Joseph Dewey Soper explores the interior of Baffin Island before surveying its west coast north to Hantzsch River . 1926 -- Amundsen , Lincoln Ellsworth and Umberto Nobile in the airship Norge are the first definitely known to have sighted the North Pole . 1927 -- George P. Putnam charts the north coast of the Foxe Peninsula from Cape Dorchester to Bowman Bay . 1930 -- 32 -- Georgy Ushakov and Nikolay Urvantsev survey the entire coast of Severnaya Zemlya , showing it to be made up of four main islands : October Revolution , Komsomolets , Pioneer , and Bolshevik Islands -- in all surveying some 2,200 kilometres ( 1,400 mi ) of coastline and interior . 1932 -- W.A. Poole discovers Prince Charles Island . 1934 -- Richard E. Byrd discovers and names Roosevelt Island . 1937 -- 41 -- Thomas and Ella Manning map the west coast of Baffin Island from the Hantzsch River to Steensby Inlet . 1940 -- Byrd discovers Thurston Island , believing it to be a peninsula . 1948 -- E.C. Kerslake charts Prince Charles , Air Force , and Foley Islands . 1950 -- Maurice Herzog and Louis Lachenal are the first to ascend Annapurna . 1953 -- Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay are the first to ascend Mount Everest . 1954 -- Lino Lacedelli and Achille Compagnoni are the first to ascend K2 . 1957 -- Finn Ronne discovers Berkner Island . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Diffie , Bailey ( 1977 ) . Foundations of the Portuguese Empire , 1415 -- 1580 . University of Minnesota Press . pp. 465 -- 474 . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 0782 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Morison , Samuel ( 1974 ) . The European Discovery of America : The Southern Voyages , 1492 -- 1616 . New York : Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : Whitfield , Peter ( 1998 ) . New Found Lands : Maps in the History of Exploration . Routledge . ^ Jump up to : Ravenstein , Ernest George ( 1900 ) . The voyages of Diogo Cão and Bartholomeu Dias , 1482 -- 88 . London : W. Clowes and Sons . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Fergus ( 2004 ) . Off the Map : Tales of Endurance and Exploration . New York : Atlantic Monthly Press . ^ Jump up to : Taviani , Paulo ( 1991 ) . Columbus : The Great Adventure , His Life , His Times , and His Voyages . New York : Random House . ^ Jump up to : Morison , Samuel ( 1971 ) . The European Discovery of America : The Northern Voyages . New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Pohl , Frederick J. ( 1966 ) . Amerigo Vespucci : Pilot Major . New York : Octagon Books . pp. 54 , 55 . Jump up ^ Diffie , Bailey ( 1960 ) . Prelude to empire : Portugal overseas before Henry the Navigator . University of Nebraska Press . pp. 463 -- 464 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 5049 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Diffie 1977 , pp. 464 -- 465 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Foundations of the Portuguese Empire , 1415 - 1580 , Bailey Wallys Diffie and George D. Winius - Page 187 , University of Minnesota Press , 1977 Jump up ^ ( 2 ) The Coming of the Portuguese by Paul Lunde , London University 's School of Oriental and African Studies , in Saudi Aramco World - July / August 2005 Volume 56 , Number 4 , Jump up ^ Ferguson , D.W. The discovery of Ceylon by the Portuguese in 1506 ( Journal of the Ceylon Asiatic Society , vol . xix , no . 59 , 1907 , pp. 284 -- 384 ) . Jump up ^ Marsden , William ( 1811 ) . The history of Sumatra : containing an account of the government , laws , customs , and manners of the native inhabitants , with a description of the natural productions , and a relation to the ancient political state of that island . London : J. McCreery . ^ Jump up to : Lach , Donald F. ( 1994 ) . Asia in the Making of Europe , Volume I : The Century of Discovery . University of Chicago Press . p. 520 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 46731 - 7 . Jump up ^ Galvano , Antonio Galvano ( 2009 ) . The Discoveries of the World from Their First Original unto the Year of Our Lord 1555 . BiblioBazaar , LLC . p. 114 . ISBN 1 - 113 - 68747 - 9 . Jump up ^ Newen Zeytung auss Presillg Landt Jump up ^ Bethell , Leslie ( 1984 ) . The Cambridge History of Latin America , Volume 1 , Colonial Latin America . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 257 . ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Cortesão , Armando ( 1944 ) . The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires : an account of the east , from the Red Sea to Japan , written in Malacca and India in 1512 -- 1515 / The Book of Francisco Rodrigues rutter of a voyage in the Red Sea , nautical rules , almanack and maps , written and drawn in the east before 1515 . The Hakluyt Society . Jump up ^ Russell - Wood , A.J.R. ( 1998 ) . The Portuguese empire , 1415 -- 1808 : a world on the move . Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins University Press . ^ Jump up to : Bancroft , Hubert Howe ( 1882 ) . History of Central America . San Francisco : A.L. Bancroft . Jump up ^ Li , Tana Li ( 1998 ) . Nguyễn Cochinchina : southern Vietnam in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries . SEAP Publications . p. 72 . ISBN 0 - 87727 - 722 - 2 . Jump up ^ Yule , Sir Henry Yule , A.C. Burnell , William Crooke ( 1995 ) . A glossary of colloquial Anglo - Indian words and phrases : Hobson - Jobson . Routledge . p. 34 . ISBN 0 - 7007 - 0321 - 7 . Jump up ^ Keane , A.H. ( 1892 ) . Eastern geography : a geography of the Malay peninsula , Indo - China , the Eastern archipelago , the Philippines , and New Guinea . London : E. Stanford . Jump up ^ Marks , Richard Lee ( 1993 ) . Cortés : the Great Adventurer and the Fate of Aztec Mexico . New York : Knopf . Jump up ^ Bergreen , Laurence ( 2003 ) . Over the Edge of the World : Magellan 's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe . New York : William Morrow . Jump up ^ Ganong , W.F. , Crucial Maps in the Early Cartography and Place - Nomenclature of the Atlantic Coast of Canada , with an introduction , commentary and map notes by Theodore E. Layng ( Toronto : University of Toronto Press , 1964 ) , Chapter II : `` João Àlvares Fagundes , '' 45 - 97 . Jump up ^ Souza , Francisco ( 1884 ) . Tratado das ilhas novas e descombrimento dellas e outras couzas . University of Harvard : University of Harvard , Archivo dos Açores . ^ Jump up to : Hayes , Derek ( 2004 ) . America Discovered : A Historical Atlas of North American Exploration . Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre . Jump up ^ John / Silva , Harold / Maria Beatriz Nizza da ( 1992 ) . Nova História da Expansão Portuguesa ( direcção de Joel Serrão e A.H. de Oliveira Marques ) - O Império Luso - brasileiro ( 1500 - 1620 ) , vol . VI . Lisboa : Editorial Presença . pp. 114 -- 170 . ^ Jump up to : Goodman , Edward J. ( 1992 ) . The Explorers of South America . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ^ Jump up to : Prescott , William H. ( 1890 ) . History of the Conquest of Peru . New York : John B. Aldan . Jump up ^ Crawfurd , J. 1856 . A descriptive dictionary of the Indian islands and adjacent countries . London : Bradbury & Evans . Jump up ^ Galvano , Antonio ( 1563 -- 2004 reissue ) . The Discoveries of the World from Their First Original Unto the Year of Our Lord 1555 , issued by the Hakluyt Society . Kessinger Publishing . p. 168 . ISBN 0 - 7661 - 9022 - 6 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Quanchi , Max , and John Robson ( 2005 ) . Historical dictionary of the discovery and exploration of the Pacific Islands . Lanham , Md. : Scarecrow Press . Jump up ^ Whiteway , Richard Stephen ( 1899 ) . The rise of Portuguese power in India , 1497 -- 1550 . Westminster : A. Constable . Jump up ^ Fonseca , José Nicolau da ( 1994 ) . An historical and archaeological sketch of the city of Goa : preceded by a short statistical account of the territory of Goa . New Delhi : Asian Educational Services ISBN 81 - 206 - 0207 - 2 . Jump up ^ Reséndez , Andrés ( 2007 ) . A land so strange : the epic journey of Cabeza de Vaca : the extraordinary tale of a shipwrecked Spaniard who walked across America in the sixteenth century . New York : Basic Books . ^ Jump up to : Hayes , Derek ( 2007 ) . Historical Atlas of California . University of California Press . Jump up ^ Markham , Clements R. Discovery of the Galapagos Islands ( Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society , Vol . XIV , May 1892 , pp. 314 -- 16 ) . Jump up ^ Smith , Anthony ( 2004 ) . Explorers of the Amazon . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 76337 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kelsey , Harry ( 1986 ) . Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo . San Marino : The Huntington Library . ^ Jump up to : Vaughan , Richard ( 2007 ) . The Arctic : A History . Stroud : A. Sutton . Jump up ^ Bawlf , Samuel ( 2003 ) . The Secret Voyage of Sir Francis Drake , 1577 -- 1580 . Walker & Company . ^ Jump up to : Lincoln , W. Bruce ( 2007 ) . The Conquest of a Continent : Siberia and the Russians . Ithaca , N.Y. : Cornell University Press . ^ Jump up to : Lantzeff , George V. , and Richard A. Pierce ( 1973 ) . Eastward to Empire : Exploration and Conquest on the Russian Open Frontier , to 1750 . Montreal : McGill - Queen 's U.P. Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Count Moric Benyovszky : A Hungarian Cruzoe in Asia , Fr , Manuel Teixeira , page 129 Jump up ^ Markham , Clements ( 1889 ) . A life of John Davis : the navigator , 1550 -- 1605 , discoverer of Davis straits . New York : Dodd , Mead . ^ Jump up to : Conway , William Marten ( 1906 ) . No Man 's Land : A History of Spitsbergen from Its Discovery in 1596 to the Beginning of the Scientific Exploration of the Country . Cambridge : University Press . ^ Jump up to : Forsyth , James ( 1992 ) . A History of the Peoples of Siberia : Russia 's North Asian colony 1581 -- 1990 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ^ Jump up to : Wessels , C. ( 1992 ) . Early Jesuit travellers in Central Asia : 1603 -- 1721 . Asian Educational Services . p. 90 . ISBN 81 - 206 - 0741 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Raymond Henry ( 1943 ) . The Russian Fur Trade , 1550 -- 1700 . University of California Press . ^ Jump up to : Mutch , T.D. ( 1942 ) . The First Discovery of Australia . Sydney : Mutch , Project Gutenberg of Australia . p. 55 . Jump up ^ Asher , Georg Michael ( 1860 ) . Henry Hudson : The Navigator . London : Hakluyt Society . Jump up ^ Hunter , Douglas ( 2009 ) . Half Moon : Henry Hudson and the voyage that redrew the map of the New World . New York : Bloomsbury Press . ^ Jump up to : Butterfield , Consul Willshire ( 1898 ) . History of Brulé 's discoveries and explorations , 1610 -- 1626 : being a narrative of the discovery , by Stephen Brulé of Lakes Huron , Ontario and Superior : and of his exploration ( the first made by civilized man ) of Pennsylvania and western New York , also of the province of Ontario , Canada . Cleveland : Helman - Taylor . Jump up ^ Mancall , Peter ( 2009 ) . The Fatal Journey : The Final Expedition of Henry Hudson . Basic Books . ^ Jump up to : Armstrong , Terence ( 2010 ) . Russian Settlement in the North . Cambridge University Press . ^ Jump up to : Christy , Miller ( 1894 ) . The voyages of Captain Luke Foxe of Hull , and Captain Thomas James of Bristol , in search of a northwest passage , in 1631 -- 32 ; with narratives of the earlier northwest voyages of Frobisher , Davis , Weymouth , Hall , Knight , Hudson , Button , Gibbons , Bylot , Baffin , Hawkridge , and others . London : Hakluyt Society . Jump up ^ Hacquebord , Louwrens ( 2004 ) . `` The Jan Mayen Whaling Industry '' in Jan Mayen Island in Scientific Focus , Stig Skreslet , editor , Springer Verlag . Jump up ^ Markham , Clements ( 1881 ) . The voyages of William Baffin , 1612 -- 1622 . London : Hakluyt Society . ^ Jump up to : Wood , George Arnold ( 1922 ) . The discovery of Australia . London : Macmillan & Company . Jump up ^ Budge , E.A. Wallis ( 1970 ) . A History of Ethiopia : Nubia and Abyssinia , 1928 . Oosterhout : Anthropological Publications . Jump up ^ Peters , Nonja ( 2006 ) . The Dutch down under , 1606 -- 2006 . Crawley , W.A. : University of Western Australia Press . Jump up ^ Kapadia , Harish ( 2005 ) . Into the untravelled Himalaya : travels , treks , and climbs . Indus Publishing . p. 72 . ISBN 81 - 7387 - 181 - 7 . Jump up ^ Fischer , David Hackett ( 2008 ) . Champlain 's Dream : The European Founding of North America . New York : Simon & Schuster . ^ Jump up to : March , G. Patrick ( 1996 ) . Eastern destiny : Russia in Asia and the North Pacific . Westport , Conn : Praeger . Jump up ^ Haywood , A.J. ( 2010 ) . Siberia : a cultural history . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Holland , Clive ( 1994 ) . Arctic Exploration and Development , c. 500 B.C. to 1915 : an encyclopedia . New York : Garland . ^ Jump up to : Golder , Frank Alfred ( 1914 ) . Russian expansion on the Pacific , 1641 -- 1850 an account of the earliest and later expeditions made by the Russians along the Pacific coast of Asia and North America ; including some related expeditions to the Arctic regions . Cleveland : Authur H. Clark Co . ^ Jump up to : DeVoto , Bernard ( 1980 ) . The Course of Empire . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Graham ( 1904 ) . The Exploration of Tibet , its history and particulars from 1623 to 1904 . Calcutta : Thacker , Spink & Co . ^ Jump up to : Parkman , Francis ( 1999 ) . La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West . New York : The Modern Library . Jump up ^ Fischer , Steven R. ( 2005 ) . Island at the End of the World : the Turbulent History of Easter Island . London : Reaktion . Jump up ^ Tcherkezoff , Serge ( 2008 ) . First contacts in Polynesia : the Samoan case ( 1722 -- 1848 ) : western misunderstanding about sexuality and divinity . Canberra : ANUE Press . ^ Jump up to : Parkman , Francis ( 1893 ) . France and England in North America : A Series of Historical Narratives . Boston : Little , Brown . ^ Jump up to : Mills , William James ( 2003 ) . Exploring polar frontiers : a historical encyclopedia . Santa Barbara : ABC - CLIO . Jump up ^ Golder , Frank Alfred and Leonhard Stejneger ( 1922 ) . Bering 's voyages : an account of the efforts of the Russians to determine the relation of Asia and America . New York : American Geographical Society . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Glyndwr ( 2003 ) . Voyages of delusion : the quest for the Northwest Passage . New Haven : Yale University Press . Jump up ^ Champagne , Father Antoine . The Vérendryes and Their Succossors , 1727 -- 1760 ( MHS Transactions , Series 3 , No. 25 , 1968 -- 69 Season ) . ^ Jump up to : Hough , Richard ( 1994 ) . Captain James Cook : a biography . New York : Norton . Jump up ^ Farquhar , Francis P. ( 2007 ) . History of the Sierra Nevada . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 25395 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Derek ( 2001 ) . Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean : maps of discovery and scientific exploration , 1500 -- 2000 . Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre . ^ Jump up to : Hayes , Derek ( 1999 ) . Historical altas of the Pacific Northwest : Maps of exploration and discovery ; British Columbia , Washington , Oregon , Alaska , Yukon . Seattle : Sasquatch Books . ^ Jump up to : Mackenzie , Alexander ( 1801 ) . Voyages from Montreal , on the river St. Lawrence , through the continent of North America , to the Frozen and Pacific oceans ; in the years 1789 and 1793 . London : T. Cadell , jun. and W. Davies . Jump up ^ Vancouver , George , and John Vancouver ( 1801 ; vols . I - VI ) . A voyage of discovery to the North Pacific ocean , and round the world . London : J. Stockdale . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Fernandez - Armesto , Felipe ( 2006 ) . Pathfinders : A Global History of Exploration . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ^ Jump up to : Jeal , Tim ( 1973 ) . Livingstone . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . Jump up ^ Keith , Lloyd ( 2001 ) . North of Athabasca : Slave Lake and Mackenzie River documents of the North West Company , 1800 -- 1821 . Rupert 's Land Record Society series . Montreal : McGill - Queen 's University Press . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 1996 ) . Undaunted Courage : Meriwether Lewis , Thomas Jefferson , and the Opening of the American West . New York : Simon & Schuster . ^ Jump up to : Mawar , Granville Allen ( 1999 ) . Ahab 's Trade : The Saga of South Seas Whaling . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 22809 - 0 . Jump up ^ Riffenburgh , Beau ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of the Antarctic . New York : CRC Press . Jump up ^ Parry , William Edward ( 1821 ) . Journal of a voyage for the discovery of a North - West passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific : performed in the years 1819 -- 20 . London : John Murray . Jump up ^ Cook , F.A. Captain Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen , 1819 -- 21 . The Discovery of Alexander I. , Peter I. , and other islands ( Bulletin of the American Geographical Society of New York , Vol . XXXIII , 1901 , pp. 36 -- 41 ) . Jump up ^ Franklin , John ( 1824 ) . Narrative of a journey to the shores of the Polar Sea , in the years 1819 - 20 - 21 - 22 . London : John Murray . Jump up ^ Spears , John Randolph ( 1922 ) . Captain Nathaniel Brown Palmer , an old - time sailor of the sea . New York : The Macmillan company . Jump up ^ Parry , William Edward ( 1824 ) . Journal of a second voyage for the discovery of a north - west passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific : performed in the years 1821 - 22 - 23 , in His Majesty 's ships Fury and Hecla . London : John Murray . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Fergus ( 1998 ) . Barrow 's Boys . New York : Atlantic Monthly Press . Jump up ^ Weddell , James ( 1825 ) . A voyage towards the South Pole , performed in the years 1822 -- ' 24 . Containing ... a visit to Tierra del Fuego , with a particular account of the inhabitants . London : Longman , Hurst , Rees , Orme , Brown , and Green . Jump up ^ Hayes , Derek ( 2002 ) . Historical Atlas of Canada : Canada 's History Illustrated with Original Maps . Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre . Jump up ^ Franklin , John ( 1828 ) . Narrative of a second expedition to the shores of the Polar sea in the years 1825 , 1826 and 1827 , by John Franklin , ... including an account of the progress of a detachment to the Eastward , by John Richardson . London : J. Murray . Jump up ^ Beechey , Frederick William ( 1832 ) . Narrative of a voyage to the Pacific and Beering 's Strait : to co-operate with the Polar expeditions : performed in His Majesty 's Ship Blossom , under the command of Captain F.W. Beechey , R.N. ... in the years 1825 , 26 , 27 , 28 . Philadelphia : Carey & Lea . Jump up ^ Edinger , Ray ( 2003 ) . Fury Beach : The Four - year Odyssey of Captain John Ross and the Victory . New York : Berkley Books . Jump up ^ Back , George ( 1836 ) . Narrative of the Arctic land expedition to the mouth of the Great Fish River , and along the shores of the Arctic Ocean , in the years 1833 , 1834 and 1835 . Philadelphia : E.L. Carey & A. Hart . ^ Jump up to : Bockstoce , John R. ( 2009 ) . Furs and Frontiers in the Far North : the Contest Among Native and Foreign Nations for the Bering Strait Fur Trade . New Haven : Yale University Press . Jump up ^ Simpson , Thomas ( 1843 ) . Narrative of the discoveries on the north coast of America : effected by the officers of the Hudson 's Bay Company during the years 1836 -- 39 . London : R. Bentley . Jump up ^ Philbrick , Nathaniel ( 2003 ) . Sea of Glory : America 's Voyage of Discovery , the U.S. Exploring Expedition , 1838 -- 1842 . New York : Viking . Jump up ^ Ross , James Clark ( 1847 ) . A voyage of discovery and research in the southern and Antarctic regions , during the years 1839 -- 43 . London : John Murray . ^ Jump up to : McGoogan , Kenneth ( 2003 ) . Fatal passage : the true story of John Rae , the Arctic hero time forgot . New York : Carroll & Graf Publishers . Jump up ^ Krapf , J.L. ( 1860 ) . Travels , researches , and missionary labors during an eighteen years ' residence in Eastern Africa together with journeys to Jagga , Usambara , Ukambani , Shoa , Abessinia and Khartum , and a coasting voyage from Mombaz to Cape Delgado . Boston : Ticknor and Fields . ^ Jump up to : Savours , Ann ( 1999 ) . The Search for the North West Passage . New York : St. Marten 's Press . Jump up ^ McClure , Robert ( 1856 ) . Osborn , Sherard , ed . The Discovery of the North - West Passage . London : Longman , Brown , Green , Longmans , & Roberts . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Alexander ( 1857 ) . A Personal Narrative of the Discovery of the Northwest Passage . London : Hurst and Blackett . Jump up ^ Osborn , Sherard ( 1852 ) . Stray leaves from an Arctic journal , or , Eighteen months in the polar regions : in search of Sir John Franklin 's expedition , in the years 1850 -- 51 . New York : Putnam 's . Jump up ^ Inglefield , E.A. , George Dickie , and Peter C. Sutherland ( 1853 ) . A Summer Search for Sir John Franklin : with a Peep Into the Polar Basin . London : T. Harrison . ^ Jump up to : M'Dougall , George F. ( 1857 ) . The eventful voyage of H.M. discovery ship `` Resolute '' to the Arctic regions , in search of Sir John Franklin and the missing crews of H.M. discovery ships `` Erebus '' and `` Terror , '' 1852 , 1853 , 1854 . London : Longman , Brown , Green , Longmans , & Roberts . Jump up ^ Murphy , David ( 2004 ) . The Arctic Fox : Francis Leopold McClintock , discoverer of the fate of Franklin . Toronto : Dundurn Press . Jump up ^ Kane , Elisha Kent ( 1856 ) . Arctic Explorations : The Second Grinnell Expedition in Search of Sir John Franklin , 1853 , ' 54 , ' 55 . Chicago : S.C. Griggs & Co . Jump up ^ Speke , John Hanning ( 1864 ) . What led to the discovery of the source of the Nile . Edinburgh : Blackwood & Sons . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Fergus ( 2001 ) . Ninety Degrees North : The Quest for the North Pole . New York : Grove Press . ^ Jump up to : Dick , Lyle ( 2001 ) . Muskox Land : Ellesmere Island in the Age of Contact . Calgary , Alta : University of Calgary Press . ^ Jump up to : Jeal , Tim ( 2007 ) . Stanley : The Impossible Life of Africa 's Greatest Explorer . New Haven : Yale University Press . Jump up ^ D'Albertis , L.M. ( 1879 ) . `` Journeys up the Fly River and in other parts of New Guinea '' . Royal Geographical Society . 1 : 4 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Leslie , Alexander ( 1879 ) . The Arctic Voyages of Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld. 1858 -- 1879 . London : Macmillan and Co . Jump up ^ Sverdrup , Otto and Ethel Harriet Hearn ( 1904 ) . New Land ; Four Years in the Arctic Regions . London : Longmans , Green , and Co . Jump up ^ Mirsky , Jeannette ( 1970 ) . To the Arctic : The story of northern exploration from earliest times to the present . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ^ Jump up to : Crane , David ( 2006 ) . Scott of the Antarctic : A Life of Courage and Tragedy . New York : Alfred N. Knopf . Jump up ^ Amundsen , Roald and Godfred Hansen ( 1908 ) . Roald Amundsen 's `` The North West Passage '' ; being the record of a voyage of exploration of the ship `` Gjøa '' 1903 -- 1907 . London : A Constable and Co . ^ Jump up to : Barr , William ( 1975 ) . `` Severnaya Zemlya : the last major discovery '' . Geographical Journal . 141 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 71 . doi : 10.2307 / 1796946 . Jump up ^ Stefansson , Vilhjalmur ( 1922 ) . The Friendly Arctic : The Story of Five Years in Polar Regions . New York : Macmillan . Jump up ^ Hayes , Derek . Newestfoundland ( Canadian Geographic , October - November 2003 issue ) . Jump up ^ Herzog , Maurice ( 1997 ) . Annapurna , first conquest of an 8000 - meter peak ( 26,493 feet ) . New York : Lyons & Burford . Jump up ^ Hillary , Edmund ( 1955 ) . High Adventure : The True Story of the First Ascent of Everest . Hodder & Stoughton , London . Jump up ^ Curran , Jim ( 1995 ) . K2 : The Story of the Savage Mountain . Hodder & Stoughton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 66007 - 2 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Exploration and explorers by nation or region Explorers by country Chinese French Italian Portuguese Spanish Romanian Russian Explorers by type Circumnavigators Climbers Desert Polar explorers Ocean Deep - sea Undersea explorers Seafarers Space travelers Exploration by region Asia Europeans in Tibet Central Asia Africa Australia Interior Americas Prehistoric North America Europeans in the Americas Pacific Polynesians Polar Arctic Antarctica Exploration timelines Chinese exploration European exploration Age of Discovery Europeans in Asia Space exploration Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_European_exploration&oldid=820624547 '' Categories : Exploration Historical timelines Historical eras Age of Discovery History of Europe History of geography Maritime history Modern history timelines Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Use dmy dates from November 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 15 January 2018 , at 18 : 03 . 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1. European exploration in the 15th century 2. Portuguese and Spanish expeditions to the New World 3. Exploration of the Americas in the 16th century 4. Russian exploration of Siberia in the 17th century 5. Exploration of the South Pacific and polar regions in the 18th and 19th centuries

constituent assembly of kashmir ratified the accession of the state to india

Constituent assembly of Jammu and Kashmir - Wikipedia Constituent assembly of Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir was a body of representatives elected in 1951 to formulate the constitution of Jammu and Kashmir . Contents 1 Background 2 Elections 3 Actions 4 References Background ( edit ) In 1947 , British rule in India ended with the creation of two new nations , the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan and the abandonment of British suzerainty over the 562 Indian princely states . According to the Indian Independence Act 1947 , `` the suzerainty of His Majesty over the Indian States lapses , and with it , all treaties and agreements in force at the date of the passing of this Act between His Majesty and the rulers of Indian States '' , so the states were left to choose whether to join India or Pakistan or to remain independent . Jammu and Kashmir had a predominantly Muslim population but a Hindu ruler , and was the largest of the princely states . Its ruler was the Dogra King Hari Singh . In October 1947 , Pashtun tribals at the behest of the Pakistani government , invaded Kashmir . Unable to withstand the invasion , the Maharaja signed The Instrument of Accession on 26 october 1947 and that was accepted by the Government of India on 27 October 1947 . India subsequently sent its forces into Kashmir leading to Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 . In January 1948 India moved the U.N. which led to United Nations Security Council Resolution 47 of 21 April 1948 . This resolution required among other things that Pakistan withdraw from the areas of Jammu and Kashmir which it had occupied in 1947 immediately and conditions be created for a free and impartial plebiscite to decide the future of the state . Elections ( edit ) Main article : Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly election , 1951 When the required withdrawal did not occur for several years Jammu & Kashmir National Conference which was the largest political party in the state recommended convening the constituent assembly in a resolution passed on 27 October 1950 . On 1 May 1951 Karan Singh then Head of state of Jammu and Kashmir issued a proclamation directing the formation of this assembly . The assembly was to be constituted of elected representatives of the people of the state . For purposes of this election the state was divided into constituencies containing population of 40,000 or as near thereto as possible and each electing one member . The United Nations Security Council stated in its resolution 91 dated 30 March 1951 that it would not consider these elections to be a substitute for a free and impartial plebiscite to the people of Jammu and Kashmir . However , the 1951 elections were said to be totally rigged . Polls were conducted in Indian administered Kashmir in August -- September 1951 . There were no women registered as voters in 1951 Jammu and Kashmir elections . But there was one woman who contested who lost her deposit . Jammu & Kashmir National Conference won all the 75 seats under the leadership of Sheikh Abdullah . On 31 October 1951 he addressed the assembly for the first time and called on it to frame the states constitution and to give a ' reasoned conclusion regarding accession ' . Actions ( edit ) On 15 February 1954 the assembly members who were present cast a unanimous vote ratifying the state 's accession to India . Constitution was drafted which came into force on 26 January 1957 . Part II , section ( 3 ) of the constitution states ' The State of Jammu and Kashmir is and shall be an integral part of the Union of India '. In 1956 the Constituent Assembly finalised its constitution , which declared the whole of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir to be ' an integral part of the Union of India ' . Elections were held the next year for a Legislative Assembly . This section can not be legally amended as per provisions of Part XII of the constitution . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Fact of the State 's Constitution , Rediff.com , 1999 - 06 - 04 Jump up ^ Revised Statute from The UK Statute Law Database : Indian Independence Act 1947 ( c. 30 ) at opsi.gov.uk Jump up ^ Death in the Vale , TIME , 1947 - 11 - 10 Jump up ^ In 1956 the Constituent Assembly finalised its constitution , which declared the whole of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir to be ' an integral part of the Union of India ' . Elections were held the next year for a Legislative Assembly . Detailed constitutional changes were made in later years , which further normalised the state 's relationship with India . Kashmir : Research Paper 04 / 28 by Paul Bowers Archived 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , House of Commons Library , United Kingdom , 2004 - 03 - 30 Jump up ^ A Brief History of Kashmir Conflict , The Daily Telegraph , 2004 - 11 - 10 Jump up ^ UN Security Council , Resolution 47 ( 1948 ) of 21 April 1948 , 21 April 1948 . S / RES / 47 ( 1948 ) , United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ^ Jump up to : United Nations Security Council Resolution 91 ( 1951 ) of 30 March 1951 , United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Jump up ^ Text of the Proclamation issued by the Head of the Jammu and Kashmir State on 1 May 1951 Jump up ^ Kashmir : Roots of Conflict , Paths to Peace ; by Sumatra Bose . Harvard University Press . 2009 . pp. 55 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Ved Bhasin . `` Riots changed J&K politics '' . Kashmir Life . Jump up ^ `` Kudos to Mehbooba Mufti , but where are Kashmir 's female politicians ? '' . Jump up ^ J & K : A Historical Perspective Main Events ( 1947 - 1997 ) Jump up ^ Constitution of J&K Assembly Jump up ^ Speech Of the Hon'ble Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah in the Constituent Assembly . Jump up ^ Forgotten day in Kashmir 's history , Rediff.com , 2005 - 03 - 08 Jump up ^ In 1952 the elected and overwhelmingly Muslim Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir , led by the popular Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah , voted in favour of confirming accession to India . Thereafter , India regarded this vote as an adequate expression of popular will and demurred on holding a plebiscite . GlobalSecurity.org Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constituent_Assembly_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir&oldid=854295047 '' Categories : History of Jammu and Kashmir Constituent assemblies Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use Indian English from March 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 08 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir 2. Formation of the assembly 3. Elections and actions of the assembly 4. Ratification of Jammu and Kashmir's accession to India 5. Constitutional changes and normalization of the state's relationship with India

who reigned as emperor in germany in the late nineteenth century

German Empire - wikipedia German Empire Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the German nation - state existing from 1871 to 1918 . For other uses , see German Empire ( disambiguation ) . <Td_colspan="3"> German Empire <Td_colspan="3"> Deutsches Reich <Td_colspan="3"> 1871 -- 1918 <Td_colspan="3"> Flag Coat of arms <Td_colspan="3"> Motto Gott mit uns `` God with us '' <Td_colspan="3"> Anthem Heil dir im Siegerkranz ( official , imperial ) `` Hail to Thee in the Victor 's Crown '' Deutschlandlied ( unofficial , popular ) `` Song of the Germans '' Die Wacht am Rhein ( unofficial ) `` The Watch on the Rhine '' <Td_colspan="3"> Germany on the eve of World War I <Td_colspan="3"> States of the German Empire ( Kingdom of Prussia shown in blue ) <Td_colspan="2"> Capital Berlin 52 ° 31 ′ N 13 ° 24 ′ E  /  52.517 ° N 13.400 ° E  / 52.517 ; 13.400 Coordinates : 52 ° 31 ′ N 13 ° 24 ′ E  /  52.517 ° N 13.400 ° E  / 52.517 ; 13.400 <Td_colspan="2"> Languages Official : German Unofficial : Danish , French , Polish , Czech , Dutch , Sorbian , Low German , Frisian , Lithuanian <Td_colspan="2"> Religion Whitaker 's data for 1890 Majority : 62.8 % Protestant ( Lutheran , Reformed , United ) Minorities : 35.8 % Roman Catholic , 1.2 % Jewish <Td_colspan="2"> Government Federal semi-constitutional monarchy ( until August 1916 ) Federal semi-constitutional monarchy under a military dictatorship ( August 1916 to October 1918 ) Federal parliamentary semi-constitutional monarchy under a military dictatorship ( October 1918 to November 1918 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Emperor 1871 -- 1888 Wilhelm I 1888 Frederick III 1888 -- 1918 Wilhelm II <Td_colspan="2"> Chancellor 1871 -- 1890 Otto von Bismarck ( first ) 1918 Max von Baden ( last ) <Td_colspan="2"> Legislature Reichstag Federal Council Bundesrat <Td_colspan="2"> Historical era New Imperialism / World War I Unification 1 January 1871 Constitution adopted 1 January 1871 ; 16 April 1871 First World War 28 July 1914 German Revolution 3 November 1918 Armistice declared 11 November 1918 Abdication of Wilhelm II 28 November 1918 Treaty of Versailles 28 June 1919 <Td_colspan="3"> Area 1900 540,857.54 km ( 208,826.26 sq mi ) <Td_colspan="3"> Population 1871 est . 40,050,792 1900 est . 52,279,915 <Td_colspan="2"> Density 97 / km ( 250 / sq mi ) 1910 est . 64,925,993 <Td_colspan="2"> Currency Vereinsthaler , South German gulden , Bremen thaler , Hamburg mark , French franc , ( until 1873 , together ) German gold mark , ( 1873 -- 1914 ) German Papiermark ( 1914 -- 1918 ) <Td_colspan="3"> Preceded by Succeeded by North German Confederation Kingdom of Bavaria Kingdom of Württemberg Grand Duchy of Baden Grand Duchy of Hesse Weimar Republic Second Polish Republic Saar Basin Free City of Danzig Republic of Lithuania First Czechoslovak Republic <Td_colspan="2"> Today part of Germany Poland France Denmark Russia Belgium Lithuania Czech Republic Netherlands <Td_colspan="3"> Area and population not including colonial possessions Area source : Population source : The German Empire ( German : Deutsches Kaiserreich , officially Deutsches Reich ) , also known as Imperial Germany , was the German nation state that existed from the Unification of Germany in 1871 until the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1918 . It was founded in 1871 when the south German states joined the North German Confederation . On January 1 , 1871 , the new constitution came into force that changed the name of the federal state and introduced the title of emperor for Wilhelm I , King of Prussia from the Hohenzollern dynasty . Berlin remained its capital . Otto von Bismarck remained Chancellor , the head of government . As these events occurred , the Prussian - led North German Confederation and its southern German allies were still engaged in the Franco - Prussian War . The German Empire consisted of 26 states , most of them ruled by noble families . They included four kingdoms , six grand duchies , five duchies ( six before 1876 ) , seven principalities , three free Hanseatic cities , and one imperial territory . Although Prussia was one of several kingdoms in the realm , it contained about two thirds of Germany 's population and territory . Prussian dominance was also established constitutionally . After 1850 , the states of Germany had rapidly become industrialized , with particular strengths in coal , iron ( and later steel ) , chemicals , and railways . In 1871 , Germany had a population of 41 million people ; by 1913 , this had increased to 68 million . A heavily rural collection of states in 1815 , the now united Germany became predominantly urban . During its 47 years of existence , the German Empire was an industrial , technological , and scientific giant , gaining more Nobel Prizes in science than any other country . By 1900 , Germany was the largest economy in Europe , surpassing the United Kingdom , as well as the second - largest in the world , behind only the United States . From 1867 to 1878 / 9 , Otto von Bismarck 's tenure as Chancellor was marked by relative liberalism , but it became more conservative afterwards . Broad reforms and the Kulturkampf marked his period in the office . Late in Bismarck 's chancellorship and in spite of his personal opposition , Germany became involved in colonialism . Claiming much of the leftover territory that was yet unclaimed in the Scramble for Africa , it managed to build the third - largest colonial empire after the British and the French ones . As a colonial state , it sometimes clashed with other European powers , especially the British Empire . Germany became a great power , boasting a rapidly developing rail network , the world 's strongest army , and a fast - growing industrial base . In less than a decade , its navy became second only to Britain 's Royal Navy . After the removal of Otto von Bismarck by Wilhelm II in 1890 , the Empire embarked on Weltpolitik -- a bellicose new course that ultimately contributed to the outbreak of World War I. In addition , Bismarck 's successors were incapable of maintaining their predecessor 's complex , shifting , and overlapping alliances which had kept Germany from being diplomatically isolated . This period was marked by various factors influencing the Emperor 's decisions , which were often perceived as contradictory or unpredictable by the public . In 1879 , the German Empire consolidated the Dual Alliance with Austria - Hungary , followed by the Triple Alliance with Italy in 1882 . It also retained strong diplomatic ties to the Ottoman Empire . When the great crisis of 1914 arrived , Italy left the alliance and the Ottoman Empire formally joined the alliance . In the First World War , German plans to capture Paris quickly in the autumn of 1914 failed . The war on the Western Front became a stalemate . The Allied naval blockade caused severe shortages of food . Germany was repeatedly forced to send troops to bolster Austria - Hungary and Turkey on other fronts . However , Germany had great success on the Eastern Front ; it occupied a large amount of territory to its east following the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk . The German declaration of unrestricted submarine warfare in early 1917 was designed to strangle the British , but it failed because of the use of a trans - Atlantic convoy system . However , the declaration , along with the Zimmermann Telegram , brought the United States into the war . Meanwhile , German civilians and soldiers had become war - weary and radicalised by the Russian Revolution . The high command under Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff increasingly controlled the country , as they gambled on one last offensive in spring 1918 before the Americans could arrive in force , using large numbers of troops , aeroplanes , and artillery withdrawn from the Eastern Front . This offensive failed , and by October , the German armies were in retreat , Austria - Hungary and the Ottoman Empire had collapsed , Bulgaria had surrendered , and the German people had lost faith in their political system . After at first attempting to retain control , causing massive uprisings , the Empire collapsed in the November 1918 Revolution with the abdications of the Emperor and all other ruling monarchs . This left a postwar federal republic that generated a devastated and unsatisfied populace , which later led to the rise of Adolf Hitler and Nazism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Foundation 3 Constituent states 3.1 Map and table 3.2 Other maps 4 Language 4.1 1900 census results 4.2 Linguistic maps 5 Religion 6 Bismarck era 6.1 Foreign policy 6.1. 1 Colonies 6.2 Economy 6.2. 1 Industrial power 6.2. 2 Railways 6.2. 3 Industry 6.3 Consolidation 6.4 Social issues 6.4. 1 Kulturkampf 6.4. 2 Social reform 6.4. 2.1 Germanisation 6.4. 3 Antisemitism 6.5 Law 6.6 Constitution 7 Year of three emperors 8 Wilhelmine era 8.1 Bismarck 's resignation 8.2 Domestic affairs 8.3 Foreign affairs 8.4 Middle East 8.5 Europe 9 World War I 9.1 Origins 9.2 Western Front 9.3 Eastern Front 9.4 Colonies 9.5 1918 9.6 Home front 9.7 Revolt and demise 10 Legacy 10.1 Sonderweg 11 Territorial legacy 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 14.1 Historiography 14.2 Primary sources 15 External links Background ( edit ) Main article : Unification of Germany Otto von Bismarck , the visionary statesman who unified Germany with the help of his skillful political moves and the exploitation of encountered opportunities The German Confederation had been created by an act of the Congress of Vienna on 8 June 1815 as a result of the Napoleonic Wars , after being alluded to in Article 6 of the 1814 Treaty of Paris . German nationalism rapidly shifted from its liberal and democratic character in 1848 , called Pan-Germanism , to Prussian prime minister Otto von Bismarck 's pragmatic Realpolitik . Bismarck sought to extend Hohenzollern hegemony throughout the German states ; to do so meant unification of the German states and the exclusion of Prussia 's main German rival , Austria , from the subsequent German empire . He envisioned a conservative , Prussian - dominated Germany . Three wars led to military successes and helped to persuade German people to do this : the Second War of Schleswig against Denmark in 1864 , the Austro - Prussian War in 1866 , and the Franco - Prussian War against France in 1870 -- 71 . The German Confederation ended as a result of the Austro - Prussian War of 1866 between the constituent Confederation entities of the Austrian Empire and its allies on one side and the Kingdom of Prussia and its allies on the other . The war resulted in the partial replacement of the Confederation in 1867 by a North German Confederation , comprising the 22 states north of the Main . The patriotic fervour generated by the Franco - Prussian War overwhelmed the remaining opposition to a unified Germany ( aside from Austria ) in the four states south of the Main and during November 1870 they joined the North German Confederation by treaty . Foundation ( edit ) Main article : Founding of the German Empire On 10 December 1870 , the North German Confederation Reichstag renamed the Confederation the `` German Empire '' and gave the title of German Emperor to William I , the King of Prussia , as Bundespräsidium of the Confederation . The new constitution ( Constitution of the German Confederation ) and the title Emperor came into effect on 1 January 1871 . During the Siege of Paris on 18 January 1871 , William accepted to be proclaimed Emperor in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles . The second German Constitution , adopted by the Reichstag on 14 April 1871 and proclaimed by the Emperor on 16 April , was substantially based upon Bismarck 's North German Constitution . The political system remained the same . The empire had a parliament called the Reichstag , which was elected by universal male suffrage . However , the original constituencies drawn in 1871 were never redrawn to reflect the growth of urban areas . As a result , by the time of the great expansion of German cities in the 1890s and first decade of the 20th century , rural areas were grossly over-represented . Die Proklamation des Deutschen Kaiserreiches by Anton von Werner ( 1877 ) , depicting the proclamation of Kaiser Wilhelm ( 18 January 1871 , Palace of Versailles ) . From left , on the podium ( in black ) : Crown Prince Frederick ( later Frederick III ) , his father Emperor Wilhelm I , and Frederick I of Baden , proposing a toast to the new emperor . At centre ( in white ) : Otto von Bismarck , first Chancellor of Germany , Helmuth von Moltke the Elder , Prussian Chief of Staff . Legislation also required the consent of the Bundesrat , the federal council of deputies from the 27 states . Executive power was vested in the emperor , or Kaiser , who was assisted by a chancellor responsible only to him . The emperor was given extensive powers by the constitution . He alone appointed and dismissed the chancellor ( so in practice the emperor ruled the empire through the chancellor ) , was supreme commander - in - chief of the armed forces , and final arbiter of all foreign affairs , and could also disband the Reichstag to call for new elections . Officially , the chancellor was a one - man cabinet and was responsible for the conduct of all state affairs ; in practice , the State Secretaries ( bureaucratic top officials in charge of such fields as finance , war , foreign affairs , etc . ) acted as unofficial portfolio ministers . The Reichstag had the power to pass , amend , or reject bills and to initiate legislation . However , as mentioned above , in practice the real power was vested in the emperor , who exercised it through his chancellor . Although nominally a federal empire and league of equals , in practice , the empire was dominated by the largest and most powerful state , Prussia . Prussia stretched across the northern two - thirds of the new Reich and contained three - fifths of its population . The imperial crown was hereditary in the ruling house of Prussia , the House of Hohenzollern . With the exception of 1872 -- 1873 and 1892 -- 1894 , the chancellor was always simultaneously the prime minister of Prussia . With 17 out of 58 votes in the Bundesrat , Berlin needed only a few votes from the smaller states to exercise effective control . The other states retained their own governments , but had only limited aspects of sovereignty . For example , both postage stamps and currency were issued for the empire as a whole . Coins through one mark were also minted in the name of the empire , while higher - valued pieces were issued by the states . However , these larger gold and silver issues were virtually commemorative coins and had limited circulation . While the states issued their own decorations and some had their own armies , the military forces of the smaller ones were put under Prussian control . Those of the larger states , such as the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Saxony , were coordinated along Prussian principles and would in wartime be controlled by the federal government . The evolution of the German Empire is somewhat in line with parallel developments in Italy , which became a united nation - state a decade earlier . Some key elements of the German Empire 's authoritarian political structure were also the basis for conservative modernization in Imperial Japan under Meiji and the preservation of an authoritarian political structure under the tsars in the Russian Empire . One factor in the social anatomy of these governments was the retention of a very substantial share in political power by the landed elite , the Junkers , resulting from the absence of a revolutionary breakthrough by the peasants in combination with urban areas . Although authoritarian in many respects , the empire had some democratic features . Besides universal suffrage , it permitted the development of political parties . Bismarck 's intention was to create a constitutional façade which would mask the continuation of authoritarian policies . In the process , he created a system with a serious flaw . There was a significant disparity between the Prussian and German electoral systems . Prussia used a highly restrictive three - class voting system in which the richest third of the population could choose 85 % of the legislature , all but assuring a conservative majority . As mentioned above , the king and ( with two exceptions ) the prime minister of Prussia were also the emperor and chancellor of the empire -- meaning that the same rulers had to seek majorities from legislatures elected from completely different franchises . Universal suffrage was significantly diluted by gross over-representation of rural areas from the 1890s onward . By the turn of the century , the urban - rural population balance was completely reversed from 1871 ; more than two - thirds of the empire 's people lived in cities and towns . Constituent states ( edit ) Main article : List of states of the German Empire See also : List of historic states of Germany Coat of arms and flags of the constituent states in the year 1900 Before unification , German territory was made up of 27 constituent states . These states consisted of kingdoms , grand duchies , duchies , principalities , free Hanseatic cities and one imperial territory . The free cities had a republican form of government on the state level , even though the Empire at large was constituted as a monarchy , and so were most of the states . The Kingdom of Prussia was the largest of the constituent states , covering two - third of the empire 's territory . Several of these states had gained sovereignty following the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire , and had been de facto sovereign from the mid-1600s onward . Others were created as sovereign states after the Congress of Vienna in 1815 . Territories were not necessarily contiguous -- many existed in several parts , as a result of historical acquisitions , or , in several cases , divisions of the ruling families . Some of the initially existing states , in particular Hanover , were abolished and annexed by Prussia as a result of the war of 1866 . Each component of the German Empire sent representatives to the Federal Council ( Bundesrat ) and , via single - member districts , the Imperial Diet ( Reichstag ) . Relations between the Imperial centre and the Empire 's components were somewhat fluid and were developed on an ongoing basis . The extent to which the Emperor could , for example , intervene on occasions of disputed or unclear succession was much debated on occasion -- for example in the inheritance crisis of the Lippe - Detmold . Map and table ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> State Capital <Td_colspan="3"> Kingdoms ( Königreiche ) Prussia ( Preußen ) Berlin Bavaria ( Bayern ) Munich Saxony ( Sachsen ) Dresden Württemberg Stuttgart <Td_colspan="3"> Grand Duchies ( Großherzogtümer ) Baden Karlsruhe Hesse ( Hessen ) Darmstadt Mecklenburg - Schwerin Schwerin Mecklenburg - Strelitz Neustrelitz Oldenburg Oldenburg Saxe - Weimar - Eisenach ( Sachsen - Weimar - Eisenach ) Weimar <Td_colspan="3"> Duchies ( Herzogtümer ) Anhalt Dessau Brunswick ( Braunschweig ) Braunschweig Saxe - Altenburg ( Sachsen - Altenburg ) Altenburg Saxe - Coburg and Gotha ( Sachsen - Coburg und Gotha ) Coburg Saxe - Meiningen ( Sachsen - Meiningen ) Meiningen <Td_colspan="3"> Principalities ( Fürstentümer ) Lippe Detmold Reuss - Gera ( Junior Line ) Gera Reuss - Greiz ( Elder Line ) Greiz Schaumburg - Lippe Bückeburg Schwarzburg - Rudolstadt Rudolstadt Schwarzburg - Sondershausen Sondershausen Waldeck and Pyrmont ( Waldeck und Pyrmont ) Arolsen <Td_colspan="3"> Free and Hanseatic Cities ( Freie und Hansestädte ) <Td_colspan="2"> Bremen <Td_colspan="2"> Hamburg <Td_colspan="2"> Lübeck <Td_colspan="3"> Imperial Territories ( Reichsländer ) Alsace - Lorraine ( Elsass - Lothringen ) Straßburg Other maps ( edit ) Administrative map The Empire in 1900 Population density ( c. 1885 ) Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Bavaria Kingdom of Saxony Kingdom of Württemberg Colonies in 1914 Imperial territory of Alsace and Lorraine Election constituencies for the Reichstag Reichstag election results , 1912 Fields of Law in the German Empire Different legal systems in Germany prior to 1900 Crime ; convicts in relation to the population 1882 -- 1886 Distribution of Protestants and Catholics in Imperial Germany Distribution of Protestants , Catholics and Jews in Imperial Germany ( Meyers Konversationslexikon ) Distribution of Jews in Imperial Germany Linguistic map of Central Europe , 1906 Detailed 1893 map with cities and larger towns German Army positions 1914 Language ( edit ) Percentage of linguistic minorities of the German Empire in 1900 by Kreis About 92 % of the population spoke German as their first language . The only minority language with a significant number of speakers ( 5.4 % ) was Polish ( a figure that rises to over 6 % when including the related Kashubian and Masurian languages ) . The non-German Germanic languages ( 0.5 % ) , like Danish , Dutch and Frisian , were located in the north and northwest of the empire , near the borders with Denmark , the Netherlands , Belgium , and Luxembourg . Low German was spoken throughout northern Germany and , though linguistically as distinct from High German ( Hochdeutsch ) as from Dutch and English , is considered `` German '' , hence also its name . Danish and Frisian were spoken predominantly in the north of the Prussian province of Schleswig - Holstein and Dutch in the western border areas of Prussia ( Hanover , Westphalia , and the Rhine Province ) . Polish and other Slavic languages ( 6.28 % ) were spoken chiefly in the east . A few ( 0.5 % ) spoke French , especially in the Reichsland Elsass - Lothringen , where French - speakers formed 11.6 % of the total population . 1900 census results ( edit ) Native languages of the citizens of the German Empire ( 1 December 1900 ) Language Count Percentage German 51,883,131 92.05 German and a foreign language 252,918 0.45 Polish 3,086,489 5.48 French 211,679 0.38 Masurian 142,049 0.25 Danish 141,061 0.25 Lithuanian 106,305 0.19 Kashubian 100,213 0.18 Wendish ( Sorbian ) 93,032 0.16 Dutch 80,361 0.14 Italian 65,930 0.12 Moravian ( Czech ) 64,382 0.11 Czech 43,016 0.08 Frisian 20,677 0.04 English 20,217 0.04 Russian 9,617 0.02 Swedish 8,998 0.02 Hungarian 8,158 0.01 Spanish 2,059 0.00 Portuguese 479 0.00 Other foreign languages 14,535 0.03 Imperial citizens on 1 December 1900 56,367,187 100 Linguistic maps ( edit ) Danish Dutch Frisian Polish Czech ( and Moravian ) Masurian Kashubian Sorbian French Walloon Italian Lithuanian non-German Religion ( edit ) Emperor Wilhelm II , who was the Supreme Governor of the Evangelical Church of Prussia 's older Provinces , and Empress Augusta Victoria after the inauguration of the Evangelical Church of the Redeemer in Jerusalem ( Reformation Day , 31 October 1898 ) . Generally , religious demographics of the early modern period hardly changed . Still , there were almost entirely Catholic areas ( Lower and Upper Bavaria , northern Westphalia , Upper Silesia , etc . ) and almost entirely Protestant areas ( Schleswig - Holstein , Pomerania , Saxony , etc . ) . Confessional prejudices , especially towards mixed marriages , were still common . Bit by bit , through internal migration , religious blending was more and more common . In eastern territories , confession was almost uniquely perceived to be connected to one 's ethnicity and the equation `` Protestant = German , Catholic = Polish '' was held to be valid . In areas affected by immigration in the Ruhr area and Westphalia , as well as in some large cities , religious landscape changed substantially . This was especially true in largely Catholic areas of Westphalia , which changed through Protestant immigration from the eastern provinces . Politically , the confessional division of Germany had considerable consequences . In Catholic areas , the Centre Party had a big electorate . On the other hand , Social Democrats and Free Trade Unions usually received hardly any votes in the Catholic areas of the Ruhr . This began to change with the secularization arising in the last decades of the German Empire . Religious confessions in the German Empire 1880 Area <Th_colspan="2"> Protestant <Th_colspan="2"> Catholic <Th_colspan="2"> Other Christian <Th_colspan="2"> Jewish <Th_colspan="2"> Other Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Prussia 17,633,279 64 , 64 9,206,283 33 , 75 52,225 0 , 19 363,790 1 , 33 23,534 0 , 09 Bavaria 1,477,952 27 , 97 3,748,253 70 , 93 5,017 0 , 09 53,526 1 , 01 30 0 , 00 Saxony 2,886,806 97 , 11 74,333 2 , 50 4,809 0 , 16 6,518 0 , 22 339 0 , 01 Württemberg 1,364,580 69 , 23 590,290 29 , 95 2,817 0 , 14 13,331 0 , 68 100 0 , 01 Baden 547,461 34 , 86 993,109 63 , 25 2,280 0 , 15 27,278 1 , 74 126 0 , 01 Alsace - Lotharingia 305,315 19 , 49 1,218,513 77 , 78 3,053 0 , 19 39,278 2 , 51 511 0 , 03 German Empire 28,331,152 62 , 63 16,232,651 35 , 89 78,031 0 , 17 561,612 1 , 24 30,615 0 , 07 Bismarck era ( edit ) Part of a series on the History of Germany Early history ( show ) Germanic peoples Migration Period Frankish Empire Medieval Germany ( show ) East Francia Kingdom of Germany Holy Roman Empire Eastward settlement Early Modern period ( show ) Sectionalism 18th century Kingdom of Prussia Unification ( show ) Confederation of the Rhine German Confederation Zollverein German revolutions of 1848 German Empire ( 1849 ) North German Confederation German Reich ( show ) German Empire World War I Weimar Republic Alsace - Lorraine Saar Danzig Memel Austria Sudetenland Nazi Germany Cold War era ( show ) Occupation Ostgebiete Expulsion of Germans West Germany East Germany Saar German reunification Contemporary ( show ) New federal states Reunified Germany By topic ( show ) Timeline Economic history Military history Territorial evolution Berlin Women 's history Names of Germany Germany portal Otto von Bismarck Bismarck 's domestic policies played an important role in forging the authoritarian political culture of the Kaiserreich . Less preoccupied by continental power politics following unification in 1871 , Germany 's semi-parliamentary government carried out a relatively smooth economic and political revolution from above that pushed them along the way towards becoming the world 's leading industrial power of the time . Bismarck 's `` revolutionary conservatism '' was a conservative state - building strategy designed to make ordinary Germans -- not just the Junker elite -- more loyal to throne and empire . According to Kees van Kersbergen and Barbara Vis , his strategy was : granting social rights to enhance the integration of a hierarchical society , to forge a bond between workers and the state so as to strengthen the latter , to maintain traditional relations of authority between social and status groups , and to provide a countervailing power against the modernist forces of liberalism and socialism . He created the modern welfare state in Germany in the 1880s and enacted universal male suffrage in the new German Empire in 1871 . He became a great hero to German conservatives , who erected many monuments to his memory and tried to emulate his policies . Foreign policy ( edit ) Bismarck 's post-1871 foreign policy was conservative and sought to preserve the balance of power in Europe . British historian Eric Hobsbawm concludes that he `` remained undisputed world champion at the game of multilateral diplomatic chess for almost twenty years after 1871 , ( devoting ) himself exclusively , and successfully , to maintaining peace between the powers '' . His chief concern was that France would plot revenge after its defeat in the Franco - Prussian War . As the French lacked the strength to defeat Germany by themselves , they sought an alliance with Russia , which would trap Germany between the two in a war ( as would ultimately happen in 1914 ) . Bismarck wanted to prevent this at all costs and maintain friendly relations with the Russians , and thereby formed an alliance with them and Austria - Hungary ( which by the 1880s was being slowly reduced to a German satellite ) , the Dreikaiserbund ( League of Three Emperors ) . During this period , individuals within the German military were advocating a preemptive strike against Russia , but Bismarck knew that such ideas were foolhardy . He once wrote that `` the most brilliant victories would not avail against the Russian nation , because of its climate , its desert , and its frugality , and having but one frontier to defend '' , and because it would leave Germany with another bitter , resentful neighbour . Meanwhile , the chancellor remained wary of any foreign policy developments that looked even remotely warlike . In 1886 , he moved to stop an attempted sale of horses to France on the grounds that they might be used for cavalry and also ordered an investigation into large Russian purchases of medicine from a German chemical works . Bismarck stubbornly refused to listen to Georg Herbert zu Munster ( ambassador to France ) , who reported back that the French were not seeking a revanchist war , and in fact were desperate for peace at all costs . Bismarck and most of his contemporaries were conservative - minded and focused their foreign policy attention on Germany 's neighbouring states . In 1914 , 60 % of German foreign investment was in Europe , as opposed to just 5 % of British investment . Most of the money went to developing nations such as Russia that lacked the capital or technical knowledge to industrialize on their own . The construction of the Baghdad Railway , financed by German banks , was designed to eventually connect Germany with the Turkish Empire and the Persian Gulf , but it also collided with British and Russian geopolitical interests . Colonies ( edit ) Main article : German colonial empire A postage stamp from the Carolines Bismarck secured a number of German colonial possessions during the 1880s in Africa and the Pacific , but he never considered an overseas colonial empire valuable due to fierce resistance to German colonial rule from the natives . Thus , Germany 's colonies remained badly undeveloped . However they excited the interest of the religious - minded , who supported an extensive network of missionaries . Germans had dreamed of colonial imperialism since 1848 . Bismarck began the process , and by 1884 had acquired German New Guinea . By the 1890s , German colonial expansion in Asia and the Pacific ( Kiauchau in China , Tientsin in China , the Marianas , the Caroline Islands , Samoa ) led to frictions with the UK , Russia , Japan , and the US . The largest colonial enterprises were in Africa , where the Herero Wars in what is now Namibia in 1906 -- 07 resulted in the Herero and Namaqua Genocide Economy ( edit ) Further information : Economic history of Germany See also : Urbanization in the German Empire By 1900 , Germany became the largest economy in Europe and the second largest in the world behind the United States . Previously , the United Kingdom held that spot . Germany 's main economic rivals were the United Kingdom and the United States . Throughout its existence , it experienced economic growth and modernization led by heavy industry . In 1871 , it had a largely rural population of 41 million , while by 1913 this had increased to a predominantly urban population of 68 million . Industrial power ( edit ) For 30 years , Germany struggled against Britain to be Europe 's leading industrial power . Representative of Germany 's industry was the steel giant Krupp , whose first factory was built in Essen . By 1902 , the factory alone became `` A great city with its own streets , its own police force , fire department and traffic laws . There are 150 kilometres of rail , 60 different factory buildings , 8,500 machine tools , seven electrical stations , 140 kilometres of underground cable and 46 overhead . '' Under Bismarck , Germany was a world innovator in building the welfare state . German workers enjoyed health , accident and maternity benefits , canteens , changing rooms and a national pension scheme . Railways ( edit ) Lacking a technological base at first , the Germans imported their engineering and hardware from Britain , but quickly learned the skills needed to operate and expand the railways . In many cities , the new railway shops were the centres of technological awareness and training , so that by 1850 , Germany was self - sufficient in meeting the demands of railroad construction , and the railways were a major impetus for the growth of the new steel industry . However , German unification in 1870 stimulated consolidation , nationalisation into state - owned companies , and further rapid growth . Unlike the situation in France , the goal was support of industrialisation , and so heavy lines crisscrossed the Ruhr and other industrial districts , and provided good connections to the major ports of Hamburg and Bremen . By 1880 , Germany had 9,400 locomotives pulling 43,000 passengers and 30,000 tons of freight , and forged ahead of France . The total length of German railroad tracks expanded from 21,000 kilometers in 1871 to 63,000 kilometres by 1913 , establishing the largest rail network in the world after the United States , and effectively surpassing the 32,000 kilometers of rail that connected Britain in the same year . Industry ( edit ) Krupp Works in Essen , 1890 Industrialisation progressed dynamically in Germany , and German manufacturers began to capture domestic markets from British imports , and also to compete with British industry abroad , particularly in the U.S. The German textile and metal industries had by 1870 surpassed those of Britain in organisation and technical efficiency and superseded British manufacturers in the domestic market . Germany became the dominant economic power on the continent and was the second largest exporting nation after Britain . Technological progress during German industrialisation occurred in four waves : the railway wave ( 1877 -- 1886 ) , the dye wave ( 1887 -- 1896 ) , the chemical wave ( 1897 -- 1902 ) , and the wave of electrical engineering ( 1903 -- 1918 ) . Since Germany industrialised later than Britain , it was able to model its factories after those of Britain , thus making more efficient use of its capital and avoiding legacy methods in its leap to the envelope of technology . Germany invested more heavily than the British in research , especially in chemistry , motors and electricity . Germany 's dominance in physics and chemistry was such that one - third of all Nobel Prizes went to German inventors and researchers . The German cartel system ( known as Konzerne ) , being significantly concentrated , was able to make more efficient use of capital . Germany was not weighted down with an expensive worldwide empire that needed defense . Following Germany 's annexation of Alsace - Lorraine in 1871 , it absorbed parts of what had been France 's industrial base . By 1900 , the German chemical industry dominated the world market for synthetic dyes . The three major firms BASF , Bayer and Hoechst produced several hundred different dyes , along with the five smaller firms . In 1913 , these eight firms produced almost 90 % of the world supply of dyestuffs and sold about 80 % of their production abroad . The three major firms had also integrated upstream into the production of essential raw materials and they began to expand into other areas of chemistry such as pharmaceuticals , photographic film , agricultural chemicals and electrochemicals . Top - level decision - making was in the hands of professional salaried managers ; leading Chandler to call the German dye companies `` the world 's first truly managerial industrial enterprises '' . There were many spinoffs from research -- such as the pharmaceutical industry , which emerged from chemical research . By the start of World War I ( 1914 -- 1918 ) , German industry switched to war production . The heaviest demands were on coal and steel for artillery and shell production , and on chemicals for the synthesis of materials that were subject to import restrictions and for chemical weapons and war supplies . Consolidation ( edit ) The creation of the Empire under Prussian leadership was a victory for the concept of Kleindeutschland ( Smaller Germany ) over the Großdeutschland concept . This meant that Austria - Hungary , a multi-ethnic Empire with a considerable German - speaking population , would remain outside of the German nation state . Bismarck 's policy was to pursue a solution diplomatically . The effective alliance between Germany and Austria played a major role in Germany 's decision to enter World War I in 1914 . Bismarck announced there would be no more territorial additions to Germany in Europe , and his diplomacy after 1871 was focused on stabilizing the European system and preventing any wars . He succeeded , and only after his ouster in 1890 did the diplomatic tensions start rising again . Social issues ( edit ) After achieving formal unification in 1871 , Bismarck devoted much of his attention to the cause of national unity . He opposed conservative Catholic activism and emancipation , especially the powers of the Vatican under Pope Pius IX , and working class radicalism , represented by the emerging Social Democratic Party . Kulturkampf ( edit ) Main article : Kulturkampf See also : Pope Pius IX and Germany Tensions between Germany and the Catholic Church hierarchy are depicted in a chess game between Bismarck and Pope Pius IX . Between Berlin and Rome , Kladderadatsch , 1875 . Prussia in 1871 included 16,000,000 Protestants , both Reformed and Lutheran , and 8,000,000 Catholics . Most people were generally segregated into their own religious worlds , living in rural districts or city neighbourhoods that were overwhelmingly of the same religion , and sending their children to separate public schools where their religion was taught . There was little interaction or intermarriage . On the whole , the Protestants had a higher social status , and the Catholics were more likely to be peasant farmers or unskilled or semiskilled industrial workers . In 1870 , the Catholics formed their own political party , the Centre Party , which generally supported unification and most of Bismarck 's policies . However , Bismarck distrusted parliamentary democracy in general and opposition parties in particular , especially when the Centre Party showed signs of gaining support among dissident elements such as the Polish Catholics in Silesia . A powerful intellectual force of the time was anti-Catholicism , led by the liberal intellectuals who formed a vital part of Bismarck 's coalition . They saw the Catholic Church as a powerful force of reaction and anti-modernity , especially after the proclamation of papal infallibility in 1870 , and the tightening control of the Vatican over the local bishops . The Kulturkampf launched by Bismarck 1871 -- 1880 affected Prussia ; although there were similar movements in Baden and Hesse , the rest of Germany was not affected . According to the new imperial constitution , the states were in charge of religious and educational affairs ; they funded the Protestant and Catholic schools . In July 1871 Bismarck abolished the Catholic section of the Prussian Ministry of ecclesiastical and educational affairs , depriving Catholics of their voice at the highest level . The system of strict government supervision of schools was applied only in Catholic areas ; the Protestant schools were left alone . Much more serious were the May laws of 1873 . One made the appointment of any priest dependent on his attendance at a German university , as opposed to the seminaries that the Catholics typically used . Furthermore , all candidates for the ministry had to pass an examination in German culture before a state board which weeded out intransigent Catholics . Another provision gave the government a veto power over most church activities . A second law abolished the jurisdiction of the Vatican over the Catholic Church in Prussia ; its authority was transferred to a government body controlled by Protestants . Nearly all German bishops , clergy , and laymen rejected the legality of the new laws , and were defiant in the face of heavier and heavier penalties and imprisonments imposed by Bismarck 's government . By 1876 , all the Prussian bishops were imprisoned or in exile , and a third of the Catholic parishes were without a priest . In the face of systematic defiance , the Bismarck government increased the penalties and its attacks , and were challenged in 1875 when a papal encyclical declared the whole ecclesiastical legislation of Prussia was invalid , and threatened to excommunicate any Catholic who obeyed . There was no violence , but the Catholics mobilized their support , set up numerous civic organizations , raised money to pay fines , and rallied behind their church and the Centre Party . The `` Old Catholic Church '' , which rejected the First Vatican Council , attracted only a few thousand members . Bismarck , a devout pietistic Protestant , realized his Kulturkampf was backfiring when secular and socialist elements used the opportunity to attack all religion . In the long run , the most significant result was the mobilization of the Catholic voters , and their insistence on protecting their religious identity . In the elections of 1874 , the Centre party doubled its popular vote , and became the second - largest party in the national parliament -- and remained a powerful force for the next 60 years , so that after Bismarck it became difficult to form a government without their support . Social reform ( edit ) Bismarck built on a tradition of welfare programs in Prussia and Saxony that began as early as in the 1840s . In the 1880s he introduced old - age pensions , accident insurance , medical care and unemployment insurance that formed the basis of the modern European welfare state . He came to realize that this sort of policy was very appealing , since it bound workers to the state , and also fit in very well with his authoritarian nature . The social security systems installed by Bismarck ( health care in 1883 , accident insurance in 1884 , invalidity and old - age insurance in 1889 ) at the time were the largest in the world and , to a degree , still exist in Germany today . Bismarck 's paternalistic programs won the support of German industry because its goals were to win the support of the working classes for the Empire and reduce the outflow of immigrants to America , where wages were higher but welfare did not exist . Bismarck further won the support of both industry and skilled workers by his high tariff policies , which protected profits and wages from American competition , although they alienated the liberal intellectuals who wanted free trade . Germanisation ( edit ) One of the effects of the unification policies was the gradually increasing tendency to eliminate the use of non-German languages in public life , schools and academic settings with the intent of pressuring the non-German population to abandon their national identity in what was called `` Germanisation '' . These policies often had the reverse effect of stimulating resistance , usually in the form of home schooling and tighter unity in the minority groups , especially the Poles . The Germanisation policies were targeted particularly against the significant Polish minority of the empire , gained by Prussia in the partitions of Poland . Poles were treated as an ethnic minority even where they made up the majority , as in the Province of Posen , where a series of anti-Polish measures was enforced . Numerous anti-Polish laws had no great effect especially in the province of Posen where the German - speaking population dropped from 42.8 % in 1871 to 38.1 % in 1905 , despite all efforts . Antisemitism ( edit ) Antisemitism was endemic in Germany during the period . Before Napoleon 's decrees ended the ghettos in Germany , it had been religiously motivated , but by the 19th century , it was a factor in German nationalism . The last legal barriers on Jews in Prussia were lifted by the 1860s , and within 20 years , they were over-represented in the white - collar professions and much of academia . In the popular mind Jews became a symbol of capitalism and wealth . On the other hand , the constitution and legal system protected the rights of Jews as German citizens . Antisemitic parties were formed but soon collapsed . Law ( edit ) Bismarck 's efforts also initiated the levelling of the enormous differences between the German states , which had been independent in their evolution for centuries , especially with legislation . The completely different legal histories and judicial systems posed enormous complications , especially for national trade . While a common trade code had already been introduced by the Confederation in 1861 ( which was adapted for the Empire and , with great modifications , is still in effect today ) , there was little similarity in laws otherwise . In 1871 , a common Criminal Code ( Reichsstrafgesetzbuch ) was introduced ; in 1877 , common court procedures were established in the court system ( Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz ) , civil procedures ( Zivilprozessordnung ) and criminal procedures ( Strafprozessordnung ) . In 1873 the constitution was amended to allow the Empire to replace the various and greatly differing Civil Codes of the states ( If they existed at all ; for example , parts of Germany formerly occupied by Napoleon 's France had adopted the French Civil Code , while in Prussia the Allgemeines Preußisches Landrecht of 1794 was still in effect ) . In 1881 , a first commission was established to produce a common Civil Code for all of the Empire , an enormous effort that would produce the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch ( BGB ) , possibly one of the most impressive legal works in the world ; it was eventually put into effect on 1 January 1900 . All of these codifications are , albeit with many amendments , still in effect today . Constitution ( edit ) Main article : Constitution of the German Empire The Empire 's legisation was based on two organs , the Bundesrat and the Reichstag ( parliament ) . There was universal male suffrage for the Reichstag , however legislation would have to pass both houses . The Bundesrat contained representatives of the states . Year of three Emperors ( edit ) Frederick III , emperor for only 99 days ( 9 March -- 15 June 1888 ) . Main article : Year of Three Emperors On 9 March 1888 , Wilhelm I died shortly before his 91st birthday , leaving his son Frederick III as the new emperor . Frederick was a liberal and an admirer of the British constitution , while his links to Britain strengthened further with his marriage to Princess Victoria , eldest child of Queen Victoria . With his ascent to the throne , many hoped that Frederick 's reign would lead to a liberalisation of the Reich and an increase of parliament 's influence on the political process . The dismissal of Robert von Puttkamer , the highly - conservative Prussian interior minister , on 8 June was a sign of the expected direction and a blow to Bismarck 's administration . By the time of his accession , however , Frederick had developed incurable laryngeal cancer , which had been diagnosed in 1887 . He died on the 99th day of his rule , on 15 June 1888 . His son Wilhelm II became emperor . Wilhelmine era ( edit ) Bismarck 's resignation ( edit ) Wilhelm II , German Emperor . Oil painting by Max Koner , 1890 . Wilhelm II wanted to reassert his ruling prerogatives at a time when other monarchs in Europe were being transformed into constitutional figureheads . This decision led the ambitious Kaiser into conflict with Bismarck . The old chancellor had hoped to guide Wilhelm as he had guided his grandfather , but the emperor wanted to be the master in his own house and had many sycophants telling him that Frederick the Great would not have been great with a Bismarck at his side . A key difference between Wilhelm II and Bismarck was their approaches to handling political crises , especially in 1889 , when German coal miners went on strike in Upper Silesia . Bismarck demanded that the German Army be sent in to crush the strike , but Wilhelm II rejected this authoritarian measure , responding `` I do not wish to stain my reign with the blood of my subjects . '' Instead of condoning repression , Wilhelm had the government negotiate with a delegation from the coal miners , which brought the strike to an end without violence . The fractious relationship ended in March 1890 , after Wilhelm II and Bismarck quarrelled , and the chancellor resigned days later . Bismarck 's last few years had seen power slip from his hands as he grew older , more irritable , more authoritarian , and less focused . With Bismarck 's departure , Wilhelm II became the dominant ruler of Germany . Unlike his grandfather , Wilhelm I , who had been largely content to leave government affairs to the chancellor , Wilhelm II wanted to be fully informed and actively involved in running Germany , not an ornamental figurehead , although most Germans found his claims of divine right to rule amusing . Wilhelm allowed politician Walther Rathenau to tutor him in European economics and industrial and financial realities in Europe . As Hull ( 2004 ) notes , Bismarckian foreign policy `` was too sedate for the reckless Kaiser '' . Wilhelm became internationally notorious for his aggressive stance on foreign policy and his strategic blunders ( such as the Tangier Crisis ) , which pushed the German Empire into growing political isolation and eventually helped to cause World War I . Domestic affairs ( edit ) The Reichstag in the 1890s / early 1900s . Under Wilhelm II , Germany no longer had long - ruling strong chancellors like Bismarck . The new chancellors had difficulty in performing their roles , especially the additional role as Prime Minister of Prussia assigned to them in the German Constitution . The reforms of Chancellor Leo von Caprivi , which liberalized trade and so reduced unemployment , were supported by the Kaiser and most Germans except for Prussian landowners , who feared loss of land and power and launched several campaigns against the reforms . While Prussian aristocrats challenged the demands of a united German state , in the 1890s several organizations were set up to challenge the authoritarian conservative Prussian militarism which was being imposed on the country . Educators opposed to the German state - run schools , which emphasized military education , set up their own independent liberal schools , which encouraged individuality and freedom . However nearly all the schools in Imperial Germany had a very high standard and kept abreast with modern developments in knowledge . Artists began experimental art in opposition to Kaiser Wilhelm 's support for traditional art , to which Wilhelm responded `` art which transgresses the laws and limits laid down by me can no longer be called art '' . It was largely thanks to Wilhelm 's influence that most printed material in Germany used blackletter instead of the Roman type used in the rest of Western Europe . At the same time , a new generation of cultural creators emerged . Berlin in the late 19th century From the 1890s onwards , the most effective opposition to the monarchy came from the newly formed Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) , whose radicals advocated Marxism . The threat of the SPD to the German monarchy and industrialists caused the state both to crack down on the party 's supporters and to implement its own programme of social reform to soothe discontent . Germany 's large industries provided significant social welfare programmes and good care to their employees , as long as they were not identified as socialists or trade - union members . The larger industrial firms provided pensions , sickness benefits and even housing to their employees . Having learned from the failure of Bismarck 's Kulturkampf , Wilhelm II maintained good relations with the Roman Catholic Church and concentrated on opposing socialism . This policy failed when the Social Democrats won a third of the votes in the 1912 elections to the Reichstag , and became the largest political party in Germany . The government remained in the hands of a succession of conservative coalitions supported by right - wing liberals or Catholic clerics and heavily dependent on the Kaiser 's favour . The rising militarism under Wilhelm II caused many Germans to emigrate to the U.S. and the British colonies to escape mandatory military service . During World War I , the Kaiser increasingly devolved his powers to the leaders of the German High Command , particularly future President of Germany , Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff . Hindenburg took over the role of commander -- in -- chief from the Kaiser , while Ludendorff became de facto general chief of staff . By 1916 , Germany was effectively a military dictatorship run by Hindenburg and Ludendorff , with the Kaiser reduced to a mere figurehead . Foreign affairs ( edit ) Main article : German colonial empire German colonial flag Bismarck at the Berlin Conference , 1884 Wilhelm II wanted Germany to have her `` place in the sun '' , like Britain , which he constantly wished to emulate or rival . With German traders and merchants already active worldwide , he encouraged colonial efforts in Africa and the Pacific ( `` new imperialism '' ) , causing the German Empire to vie with other European powers for remaining `` unclaimed '' territories . With the encouragement or at least the acquiescence of Britain , which at this stage saw Germany as a counterweight to her old rival France , Germany acquired German Southwest Africa ( today Namibia ) , German Kamerun ( Cameroon ) , Togoland and German East Africa ( Modern day Rwanda , Burundi , and the mainland part of current Tanzania ) . Islands were gained in the Pacific through purchase and treaties and also a 99 - year lease for the territory of Kiautschou in northeast China . But of these German colonies only Togoland and German Samoa ( after 1908 ) became self - sufficient and profitable ; all the others required subsidies from the Berlin treasury for building infrastructure , school systems , hospitals and other institutions . Bismarck had originally dismissed the agitation for colonies with contempt ; he favoured a Eurocentric foreign policy , as the treaty arrangements made during his tenure in office show . As a latecomer to colonization , Germany repeatedly came into conflict with the established colonial powers and also with the United States , which opposed German attempts at colonial expansion in both the Caribbean and the Pacific . Native insurrections in German territories received prominent coverage in other countries , especially in Britain ; the established powers had dealt with such uprisings decades earlier , often brutally , and had secured firm control of their colonies by then . The Boxer Rising in China , which the Chinese government eventually sponsored , began in the Shandong province , in part because Germany , as colonizer at Kiautschou , was an untested power and had only been active there for two years . Eight western nations , including the United States , mounted a joint relief force to rescue westerners caught up in the rebellion ; and during the departure ceremonies for the German contingent , Wilhelm II urged them to behave like the Hun invaders of continental Europe -- an unfortunate remark that would later be resurrected by British propagandists to paint Germans as barbarians during World War I and World War II . On two occasions , a French - German conflict over the fate of Morocco seemed inevitable . Hoisting the German flag at Mioko , German New Guinea in 1884 Upon acquiring Southwest Africa , German settlers were encouraged to cultivate land held by the Herero and Nama . Herero and Nama tribal lands were used for a variety of exploitative goals ( much as the British did before in Rhodesia ) , including farming , ranching , and mining for minerals and diamonds . In 1904 , the Herero and the Nama revolted against the colonists in Southwest Africa , killing farm families , their laborers and servants . In response to the attacks , troops were dispatched to quell the uprising which then resulted in the Herero and Namaqua Genocide . In total , some 65,000 Herero ( 80 % of the total Herero population ) , and 10,000 Nama ( 50 % of the total Nama population ) perished . The commander of the punitive expedition , General Lothar von Trotha , was eventually relieved and reprimanded for his usurpation of orders and the cruelties he inflicted . These occurrences were sometimes referred to as `` the first genocide of the 20th century '' and officially condemned by the United Nations in 1985 . In 2004 a formal apology by a government minister of the Federal Republic of Germany followed . Middle East ( edit ) Bismarck and Wilhelm II after him sought closer economic ties with the Ottoman Empire . Under Wilhelm II , with the financial backing of the Deutsche Bank , the Baghdad Railway was begun in 1900 , although by 1914 it was still 500 km ( 310 mi ) short of its destination in Baghdad . In an interview with Wilhelm in 1899 , Cecil Rhodes had tried `` to convince the Kaiser that the future of the German empire abroad lay in the Middle East '' and not in Africa ; with a grand Middle - Eastern empire , Germany could afford to allow Britain the unhindered completion of the Cape - to - Cairo railway that Rhodes favoured . Britain initially supported the Baghdad Railway ; but by 1911 British statesmen came to fear it might be extended to Basra on the Persian Gulf , threatening Britain 's naval supremacy in the Indian Ocean . Accordingly , they asked to have construction halted , to which Germany and the Ottoman Empire acquiesced . Europe ( edit ) Main articles : Causes of World War I and Diplomatic history of World War I Wilhelm II and his advisers committed a fatal diplomatic error when they allowed the `` Reinsurance Treaty '' that Bismarck had negotiated with Tsarist Russia to lapse . Germany was left with no firm ally but Austria - Hungary , and her support for action in annexing Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908 further soured relations with Russia . Wilhelm missed the opportunity to secure an alliance with Britain in the 1890s when it was involved in colonial rivalries with France , and he alienated British statesmen further by openly supporting the Boers in the South African War and building a navy to rival Britain 's . By 1911 Wilhelm had completely picked apart the careful power balance established by Bismarck and Britain turned to France in the Entente Cordiale . Germany 's only other ally besides Austria was the Kingdom of Italy , but it remained an ally only pro forma . When war came , Italy saw more benefit in an alliance with Britain , France , and Russia , which , in the secret Treaty of London in 1915 promised it the frontier districts of Austria where Italians formed the majority of the population and also colonial concessions . Germany did acquire a second ally that same year when the Ottoman Empire entered the war on its side , but in the long run supporting the Ottoman war effort only drained away German resources from the main fronts . World war I ( edit ) See also : History of Germany during World War I Map of the world showing the participants in World War I. Those fighting on the Entente 's side ( at one point or another ) are depicted in green , the Central Powers in orange , and neutral countries in grey . Origins ( edit ) Following the assassination of the Austro - Hungarian Archduke of Austria - Este , Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb , the Kaiser offered Emperor Franz Joseph full support for Austro - Hungarian plans to invade the Kingdom of Serbia , which Austria - Hungary blamed for the assassination . This unconditional support for Austria - Hungary was called a `` blank cheque '' by historians , including German Fritz Fischer . Subsequent interpretation -- for example at the Versailles Peace Conference -- was that this `` blank cheque '' licensed Austro - Hungarian aggression regardless of the diplomatic consequences , and thus Germany bore responsibility for starting the war , or at least provoking a wider conflict . Germany began the war by targeting its chief rival , France . Germany saw France as its principal danger on the European continent as it could mobilize much faster than Russia and bordered Germany 's industrial core in the Rhineland . Unlike Britain and Russia , the French entered the war mainly for revenge against Germany , in particular for France 's loss of Alsace - Lorraine to Germany in 1871 . The German high command knew that France would muster its forces to go into Alsace - Lorraine . Aside from the very unofficial Septemberprogramm , the Germans never stated a clear list of goals that they wanted out of the war . Western Front ( edit ) The mobilization in 1914 Germany did not want to risk lengthy battles along the Franco - German border and instead adopted the Schlieffen Plan , a military strategy designed to cripple France by invading Belgium and Luxembourg , sweeping down around Paris and encircling and crushing both Paris and the French forces along the Franco - German border in a quick victory . After defeating France , Germany would turn to attack Russia . The plan required the violation of Belgium 's and Luxembourg 's official neutrality , which Britain had guaranteed by treaty . However , the Germans had calculated that Britain would enter the war regardless of whether they had formal justification to do so . At first the attack was successful : the German Army swept down from Belgium and Luxembourg and was nearly at Paris , at the nearby River Marne . However , the evolution of weapons over the last century heavily favored defense over offense , especially thanks to the machine gun , so that it took proportionally more offensive force to overcome a defensive position . This resulted in the German lines on the offense contracting to keep up the offensive time table while correspondingly the French lines were extending . In addition , some German units that were originally slotted for the German far right were transferred to the Eastern Front in reaction to Russia mobilizing far faster than anticipated . The combined affect had the German right flank sweeping down in front of Paris instead of behind it exposing the German Right flank to the extending French lines and attack from strategic French reserves stationed in Paris . Attacking the exposed German right flank , the French Army and the British Army put up a strong resistance to the defense of Paris at the First Battle of the Marne resulting in the German Army retreating . The aftermath of the First Battle of the Marne was a long - held stalemate between the German Army and the Allies in dug - in trench warfare . Further German attempts to break through deeper into France failed at the two battles of Ypres ( 1st / 2nd ) with huge casualties . German Chief of Staff Erich von Falkenhayn decided to break away from the Schlieffen Plan and instead focus on a war of attrition against France . Falkenhayn targeted the ancient city of Verdun because it had been one of the last cities to hold out against the German Army in 1870 , and Falkenhayn knew that as a matter of national pride the French would do anything to ensure that it was not taken . He expected that with proper tactics , French losses would be greater than those of the Germans and that continued French commitment of troops to Verdun would `` bleed the French Army white '' and then allow the German army to take France easily . In 1916 , the Battle of Verdun began , with the French positions under constant shelling and poison gas attack and taking large casualties under the assault of overwhelmingly large German forces . However , Falkenhayn 's prediction of a greater ratio of French killed proved to be wrong . Falkenhayn was replaced by Erich Ludendorff , and with no success in sight , the German Army pulled out of Verdun in December 1916 and the battle ended . Eastern Front ( edit ) Front line at the time of cease - fire and at the time of the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk . While the Western Front was a stalemate for the German Army , the Eastern Front eventually proved to be a great success . Despite initial setbacks due to the unexpectedly rapid mobilisation of the Russian army , which resulted in a Russian invasion of East Prussia and Austrian Galicia , the badly organised and supplied Russian Army faltered and the German and Austro - Hungarian armies thereafter steadily advanced eastward . The Germans benefited from political instability in Russia and its population 's desire to end the war . In 1917 the German government allowed Russia 's communist Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin to travel through Germany from Switzerland into Russia . Germany believed that if Lenin could create further political unrest , Russia would no longer be able to continue its war with Germany , allowing the German Army to focus on the Western Front . In March 1917 , the Tsar was ousted from the Russian throne , and in November a Bolshevik government came to power under the leadership of Lenin . Facing political opposition to the Bolsheviks , he decided to end Russia 's campaign against Germany , Austria - Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria in order to redirect Bolshevik energy to eliminating internal dissent . In 1918 , by the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , the Bolshevik government gave Germany and the Ottoman Empire enormous territorial and economic concessions in exchange for an end to war on the Eastern Front . All of the modern - day Baltic states ( Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania ) were given over to the German occupation authority Ober Ost , along with Belarus and Ukraine . Thus Germany had at last achieved its long - wanted dominance of `` Mitteleuropa '' ( Central Europe ) and could now focus fully on defeating the Allies on the Western Front . In practice , however , the forces that were needed to garrison and secure the new territories were a drain on the German war effort . Colonies ( edit ) Germany quickly lost almost all its colonies . However , in German East Africa , an impressive guerrilla campaign was waged by the colonial army leader there , General Paul Emil von Lettow - Vorbeck . Using Germans and native Askaris , Lettow - Vorbeck launched multiple guerrilla raids against British forces in Kenya and Rhodesia . He also invaded Portuguese Mozambique to gain his forces supplies and to pick up more Askari recruits . His force was still active at war 's end . 1918 ( edit ) Defeating Russia in 1917 enabled Germany to transfer hundreds of thousands of combat troops from the east to the Western Front , giving it a numerical advantage over the Allies . By retraining the soldiers in new stormtrooper tactics , the Germans expected to unfreeze the battlefield and win a decisive victory before the army of the United States , which had now entered the war on the side of Britain and France , arrived in strength . However , the repeated German offensives in the autumn of 1917 and the spring of 1918 all failed , as the Allies fell back and regrouped and the Germans lacked the reserves needed to consolidate their gains . Meanwhile , soldiers had become radicalised by the Russian Revolution and were less willing to continue fighting . The war effort sparked civil unrest in Germany , while the troops , who had been constantly in the field without relief , grew exhausted and lost all hope of victory . In the summer of 1918 , with the Americans arriving at the rate of 10,000 a day and the German reserves spent , it was only a matter of time before multiple Allied offensives destroyed the German army . Home Front ( edit ) The concept of `` total war '' meant that supplies had to be redirected towards the armed forces and , with German commerce being stopped by the Allied naval blockade , German civilians were forced to live in increasingly meagre conditions . First food prices were controlled , then rationing was introduced . During the war about 750,000 German civilians died from malnutrition . A memorial to soldiers killed in World War I . Towards the end of the war conditions deteriorated rapidly on the home front , with severe food shortages reported in all urban areas . The causes included the transfer of many farmers and food workers into the military , combined with the overburdened railway system , shortages of coal , and the British blockade . The winter of 1916 -- 1917 was known as the `` turnip winter '' , because the people had to survive on a vegetable more commonly reserved for livestock , as a substitute for potatoes and meat , which were increasingly scarce . Thousands of soup kitchens were opened to feed the hungry , who grumbled that the farmers were keeping the food for themselves . Even the army had to cut the soldiers ' rations . The morale of both civilians and soldiers continued to sink . Revolt and demise ( edit ) Many Germans wanted an end to the war and increasing numbers began to associate with the political left , such as the Social Democratic Party and the more radical Independent Social Democratic Party , which demanded an end to the war . The entry of the U.S. into the war in April 1917 changed the long - run balance of power in favour of the Allies . The end of October 1918 , in Kiel , in northern Germany , saw the beginning of the German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 . Units of the German Navy refused to set sail for a last , large - scale operation in a war which they saw as good as lost , initiating the uprising . On 3 November , the revolt spread to other cities and states of the country , in many of which workers ' and soldiers ' councils were established . Meanwhile , Hindenburg and the senior generals lost confidence in the Kaiser and his government . Bulgaria signed the Armistice of Solun on 29 September 1918 . The Ottoman Empire signed the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918 . Between 24 October and 3 November 1918 , Italy defeated Austria - Hungary in the battle of Vittorio Veneto , which forced Austria - Hungary to sign the Armistice of Villa Giusti on 3 November 1918 . So , in November 1918 , with internal revolution , the Allies advancing toward Germany on the Western Front , Austria - Hungary falling apart from multiple ethnic tensions , its other allies out of the war and pressure from the German high command , the Kaiser and all German ruling princes abdicated . On 9 November , the Social Democrat Philipp Scheidemann proclaimed a republic . The new government led by the German Social Democrats called for and received an armistice on 11 November . It was succeeded by the Weimar Republic . Those opposed , including disaffected veterans , joined a diverse set of paramilitary and underground political groups such as the Freikorps , the Organisation Consul , and the Communists . Legacy ( edit ) The defeat and aftermath of the First World War and the penalties imposed by the Treaty of Versailles shaped the positive memory of the Empire , especially among Germans who distrusted and despised the Weimar Republic . Conservatives , liberals , socialists , nationalists , Catholics and Protestants all had their own interpretations , which led to a fractious political and social climate in Germany in the aftermath of the empire 's collapse . War flag of the German Empire . In 1956 , the Iron Cross was re-introduced as the symbol of the Bundeswehr , the modern German armed forces . Under Bismarck , a united German state had finally been achieved , but it remained a Prussian - dominated state and did not include German Austria as Pan-German nationalists had desired . The influence of Prussian militarism , the Empire 's colonial efforts and its vigorous , competitive industrial prowess all gained it the dislike and envy of other nations . The German Empire enacted a number of progressive reforms , such as Europe 's first social welfare system and freedom of press . There was also a modern system for electing the federal parliament , the Reichstag , in which every adult man had one vote . This enabled the Socialists and the Catholic Centre Party to play considerable roles in the empire 's political life despite the continued hostility of Prussian aristocrats . The era of the German Empire is well remembered in Germany as one of great cultural and intellectual vigour . Thomas Mann published his novel Buddenbrooks in 1901 . Theodor Mommsen received the Nobel prize for literature a year later for his Roman history . Painters like the groups Der Blaue Reiter and Die Brücke made a significant contribution to modern art . The AEG turbine factory in Berlin by Peter Behrens from 1909 can be regarded as a milestone in classic modern architecture and an outstanding example of emerging functionalism . The social , economic , and scientific successes of this Gründerzeit , or founding epoch , have sometimes led the Wilhelmine era to be regarded as a golden age . In the field of economics , the `` Kaiserzeit '' laid the foundation of Germany 's status as one of the world 's leading economic powers . The iron and coal industries of the Ruhr , the Saar and Upper Silesia especially contributed to that process . The first motorcar was built by Karl Benz in 1886 . The enormous growth of industrial production and industrial potential also led to a rapid urbanisation of Germany , which turned the Germans into a nation of city dwellers . More than 5 million people left Germany for the United States during the 19th century . Sonderweg ( edit ) Main article : Sonderweg Many historians have emphasized the central importance of a German Sonderweg or `` special path '' ( or `` exceptionalism '' ) as the root of Nazism and the German catastrophe in the 20th century . According to the historiography by Kocka ( 1988 ) , the process of nation - building from above had very grievous long - term implications . In terms of parliamentary democracy , Parliament was kept weak , the parties were fragmented , and there was a high level of mutual distrust . The Nazis built on the illiberal , anti-pluralist elements of Weimar 's political culture . The Junker elites ( the large landowners in the east ) and senior civil servants used their great power and influence well into the twentieth century to frustrate any movement toward democracy . They played an especially negative role in the crisis of 1930 -- 1933 . Bismarck 's emphasis on military force amplified the voice of the officer corps , which combined advanced modernisation of military technology with reactionary politics . The rising upper - middle class elites , in the business , financial and professional worlds , tended to accept the values of the old traditional elites . The German Empire was for Hans - Ulrich Wehler a strange mixture of highly successful capitalist industrialisation and socio - economic modernisation on the one hand , and of surviving pre-industrial institutions , power relations and traditional cultures on the other . Wehler argues that it produced a high degree of internal tension , which led on the one hand to the suppression of socialists , Catholics and reformers , and on the other hand to a highly aggressive foreign policy . For these reasons Fritz Fischer and his students emphasised Germany 's primary guilt for causing the First World War . Hans - Ulrich Wehler , a leader of the Bielefeld School of social history , places the origins of Germany 's path to disaster in the 1860s -- 1870s , when economic modernisation took place , but political modernisation did not happen and the old Prussian rural elite remained in firm control of the army , diplomacy and the civil service . Traditional , aristocratic , premodern society battled an emerging capitalist , bourgeois , modernising society . Recognising the importance of modernising forces in industry and the economy and in the cultural realm , Wehler argues that reactionary traditionalism dominated the political hierarchy of power in Germany , as well as social mentalities and in class relations ( Klassenhabitus ) . The catastrophic German politics between 1914 and 1945 are interpreted in terms of a delayed modernisation of its political structures . At the core of Wehler 's interpretation is his treatment of `` the middle class '' and `` revolution '' , each of which was instrumental in shaping the 20th century . Wehler 's examination of Nazi rule is shaped by his concept of `` charismatic domination '' , which focuses heavily on Adolf Hitler . The historiographical concept of a German Sonderweg has had a turbulent history . 19th century scholars who emphasised a separate German path to modernity saw it as a positive factor that differentiated Germany from the `` western path '' typified by Great Britain . They stressed the strong bureaucratic state , reforms initiated by Bismarck and other strong leaders , the Prussian service ethos , the high culture of philosophy and music , and Germany 's pioneering of a social welfare state . In the 1950s , historians in West Germany argued that the Sonderweg led Germany to the disaster of 1933 -- 1945 . The special circumstances of German historical structures and experiences , were interpreted as preconditions that , while not directly causing National Socialism , did hamper the development of a liberal democracy and facilitate the rise of fascism . The Sonderweg paradigm has provided the impetus for at least three strands of research in German historiography : the `` long 19th century '' , the history of the bourgeoisie , and comparisons with the West . After 1990 , increased attention to cultural dimensions and to comparative and relational history moved German historiography to different topics , with much less attention paid to the Sonderweg . While some historians have abandoned the Sonderweg thesis , they have not provided a generally accepted alternative interpretation . Territorial legacy ( edit ) In addition to present - day Germany , large parts of what comprised the German Empire now belong to several other modern European countries . German territories lost in both World Wars are shown in black , present - day Germany is marked dark grey on this 1914 map . German name Country Region Elsaß - Lothringen France Départements of Bas - Rhin and Haut - Rhin ( both within Alsace region ) , and département of Moselle ( northeastern part of the Lorraine region ) Eupen - Malmedy Belgium Two towns of Eupen and Malmedy and the municipalities of Amel , Büllingen , Burg - Reuland , Bütgenbach , Kelmis , Lontzen , Raeren , Waimes and St. Vith ( all are parts of the province of Liège in Wallonia region on the Belgian - German border ) Duivelsberg / Wylerberg Netherlands Duivelsberg / Wylerberg , an uninhabited hill ( as well as some nearby slivers of land ) annexed by the Netherlands after WWII Nordschleswig Denmark South Jutland County ( excluding towns of Taps , Hejle and Vejstrup ) , and the towns of Hviding , Roager and Spandet Hultschiner Ländchen Czech Republic Hlučín Region , on the Czech - Polish border in Silesia , from which most Germans were deported following WWII Memelland Lithuania Klaipėda Region from which Germans were deported following WWII Schlesien , Ostbrandenburg , Ermland , Masuren , Westpreußen , Provinz Posen , southern Ostpreußen , central and eastern parts of Pommern Poland Northern and western parts of the country , including Pomerania , Silesia , Lubusz Land , Warmia and Masuria , from all of which Germans were deported following WWII Northern Ostpreußen Russia Kaliningrad Oblast exclave on the Baltic , from which Germans were deported following WWII Denotes territories lost in World War I Denotes territories lost in World War I and II Denotes territories lost in World War II See also ( edit ) German Empire portal Germany portal Economic history of Germany German Army ( German Empire ) German colonial empire House of Hohenzollern Imperial German Navy Kingdom of Germany List of German monarchs List of German monarchs in 1918 Wilhelminism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitaker 's Almanak , 1897 , by Joseph Whitaker ; p. 548 Jump up ^ Statement of Abdication of Wilhelm II Jump up ^ `` German Empire : administrative subdivision and municipalities , 1900 to 1910 '' ( in German ) . Retrieved 25 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Population statistics of the German Empire , 1871 '' ( in German ) . Retrieved 25 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` German constitution of 1871 '' ( in German ) . German Wikisource. 16 March 2011 . Retrieved 2 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term `` Reich '' does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English - speaking people . The term `` Kaiserreich '' literally denotes an empire -- particularly a hereditary empire led by an emperor , although `` Reich '' has been used in German to denote the Roman Empire because it had a weak hereditary tradition . In the case of the German Empire , the official name was Deutsches Reich , which is properly translated as `` German Empire '' because the official position of head of state in the constitution of the German Empire was officially a `` presidency '' of a confederation of German states led by the King of Prussia who would assume `` the title of German Emperor '' as referring to the German people , but was not emperor of Germany as in an emperor of a state . -- `` The German Empire . '' Harper 's New Monthly Magazine . vol. 63 , issue 376 , pp. 591 -- 603 ; here p. 593 . Jump up ^ World Book , Inc . The World Book dictionary , Volume 1 . World Book , Inc. , 2003 . p. 572 . States that Deutsches Reich translates as `` German Realm '' and was a former official name of Germany . Jump up ^ Joseph Whitaker . Whitaker 's almanack , 1991 . J Whitaker & Sons , 1990 . Pp. 765 . Refers to the term Deutsches Reich being translated into English as `` German Realm '' , up to and including the Nazi period . Jump up ^ See , for example , Roger Chickering , Imperial Germany and the Great War , 1914 - 1918 . 3rd ed . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2014 ; Cornelius Torp and Sven Oliver Müller , eds. , Imperial Germany Revisited : Continuing Debates & New Perspectives . Oxford : Berghahn , 2011 ; James Retallack , ed. , Imperial Germany 1871 - 1918 . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2008 ; Isabel V. Hull , Absolute Destruction : Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany . Ithaca : Cornell University Press , 2005 . Jump up ^ Kitchen 2011 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Michael Kotulla : Deutsches Verfassungsrecht 1806 -- 1918 . Eine Dokumentensammlung nebst Einführungen. 1 . Band : Gesamtdeutschland , Anhaltische Staaten und Baden . Springer , Berlin 2006 , pp. 231 , 246 Jump up ^ J.H. Clapham , The Economic Development of France and Germany 1815 -- 1914 ( 1936 ) Jump up ^ `` Nobel Prizes by Country -- Evolution of National Science Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th Century , by Citizenship ( Juergen Schmidhuber , 2010 ) '' . Idsia.ch . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Azar Gat ( 2008 ) . War in Human Civilization . Oxford University Press . p. 517 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 923663 - 3 . Jump up ^ Diese deutschen Wörter kennt man noch in der Südsee , von Matthias Heine `` Einst hatten die Deutschen das drittgrößte Kolonialreich ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ Paul Kennedy , The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers : Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Heeren , Arnold Hermann Ludwig ( 1873 ) . Talboys , David Alphonso , ed . A Manual of the History of the Political System of Europe and its Colonies . London : H.G. Bohn . p. 480 Jump up ^ Case , Nelson ( 1902 ) . European Constitutional History . Cincinnati : Jennings & Pye . p. 139 . OCLC 608806061 . Jump up ^ Case 1902 , pp. 139 -- 140 ^ Jump up to : Case 1902 , p. 140 Jump up ^ The Slavic speakers included Polish , Masurian , Kashubian , Sorbian and Czech were located in the east ; Polish mainly in the Prussian provinces of Posen , West Prussia and Silesia ( Upper Silesia ) . Small islands also existed in Recklinghausen ( Westphalia ) with 13.8 % of the population and in the Kreis of Kalau ( Brandenburg ) ( 5.5 % ) and in parts of East Prussia and Pomerania . Czech was spoken predominantly in the south of the Silesia , Masurian in the south of East Prussia , Kashubian in the north of West Prussia and Sorbian in the Lusatian regions of Prussia ( Brandenburg and Silesia ) and the Kingdom of Saxony . Jump up ^ `` Fremdsprachige Minderheiten im Deutschen Reich '' ( in German ) . Retrieved 20 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Kersbergen , Kees van ; Vis , Barbara ( 2013 ) . Comparative Welfare State Politics : Development , Opportunities , and Reform . Cambridge UP . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 65247 - 7 . Jump up ^ Moore , Robert Laurence ; Vaudagna , Maurizio ( 2003 ) . The American Century in Europe . Cornell University Press . p. 226 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 4075 - 0 . Jump up ^ Richard E. Frankel , `` From the Beer Halls to the Halls of Power : The Cult of Bismarck and the Legitimization of a New German Right , 1898 -- 1945 , '' German Studies Review , Vol. 26 , No. 3 ( Oct. , 2003 ) , pp. 543 -- 560 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Eric Hobsbawm , The Age of Empire : 1875 -- 1914 ( 1987 ) , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Mshana , Rogate . `` The Economic Impact of German Colonial Rule and the Question of Reparation '' . www.tanzania.com . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Matthew ( 2007 ) . `` A Fall from Grace ? National Unity and the Search for Naval Power and Colonial Possessions 1848 -- 1884 '' . German History . 25 ( 2 ) : 135 -- 161 . doi : 10.1177 / 0266355406075719 . Jump up ^ Ciarlo , David ( 2008 ) . `` Globalizing German Colonialism '' . German History . 26 ( 2 ) : 285 -- 298 . doi : 10.1093 / gerhis / ghn007 . Jump up ^ L. Gann and Peter Duignan , The Rulers of German Africa , 1884 -- 1914 ( 1977 ) focuses on political and economic history ; Michael Perraudin and Jürgen Zimmerer , eds . German Colonialism and National Identity ( 2010 ) focuses on cultural impact in Africa and Germany . Jump up ^ Dedering , Tilman ( 1993 ) . `` The German ‐ Herero war of 1904 : Revisionism of Genocide or Imaginary Historiography ? '' . Journal of Southern African Studies . 19 ( 1 ) : 80 -- 88 . doi : 10.1080 / 03057079308708348 . Jump up ^ Edmond Taylor , The fossil monarchies : the collapse of the old order , 1905 -- 1922 ( 1967 ) p 206 ^ Jump up to : E.P. Hennock , The Origin of the Welfare State in England and Germany , 1850 -- 1914 : Social Policies Compared ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Allan Mitchell , Great Train Race : Railways and the Franco - German Rivalry , 1815 -- 1914 ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Edgar Feuchtwanger , Imperial Germany , 1850 -- 1918 ( 2006 ) , Table 1 Jump up ^ Jochen Streb , et al. `` Technological and geographical knowledge spillover in the German empire 1877 -- 1918 '' , Economic History Review , May 2006 , Vol. 59 Issue 2 , pp. 347 -- 373 Jump up ^ Stephen Broadberry , and Kevin H. O'Rourke . The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe ( 2 vol. 2010 ) Jump up ^ John J. Beer , The Emergence of the German Dye Industry ( 1959 ) . Jump up ^ Werner Abelshauser , German History and Global Enterprise : BASF : The History of a Company ( 2004 ) covers 1865 to 2000 ; Jump up ^ Chandler ( 1990 ) pp. 474 -- 475 Jump up ^ Carsten Burhop , `` Pharmaceutical Research in Wilhelmine Germany : the Case of E. Merck , '' Business History Review . Volume : 83 . Issue : 3 . 2009 . pp 475 +. in ProQuest Jump up ^ J.A.S. Grenville , Europe reshaped , 1848 -- 1878 ( 2000 ) p. 342 Jump up ^ Marjorie Lamberti , `` Religious conflicts and German national identity in Prussia , 1866 -- 1914 '' , in Philip G. Dwyer , ed . Modern Prussian History : 1830 -- 1947 ( 2001 ) pp. 169 -- 187 Jump up ^ Lamberti , ( 2001 ) p 177 Jump up ^ Ronald J. Ross , The failure of Bismarck 's Kulturkampf : Catholicism and state power in imperial Germany , 1871 -- 1887 ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Hajo Holborn , A History of Modern Germany : 1840 -- 1945 ( 1969 ) , pp. 258 -- 260 Jump up ^ Christopher Clark , Iron Kingdom : The Rise and Downfall of Prussia , 1600 -- 1947 ( 2006 ) pp. 568 -- 576 Jump up ^ Hermann Beck , Origins of the Authoritarian Welfare State in Prussia , 1815 -- 1870 ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Elaine Glovka Spencer , `` Rules of the Ruhr : Leadership and Authority in German Big Business Before 1914 '' , Business History Review , Spring 1979 , Vol. 53 Issue 1 , pp. 40 -- 64 ; Ivo N. Lambi , `` The Protectionist Interests of the German Iron and Steel Industry , 1873 -- 1879 '' , Journal of Economic History , March 1962 , Vol. 22 Issue 1 , pp. 59 -- 70 Jump up ^ Timothy Baycroft and Mark Hewitson , What is a nation ? : Europe 1789 -- 1914 ( 2006 ) p 166 Jump up ^ John J. Kulczycki , School Strikes in Prussian Poland , 1901 -- 1907 : The Struggle over Bilingual Education ( Columbia University Press , 1981 ) Jump up ^ Martin Broszat : Zweihundert Jahre deutsche Polenpolitik . suhrkamp 1978 , p. 144 ; ISBN 3 - 518 - 36574 - 6 Jump up ^ Richard S. Levy , The Downfall of the Anti-Semitic Political Parties in Imperial Germany ( Yale University Press , 1975 ) Jump up ^ Kitchen , Martin ( 2000 ) . Cambridge Illustrated History of Germany . Cambridge University Press . p. 214 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79432 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Kurtz , Harold ( 1970 ) . The Second Reich : Kaiser Wilhelm II and his Germany . McGraw - Hill . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 035653 - 5 . Jump up ^ Stürmer , Michael ( 2000 ) . The German Empire : 1870 -- 1918 . New York : Random House . p. 63 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 64090 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Kurtz , Harold ( 1970 ) 63 Jump up ^ Isabel V. Hull , The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II , 1888 -- 1918 ( 2004 ) p. 85 Jump up ^ Kurtz , Harold ( 1970 ) 67 ^ Jump up to : Kurtz , Harold ( 1970 ) 72 Jump up ^ Geoffrey Cocks and Konrad H. Jarausch , eds . German Professions , 1800 -- 1950 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Kurtz , Harold ( 1970 ) 76 Jump up ^ Matthew Jefferies , Imperial Culture in Germany , 1871 -- 1918 ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Kurtz , Harold ( 1970 ) 56 Jump up ^ Lamar Cecil , Wilhelm II : Emperor and Exile , 1900 -- 1941 ( 1996 ) ch 9 -- 13 Jump up ^ `` Wilhelm II ( 1859 -- 1941 ) '' . BBC . Retrieved 19 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Stürmer , Michael ( 2000 ) 91 Jump up ^ Louis , Ruanda - Urundi 1884 -- 1919 , p. 163 Jump up ^ Austria 's Werner Abelshauser , German History and Global Enterprise : BASF : The History of a Company ( 2004 ) covers 1865 to 2000 ; Jump up ^ Truth or conjecture ? : German civilian war losses in the East , page 366 , Stanisław Schimitzek Zachodnia Agencia Prasowa , 1966 Jump up ^ To the Threshold of Power , 1922 / 33 : Origins and Dynamics of the Fascist and Nationalist Socialist Dictatorships , page 151 - 152 Jump up ^ Shatterzone of Empires : Coexistence and Violence in the German , Habsburg , Russian , and Ottoman Borderlands by Omer Bartov and Eric D. Weitz page 55 Indiana University Press 2013 Jump up ^ Immanuel Geiss `` Tzw . polski pas graniczny 1914 -- 1918 '' . Warszawa 1964 Jump up ^ The Red Prince : The Secret Lives of a Habsburg Archduke , Timothy Snyder ; `` On the annexations and ethnic cleansing , see Geiss , Der Polnische Grenzstreifen '' Jump up ^ Absolute Destruction : Military Culture And The Practices Of War In Imperial Germany , Isabel V. Hull , page 233 , Cornell University Press , 2005 Jump up ^ Edwin Hoyt , Colonel von Lettow - Vorbeck and Germany 's East African Empire ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ Holger H. Herwig , The First World War : Germany and Austria -- Hungary 1914 -- 1918 ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Rod Paschall , The defeat of imperial Germany , 1917 -- 1918 ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ German Historical Museum . `` 1914 -- 18 : Lebensmittelversorgung '' ( in German ) . Jump up ^ Roger Chickering , Imperial Germany and the Great War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 2004 ) p. 141 -- 42 Jump up ^ A.J. Ryder , The German Revolution of 1918 : A Study of German Socialism in War and Revolt ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` A New Surge of Growth '' . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Jürgen Kocka , `` German History before Hitler : The Debate about the German ' Sonderweg ' '' . Journal of Contemporary History , Jan 1988 , Vol. 23 # 1 , pp 3 -- 16 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Wehler , Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte : Vom Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges bis zur Gründung der Beiden Deutschen Staaten 1914 -- 1949 ( 2003 ) is the fourth volume of his monumental history of German society . None of the series has yet been translated into English . A partial summary appears in Hans - Ulrich Wehler , The German Empire , 1871 -- 1918 ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Helmut Walser Smith , `` When the Sonderweg Debate Left Us '' , German Studies Review , May 2008 , Vol. 31 # 2 pp 225 -- 240 Further reading ( edit ) Barker , J. Ellis . Modern Germany ; her political and economic problems , her foreign and domestic policy , her ambitions , and the causes of her success ( 1907 ) Berghahn , Volker Rolf . Modern Germany : society , economy , and politics in the twentieth century ( 1987 ) ACLS E-book Berghahn , Volker Rolf . Imperial Germany , 1871 -- 1914 : Economy , Society , Culture , and Politics ( 2nd ed. 2005 ) Blackbourn , David . The Long Nineteenth Century : A History of Germany , 1780 -- 1918 ( 1998 ) excerpt and text search Blackbourn , David , and Geoff Eley . The Peculiarities of German History : Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth - Century Germany ( 1984 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 873058 - 6 Blanke , Richard . Prussian Poland in the German Empire ( 1981 ) Brandenburg , Erich . From Bismarck to the World War : A History of German Foreign Policy 1870 -- 1914 ( 1927 ) online free . Carroll , E. Malcolm . Germany and the great powers , 1866 -- 1914 : A study in public opinion and foreign policy ( 1938 ) ; online at Questia also online review ; 862pp ; written for advanced students . Cecil , Lamar . Wilhelm II : Prince and Emperor , 1859 -- 1900 ( 1989 ) online edition ; vol2 : Wilhelm II : Emperor and Exile , 1900 -- 1941 ( 1996 ) online edition Chickering , Roger . Imperial Germany and the Great War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 2nd ed. 2004 ) excerpt and text search Clark , Christopher . Iron Kingdom : The Rise and Downfall of Prussia , 1600 -- 1947 ( 2006 ) , the standard scholarly survey Dawson , William Harbutt . The Evolution of Modern Germany ( 1908 ) , 503pp covers 1871 -- 1906 with focus on social and economic history & colonies Dawson , William Harbutt . Bismarck and state socialism ; an exposition of the social and economic legislation of Germany since 1870 ( 1890 ) 175 pp Dawson , William Harbutt . Municipal life and government in Germany ( 1914 ) ; 507pp describes the workings of local government and the famous bureaucracy Dawson , William Harbutt . Germany and the Germans ( 1894 ) 387pp ; politics and parties , Volume 2 Feuchtwanger , Ed ( 2002 ) . Imperial Germany 1850 -- 1918 . Routledge . ISBN 1 - 13462 - 072 - 1 . Eyck , Erich . Bismarck and the German Empire ( 1964 ) excerpt and text search Fischer , Fritz . From Kaiserreich to Third Reich : Elements of Continuity in German History , 1871 -- 1945 . ( 1986 ) . ISBN 0 - 04 - 943043 - 2 . Geiss , Imanuel . German Foreign Policy , 1871 -- 1914 ( 1979 ) excerpt Hayes , Carlton J.H. ( 1917 ) , `` The History of German Socialism Reconsidered '' , American Historical Review , 23 ( 1 ) : 62 -- 101 , JSTOR 1837686 Hewitson , Mark . `` Germany and France before the First World War : a reassessment of Wilhelmine foreign policy . '' English Historical Review 115.462 ( 2000 ) : 570 -- 606 ; argues Germany had a growing sense of military superiority Holborn , Hajo . A History of Modern Germany : 1840 -- 1945 ( 1969 ) , pp 173 -- 532 Jefferies , Mattew . Imperial Culture in Germany , 1871 -- 1918 . ( Palgrave , 2003 ) ISBN 1 - 4039 - 0421 - 9 . Kennedy , Paul . The Rise of the Anglo - German Antagonism , 1860 -- 1914 ( 2nd ed. 1988 ) ISBN 1 - 57392 - 301 - X Kitchen , Martin ( 2011 ) . A History of Modern Germany : 1800 to the Present . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 1 - 44439 - 689 - 7 . Koch , Hannsjoachim W. A constitutional history of Germany in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries ( 1984 ) . Kurlander , Eric . The Price of Exclusion : Ethnicity , National Identity , and the Decline of German Liberalism , 1898 -- 1933 ( 2007 ) . Milward , Alan S. and S.B. Saul . The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe : 1850 -- 1914 ( 1977 ) pp 17 -- 70 Mommsen , Wolfgang . Imperial Germany 1867 -- 1918 : Politics , Culture , and Society in an Authoritarian State . ( 1995 ) . ISBN 0 - 340 - 64534 - 2 . Nipperdey , Thomas . Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck ( 1996 ) dense coverage of chief topics Padfield , Peter . The Great Naval Race : Anglo - German Naval Rivalry 1900 -- 1914 ( 2005 ) Reagin , Nancy ( 2001 ) . `` The Imagined Hausfrau : National Identity , Domesticity , and Colonialism in Imperial Germany '' . Journal of Modern History . 72 ( 1 ) : 54 -- 86 . doi : 10.1086 / 319879 . JSTOR 10.1086 / 319879 . Retallack , James . Germany In The Age of Kaiser Wilhelm II , ( 1996 ) ISBN 0 - 312 - 16031 - 3 . Retallack , James . Imperial Germany 1871 -- 1918 ( 2008 ) Ritter , Gerhard . The Sword and the Scepter ; the Problem of Militarism in Germany . ( 4 vol University of Miami Press 1969 -- 73 ) Richie , Alexandra . Faust 's Metropolis : A History of Berlin ( 1998 ) , 1139pp by scholar ; pp 188 -- 233 Scheck , Raffael . `` Lecture Notes , Germany and Europe , 1871 -- 1945 '' ( 2008 ) , a brief textbook by a leading scholar Schollgen , Gregor . Escape into War ? The Foreign Policy of Imperial Germany . ( Berg , 1990 ) ISBN 0 - 85496 - 275 - 1 . Smith , Helmut Walser , ed . The Oxford Handbook of Modern German History ( 2011 ) , 862 pp ; 35 essays by specialists ; Germany since 1760 excerpt Smith , Woodruff D . The German Colonial Empire ( 1978 ) Stürmer , Michael . The German Empire , 1870 -- 1918 . ( Random House , 2000 ) . ISBN 0 - 679 - 64090 - 8 . Stern , Fritz . Gold and Iron : Bismark , Bleichroder , and the Building of the German Empire ( 1979 ) Bismark worked closely with this leading banker and financier excerpt and text search Steinberg , Jonathan . Bismarck : A Life ( 2011 ) , a recent scholarly biography ; emphasis on Bismarck 's personality Taylor , A.J.P. Bismarck : The Man and the Statesman ( 1967 ) online edition Wehler , Hans - Ulrich . The German Empire , 1871 -- 1918 . ( Berg , 1985 ) . ISBN 0 - 907582 - 22 - 2 Wildenthal , Lora . German Women for Empire , 1884 -- 1945 ( 2001 ) Historiography ( edit ) Berghahn , Volker Rolf . `` Structure and Agency in Wilhelmine Germany : The history of the German Empire , Past , present and Future , '' in Annika Mombauer and Wilhelm Deist , eds . The Kaiser : New Research on Wilhelm II 's Role in Imperial Germany ( 2003 ) pp 281 -- 93 , historiography Chickering , Roger , ed . Imperial Germany : A Historiographical Companion ( 1996 ) , 552pp ; 18 essays by specialists Dickinson , Edward Ross . `` The German Empire : an Empire ? '' History Workshop Journal Issue 66 , ( Autumn 2008 ) online in Project MUSE , with guide to recent scholarship Eley , Geoff ; Retallack , James ( 2004 ) , `` Introduction '' , in Eley , Geoff ; Retallack , James , Wilhelminism and Its Legacies : German Modernities , Imperialism , and the Meanings of Reform , 1890 -- 1930 , ASIN 1571816879 CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) Jefferies , Matthew . Contesting the German Empire 1871 -- 1918 ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search Müller , Sven Oliver , and Cornelius Torp , ed . Imperial Germany Revisited : Continuing Debates and New Perspectives ( 2011 ) Reagin , Nancy R. `` Recent Work on German National Identity : Regional ? Imperial ? Gendered ? Imaginary ? '' Central European History ( 2004 ) v 37 , pp 273 -- 289 doi : 10.1163 / 156916104323121483 Primary sources ( edit ) Dawson , William Harbutt . Germany at Home ( 1908 ) 275 pp ; popular description of social life in villages and cities Vizetelly , Henry . Berlin Under the New Empire : Its Institutions , Inhabitants , Industry , Monuments , Museums , Social Life , Manners , and Amusements ( 2 vol . London , 1879 ) Volume 2 External links ( edit ) Look up German Empire in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Ravenstein 's Atlas of the German Empire , Library.wis.edu Administrative subdivision and census results ( 1900 / 1910 ) , Gemeindeverzeichnis.de ( in German ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to German Empire . 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how many electoral votes does the state of washington have

Electoral College ( United states ) - wikipedia Electoral College ( United states ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the United States Electoral College . For electoral colleges in general , see Electoral college . For other uses and regions , see Electoral college ( disambiguation ) . Map of the Electoral College 2016 presidential election The United States Electoral College is the mechanism established by the United States Constitution for the election of the president and vice president of the United States by small groups of appointed representatives , electors , from each state and the District of Columbia . The Constitution specifies that each state legislature individually determines its own process for appointing electors . In practice , all state legislatures use popular voting to choose a slate of electors who are pledged to vote for a particular party 's candidate . Thus , today the president and vice president are effectively chosen through indirect election by the citizens . The Twelfth Amendment requires each elector to cast one vote for president and another vote for vice president . In each state and the District of Columbia , electors are chosen every four years on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November , and then meet to cast ballots on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December . The candidates who receive a majority of electoral votes among the states are elected president and vice president of the United States when the Electoral College vote is certified by Congress in early January . Pursuant to the Twentieth Amendment , the terms for president and vice president end at noon on January 20 following an election for those offices ; the new terms for those offices then begin . Each state chooses electors , equal in number to that state 's combined total of senators and representatives . There are a total of 538 electors , corresponding to the 435 representatives and 100 senators , plus the three electors for the District of Columbia as provided by the Twenty - third Amendment . The Constitution bars any federal official , elected or appointed , from being an elector . The Office of the Federal Register is charged with administering the Electoral College . Since the mid-19th century when all electors have been popularly chosen , the Electoral College has elected the candidate who received the most popular votes nationwide , except in four elections : 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , and 2016 . In 1824 , there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed , rather than popularly elected , so the true national popular vote is uncertain ; the electors failed to select a winning candidate , so the matter was decided by the House of Representatives . All states except California ( before 1913 ) , Maine , and Nebraska have chosen electors on a `` winner - take - all '' basis since the 1880s . Under the winner - take - all system , the state 's electors are awarded to the candidate with the most votes in that state , thus maximizing the state 's influence in the national election . Maine and Nebraska use the `` congressional district method , '' selecting one elector within each congressional district by popular vote and awarding two electors by a statewide popular vote . Although no elector is required by federal law to honor his pledge , there have been very few occasions when an elector voted contrary to a pledge , and never once has it impacted the final outcome of a national election . If no candidate for president receives a majority of electoral votes for president , the Twelfth Amendment provides that the House of Representatives will select the president , with each of the fifty state delegations casting one vote . If no candidate for vice president receives a majority of electoral votes for vice president , then the Senate will select the vice president , with each of the 100 senators having one vote . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 History 2.1 Original plan 2.2 Breakdown and revision 2.3 Evolution to the general ticket 2.4 Evolution of selection plans 2.5 Fourteenth Amendment 2.6 Meeting of electors date over the years 3 Modern mechanics 3.1 Summary 3.2 Electors 3.2. 1 Apportionment 3.2. 2 Nomination 3.2. 3 Selection 3.2. 4 Meetings 3.2. 5 Faithlessness 3.3 Joint session of Congress and contingencies 3.3. 1 Contingent presidential election by House 3.3. 2 Contingent vice presidential election by Senate 3.3. 3 Deadlocked election 3.4 Current electoral vote distribution 4 Chronological table 5 Alternative methods of choosing electors 5.1 Appointment by state legislature 5.2 Electoral districts 5.3 Proportional vote 5.4 Congressional district method 5.4. 1 Implementation 6 Contemporary issues 6.1 Criticism 6.1. 1 Nondeterminacy of popular vote 6.1. 2 Exclusive focus on large swing states 6.1. 3 Discouragement of turnout and participation 6.1. 4 Obscuring disenfranchisement within states 6.1. 5 Lack of enfranchisement of U.S. territories 6.1. 6 Advantage based on state population 6.1. 7 Disadvantage for third parties 6.1. 8 Inadequate means for electors to vote conscience and prevent the election of demagogues 6.2 Support 6.2. 1 Prevention of an urban - centric victory 6.2. 2 Maintenance of the federal character of the nation 6.2. 3 Enhancement of the status of minority groups 6.2. 4 Encouragement of stability through the two - party system 6.2. 5 Flexibility if a presidential candidate dies 6.2. 6 Isolation of election problems 7 Efforts to abolish 7.1 Bayh -- Celler amendment 7.2 Carter proposal 7.3 Cohen proposal 7.4 National Popular Vote Interstate Compact 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Background The Constitutional Convention in 1787 used the Virginia Plan as the basis for discussions , as the Virginia delegation had proposed it first . The Virginia Plan called for the Congress to elect the president . Delegates from a majority of states agreed to this mode of election . However , a committee formed to work out various details including the mode of election of the president , recommended instead the election be by a group of people apportioned among the states in the same numbers as their representatives in Congress ( the formula for which had been resolved in lengthy debates resulting in the Connecticut Compromise and Three - Fifths Compromise ) , but chosen by each state `` in such manner as its Legislature may direct . '' Committee member Gouverneur Morris explained the reasons for the change ; among others , there were fears of `` intrigue '' if the president were chosen by a small group of men who met together regularly , as well as concerns for the independence of the president if he were elected by the Congress . However , once the Electoral College had been decided on , several delegates ( Mason , Butler , Morris , Wilson , and Madison ) openly recognized its ability to protect the election process from cabal , corruption , intrigue , and faction . Some delegates , including James Wilson and James Madison , preferred popular election of the executive . Madison acknowledged that while a popular vote would be ideal , it would be difficult to get consensus on the proposal given the prevalence of slavery in the South : There was one difficulty however of a serious nature attending an immediate choice by the people . The right of suffrage was much more diffusive in the Northern than the Southern States ; and the latter could have no influence in the election on the score of Negroes . The substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections . The Convention approved the Committee 's Electoral College proposal , with minor modifications , on September 6 , 1787 . Delegates from states with smaller populations or limited land area such as Connecticut , New Jersey , and Maryland generally favored the Electoral College with some consideration for states . At the compromise providing for a runoff among the top five candidates , the small states supposed that the House of Representatives with each state delegation casting one vote would decide most elections . In The Federalist Papers , James Madison explained his views on the selection of the president and the Constitution . In Federalist No. 39 , Madison argued the Constitution was designed to be a mixture of state - based and population - based government . Congress would have two houses : the state - based Senate and the population - based House of Representatives . Meanwhile , the president would be elected by a mixture of the two modes . Alexander Hamilton in Federalist No. 68 laid out what he believed were the key advantages to the Electoral College . The electors come directly from the people and them alone for that purpose only , and for that time only . This avoided a party - run legislature , or a permanent body that could be influenced by foreign interests before each election . Hamilton explained the election was to take place among all the states , so no corruption in any state could taint `` the great body of the people '' in their selection . The choice was to be made by a majority of the Electoral College , as majority rule is critical to the principles of republican government . Hamilton argued that electors meeting in the state capitals were able to have information unavailable to the general public . Hamilton also argued that since no federal officeholder could be an elector , none of the electors would be beholden to any presidential candidate . Another consideration was the decision would be made without `` tumult and disorder , '' as it would be a broad - based one made simultaneously in various locales where the decision - makers could deliberate reasonably , not in one place where decision - makers could be threatened or intimidated . If the Electoral College did not achieve a decisive majority , then the House of Representatives was to choose the president from among the top five candidates , ensuring selection of a presiding officer administering the laws would have both ability and good character . Hamilton was also concerned about somebody unqualified , but with a talent for `` low intrigue , and the little arts of popularity , '' attaining high office . Additionally , in the Federalist No. 10 , James Madison argued against `` an interested and overbearing majority '' and the `` mischiefs of faction '' in an electoral system . He defined a faction as `` a number of citizens whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole , who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion , or of interest , adverse to the rights of other citizens , or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community . '' What was then called republican government ( i.e. , federalism , as opposed to direct democracy ) , with its varied distribution of voter rights and powers , would countervail against factions . Madison further postulated in the Federalist No. 10 that the greater the population and expanse of the Republic , the more difficulty factions would face in organizing due to such issues as sectionalism . Although the United States Constitution refers to `` Electors '' and `` electors , '' neither the phrase `` Electoral College '' nor any other name is used to describe the electors collectively . It was not until the early 19th century the name `` Electoral College '' came into general usage as the collective designation for the electors selected to cast votes for president and vice president . The phrase was first written into federal law in 1845 and today the term appears in 3 U.S.C. § 4 , in the section heading and in the text as `` college of electors . '' History Original plan Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution states : Each State shall appoint , in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct , a Number of Electors , equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress : but no Senator or Representative , or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States , shall be appointed an Elector . Article II , Section 1 , Clause 4 of the Constitution states : The Congress may determine the Time of chusing ( sic ) the Electors , and the Day on which they shall give their Votes ; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States . Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 of the Constitution provided the original plan by which the electors chose the president and vice president . Under the original plan , the candidate who received a majority of votes from the electors would become president ; the candidate receiving the second most votes would become vice president . The original plan of the Electoral College was based upon several assumptions and anticipations of the Framers of the Constitution : Individual electors would be elected by citizens on a district - by - district basis . Each presidential elector would exercise independent judgment when voting . Candidates would not pair together on the same ticket with assumed placements toward each office of president and vice president . The system as designed would rarely produce a winner , thus sending the election to Congress . According to the text of Article II , however , each state government was free to have its own plan for selecting its electors , and the Constitution does not explicitly require states to popularly elect their electors . Several different methods for selecting electors are described at length below . Breakdown and revision The emergence of political parties and nationally coordinated election campaigns soon complicated matters in the elections of 1796 and 1800 . In 1796 , Federalist Party candidate John Adams won the presidential election . Finishing in second place was Democratic - Republican Party candidate Thomas Jefferson , the Federalists ' opponent , who became the vice president . This resulted in the president and vice president being of different political parties . In 1800 , the Democratic - Republican Party again nominated Jefferson for president and also nominated Aaron Burr for vice president . After the election , Jefferson and Burr both obtained a majority of electoral votes , but tied one another with 73 votes each . Since ballots did not distinguish between votes for president and votes for vice president , every ballot cast for Burr technically counted as a vote for him to become president , despite Jefferson clearly being his party 's first choice . Lacking a clear winner by constitutional standards , the election had to be decided by the House of Representatives pursuant to the Constitution 's contingency election provision . Having already lost the presidential contest , Federalist Party representatives in the lame duck House session seized upon the opportunity to embarrass their opposition by attempting to elect Burr over Jefferson . The House deadlocked for 35 ballots as neither candidate received the necessary majority vote of the state delegations in the House ( the votes of nine states were needed for a conclusive election ) . Jefferson achieved electoral victory on the 36th ballot , but only after Federalist Party leader Alexander Hamilton -- who disfavored Burr 's personal character more than Jefferson 's policies -- had made known his preference for Jefferson . Responding to the problems from those elections , the Congress proposed on December 9 , 1803 , and three - fourths of the states ratified by June 15 , 1804 , the Twelfth Amendment . Starting with the 1804 election , the amendment requires electors cast separate ballots for president and vice president , replacing the system outlined in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 . Evolution to the general ticket Alexander Hamilton described the framers ' view of how electors would be chosen : `` A small number of persons , selected by their fellow - citizens from the general mass , will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated ( tasks ) . '' The founders assumed this would take place district by district . That plan was carried out by many states until the 1880s . For example , in Massachusetts in 1820 , the rule stated `` the people shall vote by ballot , on which shall be designated who is voted for as an Elector for the district . '' In other words , the people did not place the name of a candidate for a president on the ballot , instead they voted for their local elector , whom they trusted later to cast a responsible vote for president . Some states reasoned that the favorite presidential candidate among the people in their state would have a much better chance if all of the electors selected by their state were sure to vote the same way -- a `` general ticket '' of electors pledged to a party candidate . So the slate of electors chosen by the state were no longer free agents , independent thinkers , or deliberative representatives . They became `` voluntary party lackeys and intellectual non-entities . '' Once one state took that strategy , the others felt compelled to follow suit in order to compete for the strongest influence on the election . When James Madison and Hamilton , two of the most important architects of the Electoral College , saw this strategy being taken by some states , they protested strongly . Madison and Hamilton both made it clear this approach violated the spirit of the Constitution . According to Hamilton , the selection of the president should be `` made by men most capable of analyzing the qualities adapted to the station ( of president ) . '' According to Hamilton , the electors were to analyze the list of potential presidents and select the best one . He also used the term `` deliberate . '' Hamilton considered a pre-pledged elector to violate the spirit of Article II of the Constitution insofar as such electors could make no `` analysis '' or `` deliberate '' concerning the candidates . Madison agreed entirely , saying that when the Constitution was written , all of its authors assumed individual electors would be elected in their districts and it was inconceivable a `` general ticket '' of electors dictated by a state would supplant the concept . Madison wrote to George Hay , The district mode was mostly , if not exclusively in view when the Constitution was framed and adopted ; & was exchanged for the general ticket ( many years later ) . The Founders assumed that electors would be elected by the citizens of their district and that elector was to be free to analyze and deliberate regarding who is best suited to be president . Madison and Hamilton were so upset by what they saw as a distortion of the framers ' original intent that they advocated a constitutional amendment to prevent anything other than the district plan : `` the election of Presidential Electors by districts , is an amendment very proper to be brought forward , '' Madison told George Hay in 1823 . Hamilton went further . He actually drafted an amendment to the Constitution mandating the district plan for selecting electors . Evolution of selection plans In 1789 , at - large popular vote , the winner - take - all method , began with Pennsylvania and Maryland ; Virginia and Delaware used a district plan by popular vote , and in the five other states participating in the election ( Connecticut , Georgia , Maryland , New Hampshire New Jersey and South Carolina ) , state legislatures chose . By 1800 , Virginia and Rhode Island voted at - large , Kentucky , Maryland and North Carolina voted popularly by district , and eleven states voted by state legislature . Beginning in 1804 there was a definite trend towards the winner - take - all system for statewide popular vote . States using their state legislature to choose presidential electors have included fourteen states from all regions of the country . By 1832 , only South Carolina used the state legislature , and it abandoned the method after 1860 . States using popular vote by district have included ten states from all regions of the country . By 1832 there was only Maryland , and from 1836 district plans fell out of use until the 20th century , though Michigan used a district plan for 1892 only . Since 1836 , statewide , winner - take - all popular voting for electors has been the almost universal practice . As of 2016 , Maine ( from 1972 ) and Nebraska ( from 1996 ) use the district plan , with two at - large electors assigned to support the winner of the statewide popular vote . Fourteenth Amendment Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment allows for a state 's representation in the House of Representatives to be reduced if a state unconstitutionally denies people the right to vote . The reduction is in keeping with the proportion of people denied a vote . This amendment refers to `` the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States , '' among other elections , the only place in the Constitution mentioning electors being selected by popular vote . On May 8 , 1866 , during a debate on the Fourteenth Amendment , Thaddeus Stevens , the leader of the Republicans in the House of Representatives , delivered a speech on the amendment 's intent . Regarding Section 2 , he said : The second section I consider the most important in the article . It fixes the basis of representation in Congress . If any State shall exclude any of her adult male citizens from the elective franchise , or abridge that right , she shall forfeit her right to representation in the same proportion . The effect of this provision will be either to compel the States to grant universal suffrage or so shear them of their power as to keep them forever in a hopeless minority in the national Government , both legislative and executive . Federal law ( 2 U.S.C. § 6 ) implements Section 2 's mandate . Meeting of electors date over the years For 1789 , the first Wednesday in February next be the day for the Electors to assemble in their respective States and vote for a President from Resolution of 13 September 1788 by the Confederation ( Continental ) Congress . For 1792 through 1884 , the Electors shall meet and give their votes on the first Wednesday in December from 1 Stat. 239 , Section 2 . For 1889 through 1933 , the Electors of each State shall meet and give their votes on the second Monday in January next following their appointment from 24 Stat. 373 , Section 1. For 1936 to the present , the Electors of President and Vice President of each State shall meet and give their votes on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December next following their appointment from 62 Stat. 673 , now codified as United States Code : Title 3 , Section 7 ( 3 USC 7 ) . Modern mechanics The 2012 Certificate of Vote issued by Maryland 's delegation to the Electoral College . Summary Even though the aggregate national popular vote is calculated by state officials , media organizations , and the Federal Election Commission , the people only indirectly elect the president , as the national popular vote is not the basis for electing the president or vice president . The president and vice president of the United States are elected by the Electoral College , which consists of 538 presidential electors from the fifty states and Washington , D.C. Presidential electors are selected on a state - by - state basis , as determined by the laws of each state . Since the election of 1824 , most states have appointed their electors on a winner - take - all basis , based on the statewide popular vote on Election Day . Maine and Nebraska are the only two current exceptions , as both states use the congressional district method . Although ballots list the names of the presidential and vice presidential candidates ( who run on a ticket ) , voters actually choose electors when they vote for president and vice president . These presidential electors in turn cast electoral votes for those two offices . Electors usually pledge to vote for their party 's nominee , but some `` faithless electors '' have voted for other candidates or refrained from voting . A candidate must receive an absolute majority of electoral votes ( currently 270 ) to win the presidency or the vice presidency . If no candidate receives a majority in the election for president or vice president , the election is determined via a contingency procedure established by the Twelfth Amendment . In such a situation , the House chooses one of the top three presidential electoral vote - winners as the president , while the Senate chooses one of the top two vice presidential electoral vote - winners as vice president . Electors Apportionment. Further information : United States congressional apportionment State population per electoral vote for the 50 states and Washington D.C. A state 's number of electors equals the number of representatives plus two electors for both senators the state has in the United States Congress . The number of representatives is based on the respective populations , determined every 10 years by the United States Census . Each representative represents on average 711,000 persons . Under the Twenty - third Amendment , Washington , D.C. , is allocated as many electors as it would have if it were a state , but no more electors than the least populous state . The least populous state ( which is Wyoming , according to the 2010 census ) has three electors ; thus , D.C. can not have more than three electors . Even if D.C. were a state , its population would entitle it to only three electors ; based on its population per electoral vote , D.C. has the second highest per capita Electoral College representation , after Wyoming . Currently , there is a total of 538 electors , there being 435 representatives and 100 senators , plus the three electors allocated to Washington , D.C. The six states with the most electors are California ( 55 ) , Texas ( 38 ) , New York ( 29 ) , Florida ( 29 ) , Illinois ( 20 ) , and Pennsylvania ( 20 ) . The seven smallest states by population -- Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming -- have three electors each . This is because each of these states is entitled to one representative and two senators . Nomination Candidates for elector are nominated by state chapters of nationally oriented political parties in the months prior to Election Day . In some states , the electors are nominated by voters in primaries , the same way other presidential candidates are nominated . In some states , such as Oklahoma , Virginia and North Carolina , electors are nominated in party conventions . In Pennsylvania , the campaign committee of each candidate names their respective electoral college candidates ( an attempt to discourage faithless electors ) . Varying by state , electors may also be elected by state legislatures , or appointed by the parties themselves . Selection Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution requires each state legislature to determine how electors for the state are to be chosen , but it disqualifies any person holding a federal office , either elected or appointed , from being an elector . Under Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment , any person who has sworn an oath to support the United States Constitution in order to hold either a state or federal office , and later rebelled against the United States directly or by giving assistance to those doing so , is disqualified from being an elector . However , the Congress may remove this disqualification by a two - thirds vote in each House . Since the Civil War , all states have chosen presidential electors by popular vote . This process has been normalized to the point the names of the electors appear on the ballot in only eight states : Rhode Island , Tennessee , Louisiana , Arizona , Idaho , Oklahoma , North Dakota and South Dakota . The Tuesday following the first Monday in November has been fixed as the day for holding federal elections , called the Election Day . In 48 states and Washington , D.C. , the `` winner - takes - all method '' is used ( electors selected as a single bloc ) . Maine and Nebraska use the `` congressional district method '' , selecting one elector within each congressional district by popular vote and selecting the remaining two electors by a statewide popular vote . This method has been used in Maine since 1972 and in Nebraska since 1996 . The current system of choosing electors is called the `` short ballot '' . In most states , voters choose a slate of electors , and only a few states list on the ballot the names of proposed electors . In some states , if a voter wants to write in a candidate for president , the voter is also required to write in the names of proposed electors . After the election , each state prepares seven Certificates of Ascertainment , each listing the candidates for president and vice president , their pledged electors , and the total votes each candidacy received . One certificate is sent , as soon after Election Day as practicable , to the National Archivist in Washington D.C. The Certificates of Ascertainment are mandated to carry the State Seal , and the signature of the Governor ( in the case of the District of Columbia , the Certificate is signed by the Mayor of the District of Columbia . ) Meetings Certificate for the electoral votes for Rutherford B. Hayes and William A. Wheeler for the State of Louisiana ( 1876 ) . The Electoral College never meets as one body . Electors meet in their respective state capitals ( electors for the District of Columbia meet within the District ) on the Monday after the second Wednesday in December , at which time they cast their electoral votes on separate ballots for president and vice president . Although procedures in each state vary slightly , the electors generally follow a similar series of steps , and the Congress has constitutional authority to regulate the procedures the states follow . The meeting is opened by the election certification official -- often that state 's secretary of state or equivalent -- who reads the Certificate of Ascertainment . This document sets forth who was chosen to cast the electoral votes . The attendance of the electors is taken and any vacancies are noted in writing . The next step is the selection of a president or chairman of the meeting , sometimes also with a vice chairman . The electors sometimes choose a secretary , often not himself an elector , to take the minutes of the meeting . In many states , political officials give short speeches at this point in the proceedings . When the time for balloting arrives , the electors choose one or two people to act as tellers . Some states provide for the placing in nomination of a candidate to receive the electoral votes ( the candidate for president of the political party of the electors ) . Each elector submits a written ballot with the name of a candidate for president . In New Jersey , the electors cast ballots by checking the name of the candidate on a pre-printed card ; in North Carolina , the electors write the name of the candidate on a blank card . The tellers count the ballots and announce the result . The next step is the casting of the vote for vice president , which follows a similar pattern . Each state 's electors must complete six Certificates of Vote . Each Certificate of Vote must be signed by all of the electors and a Certificate of Ascertainment must be attached to each of the Certificates of Vote . Each Certificate of Vote must include the names of those who received an electoral vote for either the office of president or of vice president . The electors certify the Certificates of Vote and copies of the Certificates are then sent in the following fashion : One is sent by registered mail to the President of the Senate ( who usually is the incumbent Vice President of the United States ) ; Two are sent by registered mail to the Archivist of the United States ; Two are sent to the state 's Secretary of State ; and One is sent to the chief judge of the United States district court where those electors met . A staff member of the President of the Senate collects the Certificates of Vote as they arrive and prepares them for the joint session of the Congress . The Certificates are arranged -- unopened -- in alphabetical order and placed in two special mahogany boxes . Alabama through Missouri ( including the District of Columbia ) are placed in one box and Montana through Wyoming are placed in the other box . Before 1950 , the Secretary of State 's office oversaw the certifications , but since then the Office of Federal Register in the Archivist 's office reviews them to make sure the documents sent to the archive and Congress match and that all formalities have been followed , sometimes requiring states to correct the documents . Faithlessness Main article : Faithless elector Faithless electors are those who either cast electoral votes for someone other than the candidate of the party that they pledged to vote for or who abstain . Twenty - nine states plus the District of Columbia have passed laws to punish faithless electors , although none have ever been enforced . Many constitutional scholars claim that state restrictions would be struck down if challenged based on Article II and the Twelfth Amendment . In 1952 , the constitutionality of state pledge laws was brought before the Supreme Court in Ray v. Blair , 343 U.S. 214 ( 1952 ) . The Court ruled in favor of state laws requiring electors to pledge to vote for the winning candidate , as well as removing electors who refuse to pledge . As stated in the ruling , electors are acting as a functionary of the state , not the federal government . Therefore , states have the right to govern the process of choosing electors . The constitutionality of state laws punishing electors for actually casting a faithless vote , rather than refusing to pledge , has never been decided by the Supreme Court . However , in his dissent in Ray v. Blair , Justice Robert Jackson wrote : `` no one faithful to our history can deny that the plan originally contemplated what is implicit in its text -- that electors would be free agents , to exercise an independent and nonpartisan judgment as to the men best qualified for the Nation 's highest offices . '' While many laws punish a faithless elector only after the fact , states like Michigan also specify a faithless elector 's vote be voided . As electoral slates are typically chosen by the political party or the party 's presidential nominee , electors usually have high loyalty to the party and its candidate : a faithless elector runs a greater risk of party censure than of criminal charges . In 2000 , elector Barbara Lett - Simmons of Washington , D.C. , chose not to vote , rather than voting for Al Gore as she had pledged to do . In 2016 , seven electors voted contrary to their pledges . Faithless electors have never changed the outcome of any presidential election . Joint session of Congress and contingencies Further information : Contingent election The Twelfth Amendment mandates Congress assemble in joint session to count the electoral votes and declare the winners of the election . The session is ordinarily required to take place on January 6 in the calendar year immediately following the meetings of the presidential electors . Since the Twentieth Amendment , the newly elected Congress declares the winner of the election ; all elections before 1936 were determined by the outgoing House . The meeting is held at 1 p.m. in the Chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives . The sitting vice president is expected to preside , but in several cases the president pro tempore of the Senate has chaired the proceedings . The vice president and the Speaker of the House sit at the podium , with the vice president in the seat of the Speaker of the House . Senate pages bring in the two mahogany boxes containing each state 's certified vote and place them on tables in front of the senators and representatives . Each house appoints two tellers to count the vote ( normally one member of each political party ) . Relevant portions of the Certificate of Vote are read for each state , in alphabetical order . Members of Congress can object to any state 's vote count , provided objection is presented in writing and is signed by at least one member of each house of Congress . An objection supported by at least one senator and one representative will be followed by the suspension of the joint session and by separate debates and votes in each House of Congress ; after both Houses deliberate on the objection , the joint session is resumed . A state 's certificate of vote can be rejected only if both Houses of Congress vote to accept the objection . In that case , the votes from the State in question are simply ignored . The votes of Arkansas and Louisiana were rejected in the presidential election of 1872 . Objections to the electoral vote count are rarely raised , although it did occur during the vote count in 2001 after the close 2000 presidential election between Governor George W. Bush of Texas and the vice president of the United States , Al Gore . Gore , who as vice president was required to preside over his own Electoral College defeat ( by five electoral votes ) , denied the objections , all of which were raised by only several representatives and would have favored his candidacy , after no senators would agree to jointly object . Objections were again raised in the vote count of the 2004 elections , and on that occasion the document was presented by one representative and one senator . Although the joint session was suspended , the objections were quickly disposed of and rejected by both Houses of Congress . If there are no objections or all objections are overruled , the presiding officer simply includes a state 's votes , as declared in the certificate of vote , in the official tally . After the certificates from all states are read and the respective votes are counted , the presiding officer simply announces the final result of the vote and , provided the required absolute majority of votes was achieved , declares the names of the persons elected president and vice president . This announcement concludes the joint session and formalizes the recognition of the president - elect and of the vice president - elect . The senators then depart from the House Chamber . The final tally is printed in the Senate and House journals . Contingent presidential election by House The Twelfth Amendment requires the House of Representatives to go into session immediately to vote for a president if no candidate for president receives a majority of the electoral votes ( since 1964 , 270 of the 538 electoral votes ) . In this event , the House of Representatives is limited to choosing from among the three candidates who received the most electoral votes for president . Each state delegation votes en bloc -- each delegation having a single vote ; the District of Columbia does not receive a vote . A candidate must receive an absolute majority of state delegation votes ( i.e. , at present , a minimum of 26 votes ) in order for that candidate to become the president - elect . Additionally , delegations from at least two thirds of all the states must be present for voting to take place . The House continues balloting until it elects a president . The House of Representatives has chosen the president only twice : in 1801 under Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 ; and in 1825 under the Twelfth Amendment . Contingent vice presidential election by Senate If no candidate for vice president receives an absolute majority of electoral votes , then the Senate must go into session to elect a vice president . The Senate is limited to choosing from the two candidates who received the most electoral votes for vice president . Normally this would mean two candidates , one less than the number of candidates available in the House vote . However , the text is written in such a way that all candidates with the most and second most electoral votes are eligible for the Senate election -- this number could theoretically be larger than two . The Senate votes in the normal manner in this case ( i.e. , ballots are individually cast by each senator , not by state delegations ) . However , two - thirds of the senators must be present for voting to take place . Additionally , the Twelfth Amendment states a `` majority of the whole number '' of senators ( currently 51 of 100 ) is necessary for election . Further , the language requiring an absolute majority of Senate votes precludes the sitting vice president from breaking any tie that might occur , although some academics and journalists have speculated to the contrary . The only time the Senate chose the vice president was in 1837 . In that instance , the Senate adopted an alphabetical roll call and voting aloud . The rules further stated , `` ( I ) fa majority of the number of senators shall vote for either the said Richard M. Johnson or Francis Granger , he shall be declared by the presiding officer of the Senate constitutionally elected Vice President of the United States '' ; the Senate chose Johnson . Deadlocked election Section 3 of the Twentieth Amendment specifies if the House of Representatives has not chosen a president - elect in time for the inauguration ( noon EST on January 20 ) , then the vice president - elect becomes acting president until the House selects a president . Section 3 also specifies Congress may statutorily provide for who will be acting president if there is neither a president - elect nor a vice president - elect in time for the inauguration . Under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 , the Speaker of the House would become acting president until either the House selects a president or the Senate selects a vice president . Neither of these situations has ever occurred . Current Electoral vote distribution See also : Electoral vote changes between United States presidential elections Electoral votes ( EV ) allocations for the 2012 , 2016 and 2020 presidential elections . Triangular markers ( ) indicate gains or losses following the 2010 Census . EV × States States 3 × 8 = 24 Alaska , Delaware , District of Columbia * , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , Wyoming 4 × 5 = 20 Hawaii , Idaho , Maine * * , New Hampshire , Rhode Island 5 × 3 = 15 Nebraska * * , New Mexico , West Virginia 6 × 6 = 36 Arkansas , Iowa , Kansas , Mississippi , Nevada , Utah 7 × 3 = 21 Connecticut , Oklahoma , Oregon 8 × 2 = 16 Kentucky , Louisiana 9 × 3 = 27 Alabama , Colorado , South Carolina 10 × 4 = 40 Maryland , Minnesota , Missouri , Wisconsin 11 × 4 = 44 Arizona , Indiana , Massachusetts , Tennessee 12 × 1 = 12 Washington 13 × 1 = 13 Virginia 14 × 1 = 14 New Jersey 15 × 1 = 15 North Carolina 16 × 2 = 32 Georgia , Michigan 18 × 1 = 18 Ohio 20 × 2 = 40 Illinois , Pennsylvania 29 × 2 = 58 Florida , New York 38 × 1 = 38 Texas 55 × 1 = 55 California = 538 Total electors * The Twenty - third Amendment grants electors to DC as if it were a state , but not more than the least populous state . This has always been three . * * Maine 's four electors and Nebraska 's five are distributed using the Congressional district method . Chronological Table Number of presidential electors by state and year <Th_colspan="2"> Election year <Th_colspan="3"> 1788 -- 1800 <Th_colspan="18"> 1804 -- 1900 <Th_colspan="11"> 1904 -- 2000 <Th_colspan="2"> 2004 -- ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 ' 24 ' 28 ' 32 ' 36 ' 40 ' 44 ' 48 ' 52 ' 56 ' 60 ' 64 ' 68 ' 72 ' 76 ' 80 ' 84 ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 ' 24 ' 28 ' 32 ' 36 ' 40 ' 44 ' 48 ' 52 ' 56 ' 60 ' 64 ' 68 ' 72 ' 76 ' 80 ' 84 ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 # Total 81 135 138 176 218 221 235 261 288 294 275 290 296 303 234 294 366 369 401 444 447 476 483 <Th_colspan="4"> 531 537 <Th_colspan="6"> 538 State 22 Alabama 5 7 7 9 9 9 9 0.1 ! 0 8 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 11 11 11 11 10 9 9 9 9 9 49 Alaska 48 Arizona 5 6 7 8 10 11 25 Arkansas 0.1 ! 0 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 31 California 05 ! 5 5 6 6 8 9 9 10 10 13 22 25 32 32 40 45 47 54 55 55 38 Colorado 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 5 Connecticut 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 6 6 6 6 06 ! 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 51 ! - D.C. Delaware 03 ! 3 27 Florida 0.1 ! 0 5 5 6 7 8 10 10 14 17 21 25 27 29 Georgia 5 6 8 8 8 9 11 11 10 10 10 10 0.1 ! 0 9 11 11 12 13 13 13 13 14 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 15 16 50 Hawaii 43 Idaho 21 Illinois 5 5 9 9 11 11 16 16 21 21 22 24 24 27 27 29 29 28 27 27 26 26 24 22 21 20 19 Indiana 5 9 9 12 12 13 13 13 13 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 13 13 13 13 13 12 12 11 11 29 Iowa 08 ! 8 8 11 11 13 13 13 13 13 13 11 10 10 10 9 8 8 7 7 6 34 Kansas 03 ! 3 5 5 9 10 10 10 10 10 9 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 6 15 Kentucky 8 12 12 12 14 15 15 12 12 12 12 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 11 11 10 10 9 9 9 8 8 8 18 Louisiana 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 0.1 ! 0 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 8 23 Maine 9 9 10 10 9 9 8 8 07 ! 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 7 Maryland 8 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 10 10 8 8 8 8 07 ! 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 6 Massachusetts 10 16 16 19 22 22 15 15 14 14 12 12 13 13 12 12 13 13 14 15 15 16 16 18 17 16 16 16 14 14 13 12 12 11 26 Michigan 5 5 6 6 08 ! 8 8 11 11 13 14 14 14 14 15 19 19 20 20 21 21 20 18 17 16 32 Minnesota 04 ! 4 5 5 7 9 9 11 11 12 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 20 Mississippi 6 6 7 7 0.1 ! 0 0.1 ! 0 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 24 Missouri 7 7 9 9 11 11 15 15 16 17 17 18 18 18 15 15 13 13 12 12 11 11 11 10 41 Montana 37 Nebraska 5 8 8 8 8 8 7 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 36 Nevada 03 ! 3 5 6 9 New Hampshire 5 6 6 7 8 8 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 05 ! 5 5 5 5 New Jersey 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 07 ! 7 7 9 9 9 10 10 12 12 14 16 16 16 16 17 17 16 15 15 14 47 New Mexico 5 5 5 5 11 New York 8 12 12 19 29 29 29 36 42 42 36 36 35 35 33 33 35 35 36 36 36 39 39 45 47 47 45 45 43 41 36 33 31 29 12 North Carolina 12 12 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 11 11 10 10 0.1 ! 0 9 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 14 14 14 13 13 13 14 15 15 39 North Dakota 5 17 Ohio 8 8 8 16 21 21 23 23 23 23 21 21 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 24 26 25 25 25 26 25 23 21 20 18 46 Oklahoma 7 10 11 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 33 Oregon 03 ! 3 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 Pennsylvania 10 15 15 20 25 25 25 28 30 30 26 26 27 27 26 26 29 29 30 32 32 34 34 38 36 35 32 32 29 27 25 23 21 20 13 Rhode Island 04 ! 4 5 8 South Carolina 7 8 8 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 9 9 8 8 0.1 ! 0 6 7 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 40 South Dakota 5 16 Tennessee 5 8 8 8 11 15 15 13 13 12 12 0.1 ! 0 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 12 11 11 11 10 11 11 11 11 28 Texas 0.1 ! 0 0.1 ! 0 8 8 13 15 15 18 18 20 23 23 24 24 25 26 29 32 34 38 45 Utah 5 5 5 6 14 Vermont 6 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 05 ! 5 5 5 5 10 Virginia 12 21 21 24 25 25 25 24 23 23 17 17 15 15 0.1 ! 0 0.1 ! 0 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 42 Washington 5 5 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 11 11 12 35 West Virginia 05 ! 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 7 6 6 5 5 5 30 Wisconsin 5 5 08 ! 8 8 10 10 11 12 12 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 10 10 44 Wyoming # Total 81 135 138 176 218 221 235 261 288 294 275 290 296 303 234 294 366 369 401 444 447 476 483 <Th_colspan="4"> 531 537 <Th_colspan="6"> 538 Source : Presidential Elections 1789 -- 2000 at Psephos ( Adam Carr 's Election Archive ) Note : In 1788 , 1792 , 1796 , and 1800 , each elector cast two votes for president . Number of electors from each state for the 2012 , 2016 and 2020 presidential elections . 12 electoral votes changed between 18 states , based on the 2010 census . Eight states lost one electoral vote and two ( New York & Ohio ) each lost two electoral votes . Eight states gained electoral votes , six gained one electoral vote , Florida gained two & Texas gained four . Alternative methods of choosing electors Methods of presidential elector selection , by state , 1789 -- 1832 Year AL CT DE GA IL IN KY LA ME MD MA MS MO NH NJ NY NC OH PA RI SC TN VT VA 1789 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1792 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1796 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1800 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1804 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1808 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1812 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1816 -- -- -- -- -- 1820 1824 1828 1832 Year AL CT DE GA IL IN KY LA ME MD MA MS MO NH NJ NY NC OH PA RI SC TN VT VA Key Popular vote , At - large Popular vote , Districting Legislative selection Hybrid system Before the advent of the short ballot in the early 20th century , as described above , the most common means of electing the presidential electors was through the general ticket . The general ticket is quite similar to the current system and is often confused with it . In the general ticket , voters cast ballots for individuals running for presidential elector ( while in the short ballot , voters cast ballots for an entire slate of electors ) . In the general ticket , the state canvass would report the number of votes cast for each candidate for elector , a complicated process in states like New York with multiple positions to fill . Both the general ticket and the short ballot are often considered at - large or winner - takes - all voting . The short ballot was adopted by the various states at different times ; it was adopted for use by North Carolina and Ohio in 1932 . Alabama was still using the general ticket as late as 1960 and was one of the last states to switch to the short ballot . The question of the extent to which state constitutions may constrain the legislature 's choice of a method of choosing electors has been touched on in two U.S. Supreme Court cases . In McPherson v. Blacker , 146 U.S. 1 ( 1892 ) , the Court cited Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 which states that a state 's electors are selected `` in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct '' and wrote these words `` operat ( e ) as a limitation upon the state in respect of any attempt to circumscribe the legislative power '' . In Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board , 531 U.S. 70 ( 2000 ) , a Florida Supreme Court decision was vacated ( not reversed ) based on McPherson . On the other hand , three dissenting justices in Bush v. Gore , 531 U.S. 98 ( 2000 ) , wrote : `` ( N ) othing in Article II of the Federal Constitution frees the state legislature from the constraints in the State Constitution that created it . '' Appointment by state legislature In the earliest presidential elections , state legislative choice was the most common method of choosing electors . A majority of the state legislatures selected presidential electors in both 1792 ( 9 of 15 ) and 1800 ( 10 of 16 ) , and half of them did so in 1812 . Even in the 1824 election , a quarter of state legislatures ( 6 of 24 ) chose electors . In that election , Andrew Jackson lost in spite of having pluralities of both the popular and electoral votes , with the outcome being decided by the six state legislatures choosing the electors . Some state legislatures simply chose electors , while other states used a hybrid method in which state legislatures chose from a group of electors elected by popular vote . By 1828 , with the rise of Jacksonian democracy , only Delaware and South Carolina used legislative choice . Delaware ended its practice the following election ( 1832 ) , while South Carolina continued using the method until it seceded from the Union in December 1860 . South Carolina used the popular vote for the first time in the 1868 election . Excluding South Carolina , legislative appointment was used in only four situations after 1832 : In 1848 , Massachusetts statute awarded the state 's electoral votes to the winner of the at - large popular vote , but only if that candidate won an absolute majority . When the vote produced no winner between the Democratic , Free Soil , and Whig parties , the state legislature selected the electors , giving all 12 electoral votes to the Whigs . In 1864 , Nevada , having joined the Union only a few days prior to Election Day , had no choice but to legislatively appoint . In 1868 , the newly reconstructed state of Florida legislatively appointed its electors , having been readmitted too late to hold elections . Finally , in 1876 , the legislature of the newly admitted state of Colorado used legislative choice due to a lack of time and money to hold a popular election . Legislative appointment was brandished as a possibility in the 2000 election . Had the recount continued , the Florida legislature was prepared to appoint the Republican slate of electors to avoid missing the federal safe - harbor deadline for choosing electors . The Constitution gives each state legislature the power to decide how its state 's electors are chosen and it can be easier and cheaper for a state legislature to simply appoint a slate of electors than to create a legislative framework for holding elections to determine the electors . As noted above , the two situations in which legislative choice has been used since the Civil War have both been because there was not enough time or money to prepare for an election . However , appointment by state legislature can have negative consequences : bicameral legislatures can deadlock more easily than the electorate . This is precisely what happened to New York in 1789 when the legislature failed to appoint any electors . Electoral districts Another method used early in U.S. history was to divide the state into electoral districts . By this method , voters in each district would cast their ballots for the electors they supported and the winner in each district would become the elector . This was similar to how states are currently separated by congressional districts . However , the difference stems from the fact every state always had two more electoral districts than congressional districts . As with congressional districts , moreover , this method is vulnerable to gerrymandering . Proportional vote Under such a system , electors would be selected in proportion to the votes cast for their candidate or party , rather than being selected by the statewide plurality vote . Congressional district method There are two versions of the congressional district method : one has been implemented in Maine and Nebraska ; another has been proposed in Virginia . Under the implemented congressional district method , the electoral votes are distributed based on the popular vote winner within each of the states ' congressional districts ; the statewide popular vote winner receives two additional electoral votes . In 2013 , a different version of the congressional district method was proposed in Virginia . This version would distribute Virginia 's electoral votes based on the popular vote winner within each of Virginia 's congressional districts ; the two statewide electoral votes would be awarded based on which candidate won the most congressional districts , rather than on who won Virginia 's statewide popular vote . The congressional district method can more easily be implemented than other alternatives to the winner - takes - all method , in view of major party resistance to relatively enabling third parties under the proportional method . State legislation is sufficient to use this method . Advocates of the congressional district method believe the system would encourage higher voter turnout and incentivize presidential candidates to broaden their campaigns in non-competitive states . Winner - take - all systems ignore thousands of popular votes ; in Democratic California there are Republican districts , in Republican Texas there are Democratic districts . Because candidates have an incentive to campaign in competitive districts , with a district plan , candidates have an incentive to actively campaign in over thirty states versus seven `` swing '' states . Opponents of the system , however , argue candidates might only spend time in certain battleground districts instead of the entire state and cases of gerrymandering could become exacerbated as political parties attempt to draw as many safe districts as they can . Unlike simple congressional district comparisons , the district plan popular vote bonus in the 2008 election would have given Obama 56 % of the Electoral College versus the 68 % he did win , it `` would have more closely approximated the percentage of the popular vote won ( 53 % ) '' . Implementation Of the 43 states whose electoral votes could be affected by the congressional district method , only Maine and Nebraska apply it today . Maine has four electoral votes , based on its two representatives and two senators . Nebraska has two senators and three representatives , giving it five electoral votes . Maine began using the congressional district method in the election of 1972 . Nebraska has used the congressional district method since the election of 1992 . Michigan used the system for the 1892 presidential election , and several other states used various forms of the district plan before 1840 : Virginia , Delaware , Maryland , Kentucky , North Carolina , Massachusetts , Illinois , Maine , Missouri , and New York . The congressional district method allows a state the chance to split its electoral votes between multiple candidates . Prior to 2008 , neither Maine nor Nebraska had ever split their electoral votes . Nebraska split its electoral votes for the first time in 2008 , giving John McCain its statewide electors and those of two congressional districts , while Barack Obama won the electoral vote of Nebraska 's 2nd congressional district . Following the 2008 split , some Nebraska Republicans made efforts to discard the congressional district method and return to the winner - takes - all system . In January 2010 , a bill was introduced in the Nebraska legislature to revert to a winner - take - all system ; the bill died in committee in March 2011 . Republicans had also passed bills in 1995 and 1997 to eliminate the congressional district method in Nebraska , but those bills were vetoed by Democratic Governor Ben Nelson . In 2010 , Republicans in Pennsylvania , who controlled both houses of the legislature as well as the governorship , put forward a plan to change the state 's winner - takes - all system to a congressional district method system . Pennsylvania had voted for the Democratic candidate in the five previous presidential elections , so some saw this as an attempt to take away Democratic electoral votes . Although Democrat Barack Obama won Pennsylvania in 2008 , he won only 55 % of Pennsylvania 's popular vote . The district plan would have awarded him 11 of its 21 electoral votes , a 52.4 % that is closer to the popular vote yet still overcoming Republican gerrymandering . The plan later lost support . Other Republicans , including Michigan state representative Pete Lund , RNC Chairman Reince Priebus , and Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker , have floated similar ideas . Contemporary issues Arguments between proponents and opponents of the current electoral system include four separate but related topics : indirect election , disproportionate voting power by some states , the winner - takes - all distribution method ( as chosen by 48 of the 50 states ) , and federalism . Arguments against the Electoral College in common discussion focus mostly on the allocation of the voting power among the states . Gary Bugh 's research of congressional debates over proposed constitutional amendments to abolish the Electoral College reveals reform opponents have often appealed to a traditional version of representation , whereas reform advocates have tended to reference a more democratic view . Criticism Nondeterminacy of popular vote See also : United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote This graphic demonstrates how the winner of the popular vote can still lose in a hypothetical electoral college system . A bar graph of popular votes in presidential elections ( through 2016 ) , with blue stars marking the five elections in which the winner did not have the plurality of the popular vote . Black squares mark the cases where the electoral vote resulted in a tie , or the winner did not have the majority of electoral votes . An ' H ' marks the two cases where the election was decided by the House , and an ' S ' marks the one case where the election was finalized by the Supreme Court . The elections of 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , and 2016 produced an Electoral College winner who did not receive at least a plurality of the nationwide popular vote . In 1824 , there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed , rather than popularly elected , so it is uncertain what the national popular vote would have been if all presidential electors had been popularly elected . When no candidate received a majority of electoral votes in 1824 , the election was decided by the House of Representatives and so could be considered distinct from the latter four elections in which all of the states had popular selection of electors . The true national popular vote was also uncertain in the 1960 election , and the plurality for the winner depends on how votes for Alabama electors are allocated . Opponents of the Electoral College claim such outcomes do not logically follow the normative concept of how a democratic system should function . One view is the Electoral College violates the principle of political equality , since presidential elections are not decided by the one - person one - vote principle . Outcomes of this sort are attributable to the federal nature of the system . Supporters of the Electoral College argue candidates must build a popular base that is geographically broader and more diverse in voter interests than either a simple national plurality or majority . Neither is this feature attributable to having intermediate elections of presidents , caused instead by the winner - takes - all method of allocating each state 's slate of electors . Allocation of electors in proportion to the state 's popular vote could reduce this effect . Proponents of a national popular vote point out combined population of the 50 biggest cities ( not including metropolitan areas ) only amounts to 15 % of the population , and that candidates in popular vote elections for governor and U.S. Senate , and for statewide allocation of electoral votes , do not ignore voters in less populated areas . In addition , it is already possible to win the required 270 electoral votes by winning only the 11 most populous states ; what currently prevents such a result is the organic political diversity between those states ( three reliably Republican states , four swing states , and four reliably Democratic states ) , not any inherent quality of the Electoral College itself . If all of those states came to lean reliably for one party , then the Electoral College itself would bring about an urban - centric victory . Comparison of the four elections in which the Electoral College winner ( projected winner in the 2016 election ) lost the popular vote . Elections where the winning candidate loses the national popular vote typically result when the winner builds the requisite configuration of states ( and thus captures their electoral votes ) by small margins , but the losing candidate secures large voter margins in the remaining states . In this case , the very large margins secured by the losing candidate in the other states would aggregate to a plurality of the ballots cast nationally . However , commentators question the legitimacy of this national popular vote ; pointing out that the national popular vote observed under the Electoral College system does not reflect the popular vote observed under a National Popular Vote system ; as each electoral institution produces different incentives for , and strategy choices by , presidential campaigns . Because the national popular vote is irrelevant under the electoral college system , it is generally presumed candidates base their campaign strategies around the existence of the Electoral College ; any close race has candidates campaigning to maximize electoral votes by focusing their get - out - the - vote efforts in crucially needed swing states and not attempting to maximize national popular vote totals by using limited campaign resources to run up margins or close up gaps in states considered `` safe '' for themselves or their opponents , respectively . Conversely , the institutional structure of a national popular vote system would encourage candidates to pursue voter turnout wherever votes could be found , even in `` safe '' states they are already expected to win , and in `` safe '' states they have no hope of winning . Educational YouTuber CGP Grey , who has produced several short videos criticizing the Electoral College , has illustrated how it is technically possible to win the necessary 270 electoral votes while winning only 22 % of the overall popular vote , by winning the barest simple majority of the 40 smallest states and the District of Columbia . Though the current political geography of the United States makes such an election unlikely ( it would require winning both reliably Democratic jurisdictions like Massachusetts and D.C. and reliably Republican states like Utah and Alaska ) , he argues that a system in which such a result is even remotely possible is `` indefensible . '' The United States is the only country that elects a politically powerful president via an electoral college and the only one in which a candidate can become president without having obtained the highest number of votes in the sole or final round of popular voting . -- George C. Edwards III , 2011 Exclusive focus on large swing states Main article : Swing state These maps show the amount of attention given to each state by the Bush and Kerry campaigns during the final five weeks of the 2004 election . At the top , each waving hand represents a visit from a presidential or vice presidential candidate during the final five weeks . At the bottom , each dollar sign represents one million dollars spent on TV advertising by the campaigns during the same time period . According to this criticism , the Electoral College encourages political campaigners to focus on a few so - called `` swing states '' while ignoring the rest of the country . Populous states in which pre-election poll results show no clear favorite are inundated with campaign visits , saturation television advertising , get - out - the - vote efforts by party organizers and debates , while `` four out of five '' voters in the national election are `` absolutely ignored '' , according to one assessment . Since most states use a winner - takes - all arrangement in which the candidate with the most votes in that state receives all of the state 's electoral votes , there is a clear incentive to focus almost exclusively on only a few key undecided states ; in recent elections , these states have included Pennsylvania , Ohio , and Florida in 2004 and 2008 , and also Colorado in 2012 . In contrast , states with large populations such as California , Texas , and New York , have in recent elections been considered `` safe '' for a particular party -- Democratic for California and New York and Republican for Texas -- and therefore campaigns spend less time and money there . Many small states are also considered to be `` safe '' for one of the two political parties and are also generally ignored by campaigners : of the 13 smallest states , six are reliably Democratic , six are reliably Republican , and only New Hampshire is considered as a swing state , according to critic George C. Edwards III . In the 2008 election , campaigns did not mount nationwide efforts but rather focused on select states . Discouragement of turnout and participation Except in closely fought swing states , voter turnout is largely insignificant due to entrenched political party domination in most states . The Electoral College decreases the advantage a political party or campaign might gain for encouraging voters to turn out , except in those swing states . If the presidential election were decided by a national popular vote , in contrast , campaigns and parties would have a strong incentive to work to increase turnout everywhere . Individuals would similarly have a stronger incentive to persuade their friends and neighbors to turn out to vote . The differences in turnout between swing states and non-swing states under the current electoral college system suggest that replacing the Electoral College with direct election by popular vote would likely increase turnout and participation significantly . Obscuring disenfranchisement within states According to this criticism , the electoral college reduces elections to a mere count of electors for a particular state , and , as a result , it obscures any voting problems within a particular state . For example , if a particular state blocks some groups from voting , perhaps by voter suppression methods such as imposing reading tests , poll taxes , registration requirements , or legally disfranchising specific minority groups , then voting inside that state would be reduced , but as the state 's electoral count would be the same , disenfranchisement has no effect on the overall electoral tally . Critics contend that such disenfranchisement is partially obscured by the Electoral College . A related argument is the Electoral College may have a dampening effect on voter turnout : there is no incentive for states to reach out to more of its citizens to include them in elections because the state 's electoral count remains fixed in any event . According to this view , if elections were by popular vote , then states would be motivated to include more citizens in elections since the state would then have more political clout nationally . Critics contend the electoral college system insulates states from negative publicity as well as possible federal penalties for disenfranching subgroups of citizens . Legal scholars Akhil Amar and Vikram Amar have argued the original Electoral College compromise was enacted partially because it enabled the southern states to disenfranchise its slave populations . It permitted southern states to disfranchise large numbers of slaves while allowing these states to maintain political clout within the federation by using the three - fifths compromise . They noted that constitutional Framer James Madison believed the question of counting slaves had presented a serious challenge but that `` the substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections . '' Akhil and Vikram Amar added that The founders ' system also encouraged the continued disfranchisement of women . In a direct national election system , any state that gave women the vote would automatically have doubled its national clout . Under the Electoral College , however , a state had no such incentive to increase the franchise ; as with slaves , what mattered was how many women lived in a state , not how many were empowered ... a state with low voter turnout gets precisely the same number of electoral votes as if it had a high turnout . By contrast , a well - designed direct election system could spur states to get out the vote . -- Akhil and Vikram Amar Lack of enfranchisement of U.S. territories See also : Voting rights in the United States § Overseas and nonresident citizens Territories of the United States , such as Puerto Rico , the Northern Mariana Islands , the U.S. Virgin Islands , American Samoa , and Guam , are not entitled to electors in presidential elections . Constitutionally , only U.S. states ( per Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 ) and Washington , D.C. ( per the Twenty - third Amendment ) are entitled to electors . Guam has held non-binding straw polls for president since the 1980s to draw attention to this fact . This means that roughly 4 million Americans do not have the right to vote in presidential elections . Various scholars consequently conclude that the U.S. national - electoral process is not fully democratic . Half of the population lives in these counties Advantage based on state population Researchers have variously attempted to measure which states ' voters have the greatest impact in such an indirect election . Each state gets a minimum of three electoral votes , regardless of population , which gives low - population states a disproportionate number of electors per capita . For example , an electoral vote represents nearly four times as many people in California as in Wyoming . Sparsely populated states are likely to be increasingly overrepresented in the electoral college over time , because Americans are increasingly moving to big cities , most of which are in big states . This analysis gives a strong advantage to the smallest states , but ignores any extra influence that comes from larger states ' ability to deliver their votes as a single bloc . Countervailing analyses which do take into consideration the sizes of the electoral voting blocs , such as the Banzhaf power index ( BPI ) model based on probability theory lead to very different conclusions about voters relative power . In 1968 , John F. Banzhaf III ( who developed the Banzhaf power index ) determined that a voter in the state of New York had , on average , 3.312 times as much voting power in presidential elections as a voter in any other U.S. state . It was found that based on 1990 census and districting , individual voters in California , the largest state , had 3.3 times more individual power to choose a President than voters of Montana , the largest of the minimum 3 elector states . Because Banzhaf 's method ignores the demographic makeup of the states , it has been criticized for treating votes like independent coin - flips . More empirically based models of voting yield results that seem to favor larger states less . Disadvantage for third parties See also : Duverger 's law and Causes of a two - party system In practice , the winner - take - all manner of allocating a state 's electors generally decreases the importance of minor parties . However , it has been argued the Electoral College is not a cause of the two - party system , and that it had a tendency to improve the chances of third - party candidates in some situations . Inadequate means for electors to vote conscience and prevent the election of demagogues While many of the critics of the Electoral College wish to abolish or weaken it , others are seeking to strengthen it , at least in regard to its original aim of preventing the election of demagogues by too direct of a system of election . Allowing for representatives to vote their conscience dispassionately for the good of the country is considered hampered by the potential for legal consequences in some states at being a faithless elector ( though the Constitutionality of these laws have to date not been challenged ) and the lack of secret ballot by electors in the voting process itself may lead to a consequent stigma and even death threats for those voting against the electorate . Support Prevention of an urban - centric victory Proponents of the Electoral College claim that it prevents a candidate from winning the presidency by simply winning in heavily populated urban areas , and pushes candidates to make a wider geographic appeal than they would if they simply had to win the national popular vote . They believe that adoption of the popular vote would shift the disproportionate focus to large cities at the expense of rural areas . Maintenance of the federal character of the Nation The United States of America is a federal coalition that consists of component states . Proponents of the current system argue the collective opinion of even a small state merits attention at the federal level greater than that given to a small , though numerically equivalent , portion of a very populous state . The system also allows each state the freedom , within constitutional bounds , to design its own laws on voting and enfranchisement without an undue incentive to maximize the number of votes cast . For many years early in the nation 's history , up until the Jacksonian Era , many states appointed their electors by a vote of the state legislature , and proponents argue that , in the end , the election of the president must still come down to the decisions of each state , or the federal nature of the United States will give way to a single massive , centralized government . In his book A More Perfect Constitution , Professor Larry Sabato elaborated on this advantage of the Electoral College , arguing to `` mend it , do n't end it , '' in part because of its usefulness in forcing candidates to pay attention to lightly populated states and reinforcing the role of the state in federalism . Enhancement of the status of minority groups Instead of decreasing the power of minority groups by depressing voter turnout , proponents argue that by making the votes of a given state an all - or - nothing affair , minority groups can provide the critical edge that allows a candidate to win . This encourages candidates to court a wide variety of such minorities and advocacy groups . Encouragement of stability through the two - party system Proponents of the Electoral College see its negative effect on third parties as beneficial . They argue the two party system has provided stability because it encourages a delayed adjustment during times of rapid political and cultural change . They believe it protects the most powerful office in the country from control by what these proponents view as regional minorities until they can moderate their views to win broad , long - term support across the nation . Advocates of a national popular vote for president suggest that this effect would also be true in popular vote elections . Of 918 elections for governor between 1948 and 2009 , for example , more than 90 % were won by candidates securing more than 50 % of the vote , and none have been won with less than 35 % of the vote . Flexibility if a presidential candidate dies According to this argument , the fact the Electoral College is made up of real people instead of mere numbers allows for human judgment and flexibility to make a decision , if it happens that a candidate dies or becomes legally disabled around the time of the election . Advocates of the current system argue that human electors would be in a better position to choose a suitable replacement than the general voting public . According to this view , electors could act decisively during the critical time interval between when ballot choices become fixed in state ballots until mid-December when the electors formally cast their ballots . In the election of 1872 , losing Liberal Republican candidate Horace Greeley died during this time interval , which resulted in disarray for the Democratic Party , who also supported Greeley , but the Greeley electors were able to split their votes for different alternate candidates . A situation in which the winning candidate died has never happened . In the election of 1912 , Vice President Sherman died shortly before the election when it was too late for states to remove his name from their ballots ; accordingly , Sherman was listed posthumously , but the eight electoral votes that Sherman would have received were cast instead for Nicholas Murray Butler . Isolation of election problems Some supporters of the Electoral College note that it isolates the impact of any election fraud , or other such problems , to the state where it occurs . It prevents instances where a party dominant in one state may dishonestly inflate the votes for a candidate and thereby affect the election outcome . For instance , recounts occur only on a state - by - state basis , not nationwide . Results in a single state where the popular vote is very close -- such as Florida in 2000 -- can decide the national election . Efforts to abolish Bayh -- Celler Amendment The closest the United States has come to abolishing the Electoral College occurred during the 91st Congress ( 1969 -- 1971 ) . The presidential election of 1968 resulted in Richard Nixon receiving 301 electoral votes ( 56 % of electors ) , Hubert Humphrey 191 ( 35.5 % ) , and George Wallace 46 ( 8.5 % ) with 13.5 % of the popular vote . However , Nixon had received only 511,944 more popular votes than Humphrey , 43.5 % to 42.9 % , less than 1 % of the national total . Representative Emanuel Celler ( D -- New York ) , chairman of the House Judiciary Committee , responded to public concerns over the disparity between the popular vote and electoral vote by introducing House Joint Resolution 681 , a proposed Constitutional amendment that would have replaced the Electoral College with a simpler plurality system based on the national popular vote . With this system , the pair of candidates who had received the highest number of votes would win the presidency and vice presidency provided they won at least 40 % of the national popular vote . If no pair received 40 % of the popular vote , a runoff election would be held in which the choice of president and vice president would be made from the two pairs of persons who had received the highest number of votes in the first election . The word `` pair '' was defined as `` two persons who shall have consented to the joining of their names as candidates for the offices of President and Vice President . '' On April 29 , 1969 , the House Judiciary Committee voted 28 to 6 to approve the proposal . Debate on the proposal before the full House of Representatives ended on September 11 , 1969 and was eventually passed with bipartisan support on September 18 , 1969 , by a vote of 339 to 70 . On September 30 , 1969 , President Richard Nixon gave his endorsement for adoption of the proposal , encouraging the Senate to pass its version of the proposal , which had been sponsored as Senate Joint Resolution 1 by Senator Birch Bayh ( D -- Indiana ) . On October 8 , 1969 , the New York Times reported that 30 state legislatures were `` either certain or likely to approve a constitutional amendment embodying the direct election plan if it passes its final Congressional test in the Senate . '' Ratification of 38 state legislatures would have been needed for adoption . The paper also reported that six other states had yet to state a preference , six were leaning toward opposition and eight were solidly opposed . On August 14 , 1970 , the Senate Judiciary Committee sent its report advocating passage of the proposal to the full Senate . The Judiciary Committee had approved the proposal by a vote of 11 to 6 . The six members who opposed the plan , Democratic Senators James Eastland of Mississippi , John Little McClellan of Arkansas , and Sam Ervin of North Carolina , along with Republican Senators Roman Hruska of Nebraska , Hiram Fong of Hawaii , and Strom Thurmond of South Carolina , all argued that although the present system had potential loopholes , it had worked well throughout the years . Senator Bayh indicated that supporters of the measure were about a dozen votes shy from the 67 needed for the proposal to pass the full Senate . He called upon President Nixon to attempt to persuade undecided Republican senators to support the proposal . However , Nixon , while not reneging on his previous endorsement , chose not to make any further personal appeals to back the proposal . On September 8 , 1970 , the Senate commenced openly debating the proposal and the proposal was quickly filibustered . The lead objectors to the proposal were mostly Southern senators and conservatives from small states , both Democrats and Republicans , who argued abolishing the Electoral College would reduce their states ' political influence . On September 17 , 1970 , a motion for cloture , which would have ended the filibuster , received 54 votes to 36 for cloture , failing to receive the then required a two - thirds majority of senators voting . A second motion for cloture on September 29 , 1970 , also failed , by 53 to 34 . Thereafter , the Senate majority leader , Mike Mansfield of Montana , moved to lay the proposal aside so the Senate could attend to other business . However , the proposal was never considered again and died when the 91st Congress ended on January 3 , 1971 . Carter proposal On March 22 , 1977 , President Jimmy Carter wrote a letter of reform to Congress that also included his expression of essentially abolishing the Electoral College . The letter read in part : My fourth recommendation is that the Congress adopt a Constitutional amendment to provide for direct popular election of the President . Such an amendment , which would abolish the Electoral College , will ensure that the candidate chosen by the voters actually becomes President . Under the Electoral College , it is always possible that the winner of the popular vote will not be elected . This has already happened in three elections , 1824 , 1876 , and 1888 . In the last election , the result could have been changed by a small shift of votes in Ohio and Hawaii , despite a popular vote difference of 1.7 million . I do not recommend a Constitutional amendment lightly . I think the amendment process must be reserved for an issue of overriding governmental significance . But the method by which we elect our President is such an issue . I will not be proposing a specific direct election amendment . I prefer to allow the Congress to proceed with its work without the interruption of a new proposal . President Carter 's proposed program for the reform of the Electoral College was very liberal for a modern president during this time , and in some aspects of the package , it went beyond original expectations . Newspapers like The New York Times saw President Carter 's proposal at that time as `` a modest surprise '' because of the indication of Carter that he would be interested in only eliminating the electors but retaining the electoral vote system in a modified form . Newspaper reaction to Carter 's proposal ranged from some editorials praising the proposal to other editorials , like that in the Chicago Tribune , criticizing the president for proposing the end of the Electoral College . In a letter to The New York Times , Representative Jonathan B. Bingham ( D - New York ) highlighted the danger of the `` flawed , outdated mechanism of the Electoral College '' by underscoring how a shift of fewer than 10,000 votes in two key states would have led to President Gerald Ford being reelected despite Jimmy Carter 's nationwide 1.7 million - vote margin . Cohen proposal On January 5 , 2017 , Representative Steve Cohen ( D - Tennessee ) introduced a joint resolution proposing a constitutional amendment that would replace the Electoral College with the popular election of the President and Vice President . Unlike the Bayh -- Celler amendment 40 % threshold for election , Cohen 's proposal only requires a candidate to have the `` greatest number of votes '' to be elected . National popular vote Interstate compact Main article : National Popular Vote Interstate Compact Several states plus the District of Columbia have joined the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact . The compact is based on the current rule in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution , which gives each state legislature the plenary power to determine how it chooses its electors . Those jurisdictions joining the compact agree to eventually pledge their electors to the winner of the national popular vote . The compact will not come into effect until the number of states agreeing to the compact equals a majority ( at least 270 ) of all electors . Some scholars have suggested that Article I , Section 10 , Clause 3 of the Constitution requires congressional consent before the compact could be enforceable ; thus , any attempted implementation of the compact could face court challenges to its constitutionality . As of 2018 , 10 states and the District of Columbia have joined the compact ; collectively , these jurisdictions control 165 electoral votes , which is 61 % of the 270 required for the compact to take effect . Only strongly `` blue '' states have joined the compact , each of which returned large victory margins for Barack Obama in the 2012 election . See also County Unit System Lists of United States presidential electors : 2000 , 2004 , 2008 , 2012 , 2016 List of United States presidential electors from North Dakota United States presidential elections : 1824 , 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , 2016 United States presidential election maps Voter turnout in the United States presidential elections List of U.S. states and territories by population Number of Electoral Votes Per Popular Vote References Jump up ^ Openshaw , Pamela Romney ( 2014 ) . Promises Of The Constitution : Yesterday Today Tomorrow . BookBaby . p. 10.3 . ASIN B00LEWCS4E . Jump up ^ Ross , Tara ( 2017 ) . The Indispensable Electoral College : How the Founders ' Plan Saves Our Country from Mob Rule . Gateway Editions . p. 26 . ASIN B072FK8W7X . Jump up ^ Bromwich , Jonah Engel ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` How Does the Electoral College Work ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Black , Eric ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` Why the Constitution 's Framers did n't want us to directly elect the president '' . MinnPost . Jump up ^ Kuroda , Tadahisa ( 1994 ) . The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment : The Electoral College in the Early Republic , 1787 -- 1804 . Greenwood . p. 168 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29151 - 7 . OCLC 29518703 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College : Roles and Responsibilities '' . Jump up ^ Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution ^ Jump up to : Zak , Dan ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` The electoral college is n't a real place . But someone has to answer all the angry phone calls these days '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gore , D'Angelo ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Presidents Winning Without Popular Vote '' . FactCheck.org . Jump up ^ Morris , Irwin L. ( 2010 ) . The American Presidency : An Analytical Approach . Cambridge University Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 49162 - 4 . OCLC 607985767 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Electoral College -- Maine and Nebraska '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Appointment of 2004 Electors for President and Vice President of the United States '' . Jump up ^ Many states have laws designed to ensure electors vote for their pledged candidate , but the constitutionality of these laws has never been positively established . See The Green Papers Jump up ^ Library of Congress -- Election Process Archived April 12 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Fast Facts -- US House of Representatives : History , Art & Archives '' . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : May 29 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : June 2 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : September 4 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Records of the Federal Convention , p. 57 Farrand 's Records , Volume 2 , A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 -- 1875 , Library of Congress Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : September 6 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( 1966 ) . Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 . The Norton Library . p. 294 . ASIN B003G6AKX2 . Jump up ^ Patrick , John J. ; Pious , Richard M. ; Ritchie , Donald A. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Guide to the United States Government . Oxford University Press , USA . p. 208 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514273 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Federalist 39 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton . The Federalist Papers : No. 68 The Avalon Project , Yale Law School . viewed November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Twelfth Amendment changed this to the top three candidates Jump up ^ The Federalist Papers : Alexander Hamilton , James Madison , John Jay The New American Library , 1961 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College : Frequently Asked Questions '' . Jump up ^ Chang , Stanley ( 2007 ) . `` Updating the Electoral College : The National Popular Vote Legislation '' . Harvard Journal on Legislation . Cambridge , MA : President and Fellows of Harvard College . 44 ( 205 , at 208 ) . Jump up ^ Describing how the Electoral College was designed to work , Alexander Hamilton wrote , `` A small number of persons , selected by their fellow - citizens from the general mass , will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated investigations ( decisions regarding the selection of a president ) . '' ( Hamilton , Federalist 68 ) . Hamilton so strongly believed this was to be done district by district , and when states began doing otherwise , he proposed a constitutional amendment to mandate the district system ( Hamilton , Draft of a Constitutional Amendment ) . Madison concurred , `` The district mode was mostly , if not exclusively in view when the Constitution was framed and adopted . '' ( Madison to Hay , 1823 ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Avalon Project : Federalist No 68 '' . Jump up ^ `` Resolves of the General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts : Passed at Their Session , which Commenced on Wednesday , the Thirty First of May , and Ended on the Seventeenth of June , One Thousand Eight Hundred and Twenty . Published Agreeably to Resolve of 16th January , 1812 . Boston , Russell & Gardner , for B. Russell , 1820 ; ( repr '' . Boston Book Company . January 1 , 1820 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Devin McCarthy ( Ph. D. Polysci , Duke ) , `` How the Electoral College Became Winner - Take - All '' Jump up ^ Chief Justice Robert Jackson , Ray v. Blair , dissent , 1952 ^ Jump up to : `` Founders Online : James Madison to George Hay , 23 August 1823 '' . Jump up ^ `` Founders Online : Draft of a Resolution for the Legislature of New York for the ... '' . Jump up ^ `` 1788 Election For the First Term , 1789 - 1793 '' . U.S. Electoral College . U.S. National Archives . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . New York , North Carolina and Rhode Island did not participate in the election . New York 's electors deadlocked and abstained ; North Carolina and Rhode Island had not yet ratified the Constitution . `` United States presidential election of 1789 '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Presidential Elections 1789 - 1996 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 9 - 10 Jump up ^ Presidential Elections 1789 - 1996 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 10 - 11 Jump up ^ Presidential Elections 1789 - 1996 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 11 Jump up ^ THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT from America Book 9 ( archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 27 ) Jump up ^ The selected papers of Thaddeus Stevens , v. 2 , Stevens , Thaddeus , 1792 -- 1868 , Palmer , Beverly Wilson , 1936 , Ochoa , Holly Byers , 1951 , Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh , Digital Research Library , 2011 , pp. 135 -- 36 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ McCarthy , Devin . `` How the Electoral College Became Winner - Take - All '' . Fairvote . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ The present allotment of electors by state is shown in the Electoral vote distribution section . Jump up ^ The number of electors allocated to each state is based on Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution , subject to being reduced pursuant to Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment . Jump up ^ Congressional Apportionment. 2010 Census Briefs U.S. Census . Jump up ^ Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2011 Archived November 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . in State Totals : Vintage 2011 Archived August 9 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , United States Census Bureau . Jump up ^ `` How is the president elected ? Here is a basic guide to the electoral college system '' . Jump up ^ Sabrina Eaton ( October 29 , 2004 ) . `` Brown learns he ca n't serve as Kerry elector , steps down '' ( PDF ) . Cleveland Plain Dealer ( reprint at Edison Research ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Darrell J. Kozlowski ( 2010 ) . Federalism . Infobase Publishing . pp. 33 -- 34 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60413 - 218 - 2 . Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 1 A uniform national date for presidential elections was not set until 1845 , although the Congress always had constitutional authority to do so . -- Kimberling , William C. ( 1992 ) The Electoral College , p. 7 Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Instructions to State Officials '' ( PDF ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ District of Columbia Certificate of Ascertainment ( archived from the original on 2006 - 03 - 05 ) Jump up ^ `` Twelfth Amendment '' . FindLaw . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty - third Amendment '' . FindLaw . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S.C. § 7 : US Code -- Section 7 : Meeting and vote of electors '' . FindLaw . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College -- For State Officials '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( January 9 , 2009 ) . `` Congress meets to count electoral votes '' . MSNBC . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barrow , Bill ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Q&A : Electors almost always follow the vote in their state '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Election Law Section 168.47 '' . Legislature.mi.gov . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Green Papers '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Boccagno , Julia ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Which candidates did the seven `` faithless '' electors support ? `` . CBS News . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The President of the Senate shall , in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives , open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted . '' Constitution of the United States : Amendments 11 -- 27 , National Archives and Records Administration ^ Jump up to : 3 U.S.C. § 15 , Counting electoral votes in Congress Jump up ^ David A. McKnight ( 1878 ) . The Electoral System of the United States : A Critical and Historical Exposition of Its Fundamental Principles in the Constitution and the Acts and Proceedings of Congress Enforcing It . Wm . S. Hein Publishing . p. 313 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8377 - 2446 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` RL30804 : The Electoral College : An Overview and Analysis of Reform Proposals , L. Paige Whitaker and Thomas H. Neale , January 16 , 2001 '' . Ncseonline.org . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Longley , Lawrence D. ; Pierce , Neal R. ( 1999 ) . `` The Electoral College Primer 2000 '' . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press : 13 . Jump up ^ `` Election evolves into ' perfect ' electoral storm '' . USA Today . December 12 , 2000 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2006 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Journal from 1837 '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Apportionment of the U.S. House of Representatives Based on the 2010 Census '' ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Census Bureau . December 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . Each state 's number of electoral votes is equal to its total congressional representation ( its number of Representatives plus its two Senators ) . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census : State Population and the Distribution of Electoral Votes and Representatives '' . The Green Papers . Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc . pp. 254 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Bush v. Gore , ( Justice Stevens dissenting ) ( quote in second paragraph ) Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 255 . ^ Jump up to : Kolodny , Robin ( 1996 ) . `` The Several Elections of 1824 '' . Congress & the Presidency. 23 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 64 . doi : 10.1080 / 07343469609507834 . Jump up ^ `` Election 101 '' ( PDF ) . Princeton Press . Princeton University Press . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Black , Eric ( 14 October 2012 ) . `` Our Electoral College system is weird -- and not in a good way '' . MinnPost . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 266 . Jump up ^ `` Legislative Action ? , The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer , November 30 , 2000 '' . Pbs.org . Archived from the original on 2001 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 254 . Jump up ^ `` FairVote '' . FairVote . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fiddling with the Rules '' . Franklin & Marshall College . March 9 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2006 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Nia - Malika ; Haines , Errin ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Republicans in Virginia , other states seeking electoral college changes '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Election Reform '' ( PDF ) . Dos.state.pa.us . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Timothy ( December 23 , 2012 ) . `` Pennsylvania looks to alter state 's electoral vote system '' . Pittsburgh Post Gazette . Jump up ^ Sabato , Larry . `` A more perfect Constitution '' viewed November 22 , 2014 . ( archiveed from the original on 2016 - 01 - 02 ) Jump up ^ Levy , Robert A. , Should we reform the Electoral College ? Cato Institute , viewed November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Electoral College -- Reform Options '' . Fairvote.org . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Congressional Research Services Electoral College , p. 15 , viewed November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Articles -- Upgrading The College '' . President Elect . September 5 , 2004 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Methods of Choosing Presidential Electors '' . Uselectionatlas.org . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Maralee ( April 7 , 1991 ) . `` Nebraska 's Vote Change '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Skelley , Geoffrey ( 20 November 2014 ) . `` What Goes Around Comes Around ? '' . Sabato 's Crystal Ball . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Egan , Paul ( 21 November 2014 ) . `` Michigan split its electoral votes in 1892 election '' . Lansing State Journal . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Congressional Quarterly Books , `` Presidential Elections : 1789 -- 1996 '' , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Tysver , Robynn ( November 7 , 2008 ) . `` Obama wins electoral vote in Nebraska '' . Omaha World Herald . Retrieved November 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Molai , Nabil ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` Republicans Push to Change Electoral Vote System '' . KPTM Fox 42 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved November 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Jean ( January 7 , 2010 ) . `` Bill targets Neb. ability to split electoral votes '' . Associated Press . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kleeb , Jane ( March 10 , 2011 ) . `` Fail : Sen. McCoy 's Partisan Electoral College Bill '' . Bold Nebraska . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` Pennsylvania Republicans Weigh Electoral Vote Changes '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` Pennsylvania Ponders Bold Democrat - Screwing Electoral Plan '' -- via Slate . Jump up ^ GOP Pennsylvania electoral vote plan might be out of steam -- The York Daily Record ( archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 31 ) Jump up ^ Gray , Kathleen ( 14 November 2014 ) . `` Bill to change Michigan 's electoral vote gets hearing '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , Louis ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` The Ramifications of Changing the Electoral College '' . Governing Magazine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( 17 December 2012 ) . `` The GOP 's Electoral College Scheme '' . National Journal . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Bugh , Gary E. ( 2016 ) . `` Representation in Congressional Efforts to Amend the Presidential Election System '' . In Bugh , Gary . Electoral College Reform : Challenges and Possibilities . Routledge . pp. 5 -- 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 14527 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Op - Chart : How Much Is Your Vote Worth ? Op - Chart '' . November 2 , 2008 -- via The New York Times . Jump up ^ FairVote.org . `` Problems with the Electoral College -- Fairvote '' . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards III , George C. ( 2011 ) . Why the Electoral College is Bad for America ( Second ed . ) . New Haven and London : Yale University Press . pp. 1 , 37 , 61 , 176 -- 77 , 193 -- 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16649 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Mischief , The Wall Street Journal , September 8 , 2004 '' . Opinionjournal.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Did JFK Lose the Popular Vote ? '' . RealClearPolitics . October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Carlos Felipe . `` National Popular Vote -- Electoral college reform by direct election of the President '' . archive.nationalpopularvote.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ See also List of United States cities by population Jump up ^ Myths about Big Cities and Big States by National Popular Vote ( archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 05 ) Jump up ^ CGP Grey ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) , Re : The Trouble With The Electoral College -- Cities , Metro Areas , Elections and The United States , retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 Jump up ^ Jonathan H. Adler . `` Your candidate got more of the popular vote ? Irrelevant '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ashe Schow . `` Why the popular vote is a meaningless statistic '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CGP Grey ( 2011 - 11 - 07 ) , The Trouble with the Electoral College , retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 Jump up ^ Pearson , Christopher ; Richie , Rob ; Johnson , Adam ( November 3 , 2005 ) . `` Who Picks the President ? '' ( PDF ) . FairVote -- The Center for Voting and Democracy . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Time to End the Electoral College : Here 's how '' . The Nation . November 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Nivola , Pietro ( January 2005 ) . `` Thinking About Political Polarization '' ( 139 ) . Brookings Institution Policy Brief . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Koza , John ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Every Vote Equal : A State - Based Plan for Electing the President by National Popular Vote '' ( PDF ) . p. xvii . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Amar , Akhil ; Amar , Vikram ( September 9 , 2004 ) . `` The Electoral College Votes Against Equality '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Katrina vanden Heuvel ( November 7 , 2012 ) . `` It 's Time to End the Electoral College '' . The Nation . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Electoral college defenders offer a range of arguments , from the openly anti-democratic ( direct election equals mob rule ) , to the nostalgic ( we 've always done it this way ) , to the opportunistic ( your little state will get ignored ! More vote - counting means more controversies ! The Electoral College protects hurricane victims ! ) . But none of those arguments overcome this one : One person , one vote . Jump up ^ `` Guam Legislature Moves General Election Presidential Vote to the September Primary '' . Ballot-Access.org. 2008 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` In Guam , ' Non-Binding Straw Poll ' Gives Obama A Commanding Win '' . NPR. 2012 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` The electoral college badly distorts the vote . And it 's going to get worse '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Torruella , Juan R. ( 1985 ) , The Supreme Court and Puerto Rico : The Doctrine of Separate and Unequal , University of Puerto Rico Press , ISBN 0 - 8477 - 3031 - X Jump up ^ José D. Román . `` Puerto Rico and a Constitutional Right to vote '' . University of Dayton . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 02 . ( excerpted from : José D. Román , `` Trying to Fit an Oval Shaped Island into a Square Constitution : Arguments for Puerto Rican Statehood '' , 29 Fordham Urban Law Journal 1681 -- 1713 , 1697 -- 1713 ( April 2002 ) ( 316 Footnotes Omitted ) ) Jump up ^ Miroff , Bruce ; Seidelman , Raymond ; Swanstrom , Todd ( November 2001 ) . The Democratic Debate : An Introduction to American Politics ( Third ed . ) . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 05452 - 9 . Jump up ^ Banzhaf , John ( 1968 ) . `` One Man , 3.312 Votes : A Mathematical Analysis of the Electoral College '' . Villanova Law Review . 13 . Jump up ^ Mark Livingston , Department of Computer Science . `` Banzhaf Power Index '' . University of North Carolina . Jump up ^ Gelman , Andrew ; Katz , Jonathan ; Tuerlinckx , Francis ( 2002 ) . `` The Mathematics and Statistics of Voting Power '' ( PDF ) . Statistical Science . 17 ( 4 ) : 420 -- @ 35 . doi : 10.1214 / ss / 1049993201 . Jump up ^ Jerry Fresia ( February 28 , 2006 ) . `` Third Parties ? '' . Zmag.org . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.politico.com/story/2016/12/electoral-college-electors-232791 Jump up ^ http://www.houstonpress.com/news/despite-two-faithless-electors-in-texas-trump-wins-the-electoral-college-9040222 Jump up ^ P. Andrew Sandlin ( December 13 , 2000 ) . `` Why the Electoral College '' . Lewrockwell.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hands Off the Electoral College by Rep. Ron Paul , MD , December 28 , 2004 ^ Jump up to : Kimberling , William C. ( May 1992 ) . `` The Electoral College '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sabato , Larry ( 2007 ) . A More Perfect Constitution ( First U.S. ed . ) . Walker Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1621 - 0 . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Majority and Plurality in U.S. Gubernatorial Elections . FairVote.org ( 2010 - 04 - 09 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Note : this may be a few days or even weeks before an election ; many states can not change ballots at a late stage . Jump up ^ Note : the day when the electors cast their votes is the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December . Jump up ^ Note : three electoral votes were still cast for Greeley despite being dead . Jump up ^ Ethan Trex ( November 4 , 2008 ) . `` Electoral College for dummies '' . CNN . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... In 1872 , though , Democrat Horace Greeley died just over three weeks after Ulysses S. Grant thumped him in the election ... electors who would have voted for Greeley simply spread their 66 votes among other Democratic candidates ... Thomas Andrews Hendricks actually came in second in the election with 42 electoral votes despite not campaigning for the presidency ... Jump up ^ SHELLY FREIERMAN ( November 2 , 2000 ) . `` NEWS WATCH ; Looking for Comic Relief ? Then Consider the Duke '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... ( In 1872 , Horace Greeley , opposing Ulysses S. Grant , got zero electoral votes to Grant 's 286 , but five other candidates received from one to 42 votes each ) . Jump up ^ JAMES BARRON ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` When the Vice Presidency Was a Job for New Yorkers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... But Sherman died in office , less than a month before the election of 1912 ... The Republican Party designated Nicholas Murray Butler ... as the candidate to receive Sherman 's votes in the Electoral College ... Jump up ^ Darlington , Richard B . `` The Electoral College : Bulwark Against Fraud '' . Cornell University Department of Psychology . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2000 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Myths about Recounts '' . National Popular Vote . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ For a more detailed account of this proposal read The Politics of Electoral College Reform by Lawrence D. Longley and Alan G. Braun ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ 1968 Electoral College Results , National Archives and Records Administration Jump up ^ `` Text of Proposed Amendment on Voting '' . The New York Times . April 30 , 1969 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` House Unit Votes To Drop Electors '' . The New York Times . April 30 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Direct Election of President Is Gaining in the House '' . The New York Times . September 12 , 1969 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` House Approves Direct Election of The President '' . The New York Times . September 19 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Nixon Comes Out For Direct Vote On Presidency '' . The New York Times . October 1 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` A Survey Finds 30 Legislatures Favor Direct Vote For President '' . The New York Times . October 8 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Warren ( April 24 , 1970 ) . `` Senate Unit Asks Popular Election of the President '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Bayh Calls for Nixon 's Support As Senate Gets Electoral Plan '' . The New York Times . August 15 , 1970 . p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Weaver , Warren ( September 18 , 1970 ) . `` Senate Refuses To Halt Debate On Direct Voting '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Debating Direct Election '' . The New York Times . September 9 , 1970 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ The Senate in 1975 reduced the required vote for cloture from two thirds of those voting ( 66 votes ) to three fifths ( 60 votes ) . See United States Senate website . Jump up ^ `` Senate Puts Off Direct Vote Plan '' . The New York Times . September 30 , 1970 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Jimmy Carter Letter to Congress , Jimmy Carter : `` Election reform Message to the Congress '' , Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley , The American Presidency Project . ^ Jump up to : Carter Proposes End Of Electoral College In Presidential Votes , The New York Times , March 23 , 1977 , Pages 1 , 18 . Jump up ^ Carter v . The Electoral College , Chicago Tribune , March 24 , 1977 , Section 3 , Page 2 Jump up ^ The New York Times , Special To ( 15 March 1979 ) . `` Letters '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , George ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Congressman Cohen proposes elimination of Electoral College '' . WREG - TV . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ H.J. Res. 19 Jump up ^ Text of the compact Jump up ^ Neale , Thomas H. Electoral College Reform Congressional Research Service pp. 21 -- 22 , viewed November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Popular Vote '' . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( 17 April 2014 ) . `` Why a Plan to Circumvent the Electoral College Is Probably Doomed '' . FiveThirtyEight . ESPN . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . External links Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Electoral College . U.S. Electoral College FAQ ( www.archives.gov ) Interactive U.S. Electoral Map Historical Documents on the Electoral College Electoral Vote 270 to win Winning The Electoral College `` Math Against Tyranny '' The Green Papers : More detailed description of reform proposals The Electoral College : How It Works in Contemporary Presidential Elections Congressional Research Service Electoral College Reform : Contemporary Issues for Congress Congressional Research Service Office of the Federal Register Joint Session of the 111th Congress for the purpose of certifying the Electoral College ballot count , January 9 , 2009 ( C - Span video ) Introductory chapter of Electoral College Reform : Challenges and Possibilities Voter Turnout Data - United States Election Project <Th_colspan="2"> Voting rights in the United States Constitutional provisions Article I Voter Qualifications Clause Elections Clause 1st Amendment 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause 15th Amendment 17th Amendment 19th Amendment 23rd Amendment 24th Amendment 26th Amendment Federal laws Voting Rights Act of 1965 Amendments List of covered jurisdictions Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act National Voter Registration Act of 1993 Help America Vote Act of 2002 State laws Voter access Absentee ballot Early voting Postal voting Provisional ballot Voter registration in the U.S. Initiatives and referendums Recall election Vote denial Electoral fraud Grandfather clause Literacy test Poll tax Voter caging Voter ID laws Vote dilution Gerrymandering Plurality - at - large voting One man , one vote By group Women Youth Felons Foreigners Transgender people District of Columbia residents Puerto Rico residents Guam residents History Timeline Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era Selma to Montgomery marches Timeline of women 's suffrage Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 Silent Sentinels U.S. suffragists publications History of direct democracy Related Ballot access Campaign finance Citizenship Disfranchisement Election Election law Elections Electoral reform Electoral College Redistricting Secret ballot Suffrage Voting Voting system Voter registration National Voting Rights Museum <Th_colspan="2"> United States presidential elections Elections by year 1788 -- 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington , D.C. 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1. United States Electoral College 2. Election of the president and vice president 3. Appointment of electors by state legislatures 4. Popular voting to choose electors 5. Role of the Electoral College in presidential elections

what kind of food do they have in prague

Czech cuisine - wikipedia Czech cuisine This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Svíčková na smetaně served with dumplings , whipped cream and cranberries Vepřo - knedlo - zelo ( Roast pork with dumplings and sauerkraut ) Obložené chlebíčky , a type of snack or appetizer Czech cuisine ( Czech : česká kuchyně ) has both influenced and been influenced by the cuisines of surrounding countries . Many of the cakes and pastries that are popular in Central Europe originated within the Czech lands . Contemporary Czech cuisine is more meat - based than in previous periods ; the current abundance of farmable meat has enriched its presence in regional cuisine . Traditionally , meat has been reserved for once - weekly consumption , typically on weekends . The body of Czech meals typically consists of two or more courses ; the first course is traditionally soup , the second course is the main dish , and the third course can include supplementary courses , such as dessert or compote ( kompot ) . In the Czech cuisine , thick soups and many kinds of sauces , both based on stewed or cooked vegetables and meats , often with cream , as well as baked meats with natural sauces ( gravies ) , are popular dishes . Very recently , the Czech cuisine has been somewhat influenced by the Vietnamese cuisine , especially in big cities like Prague or Brno , because the Czech Republic has the third largest Vietnamese diaspora in Europe . Contents 1 Side dishes 2 Breads and pastries 3 Soups 4 Meat dishes 5 Other dishes 6 Snacks 7 Sweets 8 Beverages 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Side dishes ( edit ) Dumplings ( knedlíky ) ( steamed and sliced bread - like ) are one of the mainstays of Czech cuisine and are typically served with meals . They can be either wheat or potato - based , and are sometimes made from a combination of wheat flour and dices made of stale bread or rolls . Puffed rice can be found in store - prepared mixtures . Smaller Czech dumplings are usually potato - based . When served as leftovers , sliced dumplings are sometimes pan-fried with eggs . Czech potato dumplings are often filled with smoked meat and served with spinach or sour cabbage . Fried onion and braised cabbage can be included as a side dish . There are many other side dishes , including noodles ( nudle ) and boiled or risotto rice ( rýže or rizoto ) , which is sometimes served in the form of rice pudding ( rýžový nákyp ) . Potatoes ( brambory ) are served boiled with salt , often with caraway seed and butter , pork fat or oil . Peeled and boiled potatoes are mixed into mashed potatoes ( bramborová kaše ) . New potatoes are sometimes boiled in their skins , not peeled , from harvest time to new year . Because of the influence of foreign countries , potatoes are also fried , so French fries and croquettes are common in restaurants . Buckwheat ( pohanka ) , pearl barley ( kroupy ) and millet grains ( jáhly ) are rarely served in restaurants . These are more commonly a home - cooked , healthier alternative . Pasta ( těstoviny ) is common , either baked , boiled , cooked with other ingredients or served as a salad . Pasta is available in different shapes and flavours . This is an influence of Italian and Asian cuisine . Rice and buckwheat noodles are not common , but are becoming more popular . Gluten - free pasta is also available , made from corn flour , corn starch or potatoes . Breads and pastries ( edit ) Bread ( chléb or chleba ) is traditionally sourdough baked from rye and wheat , and is flavoured with salt , caraway seed ( kmín ) , onion , garlic , seeds , or pork crackling . It is eaten as an accompaniment to soups and dishes . It is also the material for Czech croutons and for topinky -- slices of bread fried in a pan on both sides and rubbed with garlic . Rolls ( rohlík ) , buns ( žemle ) , and braided buns ( houska ) are the most common forms of bread eaten for breakfast ; these are often topped with poppy seeds and salt or other seeds . A bun or a roll baked from bread dough is called a dalamánek . A sweet roll or loupák is a crescent - shaped roll made from sweetened dough containing milk . It is smeared with egg and sprinkled with poppy seeds before baking , giving it a golden - brown colour . Bramboráček is a deep - fried bread in Czech cuisine . Soups ( edit ) Soup ( polévka , colloquially polívka ) plays an important role in Czech cuisine . Soups commonly found in Czech restaurants are beef , chicken or vegetable broth with noodles -- optionally served with liver or nutmeg dumplings ; garlic soup ( česnečka ) with croutons -- optionally served with minced sausage , raw egg , or cheese ; and cabbage soup ( zelňačka ) made from sauerkraut -- sometimes served with minced sausage . Kyselica is a Wallachian variety and contains sour cream , bacon , potatoes , eggs and sausage . Pea ( hrachovka ) , bean ( fazolová ) and lentil soups ( čočková polévka ) are commonly cooked at home . Goulash soup ( gulášovka ) and dršťková are made from beef or pork tripe ( dršťky ) cut into small pieces and cooked with other ingredients ; the meat can be substituted with oyster mushrooms . Potato soup ( bramboračka ) is made from potato , onion , carrot , root parsley and celeriac , spiced with caraway seed , garlic and marjoram . Fish soup ( rybí polévka ) made with carp is a traditional Christmas dish . Other common Czech soups are champignon or other mushroom soup ( houbová polévka ) , tomato soup ( rajská polévka ) , vegetable soup ( zeleninová polévka ) , onion soup ( cibulačka ) and bread soup ( chlebová polévka ) . Kulajda is a traditional South Bohemian soup containing water , cream , spices , mushrooms , egg ( often a quail 's egg ) , dill and potatoes . It is typical in its thickness , white color and characteristic taste . The main ingredient is mushrooms , which gives it the dish 's scent . Kyselo is a regional specialty soup made from rye sourdough , mushrooms , caraway and fried onion . Meat dishes ( edit ) Svíčková na smetaně ( Marinated sirloin ) , served here with dumplings and cream A `` traditional Bohemian platter '' at restaurant Kolkovna in central Prague , consisting of roast duck , roast pork , beer sausage , smoked meat , red and white cabbage , bread , bacon and potato dumplings . Prague - style beef goulash Traditional Czech dishes are made from animals , birds or fish bred in the surrounding areas . Pork is the most common meat , making up over half of all meat consumption . Beef , veal and chicken are also popular . Pigs are often a source of meat in the countryside , since pork has a relatively short production time , compared to beef . Jitrnice is the meat and offal of pork cut into tiny pieces , filled in a casing and closed with sticks . Meat from the neck , sides , lungs , spleen , and liver are cooked with white pastry , broth , salt , spices , garlic and sometimes onions . Klobása , known as Kielbasa in the United States , is a smoked meat sausage - like product made from minced meat . It is spicy and durable . Jelito is a pork meat sausage - like product containing pork blood and pearl barley or pastry pieces . Tlačenka is a meat or poultry product consisting of little pieces of meat in jelly / aspic from connective tissue boiled to mush , served with onion , vinegar and bread . Ovar is a simple dish made from rather fatty pork meat ( head or knuckle ) . These pieces of lower quality meat are boiled in salted water . Pork crackling ( škvarky ) and bacon ( slanina ) are also eaten . In restaurants one can find : Guláš -- a stew usually made from beef , pork or game with onions and spices . There are several vegetarian varieties with cabbage or potatoes . It is usually accompanied with knedlík or sometimes bread . It is also traditionally served at home as a pot of guláš will last for several days . Czech guláš is not to be confused with Hungarian `` gulyás '' , which is a soup more similar to Czech gulášovka ( a soup ) . Pörkölt is the Hungarian equivalent of Czech guláš . Roast pork with dumplings and cabbage ( pečené vepřové s knedlíky a se zelím , colloquially vepřo - knedlo - zelo ) is often considered the most typical Czech dish . It consists of cabbage and is either cooked or served pickled . There are different varieties , from sour to sweet . Marinated sirloin ( svíčková na smetaně or simply svíčková ; svíčková is the name for both the sauce and the meat ( pork side or beef side ) used for this dish ; na smetaně means in cream , and it means that the svíčková sauce is with cream . Braised beef , usually larded , with a svíčková sauce -- a thick sauce of carrot , parsley root , celeriac and sometimes cream . This dish is often served with knedlíky , chantilly cream -- sweet , whipped cream -- cranberry compote ( kompot ) and a slice of lemon . Baked mincemeat ( Sekaná pečeně ) -- later only mincemeat ( sekaná ) , is a dish made from minced pork meat ( beef is also possible ) . Ham ( šunka ) is made from pork or beef , braised , dried or smoked . Schnitzel ( Řízek , plural řízky ) is a Czech meat dish . The word means `` sliced / cut ( out ) piece '' . These are usually small slices of veal , pork or chicken covered with Czech trojobal ' triplecoat ' , made from putting and pressing a piece pounded and sliced into smooth flour on both sides , then covered in whisked egg and breadcrumbs and fried on both sides . Řízek is served with potato side - dishes . The Czech triplecoat is used at Christmas to cover carp or trout decorated with lemon slices , in some households . Karbanátek ( plural karbanátky ) is a burger usually made from pork , beef , minced fish or other meat . It is often mixed with egg and commonly crumbled with Czech triplecoat . It can be vegetable - based with pastry pieces or flour and in both versions fried on both sides or baked . Smoked meat ( uzené ) with potato dumplings , fried onion and cooked spinach . Beef with tomato sauce ( rajská omáčka or rajská ) is served with dumplings . Dill sauce ( koprová omáčka or koprovka ) is often on menus too . Rabbit ( králík ) is commonly bred in the countryside . Hare ( zajíc ) with wild game is also served . Mutton , lamb , kid , boar , horse or deer are not so common . Commonly - found poultry dishes are : Goose ( husa ) , duck ( kachna ) , turkey ( krůta ) and chicken ( kuře ) . Pheasant ( bažant ) , partridge ( koroptev ) , guinea ( perlička ) , pigeon ( holub ) and other game birds are not as common . Roast duck ( pečená kachna ) is served with bread or potato dumplings and braised red cabbage . Chicken in paprika sauce ( kuře na paprice ) or hen in paprika sauce ( slepice na paprice ) is chicken or hen stewed with onion , paprika and cream . Roast turkey with bacon ( krocan pečený na slanině ) is turkey larded with , or wrapped in bacon , roasted with bacon and butter , it is not very common . Fish -- mostly trout ( pstruh ) and carp ( kapr ) -- is commonly eaten at Christmas . Otherwise many fish are imported , including sardines , fillet , salmon , tuna , and anchovy . Other types of fish are slowly becoming popular too . Crayfish ( rak ) used to be very common in rivers , but are nowadays rarer and are protected . Prawns or lobsters are imported instead . Other dishes ( edit ) Apple Štrúdl Mushrooms are often used in Czech cuisine as different types grow in the forests . Czechs make an average of 20 visits to the forest annually , picking up to 20,000 tonnes of mushrooms . Bolete , parasol and other kinds of mushroom are often found . In the shops , you can buy common mushrooms ( žampiony ) , oyster mushrooms ( hlívy ) , shiitake , Jew 's ear and dried forest mushrooms . Smaženice are shallow - fried mushrooms with onion and spices . Mushroom Jacob ( Houbový Kuba ) is a dish prepared from cooked hulled grain ( barley ) , then strained , mixed with cooked mushrooms , fried onion , garlic , fat and black pepper , and baked in the oven . It is served at Christmas . Mushrooms are often triple - coated and fried . Cauliflower can be fried in the Czech triplecoat . Homemade noodles with ground poppy seeds are called nudle s mákem ; these are served with powdered sugar and melted butter . A similar dish is potato buns with poppy seeds ( bramborové šišky s mákem ) , and are called cones ( šišky ) , because they resemble the cones of coniferous trees . Omelettes ( omeleta ) are often served with peas . Pancakes ( palačinky ) of plate size or palm size are common . The most traditional vegetables are carrots , celery , parsley , turnip , cauliflower , salad , onion , leek , garlic , cabbage , kale and chives . In gardens , one can also find tomatoes , bell peppers , courgettes , pumpkins , melons , sunflowers , poppies , potatoes and beet . Peas ( hrách ) and lentils ( čočka ) are , together with bean pods , the most common . They are served as soup or as cooked mash with pickled cucumber and fried onion , occasionally with sausage or smoked meat . Šoulet ( shoulet ) is a mix of boiled peas with barley , fat and other ingredients . Žemlovka is a baked dish made with layers of sliced rolls or buns called žemle , sliced apples and milk or eggs . It is served with cinnamon and raisins . Štrúdl or závin ( Strudel ) can be sweet with apples , raisins , walnuts , grated coconut or cherry -- or savoury with cabbage , spinach , cheese or meat . Semolina porridge ( krupicová kaše ) is served with sugar , honey , cinnamon or cocoa with butter on the top . Optionally , sliced apples or apricots are added as toppings . Healthier versions substitute semolina for oatmeal or rice . Bell peppers ( plněné papriky ) are stuffed with meat or rice with vegetables . Lečo or Lecsó is a stew made from peppers , onions , tomatoes and spices . Spaghetti ( špagety ) is coming in as an Italian influence . Eggs are often used in Czech cuisine because many families outside of cities breed hens . Scrambled eggs ( míchaná vajíčka ) are common . Fried eggs ( volské oko , literally `` bulls eye '' ) are often served with bread or potatoes and spinach . Boiled eggs are also popular . Stuffed eggs are made from halved , shelled , hard - boiled eggs . The yolk is carefully removed into a separate bowl , mixed with salt , mustard and spices and stuffed back . It can be decorated . Dairy products ( mléčné výrobky ) have their place in Czech cuisine too . Eidam ( Edam , Edammer ) is a Dutch - based type of cheese and Niva is a Czech blue cheese . A common pub food , nakládaný hermelín , or pickled cheese , is a cheese similar to Camembert that is aged in olive oil and spices . Typically served with bread and an assortment of fresh vegetables . Sour cream is commonly used as part of various cream - based sauces . Snacks ( edit ) See also : List of hors d'oeuvre Fried bramboráky ( potato pancakes ) Nakládaný hermelín ( marinated cheese ) Fried cheese ( Smažák ) , served with tartar sauce and side salad . Bramboráky ( regionally called cmunda or vošouch in Pilsen and strik or striky in Czech Silesia ) are fried pancakes similar to rösti made of grated raw potato , flour , carrots or sour cabbage , and rarely sausage . They are spiced with marjoram , salt , pepper , and garlic , and usually sized to fit the cooking dish . Smaller variants are often eaten as a side dish . Utopenci , singular utopenec ( literally `` drowned men '' ) , are piquantly pickled bratwursts ( špekáčky ) in sweet - sour vinegar marinaded with black pepper , bay leaf , onion and chili peppers . They are often available in Czech pubs , but are uncommon in better restaurants . Nakládaný Hermelín is a soft cheese , from the same family as brie and camembert , marinated with peppers and onions in oil . It is a pub - food . Smažený sýr ( colloquially Smažák ) , is a fried cheese battered in Czech triplecoat -- usually Edam ( also Hermelín ) , about 1 cm thick coated in flour , egg and bread crumbs like Wiener schnitzel , fried and served with tartar sauce ( tatarská omáčka ) and potatoes or french fries . Beer cheese ( pivní sýr ) is a soft cheese , usually mixed with raw onions and mustard , which is spread onto toasted bread . It is also a pub - food . Open sandwiches , known as obložené chlebíčky ( `` garnished breads '' ) or chlebíčky , are not made from normal Czech bread , but from roll - like , bigger pastry called veka , sliced and garnished . They may be served with mayonnaise , ham , egg , fish , salads or spreads on the top . They are usually decorated with fresh sliced or pickled cucumber , tomato , red or yellow bell pepper , sliced radish , or parsley . Jednohubky are similar to obložené chlebíčky , but smaller and in many varieties . All are served in a small amount -- one mouthful impaled on a stick . Olomoucké syrečky or `` tvarůžky '' is an aged cheese with a strong odour . It is made in and sold from Loštice , a small town in Moravia . The tradition of making this cheese dates back to the 15th century . Tvarůžky can be prepared in a number of ways -- it can be fried , marinated , or added to Bramboráky . Dried apple chips ( křížaly ) and dried banana chips . Potato , beet and celery chips ( crisps ) are common snacks . Roasted peanuts are common . The `` Czech hot dog '' ( párek v rohlíku ) is a street food consisting of boiled or steamed sausage dipped in mustard or ketchup served in a roll with a hole made inside , not in a sliced bun like the common hot dog . It is influenced by German cuisine . Langoše ( fried bread ) are influenced by Hungarian cuisine . They are usually served with garlic , Edam cheese and ketchup , or some combination of the three . Sweets ( edit ) Christmas cookies ( vánoční cukroví ) Fruit dumplings ( ovocné knedlíky ) are mostly made using plums ( švestkové knedlíky ) , apricots ( meruňkové knedlíky ) or strawberries ( jahodové knedlíky ) . These are whole fruits or pieces of fruit coated with potato or curd dough and steamed , then served with butter or cream , sugar and sometimes milled poppy seeds or tvaroh ( Quark ) . They are usually eaten as a main dish . Kolache ( koláče ) is a type of mainly round yeast pastry consisting of fillings of fruit , curd , poppy seeds or doughnut . It can be small , middle or pancake sized ( mostly in Moravia ) . Fillings can be seen . Buchty is a yeast pastry similar to koláče ; the same filling is wrapped in pieces of dough and baked , but is not visible in the final product . Sweet dumplings with custard sauce ( buchtičky se šodó ) are traditional Czech little buchty without filling . The recipe comes from Czech roots , however , the bordering countries -- mainly Slovakia , Poland , and Hungary -- consider buchtičky se šodó as food that came from their country . Puding is a flavoured custard combined in layers . Puding is served in a glass topped with fruit or shaped in a mould . Braided bread ( Vánočka ) and buns ( mazanec ) are prepared for Christmas , along with many kinds of biscuits and Christmas sweets ( vánoční cukroví ) . Vánočka and mazanec are the same type of pastry as Jewish Challah . Easter Lamb ( Velikonoční beránek ) is prepared for Easter . The dough is from eggs , sugar and flour . Lemons can be added . It is baked in a mould in the shape of a lamb . It can be decorated . Bábovka is from dough similar to that used for Easter Lamb , often with cocoa dough in the middle . It is round , 10 -- 15 cm high , made in a mould and is often served with coffee . Pancakes ( palačinky ) are rolled with marmalade or jam and often served with ice cream . Lívance are smaller types of pancakes prepared with yeast in the batter . They are eaten with jam or warm forest fruits . Vdolky and koblihy -- see List of doughnut varieties . Perník is made in two ways : Like gingerbread , but without ginger . It is decorated with shapes ; popular themes are heart shapes , three - dimensional cottages and even whole decorated villages are made -- especially in the Pardubice Region where the tradition was established in the 16th century . Larger koláč , so called `` frgál '' ( plural frgály ) , baked at Moravian Wallachia area Like a cake with cinnamon and honey . Roláda is a sponge cake roulade filled with jam . Bublanina is a sponge cake made in a baking sheet with fruit ( 2 -- 3 cm tall ) . Litá ( poured ) bublanina is a pancake - like batter poured onto a baking sheet . Pieces of fruit -- apples , pears or cherries -- measuring 1x2 cm are spread on it and it is then sprinkled with sugar . Makovec is a sponge cake with ground poppy seeds . Mrkvanec is a sponge cake with grated carrots . With the exception of koláče , vánoční cukroví and velikonoční beránek , sweets are consumed with tea or coffee in the late afternoon break , rather than immediately after a main meal . Koláče are commonly eaten at breakfast . Míša is a treat made out of frozen curd ; it is popular with children and has been produced since 1961 . Beverages ( edit ) Pilsner Urquell served in Prague Aside from beer , Czechs also produce wine and two unique liquors -- Fernet Stock and Becherovka . Czech Slivovitz and other Pálenka ( fruit brandies ) are also popular . Tuzemak , traditionally marketed as `` Czech rum '' , is made from potatoes or sugar beets . Slovak Borovička is also common . A mixed drink consisting of Becherovka and tonic water is known under the portmanteau of Beton ( `` concrete '' ) . Another popular mixed drink is Fernet Stock mixed with tonic , called `` Bavorák '' or `` Bavorské pivo '' ( literally `` Bavarian beer '' ) . Kofola is a non-alcoholic Czech soft drink somewhat similar in look and taste to Coca - Cola , but not as sweet . Kofola was invented in communist Czechoslovakia as a substitute to the Coca - Cola that they would not import , but it became so popular that production has continued well past the end of communism in the country . See also ( edit ) Food portal Beer in the Czech Republic Slovak cuisine References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vietnamese people in the Czech Republic Jump up ^ Czech Foodie Map - Everything You Need to Know About Czech Cuisine , Eating Europe . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČSÚ : Czechs eat less meat , drink more alcohol '' . Czech News Agency . The Prague Post . 5 December 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Vokurková , Iva ( 15 March 2009 ) . `` Czech eating habits take a turn for the better '' . Radio Prague . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Velinger , Jan ( 24 July 2009 ) . `` Czechs pick billions worth of forest mushrooms , berries annually '' . Radio Prague . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Horáková , Pavla ( 10 September 2005 ) . `` Snacks and party food '' . Radio Prague . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.tvaruzky.cz/cz_historie_b.html History ( Historie tvarůžků ) at tvaruzky.cz , the website of the A.W. company , the company producing Olomoucké syrečky . Jump up ^ Horálková , Elena ( 27 July 2005 ) . `` '' Bábovka '' - un dulce con larga tradición `` . Radio Prague ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Coilin ( 12 December 2007 ) . `` Pardubice -- the `` best place to live in the Czech Republic '' `` . Radio Prague . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Czech Foodie Map - Everything You Need to Know About Czech Cuisine '' . Eating Europe . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . 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1. Czech cuisine 2. Traditional Czech dishes 3. Side dishes in Czech cuisine 4. Czech soups 5. Meat dishes in Czech cuisine

who was the book of deuteronomy written to

Book of Deuteronomy - wikipedia Book of Deuteronomy Jump to : navigation , search Tanakh ( Judaism ) Torah ( Instruction ) ( hide ) Genesis Brʾeišyt Exodus Šemot Leviticus Wayiqra Numbers Bəmidbar Deuteronomy Devarim Nevi'im ( Prophets ) ( show ) Former Joshua Yehoshua Judges Shofetim Samuel Shemuel Kings Melakhim Latter Isaiah Yeshayahu Jeremiah Yirmeyahu Ezekiel Yekhezqel Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Ketuvim ( Writings ) ( show ) Poetic Psalms Təhillîm Proverbs Mishlei Job Iyov Five Megillot ( Scrolls ) Song of Songs Shir Hashirim Ruth Rut Lamentations Eikhah Ecclesiastes Qoheleth Esther Ester Historical Daniel Daniyyel Ezra -- Nehemiah Ezra Chronicles Dibh 're Hayyamim Old Testament ( Christianity ) Pentateuch ( hide ) Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Historical ( show ) Joshua Judges Ruth 1 and 2 Samuel 1 and 2 Kings 1 and 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Wisdom Poetry ( show ) Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Songs Prophetic ( show ) Major prophets Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Minor prophets Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanonical ( show ) Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom of Solomon Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Orthodox Tewahedo 1 Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Bible portal Not to be confused with Deuteranomaly . The Book of Deuteronomy ( from Ancient Greek : Δευτερονόμιον , Deuteronómion , `` second law '' ; Hebrew : דְּבָרִים ‬ , Devārīm , `` ( spoken ) words '' ) is the fifth book of the Torah ( a section of the Hebrew Bible ) and the Christian Old Testament . The Hebrew title is taken from the opening phrase Eleh ha - devarim , `` These are the words ... '' . The English title `` Deuteronomy '' comes from the Greek deuteronomion , meaning `` second law '' , taken from the Septuagint 's ( Greek ) phrase to deuteronomion touto , `` this second law '' , in Deuteronomy 17 : 18 . This Greek phrase is itself a mistranslation of the Hebrew mishneh haTorah hazoth , `` a copy of this law '' . The book consists of three sermons or speeches delivered to the Israelites by Moses on the plains of Moab , shortly before they enter the Promised Land . The first sermon recounts the forty years of wilderness wanderings which had led to that moment , and ends with an exhortation to observe the law ( or teachings ) , later referred to as the Law of Moses ; the second reminds the Israelites of the need for monotheism and observance of the laws ( or teachings ) he has given them , on which their possession of the land depends ; and the third offers the comfort that even should Israel prove unfaithful and so lose the land , with repentance all can be restored . Traditionally seen as the words of Moses delivered before the conquest of Canaan , a broad consensus of modern scholars see its origin in traditions from Israel ( the northern kingdom ) brought south to the Kingdom of Judah in the wake of the Assyrian conquest of Aram ( 8th century BC ) and then adapted to a program of nationalist reform in the time of Josiah ( late 7th century BC ) , with the final form of the modern book emerging in the milieu of the return from the Babylonian captivity during the late 6th century BC . Many scholars see the book as reflecting the economic needs and social status of the Levite caste , who are believed to have provided its authors . One of its most significant verses is Deuteronomy 6 : 4 , the Shema Yisrael , which has become the definitive statement of Jewish identity : `` Hear , O Israel : the LORD our God , the LORD is one . '' Verses 6 : 4 -- 5 were also purported to be quoted by Jesus in Mark 12 : 28 -- 34 as part of the Great Commandment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contents 1.1 Structure 1.2 Summary 1.3 Deuteronomic code 1.3. 1 Laws of religious observance 1.3. 2 Laws concerning officials 1.3. 3 Civil law 1.3. 4 Criminal law 2 Composition 2.1 Composition history 2.2 Sources 2.3 Position in the Hebrew Bible 3 Themes 3.1 Overview 3.2 Israel 3.3 God 3.4 Covenant 4 Weekly Torah portions 5 Influence on Judaism and Christianity 5.1 Judaism 5.2 Christianity 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 8.1 Translations 8.2 Commentaries 8.3 General 9 External links Contents ( edit ) Structure ( edit ) Patrick D. Miller in his commentary on Deuteronomy suggests that different views of the structure of the book will lead to different views on what it is about . The structure is often described as a series of three speeches or sermons ( chapters 1 : 1 -- 4 : 43 , 4 : 44 -- 29 : 1 , 29 : 2 -- 30 : 20 ) followed by a number of short appendices -- Miller refers to this as the `` literary '' structure ; alternatively , it is sometimes seen as a ring - structure with a central core ( chapters 12 -- 26 , the Deuteronomic Code ) and an inner and an outer frame ( chapters 4 -- 11 / 27 -- 30 and 1 -- 3 / 31 -- 34 ) -- Miller calls this the covenantal substructure ; and finally the theological structure revealed in the theme of the exclusive worship of Yahweh established in the first of the Ten Commandments ( `` Thou shalt have no other god before me '' ) and the Shema . Summary ( edit ) Moses receiving the Law ( top ) and reading the Law to the Israelites ( The following `` literary '' outline of Deuteronomy is from John Van Seters ; it can be contrasted with Alexander Rofé 's `` covenantal '' analysis in his Deuteronomy : Issues and Interpretation . ) Chapters 1 -- 4 : The journey through the wilderness from Horeb ( Sinai ) to Kadesh and then to Moab is recalled . Chapters 4 -- 11 : After a second introduction at 4 : 44 -- 49 the events at Mount Horeb are recalled , with the giving of the Ten Commandments . Heads of families are urged to instruct those under their care in the law , warnings are made against serving gods other than Yahweh , the land promised to Israel is praised , and the people are urged to obedience . Chapters 12 -- 26 , the Deuteronomic code : Laws governing Israel 's worship ( chapters 12 -- 16a ) , the appointment and regulation of community and religious leaders ( 16b -- 18 ) , social regulation ( 19 -- 25 ) , and confession of identity and loyalty ( 26 ) . Chapters 27 -- 28 : Blessings and curses for those who keep and break the law . Chapters 29 -- 30 : Concluding discourse on the covenant in the land of Moab , including all the laws in the Deuteronomic code ( chapters 12 -- 26 ) after those given at Horeb ; Israel is again exhorted to obedience . Chapters 31 -- 34 : Joshua is installed as Moses 's successor , Moses delivers the law to the Levites ( a priestly caste ) , and ascends Mount Nebo or Pisgah , where he dies and is buried by God . The narrative of these events is interrupted by two poems , the Song of Moses and the Blessing of Moses . The final verses , Deuteronomy 34 : 10 -- 12 , `` never again did there arise in Israel a prophet like Moses , '' make a claim for the authoritative Deuteronomistic view of theology and its insistence that the worship of the Hebrew God as the sole deity of Israel was the only permissible religion , having been sealed by the greatest of prophets . Deuteronomic code ( edit ) Main article : Deuteronomic Code Deuteronomy 12 -- 26 , the Deuteronomic Code , is the oldest part of the book and the core around which the rest developed . It is a series of mitzvot ( commands ) to the Israelites regarding how they ought to conduct themselves in Canaan , the land promised by Yahweh , God of Israel . The following list organizes most of the laws into thematic groups : Laws of religious observance ( edit ) The worship of Canaanite gods is forbidden and the order is given to destroy their places of worship . ( 12 : 29 -- 31 ) Native mourning practices such as deliberate disfigurement are forbidden . ( 14 : 1 -- 2 ) The worship at Asherah groves and setting up of ritual pillars are forbidden . ( 16 : 21 -- 22 ) All sacrifices are to be brought and vows are to be made at a central sanctuary. ( 12 : 1 -- 28 ) Sacrificed animals must be without blemish. ( 15 : 21 , 17 : 1 ) First - born male livestock must be sacrificed. ( 15 : 19 -- 23 ) The procedure for tithing produce or donating its equivalent is given . ( 14 : 22 -- 29 ) The Pilgrimage Festivals of Passover , Shavuot , and Sukkot are instituted . ( 16 : 1 -- 17 ) A catalog of which animals are permitted and which forbidden for consumption is given . ( 14 : 3 -- 20 ) The consumption of animals which are found dead and have not been slaughtered is prohibited . ( 14 : 21 ) Laws concerning officials ( edit ) Judges are to be appointed in every city . ( 16 : 18 ) Judges are to be impartial and bribery is forbidden . ( 16 : 19 -- 20 ) A central tribunal is established . ( 17 : 8 -- 13 ) Should the Israelites choose to be ruled by a King , regulations for the office are given . ( 17 : 14 -- 20 ) Regulations of the rights , and revenue , of the Levites are given . ( 18 : 1 -- 8 ) Concerning the future ( unspecified ) prophet . ( 18 : 9 -- 22 ) Regulations for the priesthood are given . ( 23 : 1 -- 8 ) Civil law ( edit ) Debts are to be released in the seventh year . ( 15 : 1 -- 11 ) Regulations of the institution of slavery and the procedure for freeing slaves . ( 15 : 12 -- 18 ) Regulations permitting taking slaves and plunder in war ( 20 : 14 ) Regulations for the treatment of sex - slaves taken in war ( 21 : 10 - 14 ) Lost property , once found , is to be restored to its owner . ( 22 : 1 -- 4 ) Prohibition of mixing kinds , at Deuteronomy 22 : 9 - 11 Tzitzit are mandated . ( 22 : 12 ) Marriages between women and their stepsons are forbidden . ( 22 : 30 ) The camp is to be kept clean . ( 23 : 9 -- 14 ) Usury is forbidden except for foreigners . ( 23 : 19 -- 20 ) Regulations for vows and pledges are given . ( 23 : 21 -- 23 , 24 : 6 , 24 : 10 -- 13 ) The procedure for tzaraath ( a disfigurative condition ) is given . ( 24 : 8 -- 9 ) Hired workers are to be paid fairly . ( 24 : 14 -- 15 ) Justice is to be shown towards strangers , widows , and orphans. ( 24 : 17 -- 18 ) Portions of crops are to be given to the poor . ( 24 : 19 -- 22 ) Criminal law ( edit ) See also : Rape in the Hebrew Bible The rules for witnesses are given . ( 19 : 15 -- 21 ) The procedure for a bride who has been slandered is given . ( 22 : 13 -- 21 ) Various laws concerning adultery and rape are given . ( 22 : 22 -- 29 ) Kidnapping is forbidden . ( 24 : 7 ) Just weights and measures are mandated . ( 25 : 13 -- 16 ) Composition ( edit ) Moses viewing the Promised Land , Deuteronomy 34 : 1 -- 5 ( Tissot ) Composition history ( edit ) Since the evidence was first put forward by W.M.L de Wette in 1805 , scholars have accepted that the core of Deuteronomy was composed in Jerusalem in the 7th century BC in the context of religious reforms advanced by King Josiah ( reigned 641 -- 609 BC ) . A broad consensus exists that sees its history in the following general terms : In the late 8th century both Judah and Israel were vassals of Assyria . Israel rebelled , and was destroyed c. 722 BC . Refugees fleeing to Judah brought with them a number of new traditions ( new to Judah , at least ) . One of these was that the god Yahweh , already known and worshiped in Judah , was not merely the most important of the gods , but the only god who should be served . This outlook influenced the Judahite landowning elite , who became extremely powerful in court circles after they placed the eight - year - old Josiah on the throne following the murder of his father , Amon of Judah . By the eighteenth year of Josiah 's reign , Assyrian power was in rapid decline , and a pro-independence movement gathered strength in the court . This movement expressed itself in a state theology of loyalty to Yahweh as the sole god of Israel . With Josiah 's support they launched a full - scale reform of worship based on an early form of Deuteronomy 5 -- 26 , which takes the form of a covenant ( i.e. , treaty ) between Judah and Yahweh to replace that between Judah and Assyria . This covenant was formulated as an address by Moses to the Israelites ( Deut. 5 : 1 ) . The next stage took place during the Babylonian captivity . The destruction of the Kingdom of Judah by Babylon in 586 BC and the end of kingship was the occasion of much reflection and theological speculation among the Deuteronomistic elite , now in exile in the city of Babylon . They explained the disaster as Yahweh 's punishment of their failure to follow the law , and created a history of Israel ( the books of Joshua through Kings ) to illustrate this . At the end of the Exile , when the Persians agreed that the Jews could return and rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem , chapters 1 -- 4 and 29 -- 30 were added and Deuteronomy was made the introductory book to this history , so that a story about a people about to enter the Promised Land became a story about a people about to return to the land . The legal sections of chapters 19 -- 25 were expanded to meet new situations that had arisen , and chapters 31 -- 34 were added as a new conclusion . Sources ( edit ) The prophet Isaiah , active in Jerusalem about a century before Josiah , makes no mention of the Exodus , covenants with God , or disobedience to God 's laws ; in contrast Isaiah 's contemporary Hosea , active in the northern kingdom of Israel , makes frequent reference to the Exodus , the wilderness wanderings , a covenant , the danger of foreign gods and the need to worship Yahweh alone ; this has led scholars to the view that these traditions behind Deuteronomy have a northern origin . Whether the Deuteronomic code -- the set of laws at chapters 12 -- 26 which form the original core of the book -- was written in Josiah 's time ( late 7th century ) or earlier is subject to debate , but many of the individual laws are older than the collection itself . The two poems at chapters 32 -- 33 -- the Song of Moses and the Blessing of Moses were probably originally independent . Position in the Hebrew Bible ( edit ) Deuteronomy occupies a puzzling position in the Bible , linking the story of the Israelites ' wanderings in the wilderness to the story of their history in Canaan without quite belonging totally to either . The wilderness story could end quite easily with Numbers , and the story of Joshua 's conquests could exist without it , at least at the level of the plot ; but in both cases there would be a thematic ( theological ) element missing . Scholars have given various answers to the problem . The Deuteronomistic history theory is currently the most popular ( Deuteronomy was originally just the law code and covenant , written to cement the religious reforms of Josiah , and later expanded to stand as the introduction to the full history ) ; but there is an older theory which sees Deuteronomy as belonging to Numbers , and Joshua as a sort of supplement to it . This idea still has supporters , but the mainstream understanding is that Deuteronomy , after becoming the introduction to the history , was later detached from it and included with Genesis - Exodus - Leviticus - Numbers because it already had Moses as its central character . According to this hypothesis , the death of Moses was originally the ending of Numbers , and was simply moved from there to the end of Deuteronomy . Themes ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Deuteronomy stresses the uniqueness of God , the need for drastic centralisation of worship , and a concern for the position of the poor and disadvantaged . Its many themes can be organised around the three poles of Israel , Israel 's God , and the covenant which binds them together . Israel ( edit ) The themes of Deuteronomy in relation to Israel are election , faithfulness , obedience , and God 's promise of blessings , all expressed through the covenant : `` obedience is not primarily a duty imposed by one party on another , but an expression of covenantal relationship . '' Yahweh has chosen ( `` elected '' ) Israel as his special property ( Deuteronomy 7 : 6 and elsewhere ) , and Moses stresses to the Israelites the need for obedience to God and covenant , and the consequences of unfaithfulness and disobedience . Yet the first several chapters of Deuteronomy are a long retelling of Israel 's past disobedience -- but also God 's gracious care , leading to a long call to Israel to choose life over death and blessing over curse ( chapters 7 -- 11 ) . God ( edit ) Deuteronomy 's concept of God changed over time . The earliest 7th century layer is monolatrous , not denying the reality of other gods but enforcing the worship of Yahweh in Jerusalem alone . In the later , Exilic layers from the mid-6th century , especially chapter 4 , this becomes monotheism , the idea that only one god exists . God is simultaneously present in the Temple and in heaven -- an important and innovative concept called `` name theology . '' After the review of Israel 's history in chapters 1 to 4 , there is a restatement of the Ten Commandments in chapter 5 . This arrangement of material highlights God 's sovereign relationship with Israel prior to the giving of establishment of the Law . Covenant ( edit ) The core of Deuteronomy is the covenant that binds Yahweh and Israel by oaths of fidelity ( Yahweh and Israel each faithful to the other ) and obedience ( Israel obedient to Yahweh ) . God will give Israel blessings of the land , fertility , and prosperity so long as Israel is faithful to God 's teaching ; disobedience will lead to curses and punishment . But , according to the Deuteronomists , Israel 's prime sin is lack of faith , apostasy : contrary to the first and fundamental commandment ( `` Thou shalt have no other gods before me '' ) the people have entered into relations with other gods . The covenant is based on seventh - century Assyrian suzerain - vassal treaties by which the Great King ( the Assyrian suzerain ) regulated relationships with lesser rulers ; Deuteronomy is thus making the claim that Yahweh , not the Assyrian monarch , is the Great King to whom Israel owes loyalty . The terms of the treaty are that Israel holds the land from Yahweh , but Israel 's tenancy of the land is conditional on keeping the covenant , which in turn necessitates tempered rule by state and village leaders who keep the covenant : `` These beliefs '' , says Norman Gottwald , `` dubbed biblical Yahwism , are widely recognized in biblical scholarship as enshrined in Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomistic History ( Joshua through Kings ) . '' Dillard and Longman in their Introduction to the Old Testament stress the living nature of the covenant between Yahweh and Israel as a nation : The people of Israel are addressed by Moses as a unity , and their allegiance to the covenant is not one of obeisance , but comes out of a pre-existing relationship between God and Israel , established with Abraham and attested to by the Exodus event , so that the laws of Deuteronomy set the nation of Israel apart , signaling the unique status of the Jewish nation . The land is God 's gift to Israel , and many of the laws , festivals and instructions in Deuteronomy are given in the light of Israel 's occupation of the land . Dillard and Longman note that `` In 131 of the 167 times the verb `` give '' occurs in the book , the subject of the action is Yahweh . '' Deuteronomy makes the Torah the ultimate authority for Israel , one to which even the king is subject . Weekly Torah portions ( edit ) Main article : Weekly Torah portion Devarim , on Deuteronomy 1 -- 3 : Chiefs , scouts , Edom , Ammonites , Sihon , Og , land for two and a half tribes Va'etchanan , on Deuteronomy 3 -- 7 : Cities of refuge , Ten Commandments , exhortation , conquest instructions Eikev , on Deuteronomy 7 -- 11 : Obedience , taking the land , golden calf , Aaron 's death , Levites ' duties Re'eh , on Deuteronomy 11 -- 16 : Centralized worship , diet , tithes , sabbatical year , pilgrim festivals Shofetim , on Deuteronomy 16 -- 21 : Basic societal structure for the Israelites Ki Teitzei , on Deuteronomy 21 -- 25 : Miscellaneous laws on civil and domestic life Ki Tavo , on Deuteronomy 26 -- 29 : First fruits , tithes , blessings and curses , exhortation Nitzavim , on Deuteronomy 29 -- 30 : covenant , violation , choose blessing and curse Vayelech , on Deuteronomy 31 : Encouragement , reading and writing the law Haazinu , on Deuteronomy 32 : Punishment , punishment restrained , parting words V'Zot HaBerachah , on Deuteronomy 33 -- 34 : Farewell blessing and death of Moses Influence on Judaism and christianity ( edit ) Judaism ( edit ) Deuteronomy 6 : 4 -- 5 : `` Hear , O Israel ( shema Yisra'el ) , the LORD is our God , the LORD is one ! '' has become the basic credo of Judaism , the Shema Yisrael , and its twice - daily recitation is a mitzvah ( religious commandment ) . It continues , `` Thou shalt love the LORD thy God with all thy heart and all thy soul and all thy might '' ; it has therefore also become identified with the central Jewish concept of the love of God , and the rewards that come with this . Christianity ( edit ) Main article : Christian views on the Old Covenant In the Gospel of Matthew , Jesus cited Deuteronomy 6 : 5 as a Great Commandment . The earliest Christian authors interpreted Deuteronomy 's prophecy of the restoration of Israel as having been fulfilled ( or superseded ) in Jesus Christ and the establishment of the Christian Church ( Luke 1 -- 2 , Acts 2 -- 5 ) , and Jesus was interpreted to be the `` one ( i.e. , prophet ) like me '' predicted by Moses in Deuteronomy 18 : 15 ( Acts 3 : 22 -- 23 ) . While the exact position of Paul the Apostle and Judaism is still debated , a common view is that in place of the elaborate code of laws ( mitzvah ) set out in Deuteronomy , Paul the Apostle , drawing on Deuteronomy 30 : 11 -- 14 , claimed that the keeping of the Mosaic covenant was superseded by faith in Jesus and the gospel ( the New Covenant ) . See also ( edit ) 613 commandments Deuteronomist Documentary hypothesis Kashrut Mosaic authorship Old Deuteronomy Papyrus Rylands 458 -- the oldest Greek manuscript of Deuteronomy Tanakh Torah References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Miller , pp. 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ Phillips , pp. 1 -- 2 ^ Jump up to : Rogerson , pp. 153 -- 154 Jump up ^ Sommer , Benjamin D. ( June 30 , 2015 ) . Revelation and Authority : Sinai in Jewish Scripture and Tradition . Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library . p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , p. 10 ^ Jump up to : Christensen , p. 211 Jump up ^ Van Seters , pp. 15 -- 17 Jump up ^ Rofé , pp. 1 -- 4 Jump up ^ Tigay , pp. 137ff . Jump up ^ Van Seters , p. 16 Jump up ^ Rofé , pp. 4 -- 5 ^ Jump up to : Van Seters , p. 17 Jump up ^ Knight , p. 66 Jump up ^ Bandstra , pp. 190 -- 191 Jump up ^ McConville Jump up ^ Block , p. 172 Jump up ^ McKenzie , p. 266 Jump up ^ Bultman , p. 135 Jump up ^ Romer ( 1994 ) , p. 200 - 201 Jump up ^ McKenzie , p. 265 Jump up ^ Thompson , Deuteronomy , 112 . Jump up ^ Breuggemann , p. 53 Jump up ^ Laffey , p. 337 Jump up ^ Phillips , p. 8 Jump up ^ Vogt , p. 28 Jump up ^ Gottwald Jump up ^ Dillard & Longman , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Dillard & Longman , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Vogt , p. 31 Jump up ^ McConville , p. 24 Bibliography ( edit ) Translations ( edit ) Deuteronomy in NIV Commentaries ( edit ) Craigie , Peter C ( 1976 ) . The Book of Deuteronomy . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802825247 . Miller , Patrick D ( 1990 ) . Deuteronomy . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780664237370 . Phillips , Anthony ( 1973 ) . Deuteronomy . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780521097727 . Plaut , W. Gunther ( 1981 ) . The Torah : A Modern Commentary . ISBN 0 - 8074 - 0055 - 6 Avigdor Miller ( 2001 ) . Fortunate Nation : Comments and notes on DVARIM . General ( edit ) Ausloos , Hans , The Deuteronomist 's History : The Role of the Deuteronomist in Historical - Critical Research into Genesis -- Numbers ( Old Testament Studies , 67 ) , Leiden -- Boston : Brill , 2015 . Bandstra , Barry L ( 2004 ) . Reading the Old Testament : an introduction to the Hebrew Bible . Wadsworth . ISBN 9780495391050 . Block , Daniel I ( 2005 ) . `` Deuteronomy '' . In Kevin J. Vanhoozer . Dictionary for Theological Interpretation of the Bible . Baker Academic . Braulik , G ( 1998 ) . The Theology of Deuteronomy : Collected Essays of Georg Braulik . D&F Scott Publishing . ISBN 9780941037303 . Brueggemann , Walter ( 2002 ) . Reverberations of Faith : A Theological Handbook of Old Testament themes . Westminster John Knox . ISBN 9780664222314 . Bultman , Christoph ( 2001 ) . `` Deuteronomy '' . In John Barton ; John Muddiman . Oxford Bible Commentary . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780198755005 . Christensen , Duane L ( 1991 ) . `` Deuteronomy '' . In Watson E. Mills ; Roger Aubrey Bullard . Mercer Dictionary of the Bible . Mercer University Press . ISBN 9780865543737 . Clements , Ronald ( 1968 ) . God 's Chosen People : A Theological Interpretation of the Book of Deuteronomy . In series , Religious Book Club , 182 . London : S.C.M. Press . Gottwald , Norman , review of Stephen L. Cook , The Social Roots of Biblical Yahwism , Society of Biblical Literature , 2004 Knight , Douglas A ( 1995 ) . `` Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomists '' . In James Luther Mays ; David L. Petersen ; Kent Harold Richards . Old Testament Interpretation . T&T Clark . ISBN 9780567292896 . Laffey , Alice L ( 2007 ) . `` Deuteronomistic Theology '' . In Orlando O. Espín ; James B. Nickoloff . An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies . Liturgical Press . ISBN 9780814658567 . Markl , Dominik ( 2013 ) . `` Moses ' Praise and Blame -- Israel 's Honour and Shame : Rhetorical Devices in the Ethical Foundations of Deuteronomy '' . Verbum et Ecclesia . Verbum et Ecclesia. 34 . 34 . doi : 10.4102 / ve. v34i2. 861 . Mendenhall , George E ( September 1 , 1954 ) . Covenant Forms in Israelite Tradition . Biblical Archeology 3 / 17 . McConville , J.G ( 2002 ) . `` Deuteronomy '' . In T. Desmond Alexander ; David W. Baker . Dictionary of the Old Testament : The Pentateuch ( PDF ) . Eisenbrauns . McKenzie , Steven L ( 1995 ) . `` Postscript '' . In Linda S. Schearing ; Steven L McKenzie . Those Elusive Deuteronomists : The Phenomenon of Pan-Deuteronomism . T&T Clark . ISBN 9780567563361 . Richter , Sandra L ( 2002 ) . The Deuteronomistic History and the Name Theology . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 9783110173765 . Rofé , Alexander ( 2002 ) . Deuteronomy : Issues and Interpretation . T&T Clark . ISBN 9780567087546 . Rogerson , John W ( 2003 ) . `` Deuteronomy '' . In James D.G. Dunn ; John William Rogerson . Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802837110 . Romer , Thomas ( 2000 ) . `` Deuteronomy In Search of Origins '' . In Gary N. Knoppers ; J. Gordon McConville . Reconsidering Israel and Judah : Recent Studies on the Deuteronomistic History . Eisenbrauns . ISBN 9781575060378 . Romer , Thomas ( 1994 ) . `` The Book of Deuteronomy '' . In Steven L. McKenzie ; Matt Patrick Graham . The history of Israel 's Traditions : The Heritage of Martin Noth . Sheffield Academic Press . ISBN 9780567230355 . Tigay , Jeffrey ( 1996 ) . `` The Significance of the End of Deuteronomy '' . In Michael V. Fox ; et al. Texts , Temples , and Traditions : A Tribute to Menahem Haran . Eisenbrauns . ISBN 9781575060033 . Van Seters , John ( 1998 ) . `` The Pentateuch '' . In Steven L. McKenzie ; Matt Patrick Graham . The Hebrew Bible today : an introduction to critical issues . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664256524 . Vogt , Peter T ( 2006 ) . Deuteronomic Theology and the Significance of Torah : a reappraisal . Eisenbrauns . ISBN 9781575061078 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Deuteronomy ( Bible ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Book of Deuteronomy Deuteronomy - Mikraot Gedolot Haketer - online edition , Menachem Cohen , Bar Ilan University ( Hebrew ) Deuteronomy at Bible Gateway Paterson , James Alexander ( 1911 ) . `` Deuteronomy '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Jastrow , Morris ( 1905 ) . `` Deuteronomy '' . New International Encyclopedia . Jewish translations : Deuteronomy at Mechon - Mamre ( modified Jewish Publication Society translation ) Deuteronomy ( The Living Torah ) Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan 's translation and commentary at Ort.org Devarim -- Deuteronomy ( Judaica Press ) translation ( with Rashi 's commentary ) at Chabad.org דְּבָרִים Devarim -- Deuteronomy ( Hebrew -- English at Mechon-Mamre.org ) Christian translations : Online Bible at GospelHall.org ( King James Version ) oremus Bible Browser ( New Revised Standard Version ) oremus Bible Browser ( Anglicized New Revised Standard Version ) Deuteronomy at Wikisource ( Authorized King James Version ) Deuteronomy public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions <Td_colspan="3"> Book of Deuteronomy Pentateuch Preceded by Numbers Hebrew Bible Succeeded by Joshua Christian Old Testament <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon ) Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism <Td_colspan="2"> Portal WikiProject Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Deuteronomy&oldid=812880011 '' Categories : 7th - century BC books 6th - century BC books Torah books Book of Deuteronomy Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Ladino Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 November 2017 , at 12 : 15 . 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1. Book of Deuteronomy 2. Torah 3. Moses 4. Laws and commandments 5. Covenant with God

who did the singing in i can only imagine the movie

I Can Only Imagine ( film ) - wikipedia I Can Only Imagine ( film ) <Th_colspan="2"> I Can Only Imagine <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Erwin Brothers Produced by Cindy Bond Kevin Downes Daryl Lefever Mickey Liddell Pete Shilaimon Raymond Harris Joe Knopp Screenplay by Jon Erwin Brent McCorkle Story by Alex Cramer Jon Erwin Brent McCorkle Based on The life story of Bart Millard Starring J. Michael Finley Madeline Carroll Trace Adkins Priscilla Shirer Cloris Leachman Dennis Quaid Tanya Clarke Music by Brent McCorkle Cinematography Kristopher Kimlin Edited by Andrew Erwin Brent McCorkle Production companies Kevin Downes Productions Mission Pictures International Distributed by Lionsgate Roadside Attractions Release date March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $7 million Box office $85.1 million I Can Only Imagine is a 2018 American Christian drama film directed by the Erwin Brothers and written by Alex Cramer , Jon Erwin , and Brent McCorkle , based on the story behind the MercyMe song of the same name , the best - selling Christian single of all time . The film stars J. Michael Finley as Bart Millard , the lead singer who wrote the song about his relationship with his father ( Dennis Quaid ) . Madeline Carroll , Priscilla Shirer , Cloris Leachman , and Trace Adkins also star . I Can Only Imagine was released in the United States on March 16 , 2018 . It grossed $85 million worldwide against a production budget of $7 million , and is the third highest - grossing music biopic of all - time in the United States . Some critics praised it as inspiring and noted it as an improvement compared to other faith - based films , while others called it flat and by - the - numbers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Coming from a home with an abusive father , 10 - year - old Bart Millard is dropped off at a Christian camp by his mother , where he meets Shannon . Upon his return from camp , Bart finds his mother has left and movers are removing her belongings , leading to a physical confrontation with his father Arthur , who takes custody of him . Years later , Millard is in Lakeside high school and dating Shannon . Hoping to impress his father , he begins playing football . However , he is injured , breaking both ankles and ending his career . In order to make up the credits he would miss from football , he signs up for music class , the only available class left . Initially , Millard is assigned to be a sound technician . After the director catches him singing in the empty auditorium of Lakeside high school , she casts him as Curly , the lead role in the school production of Oklahoma . He does n't tell his father of his role in the play , and while Bart has risen to the singing demands of the part , Arthur subsequently collapses with severe abdominal pain , but refuses to tell Bart or Shannon about his cancer diagnosis . The following morning , Millard voices his frustrations with his father and is assaulted by his father , who smashes a plate over his head . Shannon presses Bart to open up , but he responds by breaking up with her and leaving to seek his fortune in the city after graduation . Millard then connects with the band who would become MercyMe , and eventually attracts the attention of Christian music producer Scott Brickell ( Trace Adkins ) , who coaches Millard and gets them a showcase in Nashville , leading to meetings with Amy Grant ( Nicole DuPort ) and Michael W. Smith ( Jake B. Miller ) . Millard has been unable to reconcile with Shannon , who rejects his invitation to tour with the band to their upcoming Nashville showcase . While the band felt their performance was the best of their career , industry representatives reject the band as not being good enough to sell records . In despair , Millard quits the band . After talking with Brickell , who encourages him to resolve his issues with his father , Millard rejoins the band but asks they wait for him to confront his father and settle the conflict before they play again . Millard returns home and is greeted enthusiastically by his father , who prepares breakfast for him the next morning . His father claims to have become a Christian , but Bart is initially skeptical and rejects his father 's offer to start over . In anger , Arthur takes a baseball bat and hits his old Jeep , which he had hoped to repair with his son . As Bart prepares to leave , he finds out his father has terminal cancer . Bart and his father reconcile and form a deep bond before Arthur dies of his illness . After his father 's funeral , Millard rejoins the band and writes `` I Can Only Imagine '' . Brickell sends the demo tape to several artists , including Grant , who , deeply moved by the song , asks to record it herself as her next single . The band accepts Grant 's offer . Millard is seated in the audience when Grant intends to unveil the song live in concert . However , Grant decides that Millard should be the one to sing the song , and offers it back to him , calling him to the microphone to sing it before the large audience . Millard 's unexpected performance is wildly applauded and he reunites with Shannon , who had also been in attendance at the concert . The band releases the song as their first single , achieving success on Christian and mainstream radio . Cast ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . J. Michael Finley as Bart Millard Brody Rose as Young Bart Dennis Quaid as Arthur Millard , Bart 's father Tanya Clarke as Adele Cloris Leachman as Meemaw , Bart 's grandmother Madeline Carroll as Shannon , Bart 's girlfriend Taegen Burns as Young Shannon Trace Adkins as Scott Brickell , MercyMe 's manager Priscilla Shirer as Mrs. Fincher , Bart 's teacher Nicole DuPort as Amy Grant Jake B. Miller as Michael W. Smith Mark Furze as Nathan Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2018 ) The film was announced in December 2016 . Dennis Quaid joined the cast in January 2017 . Broadway actor J. Michael Finley makes his film debut as Bart Millard . The same month , it was announced that the film was slated for release in the spring of 2018 . In August 2017 , Lionsgate and Roadside Attractions signed on as distributors for the film for a nationwide release in the United States . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of May 13 , 2018 , I Can Only Imagine has grossed $82.4 million in the United States , and Canada and $1.1 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $83.5 million , against a production budget of $7 million . It is the third - highest grossing music biopic of all - time in the United States , behind Straight Outta Compton and Walk the Line . The film was released on March 16 , 2018 , alongside Tomb Raider and Love , Simon , and was originally projected to gross $2 -- 4 million from 1,620 theaters in its opening weekend . However , after making $6.2 million on its first day ( including $1.3 million from Thursday night previews ) , weekend estimates were increased to $14 million . It ended up grossing $17.1 million , exceeding expectations and finishing third at the box office behind Black Panther and Tomb Raider. 67 % of the opening weekend audience was female while 80 % was over the age of 35 . It was the fourth best - ever opening for a faith - based film , following The Passion of the Christ ( $83.8 million ) , Son of God ( $25.6 million ) and Heaven Is for Real ( $22.5 million ) . In its second weekend the film was added to 624 additional theaters and dropped just 19 % to $13.8 million , again finishing third . It was added to another 395 venues and finished fourth in its third weekend , making $10.4 million ( including $3 million on Easter Sunday ) . The film was released on iTunes and Google Play on June 5 , 2018 , and on DVD and Blu - ray on June 12 , 2018 . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 71 % based on 24 reviews , and an average rating of 6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` I Can Only Imagine 's message will have the most impact among Christian audiences , but overall , its performances and storytelling represent a notable evolution in faith - based cinema . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 29 out of 100 , based on 7 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to earn such a score . The Arizona Republic 's James Ward gave the film 4 / 5 stars and wrote , `` Too often faith - based films -- say anything with Kirk Cameron or the terrible God 's Not Dead series -- tend to preach to the choir or hector their audience . The Erwins ' films -- I Can Only Imagine definitely among them -- are more inclusive , charitable of spirit and hopeful , all qualities that are always appreciated , be they rooted in Christian faith or otherwise . '' David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a `` C -- '' saying : `` There 's a reason why all of these movies are so amateurishly made ; why they all end with links to religious websites ; why they all look like they were shot on an iPhone by a Walmart - brand Janusz Kaminski who lit each interior like the white light of heaven was streaming through every window ... Art can be affirmation , but affirmation can not be art . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Anita , Busch ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Faith - Based ' I Can Only Imagine ' Picked Up By Lionsgate & Roadside Attractions '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Can Only Imagine ( 2018 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Patrick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` How did ' I Can Only Imagine ' become the biggest Christian hit ever ( and inspire a movie ) ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff Reports ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` MercyMe hit song turning into Okie production '' . NewsOK . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Faith - Based Film ' I Can Only Imagine ' With Dennis Quaid , Cloris Leachman And Trace Adkins Eyes Spring 2018 Release '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Lionsgate , Roadside Acquire Faith - Based Drama ' I Can Only Imagine ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Biopic - Music Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Will ' Tomb Raider ' Be the Movie to Finally Knock ' Black Panther ' From Box Office Perch ? '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Poised For $460 M+ In Profit ; ' I Can Only Imagine ' Surprises -- Box Office Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Keeps B.O. Treasure From ' Tomb Raider ' ; How ' I Can Only Imagine ' Hit A $17 M High Note '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' I Can Only Imagine ' Revives Faith - Based Genre '' . The Hollywood Reporter . March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Does ' Pacific Rim : Uprising ' Break Even At The Global B.O. ? ; ' Black Panther ' Sets Marvel Record -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` How Warner Bros. Sold ' Ready Player One ' On The Spielberg Spirit & Beat Tracking With $53 M+ 4 - Day -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` I Can Only Imagine ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` I Can Only Imagine Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ward , James ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Faith - based drama ' I Can Only Imagine ' does n't just preach to the choir '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' I Can Only Imagine ' Review : A Christian Rock Biopic Shows Why Faith - Based Films Struggle to Convert Secular Audiences '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website I Can Only Imagine on IMDb I Can Only Imagine at the TCM Movie Database I Can Only Imagine at AllMovie I Can Only Imagine at Box Office Mojo I Can Only Imagine at History vs. Hollywood Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can_Only_Imagine_(film)&oldid=846345126 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films American films American drama films 2010s drama films Drama films based on actual events Films based on actual events Roadside Attractions films Films shot in Oklahoma Hidden categories : Incomplete lists from March 2018 Articles to be expanded from March 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 04 : 24 . 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1. I Can Only Imagine (film) 2. Christian drama film 3. Bart Millard's life story 4. Box office success 5. Critical response

when did the drinking age become 21 in the us

U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by State - wikipedia U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by State Minimum legal drinking age as of 1969 ( two years before the 26th Amendment was passed ) : Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 20 Minimum age is 19 and 21 Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 and 21 Minimum age is 18 Minimum legal drinking age as of 1975 ( when almost all states had their lowest age limit ) : Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 20 Minimum age is 19 and 21 ; see below Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 and 21 ; see below Minimum age is 18 Detail on dual age limits Both age limits apply for following states : Washington , D.C. : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . Illinois : The legal drinking age is 19 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . Kansas : The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2 % ABW beer , and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor . Maryland : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . North Carolina : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . Oklahoma : The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2 % ABW beer , and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor . South Carolina : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . South Dakota : The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2 % ABW beer , and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor . Virginia : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . Minimum legal drinking age as of 1983 ( one year before the Drinking Age Act of 1984 was passed ) : Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 20 Minimum age is 19 and 21 Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 and 21 Minimum age is 18 The alcohol laws of the United States regarding minimum age for purchase have changed over time . The history is given in the table below . Unless otherwise noted , if different alcohol categories have different minimum purchase ages , the age listed below is set at the lowest age given ( e.g. if the purchase age is 18 for beer and 21 for wine or spirits , as was the case in several states , the age in the table will read as `` 18 '' , not `` 21 '' ) . In addition , the purchase age is not necessarily the same as the minimum age for consumption of alcoholic beverages , although they have often been the same . As one can see in the table below , there has been much volatility in the states ' drinking ages since the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 . Shortly after the ratification of the 21st amendment in December , most states set their purchase ages at 21 since that was the Voting age at the time . Most of these limits remained constant until the early 1970s . From 1969 to 1976 , some 30 states lowered their purchase ages , generally to 18 . This was primarily because the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the 26th amendment . A lot of states started to lower their minimum drinking age in response , most of this occurring in 1972 or 1973 . Twelve states kept their purchase ages at 21 since repeal of Prohibition and never changed them . From 1976 to 1983 , several states voluntarily raised their purchase ages to 19 ( or , less commonly , 20 or 21 ) , in part to combat drunk driving fatalities . In 1984 , Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act , which required states to raise their ages for purchase and public possession to 21 by October 1986 or lose 10 % of their federal highway funds . By mid-1988 , all 50 states and the District of Columbia had raised their purchase ages to 21 ( but not Puerto Rico , Guam , or the Virgin Islands , see Additional Notes below ) . South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply with the age 21 mandate . The current drinking age of 21 remains a point of contention among many Americans , because of it being higher than the age of majority ( 18 in most states ) and higher than the drinking ages of most other countries . The National Minimum Drinking Age Act is also seen as a congressional sidestep of the tenth amendment . Although debates have not been highly publicized , a few states have proposed legislation to lower their drinking age , while Guam has raised its drinking age to 21 in July 2010 . State Pre-Prohibition ( prior to 1919 ) Post-Prohibition ( after 1933 ) 1970s / 26th Amendment ( adopted in 1971 ) 1980s / Drinking Age Act of 1984 21st century Alabama Pre 1881 : None 1881 : 21 ( none with consent of parent ) 21 1975 : Lowered to 19 1986 : Raised to 21 21 ( no one underage is allowed consumption Section 28 - 1 ) Alaska ? 21 1970 : Lowered to 19 1984 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause ( if born before January 1 , 1965 ) 21 Arizona ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 19 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Arkansas Pre 1925 : None 1925 : 21 21 21 21 21 California Pre 1891 : Regulated by municipality / county ( common age was 16 ) 1891 : 18 ( statewide ) 1933 : 21 21 21 21 ( except small amounts for religious ceremonies ) Colorado None 1945 : 18 : for beer 21 : for wine and liquor 18 Raised to 21 in 1987 21 Connecticut ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 18 1982 : Raised to 19 1983 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 ( exemptions : ( 1 ) a person over age eighteen who is an employee or permit holder under section 30 - 90a and who possesses alcoholic liquor in the course of such person 's employment or business , ( 2 ) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor on the order of a practicing physician , or ( 3 ) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor while accompanied by a parent , guardian or spouse of the minor , who has attained the age of twenty - one . Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to burden a person 's exercise of religion under section 3 of article first of the Constitution of the state in violation of subsection ( a ) of section 52 - 571b . Delaware ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 20 1984 : Raised to 21 21 District of Columbia ? 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1986 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause . 21 Florida ? 18 1980 : 19 1985 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause 21 Georgia ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 18 1984 : Raised to 19 1985 : Raised to 20 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Hawaii ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 18 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Idaho ? 20 : for beer 21 : for wine and liquor 1972 : Lowered to 19 ( all ) 1987 : Raised to 21 in 1987 ( Apr 11 ) with grandfather clause 21 Illinois 1872 : Age of majority ( none with written consent of parent ) pre 1961 : Age of majority 1961 : Raised to 21 1973 : Lowered to 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1980 : Raised to 21 21 Indiana ? Post-1934 : 21 21 21 21 Iowa ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 19 in 1972 ( Jul 1 ) 1973 : Lowered to 18 in 1973 ( Jul 1 ) 1978 : Raised to 19 in 1978 ( Jul 1 ) 1986 : Raised to 21 in 1986 ( Jul 1 ) with grandfather clause . 21 Kansas ? 1949 : 18 : for beer and wine with less than 4 % ABV 21 : for liquor 18 : for beer and wine with less than 4 % ABV 21 : for beer and wine with 4 % ABV or more 21 : for liquor 1985 : Raised to 21 21 ( However , anyone under 21 may consume cereal malt beverages with parental supervision on their own property ) Kentucky ? 1938 : 21 21 21 21 Louisiana ? As of 1948 : 18 18 1987 : Raised to 21 de jure in 1987 , but de facto age was still 18 until 1995 due to a sale loophole . 1995 : De facto age raised to 21 in 1995 when loophole was closed . 1996 : In 1996 , briefly lowered by Louisiana Supreme Court to 18 until it reversed its decision , raising to 21 three months later . Other exceptions still remain . 21 ( Exceptions to state law include : For an established religious purpose ; When a person under twenty - one years of age is accompanied by a parent , spouse , or legal guardian twenty - one years of age or older ; For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication , or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician , pharmacist , dentist , nurse , hospital , or medical institution ; In a private residence , which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres , on which the dwelling is located , owned by the same person who owns the dwelling ; The sale , handling , transport , or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty - one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer , wholesaler , or retailer of beverage alcohol . ) Maine ? 21 1969 : Lowered to 20 1972 : Lowered to 18 1977 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Maryland ? 21 1974 : Lowered to 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1982 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause 21 ( however anyone can drink when parents , spouses , teachers are present ) Massachusetts ? 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 20 in 1979 ( Apr 16 ) Raised to 21 in 1985 21 Michigan ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 18 in 1972 ( Jan 1 ) 1978 : Raised to 19 in 1978 ( Dec 3 ) 1978 : Raised to 21 in 1978 ( Dec 21 ) , 18 days later . First state to raise age to 21 since it was lowered 21 Minnesota ? 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 ( June 1 ) 1976 : Raised to 19 ( Sept 1 ) First state to raise age after lowering . 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Mississippi ? 1966 : 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor ( alcohol not legalized until 1966 ) 18 Raised to 21 in 1986 21 Missouri ? 1945 : 21 21 21 21 Montana ? 21 1971 : Lowered to 19 1973 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 19 1987 : Raised to 21 21 Nebraska ? 21 1969 : Lowered to 20 1972 : Lowered to 19 1980 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Nevada ? 1933 : 21 21 21 21 New Hampshire ? 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 New Jersey Before 1880 : None Post-1880 : 18 ( penalties only against businesses ) 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1980 : Raised to 19 1983 : Raised to 21 21 New Mexico ? 1934 : 21 21 21 21 New York 21 18 18 1982 : Raised to 19 in 1982 ( Dec ) 1985 : Raised to 21 in 1985 ( Dec ) 21 North Carolina ? 18 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1983 : 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1986 : Raised to 21 in 1986 ( Sep 1 ) 21 North Dakota ? 1936 : 21 21 21 21 Ohio ? 1935 : 18 : for 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor 18 : for 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor 1982 : 19 : for 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor 1982 : 19 : beer 21 : wine and liquor 1988 : 21 21 ( However , anyone can drink with parents or legal - age spouse ) Oklahoma ? Men : 21 Women : 18 : 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor 1976 : Lowered to 18 ( for 3.2 % ABW beer ) for both sexes in 1976 ( Dec ) Last state to lower the drinking age . 1983 : Raised to 21 21 Oregon ? 1933 : 21 21 21 21 Pennsylvania ? 1935 : 21 21 21 21 Rhode Island ? 21 1970 : Lowered to 18 1980 : Raised to 19 1981 : Raised to 20 1984 : Raised to 21 21 South Carolina 21 1935 : 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1984 : 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1986 : Raised to 21 21 South Dakota ? 1934 : 21 ( all ) 1939 : Lowered to 18 : for 3.2 % beer Raised to 19 : for 3.2 % beer 1972 : 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1984 : 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1988 : Raised to 21 21 Tennessee Pre 1881 : None 1881 : 21 21 1964 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 19 1984 : Raised to 21 21 Texas Pre 1909 : 21 None ( with written permission of parent or guardian ) Post 1909 : 21 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1981 : Raised to 19 1986 : Raised to 21 in 1986 ( Sep 1 ) 21 Utah ? 1935 : 21 21 21 21 Vermont ? 21 1971 : Lowered to 18 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Virginia ? 21 1974 : Lowered to 18 : for beer and wine ( 21 : for liquor remained ) 1981 : Raised to 19 for off - premises consumption 1983 : Raised to 19 ( all beer ) 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Washington `` Age of majority '' since 1877 21 21 21 21 West Virginia ? 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1972 : Lowered to 18 ( all ) 1983 : Raised to 19 ( & 21 for non-residents ) 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Wisconsin 1839 -- 1866 : 18 : for wine and liquor None : for beer Post-1866 : 21 ( all ) 18 : for beer 21 : for wine and spirits 1957 : 21 : for residents of bordering states with age limit 21 . 1963 : Raised to 21 ( off - premises beer sales , remained 18 for on - premises ) . 1972 : Lowered to 18 ( all ) in 1972 ( Mar ) 1977 : Border state restriction lifted . 1984 : Raised to 19 1986 : Raised to 21 ( September 1 , 1986 ) 21 ( however anyone can drink when parents , spouses , teachers are present ) Wyoming ? 21 1973 : Lowered to 19 1988 : Raised to 21 in 1988 ( Jul 1 ) Last state to raise de jure drinking age to 21 21 American Samoa ? ? ? 21 ? 21 Northern Mariana Islands -- -- ? 21 ? 21 Puerto Rico ? 18 18 Kept at 18 despite 10 % highway funding penalty under Drinking Age Act . 18 Virgin Islands ? ? ? 18 18 Guam ? 21 ? 18 18 Raised to 21 in 2010 Additional Notes ( edit ) Contrary to popular belief , since the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 , not all states specifically prohibit minors ' and young adults ' consumption of alcohol in private settings . That is because the federal law is concerned only with purchase and public possession , not private consumption , and contains several exceptions . As of January 1 , 2007 , 14 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright , 19 states do not specifically ban underage consumption outright , and 17 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws . Federal law explicitly provides for religious , medical , employment and private club possession exceptions ; as of 2005 , 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws . In the 1960s the age for buying or drinking beer and wine in the District of Columbia ( Washington , D.C. ) was 18 ; the age for hard liquor was 21 . Residents from Virginia and Maryland would often drive to D.C. to obtain alcohol . In Louisiana , the 1987 law raising the age from 18 to 21 was deliberately written solely to comply with the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 to avoid losing highway funding , while still allowing 18 - to 20 - year - olds to drink as before . Not only did it still allow 18 - to 20 - year - olds to consume in private , it contained a major loophole allowing bars and stores to sell alcohol to 18 - to 20 - year - olds without penalty ( despite purchase being technically illegal ) which meant that the de facto age was still 18 . In other words , the drinking age was 21 only on paper . This loophole was closed in 1995 , but in 1996 the Louisiana Supreme Court declared a drinking age of 21 unconstitutional . That briefly lowered the de jure purchase age to 18 , causing an uproar which prompted the Louisiana Supreme Court to reverse its decision , raising the age to 21 three months later . Other exceptions still remain to this day , including drinking in a private residence , and Louisiana still has some of the most liberal general alcohol laws of any state . Some states were `` dry '' well before national Prohibition was enacted in 1919 , in some cases since achieving statehood . Also , some states did not become fully `` wet '' until several years after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 ( e.g. Mississippi in 1966 ) . Since 1966 , all states and territories of the USA have been `` wet '' , but dry counties and towns still exist in some states . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NIH Fact Sheets - Underage Drinking '' . Report.nih.gov. 2013 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Hunter . `` Lowered Drinking Age of the 1970 's history 128 blog '' . History128.web.unc.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Toomey , Traci L. ; Nelson , Toben F. ; Lenk , Kathleen M. ( 2009 ) . `` The age - 21 minimum legal drinking age : a case study linking past and current debates '' . Addiction. 104 ( 12 ) : 1958 -- 65 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1360 - 0443.2009. 02742. x . PMID 19922564 . Jump up ^ Keen , Judy ( 2008 - 04 - 01 ) . `` States weigh lowering drinking age '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ramon Someros Oberiano Act '' ( PDF ) . 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham Iron Age : § 4205 Code of Alabama '' . bplonline.cdmhost.com . Birmingham Public Library . 1881 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Statistical Analysis of the Effects of a Uniform Minimum Drinking Age '' ( PDF ) . ntl.bts.gov. April 1987 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` MLDA21 Law Effective Data - NHTSA '' . Nhtsa.dot.gov . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Effects of Government Regulation on Teenage Vehicle Mortality , McCornac , 1982 '' . Papers.ssrn.com. 2004 - 07 - 07 . SSRN 304765 . Jump up ^ `` Petersburg Pilot , Petersburg , Alaska : NEW DRINKING AGE '' . Petersburg Public Library . October 19 , 1983 . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Miron , Jeffrey A. ; Tetelbaum , Elina ( 2009 ) . `` Does The Minimum Legal Drinking Age Save Lives ? '' . Economic Inquiry. 47 ( 2 ) : 317 -- 336 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1465 - 7295.2008. 00179. x . ^ Jump up to : New York Times , December 4 , 1972 , `` State Braces for Lowering Drinking Age to 18 Jan. 1 '' ( NYT online archive ) ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) link to fake reference ( typical wikitrash ) ^ Jump up to : MINIMUM DRINKING AGE LAWS , 1990 Jump up ^ `` Daily Alta California , Volume 42 , Number 14092 : SELLING LIQUOR TO MINORS '' . cdnc.ucr.edu . California Digital Newspaper Collection . 1888 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Alta California , Volume 42 , Number 13780 : Selling Liquor to Minors '' . cdnc.ucr.edu . California Digital Newspaper Collection . 1887 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Alta California , Volume 37 , Number 12646 : THE NEXT GRAND JURY '' . cdnc.ucr.edu . California Digital Newspaper Collection . 1884 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Call , Volume 69 , Number 144 : NO LIQUOR FOR MINORS '' . cdnc.ucr.edu . California Digital Newspaper Collection . 1891 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Behavioral Policies and Teen Traffic Safety on JSTOR '' . jstor.org . Jump up ^ OLR Research Report - Lowering the Drinking Age , 2009 . Cga.ct.gov . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of Transportation final report ( DOT HS 809 348 ) `` Determine Why There Are Fewer Young Alcohol - Impaired Drivers , '' section III. B. , `` What happened : regional & state experience . '' Jump up ^ `` Chapter 545 - Liquor Control Act '' . Cga.ct.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` D.C. debate continuing on alcohol '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . UPI . September 29 , 1966 . p. 10C . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill filed to lower drinking age to 18 '' . The Day . New London , CT . January 22 , 1971 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` D.C. to get new drinking age '' . Lawrence Journal - World . Associated Press . September 24 , 1986 . p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Texas and North Carolina Raise Drinking Age to 21 '' . New York Times . Associated Press . September 1 , 1986 . ^ Jump up to : `` For Some , New Drinking Law Hard To Swallow '' . sun-sentinel.com . June 30 , 1985 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Alcohol Laws '' . Alcohollaws.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bills lower drinking age to 19 in Idaho '' . Spokesman - Review . Associated Press . March 18 , 1972 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Idaho gears for younger drinkers '' . Deseret News . UPI . June 26 , 1972 . p. 8C . Jump up ^ `` Idaho 's legislature : Young jurors '' . Lewiston ( ID ) Morning Tribune . January 18 , 1972 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Taverns await new customers : age drops to 19 '' . Lewiston Morning Tribune . June 30 , 1972 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Idaho drinking : new law will allow some under 21 to keep imbibing '' . Spokane Chronicle. April 10 , 1987 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` The new Northwest . ( Portland , Or . ) 1871 - 1887 , March 15 , 1872 , Image 4 : The Illinois Temperance Law '' . oregonnews.uoregon.edu . University of Oregon Libraries . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chicago Daily Tribune , August 3 , 1961 , `` Girl , 19 , sues for right to have a drink '' ( ProQuest archive ) Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune , June 14 , 1973 , `` Beer at 19 Signed by Walker . '' ( ProQuest archive ) Jump up ^ `` History of DUI Laws In Illinois '' , Illinois Secretary of State website ^ Jump up to : `` State of Iowa Alcoholic Beverages Division , Historical Highlights '' . iowaabd.com . ^ Jump up to : Bragg , Rick ( 1996 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Louisiana Stands Alone on Drinking at 18 '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : AP ( 1996 - 07 - 03 ) . `` Louisiana Court Upholds Drinking Age of 18 '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : ( 2 ) Exceptions to Minimum Age of 21 for Possession of Alcohol as of January 1 , 2010 , Alcohol Policy Information System Jump up ^ http://www.legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=78725 ^ Jump up to : `` Drinking ages set by the states '' . New York Times . June 27 , 1984 . Jump up ^ The Years of the Rat . Magazine.loyola.edu ( 2009 - 08 - 18 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Effects of Drunk Driving . Drivingdrunk.org . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Maryland increases drinking age to 21 '' . Gettysburg Times . Associated Press . February 26 , 1982 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Legal drinking age going up '' . Eugene Register - Guard . Associated Press . April 15 , 1979 . p. 16A . Jump up ^ `` Senate of Massachusetts Sets 19 as Drinking Age '' . New York Times . February 18 , 1979 . Jump up ^ Hingson , RW ; Scotch , N ; Mangione , T ; Meyers , A ; Glantz , L ; Heeren , T ; Lin , N ; Mucatel , M ; Pierce , G ( 1983 ) . `` Impact of legislation raising the legal drinking age in Massachusetts from 18 to 20 '' . American Journal of Public Health . 73 ( 2 ) : 163 -- 170 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 73.2. 163 . PMC 1650505 . PMID 6849474 . Jump up ^ Chicago Daily Defender , January 4 , 1972 , `` Drinking age lowered in Michigan '' ( ProQuest archive ) . Jump up ^ 1978 State Ballot Issues . ( PDF ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Daily Collegian , March 16 , 1979 , `` Pennsylvania drinking age follows national trend . '' ( Penn State library ActivePaper online archive ( 3 ) ) Jump up ^ Resources on Minnesota Legislative Issues , Legal Age in Minnesota , 2009 . Leg.state.mn.us . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Twin Cities.com , Pioneer Press , August 20 , 2008 -- B8 Editorial , `` A lower legal drinking age ? '' ( 4 ) ( twincities.com website ) Jump up ^ `` Montana drops drinking age to 19 for those with permit '' . Sarasota Herald = Tribune . Associated Press . June 28 , 1971 . p. 7B . Jump up ^ `` Drinking age opposed '' . Spokesman - Review . Associated Press . October 23 , 1975 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Platform plank : Dems want to lower drinking age to 18 . Helenair.com ( 2008 - 07 - 27 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : New York Times , March 10 , 1987 , `` Drinking age is fiery issue in West '' ( ProQuest archive ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Drinking Age History '' , Nebraska Liquor Control Commission Jump up ^ AlcoholEdu : Above the Law . The Dartmouth Review 2002 Archived December 4 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ P.L. 1880 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ `` P.L. 1888 , p. 253 . '' ( PDF ) . rutgers.edu . Jump up ^ Jersey , New ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` Compiled Statutes of New Jersey '' . Soney & Sage -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` THE REGION - Drinking Age of 21 Gains in Jersey '' . NYTimes.com . New Jersey . 1982 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Barbanel , Josh ( May 28 , 1984 ) . `` Raising New York Drinking Age to 21 '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Drinking Age of 21 Gains in Jersey '' . New York Times . June 11 , 1982 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 30 . `` New York will raise its legal age of 18 to 19 on Dec. 4 . Jump up ^ `` New York raising its drinking age to 21 in December '' . New York Times . June 19 , 1985 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 20 . The minimum legal drinking age in New York State is rising from 19 to 21 on Dec. 1 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota Century Code TITLE 5 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES CHAPTER 5 - 01 - 08 '' ( PDF ) . nd.gov . Jump up ^ `` Daily Kent Stater , Volume LIV , Number 15 : 3.2 Beer Floats into Senate '' . dks.library.kent.edu . Kent State University . October 17 , 1968 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ RAY SWENSON ( Staff Writer ) ( August 23 , 1982 ) . `` Daily Kent Stater , Volume III , Number 15 : New liquor law unpopular with local bar owners '' . dks.library.kent.edu . Kent State University . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Craig v. Boren , 429 U.S. 190 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Craig v. Boren , 429 U.S. 190 ( 1976 ) ; Atlantic Economic Journal , Volume 13 , Number 1 / March , 1985 , `` Drinking age and the 55 MPH speed limit '' by Paul M. Sommers ( SpringerLink online abstract ) Jump up ^ Daily Collegian , February 9 , 1984 , `` Lawmakers across nation debate raising legal drinking age . '' ( Penn State library ActivePaper online archive ( 5 ) ) Jump up ^ Rhode Island College Timeline . Ric.edu . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento Daily Union , Volume 85 , Number 94 : SOUTH CAROLINA 'S LIQUOR LAW '' . cdnc.ucr.edu . California Digital Newspaper Collection . 1893 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South Dakota v. Dole '' . Oyez.org . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The home journal. , April 27 , 1881 , Image 2 : The Minor Liquor Law '' . chroniclingamerica.loc.gov . Library of Congress . April 27 , 1881 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Brownsville daily herald. , April 23 , 1909 , Image 4 '' . chroniclingamerica.loc.gov . The Library of Congress . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Lubbock avalanche. , September 26 , 1912 , Image 9 '' . chroniclingamerica.loc.gov . The Library of Congress . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lower drinking age to 18 ? 2007 . M.reporternews.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Winckler , Suzanne . `` The Street of Vrrrrmmmms '' ( in `` The Reporter '' ) . Texas Monthly . Emmis Communications , January 1984 . Volume 12 , No. 1 . ISSN 0148 - 7736 . Start : p. 74 . CITED : p. 76 . Jump up ^ `` Drinking at Midd : past and present '' . Media.www.middleburycampus.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Health Care in Vermont Database and Timeline '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Legal Drinking Age '' . Abc.state.va.us. 1966 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ What was the first legal drinking age in Wash. ? . Blog.seattlepi.com ( 2009 - 11 - 09 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Legal Age Cut to 18 , New York Times , June 10 , 1972 Jump up ^ Wisconsin Brief 95 - 3 , January 1995 , `` The Minimum Drinking Age in Wisconsin '' ^ Jump up to : `` Wisconsin Brief 95 - 3 , January 1995 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` State Raises Drinking Age '' . New York Times . March 12 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Knudson , Thomas J. `` Drinking age is fiery issue in West '' . New York Times , March 10 , 1987 . Jump up ^ Fast Facts in Samoa at Frommer 's . Frommers.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Marianas Visitors Authority - Trip Essentials . Mymarianas.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Vieques Travel Guide . Vieques Travel Guide . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Virgin Islands Vacation Tips . Virginislandsmap.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . 94 . Citation for Wisconsin drinking law : https://www.revenue.wi.gov/Pages/FAQS/ise-atundrg.aspx Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._history_of_alcohol_minimum_purchase_age_by_state&oldid=841871039 '' Categories : Alcohol law in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 16 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state 2. Changes in drinking age laws in the United States 3. Impact of the 26th Amendment on drinking age 4. National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 5. Controversy surrounding the drinking age of 21 in the U.S.

who sang i may not be a lady

All Woman - wikipedia All Woman For the 1918 film , see All Woman ( film ) . For the album by Hurricane G , see All Woman ( album ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` All Woman '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Lisa Stansfield <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Real Love Released 9 December 1991 ( 1991 - 12 - 09 ) Format CD single cassette single 7 '' single 12 '' single Recorded 1991 Genre Soul Length 5 : 17 Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Lisa Stansfield Ian Devaney Andy Morris Producer ( s ) Ian Devaney Andy Morris <Th_colspan="2"> Lisa Stansfield singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Change '' ( 1991 ) `` All Woman '' ( 1991 ) `` Time to Make You Mine '' ( 1992 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Change '' ( 1991 ) `` All Woman '' ( 1991 ) `` Time to Make You Mine '' ( 1992 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` All Woman '' on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> `` All Woman '' is a song recorded by British singer Lisa Stansfield for her 1991 album , Real Love . It was written by Stansfield , Ian Devaney and Andy Morris , and produced by Devaney and Morris . Contents 1 Release 2 Critical reception 3 Track listings 4 Charts 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Cover versions 6 See also 7 References Release ( edit ) It was released as the second single on 9 December 1991 in the United Kingdom and in early 1992 in the rest of the world . The Nick Brandt - directed music video was also released . The song reached number twenty in the United Kingdom . In the United States , it peaked at number fifty - six on the Billboard Hot 100 , number one on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs and number twenty - one on the Adult Contemporary Singles . The single 's B - side included previously unreleased track , `` Everything Will Get Better . '' The latter was remixed by Danny Tenaglia and reached number thirty - six on the Hot Dance Club Songs . In 2003 , `` All Woman '' was included on Biography : The Greatest Hits . In 2014 , the remixes of `` Everything Will Get Better '' were included on the deluxe 2CD + DVD re-release of Real Love ( also on The Collection 1989 -- 2003 ) . Critical reception ( edit ) The song received favorable reviews from music critics . The Gavin Report wrote about the song : `` Nothing like a slice of real life to stir human emotions and singer / co-writer Lisa Stansfield puts all her heart into this latest release . It 's no surprise that Lisa expresses a lifelong fondness for R&B , giving her music that dose of Soul and programmers a belated Valentine 's present . '' Music & Media wrote : `` The second single from the Real Love album is a smooth ballad , not heard anymore since the top days of Shirley Bassey . She should be an excellent choice to sing lead on a future 007 soundtrack . '' Track listings ( edit ) European / US 7 '' single / Japanese CD single `` All Woman '' ( Edit ) -- 4 : 49 `` Everything Will Get Better '' -- 5 : 00 European CD single `` All Woman '' ( Edit ) -- 4 : 49 `` Everything Will Get Better '' ( Extended Mix ) -- 8 : 03 `` Change '' ( Metamorphosis Mix ) -- 7 : 04 US 12 '' single `` All Woman '' -- 5 : 16 `` Everything Will Get Better '' ( Sax on the Beach Mix ) -- 6 : 35 `` Everything Will Get Better '' ( Ian & Andy 12 `` ) -- 8 : 01 `` Everything Will Get Better '' ( Underground Club Mix ) -- 9 : 54 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 -- 92 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 52 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 28 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 50 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 9 Italy ( Hit Parade ) 16 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 21 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 21 Spain Radio ( PROMUSICAE ) 38 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 38 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 20 US Billboard Hot 100 56 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 21 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 ) Position Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 74 Italy ( Hit Parade ) 83 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 210 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 11 Cover versions ( edit ) The song was covered by Marcia Hines for her 2007 album , Life . See also ( edit ) List of number - one R&B singles of 1992 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sholin , Dave ( 14 February 1992 ) . `` Gavin Picks > Singles '' ( PDF ) . Gavin Report . No. 1892 . p. 100 . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Releases : Singles '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media . 18 January 1992 . Retrieved 29 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Lisa Stansfield -- All Woman '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 2090 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 2138 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HitParadeItalia - Stansfield , Lisa '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 04 , 1992 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Lisa Stansfield -- All Woman '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Fernando Salaverri ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Lisa Stansfield -- All Woman '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lisa Stansfield : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lisa Stansfield Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lisa Stansfield Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lisa Stansfield Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary - Volume 56 , No. 25 , December 19 1992 '' . RPM . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I singoli più venduti del 1992 '' . Hit Parade Italia . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaarlijsten 1992 '' ( in Dutch ) . Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Year in Music : 1992 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 26 December 1992 . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . <Th_colspan="2"> Lisa Stansfield <Td_colspan="2"> Blue Zone Discography Awards Studio albums Affection Real Love So Natural Lisa Stansfield Face Up The Moment Seven Deeper Compilations In Session Biography : The Greatest Hits The Complete Collection The Collection 1989 -- 2003 Remix albums The Remix Album Seven+ People Hold On ... The Remix Anthology Live albums Live in Manchester Soundtracks Swing Extended plays Five Live Singles <Td_colspan="2"> `` Your Alibis '' `` The Only Way '' `` Listen to Your Heart '' `` I Got a Feeling '' `` This Is the Right Time '' `` All Around the World '' `` Live Together '' `` What Did I Do to You ? ' '' `` You Ca n't Deny It '' `` Change `` All Woman '' `` Time to Make You Mine '' `` Set Your Loving Free '' `` A Little More Love '' `` Someday ( I 'm Coming Back ) '' `` In All the Right Places '' `` So Natural '' `` Little Bit of Heaven '' `` Marvellous & Mine '' `` Make It Right '' `` Dream Away '' `` The Real Thing '' `` Never , Never Gonna Give You Up '' `` The Line '' `` Do n't Cry for Me '' `` Let 's Just Call It Love '' `` 8 - 3 - 1 '' `` Easier '' `` Treat Me Like a Woman '' `` If I Had n't Got You '' `` He Touches Me '' `` Ca n't Dance '' `` Carry On '' `` So Be It '' `` There Goes My Heart '' Featuring `` Love Will Wait '' `` Finest Thing '' `` On Fire '' `` Thinking About His Baby '' `` Big Thing '' `` Jackie '' `` People Hold On '' `` My Telephone '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` The Longer We Make Love '' Promotional `` Never Gonna Fall '' `` I 'm Leavin ' '' `` Too Hot '' Video releases Biography : The Greatest Hits Live at Ronnie Scott 's Live in Manchester Tours Seven Tour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_Woman&oldid=856572573 '' Categories : Lisa Stansfield songs 1991 singles Songs written by Lisa Stansfield Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Songs with feminist themes 1991 songs Arista Records singles Songs written by Ian Devaney Songs written by Andy Morris ( musician ) Soul ballads 1990s ballads Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 05 : 09 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. "All Woman" - Lisa Stansfield's song 2. Real Love - Lisa Stansfield's album 3. Release and critical reception of "All Woman" 4. Track listings and charts for "All Woman" 5. Cover versions of "All Woman"

where did free rural mail delivery service begin in the us on october 1 1896

Rural Free delivery - wikipedia Rural Free delivery Jump to : navigation , search For the EP by Whiskeytown , see Rural Free Delivery ( EP ) . Rural Free Delivery ( RFD ) is a service which began in the United States in the late 19th century , to deliver mail directly to rural farm families . Prior to RFD , individuals living in more remote homesteads had to pick up mail themselves at sometimes distant post offices or pay private carriers for delivery . RFD became a political football , with politicians promising it to voters and using it themselves to reach voters . The proposal to offer free rural delivery was not universally embraced . Private carriers and local shopkeepers feared a loss of business . The United States Post Office Department began experiments with Rural Free Delivery as early as 1890 . However , it was not until 1893 , when Georgia Congressman Thomas E. Watson pushed through legislation , that the practice was mandated . However , universal implementation was slow ; RFD was not adopted generally in the United States Post Office until 1902 . The rural delivery service uses a network of rural routes traveled by carriers to deliver and pick up mail to and from roadside mailboxes . Rural Free Delivery vehicle ( from Popular Mechanics , September 1905 ) Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 First routes 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links History ( edit ) Rural carrier in an early electric vehicle , circa 1910 Until the late 19th century , residents of rural areas had to either travel to a distant post office to pick up their mail , or else pay for delivery by a private carrier . Postmaster General John Wanamaker , owner of a major department store , was ardently in favor of Rural Free Delivery ( RFD ) , with many thousands of Americans living in rural communities who wanted to send and receive retail orders inexpensively . However , the adoption of a nationwide RFD system had many opponents . Some were simply opposed to the cost of the service . Private express carriers thought inexpensive rural mail delivery would eliminate their business , and many town merchants worried the service would reduce farm families ' weekly visits to town to obtain goods and merchandise , or that mail order merchants selling through catalogs , such as Sears , Roebuck and Company might present significant competition . Support for the introduction of a nationwide rural mail delivery service came from The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry , the nation 's oldest agricultural organization . Fayette County in east - central Indiana claims to be the birthplace of Rural Free Delivery . Milton Trusler , a leading farmer in the county , began advocating the idea in 1880 ; as the president of the Indiana Grange , he spoke to farmers statewide frequently over the following sixteen years . The Post Office Department first experimented with the idea of rural mail delivery on October 1 , 1891 to determine the viability of RFD . They began with five routes covering ten miles , 33 years after free delivery in cities had begun . The first routes to receive RFD during its experimental phase were in Jefferson County , West Virginia , near Charles Town , Halltown , and Uvilla . Legislation by U.S. Congressman Thomas E. Watson of Georgia mandated the practice , and RFD finally became an official service in 1896 . That year , 82 rural routes were put into operation . A massive undertaking , nationwide RFD service took several years to implement , and remains the `` biggest and most expensive endeavor '' ever instituted by the U.S. postal service . The service has grown steadily . By 1901 , the mileage had increased to over 100,000 ; the cost was $1,750,321 and over 37,000 carriers were employed . In 1910 the mileage was 993,068 ; cost $36,915,000 ; carriers 40,997 . In 1913 came the introduction of parcel post delivery , which caused another boom in rural deliveries . Parcel post service allowed the distribution of national newspapers and magazines , and was responsible for millions of dollars of sales in mail - order merchandise to customers in rural areas . In 1930 there were 43,278 rural routes serving about 6,875,321 families -- that is about 25,471,735 persons . The cost was $106,338,341 . In 1916 , the Rural Post `` Good '' Roads Act authorized federal funds for rural post roads . First routes ( edit ) The following is a list of the first rural routes established in each state , along with the names of the ( up to three ) Post Offices served and the date of establishment . State Post Office ( s ) Date Alabama Opelika December 7 , 1896 Alaska Nome May 10 , 1901 Arizona Tempe November 24 , 1896 Arkansas Clarksville October 19 , 1896 California Campbell February 1 , 1897 Colorado Loveland November 10 , 1896 Connecticut Branford , Guilford , Milford June 1 , 1898 Delaware Harrington October 3 , 1898 District of Columbia Anacostia , Bennings September 1 , 1902 Florida Winter Park January 1 , 1898 Georgia Quitman December 8 , 1896 Hawaii Haiku March 1 , 1918 Idaho Moscow April 14 , 1900 Illinois Auburn December 10 , 1896 Indiana Hartsville , Hope October 15 , 1896 Iowa Morning Sun November 10 , 1896 Kansas Bonner Springs October 26 , 1896 Kentucky Allensville January 11 , 1897 Louisiana Thibodaux November 1 , 1896 Maine Gorham , Naples , Sebago Lake November 23 , 1896 Maryland Westminster October 15 , 1896 Massachusetts Bernardston , Greenfield November 2 , 1896 Michigan Climax December 3 , 1896 Minnesota Farmington January 1 , 1897 Mississippi Hickory October 1 , 1901 Missouri Cairo October 15 , 1896 Montana Billings February 1 , 1902 Nebraska Tecumseh November 7 , 1896 Nevada Lovelock December 1 , 1903 New Hampshire Pittsfield October 20 , 1898 New Jersey Moorestown June 6 , 1898 New Mexico Roswell March 1 , 1902 New York Elba October 15 , 1896 North Carolina China Grove October 23 , 1896 North Dakota Wahpeton October 3 , 1898 Ohio Collinsville , Darrtown , Somerville October 15 , 1896 Oklahoma Hennessey August 15 , 1900 Oregon Turner October 16 , 1897 Pennsylvania New Stanton , Ruffsdale November 24 , 1896 Rhode Island South Portsmouth January 1 , 1899 South Carolina Cope , Orangeburg , Saint George March 1 , 1899 South Dakota Ellis May 1 , 1899 Tennessee Atoka January 11 , 1897 Texas Fate , La Grange August 1 , 1899 Utah Murray August 15 , 1899 Vermont Grand Isle December 21 , 1896 Virginia Palmyra October 22 , 1896 Washington North Yakima April 1 , 1897 West Virginia Charles Town , Halltown , Uvilla October 1 , 1896 Wisconsin Sun Prairie November 16 , 1896 Wyoming Hilliard , Sheridan , Wheatland October 15 , 1900 See also ( edit ) U.S. Parcel Post stamps of 1912 - 13 Mayberry R.F.D. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Encyclopædia Britannica - Rural Free Delivery Jump up ^ Historian United States Postal Service ( May 2007 ) . `` Rural Free Delivery '' ( PDF ) . United States Postal Service . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . On October 1 , 1890 , Congress authorized funding of $10,000 to test the `` practicability '' of delivering mail to small towns , defined as those having populations of from 300 to 5,000 people , and nearby rural districts ... Jump up ^ `` Rural Mailboxes '' . National Postal Museum . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Clark , Mary ( Spring 2007 ) . `` Rural Free Delivery '' ( PDF ) . Dane County Historical Society Newsletter . Madison , WI 53711 , US : Dane County Historical Society . 26 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 6 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2012 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 15 . Did You Know ? ' Neither snow nor rain ... ' Contrary to popular belief , the quote at the beginning of this article is not the official motto of the U.S. Postal Service . According to the Postal Service , this inscription was supplied by William Mitchell Kendall of the firm McKim , Mead & White , the architects who designed the New York General Post Office building in 1912 . Kendall explained that the sentence appears in the works of Herodotus and describes the expedition of the Greeks against the Persians under Cyrus , about 500 B.C. The Persians operated a system of mounted postal couriers , and the sentence describes the fidelity with which their work was done . Jump up ^ Division of Historic Preservation and Archeology . Fayette County Interim Report . Indianapolis : Indiana Department of Natural Resources , 1981 - 07 , xviii . ^ Jump up to : `` First Rural Routes by State '' . United States Postal Service . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Harry McKown ( 2006 - 10 - 31 ) . `` This Month in North Carolina History '' . This Month in North Carolina History . University of North Carolina . Jump up ^ `` Parcel Post : Delivery of Dreams '' . Smithsonian Institution Libraries . Further reading ( edit ) Barron , Hal S. mixed harvest : The second great transformation in the rural north , 1870 - 1930 ( U of North Carolina Press , 1997 ) . Fuller , Wayne Edison . RFD , the changing face of rural America ( 1964 ) , a standard scholarly history Kernell , Samuel , and Michael P. McDonald . `` Congress and America 's political development : The transformation of the post office from patronage to service . '' American Journal of Political Science 43 # 3 ( 1999 ) , pp. 792 - 811 in JSTOR ; online copy Perlman , Elisabeth Ruth , and Steven Sprick Schuster . `` Delivering the Vote : The Political Effect of Free Mail Delivery in Early Twentieth Century America . '' Journal of Economic History 76.3 ( 2016 ) : 769 - 802 . online External links ( edit ) 1903 film of carrier receiving RFD mail to deliver in Westminster , Maryland , from the Library of Congress <Th_colspan="2"> United States Postal Service Organizations American Letter Mail Company American Postal Workers Union Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service Bureau of Transportation Citizens ' Stamp Advisory Committee National Alliance of Postal and Federal Employees National Association of Letter Carriers National Association of Presort Mailers National Postal Mail Handlers Union National Rural Letter Carriers ' Association Postal Regulatory Commission Postal Transportation Service PostalWatch Incorporated United States Postal Inspection Service United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General Systems Address Management System Advanced Facer - Canceler System Coding Accuracy Support System Flats Sequencing System Locatable Address Conversion System United States Postal Savings System Services Click - N - Ship Express mail in the United States National Change Of Address Permit mail Permit Reply Mail Postal notes Railway Mail Service Registered mail Special Delivery Special handling Facilities Air Mail Facility Boat Railway Post Office Community post office Dead letter office Highway Post Office J.W. Westcott II List of United States Post Offices National Postal Museum Network Distribution Center Railway mail service library Red Brick Roads Sectional center facility Streetcar Railway Post Office Terminal Railway Post Office Legal Comstock laws Post Office Act Postal Reorganization Act Postal Service Act Private Express Statutes Rural Post `` Good '' Roads Act of 1916 Title 39 of the United States Code Related Airmails of the United States CAR - RT SORT Catcher pouch Cimarron Redoubt Domestic Mail Manual Facing Identification Mark Flats Grumman LLV Information - Based Indicia The Inspectors Intelligent Mail barcode Label 228 List of postal killings List of U.S. state abbreviations List of United States airmail stamps Mail bag Mail cover Mail hook Mail Isolation Control and Tracking Mail jumping Mail pouch Mail sack Mail satchel The Mail Story Nixie ORM - D Owney ( dog ) Pony Express mochila Postage stamps and postal history of the United States Postal Alpha Numeric Encoding Technique Postal Clause Postal worker Postmaster General Prohibitory Order Remote Bar Coding System Rural Free Delivery Rural letter carrier STD - 4C United States post office murals List of murals USPS Post Office Box Lobby Recycling program United States Postal Service creed Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rural_Free_Delivery&oldid=801274449 '' Categories : United States Postal Service Postal services Rural society in the United States Rural culture Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 18 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Rural Free Delivery (RFD) 2. Mail delivery to rural farm families 3. History of Rural Free Delivery 4. Opposition to Rural Free Delivery 5. Implementation and growth of RFD

how many season of sons of anarchy are there going to be

Sons of Anarchy - wikipedia Sons of Anarchy Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Sons of Anarchy <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Crime drama Contemporary Western Tragedy Created by Kurt Sutter Starring Charlie Hunnam Katey Sagal Mark Boone Junior Kim Coates Tommy Flanagan Johnny Lewis Maggie Siff Ron Perlman Ryan Hurst William Lucking Theo Rossi Dayton Callie Jimmy Smits Drea De Matteo David Labrava Niko Nicotera Theme music composer Bob Thiele Dave Kushner Curtis Stigers Opening theme `` This Life '' by Curtis Stigers & The Forest Rangers Composer ( s ) Bob Thiele Jr . Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 92 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Kurt Sutter John Linson Art Linson James D. Parriott Paris Barclay Dave Erickson Producer ( s ) Phil Laudicina Regina Corrado Liz Sagal Craig Yahata Chris Collins Grace Whitehouse Location ( s ) Occidental Studios , North Hollywood , California Cinematography Paul Maibaum Editor ( s ) Paul Fontaine Etienne des Lauriers Lauren Pendergrass Running time 41 -- 81 minutes Production company ( s ) Linson The Company Sutter Ink Fox 21 FX Productions Distributor 20th Television <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network FX Original release September 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 03 ) -- December 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Followed by Mayans MC Sons of Anarchy is an American crime drama television series created by Kurt Sutter , that aired in 2008 and ended in 2014 . It follows the lives of a close - knit outlaw motorcycle club operating in Charming , a fictional town in California 's Central Valley . The show stars Charlie Hunnam as Jackson `` Jax '' Teller , who is the vice president . He soon begins to question the club and himself . Brotherhood , loyalty and redemption are constant themes . Sons of Anarchy premiered on September 3 , 2008 , on cable network FX . The series 's third season attracted an average of 4.9 million weekly viewers , making it FX 's highest rated series and surpassing its other hits The Shield , Nip / Tuck and Rescue Me . Season four and five premieres were the two highest - rated telecasts in FX 's history . The sixth season aired from September 10 , 2013 , through December 10 , 2013 . The seventh and final season of the series premiered on September 9 , 2014 . The series finale premiered on December 9 , 2014 . This series explores vigilantism , government corruption and racism , and depicts an outlaw motorcycle club as an analogy for human transformation . The real life Oakland Hells Angel David Labrava served as a technical advisers , and also played one of the main characters , Happy Lowman , the club 's assassin . On November 2013 , Sutter indicated that he was in talks with FX to make a Sons of Anarchy prequel set in the 1960s . In February 2015 , he said he would not work on the prequel , which is likely to be titled `` The First 9 '' . In November 2016 , FX announced the development of a spin - off series Mayans MC that will be centered around Latino culture . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 1.1 Season 1 ( 2008 ) 1.2 Season 2 ( 2009 ) 1.3 Season 3 ( 2010 ) 1.4 Season 4 ( 2011 ) 1.5 Season 5 ( 2012 ) 1.6 Season 6 ( 2013 ) 1.7 Season 7 ( 2014 ) 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Elements 3.1 Concept 3.2 SAMCRO founders 3.3 SAMCRO attire 3.4 Vehicles 3.5 Activities and affiliates 3.6 SAMCRO properties 3.7 Shakespearean influence 3.8 SAMCRO hierarchy 4 Production 4.1 Crew 4.2 Filming 5 Episodes 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.1. 1 Season one 6.1. 2 Season two 6.1. 3 Season three 6.1. 4 Season four 6.1. 5 Season five 6.1. 6 Season six 6.1. 7 Season seven 6.2 Ratings 6.3 Awards and nominations 7 Music 7.1 Soundtracks 8 Other media 8.1 Comic book 8.2 Novel series 8.3 Potential prequel 8.4 Sons of Anarchy : The Prospect 8.5 Spin - off 9 Broadcast 10 References 11 External links Series overview ( edit ) Each season involves parallel plot lines that intertwine and overlap , centering on both the personal and family life of Jackson `` Jax '' Teller ( Charlie Hunnam ) and on SAMCRO ( Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club , Redwood Original ) . SAMCRO is involved with gun - running in the western United States , and deals with rival gangs , politicians and the authorities . As vice president and later president of SAMCRO , Jax struggles to manage the club and the legacy of its founder , his late father John . SAMCRO is said to resemble the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club ; the series includes appearances from David Labrava ( Happy ) , Chuck Zito ( Frankie Diamonds ) , Rusty Coones ( Quinn ) , and Sonny Barger ( Lenny `` The Pimp '' Janowitz ) who are real Hells Angels members . Season 1 ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sons of Anarchy ( season 1 ) The series begins with the destruction of a warehouse the club uses to store and assemble guns , which is their main source of income , by a rival MC right before the overdose of Jax 's Methamphetamine - addicted ex-wife Wendy . An emergency C - section is performed , and their son Abel is delivered ten weeks prematurely . Jax finds his father 's memoirs when he visits a storage unit to collect some old baby clothes . John Teller , Jax 's father , was one of the founders of SAMCRO , and the book describes his trials with and hopes for the club . Jax 's mother , Gemma Teller - Morrow , is now married to the President of SAMCRO , Clay Morrow . Jax 's best friend Opie has just been released from prison for serving time for a club - related crime . The first season deals with Jax trying to reconcile things happening to the club with what he reads in his father 's memoirs , Opie trying to take a lesser role in the club , and local and federal law enforcement trying to shut down SAMCRO . Season 2 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sons of Anarchy ( season 2 ) White separatists called the League of American Nationalists ( LOAN ) arrive in Charming . LOAN 's leader Ethan Zobelle and Zobelle 's enforcer , A.J. Weston , seek to drive the Sons of Anarchy from Charming . To send a message to SAMCRO , Zobelle orchestrates to have Gemma kidnapped and gang raped by Weston and two others . Due to the improper handling of an internal problem , the rift between Clay and Jax continues to widen as Jax challenges most of Clay 's decisions and comes to a head when a lone car bomb nearly kills another member of SAMCRO . The second season sees SAMCRO battling LOAN for control of Charming , Jax and Clay veering further apart in their individual visions for the club , and evading the ever - present threat of the ATF . Season 3 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sons of Anarchy ( season 3 ) Gemma has been hiding in Rogue River , Oregon with Tig at the home of Gemma 's father , Nate ( Hal Holbrook ) , who suffers from dementia . Gemma struggles when she takes Nate to his new assisted living home , and he pleads to be taken back to his house . She returns to Charming to reunite with her grandson , unaware he has been kidnapped . The return of A.T.F. agent Stahl twists the facts about the murder of Donna , Stahl attempts to make a deal with Jax behind the club 's back . Father Kellan Ashby 's sister , Maureen , contacts Gemma at Ashby 's request and tells her Abel is safe in Belfast . Upon learning of her grandson 's abduction , Gemma suffers a cardiac arrhythmia and collapses in the Teller - Morrow lot . After the club returns from Ireland and brings home Abel , agent Stahl double crosses Jax and tells the club about the side deal Jax made with her , unaware that Jax and the club had it planned all along knowing Stahl would back out of the deal . Jax , Clay , Bobby , Tig , Juice and Happy are hauled away to jail . While Opie , Chibbs , and the Prospects are all en route following Stahl . Opie kills Stahl to avenge the death of his wife , Donna . Season 4 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sons of Anarchy ( season 4 ) The imprisoned SAMCRO members leave the penitentiary after their 14 - month stay and are met by Lieutenant Eli Roosevelt of the San Joaquin Sheriff 's Department , the new law enforcement present in Charming . They also discover Hale has become the mayor . US Attorney Lincoln Potter seeks Lieutenant Roosevelt 's help to build a RICO case against SAMCRO . Season 5 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sons of Anarchy ( season 5 ) In retaliation for the death of Veronica Pope ( Laroy 's girlfriend , who was also the daughter of powerful Oakland kingpin Damon Pope ) , the Niners attack SAMCRO and ambush a cargo shipment . With the death of Piney Winston and the growing conflict between the Niners and SAMCRO , along with several home invasions targeting people linked to the Club , Jax is forced to meet with Damon Pope , to face a new threat unlike anything SAMCRO has ever faced . Season 6 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sons of Anarchy ( season 6 ) Following the arrest of Tara and Clay , Jax struggles to hold SAMCRO together while Tara is imprisoned . Toric approaches both Tara and Clay and offers them deals in exchange for giving up SAMCRO ; both initially refuse , but Clay later relents when confronted with being thrown into the prison 's general population and assuredly being killed by inmates paid off by Damon Pope 's men as a retaliation for Pope 's murder . Juice returns to Charming after helping Bobby relocate after stepping down as VP , which angers Chibs , who does n't believe Juice has been punished enough for talking to cops and later beats him . With the growing romance between Gemma and Nero , the death of Clay Morrow , and death of Tara , the tables get turned and club starts to go in a new darker direction . Season 7 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sons of Anarchy ( season 7 ) Jax struggles with his recent loss and turns himself in to the authorities . While in jail , Jax makes decisions that radically alter the direction of the club and uses it to exact revenge . Another member 's death fuels the hate and lies created by Gemma and Juice , who are on the run and hiding from the club . After Jax learns the truth , he works to make things right with all parties involved . The series ends with Jax making the ultimate sacrifice to complete his part of the story of SAMCRO and fulfill his father 's vision . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Sons of Anarchy characters Sons of Anarchy is the story of the Teller - Morrow family of Charming , California , as well as the other members of Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club , Redwood Original ( SAMCRO ) , their families , various Charming townspeople , allied and rival gangs , associates , and law agencies that undermine or support SAMCRO 's legal and illegal enterprises . Main ( edit ) Character Actor <Th_colspan="7"> Seasons 5 6 7 Jax Teller Charlie Hunnam <Td_colspan="7"> Main Gemma Teller Morrow Katey Sagal <Td_colspan="7"> Main Bobby Munson Mark Boone Junior <Td_colspan="7"> Main Alex `` Tig '' Trager Kim Coates <Td_colspan="7"> Main Filip `` Chibs '' Telford Tommy Flanagan <Td_colspan="7"> Main Kip `` Half - Sack '' Epps Johnny Lewis <Td_colspan="2"> Main <Td_colspan="5"> Tara Knowles Maggie Siff <Td_colspan="6"> Main Clarence `` Clay '' Morrow Ron Perlman <Td_colspan="6"> Main Opie Winston Ryan Hurst Recurring <Td_colspan="4"> Main <Td_colspan="2"> Piney Winston William Lucking Recurring <Td_colspan="3"> Main <Td_colspan="3"> Juan Carlos `` Juice '' Ortiz Theo Rossi Recurring <Td_colspan="6"> Main Wayne Unser Dayton Callie <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring <Td_colspan="5"> Main Wendy Case Drea de Matteo Special Guest <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="3"> Special Guest Main Happy David Labrava Guest Co-star <Td_colspan="4"> Recurring Main Ratboy Niko Nicotera <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="3"> Recurring Main Nero Jimmy Smits <Td_colspan="4"> Special Guest <Td_colspan="2"> Starring Recurring ( edit ) Emilio Rivera as Marcus Alvarez Tory Kittles as Laroy Wayne ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Taylor Sheridan as Deputy Chief David Hale ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Jamie McShane as Cameron Hayes ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Dendrie Taylor as Luann Delaney ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Glenn Plummer as Deputy Sheriff Vic Trammel ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Julie Ariola as Mary Winston ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Taryn Manning as Rita `` Cherry '' Zambell ( seasons 1 & 3 ) Sprague Grayden as Donna Winston ( season 1 ) Jay Karnes as Agent Joshua Kohn ( season 1 ) Keir O'Donnell as Lowell Harland , Jr. ( season 1 ) Ally Walker as Agent June Stahl ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Jeff Wincott as Jimmy Cacuzza ( guest season 1 , 5 & 6 ) Mitch Pileggi as Ernest Darby ( seasons 1 -- 2 ; special guest season 3 ; guest season 6 ) Michael Ornstein as Chuck Marstein ( seasons 2 -- 7 ; guest season 1 ) Adam Arkin as Ethan Zobelle ( season 2 ) Kenneth Choi as Henry Lin ( seasons 2 -- 3 & 5 -- 6 ; guest season 1 ; special guest season 7 ) Kurt Sutter as `` Big '' Otto Delaney ( seasons 2 -- 6 ( uncredited ) ; guest season 1 ( uncredited ) ) Patrick St. Esprit as Elliott Oswald ( seasons 2 -- 4 ; guest seasons 1 & 6 ) Marcos de la Cruz as Estevez ( seasons 2 -- 3 ; guest season 1 ) Winter Ave Zoli as Lyla Winston ( seasons 2 -- 7 ) McNally Sagal as Margaret Murphy ( seasons 2 -- 6 ) Kristen Renton as Ima ( seasons 2 -- 6 ) Titus Welliver as Jimmy O'Phelan ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Bellina Logan as Fiona Larkin ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Henry Rollins as AJ Weston ( season 2 ) Callard Harris as Edmond Hayes ( season 2 ) Sarah Jones as Polly Zobelle ( season 2 ) Jeff Kober as Jacob Hale , Jr. ( seasons 3 -- 6 ; guest season 2 ) Christopher Douglas Reed as Philip `` Filthy Phil '' Russell ( seasons 3 -- 6 ) Robin Weigert as Ally Lowen ( seasons 3 -- 6 ) Michael Beach as T.O. Cross ( seasons 3 & 7 ; guest season 5 ) Hal Holbrook as Nate Madok ( season 3 ; guest season 7 ) Jose Pablo Cantillo as Hector Salazar ( season 3 ) James Cosmo as Father Kellen Ashby ( season 3 ) Zoe Boyle as Trinity Ashby ( season 3 ) Andrew McPhee as Keith McGee ( season 3 ) Arie Verveen as Liam O'Neill ( season 3 ) Pamela J. Gray as Agent Amy Tyler ( season 3 ) Marcello Thedford as Lander Jackson ( season 3 ) Joel Tobeck as Donny ( season 3 ) Darin Heames as Seamus Ryan ( season 3 ) Q'orianka Kilcher as Kerrianne Larkin - Telford ( season 3 ) Monique Gabriela Curnen as Amelia Dominguez ( season 3 ) Michael Fairman as Lumpy Feldstein ( season 3 ) Bob McCracken as Brendan Roarke ( seasons 4 & 6 -- 7 ; guest season 3 ) Frank Potter as Eric Miles ( season 4 ; co-star season 3 ) Walter Wong as Chris `` V - Lin '' Von Lin ( seasons 4 -- 6 ) Timothy V. Murphy as Galen O'Shay ( seasons 4 -- 6 ) Merle Dandridge as Rita Roosevelt ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) Benito Martinez as Luis Torres ( season 4 ; special guest season 5 ) David Rees Snell as Agent Grad Nicholas ( season 4 ) Billy Brown as August Marks ( seasons 5 -- 7 ) Reynaldo Gallegos as Fiasco ( seasons 5 -- 7 ) Chuck Zito as Frankie Diamonds ( season 5 ) Chris Browning as GoGo ( season 5 ) Kurt Yaeger as Greg `` The Peg '' ( season 5 ) Wanda De Jesus as Carla ( season 5 ) LaMonica Garrett as Deputy Sheriff Cane ( seasons 6 -- 7 ; co-star seasons 4 -- 5 ) Rusty Coones as Rane Quinn ( seasons 6 -- 7 ; co-star season 5 ) Kim Dickens as Colette Jane ( seasons 6 -- 7 ) Kenny Johnson as Herman Kozik ( seasons 2 - 4 ) Douglas Bennett as Orlin West ( seasons 6 -- 7 ) Jacob Vargas as Allesandro Montez ( seasons 6 -- 7 ) Scott Anderson as Connor Malone ( seasons 6 -- 7 ) Steve Howey as Hopper ( season 6 ) Michael Shamus Wiles as Jury White ( season 7 ; guest seasons 1 & 6 ) Marya Delver as Officer Candy Eglee ( season 7 ; co-star seasons 1 -- 3 & 6 ) Mo McRae as Tyler ( season 7 ; guest seasons 5 -- 6 ) Hayley McFarland as Brooke Putner ( season 7 ; guest season 6 ) Marilyn Manson as Ron Tully ( season 7 ) Malcolm - Jamal Warner as Sticky ( season 7 ) Ivo Nandi as Oscar `` El Oso '' Ramos ( season 7 ) Ron Yuan as Ryu Tom ( season 7 ) Brad Carter as Leland Gruen ( season 7 ) April Grace as Loutreesha Haddem ( season 7 ) Arjay Smith as Grant McQueen ( season 7 ) Matthew St. Patrick as Moses Cartwright ( season 7 ) Tony Curran as Gaines ( season 7 ) Elements ( edit ) Concept ( edit ) The Sons of Anarchy ( SOA ) is an outlaw motorcycle club with many charters in the United States as well as overseas . The show focuses on the original and founding ( `` mother '' ) charter , Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club , Redwood Original , referred to by the acronym SAMCRO or Sam Crow , located in the fictional town of Charming , California , adjacent to the Teller - Morrow auto mechanic shop . Its nickname is reflected in the original title for the show , Forever Sam Crow . Led by President Clay Morrow , the club ' protects ' and controls Charming through close community relationships , bribery , and violent intimidation . In the early seasons they are vehement about keeping `` hard '' drugs and drug dealers out of Charming . They also do not tolerate sex criminals . The club 's leadership are supporters of the IRA . SAMCRO founders ( edit ) John Teller and Piermont `` Piney '' Winston co-founded SAMCRO in 1967 on returning from the Vietnam War . When John 's wife Gemma becomes pregnant with their second son , Jackson ( Jax ) , they settle in Gemma 's hometown of Charming . Six of the `` Redwood Original 9 '' , or `` First 9 '' , members were Vietnam vets , with only Lenny Janowitz alive at the end of the series . SAMCRO attire ( edit ) Club members wear vests known as kuttes . The SOA patch on the back is a Grim Reaper holding a crystal ball with the Anarchist circle - A symbol , and wielding the Reaper 's traditional scythe , the handle of which has been replaced by the M16 rifle that the founders wielded in Vietnam . Only full members can wear the `` patch '' . Other smaller patches have specific meanings , such as `` Men of Mayhem '' worn by club members who have spilled blood on the club 's behalf , `` First 9 '' , worn by the original nine members , and those for the President / Vice President / Sergeant at Arms / Secretary . Kelli Jones was the costume designer for all the seasons . Due to its popularity , replicas of the vests , with the same style of top pockets , zips and button clasps , have become popular on various auction sites . Vehicles ( edit ) The Sons ride customised Harley - Davidson Dyna motorcycles . Each rider customises his own bike to his individual style ; however , they all paint their bikes black and most sport T - bar style handlebars . A patchholder 's bike usually sports the Sons of Anarchy letters , the club 's Grim Reaper logo , or the circled `` A '' club logo . In later seasons , several members switch to more touring - oriented models . For instance , Jax is often seen on a Street Glide . Prospects are not permitted to paint their bikes black until they get patched in . Jax is also seen driving a silver Dodge Ram 1500 throughout the show . His mother ( Gemma Teller Morrow ) is usually seen driving a Cadillac XLR - V and an Escalade . Later in Season 6 she is seen driving a Lincoln Navigator ( all are painted black ) . Throughout season 7 Jax is seen refurbishing his father 's bike , a stock 1946 Harley Davidson , equipped with the correct Knucklehead motor and hardtail cradle frame . The bike which he rides in the Season 7 finale 's last scenes is fitted with an Evolution motor , and late - model swing arm frame . The Mayans MC also ride Harley Davidson motorcycles ( Panheads , Shovelheads and Evolutions ) . The biggest difference between their bikes and the Sons ' lies in ape hanger bars , fender skirts and bikes of all colors . Nero Padilla errs when referring to the year of his blue Impala SS . While he mentions the `` lack of child safety features in 1964 '' , it is actually a 1963 Impala SS . Activities and affiliates ( edit ) Some members have day jobs in local industries ; most work at the Teller - Morrow garage as mechanics , but they primarily make money by illegally importing weapons and selling them to various gangs , and making protection runs for local businesses by defending valuable truck shipments against hijacking . During Season 4 they start to mule cocaine for the Galindo cartel in exchange for cash and protection . In later seasons they manage a porn studio and an escort business , both legitimately . SAMCRO keeps meth traffickers and drug dealers out of Charming , which puts them at odds with the meth - distributing white supremacist Nordics ( AKA Nords ) , headed by Ernest Darby . This earns them respect and admiration from the townspeople , who believe the Sons do more to protect their town than its own police . SAMCRO also has to deal with a rival , Oakland - based motorcycle club ( MC ) , the Mayans led by Marcus Alvarez ( played by Emilio Rivera , who also appeared in The Shield as Mexican drug dealer Navarro Quintero ) . Other groups in SAMCRO 's orbit include the San Francisco -- based Chinese mafia Lin Triad , led by Henry Lin ; the Italian American Cacuzza crime family ; the Russian mob led by Viktor Putlova ; the Real IRA ( aka RIRA ) of Ireland , which supplies them with illegal Russian - made guns ; the `` One - Niners '' , an African American street gang ( which also appeared on The Shield , thus possibly putting the two in the same fictional universe ) to whom SAMCRO sell weapons ; and various affiliates in the state prison system , where many members of the club have been incarcerated at one time or another . These gangs serve important roles in either being enemies of the clubs or soon to be partners with the MC to bring in more money . SAMCRO properties ( edit ) In the series premiere , the Mayans torch the facility the SAMCRO used for storing and assembling guns , forcing the club to buy land for and build another facility . The clubhouse , described above , includes a living area with multiple rooms ( where members sometimes crash for the night ) , a fully operational bar , a pool table , a kitchen , a workout room , and the `` chapel '' , a room with an elaborate redwood conference table that has a reaper logo carved into the top , where the patched members meet to discuss club business and vote on major decisions . The club owns a secluded cabin in the woods and a warehouse outside of town ( which was bought from but is still maintained by club associate Elliot Oswald ) , where they have stored weapons and cocaine for the Galindo Cartel . The club also rents an old soda fountain / candy shop that is used as the clubhouse in seasons 6 and 7 after the Teller / Morrow clubhouse was destroyed in an explosion . They also spend time at Red Woody , the club 's porn studio ( run by Lyla ) , and Diosa and Diosa Norte , the club 's two escort agencies . Shakespearean influence ( edit ) Sons of Anarchy has commonly been called `` Hamlet on Harleys '' . Similar to Hamlet , Jax 's father was usurped by his father 's SAMCRO `` brother '' , who then married Jax 's mother . There are also intermittent hints at an Oedipal complex between Jax and Gemma , reflecting 20th - century interpretations of the relationship between Hamlet and his mother Queen Gertrude . Jax 's murder of the innocent Jury in season 7 mirrors Hamlet 's murder of the innocent Polonius in that it ultimately leads to his downfall . Sutter has said of the Shakespeare element , `` I do n't want to overplay that but it 's there . It was Jax 's father who started the club , so he 's the ghost in the action . You wonder what he would have made of the way it turned out . It 's not a version of Hamlet but it 's definitely influenced by it . '' Ron Perlman believed they were `` going to stick to the structure of Hamlet all the way to the end ( of the series ) . '' Numerous episode titles refer to Hamlet including : Season 1 , Episode 9 , `` Hell Followed '' . This refers to Act 1 , Scene 4 of Hamlet in which Hamlet follows his father 's ghost , unsure of whether he comes from hell . Season 4 , Episode 12 , `` Burnt and Purged Away '' . This quote is taken from Act I , Scene 5 of Hamlet , in which the ghost of Hamlet 's father explains to Hamlet that he is doomed to suffer in Purgatory until he has paid for all of his sins . Season 4 , Episodes 13 -- 14 , `` To Be , Act 1 '' and `` To Be , Act 2 '' . These refer to the famous To be , or not to be soliloquy . Season 5 , Episode 11 , `` To Thine Own Self '' . This quote references Polonius ' advice to his son Laertes . Season 7 , Episode 9 , `` What a Piece of Work Is Man '' . This refers to Hamlet 's What a piece of work is a man speech in Act II , Scene 2 . Season 7 , Episode 11 , `` Suits of Woe '' . This is from Act 1 , Scene 2 , `` I have that within which passeth show , these but the trappings and the suits of woe . '' In the Season 1 premiere , Gemma is shown cleaning Jax 's house , and he notes that she is always cleaning . This behavior , combined with her ambitions and ( sometimes murderous ) machinations , have prompted some reviewers and commentators to liken her to Lady Macbeth . SAMCRO hierarchy ( edit ) Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 After Season 7 President <Td_colspan="4"> Clarence `` Clay '' Morrow <Td_colspan="3"> Jackson `` Jax '' Teller Filip `` Chibs '' Telford Vice President <Td_colspan="4"> Jackson `` Jax '' Teller Bobby `` Elvis '' Munson <Td_colspan="2"> Filip `` Chibs '' Telford Alex `` Tig '' Trager Sgt - at - Arms <Td_colspan="4"> Alex `` Tig '' Trager Filip `` Chibs '' Telford <Td_colspan="3"> Happy Lowman Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) The series was created by Kurt Sutter . Sutter was also the showrunner , the series ' most prolific writer , and a regular director ; he directed each season finale . Sutter had previously worked as an executive producer for the FX series The Shield . The Sons of Anarchy 's ' other executive producers are father and son team Art Linson and John Linson ; Jim Parriott served as an executive producer and writer for the first season only . Paris Barclay joined Sons of Anarchy as an executive producer in the fourth season , after directing episodes in the first and second season . In addition to serving as Executive Producer in the fourth , fifth , and sixth seasons , Barclay directed three episodes each season , including the season 4 and 5 premieres , the top two highest - rated telecasts in the history of FX . Jack LoGiudice served as a consulting producer and regular writer for the first season . He became co-executive producer for the second season , then left the series to work on The Walking Dead . Dave Erickson also worked as a consulting producer for the first and second seasons , and then took over as co-executive producer for the third season . The series ' other regular writers are supervising producer Chris Collins and co-producer Regina Corrado . Shawn Rutherford joined as consulting producer for seasons 6 and 7 . Sutter drew regular directors from The Shield including Stephen Kay , Gwyneth Horder - Payton , Guy Ferland , and Billy Gierhart . Filming ( edit ) Although Sons of Anarchy is set in Northern California 's Central Valley ( with some scenes in the Bay Area ) , it was filmed primarily at Occidental Studios Stage 5A in North Hollywood . Main sets located there included the clubhouse , St. Thomas Hospital , and Jax 's house . The production rooms at the studio used by the writing staff doubled as the Charming police station . External scenes were often filmed nearby in Sun Valley and Tujunga . Interior and exterior scenes set in Northern Ireland during season 3 were also filmed at Occidental Studios and surrounding areas . A second unit shot footage in Northern Ireland used in the third season . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Sons of Anarchy episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired Viewers ( in millions ) First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> September 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 03 ) November 26 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 26 ) 2.21 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> September 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 08 ) December 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 01 ) 3.67 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> September 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 07 ) November 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 30 ) N / A <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 14 <Td_colspan="1"> September 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 06 ) December 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 06 ) 5.45 <Td_colspan="1"> 5 <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> September 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 11 ) December 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 04 ) N / A <Td_colspan="1"> 6 <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> September 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 10 ) December 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 10 ) 7.48 <Td_colspan="1"> 7 <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> September 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 09 ) December 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) 4.60 Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Metacritic ratings per season Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Rating 68 86 84 81 72 74 68 Sons of Anarchy has received very favorable reviews over the course of its run , with many singling out Katey Sagal 's performance . On the review aggregator website Metacritic , the first season scored 68 / 100 , the second season scored 86 / 100 , the third season scored 84 / 100 , the fourth season scored 81 / 100 , the fifth season scored 72 / 100 and the 6th season scored 74 / 100 . In 2013 , a collection of essays on the series was published . Season one ( edit ) Members of the cast during a USO visit to Kuwait The first season received positive reviews from industry critics . It scored a 68 on Metacritic , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe said the first season had `` real potential '' . The New York Times ' Gina Bellafante spoke highly of the cast 's acting ability , particularly Sagal 's portrayal of Gemma . Brian Lowry of Variety gave a mixed review , admiring Sutter 's creation of the club and the town of Charming but observing the early episodes lacked direction . Season two ( edit ) The second season saw a substantial increase in positive reviews . Writing for Chicago Tribune , Maureen Ryan called the second season `` engrossing '' . She elaborated that `` the pacing is better ( and ) the plotting is tighter '' and commends Sagal and Perlman for their performances . Variety 's Stuart Levine stated that the new season was `` compelling '' ; he also complimented the acting skill of Perlman , Sagal , Hunnam and Siff . James Poniewozik of TIME called Sagal 's performance `` devastatingly powerful '' and named the series on his list of Top 10 Shows of 2009 . Season three ( edit ) Some critics felt the third season was dragged down by the previous season 's cliffhanger . James Poniewozik of TIME called the season three premiere `` breathtaking '' and praised Sagal 's performance with Holbrook . He later stated that Abel 's disappearance helped return the show to its central problem : Jax 's allegiance to the club . Entertainment Weekly 's Ken Tucker agreed that Holbrook and Sagal 's scenes were `` beautiful '' . He also commented that the series handled themes of loyalty and family especially well . Maureen Ryan commented that the third season divided critics and fans alike , suggesting the expanded Belfast cast made it harder for the audience to invest in the characters ' journeys . Ryan later questioned the credibility of Hector Salazar 's story , noting that he was inferior to other villainous characters such as Stahl , Zobelle and Weston . However , she praised Ally Walker 's performance , comparing her character to The Shield 's Vic Mackey . Critic Alan Sepinwall said the season was `` interesting but uneven '' , noting that the plot gained traction in later episodes . Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter said `` Sutter should be applauded for shaking things up '' , calling the slower pace a `` creative necessity '' . Season four ( edit ) Alan Sepinwall stated that the fourth season risked predictability by returning to a successful formula of storytelling , but he nonetheless preferred those episodes to those of season three . Maureen Ryan reviewed the fourth season positively . She praised the addition of Lincoln Potter ( played by Ray McKinnon ) , comparing the character 's quality to that of Breaking Bad 's antagonist , Gustavo Fring . The A.V. Club called the fourth season more `` focused '' and `` operatic '' . A.V. Club reviewer Zack Handlen was fond of the season but felt disappointed with the finale , saying it featured a `` lousy case of dictated convenience , of an arbitrary and unbelievable reveal used to shift characters around to where the writers want them to be for next season , as opposed to where they might land organically . '' However , the review did praise Charlie Hunnam 's performance in the finale . TIME said the fourth season was the strongest since season two , but the show needed to end sooner rather than later . TIME also agreed that the finale 's contrivances were sometimes too visible , stating `` it 's the principle : you can only turn up alive at your own funeral so many times before it starts to lose its impact . '' Season five ( edit ) Season five received favorable reviews and has a rating of 72 on the review aggregator site Metacritic . Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly praised the series by calling it a `` richly detailed portrait of self - righteous villainy '' . The series had a rating of 8.6 / 10 on the review site IMDB . Season six ( edit ) Season six received generally favorable reviews and scored a 74 out of 100 on Metacritic . Season seven ( edit ) Season seven received generally favorable reviews and scored a 68 out of 100 on Metacritic . Ratings ( edit ) The seventh season 's premiere on September 9 , 2014 received the highest ratings in the series ' history . The episode was watched by 6.20 million viewers . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Premiered <Th_colspan="2"> Ended Average viewers ( in millions ) Date Premiere viewers ( in millions ) Date Finale viewers ( in millions ) Season 1 Wednesday 10 : 00 pm 13 September 3 , 2008 November 26 , 2008 2.21 2.2 Season 2 Tuesday 10 : 00 pm 13 September 8 , 2009 4.29 December 1 , 2009 4.33 Season 3 13 September 7 , 2010 4.13 November 30 , 2010 3.6 3.23 Season 4 14 September 6 , 2011 4.94 December 6 , 2011 4.24 Season 5 13 September 11 , 2012 5.37 December 4 , 2012 4.66 4.40 Season 6 13 September 10 , 2013 5.87 December 10 , 2013 5.17 4.60 Season 7 13 September 9 , 2014 6.20 December 9 , 2014 6.40 4.45 Awards and Nominations ( edit ) Sons of Anarchy was nominated for Outstanding Achievement in Drama at the 2010 TCA Awards . Katey Sagal received the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Television Series ( Drama ) at the 68th Golden Globe Awards for her role in the third season . She also received a nomination for a 2010 Satellite Award in the category of Best Actress -- Television Series ( Drama ) , as well as a TCA nomination for the Individual Achievement in Drama . Sons of Anarchy ( Season 5 ) received a Screen Crush Award for having the best TV series in 2012 . Also in 2012 , Paris Barclay was nominated for an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Direction in a Drama Series for his direction of the Season 4 Premiere `` Out '' . In 2013 , Rockmond Dunbar won an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for his portrayal of Sheriff Eli Roosevelt . For the 5th Critics ' Choice Television Awards , Charlie Hunnam received a nomination for Best Actor in a Drama Series and Walton Goggins received a nomination for Best Guest Performer in a Drama Series for the seventh season . Music ( edit ) Soundtracks ( edit ) Further information : Songs of Anarchy : Music from Sons of Anarchy Seasons 1 -- 4 Three EP soundtracks have been released by 20th Century Fox Records , on iTunes , featuring songs from each series . The first five - song EP , entitled Sons of Anarchy : North Country -- EP , was released on September 8 , 2009 and featured the full version of the Emmy Award nominated theme song `` This Life '' . A second five - song EP , entitled Sons of Anarchy : Shelter -- EP , was released on November 24 , 2009 while a third six - song EP , entitled Sons of Anarchy : The King is Gone - EP , was released on November 23 , 2010 . In November 2011 , selected highlights from the EPs and new tracks were released in Songs of Anarchy : Music from Sons of Anarchy Seasons 1 -- 4 , followed up by Sons of Anarchy : Songs of Anarchy Vol. 2 released in November 2012 , Sons of Anarchy : Songs of Anarchy Vol. 3 released in December 2013 , and Sons of Anarchy : Songs of Anarchy Vol. 4 released in February 2015 . <Th_colspan="5"> ( show ) Sons of Anarchy : North Country -- EP No . Title Writer ( s ) Artist Length 1 . `` This Life '' Curtis Stigers , Dave Kushner , Bob Thiele Jr. , Kurt Sutter Curtis Stigers & The Forest Rangers 2 : 22 2 . `` Slip Kid '' Pete Townshend Anvil and Franky Perez 3 : 49 3 . `` John the Revelator '' Traditional Curtis Stigers & The Forest Rangers 5 : 34 4 . `` Forever Young '' Bob Dylan Audra Mae & The Forest Rangers 3 : 13 5 . `` Girl from the North Country '' Dylan Lions 4 : 11 <Th_colspan="5"> ( show ) Sons of Anarchy : Shelter -- EP No . Title Writer ( s ) Artist Length 1 . `` Ruby Tuesday '' Jagger / Richards Katey Sagal 3 : 23 2 . `` Fortunate Son '' John Fogerty Lyle Workman & The Forest Rangers 3 : 26 3 . `` Someday Never Comes '' Fogerty Billy Valentine & The Forest Rangers 4 : 06 4 . `` Burn This Town '' Matt Drenik Battleme 3 : 13 5 . `` Gimme Shelter '' Jagger / Richards Paul Brady & The Forest Rangers 4 : 53 <Th_colspan="5"> ( show ) Sons of Anarchy : The King is Gone - EP No . Title Writer ( s ) Artist Length 1 . `` No Milk Today '' Graham Gouldman Joshua James & The Forest Rangers 4 : 01 2 . `` Bird on the Wire '' Leonard Cohen Katey Sagal & The Forest Rangers 5 : 05 3 . `` Travelin ' Band '' Fogerty Curtis Stigers & The Forest Rangers 2 : 18 4 . `` Miles Away '' Paul Taylor The Forest Rangers feat . Battleme & Slash 4 : 49 5 . `` Hey Hey , My My '' Neil Young , Jeff Blackburn Battleme 2 : 52 6 . `` This Life '' ( Celtic Remix ) Stigers , Kushner , Thiele Jr. , Sutter Curtis Stigers & The Forest Rangers 0 : 39 Other Media ( edit ) Comic book ( edit ) In 2013 , Boom ! Studios began publishing a Sons of Anarchy comic book . As of September 2015 , 25 issues have been published . Issue 25 is the final issue . A new comic book prequel , Sons of Anarchy : Redwood Original , was released on August 3 , 2016 . Novel series ( edit ) Sons of Anarchy : Bratva , the first in a planned series of SOA novels to be written by Christopher Golden , was published in 2014 . Potential prequel ( edit ) A prequel series , detailing the origin of the club , is planned . Sutter stated in an August 2014 interview that the prequel would focus on the `` First 9 '' members of the club and be set around the time of the Vietnam War . He added that the prequel would likely consist of a miniseries or `` maybe 10 episodes or two 8 episodes seasons '' . At the conclusion of the prequel , Sutter plans to release John Teller 's manuscript , titled The Life and Death of SAMCRO . Sons of Anarchy : the Prospect ( edit ) Sons of Anarchy : The Prospect was an episodic adventure video game developed by Silverback Games and published by Orpheus Interactive . The game was originally slated to have ten episodes and to be released on Microsoft Windows , OS X , iOS , and Android . The first episode was released on February 1 , 2015 for iOS only , and was met with mixed reviews . but has not seen an update since , and , although a season pass is being offered , no further episode was ever released . On April 7 , 2016 , refunds were issued to everyone who purchased the game or the season pass , and the game had been removed from the App Store . Despite the apparent cancellation and refunds , the game 's publisher has not officially said anything about the development state of the nine unreleased episodes . Silverback Games has distanced themselves from the project , claiming to be `` just a consultant '' and having no knowledge of the state of the game or of Orpheus Interactive . A Sons of Anarchy game was originally planned to be developed by a studio of Rockstar Games for PC and console platforms , but was canceled shortly after in 2012 . Another video game based on Sons of Anarchy was announced in February 2014 , confirmed for mobile platforms in August , and the name Sons of Anarchy : The Prospect revealed in December of that year . The game was set to have never - before seen graphics for mobile devices , but failed to deliver those when the first episode was launched on February 1 , 2015 . Spin - off ( edit ) As of May 11 , 2016 , a spin - off series is in the works titled Mayans MC . The pilot will begin shooting in March , directed by Sutter from a script he co-wrote with Elgin James . On February 13 , 2017 , Edward James Olmos will star as Felipe Reyes , the once strong Mexican patriarch and EZ 's father . On January 5 , 2018 , FX picked up the series with an order of 10 episodes which is set to premiere sometime in 2018 . Broadcast ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sons of Anarchy premiered in Australia on the Showcase in 2009 while in New Zealand it appeared on TV3 on October 20 , 2010 and it has been announced it is moving to the Box . The show premiered in the UK on 5 USA in 2009 , before being dropped after the sixth season . The show will air in its entirety on Spike from April 2015 . In the Republic of Ireland , the show aired on RTÉ Two from 2009 . It premiered in Canada on Super Channel October 20 , 2008 . In India , season 6 is airing from September 26 , 2013 , only on Star World Premiere . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A modern - day Western ... on two wheels '' . Daily Mirror . March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/sons-anarchy-finale-death-showrunner-664520 Jump up ^ https://www.bustle.com/articles/53033-sons-of-anarchy-vs-hamlet-these-two-storylines-are-practically-one-in-the-same Jump up ^ https://www.rogerebert.com/balder-and-dash/sons-of-anarchy-and-tragic-models ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Sons Of Anarchy ' Season 5 Premiere Hits Series High , To Become FX 's No. 1 Telecast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Lindsay ( July 24 , 2013 ) . `` Sons of Anarchy Still Riding Into The Sunset After Season 7 '' . We Got This Covered . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ( February 3 , 2012 ) . `` ' Sons of Anarchy ' Renewed for Two Seasons , Creator Kurt Sutter Inks First Overall Deal ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Talarico , Brittany ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Sons of Anarchy 's Kurt Sutter Says ' Discussions Are Happening ' About Spinoff '' . People.com . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sons of Anarchy Spinoff Now Officially Being Developed Jump up ^ Gallagher , Danny ( September 8 , 2009 ) . `` Sons of Anarchy : Albification ( season premiere ) '' . TVSquad.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Obenson , Tambay A. `` Malcolm - Jamal Warner Joins Cast of ' Sons of Anarchy '' Final Season `` . Indiewire . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Clubhouse 360 : Plaques Overlay '' . Fxnetworks.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FX Gets Forever SAMCRO '' . MovieWeb.com . October 9 , 2007 . Retrieved October 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FX Greenlights Forever Sam Crow '' . thetvremote.com . October 10 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved October 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Clubhouse 360 -- Framed Vets Popup '' . Fxnetworks.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ TV Review : SONS OF ANARCHY 5.2 `` Authority Vested '' Birth. Movies. Death Jump up ^ Watson , Keith ( May 7 , 2009 ) . `` It all goes hell for leather in Sons Of Anarchy '' . Metro.co.uk . Retrieved May 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( August 31 , 2008 ) . `` Ron Perlman Interview -- SONS OF ANARCHY '' . Collider.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ornos , Riza ( January 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Sons of Anarchy 's ' Katey Sagal : The Truth About Gemma Teller '' . IB Times . Jump up ^ Friedman , ( September 7 , 2013 ) . `` Katey Sagal rides high as motorcycle mama in sixth season for FX 's ' Sons of Anarchy ' '' . Daily News . New York . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy Filming Locations '' . Internet Movie Database . Jump up ^ `` First pictures Sons of Anarchy '' . Chicago Tribune . June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FX Orders A 3rd Season Of Sons Of Anarchy '' . Seat42f. 3 December 2009 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FX Orders A 3rd Season Of Sons Of Anarchy '' . Seat42f. 3 December 2009 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy : FX Orders Extra Season Four Episode '' . tvseriesfinale.com . November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` FX Announces 7th and Final Season of ' Sons of Anarchy ' to Premiere September 9th '' ( Press release ) . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy : Season 3 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy : Season 4 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy : Season 5 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy : Season 6 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy : Season 7 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy -- Season 1 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy -- Season 2 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy -- Season 3 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy -- Season 4 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dunn , George A. ; Eberl , Jason T. , eds. ( 2014 ) . Sons of Anarchy and Philosophy : Brains Before Bullets . Wiley - Blackwell . Jump up ^ `` Biker Gang Saga Anarchy , Has Sopranos Appeal '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( August 29 , 2008 ) . `` Sons of Anarchy '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` ' Sons of Anarchy ' revs up the pace in its compelling new season '' . Chicago Tribune . September 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Levine , Stuart ( September 4 , 2009 ) . `` Sons of Anarchy Season 2 '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` The Top 10 Everything of 2009 '' . TIME . December 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy 's Battle for Control '' . Pop Matters . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy -- `` NS '' review `` . AV Club . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TV Tonight : Sons of Anarchy restarts its engines '' . TIME . September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy , Bainne : Blood Begets Blood '' . TIME . November 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy 2010 '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy Season 3 Episode 9 '' . TV Squad . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy Season 3 Episode 12 '' . TV Squad . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy Lochan Mor , SAMCRO Vs. SAMBel '' . Hit Fix . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy Firinne , Sins of the Sons '' . Hit Fix . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( December 20 , 2010 ) . `` Top 18 Tv Shows of 2010 '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Review : FX 's Sons of Anarchy on familiar ground for season four '' . Hitfix . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy Season 4 Recap '' . AOL TV . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy -- To Be , Act 2 '' . AV Club . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best TV of 2011 '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Review of Sons of Anarchy season 4 finale '' . Time Magazine . December 7 , 2011 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy - Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FX Orders A 3rd Season Of Sons Of Anarchy '' . Seat42f . December 3 , 2009 . Retrieved June 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How `` Sons Of Anarchy '' Became Huge `` . BuzzFeed . October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Updated : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Ratings Rev Strong , But a Little Lower in Season Premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . September 8 , 2010 . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Third Season Finale of `` Sons of Anarchy '' Delivers 3.6 Million Total Viewers `` . The Futon Critic . December 1 , 2010 . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hog Heaven : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Gets Record Ratings , Third Season '' . The Wrap . December 2 , 2009 . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sons Of Anarchy ' Season 4 Premiere Most - Watched Episode Ever For The Series With 4.94 Million Total Viewers and 3.22 Million Adults 18 - 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . September 7 , 2011 . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy : FX Orders Extra Season Four Episode '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` FX 's ' Sons Of Anarchy ' Season 6 Premiere Hits Series High '' . Deadline . September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 5 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , + ' Storage Wars ' , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Ink Masters ' , ' 25 Days of Christmas ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . November 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 11 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' After Anarchy ' , ' Moonshiners ' , ' Awkward ' , ' Tosh. 0 ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ' Sons of Anarchy ' Season 6 Finale Was the Most - Watched Finale in the History of the Show Jump up ^ ' Sons of Anarchy ' Rides to Ratings Records at FX ^ Jump up to : Sons of Anarchy - Awards - IMDb Jump up ^ `` Justified , Broad City , Empire , Mom , 24 , Jane The Virgin , Transparent Lead the 2015 Critics Choice Nominations '' . Team TVLine . May 6 , 2015 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` Emmy Music Nominations Announced '' . The Film Music Society . Jump up ^ `` ANVIL , SCARS ON BROADWAY Guitarist Cover THE WHO For ' Sons Of Anarchy ' EP '' . Blabbermouth.net . August 30 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SONS OF ANARCHY REDWOOD ORIGINAL - BOOM ! Studios - Come Innovate With Us '' . shop.boom-studios.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Golden , Christopher ( 2014 ) . Sons of Anarchy : Bratva . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 9781250060839 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Sutter Teases Sons of Anarchy Prequel Miniseries and Book '' . Nerd Core Movement . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( January 10 , 2015 ) . `` Here 's your first look at Sons of Anarchy : The Prospect '' . VG247 . Videogaming247 . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Renaudin , Clement ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple issues refunds for Sons of Anarchy : The Prospect , future episodes seemingly cancelled '' . PocketGamer . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Good , Owen S. ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Sons of Anarchy video game 's first episode is available '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` Review : Sons of Anarchy : The Prospect : Episode One '' . Destructoid . ModernMethod . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` What the hell happened to the episodic Sons of Anarchy game released back in January ? '' . Destructoid . ModernMethod . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` One year later , the Sons of Anarchy game may have been a scam '' . Destructoid . ModernMethod . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dunn , Jeff ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` Sons of Anarchy creator asks Rockstar to develop game '' . VG247 . Videogaming247 . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cook , Dave ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` Sons of Anarchy game is `` dead '' , states series creator `` . VG247 . Videogaming247 . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hillier , Brenna ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Sons of Anarchy game `` definitely '' happening , is the `` evolution of gaming '' `` . VG247 . Videogaming247 . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Good , Owen S. ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` The Sons of Anarchy video game will be on tablets , not consoles '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hillier , Brenna ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` Sons of Anarchy : The Prospect headed to mobiles next year '' . VG247 . Videogaming247 . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Good , Owen S. ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` Sons of Anarchy will live on with ' The Prospect ' on mobile devices '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Christiansen , Tom ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` Sons of Anarchy : The Prospect Episode 1 Review -- A Rough Ride '' . Gamezebo . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` ' Sons Of Anarchy ' Mayans Spinoff At FX Gets Script Order & Title ; Elgin James Joins Kurt Sutter As Co-Creator '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana . `` ' Sons of Anarchy ' Spinoff Pilot Ordered at FX , ' Mayans MC ' Will Shoot in March '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Mayans MC ' : Edward James Olmos Cast In ' Sons Of Anarchy ' Spinoff Pilot At FX '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mayans MC ' : ' Sons Of Anarchy ' Spinoff Gets Series Order At FX -- TCA '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` VIMN To Launch Spike UK on April 15th ; Picks Up UK Rights to Olympus , Justified , Sons & Anarchy and More '' . TVWise . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Sons of Anarchy Sons of Anarchy on IMDb Sons of Anarchy at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> Sons of Anarchy <Td_colspan="2"> Created by : Kurt Sutter Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Characters Clay Morrow Jax Teller Gemma Teller Morrow Tara Knowles Bobby Munson Tig Trager Chibs Telford Piney Winston Juice Ortiz Half - Sack Epps Happy Wayne Unser David Hale June Stahl Josh Kohn Ernest Darby Marcus Álvarez Ethan Zobelle Universe Charming , CA Music `` This Life '' Songs of Anarchy Songs of Anarchy Volume 2 Songs of Anarchy Volume 3 Songs of Anarchy Volume 4 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> FX original programming Current American Crime Story ( since 2016 ) American Horror Story ( since 2011 ) The Americans ( since 2013 ) Atlanta ( since 2016 ) Baskets ( since 2016 ) Better Things ( since 2016 ) Fargo ( since 2014 ) Feud ( since 2017 ) Legion ( since 2017 ) Snowfall ( since 2017 ) Trust ( since 2018 ) You 're the Worst ( since 2014 ) Former 1990s debuts Backchat ( 1995 -- 2007 ) Baseball , Minnesota ( 1996 ) Bobcat 's Big Ass Show ( 1998 ) Penn & Teller 's Sin City Spectacular ( 1998 ) The Dick & Paula Celebrity Special ( 1999 -- 2000 ) The X Show ( 1999 -- 01 ) 2000s debuts 30 Days ( 2005 -- 08 ) Archer ( 2009 -- 16 ) Black . 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1. Sons of Anarchy - American crime drama television series 2. Outlaw motorcycle club - central theme of the show 3. Jax Teller - main character and vice president of the club 4. Charming, California - fictional town where the club operates 5. Redemption and loyalty - constant themes throughout the series

where was the song remains the same filmed

The Song Remains the Same ( film ) - wikipedia The Song Remains the Same ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> The Song Remains the Same <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Peter Clifton Joe Massot Starring John Bonham John Paul Jones Jimmy Page Robert Plant Music by Led Zeppelin Cinematography Ernest Day Edited by Humphrey Dixon Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date 20 October 1976 ( 1976 - 10 - 20 ) ( US ) Running time 137 minutes Language English The Song Remains the Same is a 1976 concert film featuring the English rock band Led Zeppelin . The filming took place during the summer of 1973 , during three nights of concerts at Madison Square Garden in New York City , with additional footage shot at Shepperton Studios . The film premiered three years later on 20 October 1976 at Cinema I in New York , on 22 October 1976 at Fox Wilshire in Los Angeles , and at Warner West End Cinema in London two weeks later . It was accompanied by a soundtrack album of the same name . The DVD of the film was released on 31 December 1999 . Promotional materials stated that the film was `` the band 's special way of giving their millions of friends what they had been clamouring for -- a personal and private tour of Led Zeppelin . For the first time the world has a front row seat on Led Zeppelin . '' A reissue of the film , including previously unreleased footage as a bonus , was released on DVD , HD DVD , and Blu - ray Disc on 20 November 2007 , by Warner Home Video . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Original filming 3 Subsequent filming and release 4 Fantasy sequences 5 Critical reaction and popularity 6 DVD scene listing 7 Chart positions 7.1 DVD 8 Cast 9 Personnel 10 2007 reissue 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Background ( edit ) Since late 1969 , Led Zeppelin had been planning on filming one of their live performances for a projected movie documentary of the band . The group 's manager , Peter Grant , believed that they would be better served by the big screen than by television , because he regarded the sound quality of the latter as unsatisfactory . The first attempt was the filming ( by Peter Whitehead and Stanley Dorfman ) of Led Zeppelin 's Royal Albert Hall performance on 9 January 1970 , but the lighting was judged to be mediocre , and the film was shelved ( this footage was later remastered and featured on the 2003 release Led Zeppelin DVD ) . On the morning of 20 July 1973 , during the band 's concert tour of the United States , Peter Grant made a contact with American - born director Joe Massot . Massot was already known to Grant as he and his wife had moved into a house in Berkshire in 1970 , where they made friends with their neighbours , Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page and his girlfriend Charlotte Martin . Grant had previously turned down offers by Massot to make a film of the band , but with the huge success of the band 's current tour , Grant changed his mind and offered him the job of director . As Grant recalled : It all started in the Sheraton Hotel , Boston . We 'd talked about a film for years and Jimmy had known Joe Massot was interested -- so we called them and over they came . It was all very quickly arranged . Massot hurriedly assembled a crew in time for Led Zeppelin 's last leg of the tour starting on 23 July 1973 , in Baltimore . He subsequently filmed the group 's three concert performances at Madison Square Garden on the nights of 27 , 28 , and 29 July 1973 . The film was entirely financed by the band and shot on 35mm with a 24 - track quadraphonic sound recording . The live footage in the US alone cost $85,000 . Original filming ( edit ) The plans to film the shows at Madison Square Garden were threatened when the local trades union tried to block the British film crew from working . The band 's attorneys negotiated with the union and the crew was eventually allowed to film the concerts . The footage of the band arriving at the airport in their private jet airliner , The Starship , and travelling in the motor cavalcade to the concert was filmed in Pittsburgh , before their show at Three Rivers Stadium on 24 July 1973 . For the band 's three New York performances , the band members wore exactly the same clothes to facilitate seamless editing of the film , except for John Paul Jones and Jimmy Page who wore different sets of attire on some of the nights , which created continuity problems . Page is seen wearing a different dragon suit in `` Rock and Roll '' and the `` Celebration Day '' remaster . In an interview from 1997 Jones said that the reason he did n't wear the same stage clothes was that he asked the crew if they would be filming on those nights and was told no . `` I 'd think ' not to worry , I 'll save the shirt I wore the previous night for the next filming ' . Then what would happen is that I 'd get onstage and see the cameras ready to roll . '' As Led Zeppelin 's popularity soared throughout the 1970s , Peter Grant became increasingly notorious for being brutally protective of his band and their finances . The Song Remains the Same captures one such exchange between him and a concert promoter . When Warner Bros. approved the film they did so on the proviso that expletives would be ' bleeped ' out . Clifton took the optical print and bleeped the words , meaning the words were inaudible and the film was given an appropriate rating . However , on every other print the words were retained and were fully audible . In the scene where Peter Grant is driven to the police station to be questioned about the theft from the safe deposit box at the Drake Hotel , he has his arm outside the police car . According to an interview conducted in 1989 , he explained the reason he was n't handcuffed was that the policeman driving the car used to be a drummer in a semi-professional band which had supported The Yardbirds on one of its US college tours in the late - 1960s . Grant had at the time been manager of The Yardbirds . The money stolen from the safe deposit box at the Drake Hotel was never recovered and no one has ever been charged , although a former staff member of the hotel reportedly fled to Jamaica soon after the theft . The scenes of police chasing an intruder and of Grant berating the promoter for receiving kickbacks were both shot at the Baltimore Civic Center on 23 July 1973 . Grant purportedly recommended the `` Dazed and Confused '' sequence wherein the camera zooms into Page 's eyes and cuts to the scene . Some unused backstage shots filmed at Baltimore and at Pittsburgh later found their way into the promotional video for `` Travelling Riverside Blues '' , released in 1990 . Subsequent filming and release ( edit ) Dissatisfied with the progress of the film , Grant had Massot removed from the project and Australian director Peter Clifton was hired in his place in early 1974 . Massot was offered a few thousand pounds in compensation . Peter Grant later sent someone to Massot 's house to collect the film . However , Massot had hidden the film elsewhere and so instead an expensive editing machine owned by Massot was taken as collateral . Massot served a writ , leading to a period of stalemate which was finally broken when Grant and Led Zeppelin 's lawyer Steve Weiss agreed to pay Massot the money he was owed , after which he delivered the film to the band . Massot was not invited to attend the premiere of the film at New York but he attended anyway , buying a ticket from a scalper outside the theatre . Clifton , realising that there were crucial holes in the concert footage , suggested that the entire show be recreated at Shepperton Studios in August 1974 , on a mock - up of the Madison Square Garden stage . Close - ups and distance footage of the band members could then be slipped into the live sequences , which made up the bulk of the concert footage seen in the film . When it was agreed that the band would meet at Shepperton Studios for filming , Jones had recently had his hair cut short , so he had to wear a wig . Robert Plant 's teeth had also been fixed between the 1973 and 1974 filmings . In the May 2008 issue of Uncut Magazine , Page recalled the events surrounding the shooting of additional footage at Shepperton Studios : ... I 'm sort of miming at Shepperton to what I 'd played at Madison Square Garden , but of course , although I 've got a rough approximation of what I was playing from night to night , it 's not exact . So the film that came out in the ' 70s is a bit warts - and - all . A plan to shoot additional footage on the band 's Autumn 1975 U.S. tour was abandoned due to Plant 's car crash in Rhodes , Greece . In 1976 a midnight screening of the film was organised by Atlantic Records before its release , at which label president Ahmet Ertegün reportedly fell asleep . The Song Remains the Same was finally completed by early 1976 , 18 months behind schedule and over-budget . Peter Grant later quipped `` It was the most expensive home movie ever made '' . It grossed $200,000 in its first week at the box office . Following the film 's completion , Led Zeppelin had a falling out with Peter Clifton . Suspecting that he had ' stolen ' negatives of the film , Grant ordered that his house be searched . They did find some footage , but this turned out to be a collection of the best ' home movie ' footage which Clifton had intended to give to the band members as a gift . Clifton was also annoyed at the decision to remove from the film 's credits the names of all the people who had worked on editing , make up and effects . Unlike Massot , however , Clifton was invited to both the New York and London premieres of the film . Fantasy sequences ( edit ) With the intention of giving an insight into the individual personalities in the band , several out - of - concert ' fantasy sequences ' were shot by Massot for each of the band members , as well as for Peter Grant and tour manager Richard Cole . The sequences are as follows : Grant and Cole were filmed as hitmen driving towards Hammerwood Park estate in Sussex in a 1928 Pierce - Arrow car . Roy Harper also makes an uncredited guest appearance as one of the ' greedy millionaires ' portrayed at a business meeting of multi-national corporations . Massot envisioned Grant and Cole in the hitman roles , as it symbolised the tough business decisions they made on behalf of the band . The female passenger wearing a scarf with Peter Grant driving on a country road is his wife , Gloria . Massot had originally shot Grant walking a cameraman around a collection of antique cars , but this footage was quickly abandoned . John Paul Jones was filmed first at home with his wife Mo , and reading Jack and the Beanstalk to his two daughters , Tamara and Jacinda , before receiving a call to join the band on their American concert . For his fantasy sequence , Jones initially wished to use footage from the original Doctor Syn film , but was prevented from doing so as this film was owned by Disney . Instead , his fantasy sequence involved a reinterpretation of the film . Jones portrays a masked gentleman known as `` The Scarecrow , '' who travels at night on horseback with three others and returns home to Sussex , an ordinary family man . The three other horsemen with him are a reference to the other band members . Jimmy Page 's girlfriend , Charlotte Martin , and baby daughter Scarlet Page can be briefly seen during the closing moments of this sequence , which was filmed in October 1973 . The thematic music is `` No Quarter . '' Robert Plant was captured relaxing on his Welsh country farm with his wife Maureen , and children Karac and Carmen . His fantasy sequence involves him being a knight rescuing a fair maiden ( played by Virginia Parker ) , who is a symbolic representation for his vision of the ideal -- his personal search for the Holy Grail . Scenes from the sword fight were filmed at Raglan Castle in Wales while the sailing , horseback riding and beach scenes were shot at Aberdovey then Merionethshire and now Gwynedd , in October 1973 . The thematic music consists of both `` The Song Remains the Same '' and `` The Rain Song . '' Jimmy Page is filmed sitting by a lake next to his 18th century manor at Plumpton , East Sussex , playing a hurdy - gurdy . The tune played is called `` Autumn Lake '' and the scene was filmed in October 1973 . Page 's fantasy role involved climbing up the face of a snow - capped mountain near Boleskine House , Loch Ness during the nights of a full moon on December 10 and 11 , 1973 . The act was meant to show Page on a quest of self - enlightenment , and deep understanding , by seeking out the Hermit , a character featured in many Tarot packs . The mythological Hermit is seen on the summit of the mountain ; Staff of Wisdom in one hand , and in the other , the Lantern of Knowledge held out abreast over the world below . Being a Threshold Guardian , he represents an obstacle the seeker must overcome to achieve true enlightenment . At the culmination of Page 's quest , he reaches out to touch The Hermit , only to discover paradoxically that the Hermit is himself . The Hermit features on the artwork of the untitled fourth album . The thematic music is `` Dazed and Confused . '' John Bonham was shot with his wife Pat and son Jason Bonham on their country estate , Old Hyde Farm in Worcestershire . It is interesting to note that part of his fantasy includes him spending time at home with his family . Bonham was known for falling into deep depressions while on tour away from his family . His heavy drinking , which ultimately resulted in his death , is partly attributed to his homesickness . The sequence also shows Bonham doing various work around his farm , showing off his livestock and cars , and jamming with his 5 - year - old son while he plays a miniature drum kit . The game of snooker was shot at The Old Hyde Hotel and the Triumph riding near Blackpool . His fantasy sequence is the most straightforward of all the members -- according to the Led Zeppelin biography Hammer of the Gods , Bonham simply chose to `` be himself '' . The sequence ends with Bonham drag racing an AA Fueler at 260 mph at Santa Pod Raceway , Wellingborough , Northants , UK , in October 1973 , and its thematic music is the instrumental `` Moby Dick . '' Critical reaction and popularity ( edit ) For its New York premiere , Cinema I was equipped with a quadrophonic sound system hired from Showco in Dallas . For the West Coast premieres , no such audio boosting was employed . These premieres , along with the London premiere , were attended by the members of the band . The film performed well at the box office , grossing an estimated $10 million by 1977 . Despite this , the film was reviewed negatively by critics for its perceived amateurish production and self - indulgent content , with the fantasy sequences in particular coming in for some of the harshest criticism . The film was particularly unsuccessful in the UK , where the band had not performed live for over two years as a result of being on tax exile . The band were thus unable to promote themselves at home , leaving them out of the public spotlight . However , amongst fans the film has retained its popularity . Until the release of Led Zeppelin DVD in 2003 , The Song Remains the Same was the only official live visual document that was accessible to followers of the band . It became a cult favourite at late - night movie houses , and its subsequent release on video and then DVD has ensured a growing base of fans . Some members of the band regard the performances filmed at Madison Square Garden as merely average for the time , coming as they did at the end of a long and exhausting tour , but nonetheless representative of the generally high standard of the band 's live performances during this era . In an interview he gave with New Musical Express in November 1976 , Page stated : The Song Remains The Same is not a great film , but there 's no point in making excuses . It 's just a reasonably honest statement of where we were at that particular time . It 's very difficult for me to watch it now , but I 'd like to see it in a year 's time just to see how it stands up . Page made good on his promise . When reviewing material for Led Zeppelin DVD in 2003 , he decided to include footage from this same series of concerts . However , other members of the band were less charitable , with Jones later admitting that the film was `` a massive compromise '' and Plant denouncing it as `` a load of bollocks . '' For all of its technical faults , many today view the film as an interesting historical document that captured the band at a particular point in time when its popularity was at around its peak , and , on a more general level , as an accurate representation of the excesses of the music and show - business industries in the 1970s . In a review published in Mojo magazine following the film 's 2007 reissue , James McNair gave the film four out of five stars and wrote : The good news is that Jimmy Page and fellow production wunderkind Kevin Shirley have been meticulous as regards quality control . The three - night , July 1973 stint at Madison square garden that fuelled the film 's original soundtrack has been plundered afresh ... In truth , 2003 's DVD package houses better live performances , but if you want to catch Zeppelin in all their preposterous , ' because we can ' glory , The Song Remains ... is the one . DVD scene listing ( edit ) Mob Rubout Mob Town Credits Country Life ( `` Autumn Lake '' ) `` Bron - Yr - Aur '' `` Rock and Roll '' `` Black Dog '' `` Since I 've Been Loving You '' `` No Quarter '' Who 's Responsible ? `` The Song Remains the Same '' `` The Rain Song '' Fire and Sword Capturing the Castle Not Quite Backstage Pass `` Dazed and Confused '' Strung Out Magic in the Night Gate Crasher No Comment `` Stairway to Heaven '' `` Moby Dick '' Country Squire Bonham `` Heartbreaker '' Grand Theft `` Whole Lotta Love '' End Credits ( w / `` Stairway to Heaven '' ) Chart positions ( edit ) DVD ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 ) Peak position Norwegian Music Chart Finnish Music Chart Italian FIMI Music DVD chart 18 Hungarian MAHASZ Top 20 DVDs Chart Cast ( edit ) John Bonham Richard Cole Peter Grant John Paul Jones Jimmy Page Robert Plant Colin Rigdon Derek Skilton Personnel ( edit ) Led Zeppelin John Bonham -- drums , percussion John Paul Jones -- bass guitar , keyboards Jimmy Page -- guitars , backing vocals , production , sound editing , mixing Robert Plant -- vocals Additional personnel Peter Clifton -- director Brian Condliffe -- technician Cameron Crowe -- liner notes Ernie Day -- camera operator Robert Freeman -- camera operator David Gladwell -- editor Peter Grant -- executive producer Mick Hinton -- technician Eddie Kramer -- sound engineer Ian Knight -- visual effects and lighting Benji Le Fevre -- technician Joe Massot -- director Shelly -- special effects Ray Thomas -- technician Steven Weiss -- shoot trouble Kirby Wyatt -- visual effects and lighting 2007 reissue ( edit ) On 20 November 2007 , Warner Home Video released a new DVD edition of The Song Remains The Same for the first time with all fifteen songs from the original Madison Square Garden concerts . This coincided with the reissue of the accompanying soundtrack to the film , available on CD . The DVD features newly remixed and remastered sound , 5.1 Dolby Digital and DTS surround sound , and includes more than 40 minutes of added bonus material , including never - before - released performance footage of `` Over the Hills and Far Away '' and `` Celebration Day '' , plus performances of `` Misty Mountain Hop '' and `` The Ocean '' , a rare 1976 BBC interview with Robert Plant and Peter Grant , vintage TV footage from the Drake Hotel robbery during the New York concert stand , and a Cameron Crowe radio show . This version was released on standard DVDs as well as Blu - ray and HD DVD . A Collector 's Edition box set including a T - shirt with the original album cover , placards from the New York shows , and several glossy photographs was released as well . Due to legal complications , the band decided not to change the video portion of the original movie for the rerelease . Instead , sound engineer Kevin Shirley created an entirely new mix of the three 1973 Madison Square Garden concerts so that the audio portion of the film would better match the on - screen visuals . The audio on the new CD release is nearly identical to the soundtrack of the new DVD release . One difference is that the songs included on the CDs that were not featured in the original movie are included as bonus tracks on the DVD . See also ( edit ) Led Zeppelin portal The Song Remains the Same ( album ) References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : Chris Welch ( 1994 ) Led Zeppelin , London : Orion Books . ISBN 1 - 85797 - 930 - 3 , pp. 68 - 69 , 83 . Jump up ^ Led Zeppelin Readies Fall Reissue Bonanza ^ Jump up to : Welch , Chris ( 2002 ) Peter Grant : The Man Who Led Zeppelin , London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 9195 - 8 , pp. 112 - 138 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Dave and Pallett , Simon ( 1997 ) Led Zeppelin : The Concert File , London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 5307 - 9 , p. 90 . ^ Jump up to : Liner notes by Cameron Crowe for The Song Remains the Same , reissued version , 2007 . Jump up ^ Snow , Mat , `` The Secret Life of a Superstar '' , Mojo magazine , December 2007 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , David . `` Jimmy Page , ' Mission Accomplished . ' '' Uncut Magazine . Take 132 ( May 2008 ) : 50 . Jump up ^ Virginia Parker , ( 1 ) Air , Fire and Led Zeppelins , Virginia Parker , contemporary realism , 21 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Blake , Mark , `` The Keeper of the Flame '' , Mojo magazine , December 2007 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Led Zeppelin Biography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Dave ( ed . ) The Tight But Loose Files : Celebration II . ( Page 80 ) Omnibus Press , 2003 ISBN 978 - 1 - 84449 - 056 - 1 Jump up ^ Tom & Sara Pendergast , ( 1999 ) . St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture , Volume 3 . St. James Press . ISBN 1 - 55862 - 400 - 7 ( set ) ISBN 1 - 55862 - 403 - 1 ( v. 3 ) Jump up ^ McNair , James , `` Vanity Fair ! '' , Mojo magazine , December 2007 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 100 - 2003 '' . lista.vg.no . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 100 - 30 March 2005 '' . pop.yle.fi . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 -- 20 March 2008 '' . FIMI . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 DVDs - 6 April 2008 '' . MAHASZ . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Tom Watson , Kevin Shirley Talks about Revisiting Led Zeppelin 's The Song Remains The Same , Modern Guitars Magazine , 16 October 2007 . Archived April 11 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Bibliography Welch , Chris ( 2002 ) , Peter Grant : The Man Who Led Zeppelin , London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 9195 - 8 . Lewis , Dave ( 2003 ) , Led Zeppelin : Celebration II : The ' Tight But Loose ' Files , London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84449 - 056 - 1 . External links ( edit ) The Garden Tapes - a study of sources of the live material and the edits for release on this film . The Song Remains the Same on IMDb The Song Remains the Same at AllMovie <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Led Zeppelin <Td_colspan="2"> John Bonham John Paul Jones Jimmy Page Robert Plant Studio albums Led Zeppelin Led Zeppelin II Led Zeppelin III Led Zeppelin IV Houses of the Holy Physical Graffiti Presence In Through the Out Door Coda Live albums The Song Remains the Same BBC Sessions How the West Was Won Celebration Day Compilations Profiled The Best of Led Zeppelin BBC Sessions Mothership Led Zeppelin Deluxe Edition Boxed sets Led Zeppelin Remasters Boxed Set 2 The Complete Studio Recordings Definitive Collection Singles `` Good Times Bad Times '' / `` Communication Breakdown '' `` Whole Lotta Love '' / `` Living Loving Maid ( She 's Just a Woman ) '' `` Immigrant Song '' / `` Hey , Hey , What Can I Do '' `` Black Dog '' / `` Misty Mountain Hop '' `` Rock and Roll '' / `` Four Sticks '' `` Over the Hills and Far Away '' / `` Dancing Days '' `` D'yer Mak'er '' / `` The Crunge '' `` Trampled Under Foot '' / `` Black Country Woman '' `` Candy Store Rock '' / `` Royal Orleans '' `` Fool in the Rain '' / `` Hot Dog '' `` Travelling Riverside Blues '' `` Baby Come On Home '' `` The Girl I Love She Got Long Black Wavy Hair '' Films The Song Remains the Same Led Zeppelin DVD Celebration Day Tours Scandinavia 1968 U.K. 1968 North America 1968 -- 1969 U.K. & Scandinavia 1969 North America Spring 1969 U.K. Summer 1969 North America Summer 1969 Europe Autumn 1969 North America Autumn 1969 U.K. 1970 Europe 1970 North America Spring 1970 Iceland , Bath & Germany 1970 North America Summer 1970 U.K. Spring 1971 Europe 1971 North America 1971 Japan 1971 U.K. Winter 1971 Australasia 1972 North America 1972 Japan 1972 U.K. 1972 -- 1973 Europe 1973 North America 1973 North America 1975 Earls Court 1975 North America 1977 Knebworth 1979 Over Europe 1980 Reunions Live Aid ( 1985 ) Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary ( 1988 ) Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert ( 2007 ) Lists Discography Songs Awards and nominations Bootlegs Cover versions by others Led Zeppelin songs written or inspired by others Related Articles Swan Song Records Three Week Hero `` Beck 's Bolero '' Bron - Yr - Aur The Starship Caesar 's Chariot Shark episode Planned tour -- The 1980s , Part One Covers and tributes That ' 70s Show ( season 5 ) Bands The Yardbirds Band of Joy XYZ The Honeydrippers The Firm Coverdale Page Page and Plant Jimmy Page and the Black Crowes Them Crooked Vultures Strange Sensation Books Hammer of the Gods : The Led Zeppelin Saga Stairway to Heaven : Led Zeppelin Uncensored When Giants Walked the Earth People Jason Bonham Peter Grant Richard Cole <Td_colspan="2"> Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Song_Remains_the_Same_(film)&oldid=801807436 '' Categories : 1976 films English - language films 1999 video albums Led Zeppelin video albums Concert films English - language video albums Films set in New York City Films set in Pittsburgh Live video albums Warner Bros. films Films directed by Joe Massot Films directed by Peter Clifton Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Italiano ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 00 : 13 . 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1. The Song Remains the Same (film) 2. Led Zeppelin concert film 3. Filming at Madison Square Garden 4. Fantasy sequences in the film 5. Critical reaction and popularity of the film

do you know hindi in devnagari lipi meaning in hindi

Devanagari - Wikipedia Devanagari `` Nagari '' redirects here . For other uses , see Nagari ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Devanagari देवनागरी <Td_colspan="2"> Devanagari script ( vowels top , consonants bottom ) in Chandas font . Type Abugida Languages Hindi , Marathi , Nepali , Bhojpuri , Maithili , Rajasthani , Chhattisgarhi , Santali , Kashmiri , Konkani , Sindhi , Dogri , Bodo , Newar , Awadhi , Magahi , Haryanvi , Bhili , Mundari , Sanskrit , Pali and many more Time period Early signs : 1st century CE , modern form : 10th century CE Parent systems Proto - Sinaitic Brāhmī Gupta Nāgarī Devanagari Child systems Gujarati Moḍī Sister systems Gurmukhi , Nandinagari Direction Left - to - right ISO 15924 Deva , 315 Unicode alias Devanagari Unicode range U + 0900 -- U + 097F Devanagari , U + A8E0 -- U + A8FF Devanagari Extended , U + 1CD0 -- U + 1CFF Vedic Extensions <Td_colspan="2"> ( a ) The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon . <Td_colspan="2"> This article contains IPA phonetic symbols . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Unicode characters . For an introductory guide on IPA symbols , see Help : IPA . Devanāgarī Abugida Brahmic scripts Inherent vowel Languages ( show ) Hindi Marathi Nepali Pali Konkani Bodo Maithili Sindhi Sanskrit and more Transliteration ( show ) IAST Hunterian NLK ISO 15919 Harvard - Kyoto ITRANS Velthuis SLP1 WX notation ( ISCII ) Vowels and syllabic consonants ( show ) अ a ॲ æ ऄ आ ( का ) ā इ ( कि ) i ई ( की ) ī उ ( कु ) u ऊ ( कू ) ū ॶ ( कॖ ) ॷ ( कॗ ) ऋ ( कृ ) r̥ ॠ ( कॄ ) r̥̄ ऌ ( कॢ ) l̥ ॡ ( कॣ ) l̥̄ ए ( के ) ē ऍ ( कॅ ) ê ऎ ( कॆ ) e ऐ ( कै ) ai ( कॕ ) ( कॎ ) ओ ( को ) ō ऑ ( कॉ ) ô ऒ ( कॊ ) o औ ( कौ ) au ॳ ( कऺ ) ॴ ( कऻ ) ॵ ( कॏ ) ( Schwa deletion ) Consonants ( show ) क k क़ q ख kh ख़ k̲h̲ ग g ग़ ġ ॻ gg घ gh ङ ṅ च c छ ch ज j ज़ z ॼ jj ॹ ž झ jh झ़ zh ञ ñ ट ṭ ठ ṭh ड ḍ ड़ ṛ ॾ ḍḍ ॸ ḍ ढ ḍh ढ़ ṛh ण ṇ त t थ th द d ध dh न n ऩ ṉ प p फ ph फ़ f ब b ॿ bb भ bh म m य y य़ ẏ ॺ र r ऱ ṟ ळ ḷ ऴ ḻ ल l व v श ś ष ṣ स s ह h ॽ ( Conjuncts ) Diacritics , punctuation , symbols ( show ) अं ṁ अः ḥ अँ m̐ अऀ ऽ ' क़ क् ३ 3 ᳵ ẖ ᳶ ḫ अ॑ ` अ॒ _ अ॓ अ॔ ॐ aum̐ । ॥ ॰ ॱ ₹ INR and more ( Devanagari ( Unicode block ) Devanagari Extended Vedic Extensions ) Numerals ( show ) ० 0 १ 1 २ 2 ३ 3 ४ 4 ५ 5 ६ 6 ७ 7 ८ 8 ९ 9 Āryabhaṭa Akṣarapallī Bhūtasaṃkhyā Kaṭapayādi Brahmic scripts The Brahmic script and its descendants Northern Brahmic ( show ) Tocharian alphabet Gupta script Bhaiksuki alphabet Śāradā script Laṇḍā scripts Gurmukhī alphabet Khojki Khudabadi script Multani alphabet Mahajani Devāśeṣa Takri alphabet Dogra Tibetan alphabet ' Phags - pa script Pungs - chen Pungs - chung Marchen Marchung Horizontal square script Lepcha alphabet Limbu alphabet Nepal script Bhujimol Ranjana script Soyombo alphabet Prachalit Nepal script Nāgarī script Devanagari Nandinagari Gujarati alphabet Modi alphabet Kaithi Sylheti Nagari Siddhaṃ script Assamese - Bengali Tirhuta Anga Lipi Meithei script Southern Brahmic ( show ) Tamil - Brahmi Vatteluttu alphabet Kolezhuthu Tamil script Kalinga alphabet Odia Grantha alphabet Malayalam script Tigalari alphabet Sinhala alphabet Dhives Akuru Thaana Saurashtra alphabet Khmer alphabet Lao alphabet Thai alphabet Cham alphabet Ahom alphabet Kawi script Balinese script Javanese script Baybayin Batak script Buhid alphabet Hanunó'o alphabet Tagbanwa alphabet Sundanese script Lontara script Makasar Rejang script Old Mon script Burmese script S'gaw Karen alphabet Chakma alphabet Tai Tham alphabet New Tai Lue alphabet Tai Le alphabet Tai Viet alphabet Bhattiprolu alphabet Kadamba alphabet Kannada alphabet Telugu script Pyu script Devanagari ( / ˌdeɪvəˈnɑːɡəriː / DAY - və - NAH - gər - ee ; देवनागरी , IAST : Devanāgarī , a compound of `` deva '' देव and `` nāgarī '' नागरी ; Hindi pronunciation : ( d̪eːʋˈnaːɡri ) ) , also called Nagari ( Nāgarī , नागरी ) , is an abugida ( alphasyllabary ) used in India and Nepal . It is written from left to right , has a strong preference for symmetrical rounded shapes within squared outlines , and is recognisable by a horizontal line that runs along the top of full letters . In a cursory look , the Devanagari script appears different from other Indic scripts such as Eastern Nagari , Odia , or Gurmukhi , but a closer examination reveals they are very similar except for angles and structural emphasis . The Nagari script has roots in the ancient Brāhmī script family . Some of the earliest epigraphical evidence attesting to the developing Sanskrit Nagari script in ancient India , in a form similar to Devanagari , is from the 1st to 4th century CE inscriptions discovered in Gujarat . The Nagari script was in regular use by the 7th century CE and it was fully developed by about the end of first millennium . The use of Sanskrit in Nagari script in medieval India is attested by numerous pillar and cave temple inscriptions , including the 11th - century Udayagiri inscriptions in Madhya Pradesh , and an inscribed brick found in Uttar Pradesh , dated to be from 1217 CE , which is now held at the British Museum . The script 's proto - and related versions have been discovered in ancient relics outside of India , such as in Sri Lanka , Myanmar and Indonesia ; while in East Asia , Siddha Matrika script considered as the closest precursor to Nagari was in use by Buddhists . Nagari has been the primus inter pares of the Indic scripts . It has long been used traditionally by religiously educated people in South Asia to record and transmit information , existing throughout the land in parallel with a wide variety of local scripts ( such as Modi , Kaithi , and Mahajani ) used for administration , commerce , and other daily uses . The Devanagari script is used for over 120 languages , making it one of the most used and adopted writing systems in the world . Among the languages using it -- as either their only script or one of their scripts -- are Hindi , Marathi , Nepali , Bhojpuri , Maithili , Rajasthani , Chhattisgarhi , Santali , Kashmiri , Konkani , Sindhi , Dogri , Bodo , Newar , Awadhi , Magahi , Haryanvi , Bhili , Mundari , Pali and Sanskrit . The Devanagari script is closely related to the Nandinagari script commonly found in numerous ancient manuscripts of South India , and it is distantly related to a number of southeast Asian scripts . Devanagari script has forty - seven primary characters , of which fourteen are vowels and thirty - three are consonants . The ancient Nagari script for Sanskrit had two additional consonantal characters . Unlike the Latin alphabet , the script has no concept of letter case . Generally the orthography of the script reflects the pronunciation of the language . Contents 1 Origins 2 Principle 3 Letters 3.1 Vowels 3.2 Consonants 3.2. 1 Schwa syncope in consonants 3.2. 2 Allophony of ' v ' and ' w ' in Hindi 3.3 Compounds 3.4 Conjuncts 3.4. 1 Biconsonantal conjuncts 3.4. 2 Top 360 Most Frequent Conjuncts in Sanskrit 3.5 Accent marks 3.6 Punctuation 3.7 Old forms 3.8 Numerals 3.9 Fonts 4 Transliteration 4.1 Hunterian system 4.2 ISO 15919 4.3 IAST 4.4 Harvard - Kyoto 4.5 ITRANS 4.5. 1 Velthuis 4.6 ALA - LC Romanisation 4.7 WX 5 Encodings 5.1 ISCII 5.2 Unicode 6 Devanagari keyboard layouts 6.1 InScript layout 6.2 Typewriter 6.3 Phonetic 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Census and catalogues of manuscripts in Devanagari 9 External links Origins ( edit ) Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra in Siddham on palm - leaf in 609 CE . Hōryū - ji , Japan . The last line is a complete Sanskrit syllabary in Siddhaṃ script Devanagari is part of the Brahmic family of scripts of India , Nepal , Tibet , and South - East Asia . It is a descendant of the Gupta script , along with Siddham and Sharada . Variants of script called Nāgarī , recognisably close to Devanagari , are first attested from the 1st century CE Rudradaman inscriptions in Sanskrit , while the modern standardised form of Devanagari was in use by about 1000 CE . Medieval inscriptions suggest widespread diffusion of the Nagari - related scripts , with biscripts presenting local script along with the adoption of Nagari scripts . For example , the mid 8th - century Pattadakal pillar in Karnataka has text in both Siddha Matrika script , and an early Telugu - Kannada script ; while , the Kangra Jvalamukhi inscription in Himachal Pradesh is written in both Sharada and Devanagari scripts . A 19th century Rigveda manuscript in Devanagari . The 7th - century Tibetan king Srong - tsan - gambo ordered that all foreign books be transcribed into the Tibetan language . He sent his ambassador Tonmi Sambota to India to acquire alphabet and writing methods ; returning with Sanskrit Nagari script from Kashmir corresponding to 24 Tibetan sounds and innovating new symbols for 6 local sounds . Other closely related scripts such as Siddham Matrka were in use in Indonesia , Vietnam , Japan and other parts of East Asia by between 7th - to 10th - century . Sharada remained in parallel use in Kashmir . An early version of Devanagari is visible in the Kutila inscription of Bareilly dated to Vikram Samvat 1049 ( i.e. 992 CE ) , which demonstrates the emergence of the horizontal bar to group letters belonging to a word . One of the oldest surviving Sanskrit text from early post-Maurya period available consists of 1,413 Nagari pages of a commentary by Patanjali , with a composition date of about 150 BCE , the surviving copy transcribed about 14th century CE . Nāgarī is the Sanskrit feminine of Nāgara `` relating or belonging to a town or city , urban '' . It is a phrasing with lipi ( `` script '' ) as nāgarī lipi `` script relating to a city '' , or `` spoken in city '' . The use of the name devanāgarī is relatively recent , and the older term nāgarī is still common . The rapid spread of the term devanāgarī may be related to the almost exclusive use of this script to publish Sanskrit texts in print since the 1870s . The script was popularized for use by governments in the 1860s by Raja Sivaprasad . Principle ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As a Brahmic abugida , the fundamental principle of Devanagari is that each letter represents a consonant , which carries an inherent schwa vowel . This is usually written in Latin as a , though it is represented as ( ə ) in the International Phonetic Alphabet . The letter क is read ka , the two letters क न are kana , the three कन य are kanaya , etc . Other vowels , or the absence of vowels , require modification of these consonants or their own letters : Devanagari text from Vayu Purana ( Marathi Translation ) . A final consonant is marked with the diacritic ् called the virāma in Sanskrit , halant in Hindi , and occasionally a `` killer stroke '' in English . This cancels the inherent vowel , so that from क्नय knaya is derived क्नय् knay . The halant is often used for consonant clusters when typesetting conjunct ligatures is not feasible . Consonant clusters are written with ligatures ( saṃyuktākṣara `` conjuncts '' ) . For example , the three consonants क् , न् , and य् , ( k , n , y ) , when written consecutively without virāma form कनय , as shown above . Alternatively , they may be joined as clusters to form क्नय knaya , कन्य kanya , or क्न्य knya . This system was originally created for use with the Middle Indo - Aryan languages , which have a very limited number of clusters ( the only clusters allowed are geminate consonants and clusters involving homorganic nasal stops ) . When applied to Sanskrit , however , it added a great deal of complexity to the script , due to the large variety of clusters in this language ( up to five consonants , e.g. rtsny ) . Much of this complexity is required at least on occasion in the modern Indo - Aryan languages , due to the large number of clusters allowed and especially due to borrowings from Sanskrit . Vowels other than the inherent a are written with diacritics ( termed matras ) . For example , using क ka , the following forms can be derived : के ke , कु ku , की kī , का kā , etc . For vowels as an independent syllable ( in writing , unattached to a preceding consonant ) , either at the beginning of a word or ( in Hindi ) after another vowel , there are full - letter forms . For example , while the vowel ū is written with the diacritic ू in कू kū , it has its own letter ऊ in ऊक ūka and ( in Hindi but not Sanskrit ) कऊ kaū . Such a letter or ligature , with its diacritics , is called an akṣara `` syllable '' . For example , कनय kanaya is written with what are counted as three akshara , whereas क्न्य knya and कु ku are each written with one . When handwriting , letters are usually written without the distinctive horizontal bar , which is added only once the word is completed . Letters ( edit ) The letter order of Devanagari , like nearly all Brahmic scripts , is based on phonetic principles that consider both the manner and place of articulation of the consonants and vowels they represent . This arrangement is usually referred to as the varṇamālā `` garland of letters '' . The format of Devanagari for Sanskrit serves as the prototype for its application , with minor variations or additions , to other languages . Vowels ( edit ) The vowels and their arrangement are : Independent form IAST / ISO As diacritic with प Independent form IAST / ISO As diacritic with प kaṇṭhya ( Guttural ) अ प आ ā पा tālavya ( Palatal ) इ i पि ई ī पी oṣṭhya ( Labial ) उ u पु ऊ ū पू mūrdhanya ( Retroflex ) ऋ ṛ / r̥ पृ ॠ ṝ / r̥̄ पॄ dantya ( Dental ) ऌ ḷ / l̥ पॢ ॡ ḹ / l̥̄ पॣ kaṇṭhatālavya ( Palatoguttural ) ए e / ē पे ऐ ai पै kaṇṭhoṣṭhya ( Labioguttural ) ओ o / ō पो औ au पौ IAST अं aṃ / aṁ पं अः aḥ पः IAST ॲ / ऍ IAST / ê पॅ ऑ IAST / ô पॉ Arranged with the vowels are two consonantal diacritics , the final nasal anusvāra ं ṃ and the final fricative visarga ः ḥ ( called अं aṃ and अः aḥ ) . Masica ( 1991 : 146 ) notes of the anusvāra in Sanskrit that `` there is some controversy as to whether it represents a homorganic nasal stop ( ... ) , a nasalised vowel , a nasalised semivowel , or all these according to context '' . The visarga represents post-vocalic voiceless glottal fricative ( h ) , in Sanskrit an allophone of s , or less commonly r , usually in word - final position . Some traditions of recitation append an echo of the vowel after the breath : इः ( ihi ) . Masica ( 1991 : 146 ) considers the visarga along with letters ङ ṅa and ञ ña for the `` largely predictable '' velar and palatal nasals to be examples of `` phonetic overkill in the system '' . Another diacritic is the candrabindu / anunāsika ँ अँ . Salomon ( 2003 : 76 -- 77 ) describes it as a `` more emphatic form '' of the anusvāra , `` sometimes ( ... ) used to mark a true ( vowel ) nasalization '' . In a New Indo - Aryan language such as Hindi the distinction is formal : the candrabindu indicates vowel nasalisation while the anusvār indicates a homorganic nasal preceding another consonant : e.g. हँसी ( ɦə̃si ) `` laughter '' , गंगा ( ɡəŋɡɑ ) `` the Ganges '' . When an akshara has a vowel diacritic above the top line , that leaves no room for the candra ( `` moon '' ) stroke candrabindu , which is dispensed with in favour of the lone dot : हूँ ( ɦũ ) `` am '' , but हैं ( ɦɛ̃ ) `` are '' . Some writers and typesetters dispense with the `` moon '' stroke altogether , using only the dot in all situations . The avagraha ऽ अऽ ( usually transliterated with an apostrophe ) is a Sanskrit punctuation mark for the elision of a vowel in sandhi : एकोऽयम् eko'yam ( ← ekas + ayam ) `` this one '' . An original long vowel lost to coalescence is sometimes marked with a double avagraha : सदाऽऽत्मा sadā'tmā ( ← sadā + ātmā ) `` always , the self '' . In Hindi , Snell ( 2000 : 77 ) states that its `` main function is to show that a vowel is sustained in a cry or a shout '' : आईऽऽऽ ! āīīī ! . In Madhyadeshi Languages like Bhojpuri , Awadhi , Maithili , etc. which have `` quite a number of verbal forms ( that ) end in that inherent vowel '' , the avagraha is used to mark the non-elision of word - final inherent a , which otherwise is a modern orthographic convention : बइठऽ baiṭha `` sit '' versus बइठ baiṭh The syllabic consonants ṝ , ḷ , and ḹ are specific to Sanskrit and not included in the varṇamālā of other languages . The sound represented by ṛ has also been lost in the modern languages , and its pronunciation now ranges from ( ɾɪ ) ( Hindi ) to ( ɾu ) ( Marathi ) . ḹ is not an actual phoneme of Sanskrit , but rather a graphic convention included among the vowels in order to maintain the symmetry of short -- long pairs of letters . There are non-regular formations of रु ru and रू rū . There are two more vowels in Marathi as well as Konkani , ॲ and ऑ , that respectively represent ( æ ) , similar to the RP English pronunciation of in ' act ' , and ( ɒ ) , similar to the RP pronunciation of in ' cot ' . These vowels are sometimes used in Hindi too . IAST transliteration is not defined . In ISO 15919 , the transliteration is ê and ô , respectively . Consonants ( edit ) The table below shows the consonant letters ( in combination with inherent vowel a ) and their arrangement . To the right of the Devanagari letter it shows the Latin script transliteration using International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration , and the phonetic value ( IPA ) in Hindi . <Th_colspan="8"> sparśa ( Plosive ) <Th_colspan="2"> anunāsika ( Nasal ) <Th_colspan="2"> antastha ( Approximant ) <Th_colspan="4"> ūṣman / saṃghaṣhrī ( Fricative ) Voicing → <Td_colspan="4"> aghoṣa <Td_colspan="8"> ghoṣa <Td_colspan="2"> aghoṣa <Td_colspan="2"> ghoṣa Aspiration → <Td_colspan="2"> alpaprāṇa <Td_colspan="2"> mahāprāṇa <Td_colspan="2"> alpaprāṇa <Td_colspan="2"> mahāprāṇa <Td_colspan="4"> alpaprāṇa <Td_colspan="4"> mahāprāṇa kaṇṭhya ( Guttural ) क ka / k / ख kha / kh / ग ga / ɡ / घ gha / ɡɦ / ङ ṅa / ŋ / <Td_colspan="4"> ह ha / ɦ / tālavya ( Palatal ) च ca / c , t͡ʃ / छ cha / ch , t͡ʃh / ज ja / ɟ , d͡ʒ / झ jha / ɟɦ , d͡ʒɦ / ञ ña / ɲ / य ya / j / श śa / ɕ , ʃ / <Td_colspan="2"> mūrdhanya ( Retroflex ) ट ṭa / ʈ / ठ ṭha / ʈh / ड ḍa / ɖ / ढ ḍha / ɖɦ / ण ṇa / ɳ / र ra / r / ष ṣa / ʂ / dantya ( Dental ) त ta / t̪ / थ tha / t̪h / द da / d̪ / ध dha / d̪ɦ / न na / n / ल la / l / स sa / s / oṣṭhya ( Labial ) प pa / p / फ pha / ph , ɸ / ब ba / b / भ bha / bɦ , β / म ma / m / व va / w , ʋ / <Td_colspan="2"> Rounding this out where applicable is ळ ḷa ( IPA : / ɭ / or / ɭ̆ / ) , the intervocalic lateral flap allophone of the voiced retroflex stop in Vedic Sanskrit , which is a phoneme in languages such as Marathi , Konkani , and Rajasthani . Beyond the Sanskritic set , new shapes have rarely been formulated . Masica ( 1991 : 146 ) offers the following , `` In any case , according to some , all possible sounds had already been described and provided for in this system , as Sanskrit was the original and perfect language . Hence it was difficult to provide for or even to conceive other sounds , unknown to the phoneticians of Sanskrit '' . Where foreign borrowings and internal developments did inevitably accrue and arise in New Indo - Aryan languages , they have been ignored in writing , or dealt through means such as diacritics and ligatures ( ignored in recitation ) . The most prolific diacritic has been the subscript dot ( nuqtā ) ़ . Hindi uses it for the Persian , Arabic and English sounds क़ qa / q / , ख़ xa / x / , ग़ ġa / ɣ / , ज़ za / z / , झ़ zha / ʒ / , and फ़ fa / f / , and for the allophonic developments ड़ ṛa / ɽ / and ढ़ ṛha / ɽɦ / . ( Although ऴ ḷha / ɭɦä / could also exist , it is not used in Hindi . ) Sindhi 's and Saraiki 's implosives are accommodated with a line attached below : ॻ ( ɠə ) , ॼ ( ʄə ) , ॾ ( ɗə ) , ॿ ( ɓə ) . Aspirated sonorants may be represented as conjuncts / ligatures with ह ha : म्ह mha , न्ह nha , ण्ह ṇha , व्ह vha , ल्ह lha , ळ्ह ḷha , र्ह rha . Masica ( 1991 : 147 ) notes Marwari as using ॸ for ḍa ( ɗə ) ( while ड represents ( ɽə ) ) . For a list of the 297 ( 33 × 9 ) possible Sanskrit consonant - ( short ) vowel phonemes , see Āryabhaṭa numeration . Schwa syncope in consonants ( edit ) Main article : Schwa deletion in Indo - Aryan languages In many Indo - Aryan languages , the schwa ( ' ə ' ) implicit in each consonant of the script is `` obligatorily deleted '' at the end of words and in certain other contexts , unlike in Marathi or Sanskrit . This phenomenon has been termed the `` schwa syncope rule '' or the `` schwa deletion rule '' of Hindi . One formalisation of this rule has been summarised as ə → ∅ VC_CV . In other words , when a schwa - succeeded consonant is followed by a vowel - succeeded consonant , the schwa inherent in the first consonant is deleted . However , this formalisation is inexact and incomplete ( it sometimes deletes a schwa when it should not and , at other times , it fails to delete it when it should ) and can cause errors . Schwa deletion is computationally important because it is essential to building text - to - speech software for Hindi . As a result of schwa syncope , the Hindi pronunciation of many words differs from that expected from a literal Sanskrit - style rendering of Devanagari . For instance , राम is rām ( not rāma ) , रचना is rac'nā ( not racanā ) , वेद is vēd ( not vēda ) and नमकीन is nam'kīn ( not namakīna ) . The name of the script itself is pronounced dev'nāgrī ( not devanāgarī ) . Correct schwa deletion is also critical because , in some cases , the same Devanagari letter sequence is pronounced two different ways in Hindi depending on context , and failure to delete the appropriate schwas can change the sense of the word . For instance , the letter sequence ' रक ' is pronounced differently in हरकत ( harkat , meaning movement or activity ) and सरकना ( saraknā , meaning to slide ) . Similarly , the sequence धड़कने in दिल धड़कने लगा ( the heart started beating ) and in दिल की धड़कनें ( beats of the heart ) is identical prior to the nasalisation in the second usage . Yet , it is pronounced dhaṛaknē in the first and dhaṛkanē in the second . While native speakers correctly pronounce the sequences differently in different contexts , non-native speakers and voice - synthesis software can make them `` sound very unnatural '' , making it `` extremely difficult for the listener '' to grasp the intended meaning . Allophony of ' v ' and ' w ' in Hindi ( edit ) ( v ) ( the voiced labiodental fricative ) and ( w ) ( the voiced labio - velar approximant ) are both allophones of the single phoneme represented by the letter ' व ' in Hindi Devanagari . More specifically , they are conditional allophones , i.e. rules apply on whether ' व ' is pronounced as ( v ) or ( w ) depending on context . Native Hindi speakers pronounce ' व ' as ( v ) in vrat ( व्रत , fast ) and ( w ) in pakvān ( पकवान , food dish ) , perceiving them as a single phoneme and without being aware of the allophone distinctions they are systematically making . However , this specific allophony can become obvious when speakers switch languages . Non-native speakers of Hindi might pronounce ' व ' in ' व्रत ' as ( w ) , i.e. as wrat instead of the more correct vrat . This results in a minor intelligibility problem because wrat can easily be confused for aurat , which means woman , instead of the intended fast ( abstaining from food ) , in Hindi . Compounds ( edit ) Compound letters - क with vowel diacritics . Table : Compounds . Vowels in their independent form on the left and in their corresponding dependent form ( vowel sign ) combined with the consonant ' k ' on the right . ' ka ' is without any added vowel sign , where the vowel ' a ' is inherent . ISO 15919 transliteration is on the top two rows . ISO <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ā <Th_colspan="2"> æ <Th_colspan="2"> ɒ <Th_colspan="2"> i <Th_colspan="2"> ī <Th_colspan="2"> u <Th_colspan="2"> ū <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ē <Th_colspan="2"> ai <Th_colspan="2"> o <Th_colspan="2"> ō <Th_colspan="2"> au <Th_colspan="2"> r̥ <Th_colspan="2"> r̥̄ <Th_colspan="2"> l̥ <Th_colspan="2"> l̥̄ <Th_colspan="2"> ṁ <Th_colspan="2"> ḥ ka ā kā æ kæ ɒ kɒ i ki ī kī u ku ū kū ke ē kē ai kai o ko ō kō au kau r̥ kr̥ r̥̄ kr̥̄ l̥ kl̥ l̥̄ kl̥̄ ṁ kṁ ḥ kaḥ k Devanagari अ क आ का ॲ कॅ ऑ कॉ इ कि ई की उ कु ऊ कू ऎ कॆ ए के ऐ कै ऒ कॊ ओ को औ कौ ऋ कृ ॠ कॄ ऌ कॢ ॡ कॣ अं कं अः कः क् A vowel combines with a consonant to form their compound letter . For example , the vowel आ ( ā ) combines with the consonant क् ( k ) to form the compound का ( kā ) , with halant removed and added vowel sign which is indicated by diacritics . The vowel अ ( a ) combines with the consonant क् ( k ) to form the compound क ( ka ) with halant removed . But , the compound letter series of क , ख , ग , घ ... ( ka , kha , ga , gha ) is without any added vowel sign , as the vowel अ ( a ) is inherent . Conjuncts ( edit ) You will be able to see the conjuncts only if your system has a Unicode font installed that includes the required conjunct glyphs ( such as one of the TDIL fonts , see the list of fonts below . Keep in mind that there is significant variation in the number of conjuncts a font supports : Siddhanta ( a newer version of the Chandas font ) , for example , is one of the most comprehensive and covers more than 4300 ligatures whereas Hind , a decent font for modern use , has a coverage in the hundreds . Unicode - compatible fonts use the `` virama '' or `` halant '' character ( ् ) between characters to indicate when they should be ligatured , so as a general rule , if you see a halant in the middle of a word , it is likely a conjunct that is not supported by current font . As mentioned , successive consonants lacking a vowel in between them may physically join together as a conjunct or ligature . Conjuncts are used mostly with loan words . Native words typically use the basic consonant and native speakers know to suppress the vowel . For example , the native Hindi word karnā is written करना ( ka - ra - nā ) . The government of these clusters ranges from widely to narrowly applicable rules , with special exceptions within . While standardised for the most part , there are certain variations in clustering , of which the Unicode used on this page is just one scheme . The following are a number of rules : 24 out of the 36 consonants contain a vertical right stroke ( ख kha , घ gha , ण ṇa etc . ) . As first or middle fragments / members of a cluster , they lose that stroke . e.g. त + व = त्व tva , ण + ढ = ण्ढ ṇḍha , स + थ = स्थ stha . In Unicode , these consonants without their vertical stems are called half forms . श ś ( a ) appears as a different , simple ribbon - shaped fragment preceding व va , न na , च ca , ल la , and र ra , causing these second members to be shifted down and reduced in size . Thus श्व śva , श्न śna , श्च śca श्ल śla , and श्र śra . र r ( a ) as a first member takes the form of a curved upward dash above the final character or its ā - diacritic . e.g. र्व rva , र्वा rvā , र्स्प rspa , र्स्पा rspā . As a final member with ट ṭa ठ ṭha ड ḍa ढ ḍha ड़ ṛa छ cha it is two lines below the character , pointed downwards and apart . Thus ट्र ṭra ठ्र ṭhra ड्र ḍra ढ्र ḍhra ड़्र ṛra छ्र chra . Elsewhere as a final member it is a diagonal stroke extending leftwards and down . e.g. क्र ग्र भ्र . त ta is shifted up to make त्र tra . As first members , remaining characters lacking vertical strokes such as द d ( a ) and ह h ( a ) may have their second member , reduced in size and lacking its horizontal stroke , placed underneath . क k ( a ) , छ ch ( a ) , and फ ph ( a ) shorten their right hooks and join them directly to the following member . The conjuncts for kṣ and jñ are not clearly derived from the letters making up their components . The conjunct for kṣ is क्ष ( क् + ष ) and for jñ it is ज्ञ ( ज् + ञ ) . The `` Biconsonantal conjuncts '' table below shows all the 1296 possible symbols for the biconsonantal clusters formed by collating the 36 fundamental symbols of Sanskrit as listed in Masica ( 1991 : 161 -- 162 ) . Scroll your cursor over the conjuncts to reveal their romanisations ( in ISO 15919 ) and IPA transcriptions . Note that there will be variation in the conjuncts that are actually used in any given language written in Devanagari and many of them would not be viable combinations in any language . Conjuncts can be constructed of more than two consonants , and the theoretical number of possible combinations increases exponentially . However , longer conjuncts are increasingly constrained by the languages ' phonology and the actual number of conjuncts observed drops sharply . Ulrich Stiel includes a five - consonant cluster in the top 360 most frequent conjuncts found in Classical Sanskrit ; the complete list appears below . Presented as they are here , many of these conjuncts may seem a little absurd , but keep in mind that when writing in Devanagari , conjuncts very often span a syllable boundary . That is , not all conjuncts are possible at the beginning ( or end ) of a syllable or word ; many will only occur in the middle of multisyllablic words where the coda consonants of one syllable are conjoined with the onset consonants of the following syllable . Biconsonantal conjuncts ( edit ) क ख ग घ ङ च छ ज झ ञ ट ठ ड ढ ण त थ द ध न प फ ब भ म य र ल व श ष स ह ळ क्ष ज्ञ क क्क क्ख क्ग क्घ क्ङ क्च क्छ क्ज क्झ क्ञ क्ट क्ठ क्ड क्ढ क्ण क्त क्थ क्द क्ध क्न क्प क्फ क्ब क्भ क्म क्य क्र क्ल क्व क्श क्ष क्स क्ह क्ळ क्क्ष क्ज्ञ ख ख्क ख्ख ख्ग ख्घ ख्ङ ख्च ख्छ ख्ज ख्झ ख्ञ ख्ट ख्ठ ख्ड ख्ढ ख्ण ख्त ख्थ ख्द ख्ध ख्न ख्प ख्फ ख्ब ख्भ ख्म ख्य ख्र ख्ल ख्व ख्श ख्ष ख्स ख्ह ख्ळ ख्क्ष ख्ज्ञ ग ग्क ग्ख ग्ग ग्घ ग्ङ ग्च ग्छ ग्ज ग्झ ग्ञ ग्ट ग्ठ ग्ड ग्ढ ग्ण ग्त ग्थ ग्द ग्ध ग्न ग्प ग्फ ग्ब ग्भ ग्म ग्य ग्र ग्ल ग्व ग्श ग्ष ग्स ग्ह ग्ळ ग्क्ष ग्ज्ञ घ घ्क घ्ख घ्ग घ्घ घ्ङ घ्च घ्छ घ्ज घ्झ घ्ञ घ्ट घ्ठ घ्ड घ्ढ घ्ण घ्त घ्थ घ्द घ्ध घ्न घ्प घ्फ घ्ब घ्भ घ्म घ्य घ्र घ्ल घ्व घ्श घ्ष घ्स घ्ह घ्ळ घ्क्ष घ्ज्ञ ङ ङ्क ङ्ख ङ्ग ङ्घ ङ्ङ ङ्च ङ्छ ङ्ज ङ्झ ङ्ञ ङ्ट ङ्ठ ङ्ड ङ्ढ ङ्ण ङ्त ङ्थ ङ्द ङ्ध ङ्न ङ्प ङ्फ ङ्ब ङ्भ ङ्म ङ्य ङ्र ङ्ल ङ्व ङ्श ङ्ष ङ्स ङ्ह ङ्ळ ङ्क्ष ङ्ज्ञ च च्क च्ख च्ग च्घ च्ङ च्च च्छ च्ज च्झ च्ञ च्ट च्ठ च्ड च्ढ च्ण च्त च्थ च्द च्ध च्न च्प च्फ च्ब च्भ च्म च्य च्र च्ल च्व च्श च्ष च्स च्ह च्ळ च्क्ष च्ज्ञ छ छ्क छ्ख छ्ग छ्घ छ्ङ छ्च छ्छ छ्ज छ्झ छ्ञ छ्ट छ्ठ छ्ड छ्ढ छ्ण छ्त छ्थ छ्द छ्ध छ्न छ्प छ्फ छ्ब छ्भ छ्म छ्य छ्र छ्ल छ्व छ्श छ्ष छ्स छ्ह छ्ळ छ्क्ष छ्ज्ञ ज ज्क ज्ख ज्ग ज्घ ज्ङ ज्च ज्छ ज्ज ज्झ ज्ञ ज्ट ज्ठ ज्ड ज्ढ ज्ण ज्त ज्थ ज्द ज्ध ज्न ज्प ज्फ ज्ब ज्भ ज्म ज्य ज्र ज्ल ज्व ज्श ज्ष ज्स ज्ह ज्ळ ज्क्ष ज्ज्ञ झ झ्क झ्ख झ्ग झ्घ झ्ङ झ्च झ्छ झ्ज झ्झ झ्ञ झ्ट झ्ठ झ्ड झ्ढ झ्ण झ्त झ्थ झ्द झ्ध झ्न झ्प झ्फ झ्ब झ्भ झ्म झ्य झ्र झ्ल झ्व झ्श झ्ष झ्स झ्ह झ्ळ झ्क्ष झ्ज्ञ ञ ञ्क ञ्ख ञ्ग ञ्घ ञ्ङ ञ्च ञ्छ ञ्ज ञ्झ ञ्ञ ञ्ट ञ्ठ ञ्ड ञ्ढ ञ्ण ञ्त ञ्थ ञ्द ञ्ध ञ्न ञ्प ञ्फ ञ्ब ञ्भ ञ्म ञ्य ञ्र ञ्ल ञ्व ञ्श ञ्ष ञ्स ञ्ह ञ्ळ ञ्क्ष ञ्ज्ञ ट ट्क ट्ख ट्ग ट्घ ट्ङ ट्च ट्छ ट्ज ट्झ ट्ञ ट्ट ट्ठ ट्ड ट्ढ ट्ण ट्त ट्थ ट्द ट्ध ट्न ट्प ट्फ ट्ब ट्भ ट्म ट्य ट्र ट्ल ट्व ट्श ट्ष ट्स ट्ह ट्ळ ट्क्ष ट्ज्ञ ठ ठ्क ठ्ख ठ्ग ठ्घ ठ्ङ ठ्च ठ्छ ठ्ज ठ्झ ठ्ञ ठ्ट ठ्ठ ठ्ड ठ्ढ ठ्ण ठ्त ठ्थ ठ्द ठ्ध ठ्न ठ्प ठ्फ ठ्ब ठ्भ ठ्म ठ्य ठ्र ठ्ल ठ्व ठ्श ठ्ष ठ्स ठ्ह ठ्ळ ठ्क्ष ठ्ज्ञ ड ड्क ड्ख ड्ग ड्घ ड्ङ ड्च ड्छ ड्ज ड्झ ड्ञ ड्ट ड्ठ ड्ड ड्ढ ड्ण ड्त ड्थ ड्द ड्ध ड्न ड्प ड्फ ड्ब ड्भ ड्म ड्य ड्र ड्ल ड्व ड्श ड्ष ड्स ड्ह ड्ळ ड्क्ष ड्ज्ञ ढ ढ्क ढ्ख ढ्ग ढ्घ ढ्ङ ढ्च ढ्छ ढ्ज ढ्झ ढ्ञ ढ्ट ढ्ठ ढ्ड ढ्ढ ढ्ण ढ्त ढ्थ ढ्द ढ्ध ढ्न ढ्प ढ्फ ढ्ब ढ्भ ढ्म ढ्य ढ्र ढ्ल ढ्व ढ्श ढ्ष ढ्स ढ्ह ढ्ळ ढ्क्ष ढ्ज्ञ ण ण्क ण्ख ण्ग ण्घ ण्ङ ण्च ण्छ ण्ज ण्झ ण्ञ ण्ट ण्ठ ण्ड ण्ढ ण्ण ण्त ण्थ ण्द ण्ध ण्न ण्प ण्फ ण्ब ण्भ ण्म ण्य ण्र ण्ल ण्व ण्श ण्ष ण्स ण्ह ण्ळ ण्क्ष ण्ज्ञ त त्क त्ख त्ग त्घ त्ङ त्च त्छ त्ज त्झ त्ञ त्ट त्ठ त्ड त्ढ त्ण त्त त्थ त्द त्ध त्न त्प त्फ त्ब त्भ त्म त्य त्र त्ल त्व त्श त्ष त्स त्ह त्ळ त्क्ष त्ज्ञ थ थ्क थ्ख थ्ग थ्घ थ्ङ थ्च थ्छ थ्ज थ्झ थ्ञ थ्ट थ्ठ थ्ड थ्ढ थ्ण थ्त थ्थ थ्द थ्ध थ्न थ्प थ्फ थ्ब थ्भ थ्म थ्य थ्र थ्ल थ्व थ्श थ्ष थ्स थ्ह थ्ळ थ्क्ष थ्ज्ञ द द्क द्ख द्ग द्घ द्ङ द्च द्छ द्ज द्झ द्ञ द्ट द्ठ द्ड द्ढ द्ण द्त द्थ द्द द्ध द्न द्प द्फ द्ब द्भ द्म द्य द्र द्ल द्व द्श द्ष द्स द्ह द्ळ द्क्ष द्ज्ञ ध ध्क ध्ख ध्ग ध्घ ध्ङ ध्च ध्छ ध्ज ध्झ ध्ञ ध्ट ध्ठ ध्ड ध्ढ ध्ण ध्त ध्थ ध्द ध्ध ध्न ध्प ध्फ ध्ब ध्भ ध्म ध्य ध्र ध्ल ध्व ध्श ध्ष ध्स ध्ह ध्ळ ध्क्ष ध्ज्ञ न न्क न्ख न्ग न्घ न्ङ न्च न्छ न्ज न्झ न्ञ न्ट न्ठ न्ड न्ढ न्ण न्त न्थ न्द न्ध न्न न्प न्फ न्ब न्भ न्म न्य न्र न्ल न्व न्श न्ष न्स न्ह न्ळ न्क्ष न्ज्ञ प प्क प्ख प्ग प्घ प्ङ प्च प्छ प्ज प्झ प्ञ प्ट प्ठ प्ड प्ढ प्ण प्त प्थ प्द प्ध प्न प्प प्फ प्ब प्भ प्म प्य प्र प्ल प्व प्श प्ष प्स प्ह प्ळ प्क्ष प्ज्ञ फ फ्क फ्ख फ्ग फ्घ फ्ङ फ्च फ्छ फ्ज फ्झ फ्ञ फ्ट फ्ठ फ्ड फ्ढ फ्ण फ्त फ्थ फ्द फ्ध फ्न फ्प फ्फ फ्ब फ्भ फ्म फ्य फ्र फ्ल फ्व फ्श फ्ष फ्स फ्ह फ्ळ फ्क्ष फ्ज्ञ ब ब्क ब्ख ब्ग ब्घ ब्ङ ब्च ब्छ ब्ज ब्झ ब्ञ ब्ट ब्ठ ब्ड ब्ढ ब्ण ब्त ब्थ ब्द ब्ध ब्न ब्प ब्फ ब्ब ब्भ ब्म ब्य ब्र ब्ल ब्व ब्श ब्ष ब्स ब्ह ब्ळ ब्क्ष ब्ज्ञ भ भ्क भ्ख भ्ग भ्घ भ्ङ भ्च भ्छ भ्ज भ्झ भ्ञ भ्ट भ्ठ भ्ड भ्ढ भ्ण भ्त भ्थ भ्द भ्ध भ्न भ्प भ्फ भ्ब भ्भ भ्म भ्य भ्र भ्ल भ्व भ्श भ्ष भ्स भ्ह भ्ळ भ्क्ष भ्ज्ञ म म्क म्ख म्ग म्घ म्ङ म्च म्छ म्ज म्झ म्ञ म्ट म्ठ म्ड म्ढ म्ण म्त म्थ म्द म्ध म्न म्प म्फ म्ब म्भ म्म म्य म्र म्ल म्व म्श म्ष म्स म्ह म्ळ म्क्ष म्ज्ञ य य्क य्ख य्ग य्घ य्ङ य्च य्छ य्ज य्झ य्ञ य्ट य्ठ य्ड य्ढ य्ण य्त य्थ य्द य्ध य्न य्प य्फ य्ब य्भ य्म य्य य्र य्ल य्व य्श य्ष य्स य्ह य्ळ य्क्ष य्ज्ञ र र्क र्ख र्ग र्घ र्ङ र्च र्छ र्ज र्झ र्ञ र्ट र्ठ र्ड र्ढ र्ण र्त र्थ र्द र्ध र्न र्प र्फ र्ब र्भ र्म र्य र्र र्ल र्व र्श र्ष र्स र्ह र्ळ र्क्ष र्ज्ञ ल ल्क ल्ख ल्ग ल्घ ल्ङ ल्च ल्छ ल्ज ल्झ ल्ञ ल्ट ल्ठ ल्ड ल्ढ ल्ण ल्त ल्थ ल्द ल्ध ल्न ल्प ल्फ ल्ब ल्भ ल्म ल्य ल्र ल्ल ल्व ल्श ल्ष ल्स ल्ह ल्ळ ल्क्ष ल्ज्ञ व व्क व्ख व्ग व्घ व्ङ व्च व्छ व्ज व्झ व्ञ व्ट व्ठ व्ड व्ढ व्ण व्त व्थ व्द व्ध व्न व्प व्फ व्ब व्भ व्म व्य व्र व्ल व्व व्श व्ष व्स व्ह व्ळ व्क्ष व्ज्ञ श श्क श्ख श्ग श्घ श्ङ श्च श्छ श्ज श्झ श्ञ श्ट श्ठ श्ड श्ढ श्ण श्त श्थ श्द श्ध श्न श्प श्फ श्ब श्भ श्म श्य श्र श्ल श्व श्श श्ष श्स श्ह श्ळ श्क्ष श्ज्ञ ष ष्क ष्ख ष्ग ष्घ ष्ङ ष्च ष्छ ष्ज ष्झ ष्ञ ष्ट ष्ठ ष्ड ष्ढ ष्ण ष्त ष्थ ष्द ष्ध ष्न ष्प ष्फ ष्ब ष्भ ष्म ष्य ष्र ष्ल ष्व ष्श ष्ष ष्स ष्ह ष्ळ ष्क्ष ष्ज्ञ स स्क स्ख स्ग स्घ स्ङ स्च स्छ स्ज स्झ स्ञ स्ट स्ठ स्ड स्ढ स्ण स्त स्थ स्द स्ध स्न स्प स्फ स्ब स्भ स्म स्य स्र स्ल स्व स्श स्ष स्स स्ह स्ळ स्क्ष स्ज्ञ ह ह्क ह्ख ह्ग ह्घ ह्ङ ह्च ह्छ ह्ज ह्झ ह्ञ ह्ट ह्ठ ह्ड ह्ढ ह्ण ह्त ह्थ ह्द ह्ध ह्न ह्प ह्फ ह्ब ह्भ ह्म ह्य ह्र ह्ल ह्व ह्श ह्ष ह्स ह्ह ह्ळ ह्क्ष ह्ज्ञ ळ ळ्क ळ्ख ळ्ग ळ्घ ळ्ङ ळ्च ळ्छ ळ्ज ळ्झ ळ्ञ ळ्ट ळ्ठ ळ्ड ळ्ढ ळ्ण ळ्त ळ्थ ळ्द ळ्ध ळ्न ळ्प ळ्फ ळ्ब ळ्भ ळ्म ळ्य ळ्र ळ्ल ळ्व ळ्श ळ्ष ळ्स ळ्ह ळ्ळ ळ्क्ष ळ्ज्ञ Top 360 Most Frequent Conjuncts in Sanskrit ( edit ) क क्क क्च क्त क्त्य क्त्र क्त्व क्थ क्न क्प क्प्र क्म क्य क्र क्ल क्व क्श क्ष क्ष्ण क्ष्म क्ष्म्य क्ष्य क्ष्व क्स ख्य ग ग्ग ग्ज ग्ज्य ग्ण ग्द ग्ध ग्ध्व ग्न ग्न्य ग्ब ग्भ ग्भ्य ग्म ग्य ग्र ग्र्य ग्ल ग्व घ्न घ्र घ्व ङ ङ्क ङ्क्त ङ्क्ष ङ्क्ष्व ङ्ख ङ्ख्य ङ्ग ङ्ग्य ङ्ग्र ङ्घ ङ्घ्र ङ्न ङ्म च च्च च्च्य च्छ च्छ्र च्छ्व च्य ज ज्ज ज्ज्ञ ज्ज्य ज्ज्व ज्ञ ज्म ज्य ज्र ज्व ञ ञ्च ञ्छ ञ्ज ञ्ज्ञ ञ्श ञ्श्र ञ्श्व ट ट्क ट्ट ट्प ट्य ट्श ट्स ठ्य ड ड्ग ड्भ ड्य ड्र ड्व ढ्य ण ण्ट ण्ठ ण्ड ण्ड्य ण्ड्र ण्ण ण्म ण्य ण्व त त्क त्क्र त्क्व त्क्ष त्ख त्त त्त्य त्त्र त्त्व त्थ त्न त्न्य त्प त्प्र त्फ त्म त्म्य त्य त्र त्र्य त्व त्व्य त्स त्स्त त्स्त्र त्स्थ त्स्न त्स्म त्स्य त्स्र त्स्व थ्य थ्व द द्ग द्ग्र ध्ह द्द द्द्य द्द्र द्द्व द्ध द्ध्य द्ध्र द्ध्व द्न द्ब द्ब्र द्भ द्भ्य द्भ्र द्म द्य द्र द्र्य द्व द्व्य द्व्र ध्न ध्म ध्य ध्र ध्व न न्क न्क्र न्क्ल न्क्ष न्ख न्ग न्घ न्त न्त्य न्त्र न्त्र्य न्त्व न्त्स्य न्थ न्द न्द्य न्द्र न्द्व न्ध न्ध्य न्ध्र न्न न्न्य न्न्व न्प न्प्र न्फ न्ब न्ब्र न्भ न्भ्र न्म न्य न्र न्व न्व्य न्स न्स्थ न्स्म न्स्व न्ह प प्त प्त्व प्न प्म प्य प्र प्ल प्स प्स्य ब ब्ज ब्द ब्ध ब्ध्व ब्य ब्र ब्व भ्ण भ्य भ्र भ्व म म्ण म्न म्प म्ब म्ब्य म्भ म्य म्र म्ल य य्य य्व र र्क र्क्ष्य र्ख र्ग र्ग्य र्ग्र र्घ र्घ्य र्ङ्ग र्च र्च्छ र्च्य र्छ र्ज र्ज्ञ र्ज्य र्ज्व र्ण र्ण्य र्त र्त्त र्त्म र्त्य र्त्र र्त्व र्त्स र्त्स्न्य र्थ र्थ्य र्द र्द्ध र्द्य र्द्र र्द्व र्ध र्ध्न र्ध्म र्ध्य र्ध्र र्ध्व र्न र्न्य र्प र्ब र्ब्र र्भ र्भ्य र्भ्र र्म र्म्य र्य र्ल र्व र्व्य र्श र्श्व र्ष र्ष्ट र्ष्ण र्ष्य र्ह र्ह्य र्ह्र ल ल्क ल्क्य ल्ग ल्प ल्ब ल्म ल्य ल्ल ल्व व व्य व्र श श्च श्च्य श्छ श्न श्प श्म श्य श्र श्ल श्व श्व्य ष ष्क ष्क्र ष्ट ष्ट्य ष्ट्र ष्ट्व ष्ठ ष्ठ्य ष्ण ष्ण्य ष्प ष्प्र ष्म ष्य ष्व स स्क स्त स्त्य स्त्र स्त्र्य स्त्व स्थ स्थ्य स्न स्प स्फ स्म स्म्य स्य स्र स्व स्स्व ह ह्ण ह्न ह्म ह्य ह्र ह्ल ह्व Accent marks ( edit ) Main article : Vedic accent The pitch accent of Vedic Sanskrit is written with various symbols depending on shakha . In the Rigveda , anudātta is written with a bar below the line ( ◌ ॒ ) , svarita with a stroke above the line ( ◌ ॑ ) while udātta is unmarked . Punctuation ( edit ) The end of a sentence or half - verse may be marked with the `` । '' symbol ( called a danda , meaning `` bar '' , or called a pūrṇa virām , meaning `` full stop / pause '' ) . The end of a full verse may be marked with a double - danda , a `` ॥ '' symbol . A comma ( called an alpa virām , meaning `` short stop / pause '' ) is used to denote a natural pause in speech . Other punctuation marks such as colon , semi-colon , exclamation mark , dash , and question mark are currently in use in Devanagari script , matching their use in European languages . Old forms ( edit ) The following letter variants are also in use , particularly in older texts . Letter variants standard ancient Numerals ( edit ) See also : Indian numerals , Brahmi numerals , and Hindu - Arabic numeral system Devanagari digits ० १ २ ३ ४ ५ ६ ७ ८ ९ 0 5 6 7 8 9 Fonts ( edit ) A variety of unicode fonts are in use for Devanagari . These include , but are not limited to , Akshar , Annapurna , Arial , CDAC - Gist Surekh , CDAC - Gist Yogesh , Chandas , Gargi , Gurumaa , Jaipur , Jana , Kalimati , Kanjirowa , Lohit Devanagari , Mangal , Raghu , Sanskrit2003 , Santipur OT , Siddhanta , Thyaka , and Uttara . The form of Devanagari fonts vary with function . According to Harvard College for Sanskrit studies , `` Uttara ( companion to Chandas ) is the best in terms of ligatures but , because it is designed for Vedic as well , requires so much vertical space that it is not well suited for the `` user interface font '' ( though an excellent choice for the `` original field '' font ) . Santipur OT is a beautiful font reflecting a very early ( medieval era ) typesetting style for Devanagari . Sanskrit 2003 is a good all - around font and has more ligatures than most fonts , though students will probably find the spacing of the CDAC - Gist Surekh font makes for quicker comprehension and reading . '' Google Fonts project now has a number of new unicode fonts for Devanagari in a variety of typefaces in Serif , Sans - Serif , Display and Handwriting categories . Transliteration ( edit ) Main article : Devanagari transliteration There are several methods of Romanisation or transliteration from Devanagari to the Roman script . Hunterian system ( edit ) Main article : Hunterian transliteration The Hunterian system is the `` national system of romanisation in India '' and the one officially adopted by the Government of India . ISO 15919 ( edit ) Main article : ISO 15919 A standard transliteration convention was codified in the ISO 15919 standard of 2001 . It uses diacritics to map the much larger set of Brahmic graphemes to the Latin script . The Devanagari - specific portion is nearly identical to the academic standard for Sanskrit , IAST . IAST ( edit ) The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration ( IAST ) is the academic standard for the romanisation of Sanskrit . IAST is the de facto standard used in printed publications , like books , magazines , and electronic texts with Unicode fonts . It is based on a standard established by the Congress of Orientalists at Athens in 1912 . The ISO 15919 standard of 2001 codified the transliteration convention to include an expanded standard for sister scripts of Devanagari . The National Library at Kolkata romanisation , intended for the romanisation of all Indic scripts , is an extension of IAST . Harvard - Kyoto ( edit ) Compared to IAST , Harvard - Kyoto looks much simpler . It does not contain all the diacritic marks that IAST contains . It was designed to simplify the task of putting large amount of Sanskrit textual material into machine readable form , and the inventors stated that it reduces the effort needed in transliteration of Sanskrit texts on the keyboard . This makes typing in Harvard - Kyoto much easier than IAST . Harvard - Kyoto uses capital letters that can be difficult to read in the middle of words . ITRANS ( edit ) ITRANS is a lossless transliteration scheme of Devanagari into ASCII that is widely used on Usenet . It is an extension of the Harvard - Kyoto scheme . In ITRANS , the word devanāgarī is written `` devanaagarii '' or `` devanAgarI '' . ITRANS is associated with an application of the same name that enables typesetting in Indic scripts . The user inputs in Roman letters and the ITRANS pre-processor translates the Roman letters into Devanagari ( or other Indic languages ) . The latest version of ITRANS is version 5.30 released in July , 2001 . It is similar to Velthius system and was created by Avinash Chopde to help print various Indic scripts with personal computers . Velthuis ( edit ) Main article : Velthuis The disadvantage of the above ASCII schemes is case - sensitivity , implying that transliterated names may not be capitalised . This difficulty is avoided with the system developed in 1996 by Frans Velthuis for TeX , loosely based on IAST , in which case is irrelevant . Ala - LC romanisation ( edit ) ALA - LC romanisation is a transliteration scheme approved by the Library of Congress and the American Library Association , and widely used in North American libraries . Transliteration tables are based on languages , so there is a table for Hindi , one for Sanskrit and Prakrit , etc . WX ( edit ) Main article : WX notation WX is a Roman transliteration scheme for Indian languages , widely used among the natural language processing community in India . It originated at IIT Kanpur for computational processing of Indian languages . The salient features of this transliteration scheme are as follows . Every consonant and every vowel has a single mapping into Roman . Hence it is a prefix code , advantageous from computation point of view . Lower - case letters are used for unaspirated consonants and short vowels , while capital letters are used for aspirated consonants and long vowels . While the retroflex stops are mapped to ' t , T , d , D , N ' , the dentals are mapped to ' w , W , x , X , n ' . Hence the name ' WX ' , a reminder of this idiosyncratic mapping . Encodings ( edit ) ISCII ( edit ) ISCII is an 8 - bit encoding . The lower 128 codepoints are plain ASCII , the upper 128 codepoints are ISCII - specific . It has been designed for representing not only Devanagari but also various other Indic scripts as well as a Latin - based script with diacritic marks used for transliteration of the Indic scripts . ISCII has largely been superseded by Unicode , which has , however , attempted to preserve the ISCII layout for its Indic language blocks . Unicode ( edit ) Main articles : Devanagari ( Unicode block ) , Devanagari Extended ( Unicode block ) , and Vedic Extensions ( Unicode block ) The Unicode Standard defines three blocks for Devanagari : Devanagari ( U + 0900 -- U + 097F ) , Devanagari Extended ( U + A8E0 -- U + A8FF ) , and Vedic Extensions ( U + 1CD0 -- U + 1CFF ) . <Td_colspan="17"> Devanagari Official Unicode Consortium code chart ( PDF ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 U + 090x ऀ ँ ं ः ऄ अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ऋ ऌ ऍ ऎ ए U + 091x ऐ ऑ ऒ ओ औ क ख ग घ ङ च छ ज झ ञ ट U + 092x ठ ड ढ ण त थ द ध न ऩ प फ ब भ म य U + 093x र ऱ ल ळ ऴ व श ष स ह ऺ ऻ ़ ऽ ा ि U + 094x ी ु ू ृ ॄ ॅ ॆ े ै ॉ ॊ ो ौ ् ॎ ॏ U + 095x ॐ ॑ ॒ ॓ ॔ ॕ ॖ ॗ क़ ख़ ग़ ज़ ड़ ढ़ फ़ य़ U + 096x ॠ ॡ ॢ ॣ । ॥ ० १ २ ३ ४ ५ ६ ७ ८ ९ U + 097x ॰ ॱ ॲ ॳ ॴ ॵ ॶ ॷ ॸ ॹ ॺ ॻ ॼ ॽ ॾ ॿ <Td_colspan="17"> Notes 1. ^ As of Unicode version 11.0 <Td_colspan="17"> Devanagari Extended Official Unicode Consortium code chart ( PDF ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 U + A8Ex ꣠ ꣡ ꣢ ꣣ ꣤ ꣥ ꣦ ꣧ ꣨ ꣩ ꣪ ꣫ ꣬ ꣭ ꣮ ꣯ U + A8Fx ꣰ ꣱ ꣲ ꣳ ꣴ ꣵ ꣶ ꣷ ꣸ ꣹ ꣺ ꣻ ꣼ ꣽ ꣾ ꣿ <Td_colspan="17"> Notes 1. ^ As of Unicode version 11.0 <Td_colspan="17"> Vedic Extensions Official Unicode Consortium code chart ( PDF ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 U + 1CDx ᳐ ᳑ ᳒ ᳓ ᳔ ᳕ ᳖ ᳗ ᳘ ᳙ ᳚ ᳛ ᳜ ᳝ ᳞ ᳟ U + 1CEx ᳠ ᳡ ᳢ ᳣ ᳤ ᳥ ᳦ ᳧ ᳨ ᳩ ᳪ ᳫ ᳬ ᳭ ᳮ ᳯ U + 1CFx ᳰ ᳱ ᳲ ᳳ ᳴ ᳵ ᳶ ᳷ ᳸ ᳹ <Td_colspan="17"> Notes 1. ^ As of Unicode version 11.0 2. ^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points Devanagari keyboard layouts ( edit ) For a list of Devanagari input tools and fonts , please see Help : Multilingual support ( Indic ) . Play media InScript is the standard keyboard layout for Devanagari . It is inbuilt in all modern major operating systems . Microsoft Windows supports the InScript layout ( using the Mangal font ) , which can be used to input unicode Devanagari characters . InScript is also available in some touchscreen mobile phones . InScript layout ( edit ) A Devanagari INSCRIPT bilingual keyboard . Typewriter ( edit ) This layout was used on manual typewriters when computers were not available or were uncommon . For backward compatibility some typing tools like Indic IME still provide this layout . Phonetic ( edit ) Such tools work on phonetic transliteration . The user writes in Roman and the IME automatically converts it into Devanagari . Some popular phonetic typing tools are Baraha IME and Google IME . Bolnagri phonetic keyboard layout for Linux / GNOME Play media One can use ULS `` अक्षरांतरण '' ( Transliteration ) or `` मराठी लिपी '' ( Inscript ) typing options to search or edit Marathi Wikipedia articles as shown in this video clip ; One can click on the ' cc to change the subtitle languages to Marathi , English , Sanskrit , Kokani , Ahirani languages . The Mac OS X operating system includes two different keyboard layouts for Devanagari : one is much like INSCRIPT / KDE Linux , the other is a phonetic layout called `` Devanagari QWERTY '' . Any one of Unicode fonts input system is fine for Indic language Wikipedia and other wikiprojects , including Hindi , Bhojpuri , Marathi , Nepali Wikipedia . Some people use inscript . Majority uses either Google phonetic transliteration or input facility Universal Language Selector provided on Wikipedia . On Indic language wikiprojects Phonetic facility provided initially was java - based later supported by Narayam extension for phonetic input facility . Currently Indic language Wiki projects are supported by Universal Language Selector ( ULS ) , that offers both phonetic keyboard ( Aksharantaran , Marathi : अक्षरांतरण , Hindi : लिप्यंतरण , बोलनागरी ) and InScript keyboard ( Marathi : मराठी लिपी ) . The Ubuntu Linux operating system supports several keyboard layouts for Devanagari , including Harvard - Kyoto , WX notation , Bolanagari and phonetic . The ' remington ' typing method in Ubuntu IBUS is similar to the Krutidev typing method , popular in Rajasthan . The ' itrans ' method is useful for those who know English well ( and the English keyboard ) but not familiar with typing in Devanagari . See also ( edit ) Linguistics portal Writing portal Clip font Devanagari transliteration Devanagari Braille ISCII Nagari Pracharini Sabha Nepali Schwa deletion in Indo - Aryan languages Shiksha -- the Vedic study of sound , focussing on the letters of the Sanskrit alphabet References ( edit ) Footnotes ^ Jump up to : Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency at Google Books , Rudradaman 's inscription from 1st through 4th century CE found in Gujarat , India , Stanford University Archives , pages 30 - 45 , particularly Devanagari inscription on Jayadaman 's coins pages 33 - 34 ^ Jump up to : Isaac Taylor ( 1883 ) , History of the Alphabet : Aryan Alphabets , Part 2 , Kegan Paul , Trench & Co , p. 333 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7661 - 5847 - 4 , ... In the Kutila this develops into a short horizontal bar , which , in the Devanagari , becomes a continuous horizontal line ... three cardinal inscriptions of this epoch , namely , the Kutila or Bareli inscription of 992 , the Chalukya or Kistna inscription of 945 , and a Kawi inscription of 919 ... the Kutila inscription is of great importance in Indian epigraphy , not only from its precise date , but from its offering a definite early form of the standard Indian alphabet , the Devanagari ... Jump up ^ Salomon , Richard ( 1998 ) . Indian epigraphy : a guide to the study of inscriptions in Sanskrit , Prakrit , and the other Indo - Aryan languages . South Asia research . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 39 -- 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 509984 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Kathleen Kuiper ( 2010 ) , The Culture of India , New York : The Rosen Publishing Group , ISBN 978 - 1615301492 , page 83 ^ Jump up to : George Cardona and Danesh Jain ( 2003 ) , The Indo - Aryan Languages , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0415772945 , pages 72 - 74 ; Quote : `` ( ... ) has a strong preference for symmertrical shapes , especially squared outlines and right angles ( ... ) '' . Jump up ^ George Cardona and Danesh Jain ( 2003 ) , The Indo - Aryan Languages , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0415772945 , pages 68 - 69 ^ Jump up to : Richard Salomon ( 2014 ) , Indian Epigraphy , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0195356663 , pages 40 - 42 Jump up ^ Michael Willis ( 2001 ) , Inscriptions from Udayagiri : locating domains of devotion , patronage and power in the eleventh century , South Asian Studies , 17 ( 1 ) , pages 41 - 53 Jump up ^ Brick with Sanskrit inscription in Nagari script , 1217 CE , found in Uttar Pradesh , India ( British Museum ) ^ Jump up to : George Cardona and Danesh Jain ( 2003 ) , The Indo - Aryan Languages , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0415772945 , pages 75 - 77 Jump up ^ Wayan Ardika ( 2009 ) , Form , Macht , Differenz : Motive und Felder ethnologischen Forschens ( Editors : Elfriede Hermann et al . ) , Universitätsverlag Göttingen , ISBN 978 - 3940344809 , pages 251 - 252 ; Quote : `` Nagari script and Sanskrit language in the inscription at Blangjong suggests that Indian culture was already influencing Bali ( Indonesia ) by the 10th century CE . '' ^ Jump up to : Devanagari ( Nagari ) , Script Features and Description , SIL International ( 2013 ) , United States Jump up ^ David Templin . `` Devanagari script '' . omniglot.com . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Hindi , Omniglot Encyclopedia of Writing Systems and Languages Jump up ^ George Cardona and Danesh Jain ( 2003 ) , The Indo - Aryan Languages , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0415772945 , page 75 Jump up ^ Reinhold Grünendahl ( 2001 ) , South Indian Scripts in Sanskrit Manuscripts and Prints , Otto Harrassowitz Verlag , ISBN 978 - 3447045049 , pages xxii , 201 - 210 Jump up ^ Akira Nakanishi , Writing systems of the World , ISBN 978 - 0804816540 , page 48 ^ Jump up to : Steven Roger Fischer ( 2004 ) , A history of writing , Reaktion Books , ISBN 978 - 1 - 86189 - 167 - 9 , ... an early branch of this , as of the fourth century CE , was the Gupta script , Brahmi 's first main daughter ... the Gupta alphabet became the ancestor of most Indic scripts ( usually through later Devanagari ) ... Nagari , of India 's north - west , first appeared around 633 CE ... in the eleventh century , Nagari had become Devanagari , or ' heavenly Nagari ' , since it was now the main vehicle , out of several , for Sanskrit literature ... Jump up ^ Krishna Chandra Sagar ( 1993 ) , Foreign Influence on Ancient India , South Asia Books , ISBN 978 - 8172110284 , page 137 Jump up ^ Richard Salomon ( 2014 ) , Indian Epigraphy , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0195356663 , page 71 Jump up ^ William Woodville Rockhill , Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution , p. 671 , at Google Books , United States National Museum , page 671 Jump up ^ David Quinter ( 2015 ) , From Outcasts to Emperors : Shingon Ritsu and the Mañjuśrī Cult in Medieval Japan , Brill , ISBN 978 - 9004293397 , pages 63 - 65 with discussion on Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra Jump up ^ Richard Salomon ( 2014 ) , Indian Epigraphy , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0195356663 , pages 157 - 160 Jump up ^ Michael Witzel ( 2006 ) , in Between the Empires : Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE ( Editor : Patrick Olivelle ) , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0195305326 , pages 477 - 480 with footnote 60 ; Original manuscript , dates in Saka Samvat , and uncertainties associated with it : Mahabhasya of Patanjali , F Kielhorn Jump up ^ Monier Williams Online Dictionary , nagara , Cologne Sanskrit Digital Lexicon , Germany Jump up ^ Govi , K.M. ; Govi , Pushpaveni ( 1988 ) . `` Major Bibliographies of Indian Literature '' . Indian Literature. 31 ( 4 ( 126 ) ) : 131 -- 138 . JSTOR 24159343 . Jump up ^ Salomon ( 2003 : 70 ) Jump up ^ `` Archives.conlang.info '' . Archives.conlang.info. 2004 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Salomon ( 2003 : 71 ) ^ Jump up to : Salomon ( 2003 : 75 ) Jump up ^ Wikner ( 1996 : 13 , 14 ) Jump up ^ Wikner ( 1996 : 6 ) Jump up ^ Snell ( 2000 : 44 -- 45 ) Jump up ^ Snell ( 2000 : 64 ) Jump up ^ Snell ( 2000 : 45 ) Jump up ^ Snell ( 2000 : 46 ) Jump up ^ Salomon ( 2003 : 77 ) Jump up ^ Verma ( 2003 : 501 ) Jump up ^ Wikner ( 1996 : 73 ) Jump up ^ Stella Sandahl ( 2000 ) . A Hindi reference grammar . Peeters . pp. 1 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 9042908802 . Jump up ^ Tej K. Bhatia ( 1987 ) . A History of the Hindi Grammatical Tradition . BRILL Academic . pp. 51 -- 63 , 77 -- 94 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 07924 - 6 . Jump up ^ Masica ( 1991 : 97 ) ^ Jump up to : Larry M. Hyman ; Victoria Fromkin ; Charles N. Li ( 1988 ) , Language , speech , and mind , Part 2 , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 0 - 415 - 00311 - 3 , ... The implicit / a / is not read when the symbol appears in word - final position or in certain other contexts where it is obligatorily deleted via the so - called schwa - deletion rule which plays a crucial role in Hindi word phonology ... ^ Jump up to : Tej K. Bhatia ( 1987 ) , A history of the Hindi grammatical tradition : Hindi - Hindustani grammar , grammarians , history and problems , BRILL , ISBN 90 - 04 - 07924 - 6 , ... Hindi literature fails as a reliable indicator of the actual pronunciation because it is written in the Devanagari script ... the schwa syncope rule which operates in Hindi ... ^ Jump up to : Monojit Choudhury ; Anupam Basu ; Sudeshna Sarkar ( July 2004 ) , `` A Diachronic Approach for Schwa Deletion in Indo Aryan Languages '' ( PDF ) , Proceedings of the Workshop of the ACL Special Interest Group on Computational Phonology ( SIGPHON ) , Association for Computations Linguistics , ... schwa deletion is an important issue for grapheme - to - phoneme conversion of IAL , which in turn is required for a good Text - to - Speech synthesiser ... ^ Jump up to : Naim R. Tyson ; Ila Nagar ( 2009 ) , `` Prosodic rules for schwa - deletion in Hindi text - to - speech synthesis '' ( PDF ) , International Journal of Speech Technology , ... Without the appropriate deletion of schwas , any speech output would sound unnatural . Since the orthographical representation of Devanagari gives little indication of deletion sites , modern TTS systems for Hindi implemented schwa deletion rules based on the segmental context where schwa appears ... Jump up ^ Nazir Ali Jairazbhoy , The rāgs of North Indian music : their structure and evolution , Popular Prakashan , 1995 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7154 - 395 - 3 , ... The Devnagri ( Devanagari ) script is syllabic and all consonants carry the inherent vowel a unless otherwise indicated . The principal difference between modern Hindi and the classical Sanskrit forms is the omission in Hindi ... ^ Jump up to : Monojit Choudhury ; Anupam Basu ( July 2004 ) , `` A Rule Based Schwa Deletion Algorithm for Hindi '' ( PDF ) , Proceedings of the International Conference On Knowledge - Based Computer Systems , ... Without any schwa deletion , not only the two words will sound very unnatural , but it will also be extremely difficult for the listener to distinguish between the two , the only difference being nasalisation of the e at the end of the former . However , a native speaker would pronounce the former as dha. D - kan - eM and the later as dha. Dak - ne , which are clearly distinguishable ... ^ Jump up to : Janet Pierrehumbert , Rami Nair , Volume Editor : Bernard Laks , Implications of Hindi Prosodic Structure ( Current Trends in Phonology : Models and Methods ) , European Studies Research Institute , University of Salford Press , 1996 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 901471 - 02 - 1 , ... showed extremely regular patterns . As is not uncommon in a study of subphonemic detail , the objective data patterned much more cleanly than intuitive judgments ... ( w ) occurs when / व / is in onglide position ... ( v ) occurs otherwise ... CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Difference between ISO 15919 & IAST Jump up ^ `` TDIL ( Technology Development for Indian Languages ) Font Download '' . TDIL . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Stiehl , Ulrich . `` Siddhanta Font '' . www.sanskritweb.net . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Stiehl , Ulrich . `` Chandas - Devanagari Unicode Open Type Font '' . www.sanskritweb.net . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Fonts : Hind '' . Google Fonts . Google . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Saloman , Richard ( 2007 ) `` Typological Observations on the Indic Scripts '' in The Indic Scripts : Paleographic and Linguistic Perspecticves D.K. Printworld Ltd. , New Delhi . ISBN 812460406 - 1 . p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` The Unicode Standard , chapter 9 , South Asian Scripts I '' ( PDF ) . The Unicode Standard , v. 6.0 . Unicode , Inc . Retrieved Feb 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The romanization shown is identical to IAST , except that ळ ( which is not used in Sanskrit ) has the ISO romanization ḷ , which in IAST is the dental vowel l . ^ Jump up to : Stiel , Ulrich . `` Devanagari - Schreibübungen '' ( PDF ) . www.sanskritweb.net . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Unicode Consortium , The Unicode Standard , Version 3.0 , Volume 1 , ISBN 978 - 0201616330 , Addison - Wesley , pages 221 - 223 Jump up ^ Transliteration from Hindi Script to Meetei Mayek Watham and Vimal ( 2013 ) , IJETR , page 550 Jump up ^ Michael Shapiro ( 2014 ) , The Devanagari Writing System in A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 8120805088 , page 26 Jump up ^ ( Bahri 2004 , p. ( xiii ) ) Jump up ^ Akshar Unicode South Asia Language Resource , University of Chicago ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Annapurna SIL Unicode , SIL International ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Arial Unicode South Asia Language Resource , University of Chicago ( 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : CDAC - GIST Surekh Unicode South Asia Language Resource , University of Chicago ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ CDAC - GIST Yogesh South Asia Language Resource , University of Chicago ( 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : Sanskrit Devanagari Fonts Harvard University ( 2010 ) ; see Chanda and Uttara ttf 2010 archive ( Accessed : July 8 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ Gargi South Asia Language Resource , University of Chicago ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Gurumaa Unicode - a sans font KDE ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Jaipur South Asia Language Resource , University of Chicago ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Jana South Asia Language Resource , University of Chicago ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Kalimati South Asia Language Resource , University of Chicago ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Kanjirowa South Asia Language Resource , University of Chicago ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Mangal South Asia Language Resource , University of Chicago ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Raghu South Asia Language Resource , University of Chicago ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Sanskrit Ashram South Asia Language Resource , University of Chicago ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Thyaka South Asia Language Resource , University of Chicago ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Devanagari font Archived 2 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Unicode Standard 8.0 ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ Daya Nand Sharma , Transliteration into Roman and Devanagari of the languages of the Indian group , Survey of India , 1972 , ... With the passage of time there has emerged a practically uniform system of transliteration of Devanagari and allied alphabets . Nevertheless , no single system of Romanisation has yet developed ... Jump up ^ United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names , United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Technical reference manual for the standardisation of geographical names , United Nations Publications , 2007 , ISBN 978 - 92 - 1 - 161500 - 5 , ... ISO 15919 ... There is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products ... The Hunterian system is the actually used national system of romanisation in India ... Jump up ^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Far East , Volume 2 , United Nations , 1955 , ... In India the Hunterian system is used , whereby every sound in the local language is uniformly represented by a certain letter in the Roman alphabet ... Jump up ^ National Library ( India ) , Indian scientific & technical publications , exhibition 1960 : a bibliography , Council of Scientific & Industrial Research , Government of India , 1960 , ... The Hunterian system of transliteration , which has international acceptance , has been used ... ^ Jump up to : Devanagari IAST conventions Script Source ( 2009 ) , SIL International , United States ^ Jump up to : Transliteration of Devanāgarī D. Wujastyk ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ `` LOC.gov '' . LOC.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 0001. eps '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` LOC.gov '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 13 . Sources Masica , Colin ( 1991 ) , The Indo - Aryan Languages , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 29944 - 2 . Snell , Rupert ( 2000 ) , Teach Yourself Beginner 's Hindi Script , Hodder & Stoughton , ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 141984 - 0 . Salomon , Richard ( 2003 ) , `` Writing Systems of the Indo - Aryan Languages '' , in Cardona , George ; Jain , Dhanesh , The Indo - Aryan Languages , Routledge , pp. 67 -- 103 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 77294 - 5 . Verma , Sheela ( 2003 ) , `` Magahi '' , in Cardona , George ; Jain , Dhanesh , The Indo - Aryan Languages , Routledge , pp. 498 -- 514 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 77294 - 5 . Wikner , Charles ( 1996 ) , A Practical Sanskrit Introductory . Census and catalogues of Manuscripts in Devanagari ( edit ) Thousands of manuscripts of ancient and medieval era Sanskrit texts in Devanagari have been discovered since the 19th century . Major catalogues and census include : A Catalogue of Sanskrit Manuscripts in Private Libraries at Google Books , Medical Hall Press , Princeton University Archive A Descriptive Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts at Google Books , Vol 1 : Upanishads , Friedrich Otto Schrader ( Compiler ) , University of Michigan Library Archives A preliminary list of the Sanskrit and Prakrit manuscripts , Vedas , Sastras , Sutras , Schools of Hindu Philosophies , Arts , Design , Music and other fields , Friedrich Otto Schrader ( Compiler ) , ( Devanagiri manuscripts are identified by Character code De . ) Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts , Part 1 : Vedic Manuscripts , Harvard University Archives ( mostly Devanagari ) Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts , Part 4 : Manuscripts of Hindu schools of Philosophy and Tantra , Harvard University Archives ( mostly Devanagari ) Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts , Part 5 : Manuscripts of Medicine , Astronomy and Mathematics , Architecture and Technical Science Literature , Julius Eggeling ( Compiler ) , Harvard University Archives ( mostly Devanagari ) Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts at Google Books , Part 6 : Poetic , Epic and Purana Literature , Harvard University Archives ( mostly Devanagari ) David Pingree ( 1970 - 1981 ) , Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit : Volumes 1 through 5 , American Philosophical Society , Manuscripts in various Indic scripts including Devanagari External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Devanagari Wikimedia Commons has media related to Devanagari stroke order and Devanagari pronunciation . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Learning Devanagari . Unicode Chart for Devanagari Devnagari Unicode Legacy Font Converters Digital Nagari fonts , University of Chicago Devanagari in different fonts , Wazu , Japan ( Alternate collection : Luc Devroye 's comprehensive Indic Fonts , McGill University ) Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency , p. 30 , at Google Books , Rudradaman 's inscription in Sanskrit Nagari script from 1st through 4th century CE ( coins and epigraphy ) , found in Gujarat , India , pages 30 -- 45 Numerals and Text in Devanagari , 9th century temple in Gwalior Madhya Pradesh , India , Current Science Maurer , Walter H. ( 1976 ) . `` On the Name Devanāgarī '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 96 ( 1 ) : 101 -- 104 . doi : 10.2307 / 599893 . JSTOR 599893 . <Th_colspan="2"> Devanāgarī <Td_colspan="2"> Abugida Brahmic scripts Inherent vowel Languages Hindi ( Hindustani ) Marathi Nepali Pali Konkani Bodo Maithili Sindhi Sanskrit and more Transliteration IAST Hunterian National Library at Kolkata ISO 15919 Harvard - Kyoto ITRANS Velthuis SLP1 WX notation ( ISCII ) Vowels and syllabic consonants अ a ॲ æ ऄ आ ( का ) ā इ ( कि ) i ई ( की ) ī उ ( कु ) u ऊ ( कू ) ū ॶ ( कॖ ) ॷ ( कॗ ) ऋ ( कृ ) r̥ ॠ ( कॄ ) r̥̄ ऌ ( कॢ ) l̥ ॡ ( कॣ ) l̥̄ ए ( के ) ē ऍ ( कॅ ) ê ऎ ( कॆ ) e ऐ ( कै ) ai ( कॕ ) ( कॎ ) ओ ( को ) ō ऑ ( कॉ ) ô ऒ ( कॊ ) o औ ( कौ ) au ॳ ( कऺ ) ॴ ( कऻ ) ॵ ( कॏ ) Schwa deletion in Indo - Aryan languages Consonants क k क़ q ख kh ख़ k̲h̲ ग g ग़ ġ ॻ gg घ gh ङ ṅ च c छ ch ज j ज़ z ॼ jj ॹ ž झ jh झ़ zh ञ ñ ट ṭ ठ ṭh ड ḍ ड़ ṛ ॾ ḍḍ ॸ ḍ ढ ḍh ढ़ ṛh ण ṇ त t थ th द d ध dh न n ऩ ṉ प p फ ph फ़ f ब b ॿ bb भ bh म m य y य़ ẏ ॺ र r ऱ ṟ ळ ḷ ऴ ḻ ल l व v श ś ष ṣ स s ह h ॽ Consonant conjuncts Diacritics , punctuation and other symbols अं ṁ ( anusvāra ) अः ḥ ( visarga ) अँ m̐ ( candrabindu ) अऀ ( inverted candrabindu ) ऽ ' ( avagraha ) क़ ( nuqta ) क् ( virāma ) ३ 3 ( pluta ) ᳵ ẖ ( jihvāmūlīya ) ᳶ ḫ ( upadhmānīya ) अ॑ ` ( svarita ) अ॒ ( anudātta ) अ॓ ( grave ) अ॔ ( acute ) ॐ aum̐ । ( daṇḍa ) ॥ ( double daṇḍa ) ॰ ( lāghava cihna ) ॱ ( high spacing dot ) ₹ INR ( Indian rupee sign ) Devanagari ( Unicode block ) Devanagari Extended Vedic Extensions Numerals ० 0 १ 1 २ 2 ३ 3 ४ 4 ५ 5 ६ 6 ७ 7 ८ 8 ९ 9 Āryabhaṭa numeration Akṣarapallī Bhūtasaṃkhyā system Kaṭapayādi system <Th_colspan="2"> Hindi <Td_colspan="2"> Grammar Phonology Devanagari Braille History Vocabulary Hindustani Varieties Western Braj Bhasha Bundeli Haryanvi Kannauji Khari Boli ( Registers : Standard Hindi Standard Urdu ; Dialects : Dakhini ) Sansi Boli Eastern Awadhi Bagheli Caribbean Hindi Chhattisgarhi Fiji Hindi Pidgins and Creoles Andaman Creole Hindi Bombay Hindi Haflong Hindi Hinglish Language politics Anti-Hindi agitations of Karnataka Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu Hindi - Urdu controversy Punjabi Suba movement Global organizations World Hindi Secretariat World Hindi Conference Arts Literature Awards Sahitya Akademi Award Jnanpith Award Cinema Music Writers Poets <Th_colspan="2"> Sanskrit <Td_colspan="2"> Grammar Vedic Drama Epics Literature Poetry Prosody Sanskrit Wikipedia Sanskrit Wikisource Literature Vedic Sanskrit Vyākaraṇa Sanskrit grammar Sanskrit revival Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit List of Sanskrit poets Categories Literature Writers plays Poetry Operas Dictionaries Encyclopedias <Th_colspan="2"> Marathi <Td_colspan="2"> Grammar Phonology Literature Poetry Samyukta Maharashtra Movement Maharashtra State Marathi Wikipedia Marathi language as per location East indians of Mumbai Puneri Kolhapuri Satari Nagari Malvani Thanjavur Marathi Marathi as per Boli Jhadi Boli Varhadi Boli Ahirani Boli Khandeshi Boli Konkani Boli Vadvali Boli Samavedi Boli Southern Indian Marathi Boli Dangii Boli Judæo Boli Deshi Boli Marathi scripts Balbodh style of Devanagari Braille Modi Marathi romanization Other Marathi Cinema Marathi theatre Literature Marathi people ( List ) Language politics Anti-Marathi agitations of Karnataka Arts Awards Sahitya Akademi Award Jnanpith Award Writers Poets National Film Award Maharashtra <Th_colspan="2"> Types of writing systems <Td_colspan="2"> Overview History of writing Grapheme Lists Writing systems undeciphered inventors constructed Languages by writing system / by first written accounts <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Types <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Abjads <Td_colspan="2"> Numerals Aramaic Hatran Arabic Egyptian hieroglyphs Pitman shorthand Hebrew Ashuri Cursive Rashi Solitreo Tifinagh Manichaean Nabataean Old North Arabian Pahlavi Pegon Phoenician Paleo - Hebrew Proto - Sinaitic Psalter Punic Samaritan South Arabian Zabur Musnad Sogdian Syriac ʾEsṭrangēlā Serṭā Maḏnḥāyā Teeline Shorthand Ugaritic <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Abugidas <Td_colspan="2"> Brahmic Northern Asamiya ( Ôxômiya ) Bānglā Bhaikshuki Bhujinmol Brāhmī Devanāgarī Dogri Gujarati Gupta Gurmukhī Kaithi Kalinga Khojki Khotanese Khudawadi Laṇḍā Lepcha Limbu Mahajani Meitei Mayek Modi Multani Nāgarī Nandinagari Odia ' Phags - pa Newar Ranjana Sharada Saurashtra Siddhaṃ Soyombo Sylheti Nagari Takri Tibetan Uchen Umê Tirhuta Tocharian Zanabazar Square Zhang - Zhung Drusha Marchen Marchung Pungs - chen Pungs - chung Southern Ahom Balinese Batak Baybayin Bhattiprolu Buhid Burmese Chakma Cham Grantha Goykanadi Hanunó'o Javanese Kadamba Kannada Karen Kawi Khmer Kulitan Lanna Lao Leke Lontara Malayalam Maldivian Dhives Akuru Eveyla Akuru Thaana Mon Old Makassarese Old Sundanese Pallava Pyu Rejang Rencong Sinhala Sundanese Tagbanwa Tai Le Tai Tham Tai Viet Tamil Telugu Thai Tigalari Vatteluttu Kolezhuthu Malayanma Visayan Others Boyd 's syllabic shorthand Canadian syllabics Blackfoot Déné syllabics Fox I Ge'ez Gunjala Gondi Japanese Braille Jenticha Kayah Li Kharosthi Mandombe Masaram Gondi Meroitic Miao Mwangwego Sorang Sompeng Pahawh Hmong Thomas Natural Shorthand <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Alphabets <Td_colspan="2"> Linear Abkhaz Adlam Armenian Avestan Avoiuli Bassa Vah Borama Carian Caucasian Albanian Coorgi -- Cox alphabet Coptic Cyrillic Deseret Duployan shorthand Chinook writing Early Cyrillic Eclectic shorthand Elbasan Etruscan Evenki Fox II Fraser Gabelsberger shorthand Garay Georgian Asomtavruli Nuskhuri Mkhedruli Glagolitic Gothic Gregg shorthand Greek Greco - Iberian alphabet Hangul Hanifi IPA Kaddare Latin Beneventan Blackletter Carolingian minuscule Fraktur Gaelic Insular Kurrent Merovingian Sigla Sütterlin Tironian notes Visigothic Luo Lycian Lydian Manchu Mandaic Medefaidrin Molodtsov Mongolian Mru Neo-Tifinagh New Tai Lue N'Ko Ogham Oirat Ol Chiki Old Hungarian Old Italic Old Permic Orkhon Old Uyghur Osage Osmanya Pau Cin Hau Runic Anglo - Saxon Cipher Dalecarlian Elder Futhark Younger Futhark Gothic Marcomannic Medieval Staveless Sidetic Shavian Somali Tifinagh Vagindra Visible Speech Vithkuqi Wancho Zaghawa Non-linear Braille Maritime flags Morse code New York Point Semaphore line Flag semaphore Moon type <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Ideograms / Pictograms <Td_colspan="2"> Adinkra Aztec Blissymbol Dongba Ersu Shaba Emoji IConji Isotype Kaidā Míkmaq Mixtec New Epoch Notation Painting Nsibidi Ojibwe Hieroglyphs Siglas poveiras Testerian Yerkish Zapotec <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Logograms <Td_colspan="2"> Chinese family of scripts Chinese Characters Simplified Traditional Oracle bone script Bronze Script Seal Script large small bird - worm Hanja Idu Kanji Chữ nôm Zhuang Chinese - influenced Jurchen Khitan large script Sui Tangut Cuneiform Akkadian Assyrian Elamite Hittite Luwian Sumerian Other logo - syllabic Anatolian Bagam Cretan Isthmian Maya Proto - Elamite Yi ( Classical ) Logo - consonantal Demotic Hieratic Hieroglyphs Numerals Hindu - Arabic Abjad Attic ( Greek ) Muisca Roman <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Semi-syllabaries <Td_colspan="2"> Full Celtiberian Northeastern Iberian Southeastern Iberian Khom Redundant Espanca Pahawh Hmong Khitan small script Southwest Paleohispanic Zhuyin fuhao <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Somacheirograms <Td_colspan="2"> ASLwrite SignWriting si5s Stokoe Notation <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Syllabaries <Td_colspan="2"> Afaka Bamum Bété Byblos Cherokee Cypriot Cypro - Minoan Ditema tsa Dinoko Eskayan Geba Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics Iban Japanese Hiragana Katakana Man'yōgana Hentaigana Sogana Jindai moji Kikakui Kpelle Linear B Linear Elamite Lisu Loma Nüshu Nwagu Aneke script Old Persian Cuneiform Sumerian Vai Woleai Yi ( Modern ) Yugtun <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> Braille ⠃ ⠗ ⠁ ⠊ ⠇ ⠇ ⠑ Braille cell 1829 braille International uniformity ASCII braille Unicode braille patterns Braille scripts French - ordered scripts ( see for more ) Albanian Amharic Arabic Armenian Azerbaijani Belarusian Bharati Devanagari ( Hindi / Marathi / Nepali ) Bengali Punjabi Sinhalese Tamil Urdu etc . Bulgarian Burmese Cambodian Cantonese Catalan Chinese ( Mandarin , mainland ) Czech Dutch Dzongkha ( Bhutanese ) English ( Unified English ) Esperanto Estonian Faroese French Georgian German Ghanaian Greek Guarani Hawaiian Hebrew Hungarian Icelandic Inuktitut ( reassigned vowels ) Iñupiaq IPA Irish Italian Kazakh Kyrgyz Latvian Lithuanian Maltese Mongolian Māori Navajo Nigerian Northern Sami Persian Philippine Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Samoan Scandinavian Slovak South African Spanish Tatar Taiwanese Mandarin ( largely reassigned ) Thai & Lao ( Japanese vowels ) Tibetan Turkish Ukrainian Vietnamese Welsh Yugoslav Reordered scripts Algerian Braille ( obsolete ) Frequency - based scripts American Braille ( obsolete ) Independent scripts Japanese Korean Two - Cell Chinese Eight - dot scripts Luxembourgish Kanji Gardner -- Salinas braille codes ( GS8 ) Symbols in braille Braille music Canadian currency marks Computer Braille Code Gardner -- Salinas braille codes ( GS8 / GS6 ) International Phonetic Alphabet ( IPA ) Nemeth braille code Braille technology Braille e-book Braille embosser Braille translator Braille watch Mountbatten Brailler Optical braille recognition Perforation Perkins Brailler Refreshable braille display Slate and stylus Braigo Persons Louis Braille Charles Barbier Valentin Haüy Thakur Vishva Narain Singh Sabriye Tenberken William Bell Wait Organisations Braille Institute of America Braille Without Borders Japan Braille Library National Braille Association Blindness organizations Schools for the blind American Printing House for the Blind Other tactile alphabets Decapoint Moon type New York Point Night writing Vibratese Related topics Accessible publishing Braille literacy RoboBraille <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Electronic writing systems <Td_colspan="2"> Emoticons Emoji iConji Leet Unicode <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Internet slang dialects <Td_colspan="2"> 3arabizi Alay ( Indonesia ) Denglisch Doge Fingilish ( Persian ) Greeklish Gyaru - moji ( Japan ) Jejemon ( Philippines ) Leet ( `` 1337 '' ) Lolspeak / LOLspeak / Kitteh Martian language ( Chinese ) Miguxês ( Portuguese ) Padonkaffsky jargon ( Russian ) Translit Volapuk <Td_colspan="2"> See also English internet slang ( at Wiktionary ) SMS language Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&oldid=854242118 '' Categories : Scripts with ISO 15924 four - letter codes Brahmic scripts Hindi Hindustani orthography Scripts encoded in Unicode 1.0 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles containing undetermined - language text Articles needing more detailed references Webarchive template wayback links Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from May 2016 Articles containing Sanskrit - language text Articles needing additional references from April 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2017 Articles containing Hindi - language text Articles containing Sindhi - language text Articles containing Marwari - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiversity Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Romani Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 89 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 22 : 46 ( UTC ) . 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1. Devanagari script 2. Nagari 3. Abugida 4. Brahmic scripts 5. Vowels and consonants in Devanagari

how many episodes does fairy tail season 2 have

List of Fairy Tail episodes ( season 2 ) - wikipedia List of Fairy Tail episodes ( season 2 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Fairy Tail ( season 2 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Cover of the thirteenth DVD volume released by Pony Canyon in Japan on February 2011 , featuring Natsu Dragneel and Happy Country of origin Japan No. of episodes 24 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network TV Tokyo Original release October 11 , 2010 -- March 28 , 2011 <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Fairy Tail ( season 1 ) Next → Fairy Tail ( season 3 ) The second season of the Fairy Tail anime series was directed by Shinji Ishihira and produced by A-1 Pictures and Satelight . Like the rest of the series , it follows the adventures of Natsu Dragneel and Lucy Heartfilia of the magical guild Fairy Tail . The series contains two story arcs . The first 20 episodes make up the `` Nirvana '' ( ニルヴァーナ , Niruvāna ) arc , which adapts Hiro Mashima 's Fairy Tail manga from shortly after the beginning of the 16th through the middle of the 20th volume . The arc focuses on Fairy Tail 's alliance with other guilds to take down the dark guild Oración Seis , aided by the Dragon Slayer Wendy Marvell and a reformed Jellal Fernandez . The last four episodes form the self - contained `` Daphne '' ( ダフネ , Dafune ) arc , where Gray Fullbuster seemingly betrays the guild and helps Daphne , a deranged wizard , capture Natsu to power an artificial dragon . The season initially ran from October 11 , 2010 to March 28 , 2011 on TV Tokyo in Japan . It was later released on DVD in 12 compilations , each containing four episodes , by Pony Canyon between February 2 , 2011 and January 6 , 2012 . It was licensed by Animax Asia for an English - subtitled Southeast Asian broadcast . Their adaptation aired from February 10 , 2012 to April 23 , 2012 . Funimation Entertainment released the episodes with their own English - dubbed version across two Blu - ray / DVD box sets , released on July 23 and August 20 of 2013 , respectively . The two sets were released as together as `` Collection 3 '' on January 6 , 2015 . The season uses of four pieces of theme music : two opening themes and four ending themes . `` Egao no Mahō '' ( エガオノマホウ , `` Magic Smile '' ) performed by Magic Party is used for the first 12 episodes , and `` Fiesta '' by + Plus for the rest of the season . The ending themes , used with the opening themes , are `` Holy Shine '' performed by Daisy x Daisy , and `` Be as One '' by W - inds . Contents 1 Episode list 2 Notes 3 References Episode list ( edit ) No . Official English title Original Japanese title Original air date English air date 49 `` The Day of the Fateful Encounter '' `` Unmei no Deai no Hi '' ( 運命 の 出会い の 日 ) October 11 , 2010 September 3 , 2013 <Td_colspan="4"> Lucy Heartfilia receives a premonition from her fortune - telling friend , Cana Alberona , that she will have a `` fateful encounter '' in the near future . She initially believes this to mean the guild 's upcoming interview with Weekly Sorcerer magazine , which she anticipates will lead to a lucrative modeling gig for her , but she is completely overlooked by the interviewer . In the meantime , she meets an author who asks her to show him around town for inspiration for a novel , and later invites her out to dinner . When her teammates Natsu Dragneel and Happy tell her they have chosen a guild mission specially suited for her , however , she ultimately skips the date to go with her friends ; in her place , she sends the boyfriend - seeking Cana , whom the writer claims is his `` type '' . On the train ride , she briefly crosses paths with a blue - haired girl , unaware that this is the fateful encounter Cana prophesied . 50 `` Special Request : Watch Out for the Guy You Like ! '' `` Tokubetsu Irai . Kininaru Kare ni Chūi Seyo ! '' ( 特別 依頼. 気 に なる 彼 に 注意 せよ ! ) October 18 , 2010 September 10 , 2013 <Td_colspan="4"> After Mirajane Strauss playfully suggests that Lucy and Natsu would make a good couple , Lucy becomes increasingly paranoid that Natsu actually has secret feelings for her . When Natsu asks her to come to the park that evening , she is convinced he will give her a love confession and prepares accordingly . However , when she arrives to learn that Natsu simply wants her to summon her celestial spirit Virgo to help him dig up buried treasure , she slaps him and runs off , realizing she has made a fool of herself . Meanwhile , Juvia Lockser buys a potion that she believes will gain her Gray Fullbuster 's full attention , mistaking it for a love potion . The potion instead causes Gray and several other wizards to declare rivalries with the first people and inanimate objects they see . When the effects eventually wear off , Juvia thinks she has not given Gray enough of the potion and makes him drink the entire bottle , causing him to declare rivalry with the horizon itself and run off towards it . 51 `` Love & Lucky '' October 25 , 2010 September 17 , 2013 <Td_colspan="4"> Lucy finds herself being stalked by a hooded man whom she quickly recognizes as her estranged father , Jude . Having gone bankrupt after Lucy cut her ties with him , Jude tells her he is planning to start over by finding work at the Love & Lucky trade guild . When he demands an unreasonable sum of money from her , however , she is convinced he has not changed his uncaring behavior and rebuffs him . The next day , Lucy hears news that Love & Lucky is being robbed by the dark guild Naked Mummy . Concerned for her father 's safety despite her anger , Lucy rushes to the guild to save him , single - handedly defeating all of the Naked Mummy wizards there . When she can not find Jude , she sees him arriving late on foot , having been unable to afford a carriage ride following their fight . Jude is humbled that his daughter still cares about him , and after he divulges how he and her mother named Lucy after the Love & Lucky sign with the missing letter `` K '' , the two part on more amicable terms . 52 `` Allied Forces , Assemble ! '' `` Rengōgun , Shūketsu ! '' ( 連合 軍 、 集結 ! ) November 1 , 2010 September 24 , 2013 <Td_colspan="4"> In response to an increase in dark guild activity , Makarov Dreyar decrees that Fairy Tail is to coalesce with three other official guilds -- Blue Pegasus , Lamia Scale , and Cait Shelter -- in an alliance against the Oración Seis , one of the three Balam Alliance guilds with jurisdiction over the entire dark guild network . Natsu and his team are selected to represent their guild , and they rendezvous with their allies from Blue Pegasus and Lamia Scale : Ichiya Vandalay Kotobuki and his entourage , the Tri-men , the former of whom Erza Scarlet is repulsed by ; and Lyon Vastia and Sherry Blendy , two of Fairy Tail 's old nemeses , who are accompanied by the legendary Wizard Saint Jura Neekis . The delegates learn that Cait Shelter has only sent a single representative : the blue - haired girl , Wendy Marvell , whose name Natsu recognizes . 53 `` Enter the Oración Seis ! '' `` Orashion Seisu Arawaru ! '' ( 六 魔 将軍 ( オラシオン セイス ) 現 る ! ) November 8 , 2010 October 1 , 2013 <Td_colspan="4"> Wendy meekly introduces herself to the rest of the alliance , while Happy instantly becomes smitten with her companion and caretaker Carla , a female talking cat similar to himself . The alliance reviews the six Oración Seis ' intention to uncover Nirvana , an ancient destructive spell , before discussing their own attack strategy using Blue Pegasus 's bomber airship Christina . However , their plan is undermined by Oración Seis member Angel , who incapacitates Jura and Ichiya , while she and the rest of her guild blow up Christina and defeat the remaining alliance members in a one - sided fight . The Seis ' leader , Brain , prepares to annihilate the alliance members , but halts his attack upon recognizing Wendy . 54 `` Maiden of the Sky '' `` Tenkū no Miko '' ( 天空 の 巫女 ) November 15 , 2010 October 8 , 2013 <Td_colspan="4"> Brain kidnaps Wendy , unwittingly taking Happy as well , before Jura returns in time to prevent him from killing the other alliance members . Before giving chase , the allies tend to Erza , who has been bitten by Oración Seis member Cobra 's venomous snake , Cubellios . As the alliance argues over her request to sever her infected arm , Carla reveals Wendy to be a dragon slayer who specializes in healing magic that can save Erza 's life . The allies prepare to infiltrate the Oración Seis ' base and rescue Wendy . While Natsu and Gray are inhibited by vengeful members of Naked Mummy , Wendy is instructed by Brain to revive a comatose Jellal Fernandez , whom Brain identifies as a benefactor from Wendy 's past . 55 `` The Girl and the Ghost '' `` Shōjo to Bōrei '' ( 少女 と 亡霊 ) November 22 , 2010 October 15 , 2013 <Td_colspan="4"> Despite being aware of Jellal 's past , Wendy reluctantly revives him because she mysteriously confesses she owes him her life . Nearing the base , Gray stays behind to fight Oración Seis wizard Racer while Natsu and Carla goes on to rescue Wendy and Happy . Though shocked to find Jellal alive , Natsu and his friends leave in order to save Erza . 56 `` Dead Grand Prix '' `` Deddo Guran Puri '' ( デッド GP ( グランプリ ) ) November 29 , 2010 October 22 , 2013 <Td_colspan="4"> Hibiki directs Natsu on how to find Erza . Gray faces off against Racer with difficulty , despite help from Lyon and Sherry . When Lyon sacrifices himself to ensure Racer 's defeat , Sherry is left heartbroken . Meanwhile , Brain senses the loss of Racer and awakens the wizard Midnight . 57 `` Darkness '' `` Yami '' ( 闇 ) December 6 , 2010 October 29 , 2013 <Td_colspan="4"> While Jura fights Hot Eye , Cobra follows Jellal , whose mind he can not read , in hopes of finding Nirvana . Erza secretly goes off to find Jellal after she is healed by Wendy , prompting Natsu to find Jellal to prevent him from meeting Erza . Hibiki reveals that Nirvana has the power to invert light and dark within people , thus people of light who feel powerful negative emotion fall into darkness . Unfortunately , Nirvana has already begun to affect everyone in the area , including Wendy , Sherry , Hot Eye , Ren , Midnight , and Eve . 58 `` Celestial Skirmish '' `` Seirei Gassen '' ( 星 霊 合戦 ) December 13 , 2010 November 5 , 2013 <Td_colspan="4"> Lucy , Hibiki , Wendy , Happy , and Carla pursue Natsu , who has been defeated by an uncharacteristic Gray - who turns out to be the Celestial Spirit Gemini , contracted to Oración Seis wizard Angel . Angel 's knowledge of Celestial Spirit relationships trumps Lucy 's attempts to protect her friends , until Hibiki provides Lucy with the powerful Urano Metria spell . 59 `` Jellal of Days Gone By '' `` Tsuioku no Jerāru '' ( 追憶 の ジェラール ) December 20 , 2010 November 12 , 2013 <Td_colspan="4"> Angel is defeated and Natsu together with Lucy end up falling down a giant waterfall , where they reunite with Gray , Lyon , and Sherry . Wendy reveals to Carla her past concerning Jellal and how she came to Cait Shelter . Meanwhile , Erza finds an amnesiac Jellal at the site of Nirvana . Seeing the pain he has caused her , Jellal places a self - destructive magic upon himself . 60 `` March of Destruction '' `` Hametsu no Kōshin '' ( 破滅 の 行進 ) December 27 , 2010 November 19 , 2013 <Td_colspan="4"> Despite Jellal 's attempts to end everything with his death , Brain takes control of Nirvana and activates its second stage - an ancient city that begins marching at his order towards Cait Shelter . Natsu , Lucy , Happy , and Gray rush off to defeat it . When Natsu and Happy try to get ahead , they are forced into an aerial battle against Cobra . Meanwhile , Erza saves Jellal and convinces him to live for the future , and they begin to devise a plan to destroy Nirvana . 61 `` Super Aerial Battle : Natsu vs. Cobra ! '' `` Chōkūchūsen ! Natsu vs. Kobura '' ( 超 空中 戦 ! ナツ vs. コブラ ) January 10 , 2011 November 26 , 2013 <Td_colspan="4"> Because Cobra can predict all his moves , Natsu ca n't gain the upper hand until he fights instinctively , where it is revealed that Cobra is a Dragon Slayer . Midnight shows up in front of Lucy , Gray , Jura and Hot Eye . Concluding that Hot Eye betrayed his father , Midnight engages in a fight with him . 62 `` Wizard Saint Jura '' `` Seiten no Jura '' ( 聖 十 の ジュラ ) January 17 , 2011 December 3 , 2013 <Td_colspan="4"> Cobra is injured by Brain for his failure , while Jura demonstrates his power as one of the Ten Wizard Saints and defeats Brain , whose final prayer is for Midnight not to fall . Natsu and the others continue their efforts to stop Nirvana 's advance on Cait Shelter , not realizing that Nirvana will not stop as long as Midnight is there . 63 `` Your Words '' `` Kimi no Kotoba koso '' ( 君 の 言葉 こそ ) January 24 , 2011 December 10 , 2013 <Td_colspan="4"> The staff Brain had before reveals his identity as the last member of Oracion Seis - the 7th , much to their confusion - and the reason behind their intentions of destroying the Cait Shelter Guild . Erza determines the true form of Midnight 's magic and prepares to fight him again . Meanwhile , Wendy searches for Jellal in order to find the necessary information that will help Natsu and the others stop Nirvana . 64 `` Zero '' `` Zero '' ( ゼロ ) January 31 , 2011 December 17 , 2013 <Td_colspan="4"> Erza manages to overcome Midnight 's illusory magic , while Natsu , Lucy , Happy , and Gray confront Brain 's staff , Klodoa . Realizing Midnight 's defeat , Klodoa explains that Brain has an alternate destructive personality called Zero that was kept sealed by the members of the Oración Seis using body link magic . Erza , Jellal , Wendy and Carla make haste as Zero initiates Nirvana to fire upon Cait Shelter . 65 `` From Pegasus to Fairies '' `` Tenma kara Yōsei - tachi e '' ( 天馬 から 妖精 たち へ ) February 7 , 2011 December 24 , 2013 <Td_colspan="4"> As Zero fires on Cait Shelter , Blue Pegasus 's ship Christina , held together by Lyon , Sherry , and Ren , destroy one of Nirvana 's legs and cause it to miss . Hibiki relays the details of the plan to stop Nirvana : within 20 minutes , the six legs of Nirvana must be destroyed at the same time . As Natsu goes to the location of first Lacrima to fight Zero , Jellal follows him after regaining some of his memory . 66 `` The Power of Feelings '' `` Omoi no Chikara '' ( 想い の 力 ) February 14 , 2011 December 31 , 2013 <Td_colspan="4"> Having told Wendy to destroy the sixth Lacrima in his place , Jellal appears at the first Lacrima and gives Natsu the `` Flame of Rebuke '' . Natsu consumes the flame and enters Dragon Force for his fight against Zero and they power up for the final blow . Meanwhile , everyone reaches their respective destinations and wait for the right moment to strike . 67 `` I 'm With You '' `` Watashi ga Tsuiteiru '' ( 私 が ついて いる ) February 21 , 2011 January 7 , 2014 <Td_colspan="4"> As everyone gathers their strength for the final blow , Natsu is consumed by Zero 's `` Genesis Zero '' attack . As he floats in the world of nothing , Igneel 's voice speaks to him and he breaks free , defeating Zero and manages to destroy Nirvana 's legs along with his allies , resulting in Nirvana 's destruction . 68 `` A Guild for One '' `` Tatta Hitori no Tame no Girudo '' ( たった 一人 の 為 の ギルド ) February 28 , 2011 January 14 , 2014 <Td_colspan="4"> Agents from the Magic Council dispatched to the site of Nirvana 's fall arrest Jellal ; when everyone else resists , Erza stops them and urges the officials to take Jellal away , though she is devastated by the outcome . As everyone recovers at Cait Shelter , it is revealed that the entire guild was an illusion created by the spirit of its guild master for Wendy 's sake . With Nirvana 's destruction , the spirit has fulfilled its purpose and Cait Shelter vanishes . As Wendy is left behind crying , Erza invites her to join Fairy Tail . 69 `` Call of the Dragon '' `` Ryū no Izanai '' ( 竜 の 誘い ) March 7 , 2011 January 21 , 2014 <Td_colspan="4"> Everyone returns to their respective guilds , and Wendy and Carla officially become members of Fairy Tail . When Gray tells Natsu rumours of a woman , Daphne , who claims to have met a dragon , Natsu and Wendy set off to find her . However , they are dismayed that it is a trap and that Gray is inexplicably in league with Daphne . Meanwhile , Erza encounters a monster that uses the same kind of magic as her . 70 `` Natsu vs. Gray ! ! '' `` Natsu vs. Gurei ! ! '' ( ナツ vs. グレイ ! ! ) March 14 , 2011 January 28 , 2014 <Td_colspan="4"> Natsu fights with Gray , who refuses to explain why he helped Daphne capture him . Lucy and Erza set off to save Natsu and Wendy , but encounter more Lizardmen , artificial monsters created by Daphne to mimic their opponents ' magic . Eventually Natsu is subdued and used by Daphne to power her artificial dragon , the Dragonoid . 71 `` Friendship Overcomes the Dead '' `` Tomo wa Shikabane o Koete '' ( 友 は 屍 を 越え て ) March 21 , 2011 February 4 , 2014 <Td_colspan="4"> Elfman , Macao and Wakaba arrive to subdue Gray and bring him back to Fairy Tail , while Daphne flies towards Magnolia in her fully powered Dragonoid , intending to destroy the city . The members of Fairy Tail all fight against the Dragonoid before Natsu tells them to destroy him with it . 72 `` A Fairy Tail Wizard '' `` Fearī Teiru no Madōshi '' ( フェアリー テイル の 魔 導 士 ) March 28 , 2011 February 11 , 2014 <Td_colspan="4"> Gray explains to Makarov that he helped Daphne capture Natsu so that Natsu could destroy her Dragonoid from within and fulfill a forgotten promise to lift a curse Daphne cast to make the inhabitants of a town invisible . With help from the wizards of Fairy Tail , Natsu overloads the Dragonoid and defeats Daphne , lifting the curse she placed on the city . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Funimation . Jump up ^ Date the episode originally aired on TV Tokyo . Jump up ^ Date the episode first aired on the Funimation Channel in an English dub . References ( edit ) General `` Episodes 49 - 60 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . `` Episodes 61 - 72 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Specific Jump up ^ `` あにてれ : FAIRY TAIL '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ポニー キャ ニョン - FAIRY TAIL ( 13 ) : DVD '' . Pony Canyon . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ポニー キャ ニョン - FAIRY TAIL ( 24 ) : DVD '' . Pony Canyon . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fairy Tail Season 2 '' . Asia Animax . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 運命 の 出会い の 日 '' . Fairy Tail . Episode 49 ( in Japanese ) . October 11 , 2010 . TV Tokyo . ^ Jump up to : `` 超 空中 戦 ! ナツ vs. コブラ '' . Fairy Tail . Episode 61 ( in Japanese ) . January 10 , 2011 . TV Tokyo . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 36 of 2013 ( Mon 2 Sep 2013 - Sun 8 Sep 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 49 ) ( P ) - Episode 49 - The Day of the Fateful Encounter Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 37 of 2013 ( Mon 9 Sep 2013 - Sun 15 Sep 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 50 ) ( P ) - Episode 50 - Special Request : Watch Out for the Guy You Like ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 38 of 2013 ( Mon 16 Sep 2013 - Sun 22 Sep 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 51 ) ( P ) - Episode 51 - Love & Lucky Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 39 of 2013 ( Mon 23 Sep 2013 - Sun 29 Sep 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 52 ) ( P ) - Episode 52 - Allied Forces , Assemble ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 40 of 2013 ( Mon 30 Sep 2013 - Sun 6 Oct 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 53 ) ( P ) - Episode 53 - Enter the Oración Seis ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 41 of 2013 ( Mon 7 Oct 2013 - Sun 13 Oct 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 54 ) ( P ) - Episode 54 - Maiden of the Sky Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 42 of 2013 ( Mon 14 Oct 2013 - Sun 20 Oct 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 55 ) ( P ) - Episode 55 - The Girl and the Ghost Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 43 of 2013 ( Mon 21 Oct 2013 - Sun 27 Oct 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 56 ) ( P ) - Episode 56 - Dead Grand Prix Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 44 of 2013 ( Mon 28 Oct 2013 - Sun 3 Nov 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 57 ) ( P ) - Episode 57 - Darkness Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 45 of 2013 ( Mon 4 Nov 2013 - Sun 10 Nov 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 58 ) ( P ) - Episode 58 - Celestial Skirmish Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 46 of 2013 ( Mon 11 Nov 2013 - Sun 17 Nov 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 59 ) ( P ) - Episode 59 - Jellal of Days Gone By Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 47 of 2013 ( Mon 18 Nov 2013 - Sun 24 Nov 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 60 ) ( P ) - Episode 60 - March of Destruction Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 48 of 2013 ( Mon 25 Nov 2013 - Sun 1 Dec 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 61 ) ( P ) - Episode 61 - Super Aerial Battle : Natsu vs. Cobra ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 49 of 2013 ( Mon 2 Dec 2013 - Sun 8 Dec 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 62 ) ( P ) - Episode 62 - Wizard Saint Jura Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 50 of 2013 ( Mon 9 Dec 2013 - Sun 15 Dec 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 63 ) ( P ) - Episode 63 - Your Words Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 51 of 2013 ( Mon 16 Dec 2013 - Sun 22 Dec 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 64 ) ( P ) - Episode 64 - Zero Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 52 of 2013 ( Mon 23 Dec 2013 - Sun 29 Dec 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 65 ) ( P ) - Episode 65 - From Pegasus to Fairies Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 1 of 2014 ( Mon 30 Dec 2013 - Sun 5 Jan 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 66 ) ( P ) - Episode 66 - The Power of Feelings Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 2 of 2014 ( Mon 6 Jan 2014 - Sun 12 Jan 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 67 ) ( P ) - Episode 67 - I 'm With You Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 3 of 2014 ( Mon 13 Jan 2014 - Sun 19 Jan 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 68 ) ( P ) - Episode 68 - A Guild for One Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 4 of 2014 ( Mon 20 Jan 2014 - Sun 26 Jan 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 69 ) ( P ) - Episode 69 - Call of the Dragon Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 5 of 2014 ( Mon 27 Jan 2014 - Sun 2 Feb 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 70 ) ( P ) - Episode 70 - Natsu vs. Gray ! ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 6 of 2014 ( Mon 3 Feb 2014 - Sun 9 Feb 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 71 ) ( P ) - Episode 71 - Friendship Overcomes the Dead Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 7 of 2014 ( Mon 10 Feb 2014 - Sun 16 Feb 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 72 ) ( P ) - Episode 72 - A Fairy Tail Wizard <Th_colspan="2"> Fairy Tail by Hiro Mashima Media Volumes 1 -- 15 16 -- 30 31 -- 45 46 -- 63 Episodes Season 1 6 7 Zero Fairy Tail Zero Fairy Tail 100 Years Quest Films Phoenix Priestess Dragon Cry Characters Natsu Dragneel Lucy Heartfilia Happy Related Rave Master Edens Zero Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Fairy_Tail_episodes_(season_2)&oldid=853533980 '' Categories : 2010 Japanese television seasons 2011 Japanese television seasons Fairy Tail episode lists Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Română Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 12 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Fairy Tail season 2 episodes 2. Nirvana arc 3. Daphne arc 4. Oración Seis 5. Dragon Slayer Wendy Marvell

san juan de gaztelugatxe bermeo basque country spain

Gaztelugatxe - wikipedia Gaztelugatxe Gaztelugatxe Gaztelugatxe is an islet on the coast of Biscay belonging to the municipality of Bermeo , Basque Country ( Spain ) . It is connected to the mainland by a man - made bridge . On top of the island stands a hermitage ( named Gaztelugatxeko Doniene in Basque ; San Juan de Gaztelugatxe in Spanish ) , dedicated to John the Baptist , that dates from the 10th century , although discoveries indicate that the date might be the 9th century . With another small neighboring island , Aketx , they form a protected biotope that extends from the town of Bakio until Cape Matxitxako , on the Bay of Biscay . Contents 1 Etymology 2 Description 2.1 Hermitage 3 Strategic uses 4 Filming location 5 Gallery 6 References 7 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word gaztelugatxe ( ɡas̻teluɡatʃe ) comes from the Basque gaztelu = `` castle '' , `` fort '' and gaitz = `` difficult '' , `` tremendous '' , forming gaztelu gaitza , gaztelugatxe `` the craggy fort '' . Description ( edit ) Stairway and path up the crag The Basque coast is rough in this area . The sea ceaselessly erodes the rocky coast creating tunnels , arches and caves . The island of Gaztelugatxe is in the center of this section of coast next to the small Aketx island , a sanctuary for marine birds . Next to the hermitage there is a small shelter with sea views that is used for picnicking and for refuge from the wind . The hermitage is accessed by a narrow path , crossing the solid stone bridge , and going up 231 steps ( other sources cite the number as 229 or 237 ) . According to legend , after the slightly strenuous climb to the top of the crag one should ring the bell three times and make a wish . Hermitage ( edit ) The small church , 80 metres above sea level , dates from the 10th century . In the year 1053 it was donated , by don Íñigo López , Lord of Biscay , to the monastery of San Juan de la Peña near Jaca in Huesca . Medieval burials from the 9th and 12th centuries have been found on the esplanade and in the hermitage . In 1593 it was attacked and sacked by Francis Drake . Among other incidents , it has caught fire several times . On November 10 , 1978 , it was destroyed in one such fire . Two years later , on June 24 , 1980 , it was re-inaugurated . The hermitage belongs to the parish of San Pelayo in Bakio . The hermitage also houses votive offerings from sailors who survived shipwrecks . Strategic uses ( edit ) The strategic location of the site has given it an important role in historic episodes . It was one of the places where the Lord of Biscay , Juan Núñez de Lara , confronted Alfonso XI , King of Castile , in 1334 . In 1594 it was attacked by the Huguenots of La Rochelle , who sacked it and killed the caretaker . In the 18th century it was assaulted by English troops ; in the Spanish Civil War the naval Battle of Cape Machichaco took place nearby . Filming location ( edit ) HBO filmed scenes for season 7 of its fantasy series Game of Thrones at the islet . Gaztelugatxe stood in for Dragonstone , with a digitally created castle on top of the islet . Gallery ( edit ) Gaztelugatxe Gaztelugatxe Gaztelugatxe Gaztelugatxe Gaztelugatxe Gaztelugatxe Gaztelugatxe Gaztelugatxe Gaztelugatxe , with Flag of Basque Country Gaztelugatxe Gaztelugatxe Gaztelugatxe A panoramical view of Gaztelugatxe References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : San Juan de Gaztelugatxe , guggenheim - bilbao. eus , Retrieved 12 February 2017 Jump up ^ `` ' Juego de Tronos ' elige el entorno de San Juan de Gaztelugatxe '' ( ' Game of Thrones ' chooses the environs of San Juan de Gaztelugatxe ) . EITB. 19 July 2016 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . serving as the castle Dragonstone External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gaztelugatxe . Gaztelugatxe , Bermeo Town Council website . Coordinates : 43 ° 26 ′ 49 '' N 2 ° 47 ′ 06 '' W  /  43.447 ° N 2.785 ° W  / 43.447 ; - 2.785 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaztelugatxe&oldid=859452734 '' Categories : Green Spain Geography of Biscay Islands of Spain Landforms of the Basque Country Islands of the Bay of Biscay Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego Հայերեն Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2018 , at 04 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Gaztelugatxe - an islet on the coast of Biscay 2. Hermitage on Gaztelugatxe - dedicated to John the Baptist 3. Strategic location and historic significance of Gaztelugatxe 4. Filming location for Game of Thrones 5. Description of the Basque coast and the island's features

a country that doesnt have an a in its name

Stateless nation - wikipedia Stateless nation Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a nation lacking a nation state . For a community lacking a government , see stateless society . For persons lacking state affiliation , see statelessness . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A stateless nation is a political term for an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state and is not the majority population in any nation state . The term `` stateless '' implies that the group `` should have '' such a state . Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live , or they may be denied citizenship by that country . Stateless nations are usually not represented in international sports or in international organisations such as the United Nations . Nations without state are classified as fourth world nations . Some of the stateless nations have a history of statehood , some were always a stateless nation , dominated by another nation . The term was coined in 1983 by political scientist Jacques Leruez in his book `` L'Ecosse , une nation sans Etat '' about the peculiar position of Scotland within the British state . It was later adopted and popularized by Scottish scholars such as David McCrone , Michael Keating and T.M. Devine . Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states ( for example , the Yoruba people are found in the African states of Nigeria , Benin and Togo ) or form the native population of a province within a larger state ( such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People 's Republic of China ) . Some stateless nations historically had a state , which was absorbed by another ; for example , Tibet 's declaration of independence in 1913 was not recognized , and it was invaded in 1951 by the People 's Republic of China which claims that Tibet is an integral part of China , while the Tibetan government - in - exile maintains that Tibet is an independent state under an unlawful occupation . Some ethnic groups were once a stateless nation that later became a nation state ( for example , the nations of the Balkans such as the Croats , Serbs , Bosniaks , Slovenes , Montenegrins , Kosovars and Macedonians were once part of a multinational state of Yugoslavia ; since the breakup of Yugoslavia many nation states were formed ) . Stateless nations can have large populations . For example , the Tamils are a stateless nation in South Asia with a population of more than 75 million . They form one of the largest ethnic groups in South India . Governments may respond differently to stateless nations in their states . For example , the suppression of the Tamil people in Sri Lanka led to the Sri Lankan civil war between 1983 and 2009 , one of the longest and most violent separatist conflicts . However , a similar ethnic conflict was absent among Tamils in India during this period , because they were peacefully integrated into the federal structure of India . Multiple stateless nations can reside in the same geographical region or country ; for example , Catalans , Basques , Aragonese , Galicians , Asturians , Valencians and Andalusians within Spanish State , or the Brahui , Santhals and Balochs in South Asia. . However , not all peoples within multi-cultural states have the same conscience to be a stateless nation . In Spain , only Basques and Catalans have claimed their right of self - determination , which in the Basque country gave rise to the militant movement ETA , and in the case of Catalonia , has led to multiple attempts of secession from Spain during the past four centuries , as an independent Catalan Republic . The Romani people are another stateless people . They may be a special case being distributed among numerous countries with no clear homeland ; as a traditionally `` nomadic '' people , the Romani / Roma are a classical `` stateless nation '' without aspiration to sovereign territory . As not all states are nation states , there are a number of ethnic groups who live in a multinational state without being considered `` stateless nations '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nation - states and nations without states 2 Consequences of colonialism and imperialism 3 Nationalism and stateless nations 4 Claims of stateless nations 5 See also 6 References 7 Notes 8 External links Nation - states and nations without states ( edit ) The symbiotic relationship between nations and states arose in early modern Western Europe ( 18th century ) and it was exported to the rest of the world through colonial rule . Whereas the Western European nation - states are at present relinquishing some of their powers to the European Union , many of the former colonies are now the zealous defenders of the concept of nation - state . Only a small fraction of the world 's national groups have associated nation - states . The proportion was estimated to be 3 percent by Minahan . The rest are distributed in one or more states . Of the 192 member states of the United Nations in 2006 , fewer than 20 are nation - states . Thus nation - states are not as common as often assumed , and stateless nations are the overwhelming majority of nations in the world . Consequences of colonialism and Imperialism ( edit ) During the imperial and colonial era , powerful nations extended their influence outside their homeland and this resulted in many colonized nations ceasing to be self - governing and have since been described as stateless nations . Some nations have been victims of `` carve out '' and their homeland was divided among several countries . Even today the colonial boundaries form modern national boundaries . These often differ from cultural boundaries . This results in situations where people of the same language or culture are divided by national borders , for example New Guinea splits as West Papua ( former Dutch colony ) and Papua New Guinea ( former British colony ) . During decolonization , the colonial powers imposed a unified state structure irrespective of the ethnic differences and granted independence to their colonies as a multinational state . This led to successor states with many minority ethnic groups in them , which increased the potential for ethnic conflicts . Some of these minoritiy groups campaigned for self - determination . Stateless nations were not protected in all countries and become victims of atrocities such as discrimination , ethnic cleansing , genocide , forced assimilation and exploitation . Nationalism and stateless nations ( edit ) People with a common origin , history , language , culture , customs or religion can turn into a nation by awakening of national consciousness . A nation can exist without a state , as is exemplified by the stateless nations . Citizenship is not always the nationality of a person . In a multinational state different national identities can coexist or compete : for example , in Britain both English nationalism and Scottish nationalism exist and are held together by British nationalism . Nationalism is often connected to separatism , because a nation achieves completeness through its independence . Throughout history , numerous nations declared their independence , but not all succeeded in establishing a state . Even today , there are active autonomy and independence movements around the world . The claim of the stateless nations to self - determination is often denied due to Geopolitical interests and increasing globalization of the world . Stateless nations sometimes show solidarity with other stateless nations and maintain diplomatic relations . Not all peoples claim that they are nations or aspire to be states . Some see themselves as part of the multinational state and they believe that their interests are well represented in it . This is also associated with Pan-nationalism ( Indian nationalism or Chinese nationalism ) . Claims of stateless nations ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . The following is a list of stateless nations that meet these criteria : has no sovereign state of its own . does not form a majority in any sovereign state . one or more autonomist or secessionist movements are known to exist . not recognized by any UN members as a state ( see also : partially recognized state ) . not a subgroup of a nation ( Bengali Hindus , Mexican American ) . People Flag Language Predominant religion Population ( approx . ) Continent States Homeland Irredentist movement Notes Tamil people Tamil language Hinduism with significant Christian and Muslim minorities 78,000,000 Asia Sri Lanka and India Tamilakam and Tamil Eelam Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism , Tamil nationalism , LTTE , Sri Lankan Civil War , TNLA , TGTE Regional autonomy in Tamil Nadu ( India ) . Demand autonomy in North Eastern Province or total secession from Sri Lanka . African American people African American Vernacular English , American English Christianity , minority Islam 40,695,277 America United States and Canada Republic of New Afrika Black Nationalism , Communist Party USA , Black Panther Party , Black Liberation Army African Americans are an Ethno - racial group . Some aspire to establish an autonomous African American state in the Southeastern United States . Sindhi Sindhi Islam 40,000,000 Asia Pakistan Sindhudesh JSQM , JSMM , Sindhudesh Liberation Army Kurds Kurdish Islam with minorities of Christianity , Zoroastrianism , Yazdânism Deism and Agnosticism 45,000,000 Asia Iraq , Turkey , Iran and Syria Kurdistan Kurdish -- Turkish conflict , Kurdish - Iranian conflict , Iraqi - Kurdish conflict , and Kurdish -- Syrian conflict Regional autonomy in Iraqi Kurdistan and Rojava . Yoruba people Yoruba language Christianity 35,000,000 Africa Nigeria , Benin and Togo Yorubaland Oodua Peoples Congress Igbo people Igbo language Christianity 30,000,000 Africa Nigeria Biafra Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra , Indigenous People of Biafra Sikhs Punjabi language Sikhism 30,000,000 Asia India and Pakistan Khalistan Khalistan movement Majority in the Indian State of Punjab . Sikhs are a ethnoreligious group . Occitan people Occitan , French Christianity 16,000,000 Europe France , Italy and Spain ( Val d'Aran ) Occitania Occitan nationalism ( Occitan Party , Partit de la Nacion Occitana , Libertat ) Uyghur people Uyghur language Islam 15,000,000 Asia China East Turkestan Irredentism is politically fragmented ( East Turkestan Liberation Organization , East Turkestan independence movement ) Limited autonomy in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region . Zulu people Zulu language Christianity , Zulu religion 12,159,000 Africa South Africa , Lesotho , Zimbabwe , Swaziland KwaZulu - Natal Inkatha Freedom Party Limited autonomy in the KwaZulu - Natal region , which maintains a traditional Zulu king . Baloch people Balochi Islam 10,000,000 Asia Pakistan , Iran and Afghanistan Balochistan Balochistan conflict , Baloch nationalism Kabyle people Kabyle language , Algerian Arabic Islam 10,000,000 Africa Algeria Kabylie Movement for the Autonomy of Kabylie , Provisional Government of Kabylia Andalusian people Andalusian Spanish Christianity 9,500,000 Europe Spain Andalucia Andalusian nationalism See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain . Puerto Rican people Spanish , English Christianity 9,000,000 America United States Puerto Rico Puerto Rican Nationalist Party , Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña , Boricua Popular Army , Puerto Rican Independence Party Unincorporated territory of the United States . Catalan people Catalan Christianity 8,500,000 Europe Spain and France Catalan Countries Catalan independence movement , Catalan nationalism , Catalan Countries See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain . Mon people Mon language Buddhism 8,145,500 Asia Myanmar , Thailand Mon State Mon Nationalism , Mon National Party , All Mon Region Democracy Party Historically occupied the Mon kingdoms Circassians Circassian language Islam 8,000,000 Europe Russia Circassia Russo - Circassian War , Circassian nationalism Regional autonomy in Circassia . Hong Kong people Hong Kong Cantonese , Hong Kong English Chinese folk religion 7,184,000 Asia China Hong Kong Hong Kong Autonomy Movement , Hong Kong independence movement Special administrative region with high degree of autonomy . Karen people Karen language Theravada Buddhism , Christianity 7,000,000 Asia Thailand , Myanmar Karen State Karen Nationalism , Karen National Union , Karen National Liberation Army Maya peoples Mayan languages Christianity , Maya religion 7,000,000 America Guatemala , Mexico , Belize , Honduras , El Salvador Mesoamerica Pan-Maya movement , Rigoberta Menchú , Zapatista Army of National Liberation Historically occupied the Maya civilization Tatars Tatar language Islam 7,000,000 Europe Russia Tatarstan All - Tatar Public Center Regional autonomy in Tatarstan . Tibetan people Tibetan language Buddhism 7,000,000 Asia China Tibet Tibetan independence movement Limited autonomy in the Tibet Autonomous Region . Gorkhas Nepali language Hinduism 6,360,000 Asia India Gorkhaland Gorkha National Liberation Front , Gorkha Janmukti Morcha Gorkhaland is a proposed state in India demanded by the people of the Darjeeling Hills and the people of Gorkha ethnic origin on the Northern part of West Bengal . Québécois French language Christianity 6,200,000 America Canada Quebec Quebec sovereignty movement The total population of the Province of Quebec is 7.9 million , of which 6.2 million are French speakers . Riffian people Riffian language Islam 6,000,000 Africa Morocco and Spain Rif Rif War , Rif Republic 95 % of the land is controlled by Morocco with the rest being controlled by the Spanish territories of Ceuta and Melilla as autonomous cities . Shan people Shan language Buddhism 6,000,000 Asia Burma Shan State Declaration of independence in 2005 ; see also Hso Khan Pha Kashmiri people Kashmiri language Islam 5,600,000 Asia India , Pakistan and China Kashmir Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Administered by India ( Kashmir Valley , Jammu , Ladakh ) , Pakistan ( Azad Kashmir , Gilgit - Baltistan ) and China ( Aksai Chin ) . Walloons Walloon , French , Picard , German Christianity 5,200,000 Europe Belgium Wallonia Partition of Belgium , Walloon Movement Regional autonomy in Wallonia ; seeks independence from Belgium or reunion with France . Lozi people Lozi Christianity 5,153,000 Africa Zambia Barotseland Barotse Patriotic Front Moro people Filipino language , other Philippine languages Islam 5,100,000 Asia Philippines Bangsamoro National Liberation Front , Moro Islamic Liberation Front Kuki people Kukish languages Christianity 5,000,000 Asia Burma and India Mizoram and Chin State Mizo National Front , Chin National Front , Kuki National Army Kuki people are known as Chin in Chin state and Mizo in Mizoram state . Scottish people Scottish Gaelic , Scots , English Christianity 5,000,000 ( only Scotland ) Europe United Kingdom Scotland Scottish independence Regional autonomy in Scotland . Sicilians Sicilian , Italian , Gallo - Italic of Sicily , Arbëresh Christianity 5,000,000 ( only Sicily ) Europe Italy Sicily Sicilian nationalism Regional autonomy in Sicily . Acehnese people Acehnese language Islam 4,200,000 Asia Indonesia Aceh Insurgency in Aceh Regional autonomy in Aceh . Hmong people Hmong language Buddhism with native 4,000,000 Asia Laos , China , Vietnam and Thailand Hmong ChaoFa Federated State Insurgency in Laos Rohingya people Rohingya language Islam 3,600,000 Asia Burma Rohang State Rohingya insurgency in Western Myanmar The Rohingyas are not recognized as a native ethnic group by Burmese government . Afrikaners Afrikaans Christianity 3,500,000 Africa South Africa and Namibia Volkstaat Afrikaner Nationalism , Freedom Front Afrikaners are an Ethno - racial group . Demand autonomy or total secession from South Africa . Assyrian people Assyrian Neo-Aramaic , Turoyo , Chaldean Neo-Aramaic Christianity 3,300,000 Asia Syria , Iraq , Iran and Turkey Assyria Assyrian nationalism , Assyrian independence movement Breton people Breton , French , Gallo Christianity 3,120,288 Europe France Brittany Breton nationalism Historically occupied the Kingdom of Brittany Basque people Basque Christianity 3,000,000 Europe France and Spain Basque Country Basque nationalism See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain . Iraqi Turkmen people Turkish language , Azerbaijani language Islam 3,000,000 Asia Iraq Turkmeneli Iraqi Turkmen Front Not to be confused with Syrian Turkmen of Latakia or Central Asian Turkmens of Turkmenistan who share only their ethnonym . Welsh people Welsh , English Christianity 3,000,000 Europe United Kingdom Wales Welsh independence , Welsh nationalism Regional autonomy in Wales . Galician people Galician language Christianity 2,800,000 Europe Spain Galiza Galician nationalism See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain . Kachin people Jingpo , Zaiwa , Maru , Lashi , Azi Buddhism , Christianity , Animism 2,750,000 ( 2002 ) Asia Burma Kachin State Kachin Independence Army , Kachin Independence Organisation , Kachin conflict The tribes of Kachin Hills form the Kachin Nation . Aragonese people Aragonese language Christianity 2,278,000 ( Spain only ) Europe Spain Aragon Aragonese nationalism See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain . Chechen people Chechen language Islam 2,000,000 Europe Russia Chechnya Chechen insurgency , Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Regional autonomy in Chechnya . Naga people Tibeto - Burman dialects / Nagamese creole Christianity 2,000,000 Asia India Nagaland Naga National Council , Insurgency in Northeast India Regional autonomy in Nagaland . Northern Irish people English , Ulster Scots , Irish Christianity 1,810,863 Europe United Kingdom Northern Ireland Ulster nationalism Seeks the independence of Northern Ireland from the United Kingdom without joining the Republic of Ireland . Alsatians Alsatian Christianity ~ 1,800,000 Europe France Alsace Alsace independence movement , Alsace First , Unser Land Sardinian people Sardinian , Corso - Sardinian , Italian , Catalan , Ligurian Christianity 1,661,521 Europe Italy Sardinia Sardinian nationalism National devolution , further autonomy or total secession from Italy . Canarian people Guanche language ( extinct ) , Spanish Christianity 1,600,000 Africa Spain Canary Islands Canarian nationalism National devolution , further autonomy or total secession from Mainland Spain . Ryukyuan people Ryukyuan , Japanese Buddhism 1,600,000 Asia Japan Ryukyu Islands Ryukyu independence movement Formerly the Ryukyu Kingdom . Frisians Frisian , Dutch , German Christianity 1,500,000 Europe Netherlands and Germany Frisia Frisian National Party , Groep fan Auwerk The creation of a new Frisian state . Bodo people Bodo language Bathouism 1,300,000 Asia India Bodoland National Democratic Front of Bodoland Tuareg people Tuareg language Islam 1,200,000 Africa Mali and Niger Azawad Tuareg rebellion ( 2012 ) Mapuche Mapudungun Christianity 1,000,000 America Argentina and Chile Araucanía Mapuche conflict Asturian people Asturian language Christianity 925,000 ( 2002 ) Europe Spain Asturias Asturian nationalism , See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain . Silesians Silesian , Polish , German , Czech Christianity 900,000 Europe Poland , Czech Republic and Germany Silesia Silesian Autonomy Movement Divided into Upper Silesia and Lower Silesia . Lezgins Lezgian Islam 800,000 + Europe Russia , Azerbaijan Lezgistan Lezgin Nationalism Unification of the Lezgin people in Azerbaijan and Dagestan ( Russia ) . Māori people Māori , English Christianity with native 750,000 Oceania New Zealand New Zealand Māori protest movement Australian Aborigines Aboriginal languages Christianity with native 680,000 Oceania Australia Australia Movement is fragmented or focused on specific aboriginal groups Cornish people Cornish , Cornish English Christianity 534,300 ( only Cornwall ) Europe United Kingdom Cornwall Cornish nationalism , Mebyon Kernow , Cornish Nationalist Party National devolution or further autonomy from the United Kingdom . Hawaiian people Hawaiian language Christianity with native 527,000 Oceania United States Hawaii Hawaiian sovereignty movement Moravians Czech ( Moravian ) Irreligion 525,000 Europe Czech Republic and Slovakia Moravia Moravians Kashubians Kashubian Christianity ~ 0.5 million ( 2002 -- 07 ) of which 233,000 as ethnic - national identity ( 2011 ) Europe Poland Pomerania Kaszëbskô Jednota Kashubians with Slovincians ( extinct ) formed the West Slavic tribes of Pomeranians . Ogoni people Ogoni language Christianity with native 500,000 Africa Nigeria Ogoniland Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People Chams Cham language Islam , Hinduism , Buddhism 400,000 Asia Vietnam South Central Coast United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races , Cham rights movement , Cham today Historically occupied the Champa state . The Cham in Vietnam are only recognized as a minority , and not as an indigenous people by the Vietnamese government despite being indigenous to the region . Vietnamese continue to destroy evidence of Cham culture and artifacts left behind . Corsican people Corsican , French , Ligurian Christianity 322,120 Europe France Corsica Corsica Libera Territorial collectivity in France . Tuvans Tuvan language , Russian language , Mongolian language , Chinese language Tibetan Buddhism , Tengrism 300,000 Asia Russia , Mongolia , China Tuva People 's Front `` Free Tuva '' , People 's Party of Sovereign Tuva Regional autonomy in Tuva . Sikkimese people Sikkimese language Hinduism , Buddhism , Christianity 290,000 Asia India Sikkim Sikkim Bhutia Lepcha Apex Committee Formerly the Kingdom of Sikkim . The Sikkimese people are split among the Lepcha , Limbu and Bhutias In 1990 Sikkimese Nationalist leaders declared the annexation of Sikkim by India to be illegal Sami people Sami languages , Norwegian , Swedish , Finnish , Russian Christianity 163,400 Europe Norway , Sweden , Finland and Russia Sapmi Sámi politics Have their own Parliaments in Norway , Sweden & Finland but Sami groups seek more territorial autonomy . Inuit Inuit languages Christianity with native 135,991 America Canada , United States and Denmark Siberia , Alaska , Northern Canada and Greenland Greenland Referendum , Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami Semi-autonomous rule in Greenland with autonomy in Canada . Lakota people Lakota , English Christianity with native 103,255 America United States Lakotah Sioux Wars , Lakota Freedom Movement Native American reservation politics . Carpathian Rusyns Rusyn language Christianity 68,000 ( official ; the actual population may be 1.2 million ) Europe Ukraine , Slovakia , Poland , Hungary and Romania Carpathian Ruthenia World Congress of Rusyns The Rusyn ethnicity is not recognised by Ukraine and does not appear in the Ukrainian census . Many speakers of the Lemko and Hutsul dialects identify primarily as Lemkos and Hutsuls , rather than Rusyns or Ukrainians . A separate population , the Pannonian Rusyns , are a minority in Serbia and Croatia . Faroese people Faroese language Christianity 66,000 Europe Denmark Faroe Islands Faroese independence movement Regional autonomy in Faroe Islands . Sorbs Sorbian language Christianity 60,000 - 70,000 ( est . ) Europe Germany and Czech Republic Lusatia Domowina Divided into Upper Sorbs and Lower Sorbs . Ainu people Ainu languages , Japanese people , Russian language Animism , Shintoism , Buddhism , Christianity 25,000 - 200,000 ( est . ) Asia Japan , Russia Hokkaido Ainu Movement Seek greater independence in Japan Orcadians Norn language ( extinct ) , Scottish English , Insular Scots Christianity 21,349 Europe United Kingdom Orkney Orkney and Shetland Movement Formerly a part of the Earldom of Orkney ( along with Shetland ) Many residents have hoped for greater autonomy from the Scottish Government in the past , and were promised more powers in the event of Scottish independence Rapa Nui people Rapa Nui language , Spanish language Christianity 5,682 Oceania Chile Easter Island Rapa Nui independence movement The Rapa Nui Parliament is a pro-independence organisation Ahwazi Arabs Arabic Islam 10,000,000 Asia Iran Khuzestan Arab separatism in Khuzestan Regional autonomy in Ahwazi Arabs See also ( edit ) Geography portal Culture portal Ethnic nationalism European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities List of active autonomist and secessionist movements List of federally recognized tribes List of First Nations peoples List of unrecognized tribes in the United States Multinational state Non-FIFA international football Self - determination Sovereignty Stateless person Stateless society Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization References ( edit ) Keating , Michael ( 2001 ) , Nations Against the State : The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec , Catalonia and Scotland ( Second ed . ) , Palgrave Levinson , David , ed. ( 1998 ) , Ethnic Groups Worldwide : A Ready Reference Handbook , Phoenix , AZ : The Oryx Press , ISBN 1 - 57356 - 019 - 7 Minahan , James , ed. ( 2002 ) , Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations : Ethnic and National Groups Around the World , Westport : Greenwood Press , ISBN 0 - 313 - 31617 - 1 Bodlore - Penlaez , Mikael , ed. ( 2011 ) , Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe , minority peoples in search of recognition , Ceredigion : Y Lolfa , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84771 - 379 - 7 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dictionary Of Public Administration , U.C. Mandal , Sarup & Sons 2007 , 505 p . Jump up ^ Frank L. Kidner ; Maria Bucur ; Ralph Mathisen ; Sally McKee ; Theodore R. Weeks ( 2013 ) , Making Europe : The Story of the West , Volume II : Since 1550 , Cengage Learning , pp. 668 -- , ISBN 1 - 285 - 50027 - X ^ Jump up to : Chouinard , Stéphanie ( 2016 ) , `` Stateless nations '' , in Karl Cordell ; Stefan Wolff , The Routlesdge Handbook of Ethnic Conflict , Routledge , pp. 54 -- 66 , ISBN 9781317518921 Jump up ^ David Newman , Boundaries , Territory and Postmodernity Jump up ^ Ethnic Minority Media : An International Perspective , Stephen Harold Riggins , 217p . Jump up ^ Language in Geographic Context , Colin H. Williams , 39p . Jump up ^ National Identity : Theory and Research Jump up ^ Clark , Gregory , In fear of China , 1969 , saying : `` Tibet , although enjoying independence at certain periods of its history , had never been recognised by any single foreign power as an independent state . The closest it has ever come to such recognition was the British formula of 1943 : suzerainty , combined with autonomy and the right to enter into diplomatic relations . '' Jump up ^ `` The Legal Status of Tibet '' . Cultural Survival . ^ Jump up to : Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations : Ethnic and National Groups around the World , 2nd Edition : Ethnic and National Groups around the World , pp. 411 - 412 ^ Jump up to : Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific : An Encyclopedia by James Minahan ( 2012 ) , p. 315 Jump up ^ Law and Society : Strategy for Public Choice , 2001 by Naorem Sanajaoba , p. 178 Jump up ^ Nira Wickramasinghe ( 2015 ) . Sri Lanka in the Modern Age : A History . Oxford University Press . pp. 274 -- 293 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 022579 - 7 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations : Ethnic and National Groups around the World , 2nd Edition : Ethnic and National Groups around the World , pp. 59 - 60 , 79 - 80 , 366 - 367 Jump up ^ Redie Bereketeab , Self - Determination and Secession in Africa : The Post-Colonial State Jump up ^ Richard Devetak , Christopher W. Hughes , Routledge , 2007 - 12 - 18 , The Globalization of Political Violence : Globalization 's Shadow Jump up ^ Cultural Analysis : Towards Cross-cultural Understanding ( 2006 ) , Hans Gullestrup , 130p . Jump up ^ Ethnicity and Christian leadership in west African sub-region : proceedings of the conference of the fifteenth CIWA Theology Week held at the Catholic Institute of West Africa ( 2004 ) , Port Harcourt , p. 272 Jump up ^ Mussolini Warlord : Failed Dreams of Empire , 1940 - 1943 ( 2013 ) , H. James Burgwyn , Chapter V Jump up ^ Ethnic Groups in Conflict ( 2009 ) , Karl Cordell , Stefan Wolff Jump up ^ Donald L. Horowitz , Ethnic Groups in Conflict Jump up ^ George W. White , Nationalism and Territory : Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe Jump up ^ Understanding National Identity by David McCrone , Frank Bechhofer , p. 22 Jump up ^ Unionist - Nationalism : Governing Urban Scotland , 1830 - 1860 by Graeme Morton , 1999 Jump up ^ James Minahan , Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations : A-C Jump up ^ Nationalism and Globalisation ( 2015 ) , Stephen Tierney Jump up ^ The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka : The Global Failure to Protect Tamil Rights Under International Law , Francis Boyle , chapter self determination . Jump up ^ Turmoil in the Middle East : Imperialism , War , and Political Instability ( 1999 ) , Berch Berberoglu , 69p . Jump up ^ `` Europe 's Stateless Nations in the Era of Globalization , The Case for Catalonia 's Secession by Josep Desquens '' . saisjournal.org . Jump up ^ The delegates were linked with the Scottish group ' SNP Friends of Catalonia ' , which itself had members recently visit the Catalan parliament in Barcelona in a show of solidarity to the country 's hopes of self - determination . `` Catalan delegates in solidarity visit to Scotland 's independence movement '' . commonspace. scot . Jump up ^ While there has been informal solidarity between Tamils and Kurds in the past , the present conditions of both struggles suggest that a more concrete Tamil - Kurdish alliance is politically and morally necessary . `` Stateless nations : Tamil solidarity with Kurds '' . greenleft.org . Jump up ^ The Catalan President and the Head of the Corsican government meet in Barcelona . The meeting lasted more than two hours and focused on enhancing the cooperation between the two nations in a regional and European level . `` EFA brings stateless nations even closer '' . European Free Alliance . Jump up ^ Ian Adams , Political Ideology Today p. 73 Jump up ^ Dictionary Of Public Administration , U.C. Mandal , Sarup & Sons 2007 , 505 p . Jump up ^ Frank L. Kidner ; Maria Bucur ; Ralph Mathisen ; Sally McKee ; Theodore R. Weeks ( 2013 ) , Making Europe : The Story of the West , Volume II : Since 1550 , Cengage Learning , pp. 668 -- , ISBN 1 - 285 - 50027 - X Jump up ^ Iraqi Kurdistan in Middle Eastern Politics ( 2016 ) , Alex Danilovich , p. 131 Jump up ^ Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific : An Encyclopedia by James Minahan ( 2012 ) , p. 315 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations : Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z ( 2002 ) , James Minahan Jump up ^ Bureau , U.S. Census . `` American FactFinder - Results '' . factfinder.census.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Carl Skutsch , Encyclopedia of the World 's Minorities ( 2013 ) , p. 1104 Jump up ^ Anonymous Kurd estimate Jump up ^ `` Benue - Congo languages '' . Jump up ^ John A. Shoup III , Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East : An Encyclopedia 2011 p. 237 Jump up ^ James Minahan , Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations : Ethnic and National Groups around the World , 2nd Edition : Ethnic and National Groups around the World 2016 p. 178 Jump up ^ James Minahan , Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations : Ethnic and National Groups around the World , 2nd Edition : Ethnic and National Groups around the World 2016 p. 385 Jump up ^ `` About Uyghurs '' . Jump up ^ `` Zulu people '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Syed Farooq Hasnat , Pakistan 2011 p. 82 Jump up ^ `` The Kabyle People '' . Retrieved 2 August 2016 . Jump up ^ James Minahan , Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations : Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z 2002 p. 402 Jump up ^ James B. Minahan , Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations 2nd Edition : Ethnic and National Groups around the World 2016 p. 422 Jump up ^ James B. Minahan , Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations : D-K 2002 p. 677 Jump up ^ James B. Minahan , Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations 2nd Edition : Ethnic and National Groups around the World 2016 p. 352 Jump up ^ `` Assessment for Lozi in Zambia '' . Minorities at Risk . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Cole , Ethnic Groups of Europe : An Encyclopedia 2011 p. 235 Jump up ^ James Minahan , Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations : Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z 2002 p. 1714 Jump up ^ Acehnese . Encyclopædia Britannica. © 2016 Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved on July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aris Ananta , Evi Nurvidya Arifin , International Migration in Southeast Asia , Institute of Southeast Asian Studies , 2004 , p. 267 Jump up ^ `` UNPO : Assyria '' . Retrieved 2 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Cole , Ethnic Groups of Europe : An Encyclopedia 2011 p. 38 Jump up ^ Larry Clark . Turkmen Reference Grammar . Otto Harrassowitz Verlag , 1998 ; p. 11 . ISBN 9783447040198 Jump up ^ James B. Minahan , Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations : Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z 2002 p. 870 Jump up ^ `` Aragonese in Spain '' . joshuaproject.net . Jump up ^ Minahan , James ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations . Greenwood Press . p. 4000 . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eurominority -- La solidarité avec le peuple palestinien '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations , James Minahan , pg. 1661 Jump up ^ Mikael Bodlore - Penlaez ( 2011 ) . Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe : Minority People in Search of Recognition . Y Lolfa Cyf . p. 70 . ISBN 1847713793 . Jump up ^ `` La Sardegna nel club delle nazioni : un capitolo nella Bibbia dell'etnie del mondo - Cronaca - L'Unione Sarda.it '' . 11 January 2016 . Retrieved 2 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Ryukyu Culture '' . kcpwindowonjapan.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Christopher Blomquist , A Primary Source Guide to Chile 2005 p. 15 Jump up ^ James B. Minahan , Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations : D-K 2002 p. 211 Jump up ^ Census 2011 - final results Jump up ^ http://portal.statistics.sk/files/tab.11.pdf Jump up ^ `` The Institute for European Studies , Ethnological institute of UW '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Kaschuben heute : Kultur - Sprache - Identität '' ( PDF ) ( in German ) . pp. 8 -- 9 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Human rights in Vietnam '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Anaibin , Zoia Vasil'evna ( 1995 - 07 - 01 ) . `` The Contemporary Ethnic Situation in Tuva '' . Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia. 34 ( 1 ) : 42 -- 59 . doi : 10.2753 / AAE1061 - 1959340142 . ISSN 1061 - 1959 . Jump up ^ Minahan , James ( 2002 - 05 - 30 ) . Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations : Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z ( 4 Volumes ) . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9780313076961 . Jump up ^ Hossain , Kamrul ; Maruyama , Hiroshi ( 2016 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Japan 's admission to the Arctic Council and commitment to the rights of its indigenous Ainu people '' . The Polar Journal . 6 ( 1 ) : 169 -- 187 . doi : 10.1080 / 2154896X. 2016.1170998 . ISSN 2154 - 896X . Jump up ^ Schweitzer , Peter P. ; Biesele , Megan ; Hitchcock , Robert K. ( 2000 ) . Hunters and Gatherers in the Modern World : Conflict , Resistance , and Self - determination . Berghahn Books . ISBN 9781571811028 . Jump up ^ http://archives.cap.anu.edu.au/asiarightsjournal/Yuuki_Hasegawa.pdf Jump up ^ `` Orkney ' seeks independence from Scotland ' '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Legrand , Christine ( 2013 - 01 - 15 ) . `` Easter Island issues Chile with independence threat '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ East , 101 . `` The Fight for Rapa Nui '' . www.aljazeera.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Romero , Simon ( 2012 - 10 - 06 ) . `` Slow - Burning Rebellion Against Chile on Easter Island '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Lokman I. Meho , The Arabs and Al - Ahwaz : A Selective and Annotated Bibliography 1997 p. 1 External links ( edit ) Media related to Flags of stateless nations at Wikimedia Commons Map of European Stateless Nations , published by the advocacy group Eurominority United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic , Religious and Linguistic Minorities Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stateless_nation&oldid=818245312 '' Categories : Autonomy Cultural geography Human rights by issue Independence movements Nationalism Political science terminology Proposed countries Secession Sovereignty Stateless nationalism Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles needing additional references from October 2014 All articles needing additional references Incomplete lists from January 2017 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Català Corsu Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Kernowek Lumbaart Napulitano Norsk Occitan Polski Português Romani Sardu Suomi தமிழ் Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 12 : 51 . 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who wrote the moon is a harsh mistress

The Moon is a Harsh Mistress ( song ) - wikipedia The Moon is a Harsh Mistress ( song ) For the novel by Robert Heinlein , see The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress ( book ) . `` The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress '' ( sometimes titled as `` The Moon 's a Harsh Mistress '' ) is a song by American songwriter Jimmy Webb . It has become a much - recorded standard , without ever having charted as a single . Webb appropriated the title from the 1966 science fiction novel The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress by Robert A. Heinlein . The song is especially associated with Glen Campbell , who performed the song on his farewell tour , Judy Collins , and Joe Cocker , who first recorded the song in 1974 . The song is commonly presented in the key of G ( to B ♭ ) . The song structure consists of three seven - line verses and a two - line coda . The first two verses have a rhyme scheme of AABACDC . The third verse modulates three half steps ( from G to B ♭ ) , with the rhyme scheme altered to ABABCDC , and the coda repeating the DC . The time signature of the song is common time with the lines introduced between the second and third beat . In a 2009 interview with Lisa Torem for Penny Black Music , Jimmy Webb talked about the influence of Robert Heinlein and the song 's title : Robert Heinlein , was a kind of early mentor of mine . I started reading his books when I was eight years old ... I guess I was really getting more of my education out of science - fiction than out of public school . I was reading Ray Bradbury and Isaac Asimov and learning a great deal about the patois of the language itself and how these words were being used to create emotions . I was learning this from writers without even knowing it ... `` The Moon is a Harsh Mistress '' was one of the best titles I 've ever heard in my life . I really am guilty of appropriating something from another writer . In this case I had contact with Robert A. Heinlein 's attorneys . I said , ' I want to write a song with the title , `` The Moon is a Harsh Mistress '' . Can you ask Mr. Heinlein if it 's okay with him ? ' They called me back and he said he had no objection to it . Since Joe Cocker 's first recording of the song in 1974 , `` The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress '' has been recorded by a variety of artists , from traditional renditions by female singers such as Judy Collins , Linda Ronstadt , and Joan Baez , to versions by male singers such as Joe Cocker , Glen Campbell , and Michael Feinstein . Webb recorded the song twice , in 1977 for his El Mirage album , and again in 1996 for his Ten Easy Pieces album . The song has attracted a wide range of artists , including the Norwegian singer Radka Toneff , who recorded the song on her 1982 album Fairytales , which in a 2011 poll of Norwegian musicians was voted the best Norwegian album ever . Various instrumental versions have also been recorded , including the 1997 version by Charlie Haden and Pat Metheny on the album Beyond the Missouri Sky ( Short Stories ) , which won a Grammy for Best Jazz Instrumental Album , Individual or Group . Recorded versions ( edit ) This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this article to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( January 2016 ) Joe Cocker on his album I Can Stand a Little Rain ( 1974 ) Glen Campbell on his album Reunion : The Songs of Jimmy Webb ( 1974 ) Judy Collins on her album Judith ( 1975 ) Jeannie Lewis on her album Tears of Steel & the Clowning Calaveras ( 1975 ) Jimmy Webb on his album El Mirage ( 1977 ) Erick Nelson & Michele Pillar on their album `` The Misfit '' ( 1979 ) Radka Toneff and Steve Dobrogosz on the album Fairytales ( 1982 ) Linda Ronstadt on her album Get Closer ( 1982 ) Joan Baez on her album Recently ( 1987 ) Jimmy Webb on his album Ten Easy Pieces ( 1996 ) Pat Metheny and Charlie Haden on their Jazz album Beyond The Missouri Sky ( 1997 ) Grażyna Auguścik on her album The River ( 2001 ) Michael Feinstein on his album Only One Life : The Songs of Jimmy Webb ( 2003 ) Tone Damli on her album Bliss ( 2005 ) Karrin Allyson on her album Wild for You ( 2006 ) Albert Lee on his album Road Runner ( 2006 ) Aleksandra & the Belgian Sweets on their album Island Girl ( 2008 ) Maureen McGovern on her album A Long and Winding Road ( 2008 ) Celtic Woman ( soloed by Lisa Kelly ) on their album Celtic Woman : Songs from the Heart ( 2010 ) Nick Haywood Quartet on the album `` 1234 '' ( 2010 ) Nils Landgren on his album The Moon , the Stars , and You ( 2011 ) Silje Nergaard on her album Unclouded ( 2012 ) Josh Groban on his album All That Echoes ( 2013 ) Rita Marcotulli & Luciano Biondini on their album La strada invisibile ( 2014 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Torem , Lisa ( October 20 , 2009 ) . `` Jimmy Webb : Interview '' . Penny Black Music . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Calvin ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` Glen Campbell Hits All the Right Notes at Nashville Concert '' . CMT . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Månen hersker strengt '' . Morgenbladet . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Moon is a Harsh Mistress '' . Discogs . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Unclouded '' . Discogs . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . <Th_colspan="2"> Jimmy Webb Original albums Jim Webb Sings Jim Webb ( 1968 ) Words and Music ( 1970 ) And So : On ( 1971 ) Letters ( 1972 ) Land 's End ( 1974 ) El Mirage ( 1977 ) Angel Heart ( 1982 ) Suspending Disbelief ( 1993 ) Ten Easy Pieces ( 1996 ) Twilight of the Renegades ( 2005 ) Live and at Large ( 2007 ) Just Across the River ( 2010 ) Still Within the Sound of My Voice ( 2013 ) Collaborative albums Up , Up , and Away ( 1966 ) The Magic Garden ( 1967 ) Rewind ( 1967 ) A Tramp Shining ( 1968 ) The Yard Went On Forever ( 1968 ) Sunshower ( 1969 ) The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy Webb ( 1972 ) Reunion : The Songs of Jimmy Webb ( 1974 ) Earthbound ( 1975 ) Live at the Royal Festival Hall ( 1977 ) Watermark ( 1977 ) Breakwater Cat ( 1980 ) The Last Unicorn ( 1983 ) The Animals ' Christmas ( 1986 ) Light Years ( 1988 ) Cry Like a Rainstorm , Howl Like the Wind ( 1989 ) Only One Life : The Songs of Jimmy Webb ( 2003 ) This Kind of Love ( 2008 ) Cottonwood Farm ( 2009 ) Glen Campbell and Jimmy Webb : In Session ( 2012 ) Compilation albums Tribute to Burt Bacharach and Jim Webb ( 1972 ) And Someone Left the Cake Out in the Rain ... ( 1998 ) Archive ( 1994 ) Reunited with Jimmy Webb 1974 -- 1988 ( 1999 ) Tunesmith : The Songs of Jimmy Webb ( 2003 ) The Moon 's a Harsh Mistress : Jimmy Webb in the Seventies ( 2004 ) Archive & Live ( 2005 ) Songs `` All I Know '' `` By the Time I Get to Phoenix '' `` Did n't We '' `` Galveston '' `` The Girls ' Song '' `` Highwayman '' `` Honey Come Back '' `` MacArthur Park '' `` Still Within the Sound of My Voice '' `` The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress '' `` Up , Up and Away '' `` Where 's the Playground Susie '' `` Wichita Lineman '' `` The Worst That Could Happen '' Related articles Jimmy Webb discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Moon_Is_a_Harsh_Mistress_(song)&oldid=819461222 '' Categories : 1974 songs Celtic Woman songs Glen Campbell songs Joan Baez songs Joe Cocker songs Judy Collins songs Linda Ronstadt songs Songs written by Jimmy Webb Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from January 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from January 2016 Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 14 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. "The Moon is a Harsh Mistress" - Song by Jimmy Webb 2. Robert Heinlein - Author of the novel that inspired the song 3. Glen Campbell - Singer associated with the song 4. Joe Cocker - First recorded the song in 1974 5. Various artists - Recorded versions of the song

when did emancipation proclamation officially end in the united states of america

Emancipation Proclamation - wikipedia Emancipation Proclamation This article is about American history . For emancipation proclamations in other countries , see Abolition of slavery timeline . Emancipation Proclamation <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Henry Lewis Stephens , untitled watercolor ( c. 1863 ) of a black man reading a newspaper with headline `` Presidential Proclamation / Slavery '' . <Td_colspan="2"> The five page original document , held in the National Archives Building . Until 1936 it had been bound with other proclamations in a large volume held by the Department of State . Type Presidential proclamation Executive Order number unnumbered Signed by Abraham Lincoln on 22 September 1862 <Th_colspan="2"> Summary <Td_colspan="2"> During the American Civil War , enslaved people in the designated areas of the South declared `` free '' Part of a series on Slavery Contemporary ( show ) Child labour Child soldiers Conscription Debt Forced marriage Bride buying Wife selling Forced prostitution Human trafficking Peonage Penal labour Sexual slavery Wage slavery Historical ( show ) Antiquity Ancient Rome Babylonia Ancient Greece Topics and practices Atlantic slave trade Middle Passage Arab slave trade Ghilman Mamluk Saqaliba Aztec Blackbirding Byzantine Empire Coolie Corvée labor Field slaves in the United States House slaves Kholop Medieval Europe Panyarring Thrall Serfs History Russia Slave market Slave raiding Child soldiers Naval Galley slave Impressment Pirates Shanghaiing Slave ship By country or region ( show ) Sub-Saharan Africa Contemporary Africa Slavery on the Barbary Coast Barbary slave trade Slave Coast Angola Chad Ethiopia Mali Mauritania Niger Somalia South Africa Sudan Seychelles North and South America Americas indigenous U.S. Natives Brazil Lei Áurea Canada Caribbean Barbados Code Noir Cuba Haiti revolt Restavek Latin America Puerto Rico Trinidad United States colonial maps female partus penal labor Slave codes interregional Human trafficking Virgin Islands Central , East , and South Asia Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan China Booi Aha Laogai India Debt bondage Chukri System Japan comfort women South Korea Yankee princess North Korea Vietnam Australia and Oceania Blackbirding in Australia Human trafficking in Australia Slave raiding in Easter Island Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea Blackbirding in Polynesia Europe and North Asia Sex trafficking in Europe Britain Denmark Dutch Republic Germany in World War II Malta Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Spain colonies Sweden North Africa and West Asia Iran Libya Human trafficking in the Middle East Ottoman Empire Yemen Religion ( show ) Bible Christianity Catholicism Mormonism Islam 21st century Judaism Bahá'í Faith Opposition and resistance ( show ) Timeline Abolitionism U.K. U.S. Anti-Slavery International Blockade of Africa U.K. U.S. Colonization Liberia Sierra Leone Compensated emancipation Freedman manumission Freedom suit Abolitionists Slave Power Underground Railroad songs Slave rebellion Slave Trade Acts International law 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution Related ( show ) Common law Indentured servitude Unfree labour Fugitive slaves laws Great Dismal Swamp maroons List of slaves owners Slave narrative films songs Slave name Slave catcher Slave patrol Slave Route Project Treatment in U.S. breeding court cases Washington Jefferson Adams Lincoln 40 acres Freedmen 's Bureau bit Emancipation Day This article is part of a series about Abraham Lincoln Family Early life and career Medical and mental health Electoral history Lincoln -- Douglas debates Cooper Union speech Farewell Address in Illinois President of the United States Presidency First term 1860 campaign Election 1st inauguration Address American Civil War The Union Emancipation Proclamation Ten percent plan Gettysburg Address 13th Amendment Second term 1864 campaign Election 2nd inauguration Address Reconstruction Assassination and legacy Assassination Funeral Legacy Memorials Depictions Views on slavery Topical guide Bibliography The Emancipation Proclamation , or Proclamation 95 , was a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln on January 1 , 1863 . It changed the federal legal status of more than 3.5 million enslaved African Americans in the designated areas of the South from slave to free . As soon as a slave escaped the control of the Confederate government , by running away or through advances of federal troops , the former slave became free . Ultimately , the rebel surrender liberated and resulted in the proclamation 's application to all of the designated former slaves . It did not cover slaves in Union areas that were freed by state action ( or three years later by the 13th amendment in December 1865 ) . It was issued as a war measure during the American Civil War , directed to all of the areas in rebellion and all segments of the executive branch ( including the Army and Navy ) of the United States . The Proclamation ordered the freedom of all slaves in ten states . Because it was issued under the president 's authority to suppress rebellion ( war powers ) , it necessarily excluded areas not in rebellion , but still applied to more than 3.5 million of the 4 million slaves . The Proclamation was based on the president 's constitutional authority as commander in chief of the armed forces ; it was not a law passed by Congress . The Proclamation was issued in January 1863 after U.S government issued a series of warnings in the summer of 1862 under the Second Confiscation Act , allowing Southern Confederate supporters 60 days to surrender , or face confiscation of land and slaves . The Proclamation also ordered that suitable persons among those freed could be enrolled into the paid service of United States ' forces , and ordered the Union Army ( and all segments of the Executive branch ) to `` recognize and maintain the freedom of '' the ex-slaves . The Proclamation did not compensate the owners , did not outlaw slavery , and did not grant citizenship to the ex-slaves ( called freedmen ) . It made the eradication of slavery an explicit war goal , in addition to the goal of reuniting the Union . Around 25,000 to 75,000 slaves in regions where the US Army was active were immediately emancipated . It could not be enforced in areas still under rebellion , but , as the Union army took control of Confederate regions , the Proclamation provided the legal framework for freeing more than three and a half million slaves in those regions . Prior to the Proclamation , in accordance with the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 , escaped slaves were either returned to their masters or held in camps as contraband for later return . The Proclamation applied only to slaves in Confederate - held lands ; it did not apply to those in the four slave states that were not in rebellion ( Kentucky , Maryland , Delaware , and Missouri , which were unnamed ) , nor to Tennessee ( unnamed but occupied by Union troops since 1862 ) and lower Louisiana ( also under occupation ) , and specifically excluded those counties of Virginia soon to form the state of West Virginia . Also specifically excluded ( by name ) were some regions already controlled by the Union army . Emancipation in those places would come after separate state actions or the December 1865 ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment , which made slavery and indentured servitude , except for those duly convicted of a crime , illegal everywhere subject to United States jurisdiction . On September 22 , 1862 , Lincoln issued a preliminary warning that he would order the emancipation of all slaves in any state that did not end its rebellion against the Union by January 1 , 1863 . None of the Confederate states restored themselves to the Union , and Lincoln 's order was signed and took effect on January 1 , 1863 . The Emancipation Proclamation outraged white Southerners ( and their sympathizers ) who envisioned a race war . It angered some Northern Democrats , energized anti-slavery forces , and undermined elements in Europe that wanted to intervene to help the Confederacy . The Proclamation lifted the spirits of African Americans both free and slave . It led many slaves to escape from their masters and get to Union lines to obtain their freedom , and to join the Union Army . The Emancipation Proclamation broadened the goals of the Civil War . While slavery had been a major issue that led to the war , Lincoln 's only mission at the start of the war was to maintain the Union . The Proclamation made freeing the slaves an explicit goal of the Union war effort . Establishing the abolition of slavery as one of the two primary war goals served to deter intervention by Britain and France . The Emancipation Proclamation was never challenged in court . To ensure the abolition of slavery in all of the U.S. , Lincoln pushed for passage of the Thirteenth Amendment , and insisted that Reconstruction plans for Southern states require abolition in new state constitutions . Congress passed the 13th Amendment by the necessary two - thirds vote on January 31 , 1865 , and it was ratified by the states on December 6 , 1865 , ending legal slavery . Contents 1 Authority 2 Coverage 3 Background 3.1 Military action prior to emancipation 3.2 Governmental action towards emancipation 3.3 Public opinion of emancipation 4 Drafting and issuance of the proclamation 5 Implementation 5.1 Immediate impact 5.2 Political impact 5.2. 1 Confederate response 5.3 International impact 6 Gettysburg Address 7 Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction ( 1863 ) 8 Postbellum 9 Critiques 10 Legacy in the civil rights era 10.1 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr . 10.1. 1 The `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' 10.2 President John F. Kennedy 10.3 President Lyndon B. Johnson 11 In popular culture 12 See also 13 Notes 13.1 Primary sources 14 Further reading 15 External links Authority ( edit ) Further information : Slave states and free states Abraham Lincoln The United States Constitution of 1787 did not use the word `` slavery '' but included several provisions about unfree persons . The Three - Fifths Compromise ( in Article I , Section 2 ) allocated Congressional representation based `` on the whole Number of free Persons '' and `` three fifths of all other Persons '' . Under the Fugitive Slave Clause ( Article IV , Section 2 ) , `` ( n ) o person held to service or labour in one state '' would be freed by escaping to another . Article I , Section 9 allowed Congress to pass legislation to outlaw the `` Importation of Persons '' , but not until 1808 . However , for purposes of the Fifth Amendment -- which states that , `` No person shall ... be deprived of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law '' -- slaves were understood as property . Although abolitionists used the Fifth Amendment to argue against slavery , it became part of the legal basis for treating slaves as property with Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 ) . Socially , slavery was also supported in law and in practice by a pervasive culture of white supremacy . Nonetheless , between 1777 and 1804 , every Northern state provided for the immediate or gradual abolition of slavery , except the border states of Maryland and Delaware . Maryland did not abolish slavery until 1864 , and Delaware was one of the last states to hold onto slavery ; it was still legal in Delaware when the thirteenth amendment was issued . No Southern state did so , and the slave population of the South continued to grow , peaking at almost four million people at the beginning of the American Civil War , when most slave states sought to break away from the United States . Lincoln understood that the Federal government 's power to end slavery in peacetime was limited by the Constitution which before 1865 , committed the issue to individual states . Against the background of the American Civil War , however , Lincoln issued the Proclamation under his authority as `` Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy '' under Article II , section 2 of the United States Constitution . As such , he claimed to have the martial power to free persons held as slaves in those states that were in rebellion `` as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion '' . He did not have Commander - in - Chief authority over the four slave - holding states that were not in rebellion : Missouri , Kentucky , Maryland and Delaware , and so those states were not named in the Proclamation . The fifth border jurisdiction , West Virginia , where slavery remained legal but was in the process of being abolished , was , in January 1863 , still part of the legally recognized , `` reorganized '' state of Virginia , based in Alexandria , which was in the Union ( as opposed to the Confederate state of Virginia , based in Richmond ) . Coverage ( edit ) The Proclamation applied in the ten states that were still in rebellion in 1863 , and thus did not cover the nearly 500,000 slaves in the slave - holding border states ( Missouri , Kentucky , Maryland or Delaware ) which were Union states . Those slaves were freed by later separate state and federal actions . The state of Tennessee had already mostly returned to Union control , under a recognized Union government , so it was not named and was exempted . Virginia was named , but exemptions were specified for the 48 counties then in the process of forming the new state of West Virginia , and seven additional counties and two cities in the Union - controlled Tidewater region . Also specifically exempted were New Orleans and 13 named parishes of Louisiana , which were mostly under federal control at the time of the Proclamation . These exemptions left unemancipated an additional 300,000 slaves . The moment portrayed by Lee Lawrie in Lincoln , Nebraska The Emancipation Proclamation has been ridiculed , notably in an influential passage by Richard Hofstadter for `` freeing '' only the slaves over which the Union had no power . These slaves were freed due to Lincoln 's `` war powers '' . This act cleared up the issue of contraband slaves . It automatically clarified the status of over 100,000 now - former slaves . Some 20,000 to 50,000 slaves were freed the day it went into effect in parts of nine of the ten states to which it applied ( Texas being the exception ) . In every Confederate state ( except Tennessee and Texas ) , the Proclamation went into immediate effect in Union - occupied areas and at least 20,000 slaves were freed at once on January 1 , 1863 . The Proclamation provided the legal framework for the emancipation of nearly all four million slaves as the Union armies advanced , and committed the Union to ending slavery , which was a controversial decision even in the North . Hearing of the Proclamation , more slaves quickly escaped to Union lines as the Army units moved South . As the Union armies advanced through the Confederacy , thousands of slaves were freed each day until nearly all ( approximately 3.9 million , according to the 1860 Census ) were freed by July 1865 . While the Proclamation had freed most slaves as a war measure , it had not made slavery illegal . Of the states that were exempted from the Proclamation , Maryland , Missouri , Tennessee , and West Virginia prohibited slavery before the war ended . In 1863 , President Lincoln proposed a moderate plan for the Reconstruction of the captured Confederate State of Louisiana . Only 10 % of the state 's electorate had to take the loyalty oath . The state was also required to abolish slavery in its new constitution . Identical Reconstruction plans would be adopted in Arkansas and Tennessee . By December 1864 , the Lincoln plan abolishing slavery had been enacted in Louisiana . However , in Delaware and Kentucky , slavery continued to be legal until December 18 , 1865 , when the Thirteenth Amendment went into effect . Background ( edit ) Military action prior to Emancipation ( edit ) The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 required individuals to return runaway slaves to their owners . During the war , Union generals such as Benjamin Butler declared that slaves in occupied areas were contraband of war and accordingly refused to return them . This decision was controversial because it implied recognition of the Confederacy as a separate , independent sovereign state under international law , a notion that Lincoln steadfastly denied . As a result , he did not promote the contraband designation . In addition , as contraband , these people were legally designated as `` property '' when they crossed Union lines and their ultimate status was uncertain . Governmental action towards Emancipation ( edit ) First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln by Francis Bicknell Carpenter ( People in the image are clickable . ) In December 1861 , Lincoln sent his first annual message to Congress ( the State of the Union Address , but then typically given in writing and not referred to as such ) . In it he praised the free labor system , as respecting human rights over property rights ; he endorsed legislation to address the status of contraband slaves and slaves in loyal states , possibly through buying their freedom with federal taxes , and also the funding of strictly voluntary colonization efforts . In January 1862 , Thaddeus Stevens , the Republican leader in the House , called for total war against the rebellion to include emancipation of slaves , arguing that emancipation , by forcing the loss of enslaved labor , would ruin the rebel economy . On March 13 , 1862 , Congress approved a `` Law Enacting an Additional Article of War '' , which stated that from that point onward it was forbidden for Union Army officers to return fugitive slaves to their owners . On April 10 , 1862 , Congress declared that the federal government would compensate slave owners who freed their slaves . Slaves in the District of Columbia were freed on April 16 , 1862 , and their owners were compensated . On June 19 , 1862 , Congress prohibited slavery in all current and future United States territories ( though not in the states ) , and President Lincoln quickly signed the legislation . By this act , they repudiated the 1857 opinion of the Supreme Court of the United States in the Dred Scott Case that Congress was powerless to regulate slavery in U.S. territories . This joint action by Congress and President Lincoln also rejected the notion of popular sovereignty that had been advanced by Stephen A. Douglas as a solution to the slavery controversy , while completing the effort first legislatively proposed by Thomas Jefferson in 1784 to confine slavery within the borders of existing states . In July , Congress passed and Lincoln signed the Confiscation Act of 1862 , containing provisions for court proceedings to liberate slaves held by convicted `` rebels '' , or of slaves of rebels that had escaped to Union lines . The Act applied in cases of criminal convictions and to those who were slaves of `` disloyal '' masters . However , Lincoln 's position continued to be that Congress lacked power to free all slaves within the borders of rebel held states , but Lincoln as commander in chief could do so if he deemed it a proper military measure , and that Lincoln had already drafted plans to do . Public opinion of Emancipation ( edit ) Medical examination photo of Gordon , widely distributed by Abolitionists to expose the brutality of slavery `` Lincoln Speaks to Freedmen on the Steps of the Capital at Richmond '' Abolitionists had long been urging Lincoln to free all slaves . In the summer of 1862 , Republican editor Horace Greeley of the highly influential New York Tribune wrote a famous editorial entitled `` The Prayer of Twenty Millions '' demanding a more aggressive attack on the Confederacy and faster emancipation of the slaves : `` On the face of this wide earth , Mr. President , there is not one ... intelligent champion of the Union cause who does not feel ... that the rebellion , if crushed tomorrow , would be renewed if slavery were left in full vigor and that every hour of deference to slavery is an hour of added and deepened peril to the Union . '' Lincoln responded in his Letter To Horace Greeley from August 22 , 1862 , in terms of the limits imposed by his duty as president to save the Union : If there be those who would not save the Union , unless they could at the same time save slavery , I do not agree with them . If there be those who would not save the Union unless they could at the same time destroy slavery , I do not agree with them . My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union , and is not either to save or to destroy slavery . If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it , and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it ; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that . What I do about slavery , and the colored race , I do because I believe it helps to save the Union ; and what I forbear , I forbear because I do not believe it would help to save the Union ... I have here stated my purpose according to my view of official duty ; and I intend no modification of my oft - expressed personal wish that all men everywhere could be free . Lincoln scholar Harold Holzer wrote in this context about Lincoln 's letter : `` Unknown to Greeley , Lincoln composed this after he had already drafted a preliminary Emancipation Proclamation , which he had determined to issue after the next Union military victory . Therefore , this letter , was in truth , an attempt to position the impending announcement in terms of saving the Union , not freeing slaves as a humanitarian gesture . It was one of Lincoln 's most skillful public relations efforts , even if it has cast longstanding doubt on his sincerity as a liberator . '' Historian Richard Striner argues that `` for years '' Lincoln 's letter has been misread as `` Lincoln only wanted to save the Union . '' However , within the context of Lincoln 's entire career and pronouncements on slavery this interpretation is wrong , according to Striner . Rather , Lincoln was softening the strong Northern white supremacist opposition to his imminent emancipation by tying it to the cause of the Union . This opposition would fight for the Union but not to end slavery , so Lincoln gave them the means and motivation to do both , at the same time . In his 2014 book , Lincoln 's Gamble , journalist and historian Todd Brewster asserted that Lincoln 's desire to reassert the saving of the Union as his sole war goal was in fact crucial to his claim of legal authority for emancipation . Since slavery was protected by the Constitution , the only way that he could free the slaves was as a tactic of war -- not as the mission itself . But that carried the risk that when the war ended , so would the justification for freeing the slaves . Late in 1862 , Lincoln asked his Attorney General , Edward Bates , for an opinion as to whether slaves freed through a war - related proclamation of emancipation could be re-enslaved once the war was over . Bates had to work through the language of the Dred Scott decision to arrive at an answer , but he finally concluded that they could indeed remain free . Still , a complete end to slavery would require a constitutional amendment . Conflicting advice , to free all slaves , or not free them at all , was presented to Lincoln in public and private . Thomas Nast , a cartoon artist during the Civil War and the late 1800s considered `` Father of the American Cartoon '' , composed many works including a two - sided spread that showed the transition from slavery into civilization after President Lincoln signed the Proclamation . Nast believed in equal opportunity and equality for all people , including enslaved Africans or free blacks . A mass rally in Chicago on September 7 , 1862 , demanded an immediate and universal emancipation of slaves . A delegation headed by William W. Patton met the president at the White House on September 13 . Lincoln had declared in peacetime that he had no constitutional authority to free the slaves . Even used as a war power , emancipation was a risky political act . Public opinion as a whole was against it . There would be strong opposition among Copperhead Democrats and an uncertain reaction from loyal border states . Delaware and Maryland already had a high percentage of free blacks : 91.2 % and 49.7 % , respectively , in 1860 . Drafting and issuance of the Proclamation ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Emancipation Proclamation Eastman Johnson ( American , 1824 -- 1906 ) . A Ride for Liberty -- The Fugitive Slaves ( recto ) , ca . 1862 . Lincoln first discussed the proclamation with his cabinet in July 1862 . He drafted his `` preliminary proclamation '' and read it to Secretary of State William Seward , and Secretary of Navy Gideon Welles , on July 13 . Seward and Welles were at first speechless , then Seward referred to possible anarchy throughout the South and resulting foreign intervention ; Welles apparently said nothing . On July 22 , Lincoln presented it to his entire cabinet as something he had determined to do and he asked their opinion on wording . Although Secretary of War Edwin Stanton supported it , Seward advised Lincoln to issue the proclamation after a major Union victory , or else it would appear as if the Union was giving `` its last shriek of retreat '' . In September 1862 , the Battle of Antietam gave Lincoln the victory he needed to issue the Emancipation . In the battle , though the Union suffered heavier losses than the Confederates and General McClellan allowed the escape of Robert E. Lee 's retreating troops , Union forces turned back a Confederate invasion of Maryland . On September 22 , 1862 , five days after Antietam occurred , and while living at the Soldier 's Home , Lincoln called his cabinet into session and issued the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation . According to Civil War historian James M. McPherson , Lincoln told Cabinet members that he had made a covenant with God , that if the Union drove the Confederacy out of Maryland , he would issue the Emancipation Proclamation . Lincoln had first shown an early draft of the proclamation to Vice President Hannibal Hamlin , an ardent abolitionist , who was more often kept in the dark on presidential decisions . The final proclamation was issued January 1 , 1863 . Although implicitly granted authority by Congress , Lincoln used his powers as Commander - in - Chief of the Army and Navy , `` as a necessary war measure '' as the basis of the proclamation , rather than the equivalent of a statute enacted by Congress or a constitutional amendment . Some days after issuing the final Proclamation , Lincoln wrote to Major General John McClernand : `` After the commencement of hostilities I struggled nearly a year and a half to get along without touching the `` institution '' ; and when finally I conditionally determined to touch it , I gave a hundred days fair notice of my purpose , to all the States and people , within which time they could have turned it wholly aside , by simply again becoming good citizens of the United States . They chose to disregard it , and I made the peremptory proclamation on what appeared to me to be a military necessity . And being made , it must stand . '' Reproduction of the Emancipation Proclamation at the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center in Cincinnati , Ohio Initially , the Emancipation Proclamation effectively freed only a small percentage of the slaves , those who were behind Union lines in areas not exempted . Most slaves were still behind Confederate lines or in exempted Union - occupied areas . Secretary of State William H. Seward commented , `` We show our sympathy with slavery by emancipating slaves where we can not reach them and holding them in bondage where we can set them free . '' Had any slave state ended its secession attempt before January 1 , 1863 , it could have kept slavery , at least temporarily . The Proclamation only gave the Lincoln Administration the legal basis to free the slaves in the areas of the South that were still in rebellion on January 1 , 1863 . It effectively destroyed slavery as the Union armies advanced south and conquered the entire Confederacy . The Emancipation Proclamation also allowed for the enrollment of freed slaves into the United States military . During the war nearly 200,000 blacks , most of them ex-slaves , joined the Union Army . Their contributions gave the North additional manpower that was significant in winning the war . The Confederacy did not allow slaves in their army as soldiers until the last month before its defeat . Though the counties of Virginia that were soon to form West Virginia were specifically exempted from the Proclamation ( Jefferson County being the only exception ) , a condition of the state 's admittance to the Union was that its constitution provide for the gradual abolition of slavery ( an immediate emancipation of all slaves was also adopted there in early 1865 ) . Slaves in the border states of Maryland and Missouri were also emancipated by separate state action before the Civil War ended . In Maryland , a new state constitution abolishing slavery in the state went into effect on November 1 , 1864 . The Union - occupied counties of eastern Virginia and parishes of Louisiana , which had been exempted from the Proclamation , both adopted state constitutions that abolished slavery in April 1864 . In early 1865 , Tennessee adopted an amendment to its constitution prohibiting slavery . Slaves in Kentucky and Delaware were not emancipated until the Thirteenth Amendment was ratified . Implementation ( edit ) Further information : Slave and free states Areas covered by the Emancipation Proclamation are in red . Slave holding areas not covered are in blue . The Proclamation was issued in two parts . The first part , issued on September 22 , 1862 , was a preliminary announcement outlining the intent of the second part , which officially went into effect 100 days later on January 1 , 1863 , during the second year of the Civil War . It was Abraham Lincoln 's declaration that all slaves would be permanently freed in all areas of the Confederacy that had not already returned to federal control by January 1863 . The ten affected states were individually named in the second part ( South Carolina , Mississippi , Florida , Alabama , Georgia , Louisiana , Texas , Virginia , Arkansas , North Carolina ) . Not included were the Union slave states of Maryland , Delaware , Missouri and Kentucky . Also not named was the state of Tennessee , in which a Union - controlled military government had already been set up , based in the capital , Nashville . Specific exemptions were stated for areas also under Union control on January 1 , 1863 , namely 48 counties that would soon become West Virginia , seven other named counties of Virginia including Berkeley and Hampshire counties , which were soon added to West Virginia , New Orleans and 13 named parishes nearby . Union - occupied areas of the Confederate states where the proclamation was put into immediate effect by local commanders included Winchester , Virginia , Corinth , Mississippi , the Sea Islands along the coasts of the Carolinas and Georgia , Key West , Florida , and Port Royal , South Carolina . Immediate impact ( edit ) A circa 1870 photograph of two children who were likely recently emancipated It has been inaccurately claimed that the Emancipation Proclamation did not free a single slave ; historian Lerone Bennett , Jr. alleged that the proclamation was a hoax deliberately designed not to free any slaves . However , as a result of the Proclamation , many slaves were freed during the course of the war , beginning with the day it took effect ; eyewitness accounts at places such as Hilton Head , South Carolina , and Port Royal , South Carolina record celebrations on January 1 as thousands of blacks were informed of their new legal status of freedom . Estimates of how many thousands of slaves were freed immediately by the Emancipation Proclamation are varied . One contemporary estimate put the ' contraband ' population of Union - occupied North Carolina at 10,000 , and the Sea Islands of South Carolina also had a substantial population . Those 20,000 slaves were freed immediately by the Emancipation Proclamation . '' This Union - occupied zone where freedom began at once included parts of eastern North Carolina , the Mississippi Valley , northern Alabama , the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia , a large part of Arkansas , and the Sea Islands of Georgia and South Carolina . Although some counties of Union - occupied Virginia were exempted from the Proclamation , the lower Shenandoah Valley , and the area around Alexandria were covered . Emancipation was immediately enforced as Union soldiers advanced into the Confederacy . Slaves fled their masters and were often assisted by Union soldiers . Booker T. Washington , as a boy of 9 in Virginia , remembered the day in early 1865 : As the great day drew nearer , there was more singing in the slave quarters than usual . It was bolder , had more ring , and lasted later into the night . Most of the verses of the plantation songs had some reference to freedom ... Some man who seemed to be a stranger ( a United States officer , I presume ) made a little speech and then read a rather long paper -- the Emancipation Proclamation , I think . After the reading we were told that we were all free , and could go when and where we pleased . My mother , who was standing by my side , leaned over and kissed her children , while tears of joy ran down her cheeks . She explained to us what it all meant , that this was the day for which she had been so long praying , but fearing that she would never live to see . Emancipation took place without violence by masters or ex-slaves . The Proclamation represented a shift in the war objectives of the North -- reuniting the nation was no longer the only goal . It represented a major step toward the ultimate abolition of slavery in the United States and a `` new birth of freedom '' . Winslow Homer 's 1876 `` A Visit from the Old Mistress '' depicts a tense meeting between a group of newly freed slaves and their former slaveholder . Smithsonian Museum of American Art Runaway slaves who had escaped to Union lines had previously been held by the Union Army as `` contraband of war '' under the Confiscation Acts ; when the proclamation took effect , they were told at midnight that they were free to leave . The Sea Islands off the coast of Georgia had been occupied by the Union Navy earlier in the war . The whites had fled to the mainland while the blacks stayed . An early program of Reconstruction was set up for the former slaves , including schools and training . Naval officers read the proclamation and told them they were free . Slaves had been part of the `` engine of war '' for the Confederacy . They produced and prepared food ; sewed uniforms ; repaired railways ; worked on farms and in factories , shipping yards , and mines ; built fortifications ; and served as hospital workers and common laborers . News of the Proclamation spread rapidly by word of mouth , arousing hopes of freedom , creating general confusion , and encouraging thousands to escape to Union lines . George Washington Albright , a teenage slave in Mississippi , recalled that like many of his fellow slaves , his father escaped to join Union forces . According to Albright , plantation owners tried to keep the Proclamation from slaves but news of it came through the `` grapevine '' . The young slave became a `` runner '' for an informal group they called the 4Ls ( `` Lincoln 's Legal Loyal League '' ) bringing news of the proclamation to secret slave meetings at plantations throughout the region . Robert E. Lee saw the Emancipation Proclamation as a way for the Union to bolster the number of soldiers it could place on the field , making it imperative for the Confederacy to increase their own numbers . Writing on the matter after the sack of Fredericksburg , Lee wrote `` In view of the vast increase of the forces of the enemy , of the savage and brutal policy he has proclaimed , which leaves us no alternative but success or degradation worse than death , if we would save the honor of our families from pollution , our social system from destruction , let every effort be made , every means be employed , to fill and maintain the ranks of our armies , until God , in his mercy , shall bless us with the establishment of our independence . '' Lee 's request for a drastic increase of troops would go unfulfilled . Political impact ( edit ) `` Abe Lincoln 's Last Card ; Or , Rouge - et - Noir ( Red and Black ) '' ; Punch , Volume 43 , October 18 , 1862 , p. 161. -- a cartoon by the Englishman John Tenniel , after the London Times stated that Lincoln had played his `` last card '' in issuing the Proclamation . Lincoln 's hair is in points , suggesting horns . The cartoon was often reprinted in the Copperhead press . The Proclamation was immediately denounced by Copperhead Democrats who opposed the war and advocated restoring the union by allowing slavery . Horatio Seymour , while running for the governorship of New York , cast the Emancipation Proclamation as a call for slaves to commit extreme acts of violence on all white southerners , saying it was `` a proposal for the butchery of women and children , for scenes of lust and rapine , and of arson and murder , which would invoke the interference of civilized Europe '' . The Copperheads also saw the Proclamation as an unconstitutional abuse of presidential power . Editor Henry A. Reeves wrote in Greenport 's Republican Watchman that `` In the name of freedom of Negroes , ( the proclamation ) imperils the liberty of white men ; to test a utopian theory of equality of races which Nature , History and Experience alike condemn as monstrous , it overturns the Constitution and Civil Laws and sets up Military Usurpation in their Stead . '' Racism remained pervasive on both sides of the conflict and many in the North supported the war only as an effort to force the South to stay in the Union . The promises of many Republican politicians that the war was to restore the Union and not about black rights or ending slavery , were now declared lies by their opponents citing the Proclamation . Copperhead David Allen spoke to a rally in Columbiana , Ohio , stating , `` I have told you that this war is carried on for the Negro . There is the proclamation of the President of the United States . Now fellow Democrats I ask you if you are going to be forced into a war against your Brithren of the Southern States for the Negro . I answer No ! '' The Copperheads saw the Proclamation as irrefutable proof of their position and the beginning of a political rise for their members ; in Connecticut , H.B. Whiting wrote that the truth was now plain even to `` those stupid thick - headed persons who persisted in thinking that the President was a conservative man and that the war was for the restoration of the Union under the Constitution '' . War Democrats who rejected the Copperhead position within their party , found themselves in a quandary . While throughout the war they had continued to espouse the racist positions of their party and their disdain of the concerns of slaves , they did see the Proclamation as a viable military tool against the South , and worried that opposing it might demoralize troops in the Union army . The question would continue to trouble them and eventually lead to a split within their party as the war progressed . Lincoln further alienated many in the Union two days after issuing the preliminary copy of the Emancipation Proclamation by suspending habeas corpus . His opponents linked these two actions in their claims that he was becoming a despot . In light of this and a lack of military success for the Union armies , many War Democrat voters who had previously supported Lincoln turned against him and joined the Copperheads in the off - year elections held in October and November . In the 1862 elections , the Democrats gained 28 seats in the House as well as the governorship of New York . Lincoln 's friend Orville Hickman Browning told the president that the Proclamation and the suspension of habeas corpus had been `` disastrous '' for his party by handing the Democrats so many weapons . Lincoln made no response . Copperhead William Javis of Connecticut pronounced the election the `` beginning of the end of the utter downfall of Abolitionism in the United States '' . Historians James M. McPherson and Allan Nevins state that though the results looked very troubling , they could be seen favorably by Lincoln ; his opponents did well only in their historic strongholds and `` at the national level their gains in the House were the smallest of any minority party 's in an off - year election in nearly a generation . Michigan , California , and Iowa all went Republican ... Moreover , the Republicans picked up five seats in the Senate . '' McPherson states `` If the election was in any sense a referendum on emancipation and on Lincoln 's conduct of the war , a majority of Northern voters endorsed these policies . '' Confederate response ( edit ) The initial Confederate response was one of expected outrage . The Proclamation was seen as vindication for the rebellion , and proof that Lincoln would have abolished slavery even if the states had remained in the Union . In an August 1863 letter to President Lincoln , U.S. Army general Ulysses S. Grant observed that the Proclamation , combined with the usage of black soldiers by the U.S. Army , profoundly angered the Confederacy , saying that `` the emancipation of the Negro , is the heaviest blow yet given the Confederacy . The South rave a great deal about it and profess to be very angry . '' A few months after the Proclamation took effect , the Confederacy passed a law in May 1863 demanding `` full and ample retaliation '' against the U.S. for such measures . The Confederacy stated that the black U.S. soldiers captured while fighting against the Confederacy would be tried as slave insurrectionists in civil courts -- a capital offense with automatic sentence of death . Less than a year after the law 's passage , the Confederates massacred black U.S. soldiers at Fort Pillow . However , some Confederates welcomed the Proclamation , as they believed it would strengthen pro-slavery sentiment in the Confederacy and , thus , lead to greater enlistment of white men into the Confederate army . According to one Confederate man from Kentucky , `` The Proclamation is worth three hundred thousand soldiers to our Government at least ... It shows exactly what this war was brought about for and the intention of its damnable authors . '' Even some Union soldiers concurred with this view and expressed reservations about the Proclamation , not on principle , but rather because they were afraid it would increase the Confederacy 's determination to fight on and maintain slavery . One Union soldier from New York stated worryingly after the Proclamation 's passage , `` I know enough of the Southern spirit that I think they will fight for the institution of slavery even to extermination . '' As a result of the Proclamation , the price of slaves in the Confederacy increased in the months after its issuance , with one Confederate from South Carolina opining in 1865 that `` now is the time for Uncle to buy some negro women and children . '' International impact ( edit ) As Lincoln had hoped , the Proclamation turned foreign popular opinion in favor of the Union by gaining the support of anti-slavery countries and countries that had already abolished slavery ( especially the developed countries in Europe ) . This shift ended the Confederacy 's hopes of gaining official recognition . Since the Emancipation Proclamation made the eradication of slavery an explicit Union war goal , it linked support for the South to support for slavery . Public opinion in Britain would not tolerate direct support for slavery . British companies , however , continued to build and operate blockade runners for the South . As Henry Adams noted , `` The Emancipation Proclamation has done more for us than all our former victories and all our diplomacy . '' In Italy , Giuseppe Garibaldi hailed Lincoln as `` the heir of the aspirations of John Brown '' . On August 6 , 1863 , Garibaldi wrote to Lincoln : `` Posterity will call you the great emancipator , a more enviable title than any crown could be , and greater than any merely mundane treasure '' . Mayor Abel Haywood , a representative for workers from Manchester , England , wrote to Lincoln saying , `` We joyfully honor you for many decisive steps toward practically exemplifying your belief in the words of your great founders : ' All men are created free and equal . ' '' The Emancipation Proclamation served to ease tensions with Europe over the North 's conduct of the war , and combined with the recent failed Southern offensive at Antietam , to cut off any practical chance for the Confederacy to receive British support in the war . Gettysburg address ( edit ) Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address in November 1863 made indirect reference to the Proclamation and the ending of slavery as a war goal with the phrase `` new birth of freedom '' . The Proclamation solidified Lincoln 's support among the rapidly growing abolitionist element of the Republican Party and ensured that they would not block his re-nomination in 1864 . Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction ( 1863 ) ( edit ) In December 1863 , Lincoln issued his Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction , which dealt with the ways the rebel states could reconcile with the Union . Key provisions required that the states accept the Emancipation Proclamation and thus the freedom of their slaves , and accept the Confiscation Acts , as well as the Act banning of slavery in United States territories . Postbellum ( edit ) Emancipation from Freedmen 's viewpoint , illustration from Harper 's Weekly 1865 Near the end of the war , abolitionists were concerned that the Emancipation Proclamation would be construed solely as a war measure , Lincoln 's original intent , and would no longer apply once fighting ended . They were also increasingly anxious to secure the freedom of all slaves , not just those freed by the Emancipation Proclamation . Thus pressed , Lincoln staked a large part of his 1864 presidential campaign on a constitutional amendment to abolish slavery uniformly throughout the United States . Lincoln 's campaign was bolstered by separate votes in both Maryland and Missouri to abolish slavery in those states . Maryland 's new constitution abolishing slavery took effect in November 1864 . Slavery in Missouri was ended by executive proclamation of its governor , Thomas C. Fletcher , on January 11 , 1865 . Winning re-election , Lincoln pressed the lame duck 38th Congress to pass the proposed amendment immediately rather than wait for the incoming 39th Congress to convene . In January 1865 , Congress sent to the state legislatures for ratification what became the Thirteenth Amendment , banning slavery in all U.S. states and territories . The amendment was ratified by the legislatures of enough states by December 6 , 1865 , and proclaimed 12 days later . There were about 40,000 slaves in Kentucky and 1,000 in Delaware who were liberated then . Critiques ( edit ) Further information : Abraham Lincoln and slavery As the years went on and American life continued to be deeply unfair towards blacks , cynicism towards Lincoln and the Emancipation Proclamation increased . Perhaps the strongest attack was Lerone Bennett 's Forced into Glory : Abraham Lincoln 's White Dream ( 2000 ) , which claimed that Lincoln was a white supremacist who issued the Emancipation Proclamation in lieu of the real racial reforms for which radical abolitionists pushed . In his Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation , Allen C. Guelzo noted the professional historians ' lack of substantial respect for the document , since it has been the subject of few major scholarly studies . He argued that Lincoln was the US `` last Enlightenment politician '' and as such was dedicated to removing slavery strictly within the bounds of law . Other historians have given more credit to Lincoln for what he accomplished within the tensions of his cabinet and a society at war , for his own growth in political and moral stature , and for the promise he held out to the slaves . More might have been accomplished if he had not been assassinated . As Eric Foner wrote : Lincoln was not an abolitionist or Radical Republican , a point Bennett reiterates innumerable times . He did not favor immediate abolition before the war , and held racist views typical of his time . But he was also a man of deep convictions when it came to slavery , and during the Civil War displayed a remarkable capacity for moral and political growth . Kal Ashraf wrote : Perhaps in rejecting the critical dualism -- Lincoln as individual emancipator pitted against collective self - emancipators -- there is an opportunity to recognise the greater persuasiveness of the combination . In a sense , yes : a racist , flawed Lincoln did something heroic , and not in lieu of collective participation , but next to , and enabled , by it . To venerate a singular -- Great Emancipator ' may be as reductive as dismissing the significance of Lincoln 's actions . Who he was as a man , no one of us can ever really know . So it is that the version of Lincoln we keep is also the version we make . Legacy in the Civil rights Era ( edit ) Dr. Martin Luther King Jr ( edit ) President Barack Obama views the Emancipation Proclamation in the Oval Office next to a bust of Martin Luther King , Jr . Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. made many references to the Emancipation Proclamation during the civil rights movement . These include a speech made at an observance of the hundredth anniversary of the issuing of the Proclamation made in New York City on September 12 , 1962 where he placed it alongside the Declaration of Independence as an `` imperishable '' contribution to civilization , and `` All tyrants , past , present and future , are powerless to bury the truths in these declarations '' . He lamented that despite a history where the United States `` proudly professed the basic principles inherent in both documents '' , it `` sadly practiced the antithesis of these principles '' . He concluded `` There is but one way to commemorate the Emancipation Proclamation . That is to make its declarations of freedom real ; to reach back to the origins of our nation when our message of equality electrified an unfree world , and reaffirm democracy by deeds as bold and daring as the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation . '' King 's most famous invocation of the Emancipation Proclamation was in a speech from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial at the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom ( often referred to as the `` I Have a Dream '' speech ) . King began the speech saying `` Five score years ago , a great American , in whose symbolic shadow we stand , signed the Emancipation Proclamation . This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice . It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of captivity . But one hundred years later , we must face the tragic fact that the Negro is still not free . One hundred years later , the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination . '' The `` second Emancipation Proclamation '' ( edit ) Main article : Second Emancipation Proclamation In the early 1960s , Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and his associates developed a strategy to call on President John F. Kennedy to bypass a Southern segregationist opposition in the Congress by issuing an executive order to put an end to segregation . This envisioned document was referred to as the `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' . President John F. Kennedy ( edit ) On June 11 , 1963 , President Kennedy appeared on national television to address the issue of civil rights . Kennedy , who had been routinely criticized as timid by some of the leaders of the civil rights movement , told Americans that two black students had been peacefully enrolled in the University of Alabama with the aid of the National Guard despite the opposition of Governor George Wallace . John Kennedy called it a `` moral issue '' Invoking the centennial of the Emancipation Proclamation he said `` One hundred years of delay have passed since President Lincoln freed the slaves , yet their heirs , their grandsons , are not fully free . They are not yet freed from the bonds of injustice . They are not yet freed from social and economic oppression . And this Nation , for all its hopes and all its boasts , will not be fully free until all its citizens are free . We preach freedom around the world , and we mean it , and we cherish our freedom here at home , but are we to say to the world , and much more importantly , to each other that this is a land of the free except for the Negroes ; that we have no second - class citizens except Negroes ; that we have no class or caste system , no ghettoes , no master race except with respect to Negroes ? Now the time has come for this Nation to fulfill its promise . The events in Birmingham and elsewhere have so increased the cries for equality that no city or State or legislative body can prudently choose to ignore them . '' In the same speech , Kennedy announced he would introduce comprehensive civil rights legislation to the United States Congress which he did a week later ( he continued to push for its passage until his assassination in November 1963 ) . Historian Peniel E. Joseph holds Lyndon Johnson 's ability to get that bill , the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , passed on July 2 , 1964 was aided by `` the moral forcefulness of the June 11 speech '' which turned `` the narrative of civil rights from a regional issue into a national story promoting racial equality and democratic renewal '' . President Lyndon B. Johnson ( edit ) During the civil rights movement of the 1960s , Lyndon B. Johnson invoked the Emancipation Proclamation holding it up as a promise yet to be fully implemented . As Vice President while speaking from Gettysburg on May 30 , 1963 ( Memorial Day ) , at the centennial of the Emancipation Proclamation , Johnson connected it directly with the ongoing civil rights struggles of the time saying `` One hundred years ago , the slave was freed . One hundred years later , the Negro remains in bondage to the color of his skin ... In this hour , it is not our respective races which are at stake -- it is our nation . Let those who care for their country come forward , North and South , white and Negro , to lead the way through this moment of challenge and decision ... Until justice is blind to color , until education is unaware of race , until opportunity is unconcerned with color of men 's skins , emancipation will be a proclamation but not a fact . To the extent that the proclamation of emancipation is not fulfilled in fact , to that extent we shall have fallen short of assuring freedom to the free . '' As president , Johnson again invoked the proclamation in a speech presenting the Voting Rights Act at a joint session of Congress on Monday , March 15 , 1965 . This was one week after violence had been inflicted on peaceful civil rights marchers during the Selma to Montgomery marches . Johnson said `` ... it 's not just Negroes , but really it 's all of us , who must overcome the crippling legacy of bigotry and injustice . And we shall overcome . As a man whose roots go deeply into Southern soil , I know how agonizing racial feelings are . I know how difficult it is to reshape the attitudes and the structure of our society . But a century has passed -- more than 100 years -- since the Negro was freed . And he is not fully free tonight . It was more than 100 years ago that Abraham Lincoln -- a great President of another party -- signed the Emancipation Proclamation . But emancipation is a proclamation and not a fact . A century has passed -- more than 100 years -- since equality was promised , and yet the Negro is not equal . A century has passed since the day of promise , and the promise is unkept . The time of justice has now come , and I tell you that I believe sincerely that no force can hold it back . It is right in the eyes of man and God that it should come , and when it does , I think that day will brighten the lives of every American . '' In popular culture ( edit ) U.S. commemorative stamp , 1963 In episode 86 of The Andy Griffith Show , Andy asks Barney to explain the Emancipation Proclamation to Opie who is struggling with history at school . Barney brags about his history expertise , yet it is apparent he can not answer Andy 's question . He finally becomes frustrated and explains it is a proclamation for certain people who wanted emancipation . In South Park : Bigger , Longer and Uncut , Chef asks the military commander if he has `` ever heard of the Emancipation Proclamation ? '' To which the military commander replies : `` I dont listen to hip - hop . '' The Emancipation Proclamation is celebrated around the world including on stamps of nations such as the Republic of Togo . The United States commemorative was issued on August 16 , 1963 , the opening day of the Century of Negro Progress Exposition in Chicago , Illinois . Designed by Georg Olden , an initial printing of 120 million stamps was authorized . See also ( edit ) Slavery in the colonial United States Slavery in the United States Abolition of slavery timeline Act Prohibiting the Return of Slaves -- 1862 statute District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act Emancipation Memorial -- a sculpture in Washington , D.C. , completed in 1876 History of slavery in Kentucky History of slavery in Missouri Juneteenth Slavery Abolition Act 1833 -- an act passed by the British parliament abolishing slavery in British colonies with compensation to the owners Slave Trade Acts Timeline of the civil rights movement War Governors ' Conference -- gave Lincoln the much needed political support to issue the Proclamation United States labor law Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Featured Document : The Emancipation Proclamation '' . Jump up ^ Political scientist Brian R. Dirck states : `` The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order , itself a rather unusual thing in those days . Executive orders are simply presidential directives issued to agents of the executive department by its boss . '' Brian R. Dirck ( 2007 ) . The Executive Branch of Federal Government : People , Process , and Politics . ABC - CLIO . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 1851097913 . Jump up ^ `` The Emancipation Proclamation '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Emancipation Proclamation : Freedom 's first steps '' . National Endowment for the Humanities . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Foner 2010 , pp. 239 -- 42 Jump up ^ `` Amendments to the U.S. Constitution '' . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Louis P. Masur tells the story of the 100 - day interval in Lincoln 's Hundred Days : The Emancipation Proclamation and the War for the Union ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , Ordeal of the Union : vol 6 . War Becomes Revolution , 1862 -- 1863 ( 1960 ) pp. 231 -- 41 , 273 Jump up ^ Jones , Howard ( 1999 ) . Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom : The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War . U of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 2582 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution '' . The Library of Congress . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Jean Allain ( 2012 ) . The Legal Understanding of Slavery : From the Historical to the Contemporary . Oxford University Press . p. 117 . ISBN 9780199660469 . Jump up ^ Foner 2010 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Jean Allain ( 2012 ) . The Legal Understanding of Slavery : From the Historical to the Contemporary . Oxford University Press . pp. 119 -- 120 . ISBN 9780199660469 . Jump up ^ Tsesis , The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom ( 2004 ) , p. 14 . `` Nineteenth century apologists for the expansion of slavery developed a political philosophy that placed property at the pinnacle of personal interests and regarded its protection to be the government 's chief purpose . The Fifth Amendment 's Just Compensation clause provided the proslavery camp with a bastion for fortifying the peculiar institution against congressional restrictions to its spread westward . Based on this property - rights centered argument , Chief Justice Roger B. Taney , in Dred Scott v. Sanford ( 1857 ) , found the Missouri Compromise unconstitutionally violated due process . '' Jump up ^ Tsesis , The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom ( 2004 ) , pp. 18 -- 23 . `` Constitutional protections of slavery coexisted with an entire culture of oppression . The peculiar institution reached many private aspects of human life , for both whites and blacks ... Even free Southern blacks lived in a world so legally constricted by racial domination that it offered only a deceptive shadow of freedom . '' Jump up ^ `` Maryland Constitutional Convention of 1864 '' . msa.maryland.gov . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( Slavenorth.com `` Slavery in Delaware '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foner 2010 , pp. 14 -- 16 Jump up ^ Mackubin , Thomas Owens ( March 25 , 2004 ) . `` The Liberator '' . National Review . National Review . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Crowther p. 651 Jump up ^ Numerous slaves were being commanded to perform tasks to support the Confederate war effort , including making weapons . Jump up ^ `` The Emancipation Proclamation '' ( transcription ) . www.archives.gov . U.S. National Archives . January 1 , 1863 . Jump up ^ The fourth paragraph of the proclamation explains that Lincoln issued it , `` by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander - in - Chief , of the Army and Navy of the United States in time of actual armed rebellion against the authority and government of the United States , and as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion '' . Jump up ^ Freedmen and Southern Society Project ( 1982 ) . Freedom : a documentary history of emancipation 1861 -- 1867 : selected from the holdings of the National Archives of the United States . The destruction of slavery . CUP Archive . pp. 69 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 22979 - 1 . Jump up ^ Foner 2010 , pp. 241 -- 242 Jump up ^ Striner , Richard ( 2006 ) . Father Abraham : Lincoln 's Relentless Struggle to End Slavery . Oxford University Press . p. 192 ( citing Hofstadter 's 1948 essay , in which he relates , in part , a sardonic remark by William Seward ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518306 - 1 . Jump up ^ Heidler , David ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of the American Civil War . ABC - CLIO . p. 652 . ^ Jump up to : Poulter , Keith `` Slaves Immediately Freed by the Emancipation Proclamation '' , North & South vol. 5 no . 1 ( December 2001 ) , p. 48 ^ Jump up to : William C. Harris , `` After the Emancipation Proclamation : Lincoln 's Role in the Ending of Slavery '' , North & South vol. 5 no . 1 ( December 2001 ) , map on p. 49 ^ Jump up to : `` Census , Son of the South '' . sonofthesouth.net. 1860 . Jump up ^ `` Archives of Maryland Historical List : Constitutional Convention , 1864 '' . November 1 , 1864 . Jump up ^ `` Missouri abolishes slavery '' . January 11 , 1865 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee State Convention : Slavery Declared Forever Abolished '' . The New York Times . January 14 , 1865 . Jump up ^ `` On this day : 1865 - FEB - 03 '' . Jump up ^ Stauffer ( 2008 ) , Giants , p. 279 Jump up ^ Peterson ( 1995 ) Lincoln in American Memory , pp. 38 -- 41 Jump up ^ McCarthy ( 1901 ) , Lincoln 's plan of Reconstruction , p. 76 Jump up ^ `` Slavery in Delaware '' . Jump up ^ Lowell Hayes Harrison and James C. Klotter ( 1997 ) . A new history of Kentucky . p. 180 . ISBN 0813126215 . In 1866 , Kentucky refused to ratify the 13th Amendment . It did ratify it in 1976 . Jump up ^ Adam Goodheart ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` How Slavery Really Ended in America '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Living Contraband -- Former Slaves in the Nation 's Capital During the Civil War '' . Civil War Defenses of Washington . National Park Service . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Art & History : First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation by President Lincoln '' . U.S. Senate . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Lincoln met with his cabinet on July 22 , 1862 , for the first reading of a draft of the Emancipation Proclamation . Sight measurement . Height : 108 inches ( 274.32 cm ) Width : 180 inches ( 457.2 cm ) Jump up ^ Striner , Richard ( 2006 ) . Father Abraham : Lincoln 's Relentless Struggle to End Slavery . Oxford University Press . pp. 147 -- 148 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518306 - 1 . Jump up ^ U.S. , Statutes at Large , Treaties , and Proclamations of the United States of America . 12 . Boston . 1863 . p. 354 . Jump up ^ Guminski , Arnold . The Constitutional Rights , Privileges , and Immunities of the American People , page 241 ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Richardson , Theresa and Johanningmeir , Erwin . Race , ethnicity , and education , page 129 ( IAP 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Montgomery , David . The student 's American history , page 428 ( Ginn & Co. 1897 ) . Jump up ^ Keifer , Joseph . Slavery and Four Years of War , p. 109 ( Echo Library 2009 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Second Confiscation Act , July 17 , 1862 '' . History.umd.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Donald , David . Lincoln , page 365 ( Simon and Schuster 1996 ) Jump up ^ Harold Holzer , Dear Mr. Lincoln : Letters to the President , Southern Illinois University Press , 2006 , p. 160 -- 161 Jump up ^ The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln edited by Roy P. Basler , Volume V , p. 388 -- 389 Jump up ^ Harold Holzer , Dear Mr. Lincoln : Letters to the President , Southern Illinois University Press , 2006 , p. 162 ^ Jump up to : Striner , Richard ( 2006 ) . Father Abraham : Lincoln 's Relentless Struggle to End Slavery . Oxford University Press . p. 176 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518306 - 1 . Jump up ^ Brewster , Todd ( 2014 ) . Lincoln 's Gamble : The Tumultuous Six Months that Gave America the Emancipation Proclamation and Changed the Course of the Civil War . Scribner . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 1451693867 . Jump up ^ Brewster , Todd ( 2014 ) . Lincoln 's Gamble : The Tumultuous Six Months that Gave America the Emancipation Proclamation and Changed the Course of the Civil War . Scribner . p. 236 . ISBN 978 - 1451693867 . Jump up ^ Thomas Nast Jump up ^ Guelzo 2006 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery : 1619 -- 1877 , New York : Hill and Wang , 1994 , p. 82 Jump up ^ `` Emancipation Proclamation '' . Lincoln Papers . Library of Congress and Knox College . 2002 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Goodwin , Doris ( 2005 ) . Team of Rivals . New York : Blithedale Productions . Jump up ^ U.S. National Archives and Records Administration , Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation , 1862 Jump up ^ McPherson , James M. Battle Cry of Freedom , ( 1988 ) , p. 557 Jump up ^ Carpenter , Frank B ( 1866 ) . Six Months at the White House . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4290 - 1527 - 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 20 . as reported by Secretary of the Treasury , Salmon Portland Chase , September 22 , 1862 . Others present used the word resolution instead of vow to God . Gideon Welles , Diary of Gideon Welles , Secretary of the Navy Under Lincoln and Johnson ( Boston , New York : Houghton Mifflin Company , 1911 ) , 1 : 143 , reported that Lincoln made a covenant with God that if God would change the tide of the war , Lincoln would change his policy toward slavery . See also Nicolas Parrillo , `` Lincoln 's Calvinist Transformation : Emancipation and War '' , Civil War History ( September 1 , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ `` Bangor In Focus : Hannibal Hamlin '' . Bangorinfo.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln '' edited by Roy P. Basler , Volume 6 , p. 48 -- 49 Jump up ^ `` Teaching With Documents : The Fight for Equal Rights : Black Soldiers in the Civil War '' . U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Jump up ^ `` Confederate Law Authorizing the Enlistment of Black Soldiers , as Promulgated in a Military Order '' . CSA General Orders , No. 14 . Department of History , University of Maryland . March 23 , 1865 . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Convention , Virginia ( 1864 ) '' . www.encyclopediavirginia.org . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` American Civil War April 1864 - History Learning Site '' . History Learning Site . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Freedmen and Southern Society Project : Chronology of Emancipation '' . History.umd.edu. 2009 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` TSLA : This Honorable Body : African American Legislators in 19th Century Tennessee '' . State.tn.us . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Richard Duncan , Beleaguered Winchester : A Virginia Community at War ( Baton Rouge , LA : LSU Press , 2007 ) , pp. 139 -- 40 Jump up ^ Ira Berlin et al. , eds , Freedom : A Documentary History of Emancipation 1861 -- 1867 , Vol. 1 : The Destruction of Slavery ( Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press , 1985 ) , p. 260 Jump up ^ William Klingaman , Abraham Lincoln and the Road to Emancipation , 1861 -- 1865 ( NY : Viking Press , 2001 ) , p. 234 Jump up ^ `` Important From Key West '' , The New York Times February 4 , 1863 , p. 1 ^ Jump up to : Own , Our ( January 9 , 1863 ) . `` Interesting from Port Royal '' . The New York Times . p. 2 . Jump up ^ James M. Paradis ( 2012 ) . African Americans and the Gettysburg Campaign . Scarecrow Press . p. 90 . ISBN 9780810883369 . Jump up ^ Kenneth L. Deutsch ; Joseph Fornieri ( 2005 ) . Lincoln 's American Dream : Clashing Political Perspectives . Potomac Books . p. 35 . ISBN 9781597973908 . Jump up ^ `` News from South Carolina : Negro Jubilee at Hilton Head '' , New York Herald , January 7 , 1863 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Harris , `` After the Emancipation Proclamation '' , p. 45 Jump up ^ Allen C. Guelzo ( 2006 ) . Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation : The End of Slavery in America . Simon & Schuster . pp. 107 -- 8 . ISBN 9781416547952 . Jump up ^ Booker T. Washington ( 1907 ) . Up From Slavery : an autobiography . Doubleday , Page . pp. 19 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Goodheart , Adam ( 2011 ) . 1861 : The Civil War Awakening . New York : Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Sally , and John Stauffer . The State of Jones . New York : Anchor Books edition / Random House , c. 2009 ( 2010 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7679 - 2946 - 2 , p. 42 Jump up ^ Shelby Foote ( 1963 ) . The Civil War , a Narrative : Fredericksburg to Meridian . Volume 2 . Random House . Jump up ^ `` London Times Editorial '' . Oct 6 , 1862 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` International Reaction '' . Jump up ^ `` Abe Lincoln 's Last Card '' . Jump up ^ Mitgang , Herbert ( 2000 ) . Abraham Lincoln , a press portrait : his life and times from the original newspaper documents of the Union , the Confederacy , and Europe . Fordham Univ Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8232 - 2062 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Weber , Jennifer L. ( 2006 ) . Copperheads : the rise and fall of Lincoln 's opponents in the North . New York , New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Weber 2006 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ `` The Rebel Message : What Jefferson Davis Has to Say '' . New York Herald . America 's Historical Newspapers . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grant , Ulysses ( August 23 , 1863 ) . `` Letter to Abraham Lincoln '' . Cairo , Illinois . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2014 . Retrieved May 3 , 2014 . I have given the subject of arming the Negro my hearty support . This , with the emancipation of the Negro , is the heaviest blow yet given the Confederacy . The South rave a greatdeel about it and profess to be very angry . Jump up ^ Tap , Bruce ( 2013 ) . The Fort Pillow Massacre : North , South , and the Status of African Americans in the Civil War Era . Routledge . Jump up ^ McPherson , James M. ( 1997 ) . For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War . New York City , New York . p. 107 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509 - 023 - 3 . OCLC 34912692 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . The Proclamation is worth three hundred thousand soldiers to our Government at least ... It shows exactly what this war was brought about for and the intention of its damnable authors . Jump up ^ McPherson , James M. ( 1997 ) . For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War . New York City , New York . p. 108 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509 - 023 - 3 . OCLC 34912692 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . I know enough of the Southern spirit that I think they will fight for the institution of slavery even to extermination . Jump up ^ McPherson , James M. ( 1997 ) . For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War . New York City , New York . p. 108 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509 - 023 - 3 . OCLC 34912692 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . ( N ) ow is the time for Uncle to buy some negro women and children . Jump up ^ Robert E. May ( 1995 ) . `` History and Mythology : The Crisis over British Intervention in the Civil War '' . The Union , the Confederacy , and the Atlantic rim . Purdue University Press . pp. 29 -- 68 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55753 - 061 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mack Smith , p. 72 Jump up ^ Quoted in James Lander ( 2010 ) . Lincoln and Darwin : Shared Visions of Race , Science , and Religion . Southern Illinois University Press . p. 221 . ISBN 9780809329908 . Jump up ^ Kevin Phillips ( 2000 ) . The Cousins ' Wars : Religion , Politics , Civil Warfare , And The Triumph Of Anglo - America . p. 493 . ISBN 9780465013708 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , Ordeal of the Union : vol 6 . War Becomes Revolution , 1862 -- 1863 ( 1960 ) Jump up ^ Richter , William L. ( 2009 ) . The A to Z of the Civil War and Reconstruction . Scarecrow Press . pp. 479 -- 480 . ISBN 9780810863361 . Jump up ^ Guelzo 2006 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Doris Kearns Goodwin , A Team of Rivals , New York : Simon & Schuster , 2005 Jump up ^ Foner , Eric ( April 9 , 2000 ) . `` review of Forced into Glory : Abraham Lincoln 's White Dream by Lerone Bennett , Jr '' . Los Angeles Times Book Review . Archived from the original on 2004 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ashraf , Kal ( March 2013 ) . `` Editorial in American Studies in Britain ( 108 : Spring 2013 ) iSSN 1465 - 9956 '' . British Association for American Studies . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr . `` Dr. Martin Luther King on the Emancipation Proclamation '' . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Dr. Marin Luther King , Jr . ( August 28 , 1963 ) . `` I Have A Dream '' . The King Center . ^ Jump up to : Peniel E. Joseph ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Kennedy 's Finest Moment '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ John F. Kennedy ( June 11 , 1963 ) . `` 237 -- Radio and Television Report to the American People on Civil Rights '' . Jump up ^ `` Remarks of Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson '' . May 30 , 1963 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lyndon B. Johnson ( March 15 , 1965 ) . `` We Shall Overcome '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Emancipation Proclamation Issue '' , Arago : people , postage & the post , Smithsonian National Postal Museum , viewed September 28 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Episode Guide '' . tvland.com . TV Land . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Barney Fife Explains The Emancipation Proclamation '' . Episode clip , The Andy Griffith Show . YouTube . Jump up ^ ``. 5fr Centenary of the Emancipation Proclamation '' , Arago : people , postage & the post , Smithsonian National Postal Museum , viewed September 28 , 2014 Primary sources ( edit ) C. Peter Ripley , Roy E. Finkenbine , Michael F. Hembree , Donald Yacovone , Witness for Freedom : African American Voices on Race , Slavery , and Emancipation ( 1993 ) Further reading ( edit ) Belz , Herman . Emancipation and Equal Rights : Politics and Constitutionalism in the Civil War Era ( 1978 ) online Biddle , Daniel R. , and Murray Dubin . `` ' God Is Settling the Account ' : African American Reaction to Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation '' , Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography ( Jan. 2013 ) 137 # 1 57 -- 78 . Crowther , Edward R. `` Emancipation Proclamation '' . in Encyclopedia of the American Civil War . Heidler , David S. and Heidler , Jeanne T. ( 2000 ) ISBN 0 - 393 - 04758 - X Chambers Jr , Henry L. `` Lincoln , the Emancipation Proclamation , and Executive Power . '' Maryland Law Review 73 ( 2013 ) : 100 + online Ewan , Christopher . `` The Emancipation Proclamation and British Public Opinion '' The Historian , Vol. 67 , 2005 Franklin , John Hope . The Emancipation Proclamation ( 1963 ) online Foner , Eric . The Fiery Trial : Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery ( W.W. Norton , 2010 ) Guelzo , Allen C. ( 2006 ) . Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation : The End of Slavery in America . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 9965 - 7 . Guelzo , Allen C. `` How Abe Lincoln Lost the Black Vote : Lincoln and Emancipation in the African American Mind '' , Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association ( 2004 ) 25 # 1 Harold Holzer , Edna Greene Medford , and Frank J. Williams . The Emancipation Proclamation : Three Views ( 2006 ) Jones , Howard . Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom : The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War ( 1999 ) online Mitch Kachun , Festivals of Freedom : Memory and Meaning in African American Emancipation Celebrations , 1808 -- 1915 ( 2003 ) Kennon , Donald R. and Paul Finkelman , eds . Lincoln , Congress , and Emancipation ( Ohio UP , 2016 ) , 270 pp . Kolchin , Peter , `` Reexamining Southern Emancipation in Comparative Perspective , '' Journal of Southern History , 81 # 1 ( Feb. 2015 ) , 7 -- 40 . Litwack , Leon F. Been in the Storm So Long : The Aftermath of Slavery ( 1979 ) , social history of the end of slavery in the Confederacy Mack Smith , Denis ( 1969 ) . Garibaldi ( Great Lives Observed ) . Englewood Cliffs , N.J. : Prentice Hall . McPherson , James M. Ordeal by Fire : the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2001 ( 3rd ed . ) ) , esp . pp. 316 -- 321 . Masur , Louis P. Lincoln 's Hundred Days : The Emancipation Proclamation and the War for the Union ( Harvard University Press ; 2012 ) Nevins , Allan . Ordeal of the Union : vol 6 . War Becomes Revolution , 1862 -- 1863 ( 1960 ) Siddali , Silvana R. From Property To Person : Slavery And The Confiscation Acts , 1861 -- 1862 ( 2005 ) Syrett , John . Civil War Confiscation Acts : Failing to Reconstruct the South ( 2005 ) Tsesis , Alexander . We Shall Overcome : A History of Civil Rights and the Law ( 2008 ) * Vorenberg , Michael . Final Freedom : The Civil War , the Abolition of Slavery , and the Thirteenth Amendment ( 2001 ) Vorenberg , Michael , ed . The Emancipation Proclamation : A Brief History with Documents ( 2010 ) , primary and secondary sources External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Emancipation Proclamation . Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Emancipation Proclamation Wikiquote has quotations related to : Emancipation Proclamation A zoomable image of the Leland - Boker authorized edition of the Emancipation Proclamation held by the British Library Lesson plan on Emancipation Proclamation from EDSITEment NEH Text and images of the Emancipation Proclamation from the National Archives Online Lincoln Coloring Book for Teachers and Students Emancipation Proclamation and related resources at the Library of Congress Scholarly article on rhetoric and the Emancipation Proclamation Mr. Lincoln and Freedom : Emancipation Proclamation First Edition Emancipation Proclamation in 1862 Harper 's Weekly Chronology of Emancipation during the Civil War American Abolitionists and Antislavery Activists , chronology of Abraham Lincoln and emancipation `` Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation '' Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation at the New York State Library -- images and transcript of Lincoln 's original manuscript of the preliminary proclamation The role of humor in presenting the Proclamation to Lincoln 's Cabinet 1865 NY Times article - Sketch of its History by Lincoln 's portrait artist `` Emancipation , Proclamation of '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . Webcast Discussion with Pulitzer Prize - winning author James McPherson and James Cornelius , Curator of the Lincoln Collection in the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum about the 150th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation The Emancipation Proclamation public domain audiobook at LibriVox <Th_colspan="2"> Abraham Lincoln <Td_colspan="2"> 16th President of the United States ( 1861 -- 1865 ) U.S. Representative from Illinois ( 1847 -- 1849 ) Presidency First inauguration Perpetual Union Lincoln Bible Second inauguration Civil War Confiscation Acts President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers War based income tax Seaports blockade RMS Trent Affair Habeas Corpus suspended Emancipation Proclamation West Virginia statehood Overland Campaign strategy Hampton Roads Conference Tour of Richmond Ten percent plan Reconstruction 13th Amendment abolishing slavery Dakota War of 1862 Department of the Northwest Homestead Act of 1862 National Banking Acts Thanksgiving Day Birchard Letter Bixby letter National Academy of Sciences Department of Agriculture Pardons State of the Union Address , 1863 1864 Cabinet Judicial appointments Assassination Funeral and burial Lincoln Catafalque Speeches Lyceum address ( 1838 ) Peoria speech ( 1854 ) `` Lost Speech '' ( 1856 ) House Divided speech ( 1858 ) Lincoln - Douglas debates ( 1858 ) Cooper Union Address ( 1860 ) Farewell Address ( 1861 ) First inaugural address ( 1861 ) Gettysburg Address ( 1863 event ) Second inaugural address ( 1865 ) Life and views Early life and career Black Hawk War Matson Trial Spot Resolutions Boat lifting patent Hurd v. 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Abraham Lincoln : The Man statue Lincoln Park Abraham Lincoln : The Head of State statue Lincoln Trail State Memorial Lincoln the Lawyer statue Kentucky statue The Peacemakers painting Lincoln Highway Other memorials Photographs Cultural depictions films postage stamps Lincoln penny Illinois Centennial half dollar currency five - dollar bill art Lincoln Prize Abraham Lincoln Association White House ghost Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln Lincoln -- Kennedy coincidences Aircraft Carrier USS Abraham Lincoln Family Family tree Mary Todd Lincoln ( wife ) Robert Todd Lincoln ( son ) Edward Baker Lincoln ( son ) William Wallace Lincoln ( son ) Thomas `` Tad '' Lincoln ( son ) Mary Todd `` Mamie '' Lincoln ( granddaughter ) Abraham Lincoln II ( grandson ) Jessie Lincoln ( granddaughter ) Thomas Lincoln ( father ) Nancy Hanks Lincoln ( mother ) Sarah Bush Lincoln ( stepmother ) Sarah Lincoln Grigsby ( sister ) Abraham Lincoln ( paternal grandfather ) Mordecai Lincoln ( paternal uncle ) Mary Lincoln Crume ( paternal aunt ) John Hanks ( maternal cousin ) Joseph Hanks ( great - grandfather ) Samuel Lincoln ( 17th - century ancestor ) Mary Lincoln Beckwith ( great - granddaughter ) Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith ( great - grandson ) Timothy Lincoln Beckwith ( great - great - grandson ) Old Bob ( horse ) <Td_colspan="2"> ← James Buchanan Andrew Johnson → Book Outline <Th_colspan="2"> American Civil War <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Origins <Td_colspan="2"> Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Fire - Eaters Lincoln - Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Dred Scott v. 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Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A.S. Johnston J.E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E.K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D.D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Aftermath <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. Constitution Reconstruction amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks -- Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax Riot of 1873 Eufaula Riot of 1874 Freedmen 's Bureau Freedman 's Savings Bank Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Kirk - Holden War Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Racial violence Memphis Riot of 1866 Meridian Riot of 1871 New Orleans Riot of 1866 Pulaski ( Tennessee ) Riot of 1867 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Confederate refugees Confederados Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission Homestead acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 White League post-Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate monuments and memorials Historical reenactment Robert E. 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is the usa a member of the united nations

Member states of the United Nations - wikipedia Member states of the United Nations Jump to : navigation , search Map of the United Nations ( UN ) member states as of August 2017 , with their territories ( including dependent territories ) recognized by the UN in green Flags of the member states of the United Nations , in front of the Palace of Nations ( Geneva , Switzerland ) . Since 2015 , the flags of the two non-member observer states are raised alongside those of the 193 member states . The United Nations member states are the 193 sovereign states that are members of the United Nations ( UN ) and have equal representation in the UN General Assembly . The UN is the world 's largest intergovernmental organization , ahead of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation . The criteria for admission of new members to the UN are set out in Chapter II , Article 4 of the UN Charter : Membership in the United Nations is open to all peace - loving states which accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and , in the judgement of the Organization , are able and willing to carry out these obligations . The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council . A recommendation for admission from the Security Council requires affirmative votes from at least nine of the council 's fifteen members , with none of the five permanent members using their veto power . The Security Council 's recommendation must then be approved in the General Assembly by a two - thirds majority vote . In principle , only sovereign states can become UN members , and currently all UN members are sovereign states . Although five members were not sovereign when they joined the UN , all subsequently became fully independent between 1946 and 1991 . Because a state can only be admitted to membership in the UN by the approval of the Security Council and the General Assembly , a number of states that are considered sovereign according to the Montevideo Convention are not members of the UN . This is because the UN does not consider them to possess sovereignty , mainly due to the lack of international recognition or due to opposition from one of the permanent members . In addition to the member states , the UN also invites non-member states to become observers at the UN General Assembly ( currently two : the Holy See and Palestine ) , allowing them to participate and speak in General Assembly meetings , but not vote . Observers are generally intergovernmental organizations and international organizations and entities whose statehood or sovereignty is not precisely defined . Contents ( hide ) 1 Original members 2 Current members 3 Former members 3.1 Republic of China 3.1. 1 Bids for readmission as the representative of Taiwan 3.2 Czechoslovakia 3.3 German Democratic Republic 3.4 Federation of Malaya 3.5 Tanganyika and Zanzibar 3.6 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 3.7 United Arab Republic 3.8 Yemen and Democratic Yemen 3.9 Yugoslavia 4 Suspension , expulsion , and withdrawal of members 4.1 Withdrawal of Indonesia ( 1965 -- 1966 ) 5 Observers and non-members 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Original members ( edit ) The United Nations in 1945 , after World War II . In light blue , the founding members . In dark blue , protectorates and territories of the founding members . Map of the current UN member states by their dates of admission . 1945 ( original members ) 1946 -- 1959 1960 -- 1989 1990 -- present non-member observer states Further information : History of the United Nations The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 , after ratification of the United Nations Charter by the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council ( the Republic of China , France , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States ) and a majority of the other signatories . A total of 51 original members ( or founding members ) joined that year ; 50 of them signed the Charter at the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco on 26 June 1945 , while Poland , which was not represented at the conference , signed it on 15 October 1945 . The original members of the United Nations were : France , the Republic of China , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , the United States , Argentina , Australia , Belgium , Bolivia , Brazil , Byelorussia , Canada , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Cuba , Czechoslovakia , Denmark , the Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Ethiopia , Greece , Guatemala , Haiti , Honduras , India , Iran , Iraq , Lebanon , Liberia , Luxembourg , Mexico , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Nicaragua , Norway , Panama , Paraguay , Peru , the Philippines , Poland , Saudi Arabia , South Africa , Syria , Turkey , Ukraine , Uruguay , Venezuela and Yugoslavia . Among the original members , 49 are either still UN members or had their memberships in the UN continued by a successor state ( see table below ) ; for example , the membership of the Soviet Union was continued by the Russian Federation after its dissolution ( see the section Former members : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ) . The other two original members , Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia ( i.e. , the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ) , had been dissolved and their memberships in the UN not continued from 1992 by any one successor state ( see the sections Former members : Czechoslovakia and Former members : Yugoslavia ) . At the time of UN 's founding , the seat of China in the UN was held by the Republic of China , but as a result of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 in 1971 , it is now held by the People 's Republic of China ( see the section Former members : Republic of China ( Taiwan ) ) . A number of the original members were not sovereign when they joined the UN , and only gained full independence later : Belarus ( then the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ) and Ukraine ( then the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ) were both constituent republics of the Soviet Union , until gaining full independence in 1991 . India ( whose territory at that time , before the Partition of India , also included the present - day territories of Pakistan and Bangladesh ) was under British colonial rule , until gaining full independence in 1947 . The Philippines ( then the Philippine Commonwealth ) was a commonwealth with the United States , until gaining full independence in 1946 . New Zealand , while de facto sovereign at that time , `` only gained full capacity to enter into relations with other states in 1947 when it passed the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act . This occurred 16 years after the British Parliament passed the Statute of Westminster Act in 1931 that recognised New Zealand 's autonomy . If judged by the Montevideo Convention criteria , New Zealand did not achieve full de jure statehood until 1947 . '' Current members ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : United Nations Member States Further information : List of sovereign states The current members and their dates of admission are listed below with their official designations used by the United Nations . The alphabetical order by the member states ' official designations is used to determine the seating arrangement of the General Assembly sessions , where a draw is held each year to select a member state as the starting point . Several members use their full official names in their official designations and thus are sorted out of order from their common names : the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Republic of Korea , the Republic of Moldova , The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ( a provisional reference used for all purposes within the UN , and listed under T ) , and the United Republic of Tanzania . The member states can be sorted by their official designations and dates of admission by clicking on the buttons in the header of the columns . See related sections on former members by clicking on the links in the column See also . Original members are listed with blue background . Flag Member state Date of admission See also Afghanistan 000000001946 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 1946 United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan Albania 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Algeria 000000001962 - 10 - 08 - 0000 8 October 1962 ~ ! Andorra 000000001993 - 07 - 28 - 0000 28 July 1993 ~ ! Angola 000000001976 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1976 ~ ! Antigua and Barbuda 000000001981 - 11 - 11 - 0000 11 November 1981 ~ ! Argentina 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Armenia 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Australia 000000001945 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 1945 Australia and the United Nations Austria 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Azerbaijan 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Bahamas 000000001973 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1973 ~ ! Bahrain 000000001971 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1971 ~ ! Bangladesh 000000001974 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1974 ~ ! Barbados 000000001966 - 12 - 09 - 0000 9 December 1966 ~ ! Belarus 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Former member : Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic Belgium 000000001945 - 12 - 27 - 0000 27 December 1945 ~ ! Belize 000000001981 - 09 - 25 - 0000 25 September 1981 ~ ! Benin 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Bhutan 000000001971 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1971 ~ ! Bolivia ( Plurinational State of ) 000000001945 - 11 - 14 - 0000 14 November 1945 ~ ! Bosnia and Herzegovina 000000001992 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 1992 Former member : Yugoslavia Botswana 000000001966 - 10 - 17 - 0000 17 October 1966 ~ ! Brazil 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Brazil and the United Nations Brunei Darussalam 000000001984 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1984 ~ ! Bulgaria 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Burkina Faso 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Burundi 000000001962 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1962 ~ ! Cabo Verde 000000001975 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 1975 ~ ! Cambodia 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Cameroon 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Canada 000000001945 - 11 - 09 - 0000 9 November 1945 Canada and the United Nations Central African Republic 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Chad 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Chile 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! China 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Former member : Republic of China and China and the United Nations Colombia 000000001945 - 11 - 05 - 0000 5 November 1945 ~ ! Comoros 000000001975 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1975 ~ ! Congo 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Costa Rica 000000001945 - 11 - 02 - 0000 2 November 1945 ~ ! Côte d'Ivoire 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Croatia 000000001992 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 1992 Former member : Yugoslavia Cuba 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Cyprus 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Czech Republic 000000001993 - 01 - 19 - 0000 19 January 1993 Former member : Czechoslovakia Democratic People 's Republic of Korea 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Korea and the United Nations Democratic Republic of the Congo 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Denmark 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Djibouti 000000001977 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1977 ~ ! Dominica 000000001978 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 1978 ~ ! Dominican Republic 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Ecuador 000000001945 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 1945 ~ ! Egypt 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Former member : United Arab Republic El Salvador 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Equatorial Guinea 000000001968 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1968 ~ ! Eritrea 000000001993 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May 1993 ~ ! Estonia 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Ethiopia 000000001945 - 11 - 13 - 0000 13 November 1945 ~ ! Fiji 000000001970 - 10 - 13 - 0000 13 October 1970 Fiji and the United Nations Finland 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! France 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 France and the United Nations Gabon 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Gambia 000000001965 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1965 ~ ! Georgia 000000001992 - 07 - 31 - 0000 31 July 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Germany 000000001973 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1973 Former member : German Democratic Republic and Germany and the United Nations Ghana 000000001957 - 03 - 08 - 0000 8 March 1957 ~ ! Greece 000000001945 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 1945 ~ ! Grenada 000000001974 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1974 ~ ! Guatemala 000000001945 - 11 - 21 - 0000 21 November 1945 ~ ! Guinea 000000001958 - 12 - 12 - 0000 12 December 1958 ~ ! Guinea - Bissau 000000001974 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1974 ~ ! Guyana 000000001966 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1966 ~ ! Haiti 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Honduras 000000001945 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 1945 ~ ! Hungary 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Iceland 000000001946 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 1946 ~ ! India 000000001945 - 10 - 30 - 0000 30 October 1945 India and the United Nations Indonesia 000000001950 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 1950 Withdrawal of Indonesia ( 1965 -- 1966 ) and Indonesia and the United Nations Iran ( Islamic Republic of ) 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Iraq 000000001945 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 1945 ~ ! Ireland 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Israel 000000001949 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 1949 Israel , Palestine , and the United Nations Italy 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Jamaica 000000001962 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1962 ~ ! Japan 000000001956 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 1956 Japan and the United Nations Jordan 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Kazakhstan 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Kenya 000000001963 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 1963 ~ ! Kiribati 000000001999 - 09 - 14 - 0000 14 September 1999 ~ ! Kuwait 000000001963 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May 1963 ~ ! Kyrgyzstan 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Lao People 's Democratic Republic 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Latvia 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Lebanon 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Lesotho 000000001966 - 10 - 17 - 0000 17 October 1966 ~ ! Liberia 000000001945 - 11 - 02 - 0000 2 November 1945 ~ ! Libya 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Liechtenstein 000000001990 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1990 ~ ! Lithuania 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Luxembourg 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Luxembourg and the United Nations Madagascar 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Malawi 000000001964 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1964 ~ ! Malaysia 000000001957 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1957 Former member : Federation of Malaya and Malaysia and the United Nations Maldives 000000001965 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1965 ~ ! Mali 000000001960 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 1960 ~ ! Malta 000000001964 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1964 ~ ! Marshall Islands 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Marshall Islands and the United Nations Mauritania 000000001961 - 10 - 27 - 0000 27 October 1961 ~ ! Mauritius 000000001968 - 04 - 24 - 0000 24 April 1968 ~ ! Mexico 000000001945 - 11 - 07 - 0000 7 November 1945 Mexico and the United Nations Micronesia ( Federated States of ) 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Federated States of Micronesia and the United Nations Monaco 000000001993 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May 1993 ~ ! Mongolia 000000001961 - 10 - 27 - 0000 27 October 1961 ~ ! Montenegro 000000002006 - 06 - 28 - 0000 28 June 2006 Former member : Yugoslavia Morocco 000000001956 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1956 ~ ! Mozambique 000000001975 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 1975 ~ ! Myanmar 000000001948 - 04 - 19 - 0000 19 April 1948 ~ ! Namibia 000000001990 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 April 1990 ~ ! Nauru 000000001999 - 09 - 14 - 0000 14 September 1999 ~ ! Nepal 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Netherlands 000000001945 - 12 - 10 - 0000 10 December 1945 ~ ! New Zealand 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 New Zealand and the United Nations Nicaragua 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Niger 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Nigeria 000000001960 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 October 1960 ~ ! Norway 000000001945 - 11 - 27 - 0000 27 November 1945 ~ ! Oman 000000001971 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 October 1971 ~ ! Pakistan 000000001947 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 1947 Pakistan and the United Nations Palau 000000001994 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 December 1994 ~ ! Panama 000000001945 - 11 - 13 - 0000 13 November 1945 ~ ! Papua New Guinea 000000001975 - 10 - 10 - 0000 10 October 1975 ~ ! Paraguay 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Peru 000000001945 - 10 - 31 - 0000 31 October 1945 ~ ! Philippines 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Philippines and the United Nations Poland 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Portugal 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Qatar 000000001971 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1971 ~ ! Republic of Korea 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Korea and the United Nations Republic of Moldova 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Romania 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Russian Federation 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Soviet Union and the United Nations and Russia and the United Nations Rwanda 000000001962 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1962 ~ ! Saint Kitts and Nevis 000000001983 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 September 1983 ~ ! Saint Lucia 000000001979 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1979 ~ ! Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 000000001980 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 1980 ~ ! Samoa 000000001976 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 December 1976 ~ ! San Marino 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 ~ ! Sao Tome and Principe 000000001975 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 1975 ~ ! Saudi Arabia 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Senegal 000000001960 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 1960 ~ ! Serbia 000000002000 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 2000 Former member : Yugoslavia and Serbia and the United Nations Seychelles 000000001976 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1976 ~ ! Sierra Leone 000000001961 - 09 - 27 - 0000 27 September 1961 ~ ! Singapore 000000001965 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1965 Former member : Malaysia and Singapore and the United Nations Slovakia 000000001993 - 01 - 19 - 0000 19 January 1993 Former member : Czechoslovakia Slovenia 000000001992 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 1992 Former member : Yugoslavia Solomon Islands 000000001978 - 09 - 19 - 0000 19 September 1978 ~ ! Somalia 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! South Africa 000000001945 - 11 - 07 - 0000 7 November 1945 ~ ! South Sudan 000000002011 - 07 - 14 - 0000 14 July 2011 ~ ! Spain 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Sri Lanka 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Sudan 000000001956 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1956 ~ ! Suriname 000000001975 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 1975 ~ ! Swaziland 000000001968 - 09 - 24 - 0000 24 September 1968 ~ ! Sweden 000000001946 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 1946 ~ ! Switzerland 000000002002 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 September 2002 ~ ! Syrian Arab Republic 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Former member : United Arab Republic Tajikistan 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Thailand 000000001946 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 1946 ~ ! The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 000000001993 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 1993 Former member : Yugoslavia Timor - Leste 000000002002 - 09 - 27 - 0000 27 September 2002 ~ ! Togo 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Tonga 000000001999 - 09 - 14 - 0000 14 September 1999 ~ ! Trinidad and Tobago 000000001962 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1962 Trinidad and Tobago and the United Nations Tunisia 000000001956 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1956 ~ ! Turkey 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Turkmenistan 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Tuvalu 000000002000 - 09 - 05 - 0000 5 September 2000 Tuvalu and the United Nations Uganda 000000001962 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 1962 ~ ! Ukraine 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Former member : Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic United Arab Emirates 000000001971 - 12 - 09 - 0000 9 December 1971 ~ ! United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 United Kingdom and the United Nations United Republic of Tanzania 000000001961 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1961 Former member : Tanganyika and Zanzibar United States of America 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 United States and the United Nations Uruguay 000000001945 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 1945 ~ ! Uzbekistan 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Vanuatu 000000001981 - 09 - 15 - 0000 15 September 1981 Vanuatu and the United Nations Venezuela ( Bolivarian Republic of ) 000000001945 - 11 - 15 - 0000 15 November 1945 ~ ! Viet Nam 000000001977 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1977 ~ ! Yemen 000000001947 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 1947 Former member : Yemen and Democratic Yemen Zambia 000000001964 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1964 ~ ! Zimbabwe 000000001980 - 08 - 25 - 0000 25 August 1980 ~ ! Former members ( edit ) Republic of China ( edit ) Further information : China and the United Nations Areas controlled by the People 's Republic of China and the Republic of China The Republic of China ( ROC ) joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945 , and as set out by the United Nations Charter , Chapter V , Article 23 , became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council . In 1949 , as a result of the Chinese Civil War , the Kuomintang - led ROC government lost effective control of mainland China and relocated to the island of Taiwan , and the Communist Party - led government of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , declared on 1 October 1949 , took control of mainland China . The UN was notified on 18 November 1949 of the formation of the Central People 's Government of the People 's Republic of China ; however , the Government of the Republic of China continued to represent China at the UN , despite the small size of the ROC 's jurisdiction of Taiwan and a number of smaller islands compared to the PRC 's jurisdiction of mainland China . As both governments claimed to be the sole legitimate representative of China , proposals to effect a change in the representation of China in the UN were discussed but rejected for the next two decades , as the ROC was still recognized as the sole legitimate representative of China by a majority of UN members . Both sides rejected compromise proposals to allow both states to participate in the UN , based on the One - China policy . By the 1970s , a shift had occurred in international diplomatic circles and the PRC had gained the upper hand in international diplomatic relations and recognition count . On 25 October 1971 , the 21st time the United Nations General Assembly debated on the PRC 's admission into the UN , United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 was adopted , by which it recognized that `` the representatives of the Government of the People 's Republic of China are the only lawful representatives of China to the United Nations and that the People 's Republic of China is one of the five permanent members of the Security Council , '' and decided `` to restore all its rights to the People 's Republic of China and to recognize the representatives of its Government as the only legitimate representatives of China to the United Nations , and to expel forthwith the representatives of Chiang Kai - shek from the place which they unlawfully occupy at the United Nations and in all the organizations related to it . '' This effectively transferred the seat of China in the UN , including its permanent seat on the Security Council , from the ROC to the PRC , and expelled the ROC from the UN . From the United Nations ' perspective the `` Republic of China '' is not a former member . No UN member was expelled in 1971 . Rather , the credentials of one Chinese delegation ( from Taipei ) were rejected and the credentials of another Chinese delegation ( from Beijing ) were accepted . In addition to losing its seat in the UN , the UN Secretary - General concluded from the resolution that the General Assembly considered Taiwan to be a province of China . Consequently , the Secretary - General decided that it was not permitted for the ROC to become a party to treaties deposited with it . Bids for readmission as the representative of Taiwan ( edit ) Further information : Political status of Taiwan ; Four - Stage Theory of the Republic of China ; and Taiwanese United Nations membership referendums , 2008 The presidency of Ma Ying - jeou saw the first participation of the Republic of China on a United Nations body in almost 40 years . In 1993 the ROC began campaigning to rejoin the UN separately from the People 's Republic of China . A number of options were considered , including seeking membership in the specialized agencies , applying for observer status , applying for full membership , or having resolution 2758 revoked to reclaim the seat of China in the UN . Every year from 1993 -- 2006 , UN member states submitted a memorandum to the UN Secretary - General requesting that the UN General Assembly consider allowing the ROC to resume participating in the United Nations . This approach was chosen , rather than a formal application for membership , because it could be enacted by the General Assembly , while a membership application would need Security Council approval , where the PRC held a veto . Early proposals recommended admitting the ROC with parallel representation over China , along with the People 's Republic of China , pending eventual reunification , citing examples of other divided countries which had become separate UN member states , such as East and West Germany and North and South Korea . Later proposals emphasized that the ROC was a separate state , over which the PRC had no effective sovereignty . These proposed resolutions referred to the ROC under a variety of names : `` Republic of China in Taiwan '' ( 1993 -- 94 ) , `` Republic of China on Taiwan '' ( 1995 -- 97 , 1999 -- 2002 ) , `` Republic of China '' ( 1998 ) , `` Republic of China ( Taiwan ) '' ( 2003 ) and `` Taiwan '' ( 2004 -- 06 ) . However , all fourteen attempts were unsuccessful as the General Assembly 's General Committee declined to put the issue on the Assembly 's agenda for debate , under strong opposition from the PRC . While all these proposals were vague , requesting the ROC be allowed to participate in UN activities without specifying any legal mechanism , in 2007 the ROC submitted a formal application under the name `` Taiwan '' for full membership in the UN . However , the application was rejected by the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs citing General Assembly Resolution 2758 , without being forwarded to the Security Council . Secretary - General of the United Nations Ban Ki - moon stated that : The position of the United Nations is that the People 's Republic of China is representing the whole of China as the sole and legitimate representative Government of China . The decision until now about the wish of the people in Taiwan to join the United Nations has been decided on that basis . The resolution ( General Assembly Resolution 2758 ) that you just mentioned is clearly mentioning that the Government of China is the sole and legitimate Government and the position of the United Nations is that Taiwan is part of China . Responding to the UN 's rejection of its application , the ROC government has stated that Taiwan is not now nor has it ever been under the jurisdiction of the PRC , and that since General Assembly Resolution 2758 did not clarify the issue of Taiwan 's representation in the UN , it does not prevent Taiwan 's participation in the UN as an independent sovereign nation . The ROC government also criticized Ban for asserting that Taiwan is part of China and returning the application without passing it to the Security Council or the General Assembly , contrary to UN 's standard procedure ( Provisional Rules of Procedure of the Security Council , Chapter X , Rule 59 ) . On the other hand , the PRC government , which has stated that Taiwan is part of China and firmly opposes the application of any Taiwan authorities to join the UN either as a member or an observer , praised that UN 's decision `` was made in accordance with the UN Charter and Resolution 2758 of the UN General Assembly , and showed the UN and its member states ' universal adherence to the one - China principle '' . A group of UN member states put forward a draft resolution for that fall 's UN General Assembly calling on the Security Council to consider the application . The following year two referendums in Taiwan on the government 's attempts to regain participation at the UN did not pass due to low turnout . That fall the ROC took a new approach , with its allies submitting a resolution requesting that the `` Republic of China ( Taiwan ) '' be allowed to have `` meaningful participation '' in the UN specialized agencies . Again the issue was not put on the Assembly 's agenda . In 2009 , the ROC chose not to bring the issue of its participation in the UN up for debate at the General Assembly for the first time since it began the campaign in 1993 . In May 2009 , the Department of Health of the Republic of China was invited by the World Health Organization to attend the 62nd World Health Assembly as an observer under the name `` Chinese Taipei '' . This was the ROC 's first participation in an event organized by a UN-affiliated agency since 1971 , as a result of the improved cross-strait relations since Ma Ying - jeou became the President of the Republic of China a year before . The Republic of China is officially recognized by 19 UN member states and the Holy See . It maintains unofficial diplomatic relations with around 100 nations , including the United States and Japan . Czechoslovakia ( edit ) Czechoslovakia joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945 , with its name changed to the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic on 20 April 1990 . Upon the imminent dissolution of Czechoslovakia , in a letter dated 10 December 1992 , its Permanent Representative informed the United Nations Secretary - General that the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic would cease to exist on 31 December 1992 and that the Czech Republic and Slovakia , as successor states , would apply for membership in the UN . Neither state sought sole successor state status . Both states were admitted to the UN on 19 January 1993 . German Democratic Republic ( edit ) Both the Federal Republic of Germany ( West Germany ) and the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) were admitted to the UN on 18 September 1973 . Through the accession of the East German federal states to the Federal Republic of Germany , effective from 3 October 1990 , the territory of the German Democratic Republic became part of the Federal Republic of Germany , today simply known as Germany . Consequently , the Federal Republic of Germany continued being a member of the UN while the German Democratic Republic ceased to exist . Federation of Malaya ( edit ) The Federation of Malaya joined the United Nations on 17 September 1957 . On 16 September 1963 , its name was changed to Malaysia , following the formation of Malaysia from Singapore , North Borneo ( now Sabah ) , Sarawak and the Federation of Malaya . Singapore became an independent State on 9 August 1965 and a Member of the United Nations on 21 September 1965 . Tanganyika and Zanzibar ( edit ) Tanganyika was admitted to the UN on 14 December 1961 , and Zanzibar was admitted to the UN on 16 December 1963 . Following the ratification on 26 April 1964 of the Articles of Union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar , the two states merged to form the single member `` United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar '' , with its name changed to the United Republic of Tanzania on 1 November 1964 . Union of Soviet Socialist republics ( edit ) Further information : Soviet Union and the United Nations The USSR as its borders and republics were configured upon entry to the UN . Border changes and the dissolution of various republics happened over the course of its membership . The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR ) joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945 , and as set out by the United Nations Charter , Chapter V , Article 23 , became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council . Upon the imminent dissolution of the USSR , in a letter dated 24 December 1991 , Boris Yeltsin , the President of the Russian Federation , informed the United Nations Secretary - General that the membership of the USSR in the Security Council and all other UN organs was being continued by the Russian Federation with the support of the 11 member countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States . The other fourteen independent states established from the former Soviet Republics were all admitted to the UN : The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic joined the UN on 24 October 1945 together with the USSR . After declaring independence , the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic changed its name to Ukraine on 24 August 1991 , and on 19 September 1991 , the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic informed the UN that it had changed its name to Belarus . Estonia , Latvia , and Lithuania were admitted to the UN on 17 September 1991 , after regaining independence before the dissolution of the USSR . Armenia , Azerbaijan , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , the Republic of Moldova , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan were admitted to the UN on 2 March 1992 . Georgia was admitted to the UN on 31 July 1992 . United Arab Republic ( edit ) Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser ( seated right ) and Syrian president Shukri al - Quwatli sign the accord to form the United Arab Republic in 1958 . The short - lived political union briefly represented both states and was used as the name of Egypt following Syria 's withdrawal in 1961 . Both Egypt and Syria joined the UN as original members on 24 October 1945 . Following a plebiscite on 21 February 1958 , the United Arab Republic was established by a union of Egypt and Syria and continued as a single member . On 13 October 1961 , Syria , having resumed its status as an independent state , resumed its separate membership in the UN . Egypt continued as a UN member under the name of the United Arab Republic , until it reverted to its original name on 2 September 1971 . Syria changed its name to the Syrian Arab Republic on 14 September 1971 . Yemen and Democratic Yemen ( edit ) Yemen ( i.e. , North Yemen ) was admitted to the UN on 30 September 1947 ; Southern Yemen ( i.e. , South Yemen ) was admitted to the UN on 14 December 1967 , with its name changed to the People 's Democratic Republic of Yemen on 30 November 1970 , and was later referred to as Democratic Yemen . On 22 May 1990 , the two states merged to form the Republic of Yemen , which continued as a single member under the name Yemen . Yugoslavia ( edit ) Main article : Yugoslavia and the United Nations The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia disintegrated into several states starting in the early 1990s . By 2006 , six UN member states existed in its former territory . Kosovo declared independence in 2008 . The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , referred to as Yugoslavia , joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945 . By 1992 , it had been effectively dissolved into five independent states , which were all subsequently admitted to the UN : Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , and Slovenia were admitted to the UN on 22 May 1992 . Macedonia was admitted to the UN on 8 April 1993 , being provisionally referred to for all purposes within the UN as `` The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia '' pending settlement of the difference that had arisen over its name . The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( name later changed to Serbia and Montenegro ) was admitted to the UN on 1 November 2000 . Due to the dispute over its legal successor states , the member state `` Yugoslavia '' , referring to the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , remained on the official roster of UN members for many years after its effective dissolution . Following the admission of all five states as new UN members , `` Yugoslavia '' was removed from the official roster of UN members . The government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , established on 28 April 1992 by the remaining Yugoslav republics of Montenegro and Serbia , claimed itself as the legal successor state of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ; however , on 30 May 1992 , United Nations Security Council Resolution 757 was adopted , by which it imposed international sanctions on the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia due to its role in the Yugoslav Wars , and noted that `` the claim by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) to continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations has not been generally accepted , '' and on 22 September 1992 , United Nations General Assembly Resolution A / RES / 47 / 1 was adopted , by which it considered that `` the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) can not continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations , '' and therefore decided that `` the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) should apply for membership in the United Nations and that it shall not participate in the work of the General Assembly '' . The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia refused to comply with the resolution for many years , but following the ousting of President Slobodan Milošević from office , it applied for membership , and was admitted to the UN on 1 November 2000 . On 4 February 2003 , the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had its official name changed to Serbia and Montenegro , following the adoption and promulgation of the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro by the Assembly of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . On the basis of a referendum held on 21 May 2006 , Montenegro declared independence from Serbia and Montenegro on 3 June 2006 . In a letter dated on the same day , the President of Serbia informed the United Nations Secretary - General that the membership of Serbia and Montenegro in the UN was being continued by Serbia , following Montenegro 's declaration of independence , in accordance with the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro . Montenegro was admitted to the UN on 28 June 2006 . In the aftermath of the Kosovo War , the territory of Kosovo , then an autonomous province of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , was put under the interim administration of the United Nations Mission in Kosovo on 10 June 1999 . On 17 February 2008 it declared independence , but this has not been recognised by Serbia . The Republic of Kosovo is not a member of the UN , but is a member of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group , both specialized agencies in the United Nations System . The Republic of Kosovo is recognised by 112 UN member states , including three of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council ( France , the United Kingdom , and the United States ) , while the other two -- China and Russia -- do not recognise Kosovo . On 22 July 2010 , the International Court of Justice , the primary judicial organ of the UN , issued an advisory opinion , ruling that Kosovo 's declaration of independence was not in violation of international law . Suspension , expulsion , and withdrawal of members ( edit ) See also : Withdrawal from the United Nations A member state may be suspended or expelled from the UN , according to the United Nations Charter . From Chapter II , Article 5 : A Member of the United Nations against which preventive or enforcement action has been taken by the Security Council may be suspended from the exercise of the rights and privileges of membership by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council . The exercise of these rights and privileges may be restored by the Security Council . From Article 6 : A Member of the United Nations which has persistently violated the Principles contained in the present Charter may be expelled from the Organization by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council . Since its inception , no member state has been suspended or expelled from the UN under Articles 5 and 6 . However , in a few cases , states were suspended or expelled from participating in UN activities by means other than Articles 5 and 6 : On 25 October 1971 , United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 was adopted , which recognized the People 's Republic of China instead of the Republic of China ( since 1949 controlling only Taiwan ) as the legitimate representative of China in the UN and effectively expelled the Republic of China from the UN in 1971 ( see the section Former members : Republic of China ) . This act did not constitute as the expulsion of a member state under Article 6 , as this would have required Security Council approval and been subjected to vetoes by its permanent members , which included the Republic of China itself and the United States , which at that time still recognized the Republic of China . In October 1974 , the Security Council considered a draft resolution that would have recommended that the General Assembly immediately expel South Africa from the UN , in compliance with Article 6 of the United Nations Charter , due to its apartheid policies . However , the resolution was not adopted because of vetoes by three permanent members of the Security Council : France , the United Kingdom , and the United States . In response , the General Assembly decided to suspend South Africa from participation in the work of the Assembly 's 29th session on 12 November 1974 ; however , South Africa was not formally suspended under Article 5 . The suspension lasted until the General Assembly welcomed South Africa back to full participation in the UN on 23 June 1994 , following its successful democratic elections earlier that year . On 28 April 1992 , the new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was established , by the remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . On 22 September 1992 , United Nations General Assembly Resolution A / RES / 47 / 1 was adopted , by which it considered that `` the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) can not continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations , '' and therefore decided that `` the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) should apply for membership in the United Nations and that it shall not participate in the work of the General Assembly '' . It did not apply for membership until Slobodan Milošević was ousted from the presidency and was admitted on 1 November 2000 ( see the section Former members : Yugoslavia ) . Withdrawal of Indonesia ( 1965 -- 1966 ) ( edit ) Main article : CONEFO Indonesian president Sukarno 's decision to withdraw from the United Nations in 1965 is the only instance of a withdrawal of membership in UN history . Indonesia rejoined the UN a year later . Since the inception of the UN , only one member state ( excluding those that dissolved or merged with other member states ) has unilaterally withdrawn from the UN . During the Indonesia -- Malaysia confrontation , and in response to the election of Malaysia as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council , in a letter dated 20 January 1965 , Indonesia informed the United Nations Secretary - General that it had decided `` at this stage and under the present circumstances '' to withdraw from the UN . However , following the overthrow of President Sukarno , in a telegram dated 19 September 1966 , Indonesia notified the Secretary - General of its decision `` to resume full cooperation with the United Nations and to resume participation in its activities starting with the twenty - first session of the General Assembly '' . On 28 September 1966 , the United Nations General Assembly took note of the decision of the Government of Indonesia and the President invited the representatives of that country to take their seats in the Assembly . Unlike suspension and expulsion , no express provision is made in the United Nations Charter of whether or how a member can legally withdraw from the UN ( largely to prevent the threat of withdrawal from being used as a form of political blackmail , or to evade obligations under the Charter , similar to withdrawals that weakened the UN 's predecessor , the League of Nations ) , or on whether a request for readmission by a withdrawn member should be treated the same as an application for membership , i.e. , requiring Security Council as well as General Assembly approval . Indonesia 's return to the UN would suggest that this is not required ; however , scholars have argued that the course of action taken by the General Assembly was not in accordance with the Charter from a legal point of view . Observers and non-members ( edit ) Main article : United Nations General Assembly observers See also : Holy See and the United Nations , Palestine 194 , and European Union and the United Nations Switzerland has been neutral in international conflicts since the early 19th century and joined the UN as a full member only in 2002 . Despite this , the Palace of Nations in Geneva has hosted the United Nations Office at Geneva since 1946 and also previously served as the headquarters of the League of Nations . In addition to the member states , there are two non-member permanent observer states : the Holy See and the State of Palestine . The Holy See holds sovereignty over the state of Vatican City and maintains diplomatic relations with 180 other states . It has been an observer state since 6 April 1964 , and gained all the rights of full membership except voting on 1 July 2004 . The Palestine Liberation Organization was granted observer status as a `` non-member entity '' on 22 November 1974 . Acknowledging the proclamation of the State of Palestine by the Palestine National Council on 15 November 1988 , the United Nations General Assembly decided that , effective as of 15 December 1988 , the designation `` Palestine '' should be used in place of the designation `` Palestine Liberation Organization '' in the United Nations System . On 23 September 2011 , Palestinian National Authority President Mahmoud Abbas submitted the application for UN membership for the State of Palestine to United Nations Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon ; the application has not been voted on by the UN Security Council . On 31 October 2011 , the General Assembly of UNESCO voted to admit Palestine as a member , becoming the first UN agency to admit Palestine as a full member . The State of Palestine was recognized as a `` non-member state '' on 29 November 2012 , when the UN General Assembly passed United Nations General Assembly resolution 67 / 19 by a vote of 138 to 9 , with 41 abstentions . The change in status was described by The Independent as `` de facto recognition of the sovereign state of Palestine '' . On 17 December 2012 , UN Chief of Protocol Yeocheol Yoon decided that `` the designation of ' State of Palestine ' shall be used by the Secretariat in all official United Nations documents '' . The Sovereign Military Order of Malta , while not a state , has observer status at the UN and maintains diplomatic relations with 107 countries . A number of states were also granted observer status before being admitted to the UN as full members ( see United Nations General Assembly observers for the full list ) . The most recent case of an observer state becoming a member state was Switzerland , which was admitted in 2002 . A European Union institution , the European Commission , was granted observer status at the UNGA through Resolution 3208 in 1974 . The Treaty of Lisbon in 2009 resulted in the delegates being accredited directly to the EU . It was accorded full rights in the General Assembly , bar the right to vote and put forward candidates , via UNGA Resolution A / RES / 65 / 276 on 10 May 2011 . It is the only non-state party to over 50 multilateral conventions , and has participated as a full member in every way except for having a vote in a number of UN conferences . The sovereignty status of Western Sahara is in dispute between Morocco and the Polisario Front . Most of the territory is controlled by Morocco , the remainder ( the Free Zone ) by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic , proclaimed by the Polisario Front . Western Sahara is listed by the UN as a `` non-self - governing territory '' . The Cook Islands and Niue , which are both associated states of New Zealand , are not members of the UN , but are members of specialized agencies of the UN such as WHO and UNESCO , and have had their `` full treaty - making capacity '' recognized by United Nations Secretariat in 1992 and 1994 respectively . They have since become parties to a number of international treaties which the UN Secretariat acts as a depositary for , such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , and are treated as non-member states . Both the Cook Islands and Niue have expressed a desire to become a UN member state , but New Zealand has said that they would not support the application without a change in their constitutional relationship , in particular their right to New Zealand citizenship . See also ( edit ) Book : Member states of the United Nations United Nations portal Enlargement of the United Nations Member states of the League of Nations List of Permanent Representatives to the United Nations United Nations list of Non-Self - Governing Territories Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Benin : Name was changed from Dahomey on 1 December 1975 . Jump up ^ Bolivia ( Plurinational State of ) : Previously referred to as Bolivia . Jump up ^ Burkina Faso : Name was changed from Upper Volta on 6 August 1984 . Jump up ^ Cabo Verde : Previously referred to as Cape Verde . On 24 October 2013 , Cabo Verde requested that its name no longer be translated into different languages . Jump up ^ Cambodia : Name was changed to the Khmer Republic on 7 October 1970 , and back to Cambodia on 30 April 1975 . Name was changed again to Democratic Kampuchea on 6 April 1976 , and back to Cambodia on 3 February 1990 . Jump up ^ Cameroon : Previously referred to as Cameroun ( before merging with Southern Cameroons in 1961 ) . By a letter of 4 January 1974 , the Secretary - General was informed that Cameroon had changed its name to the United Republic of Cameroon . Name was changed back to Cameroon on 4 February 1984 . Jump up ^ Central African Republic : By a letter of 20 December 1976 , the Central African Republic advised that it had changed its name to the Central African Empire . Name was changed back to the Central African Republic on 20 September 1979 . Jump up ^ Congo : Previously referred to as Congo ( Brazzaville ) ( to differentiate it from Congo ( Leopoldville ) ) and the People 's Republic of the Congo . Name was changed to Congo on 15 November 1971 ( after the Democratic Republic of the Congo changed its name to Zaire ) . Also referred to as Congo ( Republic of the ) . Jump up ^ Côte d'Ivoire : Previously referred to as Ivory Coast . On 6 November 1985 , Côte d'Ivoire requested that its name no longer be translated into different languages ; this became fully effective on 1 January 1986 . Jump up ^ Democratic Republic of the Congo : Previously referred to as Congo ( Leopoldville ) ( to differentiate it from Congo ( Brazzaville ) ) . Name was changed from the Democratic Republic of the Congo to Zaire on 27 October 1971 , and back to the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 17 May 1997 . Jump up ^ Gambia : Previously referred to as The Gambia . Jump up ^ Withdrew from the UN on 20 January 1965 . It rejoined on 28 September 1966 . Jump up ^ Iran ( Islamic Republic of ) : Previously referred to as Iran . By a communication of 5 March 1981 , Iran informed the Secretary - General that it should be referred to by its complete name of the Islamic Republic of Iran . Jump up ^ Kazakhstan : Spelling was changed from Kazakstan on 20 June 1997 . Jump up ^ Lao People 's Democratic Republic : Name was changed from Laos on 2 December 1975 . Jump up ^ Libya : Formerly recognised as the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 after originally being admitted as Libya . By notes verbales of 1 and 21 April 1977 , the Libyan Arab Republic advised that it had changed its name to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya . On 16 September 2011 , the UN General Assembly awarded the UN seat to the National Transitional Council , thereby restoring the original name of Libya . Jump up ^ Madagascar : Previously referred to as the Malagasy Republic . Jump up ^ Maldives : Previously referred to as the Maldive Islands . Jump up ^ Myanmar : Name was changed from Burma on 18 June 1989 . Jump up ^ Philippines : Previously referred to as the Philippine Commonwealth ( before becoming a republic in 1946 ) and as the Philippine Republic . Jump up ^ Republic of Moldova : Previously referred to as Moldova . Jump up ^ Saint Kitts and Nevis : Name was changed officially from Saint Christopher and Nevis on 26 November 1986 ; the UN , however , continued to use the former name throughout the year . Jump up ^ Sao Tome and Principe : The official UN designation lacks diacritics ; however , the name is constitutionally defined as São Tomé and Príncipe , with diacritics . Jump up ^ South Africa : Previously referred to as the Union of South Africa ( before becoming a republic in 1961 ) . Jump up ^ Sri Lanka : Name was changed from Ceylon on 22 May 1972 . Jump up ^ Suriname : Name was changed from Surinam on 23 January 1978 . Jump up ^ Thailand : Previously referred to as Siam . Jump up ^ Venezuela ( Bolivarian Republic of ) : Previously referred to as Venezuela . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The World '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . The following territories are excluded as the UN does not consider them as part of any member state : Vatican City ( the Holy See is a UN non-member observer state ) , the Palestinian territories ( Palestine is a UN non-member observer state ) , Western Sahara ( status in dispute between Morocco and the Polisario Front ) , and Antarctica ( regulated by the Antarctic Treaty System ) . Territories of states not recognized by the UN are not excluded due to the UN 's position that they are part of some UN member state , including , for example , the territories governed by the Republic of China ( Taiwan and other smaller islands ) , as the UN members voted to consider the People 's Republic of China as the only lawful representative of China at the UN and the UN chooses not to question its claim that Taiwan is part of China . Jump up ^ `` What are Member States ? '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ Toeplar , Stefan ( 2009 ) . International Encyclopedia of Civil Society . p. 114 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charter of the United Nations , Chapter II : Membership '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` About UN Membership '' . United Nations . ^ Jump up to : `` Growth in United Nations membership , 1945 -- present '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` History of the United Nations '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` Founding Member States '' . United Nations . ^ Jump up to : `` CHAPTER I -- CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS AND STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The World in 1945 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Jump up ^ John Wilson ( August 2007 ) . `` New Zealand Sovereignty : 1857 , 1907 , 1947 , or 1987 ? '' . New Zealand Parliament . Archived from the original on 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Current Member States '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` Blue Book `` Permanent Missions to the United Nations No. 306 '' '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand 's name picked to set seating arrangement for General Assembly session '' . United Nations . 2 August 2005 . Jump up ^ `` CHAPTER I -- CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS AND STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Change of name -- Cape Verde '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 29 October 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 January 2014 . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Lederer , Edith M. ( 16 September 2011 ) . `` UN approves Libya seat for former rebels '' . Google News . Associated Press . Retrieved 16 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charter of the United Nations , Chapter V : The Security Council '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ Winkler , Sigrid ( June 2012 ) . `` Taiwan 's UN Dilemma : To Be or Not To Be '' . Brookings Institution . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 Year in Review : Red China Admitted to UN '' . United Press International . 1971 . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 26 Resolution 2758 . Restoration of the lawful rights of the People 's Republic of China in the United Nations A / RES / 2758 ( XXVI ) page 1 . 25 October 1971 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` FINAL CLAUSES OF MULTILATERAL TREATIES '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 2003 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 25 . Hence , instruments received from the Taiwan Province of China will not be accepted by the Secretary - General in his capacity as depositary . ^ Jump up to : Lindemann , Björn Alexander ( 2014 ) . Cross-Strait Relations and International Organizations : Taiwan 's Participation in IGOs in the Context of Its Relationship with China . Springer Science + Business Media . p. 258 . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 48 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF A SUPPLEMENTARY ITEM IN THE AGENDA OF THE FORTY - EIGHTH SESSION CONSIDERATION OF THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA IN TAIWAN IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT , BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIVERSALITY AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ESTABLISHED MODEL OF PARALLEL REPRESENTATION OF DIVIDED COUNTRIES AT THE UNITED NATIONS A / 48 / 191 1993 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . United Nations General Assembly Session 49 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FORTY - NINTH SESSION CONSIDERATION OF THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA IN TAIWAN IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT , BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIVERSALITY AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ESTABLISHED MODEL OF PARALLEL REPRESENTATION OF DIVIDED COUNTRIES AT THE UNITED NATIONS A / 49 / 144 1994 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . United Nations General Assembly Session 50 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FIFTIETH SESSION CONSIDERATION OF THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON TAIWAN IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT , BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIVERSALITY AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ESTABLISHED MODEL OF PARALLEL REPRESENTATION OF DIVIDED COUNTRIES AT THE UNITED NATIONS A / 50 / 145 1995 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . United Nations General Assembly Session 51 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FIFTY - FIRST SESSION CONSIDERATION OF THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION OF THE INABILITY , RESULTING FROM GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 2758 ( XXVI ) , OF THE 21.3 MILLION PEOPLE ON TAIWAN , REPUBLIC OF CHINA , TO PARTICIPATE IN THE ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS A / 51 / 142 1996 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . United Nations General Assembly Session 52 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FIFTY - SECOND SESSION NEED TO REVIEW GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 2758 ( XXVI ) OF 25 OCTOBER 1971 OWING TO THE FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE IN THE INTERNATIONAL SITUATION AND TO THE COEXISTENCE OF TWO GOVERNMENTS ACROSS THE TAIWAN STRAIT A / 52 / 143 1997 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . United Nations General Assembly Session 53 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of an item in the provisional agenda of the fifty - third session Need to review General Assembly resolution 2758 ( XXVI ) of 25 October 1971 owing to the fundamental change in the international situation and to the coexistence of two Governments across the Taiwan Strait A / 53 / 145 1998 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . United Nations General Assembly Session 54 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - fourth session Need to examine the exceptional international situation pertaining to the Republic of China on Taiwan , to ensure that the fundamental right of its twenty - two million people to participate in the work and activities of the United Nations is fully respected A / 54 / 194 1999 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 20 . United Nations General Assembly Session 55 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - fifth session Need to examine the exceptional international situation pertaining to the Republic of China on Taiwan , to ensure that the fundamental right of its twenty - three million people to participate in the work and activities of the United Nations is fully respected A / 55 / 227 2000 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . United Nations General Assembly Session 56 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - sixth session Need to examine the exceptional international situation pertaining to the Republic of China on Taiwan , to ensure that the fundamental right of its twenty - three million people to participate in the work and activities of the United Nations is fully respected A / 56 / 193 2001 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . United Nations General Assembly Session 57 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - seventh session Question of the representation of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) in the United Nations A / 57 / 191 2002 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . United Nations General Assembly Session 58 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - eighth session Question of the representation of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) in the United Nations A / 58 / 197 2003 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . United Nations General Assembly Session 59 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - ninth session Question of the representation of the twenty - three million people of Taiwan in the United Nations A / 59 / 194 2004 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . United Nations General Assembly Session 60 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixtieth session Question of the representation of the twenty - three million people of Taiwan in the United Nations A / 60 / 192 2005 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . United Nations General Assembly Session 61 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty - first session Question of the representation and participation of the 23 million people of Taiwan in the United Nations A / 61 / 194 2006 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Damm , Jens ; Lim , Paul ( 2012 ) . European Perspectives on Taiwan . Springer Science + Business Media . pp. 160 -- 63 . By mid 2009 , 16 applications for membership on behalf of Taiwan had been sent to the UN , but , in each of these cases , the General Assembly 's General Committee , which sets the Assembly 's agenda , decided against even raising the question during the Assembly 's session . ^ Jump up to : United Nations General Assembly Session 62 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty - second session Urging the Security Council to process Taiwan 's membership application pursuant to rules 59 and 60 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council and Article 4 of the Charter of the United Nations A / 62 / 193 2007 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript : Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary - General '' . United Nations . 23 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ban Ki - moon Convenes Largest - Ever Meeting of Global Leaders on Climate Change '' . United Nations . 24 September 2007 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Talking points for Taiwan 's UN Membership Application '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China . Archived from the original on 9 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` President Chen Shui - bian 's Letters to UN Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon and UN Security Council President Wang Guangya on July 31 ( Office of the President ) '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China . Archived from the original on 4 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Provisional Rules of Procedure of the Security Council '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` China praises UN 's rejection of Taiwan 's application for membership '' . Xinhua News Agency . 24 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2009 . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 63 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty - third session Need to examine the fundamental rights of the 23 million people of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) to participate meaningfully in the activities of the United Nations specialized agencies A / 63 / 194 2008 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Not even asking '' . The Economist. 2009 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Taiwan attends WHA as observer '' . United Press International . 18 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yearbook of the United Nations '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ Paul L. Montgomery ( 23 May 1992 ) . `` 3 Ex-Yugoslav Republics Are Accepted into U.N '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 29 July 2012 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Paul ( 8 April 1993 ) . `` U.N. Compromise Lets Macedonia Be a Member '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` A Different Yugoslavia , 8 Years Later , Takes Its Seat at the U.N '' . The New York Times . 2 November 2000 . Jump up ^ Burns , John F. ( 28 April 1992 ) . `` Confirming Split , Last 2 Republics Proclaim a Small New Yugoslavia '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` History of Serbia : The Break - up of SFR Yugoslavia ( 1991 -- 1995 ) '' . Serbia Info . Archived from the original on 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Security Council Resolution 757 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations General Assembly Resolution A / RES / 47 / 1 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Sudetic , Chuck ( 24 September 1992 ) . `` U.N. Expulsion of Yugoslavia Breeds Defiance and Finger - Pointing '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Yugoslavia consigned to history '' . BBC News . 4 February 2003 . 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Eroding the United Nations Charter . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 2069 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Gharib , Ali ( 20 December 2012 ) . `` U.N. Adds New Name : `` State of Palestine '' `` . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vatican City ( Holy See ) '' . World Statesmen.org . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 58 Resolution 314 . Participation of the Holy See in the work of the United Nations A / RES / 58 / 314 2004 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 29 Resolution 3237 . Observer status for the Palestine Liberation Organization A / RES / 3237 ( XXIX ) 1974 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 43 Resolution 177 . Question of Palestine A / RES / 43 / 177 1988 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 66 Agenda item 116 . Application of Palestine for admission to membership in the United Nations A / 66 / 371 2011 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Ban sends Palestinian application for UN membership to Security Council '' . United Nations . 23 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` General Conference admits Palestine as UNESCO Member State '' . United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization . 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 67 Resolution 19 . Status of Palestine in the United Nations A / RES / 67 / 19 2012 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Palestinians win implicit U.N. recognition of sovereign state '' . Reuters. 29 November 2012 . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UN makes Palestine nonmember state '' . 3 News NZ. 30 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Israel defies UN after vote on Palestine with plans for 3,000 new homes in the West Bank '' . The Independent . 1 December 2012 . 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Jump up ^ `` Resolution adopted by the General Assembly : Participation of the European Union in the work of the United Nations '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About the EU at the UN '' . Europa . Archived from the original on 12 February 2008 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Non-Self - Governing Territories '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` Countries '' . World Health Organization . Jump up ^ `` Member States '' . United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization . Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Organs Supplement '' , Repertory of Practice ( PDF ) ( 8 ) , UN , p. 10 Jump up ^ The World today ( PDF ) , UN Jump up ^ `` Parties to the Convention and Observer States '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` Chronological lists of ratifications of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` The World Today '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` NZ PM rules out discussion on Cooks UN membership '' . Radio New Zealand . 2015 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Niue to seek UN membership '' . Radio New Zealand . 2016 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Member states of the United Nations . Official website <Th_colspan="2"> United Nations <Td_colspan="2"> António Guterres , Secretary - General Amina J. 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1. United Nations member states 2. Admission criteria for UN membership 3. Original members of the United Nations 4. Current members of the United Nations 5. Observers and non-members of the United Nations